FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Brown, JS Kim, CS Reist, PC Zeman, KL Bennett, WD AF Brown, JS Kim, CS Reist, PC Zeman, KL Bennett, WD TI Generation of radiolabeled "soot-like" ultrafine aerosols suitable for use in human inhalation studies SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT; PARTICLES; DEPOSITION; TECHNEGAS AB We have developed a method for radiolabeling ultrafine carbon particle aggregates with technetium-99m. The carbon aggregate aerosol was chosen to mimic the physical properties of urban combustion or "soot-like" particulate, The radioisotope is a short lived (t(1/2) = 6.02 h) gamma emitter commonly used in human studies where scintigraphic methods are employed. Primary carbon particles, the aggregation of which is controlled by concentration and time, were produced by arcing between graphite electrodes under an argon atmosphere. Radiolabeling of particles was accomplished by applying a pertechnetate solution onto the tips of electrodes prior to arcing. The activity median diameter of experimental aerosols could be varied from 50 to 150 nm. The specific activity of aerosols increased with the amount of activity applied to the electrodes and decreased with time of generator operation. In-vitro leaching of the radioisotope from particles into solution was also measured. Leaching appeared to increase with the specific activity of the aerosol but was not affected by particle size. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Brown, JS (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Campus Box 7310, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 BP 325 EP 337 DI 10.1080/027868200303650 PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 294JB UT WOS:000085907200006 ER PT J AU Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Piantadosi, CA AF Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Piantadosi, CA TI Expression of heme oxygenase-1 in the lung in chronic hypoxia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pulmonary hypertension; hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction; carbon monoxide; adaptation ID VASCULAR SMOOTH-MUSCLE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; HIGH-ALTITUDE; GENE-EXPRESSION; NITRIC-OXIDE; ACTIVATION; CO AB Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is an oxygen-dependent enzyme that may regulate vascular tone and cell proliferation through the production of carbon monoxide (CO). We tested the hypothesis that HO-1 is upregulated in the lung in chronic hypoxia by exposing male Sprague-Dawley rats to 17,000 feet (395 Torr) for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, or 21 days. After exposure, blood gases, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels, and hematocrit were measured, and the lungs were either inflation fixed for immunohistochemistry or frozen for later measurement of HO enzyme activity, Western blot for HO-1 protein, and RT-PCR for HO-1 mRNA. The heart was excised and weighed, and the right-to-left heart weight ratio was determined. During hypoxia, the hematocrit increased progressively, reaching significantly higher values than the control value after 3 days. COHb levels increased above the control value after 1 day of hypoxia and increased progressively between 14 and 21 days, whereas arterial Po-2 and arterial Pco(2) did not vary significantly. HO-1 protein determined by Western blot increased for the first 7 days and declined thereafter; however, enzyme activity was elevated only after 1 day. Changes in HO-1 during hypoxia were localized by immunohistochemistry to inflammatory cells (early) and newly muscularized arterioles (later). Lung HO-1 mRNA normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased after 1 and 21 days. The data indicate that lung HO-1 protein and activity are upregulated only during early chronic hypoxia, whereas persistent COHb elevations indicate high endogenous CO production rates at nonpulmonary sites. If CO has antiproliferative properties, the lack of HO enzyme activity in the lung may be permissive for pulmonary vascular proliferation in hypoxia. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Carraway, MS (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care, POB 3221, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [P01-HL-42444-09] NR 34 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 278 IS 4 BP L806 EP L812 PG 7 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 304ME UT WOS:000086487300020 PM 10749758 ER PT J AU Oortgiesen, M Veronesi, B Eichenbaum, C Kiser, PF Simon, SA AF Oortgiesen, M Veronesi, B Eichenbaum, C Kiser, PF Simon, SA TI Residual oil fly ash and charged polymers activate epithelial cells and nociceptive sensory neurons SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; capsaicin receptors; acid-sensitive receptors; zeta potential ID AIR-POLLUTION; GUINEA-PIGS; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; VANILLOID RECEPTORS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; GANGLION NEURONS; ACID AEROSOLS; SULFURIC-ACID; PARTICLES; CAPSAICIN AB Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is an industrial pollutant that contains metals, acids, and unknown materials complexed to a particulate core. The heterogeneous composition of ROFA hampers finding the mechanism(s) by which it and other particulate pollutants cause airway toxicity. To distinguish culpable factors contributing to the effects of ROFA, synthetic polymer microsphere (SPM) analogs were synthesized that resembled ROFA in particle size (2 and 6 mu m in diameter) and zeta potential (-29 mV). BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons responded to both ROFA and charged SPMs with an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) and the release of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, whereas neutral SPMs bound with polyethylene glycol (0-mV zeta potential) were relatively ineffective. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, the SPM-induced increases in [Ca2+](i) were correlated with the presence of acid- and/or capsaicin-sensitive pathways. We hypothesized that the acidic microenvironment associated with negatively charged colloids like ROFA and SPMs activate irritant receptors in airway target cells. This causes subsequent cytokine release, which mediates the pathophysiology of neurogenic airway inflammation. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Oortgiesen, M (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, POB 3209, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RI Kiser, Patrick/C-2843-2014 OI Kiser, Patrick/0000-0002-3868-7122 FU NIDCD NIH HHS [DC-01065] NR 43 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 278 IS 4 BP L683 EP L695 PG 13 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 304ME UT WOS:000086487300007 PM 10749745 ER PT J AU Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Piantadosi, CA AF Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Piantadosi, CA TI Detection of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID GM-CSF; DEFICIENT MICE; GENE-EXPRESSION; LUNG; EXPERIENCE; LAVAGE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CELLS AB Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is an idiopathic lung disease in which the alveolar spaces are filled with surfactant. Recently, it has been proposed that PAP is caused by deficiency of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) because GM-CSF-knockout mice develop the disease. To examine this possibility, we tested the two hypotheses that lung GM-CSF levels are low and that alveolar macrophages (AM) do not respond to GMCSF in patients with PAP. Data from 10 adult patients with PAP who underwent therapeutic whole-rung lavage were compared with those of 10 healthy volunteers who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma were collected and analyzed for total protein and levels of GM-CSF, interleukin-3, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Isolated AM were cultured with or without lipopolysaccharide (LDS) or GM-CSF, and production of gM-CSF and TNF-or was measured after 24 h. GM-CSF in BALF and plasma was higher in PAP than in control subjects (p less than or equal to 0.05), and was detectable under both reducing and nonreducing conditions as a 28-kD protein in BALF from the PAP patients. GM-CSF release by unstimulated AM from PAP patients was higher than in cells from control subjects, but the responses to LPS were similar. Mean TNF-ol release by AM in response to GM-CSF was higher in control subjects than in PAP patients due to a low response in three patients. In conclusion, unbound immunoreactive GM-CSF is detectable in BALF and plasma of PAP patients. Most PAP patients also had intact AM responses to GM-CSF, although some may have had defects in GM-CSF receptor or signal-transduction mechanisms. Although these data exclude lack of GM-CSF production as a common etiology of human PAP, defects in GM-CSF function in PAP are under investigation. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Div Human Studies, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Carraway, MS (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Box 3315, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 40 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD APR PY 2000 VL 161 IS 4 BP 1294 EP 1299 PG 6 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 306AF UT WOS:000086573400037 PM 10764326 ER PT J AU Wolk, DM Johnson, CH Rice, EW Marshall, MM Grahn, KF Plummer, CB Sterling, CR AF Wolk, DM Johnson, CH Rice, EW Marshall, MM Grahn, KF Plummer, CB Sterling, CR TI A spore counting method and cell culture model for chlorine disinfection studies of Encephalitozoon syn. Septata intestinalis SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI; AIDS PATIENT; HUMAN MICROSPORIDIOSIS; VITRO; ALBENDAZOLE; INFECTION; CUNICULI; CULTIVATION; GERMINATION AB The microsporidia have recently been recognized as a group of pathogens that have potential for waterborne transmission; however, little is known about the effects of routine disinfection on microsporidian spore viability. In this study, in vitro growth of Encephalitozoon syn. Septala intestinalis, a microsporidium found in the human gut, was used as a model to assess the effect of chlorine on the infectivity and viability of microsporidian spores. Spore inoculum concentrations were determined by using spectrophotometric measurements (percent transmittance at 625 nm) and by traditional hemacytometer counting. To determine quantitative dose-response data for spore infectivity, He optimized a rabbit kidney cell culture system in 24-well plates, which facilitated calculation of a 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) and a minimal infective dose (MID) for E. intestinalis. The TCID50 is a quantitative measure of infectivity and growth and is the number of organisms that must be present to infect 50% of the cell culture wells tested. The MID is as a measure of a system's permissiveness to infection and a measure of spore infectivity. A standardized MID and a standardized TCID50 have not been reported previously for any microsporidian species. Bath types of doses are reported in this paper, and the values were used to evaluate the effects of chlorine disinfection on the in vitro growth of microsporidia. Spores were treated with chlorine at concentrations of 0,1, 2, 5, and 10 mg/liter. The exposure times ranged from 0 to 80 min at 25 degrees C and pH 7. MID data for E. intestinalis,were compared before and after chlorine disinfection. A 3-log reduction (99.9% inhibition) in the E. intestinalis MID was observed at a chlorine concentration of 2 mg/liter after a minimum exposure time of 16 min. The log, reduction results based on percent transmittance-derived spore counts were equivalent to the results based on hemacytometer-derived spore counts. Our data suggest that chlorine treatment may be an effective water treatment for E. intestinalis and that spectrophotometric methods may be substituted for labor-intensive hemacytometer methods when spores are counted in laboratory-based chlorine disinfection studies. C1 Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sterling, CR (reprint author), Univ Arizona, 1117 E Lowell,Bldg 90, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 62 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1266 EP 1273 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1266-1273.2000 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 300ZY UT WOS:000086284700003 PM 10742198 ER PT J AU Makynen, EA Kahl, MD Jensen, KM Tietge, JE Wells, KL Van der Kraak, G Ankley, GT AF Makynen, EA Kahl, MD Jensen, KM Tietge, JE Wells, KL Van der Kraak, G Ankley, GT TI Effects of the mammalian antiandrogen vinclozolin on development and reproduction of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antiandrogen; fathead minnow; toxicity; vinclozolin ID FUNGICIDE VINCLOZOLIN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; SCREENING METHODS; DIFFERENTIATION; HYDROLYSIS; CHEMICALS; INDUCTION; WORKSHOP; WILDLIFE; TOXICITY AB Previous work with the chlorinated fungicide vinciozolin and its metabolites, 2-{[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-car bamoyl]oxy}-2-methyl-3-butenoic acid (M1) and 3',5'-dichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-enanilide (M2), indicated antiandrogenic properties expressed in vivo as abnormalities in sexual differentiation of male rats after maternal exposures. In this study, we attempted to determine whether vinclozolin might also exhibit antiandrogenic properties in a model fish species, the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. In one study, embryonic (<6 h old) fathead minnows were exposed for approximately 34 days to five toxicant concentrations, ranging from 90 to 1200 mu g l(-1) delivered via a flow-through diluter. The embryos were periodically sampled to determine survival, growth and gross pathology, and then placed in clean water for 4-6 months to assess long-term effects on sexual differentiation and subsequent reproductive success. Except for slightly reduced growth after 34 days in the highest vinclozolin concentration, no adverse effects were noted with respect to any of these endpoints. In a second experiment, adult fathead minnows were exposed to vinclozolin concentrations of approximately 200 or 700 mu g l(-1) for 21 days, following which, gonadal morphology was assessed and serum sex steroid concentrations determined. Tissue samples from the exposed adults were assayed for vinclozolin and its metabolites. There was a slight increase in the serum P-estradiol concentration of the male fathead minnows exposed to 700 mu g vinclozolin l(-1), and a marked reduction in gonadal condition of female fish from this treatment. The possibility that vinclozolin and its metabolites would bind to androgen receptors in the fathead minnow was investigated through competitive radioligand binding studies. Vinclozolin, M1 and M2 failed to compete for high-affinity, low-capacity testosterone binding sites in fathead minnow brain and ovary cytosolic fractions, suggesting that these chemicals might not act as antiandrogens in the fathead minnow. More experimentation is necessary to determine whether responses observed in vivo might be due to the effects of vinclozolin (or its metabolites) on some other aspect of endocrine function. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Zool, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM ankley.gerald@epamail.epa.gov NR 38 TC 70 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X EI 1879-1514 J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 4 BP 461 EP 475 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00059-4 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 299YU UT WOS:000086226700007 ER PT J AU Boese, BL Ozretich, RJ Lamberson, JO Cole, FA Swartz, RC Ferraro, SP AF Boese, BL Ozretich, RJ Lamberson, JO Cole, FA Swartz, RC Ferraro, SP TI Phototoxic evaluation of marine sediments collected from a PAH-contaminated site SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY; FLUORANTHENE; MIXTURES; LIGHT; MODEL AB The phototoxicity potential of PAH-contaminated field sediment was evaluated and compared to standard sediment toxicity test results, Marine sediments were collected from 30 sites along a presumed PAH sediment pollution gradient in Elliot Bay, WA. Standard 10-day acute and 28-day pra chronic sediment toxicity tests were conducted with the infaunal amphipods Rhepoxyninus abronius and Leptocheirus plumulosus using mortality and the ability to rebury as endpoints. The survivors of these tests were then subjected to 1-h exposures to UV radiation with mortality and reburial again determined. The most highly toxic sediments identified in these experiments were evaluated further for toxicity and phototoxicity by serially diluting them with uncontaminated sediment and repeating the toxicity tests. Standard 10-day toxicity test results indicated that over 70% of the sites sampled in Elliot Bay exhibited measurable toxicity with nine sites being highly toxic to both species of amphipods. Results of standard 28-day chronic sediment toxicity tests were similar. In contrast, almost all of the sites were found to be highly phototoxic. Results indicated that exposure to UV increased toxicity five- to eightfold. This suggests that standard toxicity tests underestimate the potential ecological risk of PAH-contaminated sediments in animals exposed to sunlight. However, only when PAH contamination was between 0.05 and 1.0 toxic units would conducting a phototoxicity evaluation add information to that gained from conducting a standard sediment toxicity test alone. C1 US EPA, Coastal Ecol Branch, Western Ecol Div,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Boese, BL (reprint author), US EPA, Coastal Ecol Branch, Western Ecol Div,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 274 EP 282 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 285PC UT WOS:000085396600003 PM 10667924 ER PT J AU Schoor, WP Middaugh, DP Marcovich, DT AF Schoor, WP Middaugh, DP Marcovich, DT TI Effects of aerially applied fenthion on survival and reproduction of the panacea sand fiddler, Uca panacea, in laboratory habitats SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; HYPOTHESIS; PUGILATOR; CYCLES; CRAB AB Sand fiddler crabs, Uca panacea, were exposed in laboratory habitats to measured concentrations of ULV-grade fenthion via simulated aerial spray at 5% and 50% of field rate application of 6-12 mg fenthion/m(2) (0.05-0.10 lbs fenthion/ acre). Two habitats served as controls, and two habitats served as replicates for each of the test exposures. The aerial application was repeated 12 times between July 7, 1997, and August 15, 1997, during the period of the most active larval production of the crabs. The resulting measured concentrations of fenthion at the surface and in the water were consistently lower than what the application rate would have suggested. Statistical analysis of total, daily larval counts showed a periodicity of approximately 14 days that did not appear to be affected by fenthion, at least at the 5% application rate, where a 15% reduction in larval production was noted by the end of the second hatching cycle and a 25% reduction by the end of the third. Larval production in the habitats exposed to the 50% application rate was reduced by 18% at the end of the first hatching cycle, 77% at the end of the second, and 100% at the end of the third hatching cycle. At the end of the third hatching cycle, adult crab mortality observed at the surface was 0%, 3%, and 20% for the control, 5%-, and 50%-exposure habitats, respectively. Three weeks after the final fenthion application, survival of adult crabs was 100% in the control habitats, 75% in the 5%-exposure habitats, and 3% in the 50%-exposure habitats. Survival of unfed first-stage zoeae released during the night following the sprays averaged 4.6 +/- 0.9, 3.7 +/- 0.9 and 1.7 +/- 0.6 days for control, 5%-, and 50%-exposure habitats, respectively. Forty-eight-hour LC-SOs (nominal) for fenthion exposure of adult crabs submerged in water and for first-stage zoeae were 215 mu g fenthion/L and 0.8 mu g fenthion/L, respectively. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst, Wadmalaw Isl, SC 29487 USA. RP Schoor, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 327 EP 333 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 285PC UT WOS:000085396600009 PM 10667930 ER PT J AU Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Ho, KT Stern, EA AF Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Ho, KT Stern, EA TI Selective removal of organic contaminants from sediments: a methodology for toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE sediment; hydrophobic contaminants; decontamination; polyethylene; TIE AB Aqueous slurries of a test sediment spiked with dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, p,p'-DDE, or phenanthrene were subjected to decontamination experimentation. The spiked sediments were agitated at elevated temperatures for at least 96 h in the presence of either of the two contaminant-absorbing media: clusters of polyethylene membrane or lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The effects of treatment temperature and surface area of media on the removal of contaminants were explored. This work is part of a larger methodology for whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE). A method is being sought that is capable of detoxifying sediments with respect to organic contaminants while leaving toxicity attributable to inorganic contaminants unaffected. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, CERC, Columbia, MO USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, New York, NY USA. RP Lebo, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, CERC, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 2000 VL 40 IS 8 BP 811 EP 819 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00270-2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 284VM UT WOS:000085353600003 PM 10718572 ER PT J AU Rhyne, TM AF Rhyne, TM TI Where CAD is headed SO COMPUTER GRAPHICS WORLD LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Sci Visualizat Ctr, Tech Serv, Lockheed Martin, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rhyne, TM (reprint author), US EPA, Sci Visualizat Ctr, Tech Serv, Lockheed Martin, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO PI NASHUA PA 98 SPIT BROOK RD, NASHUA, NH 03062-2801 USA SN 0271-4159 J9 COMPUT GRAPH WORLD JI Comput. Graph. World PD APR PY 2000 VL 23 IS 4 BP 6 EP 6 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 394VC UT WOS:000166543100004 ER PT J AU Canterbury, GE Martin, TE Petit, DR Petit, LJ Bradford, DF AF Canterbury, GE Martin, TE Petit, DR Petit, LJ Bradford, DF TI Bird communities and habitat as ecological indicators of forest condition in regional monitoring SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; NEST PREDATION; POPULATIONS; GUILDS; SITES; TOOL AB Ecological indicators for long-term monitoring programs are needed to detect and assess changing environmental conditions. We developed and tested community-level environmental indicators for monitoring forest bird populations and associated habitat. We surveyed 197 sampling plots in loblolly-shortleaf pine forests, spanning an area from Georgia to Virginia (U.S.A.) and representing a gradient in levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Ninety of these plots were randomly selected from a sampling grid, permitting quantitative assessment of cumulative distribution functions for bird community and habitat parameters. Species were independently classified into habitat assemblages indicating birds typical of disturbed habitat (e.g., shrubland, forest edge) and undisturbed habitat (mature forest). Relative abundances of these assemblages were used to form a bird community index-similar to the index of biotic integrity applied to aquatic systems-showing the effects of habitat disturbance on forest bird communities. Bird communities on the majority of the sample area (52-75%, 90% confidence interval) were dominated by disturbance-tolerant species. Sites dominated by mature-forest species were comparatively uncommon. Habitat assemblages appeared to be particularly useful tools for environmental monitoring; individual species abundance was positively correlated with assemblage species richness, and assemblage members showed consistent responses to variations in disturbance level. To a lesser extent, component species of nesting guilds showed this pattern of cohesive responses, but those of foraging guilds did not. We also developed a habitat index based on habitat variables that predicted bird community index values. Habitat and bird community indices were strongly correlated in an independent validation dataset, suggesting that the habitat index can provide a reliable predictor of bird community status. The two indices may be used in combination, with the bird community index providing a direct measure of the status of the bird community and the habitat index providing a basis on which to separate changes in the bird community into local habitat effects versus other factors (e.g., landscape level effects, changes on wintering grounds). C1 Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. US EPA, Environm Monitoring Syst Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Canterbury, GE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2800 Cottage Way,Suite W2605, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 42 TC 107 Z9 126 U1 7 U2 63 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 544 EP 558 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98235.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300WD UT WOS:000086275800022 ER PT J AU Carr, DB Olsen, AR Pierson, SM Courbois, JYP AF Carr, DB Olsen, AR Pierson, SM Courbois, JYP TI Using linked micromap plots to characterize Omernik ecoregions SO DATA MINING AND KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY LA English DT Article DE statistical graphics; LM plots; multivariate; spatial data; Omernik ecoregions; row plots; boxplots; line-height plots ID UNITED-STATES AB The paper introduces linked micromap (LM) plots for presenting environmental summaries. The LM template includes parallel sequences of micromap, label, and statistical summary graphics panels with attention paid to perceptual grouping, sorting and linking of the summary components. The applications show LM plots for Omernik Level II Ecoregions. The summarized United States continental data includes USGS digital elevation, 30-year normal precipitation and temperature, and 8 million AVHRR pixels classified into 159 types of land cover. One LM plot uses a line-height glyph to represent all 159 land cover percentages per ecoregion. LM plots represent new visualization methodology that is useful in the data and knowledge based pattern representation and knowledge discovery process. The LM plots focus on providing an orienting overview. The overview provides a starting place for subsequent drilling down to what could otherwise be viewed as an overwhelming mass of data. The overview also provides a starting place to learn about the intellectual structure that lies behind the notion of ecoregions and begins to connect this abstract structure to quantitative methods. C1 George Mason Univ, Ctr Computat Stat, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. US EPA, NHEERL Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, OAO, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Carr, DB (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Ctr Computat Stat, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 64 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-5810 J9 DATA MIN KNOWL DISC JI Data Min. Knowl. Discov. PD APR PY 2000 VL 4 IS 1 BP 43 EP 67 DI 10.1023/A:1009828700017 PG 25 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA 289HY UT WOS:000085615500004 ER PT J AU Ruth, M Davidsdottir, B Laitner, S AF Ruth, M Davidsdottir, B Laitner, S TI Impacts of market-based climate change policies on the US pulp and paper industry SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article ID ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ECONOMICS; BENEFITS AB Much of the policy debates on climate issues have centered on the optimal level and timing of policy interventions that cost-effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We briefly review the range of policy issues in our paper and assess the impact that climate-change policies may have on energy use and carbon emissions in the US pulp and paper industry. We then present results from time series-based analyses of changes in technologies and fuel mix, and compare the results with engineering-based technology analyses of US pulp and paper production (for a copy of the model and software send e-mail to mruth@bu.edu.). Projections, based on information for eight paper and paperboard categories, are presented for the years 1995-2020. The findings indicate that, under a wide range of specifications and policy assumptions, carbon emissions from fossil fuel use per ton of product are likely to decline. When combined with investment incentives, an additional cost-effective reduction in carbon emissions per ton of product will be realized. However, expected increases in output from the industry are likely to be higher than the reductions in energy and carbon intensities. The policy implications of these findings are discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Energy & Environm Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20001 USA. RP Ruth, M (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Energy & Environm Studies, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NR 58 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD APR PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00009-4 PG 12 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 307LJ UT WOS:000086654500005 ER PT J AU Tingey, DT Waschmann, RS Phillips, DL Olszyk, DM AF Tingey, DT Waschmann, RS Phillips, DL Olszyk, DM TI The carbon dioxide leakage from chambers measured using sulfur hexafluoride SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE assimilation; carbon flux; respiration; SF6; CO2 enrichment; controlled environment chamber ID PLANT-GROWTH CHAMBERS; METHANE EMISSIONS; TRACER TECHNIQUE; ENVIRONMENT; FLUXES; RATES; RICE; N2O; CO2; SF6 AB In plant chamber studies, if CO2 leaking from a chamber is not quantified, it can lead to an overestimate of assimilation rates and an underestimate of respiration rates; consequently, it is critical that CO2 leakage be determined, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was introduced into the chambers as a tracer gas to estimate leakage rates. Chamber leakage constants were determined by measuring the rate of decline in SF6 concentration in the chambers. The leakage in the chambers occurs via pressure differences within the air handler rather than via diffusion through the Teflon film covering the chamber. Consequently, the leakage constant for CO2 is the same as for SF6, i.e. no adjustment for differences in molecular weight is required. The leakage rate for CO2 averaged 0.26 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) at ambient CO2 and averaged similar to 2.7 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) at elevated CO2. The CO2 leak rate is essentially constant in the chambers despite a diurnally varying ambient concentration; chamber leakage was not correlated with changes in temperature, wind speed, dew point or atmospheric pressure. The results of this study show that SF6 can be used to estimate chamber leakage with precision and reproducibility and it can be used to estimate the leakage of CO2, H2O vapor and other gases of interest. The use of SF6 has the advantage of using a gas for measuring chamber leakage that is not involved in physiological processes. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Tingey, DT (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 25 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 101 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00051-9 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 294ZY UT WOS:000085942100002 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Havstad, KM AF Nash, MS Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Havstad, KM TI Ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) responses to environmental stressors in the northern Chihuahuan Desert SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ants; Conomyrma insana; Pogonomyrmex desertorum; Jornada Desert; grazing; mesquites ID SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; LIVESTOCK EXCLOSURE; HARVESTER ANTS; DESERTIFICATION; VEGETATION; INDICATORS; GRASSLAND; ARTHROPOD; ECOSYSTEM; ECOLOGY AB We studied responses of ant communities to shrub removal and intense pulse seasonal grazing by domestic livestock for four consecutive years. Weighted relative abundance and percent of traps in which an ant species occurred were analyzed using randomized complete block design. split in time analysis of variance to test for significant differences between means of ant groups. The ant community in the Chihuahuan Desert grassland is dominated by small, liquid-feeding ants, Conomurma insana (Buckley), and large seed harvesting ants, Pogonomyrmex desertorum Wheeler. The weighted relative abundance of C. isana was significantly reduced on the plots without shrubs. The relative abundance of P, desertorum was significantly lower on grazed plots without shrubs than on the ungrazed plots without shrubs. There were no detectable effects of shrub removal or intense, pulse grazing on the less abundant ant species. These results suggest that the recent encroachment of shrubs into Chihuahuan Desert grasslands has increased the relative abundance of the dominant ant species in these communities. Intensive grazing by livestock has had an adverse effect on the most abundant seed-harvester, P. desertorum. C1 US EPA, NERL, ESD, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, ESD, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 200 EP 206 DI 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0200:AHFRTE]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QH UT WOS:000089623200009 ER PT J AU Mar, TF Norris, GA Koenig, JQ Larson, TV AF Mar, TF Norris, GA Koenig, JQ Larson, TV TI Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular; composition factor analysis; particulate matter; PM2.5; PM10; sources ID PARTICLE CONCENTRATION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; UNITED-STATES AB We evaluated the association between mortality outcomes in elderly individuals and particulate matter (PM) of varying aerodynamic diameters (in micrometers) [PM10, PM2.5, and PMCF (PM10 minus PM2.5)], and selected particulate and gaseous phase pollutants in Phoenix, Arizona, using 3 years of daily data (1995-1997). Although source apportionment and epidemiologic methods have been previously combined to investigate the effects of air pollution on mortality, this is the first study to use derailed PM composition data in a time-series analysis of mortality. Phoenix is in the and Southwest and has approximately 1 million residents (9.7% of the residents are > 65 years of age). PM data were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Exposure Research Laboratory Platform in central Phoenix. We obtained gaseous pollutant data, specifically carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide data, from the EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System Database. We used Poisson regression analysis to evaluate the associations between air pollution and nonaccidental mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Total mortality was significantly associated with CO and NO2 (p < 0.05) and weakly associated with SO2, PM10, and PMCF (p < 0.10). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly associated with CO, NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, PMCF (P < 0.05), and elemental carbon. Factor analysis revealed that both combustion-related pollutants and secondary aerosols (sulfates) were associated with cardiovasdar mortality. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Mar, TF (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5T32 ES07262] NR 32 TC 231 Z9 241 U1 8 U2 52 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2000 VL 108 IS 4 BP 347 EP 353 DI 10.2307/3454354 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 306KT UT WOS:000086596400032 PM 10753094 ER PT J AU Patz, JA McGeehin, MA Bernard, SM Ebi, KL Epstein, PR Grambsch, A Gubler, DJ Reiter, P Romieu, I Rose, JB Samet, JM Trtanj, J AF Patz, JA McGeehin, MA Bernard, SM Ebi, KL Epstein, PR Grambsch, A Gubler, DJ Reiter, P Romieu, I Rose, JB Samet, JM Trtanj, J TI The potential health impacts of climate variability and change for the United States: Executive summary of the report of the health sector of the US National Assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE air pollution; climate change; flooding; global warming; heat waves; vectorborne diseases; waterborne diseases ID 1995 HEAT-WAVE; VIBRIO-VULNIFICUS; FOODBORNE DISEASES; INNER-CITY; TEMPERATURE; MORTALITY; TRENDS; PRECIPITATION; FREQUENCY; OUTBREAK AB We examined the potential impacts of climate variability and change on human health as part of a congressionally mandated study of climate change in the United States. Our author team, comprising experts from academia, government, and the private sector, was selected by the federal interagency U.S. Global Change Research Program, and this report stems from our first 18 months of work For this assessment we used a set of assumptions and/or projections of future climates developed for all participants in the National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. We identified five categories of health outcomes that are most likely to be affected by climate change because they are associated with weather and/or climate variables: temperature-related morbidity and mortality; health effects of extreme weather events (storms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and precipitation extremes); air-pollution-related health effects; water- and foodborne diseases; and vector- and rodentborne diseases. We concluded that the levels of uncertainty preclude any definitive statement on the direction of potential future change for each of these health outcomes, although we developed some hypotheses. Although we mainly addressed adverse health outcomes, we identified some positive health outcomes, notably reduced cold-weather mortality, which has not been extensively examined. We found that at present most of the U.S. population is protected against adverse health outcomes associated with weather and/or climate, although certain demographic and geographic populations are at increased risk. We concluded that vigilance in the maintenance and improvement of public health systems and their responsiveness to changing climate conditions and to identified vulnerable subpopulations should help to protect the U.S. population from any adverse health outcomes of projected climate change. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Program Hlth Effects Global Environm Change, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Hlth & Global Environm, Boston, MA USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Dis, San Juan, PR USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. NOAA, Off Global Program, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Patz, JA (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Program Hlth Effects Global Environm Change, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 122 TC 107 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 39 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2000 VL 108 IS 4 BP 367 EP 376 DI 10.2307/3454357 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 306KT UT WOS:000086596400035 PM 10753097 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E Richardson, T AF Sahle-Demessie, E Richardson, T TI Cleaning up pesticide contaminated soils: Comparing effectiveness of supercritical fluid extraction with solvent extraction and low temperature thermal desorption SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil remediation; pesticide contamination; supercritical fluid extraction ID ACTIVATED CARBON; ORGANICS; REGENERATION; REMOVAL; DIOXIDE AB Bench-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) studies were performed on soil samples obtained from a Superfund site that is contaminated with high levels of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, toxaphene and hexachlorocyclohexane. The effectiveness of supercritical fluid extraction was assessed using pure and modified CO2 as a solvent over a wide range of conditions. A 30-minute extraction at 30 MPa and 80 degrees C was able to remove more than 98% of the contaminants and reduce the contaminated volume by a factor of 500. Solvent extraction and thermal desorption treatability studies were conducted on soil samples obtained from the same site to compare their performance with that of supercritical fluid extraction. A six-stage solvent extraction using methanol achieved 96 to 98% removal of the four contaminants, except for DDE which existed at low initial concentrations. The contaminated volume reduction was 40 to 50 times. Low temperature thermal desorption employed at 350 degrees C for 30 minutes removed more than 98% for each contaminant except DDE. However, solvent extraction includes costly solvent regeneration and recycling steps, and thermal desorption generates air pollutants that require expensive particulate removal and gas stream cleaning. This study attempted to show that SFE can be as effective as other emerging technologies in removing contaminants from soils, and can reduce the contaminated volume by a large factor. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 6 U2 16 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON, ENGLAND W4 1BN SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 4 BP 447 EP 456 DI 10.1080/09593332108618106 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 307CR UT WOS:000086636300009 ER PT J AU Barron, MG Little, EE Calfee, R Diamond, S AF Barron, MG Little, EE Calfee, R Diamond, S TI Quantifying solar spectral irradiance in aquatic habitats for the assessment of photoenhanced toxicity SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE photoenhanced toxicity; ultraviolet light; photobiology; field assessment ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY; LAKES; PHOTOTOXICITY; FLUORANTHENE; LARVAE; LIGHT AB The spectra and intensity of solar radiation (solar spectral irradiance [SSI]) was quantified din selected aquatic habitats in the vicinity of an oil field on the California coast. Solar spectral irradiance measurements consisted of spectral scans (280-700 nm) and radiometric measurements of ultraviolet (UV): UVB (280-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm). Solar spectral irradiance measurements were taken at the surface and at various depths in two marsh ponds, a shallow wetland, an estuary lagoon, and the intertidal area of a high-energy sandy beach. Daily fluctuation in SSI showed a general parabolic relationship with time: maximum structure-activity relationship (SAR) was observed at approximate solar noon. Solar spectral irradiance measurements taken at 10-cm depth at approximate solar noon in multiple aquatic habitats exhibited only a twofold variation in visible light and UVA and a 4.5-fold variation in UVB. Visible light ranged from 11,000 to 19,000 mu W/cm(2). UVA ranged from 460 to 1,100 mu W/cm(2), and UVB ranged from 8.4 to 38 mu W/cm(2). In each habitat, the attenuation of light intensity with increasing water depth was differentially affected over specific wavelengths of SSI. The study results allowed the development of environmentally realistic light regimes necessary for photoenhanced toxicity studies. C1 Stratus Consulting, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Barron, MG (reprint author), Stratus Consulting, 1881 9th St,Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. NR 26 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 920 EP 925 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0920:QSSIIA>2.3.CO;2 PN 1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BF UT WOS:000086232400019 ER PT J AU Korte, JJ Kahl, MD Jensen, KM Pasha, MS Parks, LG LeBlanc, GA Ankley, GT AF Korte, JJ Kahl, MD Jensen, KM Pasha, MS Parks, LG LeBlanc, GA Ankley, GT TI Fathead minnow vitellogenin: Complementary DNA sequence and messenger RNA and protein expression after 17 beta-estradiol treatment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE vitellogenin; Pimephales promelas; 17 beta-estradiol; mRNA; cDNA ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; GENE-EXPRESSION; POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS; ESTRADIOL; BIOMARKER; RECEPTOR; FISH; NONYLPHENOL AB Induction of vitellogenin (VTG) in oviparous animals has been proposed as a sensitive indicator of environmental contaminants that activate the estrogen receptor. In the present study, a sensitive ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) for VTG messenger RNA (mRNA) was developed for the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), a species proposed for routine endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) screening. The utility of this method was compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for fathead minnow VTG protein. Assessment of the two methods included kinetic characterization of the plasma VTG protein and hepatic VTG mRNA levels in male fathead minnows following intraperitoneal injections of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) at two dose levels (0.5. 5.0 mg/kg). Initial plasma E2 concentrations were elevated in a dose-dependent manner but returned to normal levels within 2 d. Liver VTG mRNA was detected within 4 h, reached a maximum around 48 h, and returned to normal levels in about 6 d. Plasma VTG protein was detectable within 16 h of treatment, reached maximum levels at about 72 h, and remained near these maximum levels for at least 18 d. While the RPA was about 1,000 times more sensitive than the ELISA, the ELISA appears superior for routine screening tests. The ELISA method is relatively simple to perform and, because males lack a clearance mechanism for VTG, the protein remains at relatively high concentrations in the plasma for an extended period of time. As part of the development of the RPA, the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence for fathead minnow VTG was determined and the deduced amino acid sequence compared with VTG sequences for other fish species. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Korte, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 46 TC 115 Z9 117 U1 4 U2 15 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 972 EP 981 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0972:FMVCDS>2.3.CO;2 PN 1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BF UT WOS:000086232400026 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM Cantwell, MG Pelletier, MC Ho, KT Serbst, JR Cook, HF Kuhn, A AF Burgess, RM Cantwell, MG Pelletier, MC Ho, KT Serbst, JR Cook, HF Kuhn, A TI Development of a toxicity identification evaluation procedure for characterizing metal toxicity in marine sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE metal toxicity; toxicity identification evaluation; resin; marine sediments; toxicity characterization ID AMMONIA; TOXICANT; EFFLUENT; WATERS AB A multiagency effort is underway to develop whole sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods. Whole sediment TIE methods will be critical tools for characterizing toxicity at hazardous waste sites (e.g., Superfund sites) and in the conduct of environmental risk assessments. The research approach is based on the predominance of three classes of toxicants in sediments: ammonia, nonpolar organic chemicals, and metals. Here we describe a procedure for characterizing acute toxicity caused by metals in whole marine sediments. The procedure involves adding a chelating resin to sediments, resulting in the sequestration of bioavailable metal while not stressing testing organisms. Within the testing chambers, the presence of resin resulted in statistically significant reductions in the overlying and interstitial water concentrations of five metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) generally by factors of 40 and 200. Toxicity to both the amphipod Ampelisca abdita and mysid Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia) of sediments spilled with the five metals was decreased by approximately a factor of four when resin was present. While very effective at reducing the concentrations and toxicity of metals, the resin has only minor ameliorative effects on the toxicity of ammonia and a representative nonpolar toxicant (Endosulfan). Resin and accumulated metal were easily isolated from the testing system following exposures allowing for the initiation of phase II TIE (identification) procedures. This procedure using the addition of a chelating resin provides an approach for determining the importance of metals to the toxicity of marine sediments. Work is continuing to validate the method with environmentally contaminated sediments. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Burgess, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 42 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 13 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 982 EP 991 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0982:DOATIE>2.3.CO;2 PN 1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BF UT WOS:000086232400027 ER PT J AU Feldman, KL Armstrong, DA Dumbauld, BR DeWitt, TH Doty, DC AF Feldman, KL Armstrong, DA Dumbauld, BR DeWitt, TH Doty, DC TI Oysters, crabs, and burrowing shrimp: Review of an environmental conflict over aquatic resources and pesticide use in Washington State's (USA) coastal estuaries SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Review ID JUVENILE DUNGENESS CRAB; CARBARYL-INDUCED DEPRESSION; SOFT-BOTTOM COMMUNITIES; CANCER-MAGISTER; GHOST SHRIMP; CALLIANASSA-SUBTERRANEA; THALASSINIDEAN SHRIMP; TIDAL FLATS; NEOTRYPAEA-CALIFORNIENSIS; MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA AB Washington State's coastal estuaries are productive shallow water environments that support commercial fisheries for Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) and English sole (Parophrys vetulus) by providing 0+ (settlement to age 1) populations with critical refuge and foraging habitats until subadults migrate to the nearshore coast. Intertidal mudflats also constitute prime areas for commercial oyster (Crassoscrea gigas) culture, an important industry for the coastal communities of Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor that supply much of the nation's oysters. Conflicts over natural resources and estuarine utilization have arisen over the last 37 yr due to the use of carbaryl (an organocarbamate pesticide) by oyster growers on their grounds to control populations of burrowing thalassinidean shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis and Upogebia pugettensis). Burrowing shrimp, which have an indirect negative effect on oyster survival and growth through bioturbation and sediment destabilization, are killed by carbaryl, as are 0+ and subadult Dungeness crabs, 0+ English sole, and other non-target species present on the tideflats at the time of application. The pesticide is delivered at 9 kg ha(-1) directly to the mudflat as a wetable powder during low tides in July and August. Commercial crabbers and other groups who have economic, recreational, and environmental interests in the estuaries have generally opposed use of the chemical that oyster growers maintain is essential to sustain production levels. For years, government natural resource agencies that regulate the use of carbaryl lacked critical information needed to effectively manage the program. An Environmental impact Statement (EIS) and Supplemental EIS have provided much of that data and helped shape management decisions with regard to establishing carbaryl concentration rates and total allowable spray area. Additional research is needed to develop more economically and environmentally sound policies for shrimp control based on burrowing shrimp-oyster interactions on an estuarine-wide scale. In this paper we review issues pertaining to oyster culture, the use of carbaryl to control burrowing shrimp populations, and effects on non-target species, drawing upon research from published articles as well as unpublished data collected by the authors. We also discuss what is known of burrowing shrimp life history and ecology and emphasize the importance of integrating information on shrimp, such as timing of recruitment, variability in year class strength, and patterns of habitat use, into carbaryl control policies or alternative strategies that may be developed in the future. We recommend controlled experimentation be done to examine the ecological effects of delaying carbaryl application to some ghost shrimp beds until October after peak recruitment of 0+ ghost shrimp has occurred, allowing the number of hectares treated each year to vary based on fluctuations in pest population densities, and modifying the substrate by applying a dense layer of oyster shell to the mudflat (shell pavement) to reduce recruitment of ghost shrimp. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Willapa Bay Field Stn, Ocean Pk, WA 98640 USA. US EPA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Feldman, KL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 183 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 36 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2000 VL 23 IS 2 BP 141 EP 176 DI 10.2307/1352824 PG 36 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 324MT UT WOS:000087626500001 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS Tuomisto, J AF Birnbaum, LS Tuomisto, J TI Non-carcinogenic effects of TCDD in animals SO FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the Assement of the Health Risk of Dioxins: Re-Evaluation of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) CY MAY 25-29, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP WHO, European Ctr Environm & Hlth, Int Programme Chem Safety DE biochemical alterations; body burden; immunotoxicity; neurobehaviour; nervous system; reproduction; overt effects; TCDD ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; PRIMATE CALLITHRIX-JACCHUS; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; DEVELOPING IMMUNE-SYSTEM; OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AB Exposure to TCDD and related chemicals leads to a plethora of effects in multiple species, tissues, and stages of development. Responses range from relatively simple biochemical alterations through overtly toxic responses, including lethality. The spectrum of effects shows some species variability, but many effects are seen multiple wildlife, domestic, and laboratory species, ranging from fish through birds and mammals. The same responses can be generated regardless of rite route of exposure, although the administered dose may vary. The body burden appears to be the most appropriate dosimetric. Many of the effects often attributed to TCDD are associated with relatively high closes. lethality, wasting, lymphoid and gonadal atrophy, chloracne, hepatotoxicity, adult neurotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. Changes in multiple endocrine and growth factor systems have been reported in a manner which is tissue, sex, and age-dependent. The most sensitive adverse effects observed in multiple species appear to be developmental, including effects on the developing immune, nervous, and reproductive systems. Such effects have been observed at maternal body burdens in the range of 30-80 ng/kg in both non-human primates and rodents. Biochemical effects on cytokine expression and metabolizing enzymes occur at body burdens which are within a factor of ten of the clearly adverse developmental responses. Thus, effects on the immune system, learning, and the developing reproductive system of multiple animals occur at body burdens which are close to those present in the background human population. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Div Environm Hlth, SF-70701 Kuopio, Finland. RP Birnbaum, LS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 136 TC 195 Z9 199 U1 3 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0265-203X J9 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM JI Food Addit. Contam. PD APR PY 2000 VL 17 IS 4 BP 275 EP 288 DI 10.1080/026520300283351 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 325WP UT WOS:000087699700005 PM 10912242 ER PT J AU Larsen, JC Farland, W Winters, D AF Larsen, JC Farland, W Winters, D TI Current risk assessment approaches in different countries SO FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the Assement of the Health Risk of Dioxins: Re-Evaluation of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) CY MAY 25-29, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP WHO, European Ctr Environm & Hlth, Int Programme Chem Safety DE reference dose; risk assessment; risk management; risk specific dose; threshold; tolerable daily intake; toxic equivalent ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; PCBS; RATS AB Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) exist as complex mixtures in environmental and biological samples. There is sufficient evidence that the toxic congeners share a common mode of action, involving binding to the Ah-receptor. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and chemical residue data are used to calculate toxic Equivalent (TEQ) concentrations in environmental samples, foods, animal and human tissues. Two different approaches have been used in the risk assessments of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. WHO and most countries outside the USA have derived Tolerable Daily, (or weekly) Intakes (TDI) in the order of 1-10 pg per kg of body weight for TCDD or TEQs based on data front rodent carcinogenicity studies. These countries have assumed the existence of a threshold dose for the carcinogenicity, of dioxins, while US EPA and USFDA have used probabilistic estimates of cancer potency, treating cancer as a non-threshold effect and using a descriptor that addresses tipper bound risk, the Risk Specific Dose (RsD). In the USA and other countries there is a growing concern over the noncancer effects of dioxin-like compounds. In general, the various risk assessments have identified groups of the population that are at particular high risks and all have stressed the urgent need to reduce the sources of the environmental contamination with these compounds to the lowest possible. C1 Danish Vet & Food Adm, Inst Food Safety & Toxicol, DK-2860 Soborg, Denmark. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessments, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Larsen, JC (reprint author), Danish Vet & Food Adm, Inst Food Safety & Toxicol, Morkhoj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Soborg, Denmark. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0265-203X J9 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM JI Food Addit. Contam. PD APR PY 2000 VL 17 IS 4 BP 359 EP 369 DI 10.1080/026520300283423 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 325WP UT WOS:000087699700012 PM 10912249 ER PT J AU Calderon, RL AF Calderon, RL TI Measuring risks in humans: the promise and practice of epidemiology SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Assessing Health Risks from Environmental Exposure to Chemicals CY MAY 18-20, 1998 CL MUNICH, GERMANY SP Int Life Sci Inst DE risk; human; epidemiology AB Epidemiology has been considered the fundamental science of public health policy. The use of epidemiologic data in environmental health policy has been limited particularly in the environmental regulatory arena. Epidemiologic risk assessment (ERA) is different from risk assessment and the interplay between the two has led to some misconceptions over the promise and practice of epidemiologic data. The current risk assessment process was designed in a time when the need for regulation was great and the epidemiologic information was sparse. There was little time for the consideration of conducting specific studies to improve the information base for environmental health policy. Animal bioassays could be conducted under standardized protocols within defined time periods. The limitations and uncertainties of animal studies also became standardized and risk assessors became comfortable with their models of extrapolation. As the cost of regulations have grown, the economic realities of regulating with little or no data to support actual public health benefit have become a political and legal liability. Major among epidemiology's advantages is that the information is of direct relevance. The majority of epidemiology data are observation and whether the number of studies is broad enough, the data can be generalized to major segments of the population. The uncertainties in animal-based risk assessments are likely to be greater than the uncertainties associated with epidemiologic studies. Another advantage is the range of extrapolation is often smaller. Another advantage is that epidemiologic data include the genetic diversity and variability in other endogenous factors inherent in human populations. The homogeneity of animal studies has often been cited as an advantage but is unrepresentative of the heterogeneity of the human race. Epidemiology does have its limitations. A major limitation is the time needed to obtain a database sufficient for policy-making purposes and the resources needed to conduct the research to develop the database. This has often prompted the conduct of poorly designed studies, forced the use of data collected for other purposes or improper use of existing data. Four situations where epidemiology should be pursued are discussed. Once an environmental health decision has been made, epidemiologic studies should be considered for documenting the reduction of exposure and therefore disease in the population. This traditional use of epidemiology has rarely been applied in the environmental health arena. A final consideration on the use of epidemiologic data is the need to provide a sense of perspective to set priorities in the larger context of public health priorities. The role of environmental pollutants in causing disease may in some cases be minor in comparison to other risk factors and needs to be considered in setting environmental regulations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Enivornm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Calderon, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Enivornm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 38 SU 1 BP S59 EP S63 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00134-9 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 303EN UT WOS:000086408400009 PM 10717372 ER PT J AU Calderon, RL AF Calderon, RL TI The epidemiology of chemical contaminants of drinking water SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Assessing Health Risks from Environmental Exposure to Chemicals CY MAY 18-20, 1998 CL MUNICH, GERMANY SP Int Life Sci Inst DE drinking water; chemicals; epidemiology; arsenic; disinfection by-products. ID BIRTH AB A number of chemical contaminants have been identified in drinking water. These contaminants reach drinking water supplies from various sources, including municipal and industrial discharges, urban and I ural run-off, natural geological formations, drinking water distribution materials and the drinking water treatment process. Chemical contaminants for which epidemiologic studies have reported associations include the following: aluminium, arsenic, disinfection by-products, fluoride, lead, pesticides and radon. Health effects reported have included various cancers, adverse reproductive outcomes, cardiovascular disease and neurological disease. In evaluating epidemiologic studies for risk assessment, considering whether the study design was qualitative (hypothesis generating) or quantitative (hypothesis testing) is important and whether sufficient epidemiologic data of a quantitative nature exists to determine the dose-response curve. Each of the chemical contaminants mentioned are summarized by study designs (qualitative and quantitative) and whether a dose-response curve based on epidemiologic data has been proposed. Environmental epidemiology studies are driven by environmental exposures of interest. For drinking water contaminants, the design of epidemiologic studies and their interpretation should consider the following exposure issues: the source of the contaminant: other sources of the contaminant; the route of exposure; the frequency, duration and magnitude of exposure; the ability to document an actual internal dose; and the ability to document the dose to the target organ. Health effects of concern have other risk factors that must be measured in the conduct of these studies. In evaluating epidemiologic studies, potential errors and biases that may occur must be considered given the very low magnitude of associations (less than 2.0 for either odds ratio or risk ratio). Given the issues. the next generation of drinking water epidemiologic studies should include a multidisciplinary team beyond traditional epidemiologists and statisticians. Study teams will require toxicologists, chemists, engineers and exposure assessors. Arsenic is briefly discussed as an example of the importance of susceptible populations. Disinfection by-products are discussed as an example of epidemiologic studies of mixtures. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Calderon, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 5 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 38 SU 1 BP S13 EP S20 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00133-7 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 303EN UT WOS:000086408400003 PM 10717366 ER PT J AU Jarnagin, ST Swan, BK Kerfoot, WC AF Jarnagin, ST Swan, BK Kerfoot, WC TI Fish as vectors in the dispersal of Bythotrephes cederstroemi: diapausing eggs survive passage through the gut SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bythotrephes cederstroemi; diapausing eggs; exotic species; zooplankton dispersal ID LAKE-MICHIGAN; GREAT-LAKES; SELECTIVE PREDATION; MARINE ORGANISMS; 1ST RECORDS; SCHOEDLER; PLANKTON; INVASION; INVADER; ONTARIO AB 1. Bythotrephes cederstroemi (Crustacea: Onychopoda: Cercopagidae) is an introduced invertebrate predator currently spreading through the Laurentian Great Lakes region of North America. We examined a previously unsuspected way in which B. cederstroemi may be dispersed by fish by their consumption of diapausing eggs. 2. Ninety-four percentage of the mature B. cederstroemi diapausing eggs consumed by fish were egested apparently intact. This proportion is considerably above previous estimates for the ephippial eggs of Daphnia. The hatching success of diapausing eggs was compared among four categories: (a) eggs released naturally by B. cederstroemi (control, 73% hatched) (b) eggs released during 'stressful confinement' (46% hatched) (c) eggs dissected from dead females (13% hatched) and (d) eggs recovered from faecal pellets following consumption by fish (viable gut passage experiment, 41% hatched). 3. Samples of small fish and B. cederstroemi were collected simultaneously. Examination of gut contents revealed that fish contained B. cederstroemi diapausing eggs and that B. cederstroemi bearing resting eggs were consumed selectively over those without eggs. Moreover, fish selected B. cederstroemi bearing mature rather than immature diapausing eggs. 4. The fact that diapausing eggs survive gut passage is important for the dispersal of B. cederstroemi. Fish often move between the pelagic and littoral zones of lakes and may thus disperse diapausing eggs widely. Fish may also move between lakes connected by river systems and can be caught and passively dispersed by anglers or piscivorous birds. Our results demonstrate the potential for fish to act as vectors in the spread of B. cederstroemi. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Jarnagin, ST (reprint author), US EPA, ORD EPIC, Mail Stop 555,2D115 USGS Natl Ctr,12201 Sunrise V, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 32 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 4 BP 579 EP 589 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 301VJ UT WOS:000086330700005 ER PT J AU Cizdziel, J Hodge, V Faller, S AF Cizdziel, J Hodge, V Faller, S TI Comments on the use of Cs-137/Pu239+240 activity ratio to resolve binary mixtures of Pu - Response SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US EPA, Radiat & Indoor Environm Natl Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD APR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 4 BP 446 EP 446 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 294UY UT WOS:000085929800010 ER PT J AU Gentile, JH van der Scalie, WH AF Gentile, JH van der Scalie, WH TI Hormesis and ecological risk assessment: Fact or fantasy? SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE hormesis; ecological risk assessment; stressors; risk management ID CHEMICAL HORMESIS; STIMULATION; INHIBITION AB Hormesis is a widespread phenomenon across occurring many taxa and chemicals, and, at the single species level, issues regarding the application of hormesis to human health and ecological risk assessment are similar. However, interpreting the significance of hormesis for even a single species in an ecological risk assessment can be complicated by competition with other species, predation effects, etc. In addition, ecological risk assessments may involve communities of hundreds or thousands of species as well as a range of ecological processes. Applying hermetic adjustments to threshold effect levels for chemicals derived from sensitivity distributions for a large number of species is impractical. For ecological risks, chemical stressors are frequently of lessor concern than physical stressors (e.g., habitat alteration) or biological stressors (e.g., introduced species), but the relevance of hormesis to non chemical stressors is unclear. Although ecological theories such as the intermediate disturbance hypothesis offer some intriguing similarities between chemical hormesis and hermetic-like responses resulting from physical disturbances, mechanistic explanations are lacking. While further exploration of the relevance of hormesis to ecological risk assessment is desirable, it is unlikely that hormesis is a critical factor in most ecological risk assessments, given the magnitude of other uncertainties inherent in the process. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Key Biscayne, FL 33149 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment Washington Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gentile, JH (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Key Biscayne, FL 33149 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD APR PY 2000 VL 6 IS 2 BP 227 EP 236 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 315HW UT WOS:000087108300003 ER PT J AU Gammon, JR Simon, TP AF Gammon, JR Simon, TP TI Variation in a Great River index of biotic integrity over a 20-year period SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Assessing the Ecological Integrity of Running Waters CY NOV, 1998 CL UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO, VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Austrian Fed Minist Environm, Youth & Family Affairs, Austrian Fed Minist Agr & Forestry, Austrian Fed Minist Sci & Transport, Austrian Network Environm Res, Austrian Airlines, Austrian Lotteries, Bank Austria, Oracle, Schneiders, Vienna Tourist Board, VISA Austria HO UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO DE biological integrity; IBI; fish assemblage; fish community structure and function; land use; gear effects; recruitment ID FISH COMMUNITIES; LITTORAL-ZONE; ASSEMBLAGES; BASIN; LAKES AB The Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) has proven to be an important assessment tool for evaluating the resource quality of aquatic ecosystems. We used a modified IBI for Great Rivers based on collections from the Wabash River in west-central Indiana. We evaluated natural, inherent variation in natural phenomena, gear effects and land use modification over a 20-year period. Sixty-three stations distributed through 260 km of river were sampled 2-3 times per year to evaluate fish community structure and function. Natural changes in variation included temporal variation, hydrologic cycle and recruitment. Our results suggest that removing gizzard shad, whose population levels fluctuate widely, from percentage metrics enhanced assessment and exposed subtle affects. IBI scores consistently declined in a downstream direction. IBI profiles based on numbers were almost always higher than those using biomass, but patterns corresponded well for both metric systems. Combining biomass catches by seining and electrofishing did not substantially change the observed patterns compared to numeric electrofishing catches. The large number of small species taken by seining overwhelmed the subtle patterns observed at least impacted stations, but greater departures in quality were evident at impaired downstream locations. Floods decimated fish communities throughout the river. Fish moved out of stressed areas during severe droughts and into areas near clean tributaries. Certain structured attributes of Great River fish communities showed statistically significant changes based on ecoregion scales. Total number of species, number of sensitive species, number of centrarchid species and percentage of simple lithophils declined between the Corn Belt Plain and Interior River Lowland ecoregions, but water quality factors might also be influential. These changes in metric attributes lowered IBI scores by 6-10 cumulative points. C1 Depauw Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Greencastle, IN 46135 USA. US EPA, Water Div, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Gammon, JR (reprint author), Depauw Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Greencastle, IN 46135 USA. RI Simon, Thomas/B-4075-2012; OI Simon, Thomas/0000-0003-4393-4703 NR 51 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD APR PY 2000 VL 422 BP 291 EP 304 DI 10.1023/A:1017060520873 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 331QP UT WOS:000088030000026 ER PT J AU Hughes, RM Paulsen, SG Stoddard, JL AF Hughes, RM Paulsen, SG Stoddard, JL TI EMAP-Surface Waters: a multiassemblage, probability survey of ecological integrity in the USA SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Assessing the Ecological Integrity of Running Waters CY NOV, 1998 CL UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO, VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Austrian Fed Minist Environm, Youth & Family Affairs, Austrian Fed Minist Agr & Forestry, Austrian Fed Minist Sci & Transport, Austrian Network Environm Res, Austrian Airlines, Austrian Lotteries, Bank Austria, Oracle, Schneiders, Vienna Tourist Board, VISA Austria HO UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO DE sampling design; ecological indicators; reference condition ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; AQUATIC RESOURCES; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; SPECIES RICHNESS; LAND-USE; LAKES; INDICATORS; PATTERNS; FISH AB Data analyzed at national, multistate or state scales often reveal more serious deterioration of various biological assemblages than that suspected from site specific studies simply because the impacts are observed regionally rather than locally. Unfortunately many regional assessments are based on data collected with differing sampling designs and methods, making their representativeness, accuracy and precision questionable. In 1989, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began EMAP-Surface Waters (EMAP-SW), a program for developing methods to monitor and assess status and trends in the nation's lakes and rivers in a statistically and ecologically rigorous manner. EMAP-SW has now conducted regional multistate pilots in streams and rivers throughout the U.S.A. in collaboration with State agencies, universities and EPA regional offices. We discuss EMAP's conceptual design, which focuses on biological integrity through use of multiple biological assemblages and includes physical and chemical habitat and landscape characteristics. When coupled with appropriate biological indicators, a probability-based design enabled us to provide accurate, precise and unbiased assessments of biological conditions, along with quantitative estimates of sampling uncertainty. Regional EMAP-SW surveys indicated the importance of assessing multiple biological assemblages because each assemblage was differentially sensitive to different stressors and at different spatial scales. Synthesizing multiple metrics from multiple assemblages allowed us to detect the effects of multiple anthropogenic disturbances. We also illustrate the value of using historical reconstruction and paleolimnological data for determining reference conditions where disturbance is extensive. We conclude that an EMAP approach to sampling design and indicators (recognizing natural ecoregional differences) has distinct advantages for monitoring and assessments that may be applicable to European Communities seeking to assess the ecological integrity of waters. C1 Dynamac, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Hughes, RM (reprint author), Dynamac, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 69 TC 65 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD APR PY 2000 VL 422 BP 429 EP 443 DI 10.1023/A:1017029107669 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 331QP UT WOS:000088030000035 ER PT J AU Barbour, MT Swietlik, WF Jackson, SK Courtemanch, DL Davies, SP Yoder, CO AF Barbour, MT Swietlik, WF Jackson, SK Courtemanch, DL Davies, SP Yoder, CO TI Measuring the attainment of biological integrity in the USA: a critical element of ecological integrity SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Assessing the Ecological Integrity of Running Waters CY NOV, 1998 CL UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO, VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Austrian Fed Minist Environm, Youth & Family Affairs, Austrian Fed Minist Agr & Forestry, Austrian Fed Minist Sci & Transport, Austrian Network Environm Res, Austrian Airlines, Austrian Lotteries, Bank Austria, Oracle, Schneiders, Vienna Tourist Board, VISA Austria HO UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO DE biological integrity; ecological integrity; bioassessment; biocriteria; water quality; biological indicators ID WATER-QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; CRITERIA AB The concept of ecological integrity has become a worldwide phenomenon and is firmly entrenched into the regulatory structure of environmental law in the United States of America (USA). The attainment of ecological integrity requires the attainment of its three elements: physical, chemical, and biological integrity. In the USA, measures of chemical integrity were implemented first into monitoring programs and were effective in reducing pollutant loadings to the nation's surface waters. Because biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors such as reduced oxygen, excess nutrients, toxic chemicals, increased temperature, excessive sediment loading, and habitat degradation, the advent of bioassessment in regulatory programs has provided a more comprehensive and effective monitoring and assessment strategy. Measures of biological integrity clearly have become a priority in the USA. The development of biological criteria (biocriteria) within regulatory programs to serve as thresholds by which to judge the attainment of designated aquatic life conditions of surface waters is a major focus of states and Indian tribes within the USA. The derivation of reference conditions for the nation's surface waters (i.e., streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and marine waters) across different physiographic regions is a critical element in the design of biocriteria and is currently a primary initiative in the USA. Nearly all state water resource agencies have developed bioassessment approaches for streams; 1600 to 75 000 km of streams require assessment in each state. Bioassessment development for other water body types is not as advanced to date. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has produced technical guidance for developing effective bioassessment programs; they include crucial elements such as defining objectives, classifying water bodies according to expected biological attributes, deriving the reference condition of the site classes, developing standardized protocols for sampling and data analysis, and implementing a quality assurance plan. Approaches to bioassessment in the USA follow a basic design of incorporating various attributes of the elements and processes of the aquatic community, which is either an aggregation into a multimetric index or a series of multivariate analyses using the attributes as input variables. The Clean Water Act of 1972 and its subsequent amendments mandate maintaining, restoring, and protecting the ecological integrity of surface waters. Through use of robust bioassessments and other measures of ecological integrity, the USA has developed a strategic plan to establish priorities to meet this goal. C1 Tetra Tech Inc, Owings Mills, MD 21117 USA. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Maine Dept Environm Protect, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. Ohio Environm Protect Agcy, Columbus, OH 43228 USA. RP Barbour, MT (reprint author), Tetra Tech Inc, 10045 Red Run Blvd,Suite 110, Owings Mills, MD 21117 USA. NR 42 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 39 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD APR PY 2000 VL 422 BP 453 EP 464 DI 10.1023/A:1017095003609 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 331QP UT WOS:000088030000037 ER PT J AU Thrupp, LA AF Thrupp, LA TI Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security: the valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture SO INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION AB Agricultural biodiversity is critical for food security throughout the world. At the genetic, species, and firming systems levels, biodiversity provides valuable ecosytems services and functions for agricultural production. Wow can the erosion of agrobiodiversity be halted? How can it effectively be conserved and enhanced? This article highlights key principles, policies, and practices for the sustainable use, conservation and enhancement of agrobiodiversity for sustaining food security. After clarifying the serious threats from the global loss of agrobiodiversity, the article summarizes practical guidelines and lessons for biodiversity management in farming systems and landscapes. Such st strategies build upon valuable local experiences and knowledge in traditional fanning practices, and they also take advantage of recent scientific findings in agroecology and ecosystem health. There is an urgent need to adopt an agroecosytems approach, beyond a focus on genetic resource conservation alone, to implement other biodiversity-enhancing methods in farms, such as integrated ecological pest and sail management. Conflicting agricultural politics that promote monocultural Industrial firming models and uniform technology packages need to be eliminated. In addition, the protection of intellectual property rights is vital for those who have knowledge of the values and uses of such biodiversity, particularly for indigenous peoples and small farmers. The approaches reviewed in this analysis show effective ways to conserve, use and enhance biodiversity that will encourage sustainable food security. C1 US EPA, Reg Off 9, Agr Initiat Program, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Thrupp, LA (reprint author), US EPA, Reg Off 9, Agr Initiat Program, San Francisco, CA USA. NR 48 TC 69 Z9 82 U1 12 U2 106 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-5850 J9 INT AFF JI Int. Aff. PD APR PY 2000 VL 76 IS 2 BP 265 EP + PG 18 WC International Relations SC International Relations GA 305GW UT WOS:000086531900005 PM 18383639 ER PT J AU Frost, FJ Muller, T Craun, GF Fraser, D Thompson, D Notenboom, R Calderon, RL AF Frost, FJ Muller, T Craun, GF Fraser, D Thompson, D Notenboom, R Calderon, RL TI Serological analysis of a cryptosporidiosis epidemic SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium; serological survey; epidemic ID ANTIBODY; OUTBREAKS AB Background A cryptosporidiosis epidemic occurred among residents and visitors to Colling-wood, Ontario, during March 1996. Fifty-five per cent of 36 confirmed cases were Collingwood visitors and 57% of Collingwood resident cases were under 10 years of age. The low level of reported diarrhoeal illness among adult Collingwood residents caused government officials and physicians to question whether an epidemic had occurred in Collingwood. Methods To better evaluate the extent of the epidemic, anonymous surplus sera from 89 adult Collingwood residents, collected for routine tests prior to, during and after the epidemic, and from 80 adult Toronto residents were tested using a Western blot assay for Ige antibody response to two Cryptosporidium antigen groups (15/17-kDa and 27-kDa). Results For sera collected from 1 January 1996 to 17 June 1996, a higher fraction of Collingwood residents had a detectable serological response (P < 0.002) and the mean intensity of serological responses was higher for Collingwood than Toronto residents (P < 0.001). The mean intensity of serological responses for Coiling wood residents was higher in specimens drawn during the 8 weeks following the initial case reports compared to those drawn before or after this period (15/ 17-MDa, P < 0.02; 27-kDa, P < 0.10). Conclusions These elevated serological responses indicate that Cryptosporidium infections among Collingwood residents likely occurred more commonly than illness reports suggested, consistent with a community-wide cryptosporidiosis epidemic. Similar studies should be considered in future suspected cryptosporidiosis epidemic investigations. C1 Lovelace Resp Res Inst, SW Ctr Managed Care Res, Albuquerque, NM USA. Gunther F Craun & Associates, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. Simcoe Cty Dist Hlth Unit, Barrie, ON L4M 6K9, Canada. Ontario Minist Hlth, Lab Serv Branch, Orillia Reg Publ Hlth Lab, Orillia, ON L3V 6K5, Canada. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Frost, FJ (reprint author), SW Ctr Managed Care Res, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 12 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 376 EP 379 DI 10.1093/ije/29.2.376 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 323XE UT WOS:000087589600026 PM 10817139 ER PT J AU Glucksman, AM Skipper, HD Brigmon, RL Santo Domingo, JW AF Glucksman, AM Skipper, HD Brigmon, RL Santo Domingo, JW TI Use of the MIDI-FAME technique to characterize groundwater communities SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; BACTERIA; TOLERANCE; BIOMASS; ECOLOGY AB Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were identified directly from groundwater microbial communities concentrated on and extracted with polycarbonate filters. The sensitivity of this direct extraction method was determined using pure cultures of Acinetobacter junii, Pseudomonas putida and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. A minimum concentration of 10(7) cells filter(-1) was required to identify the predominant fatty acids from each culture. However, at least 3.7 x 10(9) cells filter(-1) were required to obtain fatty acid profiles that matched the signature profiles for pure cultures in a commercial database. While several saturated fatty acids (i.e. 14 : 0, 16 : 0, 18 : 0) were extracted from the polycarbonate filters, they were readily subtracted from microbial fatty acid profiles and did not interfere with the characterization of pure cultures or environmental samples. For the environmental samples, 3 l of groundwater from the Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, (USA) contained sufficient biomass for direct extraction. A comparative analysis of FAME groundwater profiles demonstrated a qualitative difference among communities sampled from spatially discrete locations, while a groundwater well that was sampled at two time points showed strong similarities over time. Concentration of microbial biomass on polycarbonate filters coupled with the MIDI-FAME extraction of both biomass and filter was a useful technique to characterize microbial communities from groundwater. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Environm Biotechnol Sect, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. US EPA, NERC MCEARD, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Agron, Clemson, SC USA. CSRA Analyt Labs Inc, Augusta, GA USA. RP Brigmon, RL (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Environm Biotechnol Sect, Bldg 704-8T TNX, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 22 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 88 IS 4 BP 711 EP 719 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01058.x PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 300WK UT WOS:000086276600019 PM 10792531 ER PT J AU Comer, JK Kleinstreuer, C Hyun, S Kim, CS AF Comer, JK Kleinstreuer, C Hyun, S Kim, CS TI Aerosol transport and deposition in sequentially bifurcating airways SO JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DEPOSITION; INSPIRATORY FLOW; MODELS AB Deposition patterns and efficiencies of a dilute suspension of inhaled particles in three-dimensional double bifurcating airway models for both in-plane and 90 deg out-of-plane configurations have been numerically simulated assuming steady, laminar, constant-property air flow with symmetry about the first bifurcation. Particle diameters of 3, 5, and 7 mum were used in the simulation, while the inlet Stokes and Reynolds numbers varied from 0.037 to 0.23 and 500 to 2000 respectively. Comparisons between these results and experimental data based on the same geometric configuration showed good agreement. The overall trend of the particle deposition efficiency, i.e., an exponential increase with Stokes number, was somewhat similar for all bifurcations. However, the deposition efficiency of the first bifurcation was always larger than that of the second bifurcation, while in general the particle efficiency of the out-of-plane configuration was larger that that of the in-plane configuration. The local deposition patterns consistently showed that the majority of the deposition occurred in the carinal region. The distribution pattern in the first bifurcation for both configurations were symmetric about the carina, which was a direct result of the uniaxial flow at the inlet. The deposition patterns about the second carina showed increased asymmetry due to highly nonuniform flow generated by the first bifurcation and were extremely sensitive to bifurcation orientation. Based on the deposition variations between bifurcation levels and orientations, the use of single bifurcation models was determined to be inadequate to resolve the complex fluid-particle interactions that occur in multigenerational airways. [S0148-0731(00)01102-X]. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kleinstreuer, C (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 21 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0148-0731 J9 J BIOMECH ENG-T ASME JI J. Biomech. Eng.-Trans. ASME PD APR PY 2000 VL 122 IS 2 BP 152 EP 158 DI 10.1115/1.429636 PG 7 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical SC Biophysics; Engineering GA 404QA UT WOS:000167110900006 PM 10834155 ER PT J AU Tomatis, L Huff, J AF Tomatis, L Huff, J TI Evidence of carcinogenicity of DDT in nonhuman primates SO JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Tomatis, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 7 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0171-5216 J9 J CANCER RES CLIN JI J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 126 IS 4 BP 246 EP 246 DI 10.1007/s004320050040 PG 1 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 304FX UT WOS:000086473900010 PM 10782899 ER PT J AU Huling, SG Arnold, RG Jones, PK Sierka, RA AF Huling, SG Arnold, RG Jones, PK Sierka, RA TI Predicting Fenton-driven degradation using contaminant analog SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYL RADICAL CONCENTRATIONS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; RATE CONSTANTS; SOILS; OXIDATION; REAGENT AB The reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Fe(II) (Fenton's reaction) generates hydroxyl radicals (.OH) that can be used to oxidize contaminants in soils and aquifers. In such environments, several factors can limit the effectiveness of chemical oxidation, including reactions involving H2O2 that do not yield .OH, .OH reactions with nontargeted chemicals, and insufficient iron in the soil or aquifer. Consequently, site-specific studies may be necessary to evaluate the feasibility of chemical oxidation using H2O2. Here, the degradation of a contaminant analog, alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide) N-tert-butylnitrone (4POBN), was used to estimate .OH concentration and simplify testing procedures. A kinetic model was developed, calibrated using 4POBN degradation kinetics, and used to predict the disappearance of 2-chlorophenol (2CP), a representative target. Good agreement between predicted (Y) and measured (X) values for 2CP (Y = 0.95X) suggests that the kinetics of analogs degradation can be used to predict the degradation rate of compounds for which the rate constant for reaction with .OH is known. C1 US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt & Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Huling, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt & Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 24 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 2000 VL 126 IS 4 BP 348 EP 353 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:4(348) PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 296VW UT WOS:000086048300008 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Schenck, KM AF Urbansky, ET Schenck, KM TI Ascorbic acid reduction of active chlorine prior to determining Ames mutagenicity of chlorinated natural organic matter (NOM) SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE; ANTIMUTAGENICITY; ANTIOXIDANTS; DESTRUCTION; RECOVERY; INVITRO; SULFITE AB Many potable water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that result from the reaction of natural organic matter (NOM) with oxidizing chlorine are known or suspected to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. The Ames assay is routinely used to assess an overall level of mutagenicity for all compounds in samples from potable water supplies or laboratory studies of DBP formation. Reduction of oxidizing disinfectants is required since these compounds can kill the bacteria or react with the agar, producing chlorinated byproducts. When mutagens are collected by passing potable water through adsorbing resins, active chlorine compounds react with the resin, producing undesirable mutagenic artifacts. The bioanalytical and chemoanalytical needs of drinking water DBP studies required a suitable reductant. Many of the candidate compounds failed to meet those needs, including 2,4-hexadienoic (sorbic) acid, 2,4-pentanedione (acetylacetone), 2-butenoic (crotonic) acid, 2-butenedioic (maleic and fumaric) acids and buten-2-ol (crotyl alcohol). Candidates were rejected if they (1) reacted too slowly with active chlorine, (2) formed mutagenic byproducts, or (3) interfered in the quantitation of known chlorination DBPs. L-Ascorbic acid reacts rapidly and stoichiometrically with active chlorine and has limited interactions with halogenated DBPs. In this work, we found no interference from L-ascorbic acid or its oxidation product (dehydroascorbic acid) in mutagenicity assays of chlorinated NOM using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, with or without metabolic activation (S9). This was demonstrated for both aqueous solutions of chlorinated NOM and concentrates derived from the involatile, ether-extractable chlorinated byproducts of those solutions. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Rick Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Rick Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Urbansky.Edward@EPA.gov; Schenck.Kathleen@EPA.gov NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD APR PY 2000 VL 2 IS 2 BP 161 EP 163 DI 10.1039/a909046k PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 307QU UT WOS:000086665100015 PM 11253037 ER PT J AU Kono, H Rusyn, I Bradford, BU Connor, HD Mason, RP Thurman, RG AF Kono, H Rusyn, I Bradford, BU Connor, HD Mason, RP Thurman, RG TI Allopurinol prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INTRAGASTRIC ETHANOL INFUSION; NF-KAPPA-B; KUPFFER CELLS; XANTHINE-OXIDASE; DIETARY-FAT; DISEASE; MACROPHAGES; REPERFUSION; INHIBITION AB Free radical formation caused by chronic ethanol administration could activate transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), which regulates production of inflammatory cytokines. Xanthine oxidase is one potential source of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and scavenger of free radicals, would affect free radical formation, NF-kappa B activation, and early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet with or without ethanol (10-16 g/kg/day) continuously for up to 4 weeks with the Tsukamoto-French enteral protocol. Either allopurinol or saline vehicle was administered daily. Allopurinol had no effect on body weight or the cyclic pattern of ethanol in urine. Mean urine ethanol concentrations were 271 +/- 38 and 252 +/- 33 mg/dl in ethanol- and ethanol + allopurinol-treated rats, respectively. In the control group, serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were similar to 40 I.U./I and 25 U/I, respectively. Administration of enteral ethanol for 4 weeks increased serum transaminases similar to 5-fold. Allopurinol blunted these increases significantly by similar to 50%. Ethanol treatment also caused severe fatty infiltration, mild inflammation, and necrosis. These pathological changes also were blunted significantly by allopurinol. Furthermore, enteral ethanol caused free radical adduct formation, values that were reduced by similar to 40% by allopurinol. NF-kappa B binding was minimal in the control group but was increased significantly nearly 2.5-fold by ethanol. This increase was blunted to similar values as control by allopurinol. These results indicate that allopurinol prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury, most likely lay preventing oxidant-dependent activation of NF-kappa B. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Hepatobiol & Toxicol Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Pharmacol & Chem, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Rusyn, I (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Hepatobiol & Toxicol Lab, CB 7365,Mary Ellen Jones Bldg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Rusyn, Ivan/S-2426-2016 NR 45 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-3565 J9 J PHARMACOL EXP THER JI J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. PD APR PY 2000 VL 293 IS 1 BP 296 EP 303 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 307QQ UT WOS:000086664800037 PM 10734182 ER PT J AU Seigneur, C Pun, B Pai, P Louis, JF Solomon, P Emery, C Morris, R Zahniser, M Worsnop, D Koutrakis, P White, W Tombach, I AF Seigneur, C Pun, B Pai, P Louis, JF Solomon, P Emery, C Morris, R Zahniser, M Worsnop, D Koutrakis, P White, W Tombach, I TI Guidance for the performance evaluation of three-dimensional air quality modeling systems for particulate matter and visibility SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Air-and-Waste-Management-Association Specialty Conference on Visual Air Quality, Aerosols, and Global Radiation Balance CY SEP 09-12, 1997 CL BARTLETT, NEW HAMPSHIRE SP Air & Waste Management Assoc AB Guidance for the performance evaluation of three-dimensional air quality modeling systems for particulate matter and visibility is presented. Four levels are considered: operational, diagnostic, mechanistic, and probabilistic evaluations. First, a comprehensive model evaluation should be conducted in at least two distinct geographical locations and for several meteorological episodes. Next, streamlined evaluations can be conducted for other similar applications if the comprehensive evaluation is deemed satisfactory. In all cases, the operational evaluation alone is insufficient, and some diagnostic evaluation must always be carried out. Recommendations are provided for designing field measurement programs that can provide the data needed for such model performance evaluations. C1 Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Air Qual Div, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. AER, Numer Weather Predict Grp, Cambridge, MA USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Environ Corp, Novato, CA USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Chem, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. ENSR Corp, Camarillo, CA USA. RP Seigneur, C (reprint author), Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Air Qual Div, 2682 Bishop Dr,Suite 120, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. RI Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; OI Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; White, Warren H/0000-0001-7323-7867 NR 12 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 8 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 50 IS 4 BP 588 EP 599 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 301TT UT WOS:000086326900014 PM 10786011 ER PT J AU Hidy, GM Hales, JM Roth, PM Scheffe, R AF Hidy, GM Hales, JM Roth, PM Scheffe, R TI Fine particles and oxidant pollution: Developing an agenda for cooperative research SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Air-and-Waste-Management-Association Specialty Conference on Visual Air Quality, Aerosols, and Global Radiation Balance CY SEP 09-12, 1997 CL BARTLETT, NEW HAMPSHIRE SP Air & Waste Management Assoc ID BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; PARTICULATE MATTER; AEROSOL DYNAMICS; ORGANIC AEROSOL; AIR-POLLUTION; CHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS; TRENDS; OZONE; MODEL AB This paper describes a background for the North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (NARSTO) cooperative program integrating studies of O-3 and PM2.5. It discusses several important aspects for rationalizing NARSTO's trinational investigative approach, including (1) an outlook on the state of knowledge about fine particles in the troposphere and their origins in Canada, Mexico, and the United States; (2) the need for enhancement and strengthening of key field measurements in relation to tropospheric chemistry and a health effects component; and (3) the use of a central theme for advancing air quality modeling using evolving techniques to integrate and guide key process-oriented field campaigns. The importance of organizing a scientific program to acquire "policy-relevant" information is stressed, noting cooperative research directions that address combined PM2.5 and O-3 issues, illustrated through exploration of hypothetical pathways of PM2.5 response to choices of O-3 and PM precursor emission reductions. The information needed for PM10, research is noted to intersect in many cases with those of O-3, but diverge in other cases. Accounting for these distinctions is important for developing NARSTO's strategy over the next decade. C1 ENVAIR, Pasco, WA 99301 USA. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. ENVAIR, San Anselmo, CA USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hidy, GM (reprint author), ENVAIR, Pasco, WA 99301 USA. NR 82 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 50 IS 4 BP 613 EP 632 PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 301TT UT WOS:000086326900016 PM 10786013 ER PT J AU Hallam, TG Lassiter, RR Henson, SM AF Hallam, TG Lassiter, RR Henson, SM TI Modeling fish population dynamics SO NONLINEAR ANALYSIS-THEORY METHODS & APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE population dynamics; fish; physiology; individual based ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; GARIEPINUS BURCHELL 1822; GASTRIC EVACUATION; RATION SIZE; ENERGY-METABOLISM; PERCA-FLAVESCENS; SIMULATION-MODEL; AFRICAN CATFISH; LIPID-CONTENT; YELLOW PERCH C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Coll William & Mary, Dept Math, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. RP Hallam, TG (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 72 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0362-546X J9 NONLINEAR ANAL-THEOR JI Nonlinear Anal.-Theory Methods Appl. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 1-8 BP 227 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S0362-546X(00)85013-0 PG 24 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 317WP UT WOS:000087250200013 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Delgado, R Calderon-Garciduenas, A Meneses, A Ruiz, LM De la Garza, J Acuna, H Villarreal-Calderon, A Raab-Traub, N Devlin, R AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Delgado, R Calderon-Garciduenas, A Meneses, A Ruiz, LM De la Garza, J Acuna, H Villarreal-Calderon, A Raab-Traub, N Devlin, R TI Malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: A series of 256 patients in Mexico City and Monterrey. Is air pollution the missing link? SO OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY LA English DT Article ID NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; KILLER-CELL LYMPHOMAS; NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA; RISK-FACTORS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; SINONASAL CANCER; MUCOSAL MELANOMAS; URBAN POLLUTION; WOOD DUST AB Air pollution is a serious health problem in major cities in Mexico. The concentrations of monitored criteria pollutants have been above the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards for the last decade. To determine whether the number of primary malignant nasal and paranasal neoplasms has increased, we surveyed 256 such cases admitted to a major adult oncology hospital located in metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) for the period from 1976-1997 and to a tertiary hospital in Monterrey, an industrial city, for the period from 1993-1998. The clinical histories and histopathologic material were reviewed, and a brief clinical summary was written for each case. In the MMC hospital the number of newly diagnosed nasal and paranasal neoplasms per year for the period from 1976-1986 averaged 5.1, whereas for the next 11 years it increased to 12.5. The maximal increase was observed in 1995-1997, with an average of 20.3 new cases per year (P = 0.0006). The predominant neoplasms in these series were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, adenocarcinoma, Schneiderian carcinoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the Monterrey hospital a 2-fold increase in the numbers of newly diagnosed nasal and paranasal neoplasms was recorded between 1993 and 1998. The predominant MMC neoplasm in this series, namely nasal T-cell/natural killer cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is potentially Epstein-Barr virus related. Nasal and paranasal malignant neoplasms are generally rare. Environmental causative factors include exposure in industries such as nickel refining, leather, and wood furniture manufacturing. Although epidemiologic studies have not addressed the relationship between outdoor air pollution and sinonasal malignant neoplasms, there is strong evidence for the nasal and paranasal carcinogenic effect of occupational aerosol complex chemical mixtures. General practitioners and ear, nose, and throat physicians working in highly polluted cities should be aware of the clinical presentations of these patients. Identification of this apparent increase in sinonasal malignant neoplasms in two urban Mexican polluted cities warrants further mechanistic and epidemiologic studies. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Inst Nacl Pediat, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Inst Nacl Cancerol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Hosp Especialidades 25, Ctr Med Noreste, Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Monterrey, Mexico. Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, US EPA, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Calderon-Garciduenas, L (reprint author), US EPA, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 93 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0194-5998 J9 OTOLARYNG HEAD NECK JI Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. PD APR PY 2000 VL 122 IS 4 BP 499 EP 508 DI 10.1016/S0194-5998(00)70091-X PG 10 WC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery SC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery GA 303KG UT WOS:000086420600006 PM 10740168 ER PT J AU Elovitz, MS von Gunten, U Kaiser, HP AF Elovitz, MS von Gunten, U Kaiser, HP TI Hydroxyl radical/ozone ratios during ozonation processes. II. The effect of temperature, pH, alkalinity, and DOM properties SO OZONE-SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ozone; hydroxyl radical; R-cl; drinking water treatment; oxidation; disinfection; water quality; pH effect; temperature effect; alkalinity effect; DOM; Lake Zurich water ID DRINKING-WATER CONTAMINANTS; BROMIDE-CONTAINING WATERS; RATE CONSTANTS; OZONE DECOMPOSITION; BROMATE FORMATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ADVANCED OXIDATION; MECHANISM; KINETICS; OH AB The influence of temperature, pH, alkalinity, and type and concentration of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the rate of ozone (O-3) decomposition, O-3-exposure, . OH-exposure and the ratio R-ct of the concentrations of . OH and O-3 has been studied. For a standardized single ozone dose of 1 mg/L in all experiments, considerable variations in O-3-exposure and . OH-exposure were found. This has important implications for water treatment plants regarding the efficiency of oxidation and disinfection by O-3. In oligotrophic surface waters and groundwaters, minimal calibration experiments are needed to model and control the ozonation process, whereas in eutrophic surface waters more frequent measurements of O-3 kinetics and R-ct values are required to evaluate seasonal variations. C1 US EPA, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. Zurich Water Works Wasserversorgung, CH-8023 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Elovitz, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, NRMRL, 26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 33 TC 138 Z9 142 U1 12 U2 116 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD, NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 0191-9512 J9 OZONE-SCI ENG JI Ozone-Sci. Eng. PD APR PY 2000 VL 22 IS 2 BP 123 EP 150 DI 10.1080/01919510008547216 PG 28 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 311JM UT WOS:000086881000002 ER PT J AU Miners, JO Coulter, S Birkett, DJ Goldstein, JA AF Miners, JO Coulter, S Birkett, DJ Goldstein, JA TI Torsemide metabolism by CYP2C9 variants and other human CYP2C subfamily enzymes SO PHARMACOGENETICS LA English DT Article DE torsemide; cytochrome P450; CYP2C9; sulphaphenazole inhibition; polymorphism ID CYTOCHROME-P450 CYP2C9; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; ALLELIC VARIANT; POLYMORPHISM; CYP2C9-ASTERISK-3; PHARMACOKINETICS; (S)-WARFARIN; ASSOCIATION; PHENYTOIN; WARFARIN C1 Flinders Med Ctr, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Bedford Pk, SA 5042, Australia. Flinders Univ S Australia, Sch Med, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Miners, JO (reprint author), Flinders Med Ctr, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Bedford Pk, SA 5042, Australia. NR 19 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0960-314X J9 PHARMACOGENETICS JI Pharmacogenetics PD APR PY 2000 VL 10 IS 3 BP 267 EP 270 DI 10.1097/00008571-200004000-00008 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 309BW UT WOS:000086748500008 PM 10803683 ER PT J AU Lau, C Andersen, ME Crawford-Brown, DJ Kavlock, RJ Kimmel, CA Knudsen, TB Muneoka, K Rogers, JM Setzer, RW Smith, G Tyl, R AF Lau, C Andersen, ME Crawford-Brown, DJ Kavlock, RJ Kimmel, CA Knudsen, TB Muneoka, K Rogers, JM Setzer, RW Smith, G Tyl, R TI Evaluation of biologically based dose-response modeling for developmental toxicity: A workshop report SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MATERNAL EXPOSURE; 5-FLUOROURACIL; RAT; ANEMIA AB Biologically based dose-response (BBDR) modeling represents a novel approach for quantitative assessment of health risk by incorporating pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of a chemical and by relating the immediate cellular responses to a cascade of aberrant biological actions that leads to detectable adverse outcomes. The quantitative relationship of each of the intervening events can be described in mathematical forms that are amenable for adjustment and extrapolation over a range of doses and across species. A team of investigators at the Reproductive Toxicology Division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has explored the feasibility of BBDR modeling by examining the developmental toxicity of a known teratogen, 5-fluorouracil. A panel of researchers from academic and industrial laboratories, biomathematical modelers, and risk assessment scientists was convened in a workshop to evaluate the approaches undertaken by the EPA team and to discuss the future prospects of BBDR modeling. This report summarizes the lessons learned from one approach to BBDR modeling and comments from the panelists: while it is possible to incorporate mechanistic information into quantitative dose-response models for the assessment of health risks, the process is enormously data-intensive and costly; in addition, the confidence of the model is directly proportional to our current understanding of basic biology and can be enhanced only through the ongoing novel discoveries. More importantly, the extent of "uncertainty" (inherent with the default assumptions associated with the NOAEL or benchmark approach) reducible by BBDR modeling requires further scrutiny and comparison. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Off Associate Director Hlth, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ICF Kaiser, Fairfax, VA USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Pathol Anat & Cell Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Glaxo Wellcome, Dept Biochem, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Lau, C (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 190 EP 199 DI 10.1006/rtph.1999.1360 PN 1 PG 10 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 319AK UT WOS:000087316700004 PM 10854125 ER PT J AU Suter, GW AF Suter, GW TI Generic assessment endpoints are needed for ecological risk assessment SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; assessment endpoint; measure of effect; extrapolation AB This article presents arguments for the development of generic assessment endpoints for ecological risk assessment. Generic assessment endpoints would be ecological entities and attributes that are assumed to be worthy of protection in most contexts. The existence of generic assessment endpoints would neither create a requirement that they be used in every assessment nor preclude the use of other assessment endpoints. They would simply be a starting point in the process of identifying the assessment endpoints for a particular assessment. They are needed to meet legal mandates, to provide a floor for environmental degradation, to provide some consistency in environmental regulation, as exemplars for site- or project-specific assessment endpoints, to allow development of methods' and models, to give risk managers the courage to act, for screening and site-independent assessments, to support environmental monitoring, to facilitate communication, and to avoid paralysis by analysis. Generic assessment endpoints should include not only a list of entities and attributes, but also explanations of each endpoint, guidance on their use and interpretation, and measures and models that could be used to estimate them. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suter, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment Cincinnati, 26 W Martin L King Dr,MS 117, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 173 EP 178 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.202018 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 414LH UT WOS:000167667800004 PM 10859778 ER PT J AU Morello-Frosch, RA Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Caldwell, JC AF Morello-Frosch, RA Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Caldwell, JC TI Air toxics and health risks in California: The public health implications of outdoor concentrations SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE air toxics; hazardous air pollutants; risk assessment; cancer; noncancer; dispersion modeling ID UNITED-STATES; POLLUTANTS; POLLUTION; MORTALITY; SCIENCE; ADULTS; POLICY AB Of the 188 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) listed in the Clean Air Act, only a handful have information on human health effects, derived primarily from animal and occupational studies. Lack of consistent monitoring data on ambient air toxics makes it difficult to assess the extent of low-level, chronic, ambient exposures to HAPs that could affect human health, and limits attempts to prioritize and evaluate policy initiatives for emissions reduction. Modeled outdoor HAP concentration estimates from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Cumulative Exposure Project were used to characterize the extent of the air toxics problem in California for the base year of 1990. These air toxics concentration estimates were used with chronic toxicity data to estimate cancer and noncancer hazards for individual HAPs and the risks posed by multiple pollutants. Although hazardous air pollutants are ubiquitous in the environment, potential cancer and noncancer health hazards posed by ambient exposures are geographically concentrated in three urbanized areas and in a few rural counties. This analysis estimated a median excess individual cancer risk of 2.7E(-4) for all air toxics concentrations and 8600 excess lifetime cancer cases, 70% of which were attributable to four pollutants: polycyclic organic matter, 1,3 butadiene, formaldehyde, and benzene. For noncancer effects, the analysis estimated a total hazard index representing the combined effect of all HAPs considered. Each pollutant contributes to the index a ratio of estimated concentration to reference concentration. The median value of the index across census tracts was 17, due primarily to acrolein and chromium concentration estimates. On average, HAP concentrations and cancer and noncancer health risks originate mostly from area and mobile source emissions, although there are several locations in the state where point sources account for a large portion of estimated concentrations and health risks. Risk estimates from this study can provide guidance for prioritizing research, monitoring, and regulatory intervention activities to reduce potential hazards to the general population. Improved ambient monitoring efforts can help clarify uncertainties inherent in this analysis. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Environm Hlth Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Off Policy & Reinvent, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Morello-Frosch, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Environm Hlth Sci Div, 140 Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Morello-Frosch, Rachel/0000-0003-1153-7287 NR 39 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 273 EP 291 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.202026 PG 19 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 414LH UT WOS:000167667800012 PM 10859786 ER PT J AU Yu, KO Barton, HA Mahle, DA Frazier, JM AF Yu, KO Barton, HA Mahle, DA Frazier, JM TI In vivo kinetics of trichloroacetate in male Fischer 344 rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE trichloroacetate; pharmacokinetics; in vivo; Fischer 344 rats; protein binding; elimination kinetics ID PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; LIVER; MICE; METABOLITES; CARCINOGENICITY; MOUSE; INDUCTION AB Trichloroacetate (TCA) is a toxicologically important metabolite of the industrial solvents trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, and a by-product of the chlorination of drinking water. Tissue disposition and elimination of C-14-TCA were investigated in male Fischer 344 rats injected iv with 6.1, 61, or 306 mu mol TCA/kg body weight. Blood and tissues were collected at various time points up to 24 h. No metabolites were observed in plasma, urine, or tissue extracts. Overall TCA kinetics in tissues were similar at all doses. Based on similar terminal elimination rate constants, tissues could be divided into three classes: plasma, RBC, muscle, and fat; kidney and skin; and liver, small intestine, and large intestine. Nonextractable radiolabel, assumed to be biologically incorporated metabolites in both liver and plasma, increased with time, peaking at 6-9 h postinjection. The fraction of the initial dose excreted in the urine at 24 h increased from 67% to 84% as the dose increased, whereas fecal excretion decreased from 7% to 4%. The cumulative elimination of TCA as CO2 at 24 h decreased from 12% to 8% of the total dose. Two important kinetic processes were identified: a) hepatic intracellular concentrations of TCA were significantly greater than free plasma concentrations, indicating concentrative transport at the hepatic sinusoidal plasma membrane, and b) TCA appears to be reabsorbed from urine postfiltration at the glomerulus, either in the renal tubules or in the bladder. These processes have an impact on the effective tissue dosimetry in liver and kidney and may play an important role in TCA toxicity. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Operat Toxicol Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate,HEST, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Frazier, JM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Operat Toxicol Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate,HEST, Bldg 79,2856 G St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 302 EP 311 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.2.302 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 299XT UT WOS:000086224300005 PM 10774812 ER PT J AU Slezak, BP Hatch, GE Devito, MJ Diliberto, JJ Slade, R Crissman, K Hassoun, E Birnbaum, LS AF Slezak, BP Hatch, GE Devito, MJ Diliberto, JJ Slade, R Crissman, K Hassoun, E Birnbaum, LS TI Oxidative stress in female B6C3F1 mice following acute and subchronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE oxidative stress; TCDD; reactive oxygen species (ROS) ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; DIMINISHES LUNG INJURY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; DNA-DAMAGE; GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION; GENE-EXPRESSION; AH RECEPTOR; RATS; ACTIVATION; INDUCTION AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a highly persistent trace environmental contaminant and is one of the most potent toxicants known to man. Hassoun et al, (1998, Toxicol. Sci. 42, 23-27) reported an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain of female B6C3F1 mice following subchronic exposure to TCDD at doses as low as 0.45 ng/kg/day. In the present study, oxidative stress was characterized in liver, spleen, lung, and kidney following subchronic (0.15-150 ng/kg; 5 days/week for 13 weeks, po) or acute exposure (0.001-100 mu g/kg, po) to TCDD in order to investigate the interaction between tissue concentration and time for production of ROS. Seven days following acute administration of TCDD, mice were sacrificed; they demonstrated increases in liver superoxide anion production (SOAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) at doses of 10 and 100 mu g/kg, associated with hepatic TCDD concentrations of 55 and 321 ng/g, respectively, Liver obtained from mice following subchronic TCDD exposure demonstrated an increase in SOAP and TBARS above controls at doses of 150 ng/kg/day with liver TCDD concentration of only 12 ng/g. Interestingly, glutathione (GSH) levels in lung and kidney following subchronic TCDD exposure were decreased at the low dose of 0.15 ng/kg/day. This effect disappeared at higher TCDD doses. The data suggest that higher tissue TCDD concentrations are required to elicit oxidative stress following acute dosing than with subchronic TCDD exposure. Therefore, the mechanism of ROS production following TCDD exposure does not appear to be solely dependent upon the concentration of TCDD within the tissue. In addition, very low doses of TCDD that result in tissue concentrations similar to the background levels found in the human population produced an effect on an oxidative stress endogenous defense system, The role of this effect in TCDD-mediated toxicity is not known and warrants further investigation. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Toledo, Coll Pharm, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. RP Devito, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 41 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 390 EP 398 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.2.390 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 299XT UT WOS:000086224300014 PM 10774821 ER PT J AU Hamm, JT Sparrow, BR Wolf, D Birnbaum, LS AF Hamm, JT Sparrow, BR Wolf, D Birnbaum, LS TI In utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters postnatal development of seminal vesicle epithelium SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE TCDD; epithelial differentiation; seminal vesicles ID KERATINOCYTE GROWTH-FACTOR; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; AH RECEPTOR; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CROSS-TALK; IN-UTERO; MALE-RAT; TCDD; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been shown to alter male reproductive development of laboratory animals through in utero and lactational exposure. As a result of exposure, the accessory glands of the male reproductive tract, including the seminal vesicle, are decreased in size as determined by total weight of the tissue. Analysis of seminal vesicle weights over time suggests that the changes may be transient. Administration of 1.0 mu g/kg TCDD during gestation caused a significant decrease in seminal vesicle weights of offspring 8-11 months of age. We examined the effects of TCDD on seminal vesicles from rats exposed in utero and lactationally. Pregnant Long Evans rats were gavaged on gestation day 15 with 1.0 mu g/kg TCDD in corn oil. Male pups were euthanized and necropsied on postnatal days (PND) 15, 25, 32, 49, 63, and 120. Seminal vesicles were weighed and then fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for microscopic examination. Seminal vesicle weights were not significantly decreased until PND 32. Androgen receptor mRNA expression in PND 25 seminal vesicles was not different from control. In the present study, TCDD exposure decreased seminal vesicle epithelial branching and differentiation. Control epithelial cells had tall columnar morphology with relatively abundant cytoplasm, whereas TCDD-treated cells had rounded nuclei and less cytoplasm, In addition, immunolocalization of proliferating nuclear antigen was confined to undifferentiated basal epithelial cells of controls but was found in both basal and luminal cells of the treated seminal vesicle. Results indicate that the TCDD-induced impaired growth of the rat seminal vesicles is associated with a dramatic decrease in the development of the epithelium. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Hamm, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 34 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 424 EP 430 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.2.424 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 299XT UT WOS:000086224300018 PM 10774825 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Mebane, R Ledbetter, A Krantz, T McGee, J Jackson, MC Walsh, L Hilliard, H Chen, BY Richards, J Costa, DL AF Kodavanti, UP Mebane, R Ledbetter, A Krantz, T McGee, J Jackson, MC Walsh, L Hilliard, H Chen, BY Richards, J Costa, DL TI Variable pulmonary responses from exposure to concentrated ambient air particles in a rat model of bronchitis SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE bronchitis; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); concentrated ambient particles (CAPs); Sprague-Dawley rats ID DIOXIDE-INDUCED BRONCHITIS; OIL FLY-ASH; PARTICULATE; RESPONSIVENESS; POLLUTION; DISEASE; HEALTH; METHACHOLINE; INDUCTION; METALS AB Chronic bronchitis may be considered a risk factor in particulate matter (PM)-induced morbidity. We hypothesized that a rat model of human bronchitis would be more susceptible to the pulmonary effects of concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) from Research Triangle Park, NC. Bronchitis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats (90-100 days of age) by exposure to 200 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2), 6 h/day x 5 days/week x 6 weeks. One day following the last SO2 exposure, both healthy lair-exposed) and bronchitic (SO2-exposed) rats were exposed to filtered air (three healthy; four bronchitic) or CAPs (five healthy; four bronchitic) by whole-body inhalation, 6 h/day x 2 or 3 days. Pulmonary injury was determined either immediately (0 h) or 18 h following final CAPs exposure. The study protocol involving 0 h time point was repeated four times (study #A, November, 1997; #B, February, 1998; #C and #D, May, 1998), whereas the study protocol involving 18 h time point was done only once (#F). Ln an additional study (#E), rats were exposed to residual oil fly ash (ROFA), similar to 1 mg/ m(3) x 6 h/day x 3 days to mimic the CAPs protocol (February, 1998). The rats allowed 18 h recovery following CAPs exposure (#F) did not depict any CAPs-related differences in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) injury markers. Of the four CAPs studies conducted (0 h time point), the first (#A) study (similar to 650 mu g/m(3) CAPs) revealed significant changes in the lungs of CAPs-exposed bronchitic rats compared to the clean air controls. These rats had increased BALF protein, albumin, N-acetyl glutaminidase (NAG) activity and neutrophils. The second (#B) study (similar to 475 mu g/m(3) CAPs) did not reveal any significant effects of CAPs on BALF parameters. Study protocols #C (similar to 869 mu g/m(3) CAPs) and #D (similar to 907 mu g/m(3) CAPs) revealed only moderate increases in the above mentioned BALF parameters in bronchitic rats exposed to CAPs. Pulmonary histologic evaluation of studies #A, #C, #D, and #F revealed marginally higher congestion and perivascular cellularity in CAPs-exposed bronchitic rats. Healthy and bronchitic rats exposed to ROFA (similar to 1 mg/m(3)) did not show significant pulmonary injury (#E). Analysis of leachable elemental components of CAPs revealed the presence of sulfur, nine, manganese, and iron. There was an apparent lack of association between pulmonary injury and CAPs concentration, or its leachable sulfate or elemental content. In summary, real-time atmospheric PR I may result in pulmonary injury, particularly in susceptible models. However, the variability observed in pulmonary responses to CAPs emphasizes the need to conduct repeated studies, perhaps in relation to the season, as composition of CAPs may vary. Additionally, potential variability in pathology of induced bronchitis or other lung disease may decrease the ability to distinguish toxic injury due to PM. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. China Med Univ, Shenyang, Peoples R China. N Carolina Cent Univ, Durham, NC 27707 USA. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 441 EP 451 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.2.441 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 299XT UT WOS:000086224300020 PM 10774827 ER PT J AU Lewis, JD McKane, RB Tingey, DT Beedlow, PA AF Lewis, JD McKane, RB Tingey, DT Beedlow, PA TI Vertical gradients in photosynthetic light response within an old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock canopy SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon assimilation; leaf irradiance; light compersation point; photosynthesis; Pseudotsuga menziesii; respiration; Tsuga heterophylla ID SPRUCE PICEA-SITCHENSIS; SCOTS PINE SHOOT; ABIES-AMABILIS; SITKA SPRUCE; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; ASSIMILATIVE SURFACE; NEEDLE MORPHOLOGY; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; RADIATION-FIELDS; SHADE TOLERANCE AB We examined needle-level light response of photosynthesis across a vertical light gradient within 45-55-m-tall western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and Dougras-fir (Psendotsuga menziessi (Mirb.) France) trees growing in a 400-500-year-old mixed species stand. We determined: (1) whether light-saturated photosynthetic rates, light compensation points, and respiration rates varied from the upper to the lower canopy, and (2) if light-saturated photosynthetic rates, light compensation points, and respiration rates varied between Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Over a 25-m gradient from the canopy top to the lower canopy, mean light-saturated photosynthetic rates, light compensation points, and respiration rates declined in overstory Douglas-fir and western hemlock needles, paralleling a 65% decline in the mean daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). At the canopy top, increasing light-saturated photosynthetic rates relative to lower canopy needles increased carbon uptake at high PPFD. In the lower canopy, reduced respiration rates relative to upper canopy needles increased carbon uptake at low PPFD by reducing the light compensation point. At all canopy positions, western hemlock had lower mean light-saturated photosynthetic rates, light compensation points and respiration rates than Douglas-fir. As a result, western hemlock had higher net photosynthetic rates at low PPFD, but lower net photosynthetic rates at high PPFD compared with Douglas-fir. C1 Natl Res Council, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lewis, JD (reprint author), Fordham Univ, Louis Calder Ctr, Biol Field Stn, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. NR 77 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 19 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 7 BP 447 EP 456 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 305TJ UT WOS:000086556200003 ER PT J AU Carter, JT Rice, EW Buchberger, SG Lee, Y AF Carter, JT Rice, EW Buchberger, SG Lee, Y TI Relationships between levels of heterotrophic bacteria and water quality parameters in a drinking water distribution system SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE heterotrophic plate counts; blood agar; biofilm; bacterial regrowth; water distribution systems; water quality; pigmented bacteria; modified Robbins device ID PIGMENTED BACTERIA; POTABLE WATER; BIOFILMS AB Conventional plating methods were used to quantify heterotrophic bacteria from a drinking water distribution system. Three media, plate count agar (PCA), R2A agar and sharp blood agar (TSA-SB) were used to determine heterotrophic plate count (HPC) levels. Grab samples were collected weekly. during the summer and autumn of 1997 at four locations in-a municipal water distribution system. The four sampling sites included the water treatment plant, a vertical standpipe, a booster pump station and a private residence along a dead-end mainline, Thr: pump station and private residence were also instrumented with water quality probes and on-line bioreactors. Relationships between levels of HPC bacteria and standard physical and chemical parameters were examined. HPC levels from R2A agar were found to be uncorrelated with HPC levels on TSA-SB agar at all four locations. Orange and yellow pigmented bacteria were the dominant expressions in all bulk fluid and biofilm samples. The fraction of pigmented bacteria in bulk fluid samples was greatest at the standpipe. Pigmentation percentages were found to be uncorrelated with standard physical and chemical parameters of water duality in distribution systems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Malcolm Pirnie Inc, Landmark Ctr, Birmingham, AL 35203 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Buchberger, SG (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 741 Baldwin Hall,POB 210071, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 12 TC 50 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1495 EP 1502 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00310-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 287TD UT WOS:000085521800011 ER PT J AU Al-Abed, SR Chen, JL AF Al-Abed, SR Chen, JL TI Trichloroethylene transport and degradation in soil using electro-osmosis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 163-ENVR BP U643 EP U644 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103497 ER PT J AU Brown, KW Little, SB Rabinowitz, JR AF Brown, KW Little, SB Rabinowitz, JR TI Comparative studies of the effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon geometry on the hydrolysis of diol epoxides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, ECD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 74-TOXI BP U484 EP U484 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246102617 ER PT J AU Cavalier, T Nejad, H Safarpour, M Picard, G Krynitsky, A AF Cavalier, T Nejad, H Safarpour, M Picard, G Krynitsky, A TI Capillary electrophoresis determinative and LC/MS confirmatory method for the determination of imazapyr, imazamox, imazapic, imazethapyr, imazaquin, and imazamethabenz-acid (meta and pare) residues in drinking water and fond water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Amer Cyanamid Co, Residue Sci, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Amer Cyanamid Co, Div Agr Res, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. US EPA, Ctr Environm, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 6-AGRO BP U62 EP U62 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100210 ER PT J AU Chen, JL Ryan, J Al-Abed, S Li, ZB AF Chen, JL Ryan, J Al-Abed, S Li, ZB TI Effects of pH on dechlorination of trichloroethylene by zero-valent iron. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 168-ENVR BP U644 EP U644 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103502 ER PT J AU Chuang, JC Hart, K Chang, JS Reed, AW Van Emon, JM AF Chuang, JC Hart, K Chang, JS Reed, AW Van Emon, JM TI Evaluation of analytical methods for determining pesticides in baby food and adult duplicate-diet samples. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Battelle, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, NAHE, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, NERL, HEASD, HERB, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 109-AGRO BP U79 EP U79 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100310 ER PT J AU Cleverly, DH Schweer, G Schaum, J Winters, D AF Cleverly, DH Schweer, G Schaum, J Winters, D TI Study of the diurnal and nocturnal measurement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) in ambient air. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Versar Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 102-ENVR BP U634 EP U634 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103438 ER PT J AU Cullen, SJ Van Emon, JM Robbins, KL Reed, AW AF Cullen, SJ Van Emon, JM Robbins, KL Reed, AW TI Immunoassays for food analysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, HEASD, HERB, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, NAHE, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 114-AGRO BP U80 EP U80 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100315 ER PT J AU Daughton, CG AF Daughton, CG TI Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Overarching issues and concerns. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Div Environm Sci, ORD,NERL, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 29-ENVR BP U622 EP U622 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103368 ER PT J AU Davis, JM AF Davis, JM TI Health risk issues for oxygenates. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Davis, J Michael/B-3337-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 63-ENVR BP U628 EP U628 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103402 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Sovocool, GW TI New high-resolution mass spectrometry technique for identifying pharmaceuticals and potential endocrine disruptors in drinking water sources. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 3-ENVR BP U618 EP U618 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103342 ER PT J AU Hilal, SH Shrestha, BP Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW AF Hilal, SH Shrestha, BP Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW TI Estimation of physical constants for environmental modeling. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, NEL Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 85-ENVR BP U631 EP U631 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103421 ER PT J AU Hilal, SH Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW AF Hilal, SH Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW TI Estimation of physical and chemical constants for environmental modeling. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, NEL Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 038-COMP BP U594 EP U594 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103204 ER PT J AU Howard, PH Meylan, WM Boethling, RS AF Howard, PH Meylan, WM Boethling, RS TI Prediction of physical properties and environmental fate using SRC epiwin for pollution prevention. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Syracuse Res Corp, Ctr Environm Sci, N Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 86-ENVR BP U631 EP U631 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103422 ER PT J AU Huffman, GP Huggins, FE Huggins, RE Shah, N Linak, WP Miller, CA Pugmire, RJ Meuzelaar, HLC AF Huffman, GP Huggins, FE Huggins, RE Shah, N Linak, WP Miller, CA Pugmire, RJ Meuzelaar, HLC TI XAFS spectroscopy and SEM investigation of fine particulate matter from residual fuel oil combustion. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Kentucky, CFFLS, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 2-FUEL BP U671 EP U671 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103634 ER PT J AU Jeong, SW Corapcioglu, MY Roosevelt, SE AF Jeong, SW Corapcioglu, MY Roosevelt, SE TI Micromodel study of surfactant-alternating-gas-foam remediation of residual trichloroethylene. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 164-ENVR BP U644 EP U644 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103498 ER PT J AU Jones-Lepp, TL Varner, KE AF Jones-Lepp, TL Varner, KE TI Microliquid chromatography-electrospray/ion trap mass spectrometry for detection of two suspected endocrine disruptors, dibutyltin and triphenyltin, in natural waters and fish tissue. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 6-ENVR BP U618 EP U619 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103345 ER PT J AU Kerimo, SS Li, LP Pedersen, LG Darden, TA AF Kerimo, SS Li, LP Pedersen, LG Darden, TA TI Molecular dynamics study of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase/DNA/DTTP complex. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Natl Inst Environm & Hlth Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27759 USA. RI Pedersen, Lee/E-3405-2013 OI Pedersen, Lee/0000-0003-1262-9861 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 71-COMP BP U598 EP U598 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103237 ER PT J AU Krynitsky, AJ Stout, SJ Nejad, H Cavalier, TC AF Krynitsky, AJ Stout, SJ Nejad, H Cavalier, TC TI Multiresidue determination ano confirmation of imidazolinone herbicides in soil by HPLC/MS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. Amer Cyanamid Co, Div Agr Res, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 8-AGRO BP U62 EP U62 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100212 ER PT J AU Li, ZB Ryan, JA Chen, JL AF Li, ZB Ryan, JA Chen, JL TI Cadmium adsorption on iron oxides, humic substance, and sewage sludge. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 149-ENVR BP U641 EP U641 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103484 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI Variable bound-site charging contributions to surface complexation mass action expressions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 114-ENVR BP U636 EP U636 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103450 ER PT J AU Marlow, DA AF Marlow, DA TI Regulatory perspective for the multianalyte methods working group on the acetolactate synthase inhibitors. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7503C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 1-AGRO BP U61 EP U61 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100205 ER PT J AU McKinney, JD AF McKinney, JD TI Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as thyroid hormone (TH) analogs: Possible role of TH-binding proteins in mediating the toxicity of polarizable aromatic compounds of environmental concern. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 76-TOXI BP U485 EP U485 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246102619 ER PT J AU Nejad, H Cavalier, TG Picard, G Stout, SJ Krynitsky, AJ AF Nejad, H Cavalier, TG Picard, G Stout, SJ Krynitsky, AJ TI Capillary electrophoresis determination end LC/MS confirmatory method for imazapyr, imazamox, imazapic, imazethapyr, imazaquin, and imazamethabenz (meta bmd para) residues in soil. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Amer Cyanamid Co, Div Agr Res, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. US EPA, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 7-AGRO BP U62 EP U62 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100211 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR AF Rogers, KR TI Detections of DNA damage using a fiber-optic biosensor. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL LV, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Hlth Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Nevada Radiat Oncol Ctr, Las Vegas, NV 89106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 205-ANYL BP U115 EP U115 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100521 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Cembrano, J Becker, JY AF Rogers, KR Cembrano, J Becker, JY TI Tyrosinase-based carbon-paste electrode biosensor for detection of phenols. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL LV, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 111-ANYL BP U102 EP U102 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100435 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Pearson, R AF Rogers, KR Pearson, R TI Electrochemical technique for TNT using disposable screen-printed electrode. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, LV, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 49-ANYL BP U92 EP U92 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100374 ER PT J AU Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW AF Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW TI Modeling the interaction of agrochemicals with environmental surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 109-COMP BP U604 EP U604 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103275 ER PT J AU Telliard, W Gomez-Taylor, M Riddick, L Schofield, J AF Telliard, W Gomez-Taylor, M Riddick, L Schofield, J TI US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water's analytical methods, sampling methods, and guidance documents for the determination of trace metals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 DynCorp I&ET Inc, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. US EPA, Engn & Anal Div, Analyt Methods Staff, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 220-ENVR BP U653 EP U653 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103553 ER PT J AU Timm, GE Maciorowski, AF Fenner-Crisp, PA AF Timm, GE Maciorowski, AF Fenner-Crisp, PA TI Status of implementation of the endocrine-disruptor screening program developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 1-ENVR BP U618 EP U618 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103340 ER PT J AU Vallero, DA Stockburger, L Farnsworth, J Peirce, JJ AF Vallero, DA Stockburger, L Farnsworth, J Peirce, JJ TI Analysis of the flux of an endocrine-disrupting dicarboximide and its degradation products from the soil to the lower troposphere. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 7-ENVR BP U619 EP U619 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103346 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM Reed, AW Chuang, JC Montoya, A Manclus, JJ AF Van Emon, JM Reed, AW Chuang, JC Montoya, A Manclus, JJ TI Determination of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) by ELISA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, HEASD, HERB, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, NAHE, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Univ Politecn Valencia, Lab Integrado Bioingn, Valencia 46022, Spain. RI Manclus, Juan/K-2735-2015 OI Manclus, Juan/0000-0001-6720-1534 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 108-AGRO BP U79 EP U79 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100309 ER PT J AU Varner, KE Jones-Lepp, T Monnet-Tschudi, F Eskes, C AF Varner, KE Jones-Lepp, T Monnet-Tschudi, F Eskes, C TI Dibutyltin measured in brain tissue using mu-liquid chromatography electrospray/mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, LV, ESD,ESB, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Lausanne, Inst Physiol, Lausanne, Switzerland. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 17-ENVR BP U620 EP U620 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103356 ER PT J AU Williamson, TC Anastas, PT Kirchhoff, MM AF Williamson, TC Anastas, PT Kirchhoff, MM TI Role of green chemistry in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Trinity Coll, Off Sci & Technol Policy, Execut Off, Washington, DC 20017 USA. Trinity Coll, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20017 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 1-IEC BP U724 EP U724 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103860 ER PT J AU Winget, PD Weber, EJ Cramer, CJ Truhlar, DG AF Winget, PD Weber, EJ Cramer, CJ Truhlar, DG TI Computational electrochemistry: A study of redox potentials in aqueous solution. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Supercomp, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Winget, Paul/C-5808-2013; Truhlar, Donald/G-7076-2015; Cramer, Christopher/B-6179-2011 OI Truhlar, Donald/0000-0002-7742-7294; Cramer, Christopher/0000-0001-5048-1859 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 73-ENVR BP U629 EP U630 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103410 ER PT J AU Young, DF Ball, WP AF Young, DF Ball, WP TI Column experimental design requirements for estimating model parameters from temporal moments under nonequilibrium conditions SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE moments; nonequilibrium; column experiments; modeling; retardation factor; mass transfer rate; partitioning tracer ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; POROUS-MEDIA; PARTITIONING TRACER; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; SOIL COLUMNS; FIELD SOILS; AQUIFER; SORPTION; DISPERSION AB Data truncation is a practical necessity of laboratory column experiments because of both time and detection-limit constraints. In this paper, we study the extent to which data truncation can affect estimates of transport modeling parameters, as derived from temporal moment calculations and in the context of solute transport experiments that are influenced by sorption and nonequilibrium partitioning among mobile and immobile phases. Our results show that, for a given amount of solute used, step changes in input conditions can give more accurate moment-derived parameters than Dirac or square-wave pulses, whereas Dirac and square-wave pulses are essentially identical in terms of accuracy of parameter estimates. By simulating data truncation for a wide range of column input and transport conditions, we provide guidance toward the experimental designs that are needed to keep parameter estimation error within specified bounds, assuming nonequilibrium conditions of transport that result from either first-order or diffusion-based rate processes. More specifically, we investigate the relationships between mass of solute added to the system, minimum solute quantification limits, experiment duration times, and accuracy of parameter estimation, all as a function of experimental conditions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Young, DF (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW 7507C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Ball, William/A-3285-2010 OI Ball, William/0000-0001-5217-8108 NR 41 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD MAR 20 PY 2000 VL 23 IS 5 BP 449 EP 460 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(99)00047-0 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 289RQ UT WOS:000085636100001 ER PT J AU Cho, SJ AF Cho, SJ TI Importance of the proximity of solvation: molecular dynamics and free energy perturbation studies of [1(6)]starand and its model with various alkali metal ions SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE molecular dynamics; [1(6)]starand; solvation effect; coordination number; proximity ID COMPLEXES; PREORGANIZATION; BINDING; MOTION; WATER AB Strong affinity and high selectivity are good characteristics of a host in host-guest chemistry. Because [1(6)]starand has only one conformation, it should serve as a good probe to study fine structure of solvation. We investigated the complexation behavior of [1(6)]starand and its model with various alkali metal ions using free energy perturbation and molecular dynamics methods. The results from gas phase simulations show that the binding energy difference decreases as the radius of metal ion increases, with only a small disparity between the binding energy difference and binding free energy difference. This small entropy effect in the gas phase may be due to the structural rigidity of [1(6)]starand and its model system. When the complexes lie immersed in water, the order of binding free energies reverses, i.e. the binding energy increases as the radius of alkali metal ion increases. This reversal of order should be from solvent effect. To investigate why complexations with larger metal ions are favored in water, we performed radial distribution function (RDF) analyses from alkali ions to water oxygens. Water coordination numbers for the free solvated ions (N-W) and for those in complexes (N-C) in aqueous solution were obtained from the RDF data. One might rationally anticipate that the relative free energies would correlate well with the ratio of these coordination numbers (N-C/N-W), but our findings suggest no direct relationship exists. interestingly however, the order of relative binding energies does relate to the solvation ratio within a constant radius very near to the ions. These results demonstrate that the proximity of solvation is an important factor to decide the relative binding free energies. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Cho, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, 86 TW Alexander Dr,MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD MAR 17 PY 2000 VL 499 BP 111 EP 119 DI 10.1016/S0166-1280(99)00295-X PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 295YQ UT WOS:000085996600012 ER PT J AU Cooter, EJ Schwede, DB AF Cooter, EJ Schwede, DB TI Sensitivity of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration multilayer model to instrument error and parameterization uncertainty SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; GASEOUS DRY DEPOSITION; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; REGIONAL SCALES; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; CONDUCTANCE; FIELD; RATES; AIR; SO2 AB The response of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration multilayer inferential dry deposition velocity model (NOAA-MLM) to error in meteorological inputs and model parameterization is reported. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the uncertainty in NOAA-MLM deposition velocity V-d estimates for ozone (O-3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric acid (HNO3) associated with measurements of meteorological variables (including temperature, humidity, radiation, wind speed, wind direction, and leaf area index). Summer daylight scenarios for grass, corn, soybean, oak, and pine were considered. Model sensitivity to uncertainty in the leaf area index (LAI), minimum stomatal resistance, and soil moisture parameterizations was explored. For SO2 and HNO3, instrument error associated with the measurement of wind speed and direction resulted in the greatest V-d error. Depending On vegetation type, the most important source of uncertainty due to instrument error for the V-d of O-3 was LAI. Of the model parameterizations studied, accurate estimation of temporal aspects of the annual LAI profile and the characterization of soil moisture supply and demand are most important to model-estimated V-d uncertainty. Considered individually, these factors can result in SO2 and HNO3 V-d estimate uncertainty of +/-25% and O-3 estimate uncertainty greater than 60%. For single plant species settings, reductions in estimate uncertainty should be possible with minor algorithmic modification, inclusion of more species-appropriate LAI profiles, and careful application of remote sensing technology. C1 US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Cooter, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM cooterej@hpcc.epa.gov NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 16 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D5 BP 6695 EP 6707 DI 10.1029/1999JD901080 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 294KT UT WOS:000085911000007 ER PT J AU Borchers, C Peter, JF Hall, MC Kunkel, TA Tomer, KB AF Borchers, C Peter, JF Hall, MC Kunkel, TA Tomer, KB TI Identification of in-gel digested proteins by complementary peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem mass spectrometry data obtained on an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE DATABASES; RAPID IDENTIFICATION; TAGS AB The present study reports a procedure developed for the identification of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretically separated proteins using an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF MS) equipped with pressurized sample introduction. It is based on in-gel digestion of the proteins without previous reduction/alkylation and on the capability of the Q-TOF MS to provide data suitable for peptide mass fingerprinting database searches and for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) database searches (sequence tags), Omitting the reduction/alkylation step reduces sample contamination and sample loss, resulting in increased sensitivity. Omitting this step can leave disulfide-connected peptides in the analyte that can lead to misleading or ambiguous results from the peptide mass fingerprinting database search. This uncertainty, however, is overcome by MS/MS analysis of the peptides, Furthermore, the two complementary MS approaches increase the accuracy of the assignment of the unknown protein. This procedure is thus, highly sensitive, accurate, and rapid. In combination with pressurized nanospray sample introduction, it is suitable for automated sample handling. Here, we apply this approach to identify protein contaminants observed during the purification of the yeast DNA mismatch repair protein M1h1. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Tomer, KB (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, POB 12233,MD F0-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Tomer, Kenneth/E-8018-2013 NR 23 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1163 EP 1168 DI 10.1021/ac990937m PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 295NR UT WOS:000085975200009 PM 10740854 ER PT J AU Bassett, MV Pepich, BV Munch, DJ AF Bassett, MV Pepich, BV Munch, DJ TI Role played by basic hydrolysis in the validity of acid herbicide data: Recommendations for future preparation of herbicide performance evaluation standards SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 2,4-D; ESTERS; SOILS AB Water Supply (WS) 41 herbicide performance evaluation (PE) ampules were designed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to test whether laboratories were performing necessary basic hydrolysis in their sample preparation for acid herbicide analysis. This was accomplished by the inclusion of the butyl ester as well as the acid form of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). The results reported for WS 41 did show a significantly lower percentage of labs passing the PE acceptance criteria, suggesting that many labs do not hydrolyze before analysis, but were clustered around a higher than expected value. An in-house study of the WS 41 ampules indicated that the acid and ester concentrations of WS 41 had changed since the time of manufacture and helped explain the bias in reported laboratory results. Extended storage stability studies of acid-catalyzed methylation and transesterification were conducted to investigate the stability of an acid herbicide standard made to mimic WS 41. These results are presented together with recommendations for PE sample preparation. C1 IT Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Groundwater & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. RP Bassett, MV (reprint author), IT Corp, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1117 EP 1121 DI 10.1021/es991043m PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 293RR UT WOS:000085867400029 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Mora-Tascareno, A Garcia, R Osnaya, N Villarreal-Calderon, A Carson, J Devlin, RB Van Dyke, T AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Mora-Tascareno, A Garcia, R Osnaya, N Villarreal-Calderon, A Carson, J Devlin, RB Van Dyke, T TI p53 in nasal biopsies of children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pollutants. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Inst Nacl Pediat, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Soc Mex ORL & CCC, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. UNC, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. UNC, Dept Biochem Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP A173 EP A173 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 294NV UT WOS:000085918101001 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Yang, YL Becker, P Padnos, B Mack, CM Rezvani, AH AF Gordon, CJ Yang, YL Becker, P Padnos, B Mack, CM Rezvani, AH TI Genetic selection of rats with high and low body temperatures: Response to cholinergic and febrile agents. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP A321 EP A321 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 294NV UT WOS:000085918101857 ER PT J AU King, KR Evans, MV Harris, TR AF King, KR Evans, MV Harris, TR TI Visualization-based analysis of the sensitivity and identifiability of closed-chamber and constant-inhalation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for trichloroethylene. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN USA. NHEERL, US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP A169 EP A169 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 294NV UT WOS:000085918100978 ER PT J AU Mack, CM Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ AF Mack, CM Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ TI Circadian variations in chlorpyrifos (CHP)-induced alterations in core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA) in the rat. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, RTP, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP A320 EP A320 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 294NV UT WOS:000085918101853 ER PT J AU Padnos, B Becker, P Gordon, CJ AF Padnos, B Becker, P Gordon, CJ TI Prolonged elevation in blood pressure (BP) in the rat exposed to chlorpyrifos (CHP). SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP A174 EP A174 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 294NV UT WOS:000085918101008 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ TI Methyl scopolamine (MS): An antipyretic for stress-induced and chlorpyrifos (CHP)-induced fever but not lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in the rat. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP A321 EP A321 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 294NV UT WOS:000085918101854 ER PT J AU Steck, SE Madden, M Samet, J Dailey, L Arab, L AF Steck, SE Madden, M Samet, J Dailey, L Arab, L TI The prevention of ozone-induced DNA damage in human lung epithelial cells by dietary antioxidants SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP A484 EP A484 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 294NV UT WOS:000085918102803 ER PT J AU Senay, GB Elliott, RL AF Senay, GB Elliott, RL TI Combining AVHRR-NDVI and landuse data to describe temporal and spatial dynamics of vegetation SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Geospatial Information in Agriculture and Forestry CY JUN 01-03, 1998 CL LAKE BUENA VISTA, FLORIDA SP ERIM International DE AVHRR; NDVI; landcover; temporal; spatial AB A combination of high temporal resolution Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data (1000 m), and high spatial resolution landuse/landcover data (200 m) from the Oklahoma Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) were used to investigate the temporal and spatial dynamics of Oklahoma vegetation. The dates and relative magnitudes for onset-of-greenness, peak, and senescence were identified for four major landcover types using a 7-year average of bi-weekly maximum AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. While onset and senescence dates were similar for all landcover classes, the major differences occurred in the magnitudes and time periods for the peak NDVI values, It was shown that the hi-weekly maximum NDVI data were capable of discriminating rangelands with different canopy densities of tree and shrub species consistently across years. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US EPA, PAI, SAIC, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Elliott, RL (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 116 Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 13 TC 41 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 128 IS 1-2 BP 83 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00275-3 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 286EK UT WOS:000085430500010 ER PT J AU Kadiiska, MB Gladen, BC Baird, DD Dikalova, AE Sohal, RS Hatch, GE Jones, DP Mason, RP Barrett, JC AF Kadiiska, MB Gladen, BC Baird, DD Dikalova, AE Sohal, RS Hatch, GE Jones, DP Mason, RP Barrett, JC TI Biomarkers of oxidative stress study: Are plasma antioxidants markers of CC1(4) poisoning? SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE CCl4; rat; plasma; alpha-tocopherol; coenzyme Q; ascorbic acid; glutathione; uric acid; total antioxidant capacity; free radicals ID CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE HEPATOTOXICITY; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC-ACID; VITAMIN-C; PULSE-RADIOLYSIS; FREE-RADICALS; LIVER; METABOLISM; INVIVO; RATS AB Antioxidants in the blood plasma of rats were measured as part of a comprehensive, multilaboratory validation study searching for noninvasive biomarkers of oxidative stress. For this initial study an animal model of CCl4 poisoning was studied. The time (2, 7, and 16 h) and dose (120 and 1200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally)-dependent effects of CCl4 on plasma levels of alpha-tocopherol, coenzyme Q (CoQ), ascorbic acid, glutathione (GSH and GSSG), uric acid, and total antioxidant capacity were investigated to determine whether the oxidative effects of CCl4 would result in losses of antioxidants from plasma. Concentrations of alpha-tocapherol and CoQ were decreased in CCl4-treated rats. Because of concomitant decreases in cholesterol and triglycerides, it was impossible to dissociate oxidation of alpha-tocopherol and the loss of CoQ from generalized lipid changes, due to liver damage. Ascorbic acid levels were higher with treatment at the earliest time point; the ratio of GSH to GSSG generally declined, and uric acid remained unchanged. Total antioxidant capacity showed no significant change except for 16 h after the high dose, when it was increased. These results suggest that plasma changes caused by liver malfunction and rupture of liver cells together with a decrease in plasma lipids do not permit an unambiguous interpretation of the results and impede detection of any potential changes in the antioxidant status of the plasma. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 NIEHS, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. So Methodist Univ, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Kadiiska, MB (reprint author), NIEHS, NIH, POB 12233,MD F0-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 46 TC 100 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 28 IS 6 BP 838 EP 845 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00198-2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 311PN UT WOS:000086893200002 PM 10802213 ER PT J AU Ma, W Reszka, KJ Zhou, W Chignell, CF Spector, A AF Ma, W Reszka, KJ Zhou, W Chignell, CF Spector, A TI Investigation of the mechanism of action of microperoxidase-11, a potential anti-cataract agent SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. VA Med Ctr, Iowa City, IA USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 41 IS 4 SU S MA 1099B474 BP S209 EP S209 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 300HF UT WOS:000086246701098 ER PT J AU Jiang, NF Dreher, KL Dye, JA Li, YH Richards, JH Martin, LD Adler, KB AF Jiang, NF Dreher, KL Dye, JA Li, YH Richards, JH Martin, LD Adler, KB TI Residual oil fly ash induces cytotoxicity and mucin secretion by guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells via an oxidant-mediated mechanism SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mucin; cytotoxicity; residual oil fly ash; oxidant ID PLATELET-ACTIVATING-FACTOR; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; IN-VITRO; DEPENDENT MECHANISM; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; REACTIVE OXYGEN; LUNG INJURY; VANADIUM; RELEASE; DIMETHYLTHIOUREA AB Inhalation of ambient air particulate matter (PM) is associated with pulmonary injury and inflammation. Using primary cultures of guinea pig tracheal epithelial (GPTE) cells as an in vitro model of airway epithelium, we examined effects of exposure to suspensions of six different emission and ambient air PM samples: residual oil fly ash (ROFA) from an electrical power plant; fly ash from a domestic oil burning furnace (DOFA); ambient air dust from St. Louis (STL), Ottawa (OT), and Washington, DC (WDC); and volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Saint Helens (MSH) in 1980. Effects of these particulates on cell viability (assessed via LDH assay), secretion of mucin (measured by a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA), and steady-state mRNA levels of the mucin gene MUC2 were determined. ROFA was the most toxic of the dusts tested, as it significantly increased LDH release following a 24-h incubation with 50 mu g/cm(2) ROFA. ROFA also enhanced MUC2 mRNA after 4-h exposure, and mucin secretion after 8 h. ROFA-induced mucin secretion and cytotoxicity were attenuated by the oxidant scavenger, dimethylthiourea (DMTU). ROFA exposure also depleted cells of glutathione (GSH). Relatedly, depletion of intracellular GSH by treatment of the cells with buthionine sulfoxamine (BSO) also provoked mucin secretion, as well as enhancing the secretory effect of ROFA when the two agents were added together. L-NMA, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, did not affect ROFA-induced mucin secretion. Of the soluble transition metals in ROFA (nickel, iron, vanadium), only vanadium individually, or combinations of the metals containing vanadium, provoked secretion. The results suggest ROFA enhances mucin secretion and generates toxicity in vitro to airway epithelium via a mechanism(s) involving generation of oxidant stress, perhaps related to depletion of cellular antioxidant capacity. Deleterious effects of inhalation of ROFA in the respiratory tract in vivo may relate to these cellular responses. Vanadium, a component of ROFA, may be important in generating these reactions. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Adler, KB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 36982] NR 49 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 163 IS 3 BP 221 EP 230 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8886 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 296MQ UT WOS:000086028500002 PM 10702361 ER PT J AU Noonan, NE AF Noonan, NE TI Drinking water SO CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Noonan, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2347 J9 CHEM ENG NEWS JI Chem. Eng. News PD MAR 13 PY 2000 VL 78 IS 11 BP 6 EP 6 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 292VZ UT WOS:000085817100002 ER PT J AU Nunez, CM Chiou, BS Andrady, AL Khan, SA AF Nunez, CM Chiou, BS Andrady, AL Khan, SA TI Solution rheology of hyperbranched polyesters and their blends with linear polymers SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID DENDRITIC MACROMOLECULES; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; PAMAM DENDRIMERS; MONTE-CARLO; BEHAVIOR; VISCOSITY; SOLVENT; MODEL AB The rheological properties of different generations of hyperbranched polyesters in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone solvent and their blends with a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) are examined in this study. All the hyperbranched polyester solutions exhibit Newtonian behavior, with steady shear viscosities independent of shear rate. This indicates the absence of physical entanglements in these systems. In addition, solution viscosities are found to be only slightly affected by the different generations of the hyperbranched polymer. The polyesters have very small intrinsic viscosities, and their hydrodynamic radius scales as R-h similar to M-0.39, suggesting a less packed structure than dendrimers. All generations of the hyperbranched polyesters also show comparable apparent activation energies of now over the temperature range studied. Replacing linear polymers with hyperbranched polymers causes large reductions in the blend viscosities. This behavior can be attributed to the decrease in both the number of physical entanglements between linear polymers and the blend's intrinsic viscosity upon addition of the hyperbranched polymer. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Andrady, AL (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 27 TC 82 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 7 PY 2000 VL 33 IS 5 BP 1720 EP 1726 DI 10.1021/ma991044z PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 293BY UT WOS:000085832700043 ER PT J AU Qian, ZM Chapman, RS Tian, QX Chen, Y Lioy, PJ Zhang, JF AF Qian, ZM Chapman, RS Tian, QX Chen, Y Lioy, PJ Zhang, JF TI Effects of air pollution on children's respiratory health in three Chinese cities SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; INDOOR ENVIRONMENT; ASSOCIATION; PREVALENCE; PARTICLES; MORTALITY; EXPOSURE; WUHAN AB During the winter of 1988-1989, parents of 2,789 elementary-school students completed standardized questionnaires. The students were 5-14 y of age and were from three urban districts and one suburban district of three large Chinese cities. The 4-y average ambient levels of total suspended particles in the three cities differed greatly during the period 1985-1988: Lanzhou, 1,067 mu g/m(3); urban Wuhan, 406 mu g/m(3); Guangzhou, 296 mu g/m(3); and suburban Wuhan, 191 mu g/m(3). The authors constructed unconditional logistic-regression models to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for prevalences of several respiratory symptoms and illnesses, adjusted for district, use of coal in the home, and parental smoking status. There was a positive and significant association between total suspended particle levels and the adjusted odds ratios for cough, phlegm, hospitalization for diseases, and pneumonia. This association was derived from only the 1,784 urban children and, therefore, the authors were unable to extrapolate it to the suburban children. The results also indicated that parental smoking status was associated with cough and phlegm, and use of coal in the home was associated only with cough prevalence (alpha = 0.05). C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Wuhan Environm Protect Inst, Wuhan, Peoples R China. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Gansu Prov Environm Protect Inst, Lanzhou, Peoples R China. Guangzhou Environm Monitoring Ctr, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. RP Zhang, JF (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RI Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011 NR 28 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 10 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 55 IS 2 BP 126 EP 133 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 312LG UT WOS:000086944300008 PM 10821514 ER PT J AU Cummings, BS Parker, JC Lash, LH AF Cummings, BS Parker, JC Lash, LH TI Role of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase alpha in the metabolism and cytotoxicity of trichloroethylene in rat kidney SO BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trichloroethylene; kidney; GSH conjugation; nephron heterogeneity; cytochrome P450; proximal tubular; distal tubular ID CONJUGATE BETA-LYASE; RENAL-CELL TUMORS; URINARY METABOLITE; CANCER INCIDENCE; TUBULAR CELLS; CYSTEINE; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; COHORT; MICROSOMES AB The toxicity and metabolism of trichloroethylene (TRI) were studied in renal proximal tubular (PT) and distal tubular (DT) cells from male Fischer 344 rats. TRI was slightly toxic to both PT and DT cells, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 (P450; substrate, reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase [RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidizing]; EC 1.14.14.1) increased TRI toxicity only in:DT cells. In untreated cells, glutathione (GSH) conjugation of TRI to form S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutachione (DCVG) was detected only in PT cells. Inhibition of P450 transiently increased DCVG formation in PT cells and resulted in detection of DCVG formation in DT cells. Formation of DCVG in PT cells was described by a two-component model (apparent V-max values of 0.65 and 0.47 nmol/min per mg protein and K-m values of 2.91 and 0.46 mM). Cytosol isolated from rat renal cortical, PT, and DT cells expressed high levels of GSH S-transferase (GST; RX:glutathione R-transferase; EC 2.5.1.18) alpha (GST alpha) but not GST pi. Low levels of GST mu were detected in cortical and DT cells. Purified rat GST alpha 2-2 exhibited markedly higher affinity for TRI than did GST alpha 1-1 or GSTT alpha 1-2, but each isoform exhibited similar V-max values. Triethyltinbromide (TETB) (9 mu M) inhibited DCVG formation by purified GST alpha 1-1 and GST alpha 2-2, but not GST alpha 1-2; Bromosulfophthalein (BSP) (4 mu M) only inhibited DCVG formation by GST alpha 2-2.TETB and BSP inhibited approximately 90% of DCVG formation in PT cytosol but had no effect in DT cytosol. This suggests that GST alpha 1-1 is the primary isoform in rat renal PT cells responsible for GSH conjugation of TRI. These data, for the first time, describe the metabolism of TRI by individual GST isoforms and suggest that DCVG feedback inhibits TRI metabolism by GSTs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01-DK40725] NR 51 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0006-2952 J9 BIOCHEM PHARMACOL JI Biochem. Pharmacol. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 59 IS 5 BP 531 EP 543 DI 10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00374-3 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 276VT UT WOS:000084899600009 PM 10660119 ER PT J AU Akingbemi, BT Ge, RS Klinefelter, GR Gunsalus, GL Hardy, MP AF Akingbemi, BT Ge, RS Klinefelter, GR Gunsalus, GL Hardy, MP TI A metabolite of methoxychlor, 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, reduces testosterone biosynthesis in rat leydig cells through suppression of steady-state messenger ribonucleic acid levels of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-ALPHA; BETA ER-BETA; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; REPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM; EXCURRENT DUCTS; EXPRESSION; INVITRO; TESTIS; MOUSE; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL AB Postnatal development of Leydig cells involves transformation through three stages: progenitor, immature, and adult Leydig cells. The process of differentiation is accompanied by a progressive increase in the capacity of Leydig cells to produce testosterone (T). T promotes the male phenotype in the prepubertal period and maintains sexual function in adulthood; therefore, disruption of T biosynthesis in Leydig cells can adversely affect male fertility. The present study was designed to evaluate the ability of a xenoestrogen, methoxychlor (the methoxylated isomer of DDT [1,1,1 -trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethan]), to alter Leydig cell steroidogenic function. Purified progenitor, immature, and adult Leydig cells were obtained from, respectively, 21-, 35-, and 90-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats treated with graded concentrations of the biologically active metabolite of methoxychlor, 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE), and assessed for T production. HPTE caused a dose-dependent inhibition of basal and LH-stimulated T production by Leydig cells. Compared to the control value, reduced T production by progenitor and immature Leydig cells was apparent after 10 h of HPTE treatment in culture; the equivalent time for adult Leydig cells was 18 h. The reversibility of HPTE-induced inhibition was evaluated by incubating Leydig cells for 3, 6, 10, 14, or 18 h and measuring T production after allowing time for recovery. After treatment with HPTE for 3 h, T production by immature and adult Leydig cells for the 18-h posttreatment period was similar to the control value, but that of progenitor Leydig cells was significantly lower. The onset of HPTE action and the reversibility of its effect showed that Leydig cells are more sensitive to this compound during pubertal differentiation than in adulthood. T production was comparable when control and HPTE-treated immature Leydig cells were incubated with pregnenolone, progesterone, and androstenedione, but HPTE-treated Leydig cells produced significantly reduced amounts of T when incubations were conducted with 22R-hydroxycholesterol (P < 0.01). This finding suggested that HPTE-induced inhibition of T production is related to a decrease in the activity of cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450(scc)) and cholesterol utilization. The reduced steady-state mRNA level for P450, in HPTE-treated Leydig cells was demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and densitometry. In conclusion, this study showed that HPTE causes a direct inhibition of T biosynthesis by Leydig cells at all stages of development. This effect suggests that reduced T production could be a contributory factor in male infertility associated with methoxychlor and, possibly, other DDT-related compounds. C1 Populat Council, Biomed Res Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hardy, MP (reprint author), Populat Council, Biomed Res Ctr, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. FU FIC NIH HHS [TW0-5350] NR 56 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 62 IS 3 BP 571 EP 578 DI 10.1095/biolreprod62.3.571 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 287XV UT WOS:000085533500011 PM 10684797 ER PT J AU Mitsch, WJ Ben Wu, X Nairn, RW Wang, NM AF Mitsch, WJ Ben Wu, X Nairn, RW Wang, NM TI To plant or not to plant - Response SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Grad Program Environm Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Civil Engn & Environm Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Mitsch, WJ (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Wu, X. Ben/E-3772-2010 OI Wu, X. Ben/0000-0001-5947-3118 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 2000 VL 50 IS 3 BP 189 EP 190 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0189:RFMEA]2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 286EF UT WOS:000085430100003 ER PT J AU Cripe, GM Carr, RS Foss, SS Harris, PS Stanley, RS AF Cripe, GM Carr, RS Foss, SS Harris, PS Stanley, RS TI Effects of whole sediments from Corpus Christi Bay on survival, growth, and reproduction of the mysid, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia) SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, MERS, TAMU,CC,Ctr Coastal Studies,Nat Resources Ctr, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Cripe, GM (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 426 EP 433 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 290XP UT WOS:000085703400018 PM 10757669 ER PT J AU Marcus, PM Newman, B Millikan, RC Moorman, PG Baird, DD Qaqish, B AF Marcus, PM Newman, B Millikan, RC Moorman, PG Baird, DD Qaqish, B TI The associations of adolescent cigarette smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, environmental tobacco smoke, and ionizing radiation with subsequent breast cancer risk (United States) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE adolescence; alcohol drinking; breast neoplasms; risk factors; smoking ID YOUNG-WOMEN; IRRADIATION; AGE AB Objectives: Studies of breast cancer among survivors of the World War II atomic bomb blasts over Japan suggest that the adolescent breast may be particularly sensitive to carcinogenic insult. To further explore that possibility we examined the relationships of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and medical treatment with ionizing radiation during adolescence with subsequent breast cancer risk. Methods: Data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer in North Carolina women aged 20-74 years (864 cases, 790 controls), were analyzed. Results: A modest increase in breast cancer risk was suggested for women who began to smoke cigarettes between the ages of 10 and 14 years (OR: 1.5, CI: 0.9-2.5), and for women exposed to ionizing radiation between ages 10 and 19 years to treat or monitor a medical condition (OR: 1.6, CI: 0.5-2.5). Neither exposure to ETS at home prior to age 18 years (OR: 1.1, CI: 0.9-1.3) nor initiation of alcoholic beverage consumption between ages 10 and 15 years (OR: 1.1, CI: 0.6-1.8) appeared to increase risk. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with previous evidence suggesting that some adolescent exposures could influence future breast cancer risk. C1 NCI, Div Canc Prevent, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Publ Hlth, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Marcus, PM (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Prevent, Execut Plaza N,Room 344,MSC 7354, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Baird, Donna/0000-0002-5544-2653 FU NCI NIH HHS [R25-CA57726, P50-CA58223, T32-CA09330] NR 43 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD MAR PY 2000 VL 11 IS 3 BP 271 EP 278 DI 10.1023/A:1008911902994 PG 8 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 292KV UT WOS:000085794000009 PM 10782661 ER PT J AU Cabezas, H Harten, PF Green, MR AF Cabezas, H Harten, PF Green, MR TI Designing greener solvents SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Syst Anal Branch,Simulat & Design Team, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Multimedia Technol Branch,Simulat & Design Team, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Tech Database Serv Inc, New York, NY 10019 USA. RP Cabezas, H (reprint author), US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Syst Anal Branch,Simulat & Design Team, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 7 PU CHEMICAL WEEK ASSOCIATES PI NEW YORK PA 888 SEVENTH AVE, 26TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10106 USA SN 0009-2460 J9 CHEM ENG-NEW YORK JI Chem. Eng. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 107 IS 3 BP 107 EP 109 PG 3 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 296CN UT WOS:000086005600015 ER PT J AU Ivkovich, D Paczkowski, CM Stanton, ME AF Ivkovich, D Paczkowski, CM Stanton, ME TI Ontogeny of delay versus trace eyeblink conditioning in the rat SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hippocampus; cerebellum; development; learning; memory ID NICTITATING-MEMBRANE RESPONSE; EYE-BLINK; INTERSTIMULUS-INTERVAL; HIPPOCAMPAL-LESIONS; RABBITS; ACQUISITION; DISCRIMINATION; MEMORY; IMPAIRS; AGE AB The ontogeny of delay versus trace eyeblink conditioning was examined in 19-, 23-, and 30-day-old rat pups. Pairings of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and periocular shock unconditioned stimulus (US; 100-ms) were presented in one of three conditioning paradigms: standard delay [380-ms CS, 280-ms interstimulus interval (ISI)], trace (380-ms CS, 500-ms trace interval), or long-delay (980-ms CS, 880-ms ISI). The results of two experiments indicated that standard delay conditioning emerged between 19 and 23 days of age whereas trace and long-delay eyeblink conditioning emerged more slowly from postnatal Days 19 to 30. Because the acquisition profile for long-delay paralleled that of trace and not standard delay, it appears that the relative deficits in the emergence of trace eyeblink conditioning during development reflect difficulty in forming associations over long ISIs rather than the short-term memory demands of the trace conditioning paradigm. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Expt Psychol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ivkovich, D (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Expt Psychol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH 11729] NR 41 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0012-1630 J9 DEV PSYCHOBIOL JI Dev. Psychobiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 148 EP 160 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(200003)36:2<148::AID-DEV6>3.0.CO;2-L PG 13 WC Developmental Biology; Psychology SC Developmental Biology; Psychology GA 290ZR UT WOS:000085708200006 PM 10689285 ER PT J AU Heppell, SS Caswell, H Crowder, LB AF Heppell, SS Caswell, H Crowder, LB TI Life histories and elasticity patterns: Perturbation analysis for species with minimal demographic data SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE age-based model; conservation; elasticity analysis; life history; life table; mammal; management; matrix model; population model ID POPULATION-GROWTH RATE; VIABILITY ANALYSIS; 1ST REPRODUCTION; CONSERVATION; MAMMALS; MODELS; MANAGEMENT; PHYLOGENY; MATRICES; AGE AB Elasticity analysis is a useful tool in conservation biology. The relative impacts of proportional changes in fertility, juvenile survival, and adult survival on asymptotic population growth lambda (where ln(lambda) = r, the intrinsic rate of increase) are determined by vital rates (survival, growth, and fertility), which also define the life history characteristics of a species or population. Because we do nor have good demographic information For most threatened populations, it is useful to categorize species according to their life history characteristics and related elasticity patterns. To do this, we compared the elasticity patterns generated by the life tables of 50 mammal populations. In age-classified models, the sum of the fertility elasticities and the survival elasticity for each juvenile age-class are equal, thus, age at maturity has a large impact on the contribution of juvenile survival to lambda. Mammals that mature early and have large litters ("fast" mammals, such as rodents and smaller carnivores) also generally have short lifespans; these populations had relatively high fertility elasticities and lower adult survival elasticities. "Slow" mammals (those that mature late), having few offspring and higher adult survival rates (such as ungulates and marine mammals). had much lower fertility elasticities and high adult or juvenile survival elasticities. Although certain life history characteristics are phylogenetically constrained, we found that elasticity patterns within an order or family can be quite diverse, while similar elasticity patterns can occur in distantly related taxa. We extended our generalizations by developing a simple age-classified model parameterized by juvenile survival, mean adult survival, age at maturity, and mean annual fertility. The elasticity patterns of this model are determined by age at maturity, mean adult survival, and lambda, and they compare favorably with the summed elasticities of full Leslie matrices. Thus, elasticity patterns can be predicted, even when complete life table information is unavailable. In addition to classifying species fur management purposes, the results generated by this simplified model show how elasticity patterns may change if the viral rate information is uncertain. Elasticity analysis can be a qualitative guide for research and management, particularly for poorly known species, and a useful first step in a larger modeling effort to determine population viability. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Dept Zool, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Heppell, SS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Caswell, Hal/0000-0003-4394-6894 NR 52 TC 316 Z9 327 U1 11 U2 107 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 2000 VL 81 IS 3 BP 654 EP 665 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0654:LHAEPP]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 289GD UT WOS:000085611400006 ER PT J AU Rapport, DJ Bohm, G Buckingham, D Cairns, J Costanza, R Karr, JR deKruijf, HAM Levins, R McMichael, AJ Nielsen, NO Whitford, WG AF Rapport, DJ Bohm, G Buckingham, D Cairns, J Costanza, R Karr, JR deKruijf, HAM Levins, R McMichael, AJ Nielsen, NO Whitford, WG TI Reply to Calow: Critics of ecosystem health misrepresented SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Pathobiol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Fac Med & Dent, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Pathol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Saskatchewan, Ctr Studies Agr Law & Environm, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Ctr Environm & Hazardous Studies, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Maryland Int Inst Ecol Econ, Solomons, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Syst Ctr Environm & Estuarine Studies, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Washington, Fisheries & Zool Dept, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm Protect, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1, England. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Rapport, DJ (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Pathobiol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RI Costanza, Robert/A-4912-2008 OI Costanza, Robert/0000-0001-6348-8734 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD MAR PY 2000 VL 6 IS 1 BP 5 EP 6 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300ZG UT WOS:000086283200003 ER PT J AU Christ, SA Silbiger, RN Garg, M Franson, SE Toth, GP AF Christ, SA Silbiger, RN Garg, M Franson, SE Toth, GP TI Quality assurance considerations for use of the Fluorlmager SI (R) and FragmeNT Analysis software SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE flourescence scanning; calibration; band detection; background variability; randomly amplified polymorphic DNA ID ARBITRARY PRIMERS AB The Fluorlmager SI(R) (FSI) from Molecular Dynamics is one of several scanning instruments available for the detection of fluorescent emissions associated with DNA samples in a variety of matrices (agarose and polyacrylamide gels, membranes and microplates). In our laboratory, we measured the electrophoretic mobility of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments stained with ethidium bromide in agarose using the FSI to scan gels and the associated Molecular Dynamics software (ImageQuaNT(R), and FragmeNT Analysis) for analysis. Initial scans and analyses resulted in inconsistent band detection across the same gel and across several scans of the same gel. To determine the best types of calibration far the instrument, several factors were considered and then evaluated. Tests of calibration acceptability were also evaluated. Band detection by FragmeNT Analysis was improved following optimization of matrices and parameters used in calibration and experimental scans. In addition, use of software templates for analysis and modifications in the staining procedure, which have resulted in decreased instrument associated variance, are discussed. C1 US EPA, NERL, EERD, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. SoBran, Cincinnati, OH USA. Patol Associates Int, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Christ, SA (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, EERD, MD642,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD MAR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 5 BP 874 EP 888 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(20000301)21:5<874::AID-ELPS874>3.0.CO;2-H PG 15 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 300ND UT WOS:000086258300008 PM 10768772 ER PT J AU Malaeb, ZA Summers, JK Pugesek, BH AF Malaeb, ZA Summers, JK Pugesek, BH TI Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis; indicator variables; latent variables; measurement errors; measurement models; path analysis; regression analysis; structural equation modeling; structural models ID MARINE AB Structural equation modeling is an advanced multivariate statistical process with which a researcher can construct theoretical concepts, test their measurement reliability, hypothesize and test a theory about their relationships, take into account measurement errors, and consider both direct and indirect effects of variables on one another. Latent variables are theoretical concepts that unite phenomena under a single term, e.g., ecosystem health, environmental condition, and pollution (Bollen, 1989). Latent variables are not measured directly but can be expressed in terms of one or more directly measurable variables called indicators. For some researchers, defining, constructing, and examining the validity of latent variables may be the end task of itself. For others, testing hypothesized relationships of latent variables may be of interest. We analyzed the correlation matrix of eleven environmental variables from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) using methods of structural equation modeling. We hypothesized and tested a conceptual model to characterize the interdependencies between four latent variables-sediment contamination, natural variability, biodiversity, and growth potential. In particular, we were interested in measuring the direct, indirect, and total effects of sediment contamination and natural variability on biodiversity and growth potential. The model fit the data well and accounted for 81% of the variability in biodiversity and 69% of the variability in growth potential. It revealed a positive total effect of natural variability on growth potential that otherwise would have been judged negative had we not considered indirect effects. That is, natural variability had a negative direct effect on growth potential of magnitude -0.3251 and a positive indirect effect mediated through biodiversity of magnitude 0.4509, yielding a net positive total effect of 0.1258. Natural variability had a positive direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.5347 and a negative indirect effect mediated through growth potential of magnitude -0.1105 yielding a positive total effects of magnitude 0.4242. Sediment contamination had a negative direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude -0.1956 and a negative indirect effect on growth potential via biodiversity of magnitude -0.067. Biodiversity had a positive effect on growth potential of magnitude 0.8432, and growth potential had a positive effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.3398. The correlation between biodiversity and growth potential was estimated at 0.7658 and that between sediment contamination and natural variability at -0.3769. C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Gulf Breeze Project Off, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Malaeb, ZA (reprint author), US Dept Def, USA, Safety Ctr, Bldg 4905,5th Ave, Ft Rucker, AL 36362 USA. RI Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 NR 23 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 22 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 7 IS 1 BP 93 EP 111 DI 10.1023/A:1009662930292 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 303FY UT WOS:000086412900007 ER PT J AU Goehl, TJ AF Goehl, TJ TI Reviews in environmental health, 2000 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Goehl, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 108 SU 1 BP 3 EP 4 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 293MA UT WOS:000085854600002 PM 10698718 ER PT J AU Pleil, JD Smith, LB Zelnick, SD AF Pleil, JD Smith, LB Zelnick, SD TI Personal exposure to JP-8 jet fuel vapors and exhaust at Air Force bases SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE breath sampling; gas chromarography/mass spectrometry; human exposure; JP-8 jet fuel ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; EXHALED BREATH; INHALATION EXPOSURE AB JP-8 jet fuel (similar to commercial/international jet A-1 fuel) is the standard military fuel for all types of vehicles, including the U.S. Air Force aircraft inventory. As such, JP-8 presents the most common chemical exposure in the Air Force, particularly for flight and ground crew personnel during preflight operations and for maintenance personnel performing routine casks. Personal exposure at an Air Force base occurs through occupational exposure for personnel involved with fuel and aircraft handling and/or through incidental exposure, primarily through inhalation of ambient fuel vapors. Because JP-8 is less volatile than its predecessor fuel (JP-4), contact with liquid fuel on skin and clothing may result in prolonged exposure. The slowly evaporating JP-8 fuel tends to linger on exposed personnel during their interaction with their previously unexposed colleagues. To begin to assess the relative exposures, we made ambient air measurements and used recently developed methods for collecting exhaled breath in special containers. We then analyzed for certain volatile marker compounds for JP-8, as well as for some aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzene) that are related to long-term health risks. Ambient samples were collected by using compact, battery-operated, personal whole-air samplers that have recently been developed as commercial products; breath samples were collected using our single-breath canister method that uses l-L canisters fitted with valves and small disposable breathing tubes. We collected breach samples from various groups of Air Force personnel and found a demonstrable JP-8 exposure for all subjects, ranging from slight elevations as compared to a control cohort to > 100 x the control values. This work suggests that further studies should be performed on specific issues to obtain pertinent exposure data. The data can be applied ro assessments of heath outcomes and to recommendations for changes in the use of personal protective equipment that optimize risk reduction without undue impact on a mission. C1 US EPA, NERL MD 44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RSHI, IERA, Brooks AFB, TX USA. Dept Air Force, AFMOA, SGOE, Washington, DC USA. RP Pleil, JD (reprint author), US EPA, NERL MD 44, S 239C Environm Res Ctr Annex,79 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 17 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 108 IS 3 BP 183 EP 192 DI 10.2307/3454432 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 296NX UT WOS:000086031400025 PM 10706522 ER PT J AU Geyh, AS Xue, JP Ozkaynak, H Spengler, JD AF Geyh, AS Xue, JP Ozkaynak, H Spengler, JD TI The Harvard Southern California chronic ozone exposure study: Assessing ozone exposure of grade-school-age children in two Southern California communities SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE children; chronic; exposure; ozone; personal; sampler; Southern California ID AIR-POLLUTION; PASSIVE SAMPLER AB The Harvard Southern California Chronic Ozone Exposure Study measured personal exposure to, and indoor and outdoor ozone concentrations of, approximately 200 elementary school children 6-12 years of age for 12 months (June 1995-May 1996). We selected two Southern California communities, Upland and several towns located in the San Bernardino mountains, because certain characteristics of chose communities were believed to affect personal exposures. On 6 consecutive days during each study month, participant homes were monitored for indoor and outdoor ozone concentrations, and participating children wore a small passive ozone sampler to measure personal exposure. During each sampling period, the children recorded time-location-activity information in a diary. Ambient ozone concentration data were obtained from air quality monitoring stations in the study areas. We present ozone concentration data for the ozone season (June-September 1995 and May 1996) and the nonozone season (October 1995-April 1996). During the ozone season, outdoor and indoor concentrations and personal exposure averaged 48.2, 11.8, and 18.8 ppb in Upland and 60.1, 21.4, and 25.4 ppb in the mountain towns, respectively. During the nonozone season, outdoor and indoor concentrations and personal exposure averaged 21.1, 3.2, and 6.2 ppb in Upland, and 35.7, 2.8, and 5.7 ppb in the mountain towns, respectively. Personal exposure differed by community and sex, but not by age group. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Hlth Effects Inst, Cambridge, MA USA. Genet Inst, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Spengler, JD (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, 665 Huntington Ave,Room 1305, Boston, MA 02115 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01ES06370] NR 21 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 10 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 108 IS 3 BP 265 EP 270 DI 10.2307/3454444 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 296NX UT WOS:000086031400037 PM 10706534 ER PT J AU Woodruff, TJ Caldwell, J Cogliano, VJ Axelrad, DA AF Woodruff, TJ Caldwell, J Cogliano, VJ Axelrad, DA TI Estimating cancer risk from outdoor concentrations of hazardous air pollutants in 1990 SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE air toxics; hazardous air pollutants; atmospheric dispersion models; cancer risk assessment; cancer ID EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; UNITED-STATES; POLLUTION; BENZOPYRENE; ASSOCIATION; CHEMICALS; MORTALITY; CHLORIDE; BIOASSAY; HUMANS AB A public health concern regarding hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) is their potential to cause cancer. It has been difficult to assess potential cancer risks from HAPs, due primarily to lack of ambient concentration data for the general population. The Environmental Protection Agency's Cumulative Exposure Project modeled 1990 outdoor concentrations of HAPs across the United States, which were combined with inhalation unit risk estimates to estimate the potential increase in excess cancer risk for individual carcinogenic HAPs, These mere summed to provide an estimate of cancer risk from multiple HAPs. The analysis estimates a median excess cancer risk of 18 lifetime cancer cases per 100,000 people for all HAP concentrations. About 75% of estimated cancer risk was attributable to exposure to polycyclic organic matter, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, benzene, and chromium. Consideration of some specific uncertainties, including underestimation of ambient concentrations, combining upper 95% confidence bound potency estimates, and changes to potency estimates, found that cancer risk may be underestimated by 15% or overestimated by 40-50%. Other unanalyzed uncertainties could make these under- or overestimates larger. This analysis used 1990 estimates of concentrations and can be used to track progress toward reducing cancer risk to the general population. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Woodruff, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St,SW 2123,Room 3202, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 50 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 194 EP 206 DI 10.1006/enrs.1999.4021 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 293HP UT WOS:000085846300002 PM 10702327 ER PT J AU Carr, RS Montagna, PA Biedenbach, JM Kalke, R Kennicutt, MC Hooten, R Cripe, G AF Carr, RS Montagna, PA Biedenbach, JM Kalke, R Kennicutt, MC Hooten, R Cripe, G TI Impact of storm-water outfalls on sediment quality in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Sediment Quality Triad; pore-water toxicity tests; sea urchin; multivariate analysis; storm-water outfalls ID MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TRIAD APPROACH; GUIDELINES; ESTUARIES; FLORIDA; MARINE AB To determine the quality of sediments and extent of contaminant impacts, a Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) study was conducted at 36 sites in the Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, USA, system. Fifteen of the 36 sites were located near storm-water outfalls, but 13 other sites (i.e., industrial and domestic outfalls, oil field-produced water discharges, and dredging activity) and eight reference sites were also evaluated. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for physical-chemical characteristics, contaminant concentrations (metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], and pesticides), toxicity (amphipod and mysid solid phase and sea urchin pore-water fertilization and embryological development tests), and a benthic index of biotic integrity (BIBI) composed of 10 independent metrics calculated for each site. This large data matrix was reduced using multivariate analysis to create new variables for each component representing overall means and containing most of the variance in the larger data set. The new variables were used to conduct the correlation analysis. Toxicity was significantly correlated with both chemistry and ecological responses, whereas no correlations between the benthic metrics and sediment chemistry were observed. Using the combined information from the SQT, four of the five most degraded sites were storm-water outfall sites. Although estuaries are naturally stressful environments because of salinity and temperature fluctuations, this ecosystem appears to have been compromised by anthropogenic influences similar to what has been observed for other heavily urbanized bay systems along the Texas and Gulf coast. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Geochem & Environm Res Grp, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Carr, RS (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, NRC Suite 3200,6300 Ocean Dr, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. NR 40 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 561 EP 574 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0561:IOSWOO>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 286VB UT WOS:000085468600007 ER PT J AU Lussier, SM Champlin, D LiVolsi, J Poucher, S Pruell, RJ AF Lussier, SM Champlin, D LiVolsi, J Poucher, S Pruell, RJ TI Acute toxicity of para-nonylphenol to saltwater animals SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE para-nonylphenol; 4-nonylphenol; acute toxicity; saltwater ID 4-NONYLPHENOL; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; ETHOXYLATES; CHEMICALS; LETHALITY AB para-Nonylphenol (PNP), a mixture of alkylphenols used in producing nonionic surfactants, is distributed widely in surface waters and aquatic sediments, where it can affect saltwater species. This article describes a database for acute toxicity of PNP derived for calculating a national saltwater quality criterion. Using a flow-through exposure system with measured concentrations, we tested early life stages of four species of saltwater invertebrates and two species of fish. Static 96-h tests were also conducted on zoeal Homarus americanus, embryo-larval Mulinia lateralis, and larval Pleuronectes americanus. The number of organisms surviving the flow-through test was measured at 2, 4, 8, and 12 h and daily through day 7. Mortality for most species plateaued by 96 h. The ranked sensitivities (96-h 50% lethal concentrations, measured in micrograms per liter) for the species tested were 17 for Pleuronectes americanus, 37.9 (48-h 50% effective concentration) for Mulinia, lateralis, 59.4 for Paleomonetes vulgaris, 60.6 for Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia), 61.6 for Leptocheirus plumulosos, 70 for Menidia beryllina, 71 for Homarus americanus, 142 for Cyprinodon variegatus, and >195 for Dyspanopius sayii. Values for the seven most sensitive of these species ranged over a factor of only 4.2. The narrow range of responses for PNP implies that exceeding a threshold concentration would endanger a large proportion of the aquatic community. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Newport, RI 02840 USA. RP Lussier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 33 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 13 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 617 EP 621 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0617:ATOPNT>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 286VB UT WOS:000085468600013 ER PT J AU Cole, FA Boese, BL Swartz, RC Lamberson, JO DeWitt, TH AF Cole, FA Boese, BL Swartz, RC Lamberson, JO DeWitt, TH TI Effects of storage on the toxicity of sediments spiked with fluoranthene to the amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment storage; fluoranthene; sediment toxicity; amphipod ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; INTERSTITIAL WATER; QUALITY CRITERIA; PHASE SEPARATION; MARINE SEDIMENT; ORGANIC-MATTER; TIME; BIOAVAILABILITY; POLLUTANTS; METALS AB To determine the effect of storage on contaminant bioavailability and toxicity, two sediment types, a fine sand and a silty sand, were spiked with nine concentrations of fluoranthene (0.0-50 mg/dry kg) then stored at 4 degrees C for up to 170 d. Toxicity of the stored sediment was determined eight times during this storage interval using standard 10-d toxicity tests with the marine infaunal amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius. The concentrations of fluoranthene in the sediment and interstitial water were determined on samples taken on each rest date. The toxicity of fluoranthene in the silty sand was similar for all storage times with LC50s ranging from 5.3 to 6.6 mg/g organic carbon (OC). The LC50 in the fine sand was 7.4 mg/g OC after 13 d of storage, ranged fi om 10.2 to 11.8 mg/g OC during 27 to 83 d of storage, and increased to 24.2 and 27.6 mg/g OC after 121 and 170 d of storage, respectively. These data indicate that the toxicity of both the fine and the silty sand remained essentially constant during storage from days 27 to 83. Toxicity tests conducted before or after that period may give misleading results because of disequilibrium or unknown storage effects. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Cole, FA (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, 2111 SE Marine Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 744 EP 748 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 286VB UT WOS:000085468600029 ER PT J AU Coutlakis, D AF Coutlakis, D TI EPA's ground water report to congress under SDWA section 1429 - A summary SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water 4606, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Coutlakis, D (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water 4606, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 37 EP 40 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00262.x PG 4 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 315RZ UT WOS:000087127900002 ER PT J AU Beck, FP Clark, PJ Puls, RW AF Beck, FP Clark, PJ Puls, RW TI Location and characterization of subsurface anomalies using a soil conductivity probe SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB An electrical conductivity probe, designed for use with "direct push" technology, has been successfully used to locate buried drums, contaminant plumes, and to precisely locate and characterize a previously installed permeable reactive iron wall. The conductivity probe was designed to characterize various soil and sediment types as it was driven through the dry and saturated soil matrix; however, its ability to locate and characterize subsurface anomalies may also prove to be a valuable asset. The probe uses an electrical field that works like and mimics the results from an oil-field engineering tool called Wenner array. This electrical field array penetrates into the soil matrix to measure the electrical conductivity of the soil matrix surround the probe to a radius of about two to four inches. This tool has allowed operating personnel to verify the location of manmade or natural subsurface anomalies with precision. C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Beck, FP (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 7 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 55 EP 59 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00265.x PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 315RZ UT WOS:000087127900005 ER PT J AU Walker, JT Walker, OA AF Walker, JT Walker, OA TI A multiphasic approach for describing serial height data of Fels children: A hexaphasic-logistic-additive growth model SO GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING LA English DT Article DE multiphasic growth; human growth models; human stature; hexaphasic; logistic; growth spurts ID ACCELERATION; VELOCITY; CURVES AB In this paper, we reported the results obtained from fitting a new growth model to serial height data of 80 Fels children. The model assumed that human height growth curves are due to the combined effects of six macroscopic logistic growth processes, each reaching the same asymptotic height value. It was named the Walker and Walker-Hexaphasic-Logistic-Additive (WWHLA) growth model. An advantage to using this model is that it allowed us to easily fit entire growth curves with 14 biologically interpretable parameters. We tested the model using a computerized nonlinear least squares technique. The results showed that the new model worked extremely well. The fits resulted in high R, R-2, and adjusted R2 values, large F values, relatively low residual mean squares, Durbin-Watson statistics that were very close to 2, and relatively small standard error estimates for the model parameters. In addition, the normality and constant variance test passed for more than 95 percent of the children, and the graphs of the residuals essentially showed no model bias. The new model identified the six growth components or processes in both male and female growth curves. The processes were named according to when they reached their peak height velocity: neonatal, infantile, early-childhood, middle-childhood, late-childhood, and pubertal. Preliminary results suggest that the WWHLA model appears to be the best that is currently available at this time for describing the human growth curve. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington Off, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. JTW Res Consultants, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 USA. RP Walker, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington Off, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 12252] NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU GROWTH PUBLISHING CO INC PI HULLS COVE PA PO BOX 205, HULLS COVE, ME 04644-0205 USA SN 1041-1232 J9 GROWTH DEVELOP AGING JI Growth Dev. Aging PD SPR-SUM PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 33 EP 49 PG 17 WC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 347AJ UT WOS:000088903800003 PM 10969884 ER PT J AU Folinsbee, LJ Hazucha, MJ AF Folinsbee, LJ Hazucha, MJ TI Time course of response to ozone exposure in healthy adult females SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDUCED AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; ADAPTING RECEPTORS; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; ACUTE INHALATION; CONSCIOUS MAN; GUINEA-PIGS; HUMAN-LUNG; INHIBITION; PRESSURE; RESPONSIVENESS AB Ozone exposure causes acute decrements in pulmonary function, increases airway responsiveness, and changes the breathing pattern. We examined these responses in 19 ozone-responsive(Delta FEV1 > 5%) young females exposed to both air and 0.35 ppm ozone. The randomized 75-min exposures included two 30-min exercise periods at V-E approximate to 40 L/min. Responses were measured before, during and after exposure and at 18 and 42 h postexposure. FVC, FEV1, and FIV0.5 decreased (p < .01) immediately postexposure by 13.2%, 19.9%, and 20.8%, respectively, and the airway responsiveness was significantly increased. Raw increased (p < .05), while TGV remained essentially unchanged. At 78 h postexposure, the airways were still hyperresponsive and FEV1 and FIV0.5 were still 5% below the preexposure levels. There were no residual effects in any of the variables at 42 h postexposure. During exercise in ozone the tidal Volume was decreased (-14%) and respiratory frequency increased (+15%). The changes in airway responsiveness were not related to changes in spirometric measurements. We found no significant differences between postair and postozone mouth occlusion pressure (Pm-0.1) and the hypercapnic response to CO2 rebreathing. We conclude that ozone induced typical acute changes in airway responsiveness and that ventilatory (exercise), spirometric (inspiratory and expiratory), and plethysmographic pulmonary function may show some residual effects for up to 18 h after exposure. The ozone-induced alteration in breathing pattern during exercise does not appear to be related to a change in ventilatory drive. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Environm Assessment Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Folinsbee, LJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Environm Assessment Branch, MD 52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 151 EP 167 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 297FE UT WOS:000086070600001 PM 10715622 ER PT J AU Callahan, ER Shim, JP Oakley, GW AF Callahan, ER Shim, JP Oakley, GW TI Learning, information, and performance support (LIPS): A multimedia-aided approach SO INTERFACES LA English DT Article DE computers/computer science; system design/operation government; agencies AB We developed a framework that allows individuals to use personal computers to learn the concepts, knowledge, and information required for satisfactory job performance and get the feedback and performance support they need to accomplish specific tasks. This concept, called learning, information, and performance support (LIPS), has been implemented by over 400 government agencies and over 100 private sector companies in 12 countries. LIPS incorporates learning, information, and performance support into an integrated end-user interface. It accommodates all levels of users from novice to expert. LIPS provides end-users with desktop access to the tools they need to perform their jobs. The integration of modules and their technical relationships appears seamless. Many of these modules are multimedia based, incorporating new educational philosophies and technologies. LIPS combines learning, information, and performance support into an integrated source of knowledge that employees and managers can use to perform their jobs with improved quality, higher productivity, and lowered cost. The actual system demonstrated cost savings of 45 to 65 percent and marked improvement in retention times. C1 Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. US EPA, Multimedia Lab, Safety Hlth & Environm Management Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Management & Informat Syst, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Callahan, ER (reprint author), Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc, 8251 Greensboro Dr, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST OPERATIONS RESEARCH MANAGEMENT SCIENCES PI LINTHICUM HTS PA 901 ELKRIDGE LANDING RD, STE 400, LINTHICUM HTS, MD 21090-2909 USA SN 0092-2102 J9 INTERFACES JI Interfaces PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 29 EP 39 PG 11 WC Management; Operations Research & Management Science SC Business & Economics; Operations Research & Management Science GA 318ZY UT WOS:000087315600005 ER PT J AU Jimeno, JC AF Jimeno, JC TI Untitled SO INTERFACES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Safety Hlth & Environm Management Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Jimeno, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Safety Hlth & Environm Management Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST OPERATIONS RESEARCH MANAGEMENT SCIENCES PI LINTHICUM HTS PA 901 ELKRIDGE LANDING RD, STE 400, LINTHICUM HTS, MD 21090-2909 USA SN 0092-2102 J9 INTERFACES JI Interfaces PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 39 EP 40 PG 2 WC Management; Operations Research & Management Science SC Business & Economics; Operations Research & Management Science GA 318ZY UT WOS:000087315600006 ER PT J AU Frost, FJ Muller, TB Fairley, CK Hurley, JS Craun, DF Calderon, RL AF Frost, FJ Muller, TB Fairley, CK Hurley, JS Craun, DF Calderon, RL TI Serological evaluation of Cryptosporidium oocyst findings in the water supply for Sydney, Australia SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium; serology; drinking water ID ANTIBODY AB From July to September, 1998, high levels of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected in Sydney, Australia drinking water. To evaluate whether Sydney residents had an elevated risk of infection, serological responses to two Cryptosporidium antigen groups (15/17- and 27-kDa) were compared for 104 Sydney blood donors and 104 Melbourne blood donors. Over half of all donors had a detectable response to the 15/17-kDa antigen group (Sydney-56.7%, Melbourne-61.5%) and to the 2.7-kDa antigen group (Sydney-66.3%, Melbourne-77.9%). There were no statistically significant differences between Sydney and Melbourne donors in the intensity of serological responses for either the 15/17-kDa (p = 0.81) or the 27-kDa (p = 0.45) antigen groups. These results are not consistent with an elevated risk of Cryptosporidium infection among either Sydney or Melbourne blood donors, despite the detection of oocysts in the Sydney drinking water. Given the public health concerns over detecting oocysts in drinking water, serological studies offer a rapid and inexpensive method for comparing the levels of infection in an exposed and unexposed population. C1 Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. Monash Univ, Alfred Hosp, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Prahran, Vic 3181, Australia. Gunther F Craun & Associates, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Frost, FJ (reprint author), Lovelace Resp Res Inst, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. OI Christopher, Fairley/0000-0001-9081-1664 NR 14 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3123 J9 INT J ENVIRON HEAL R JI Int. J. Environ. Health Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 302GV UT WOS:000086358100004 ER PT J AU Koyak, RA Schmehl, RL Cox, DC Dewalt, FG Haugen, MM Schwemberger, JG Scalera, JV AF Koyak, RA Schmehl, RL Cox, DC Dewalt, FG Haugen, MM Schwemberger, JG Scalera, JV TI Statistical models for the evaluation of portable lead measurement technologies - Part II: X-ray fluorescence instruments SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE heteroscedastic regression; lead testing; measurement error models; normal-lognormal mixture; variance component estimation; X-ray spectrometry ID LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION AB X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instruments, used to test for lead in paint, were evaluated in a field study of portable lead measurement technologies, sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The bias and precision of an XRF instrument were the performance criteria of interest. Estimates of these quantities were obtained using a linear, heteroscedastic model relating XRF measurements to the lead levels detected using laboratory analysis. The model accounts for the fact that the true lead levels were not known by introducing a lognormal measurement error component. This paper discusses properties of the model and its estimation using field study data. C1 USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Operat Res, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. QuanTech Inc, Rosslyn, VA 22009 USA. Special Syst Inc, Fairfax, VA 22033 USA. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Koyak, RA (reprint author), USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Operat Res, 1411 Cunningham Rd, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 5 IS 1 BP 37 EP 57 DI 10.2307/1400630 PG 21 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 302XM UT WOS:000086391800003 ER PT J AU Eldridge, MW Peden, DB AF Eldridge, MW Peden, DB TI Allergen provocation augments endotoxin-induced nasal inflammation in subjects with atopic asthma SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endotoxin; dust mite; antigen; asthma; eosinophils; neutrophils; allergy ID AIR-POLLUTION; OZONE; MORTALITY; CHALLENGE; RESPONSES; EXPOSURE; WORKERS; HEALTH AB Background: Recent epidemiologic and in vivo studies have suggested that inhaled endotoxin plays an important role in asthma pathogenesis. Objective: The present study examines the effect of nasal allergen provocation on subsequent endotoxin challenge in subjects with atopic asthma. Methods: By using a split-nose randomized crossover design, individual nares of 12 asthmatic subjects underwent challenge and lavage as follows, Immediately after a baseline nasal lavage, one nares received normal saline, and the other received dust mite antigen, Four hours later both nares were exposed to either saline or endotoxin. Dust mite antigen (Dermatophagoides farinae) and endotoxin (Escherichia roll 026:B6) doses were 100 AU and 1000 ng, respectively. Postchallenge lavages were done at 8 and 24 hours after the initial challenge. The subjects then returned a minimum of 3 weeks later for crossover to the study arm. Nasal lavage fluid was analyzed for total and differential cell counts, IL-8, IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, GM-CSF, eosinophil cationic protein, myeloperoxidase, and soluble CD14. Results: A significant increase in the total inflammatory cell count was seen at 8 hours for the dust mite/endotoxin exposure compared with the saline/saline and saline/endotoxin exposures. Differential cell counts revealed a similar neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation for the dust mite/endotoxin exposure at 8 hours. Conclusions: These data demonstrate an interaction between allergen and endotoxin exposure in asthmatic subjects, suggesting that a prior allergen challenge significantly augments the endotoxin-induced inflammation. Moreover, these data provide further evidence that concomitant exposure to allergen and endotoxin may he an important factor in asthma pathogenesis. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Pulm Med & Allergy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Gen Clin Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Eldridge, MW (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, 104 Mason Farm Rd,CB 7310, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [1RO1HL62624-01]; NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-35356] NR 27 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 105 IS 3 BP 475 EP 481 DI 10.1067/mai.2000.104552 PG 7 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 347UC UT WOS:000088946700012 PM 10719296 ER PT J AU Welch, JE Brown, PL O'Brien, DA Magyar, PL Bunch, DO Mori, C Eddy, EM AF Welch, JE Brown, PL O'Brien, DA Magyar, PL Bunch, DO Mori, C Eddy, EM TI Human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-2 gene is expressed specifically in spermatogenic cells SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE glycolysis; testis; spermatogenesis; flagellum ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; TESTIS-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION; PORIN-BINDING DOMAIN; ALPHA-CHLOROHYDRIN; COMPLETE SEQUENCE; FIBROUS SHEATH; MOUSE; TRANSCRIPTS; PROTEIN; DNA AB Although the process of glycolysis is highly conserved in eukaryotes, several glycolytic enzymes have unique structural or functional features in spermatogenic cells. We previously identified and characterized the mouse complementary DNA (cDNA) and a gene for 1 of these enzymes, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-s (Gapds). This gene is expressed only in spermatids. The enzyme appears to have an essential role in energy production required for fertilization, and it is reported to be susceptible to inhibition by certain environmental chemicals. We have now cloned and sequenced the cDNA for the human homologue of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD2) and determined the structure of the gene. The messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected in testis, but not in 15 other human tissues analyzed by Northern blot technique. The deduced GAPD2 protein contains 408 amino acids and is 68% identical with somatic cell GAPD. GAPD2 has a 72-amino acid segment at the amino terminal end that is not present in somatic cell GAPD. This segment is proline-rich but contains smaller stretches of polyproline and is 30 amino acids shorter than the comparable segment of mouse GAPDS. The structure of the human GAPD2 gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PGR) to identify exon-intron junctions in a genomic clone and in total genomic DNA. The locations of these junctions in the GAPD2 gene corresponded precisely to those of the 11 exon-intron junctions in the mouse Gapds gene. Immunohistochemical studies found that GAPD2 is located in the principal piece of the flagellum of human spermatozoa, as are GAPDS in mouse and rat spermatozoa. GAPD2 extracted from human spermatozoa and analyzed by Western blot technique migrated with an apparent molecular weight of similar to 56 000, although the calculated molecular weight is 44 501. The conserved nature of the mouse, rat. and human enzymes suggests that they serve similar roles in these and other mammalian species. C1 NIEHS, Gamete Biol Sect, Lab Reprod & Dev Toxicol C4 01, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Genet & Mol Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Kyoto, Japan. RP Eddy, EM (reprint author), NIEHS, Gamete Biol Sect, Lab Reprod & Dev Toxicol C4 01, NIH, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA16086]; NICHD NIH HHS [U54 HD035041, U54HD35041] NR 48 TC 89 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 328 EP 338 PG 11 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 288BA UT WOS:000085540900019 PM 10714828 ER PT J AU Barnes, DG AF Barnes, DG TI Reference dose (RfD): the possible impact of hormesis SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RfD; reference dose; RgD; regulatory dose; hormesis AB A fictitious US Environmental Protection Agency Administrator in the year 2005 is confronted with making a risk management decision on a chemical that exhibits an unambiguous hermetic effect in an animal system. Dose-response curves for average humans and sensitive humans are derived from the animal data. The question is posed: What should the reference dose (RfD) be in this case? A series of outstanding scientific and policy questions are discussed that have a bearing on the answer. The concept of the 'regulatory dose (RgD)' is revived to address, if not resolve, the issue. C1 US EPA, Sci Advisory Board 1400, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Barnes, DG (reprint author), US EPA, Sci Advisory Board 1400, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 127 EP 130 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(200003/04)20:2<127::AID-JAT643>3.0.CO;2-R PG 4 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 294DL UT WOS:000085895800007 PM 10715610 ER PT J AU van der Schalie, WH Gentile, JH AF van der Schalie, WH Gentile, JH TI Ecological risk assessment: Implications of hormesis SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hormesis; ecological risk assessment ID CHEMICAL HORMESIS; DISTURBANCE; STIMULATION; INHIBITION; DIVERSITY AB Hormesis is a widespread phenomenon across many taxa and chemicals, and, at the single species level, issues regarding the application of hormesis to human health and ecological risk assessment are similar. For example, convincing the public of a 'beneficial' effect of environmental chemicals may be problematic, and the design and analysis of laboratory studies may require modifications to detect hormesis. However, interpreting the significance of hormesis for even a single species in an ecological risk assessment can be complicated by considerations of competition with other species, predation effects, etc. Ecological risk assessments involve more than a single species; they may involve communities of hundreds or thousands of species as well as a range of ecological processes. Applying hermetic adjustments to threshold effect levels for chemicals derived from sensitivity distributions for a large number of species is impractical. For ecological risks, chemical stressors are frequently of lessor concern than physical stressors such as habitat alteration or biological stressors such as introduced species, but the relevance of hormesis to non-chemical stressors is unclear. Although ecological theories such as the intermediate disturbance hypothesis offer some intriguing similarities between chemical hormesis and hermetic-like responses resulting from physical disturbances, mechanistic explanations are lacking. Further exploration of the relevance of hormesis to ecological risk assessment is desirable. Aspects deserving additional attention include developing a better understanding of the hermetic effects of chemical mixtures, the relevance of hormesis to physical and biological stressors and the development of criteria for determining when hormesis is likely to be relevant to ecological risk assessments. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Washington Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Key Biscayne, FL USA. RP van der Schalie, WH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Washington Off, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 131 EP 139 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 294DL UT WOS:000085895800008 PM 10715611 ER PT J AU Johnson, AR Turner, SJ Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW AF Johnson, AR Turner, SJ Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW TI Multivariate characterization of perennial vegetation in the northern Chihuahuan Desert SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE New Mexico; shrub encroachment; desert grassland; ordination ID SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; INPUT DATA ORDER; MESQUITE DUNELANDS; FORMER GRASSLANDS; INSTABILITY; ORDINATION; SOUTHWEST; CLIMATE AB We surveyed vegetation at 100 sites in southern New Mexico to establish a benchmark for monitoring vegetation change. Sites were selected in a stratified random design, based on a classified AVHRR image. Two shrubs (Larrea tridentata and Prosopis glandulosa) are the most important contributors to perennial cover in the area. Principal components analysis (PCA) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) both clearly delineate these shrublands from the smaller number of compositionally-varied grassland sites. A latitudinal trend in DCA axis 1 scores suggests that encroachment of shrubs into grasslands is most pronounced in the southern portion of the study area. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89195 USA. Environm Res & Wildlife Dev Agcy, Terr Environm Res Ctr, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Johnson, AR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 305 EP 325 DI 10.1006/jare.1999.0597 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 299NH UT WOS:000086204400004 ER PT J AU Quackenboss, JJ Pellizzari, ED Shubat, P Whitmore, RW Adgate, JL Thomas, KW Freeman, NCG Stroebel, C Lioy, PJ Clayton, AC Sexton, K AF Quackenboss, JJ Pellizzari, ED Shubat, P Whitmore, RW Adgate, JL Thomas, KW Freeman, NCG Stroebel, C Lioy, PJ Clayton, AC Sexton, K TI Design strategy for assessing multi-pathway exposure for children: the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES) SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aggregate exposure; children's exposure; exposure assessment; organophosphate insecticides; pesticides; probability sampling ID PHASE-I FIELD; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; URINE; PERFORMANCE; METABOLITES; RESIDUES AB Although children are exposed to a variety of environmental hazards, including pesticides, there is a scarcity of information available to estimate exposures realistically. This article reports on one of the first attempts to measure multi-pathway pesticide exposures in a population-based sample of urban and nonurban children. A design strategy was developed to assess multi-pathway pesticide exposures in children using personal exposure measurements in combination with complimentary measurements of biological markers of exposure, concentrations in relevant environmental media, and time spent in important microenvironments and participating in exposure-related activities. Sample collection and analysis emphasized measurement of three insecticides (i.e., chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion) and one herbicide (i.e., atrazine). These compounds were selected because of their frequent use, presence in multiple environmental media, expected population exposures, and related hazard/toxicity. The study was conducted during the summer of 1997 in Minnesota and involved a stratified sample of households with children ages 3 - 12 years. Participants resided in either (a) the cities of Minneapolis and St Paul (urban households), or (b) Rice and Goodhue Counties just south of the metropolitan area (non-urban households). Results from a residential inventory documenting storage and use of products containing the target pesticides were used to preferentially select households where children were likely to have higher exposures. The study successfully obtained pesticide exposure data for 102 children, including measurements of personal exposures (air, hand rinse, duplicate diet), environmental concentrations (residential indoor/outdoor air, drinking water, residential surfaces, soil), activity patterns (obtained by questionnaire, diary, videotaping), and internal dose (metabolites in urine). C1 US EPA, NERL, HERB, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Quackenboss, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, HERB, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RI Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011; Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 NR 20 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 10 IS 2 BP 145 EP 158 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500080 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 330XR UT WOS:000087987200005 PM 10791596 ER PT J AU Federoff, NE Kueppers, F AF Federoff, NE Kueppers, F TI Polymorphism of alpha(1) - Antitrypsin in North American species of Canis SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID DOGS C1 Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. Temple Univ, Sch Med, Pulm Dis Sect, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA. RP Federoff, NE (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 91 IS 2 BP 174 EP 176 DI 10.1093/jhered/91.2.174 PG 3 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 290LG UT WOS:000085677300019 PM 10768138 ER PT J AU Chang, YJ Stephen, JR Richter, AP Venosa, AD Bruggemann, J Macnaughton, SJ Kowalchuk, GA Haines, JR Kline, E White, DC AF Chang, YJ Stephen, JR Richter, AP Venosa, AD Bruggemann, J Macnaughton, SJ Kowalchuk, GA Haines, JR Kline, E White, DC TI Phylogenetic analysis of aerobic freshwater and marine enrichment cultures efficient in hydrocarbon degradation: effect of profiling method SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE enrichment cultures; DGGE; hydrocarbon degradation; polymerase chain reaction; phylogenetic analysis; 16S rDNA ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; DEGRADING BACTERIA; MICROBIAL-POPULATIONS; GENUS SPHINGOMONAS; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; ECOLOGY; DIVERSITY; DATABASE; PROBES AB Aerobically grown enrichment cultures derived from hydrocarbon-contaminated seawater and freshwater sediments were generated by growth on crude oil as sole carbon source. Both cultures displayed a high rate of degradation for a wide range of hydrocarbon compounds. The bacterial species composition of these cultures was investigated by PCR of the 16S rDNA gene using multiple primer combinations. Near full-length 16S rDNA clone libraries were generated and screened by restriction analysis prior to sequence analysis. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was carried out using two other PCR primer sets targeting either the V3 or V6-V8 regions, and sequences derived from prominent DGGE bands were compared to sequences obtained via cloning. All data sets suggested that the seawater culture was dominated by alpha-subgroup proteobacteria, whereas the freshwater culture was dominated by members of the beta- and gamma-proteobacteria. However, the V6-V8 primer pair was deficient in the recovery of Sphingomonas-like 16S rDNA due to a 3' terminal mismatch with the reverse primer. Most 16S rDNA sequences recovered from the marine enrichment were not closely related to genera containing known oil-degrading organisms, although some were detected. All methods suggested that the freshwater enrichment was dominated by genera containing known hydrocarbon-degrading species. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Ctr Environm Biotechnol, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Netherlands Inst Ecol, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Stephen, JR (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Ctr Environm Biotechnol, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. RI Kowalchuk, George/C-4298-2011 NR 44 TC 60 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD MAR PY 2000 VL 40 IS 1 BP 19 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00134-7 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 293HD UT WOS:000085845300003 PM 10739339 ER PT J AU Spiegel, RJ Preston, JL AF Spiegel, RJ Preston, JL TI Test results for fuel cell operation on anaerobic digester gas SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Grove Fuel Cell Symposium Fuel Cells - The Competitive Option for Sustainable Energy Supply CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Queen Elizabeth II Conference Ctr DE fuel cell; anaerobic digester gas; cleanup system ID LANDFILL GAS AB EPA, in conjunction with ONSI, embarked on a project to define, design, test, and assess a fuel cell energy recovery system for application at anaerobic digester waste water (sewage) treatment plants. Anaerobic digester gas (ADG) is produced at these plants during the process of treating sewage anaerobically to reduce solids. ADQ? is primarily comprised of methane (57-66%), carbon dioxide (33-39%), nitrogen (1-10%), and a small amount of oxygen (< 0.54%). Additionally, ADG contains trace amounts of fuel cell catalyst contaminants consisting of sulfur-bearing compounds (principally hydrogen sulfide) and halogen compounds (chlorides). The project has addressed two major issues: development of a cleanup system to remove fuel cell contaminants from the gas and testing/assessing of a modified ONSI PC25 C fuel cell power plant operating on the cleaned, but dilute, ADG. Results to date demonstrate that the ADG fuel cell power plant can, depending on the energy content of the gas, produce electrical output levels close to full power (200 kW) with measured air emissions comparable to those obtained by a natural gas fuel cell. The cleanup system results show that the hydrogen sulfide levels are reduced to below 10 ppbv and halides to approximately 30 ppbv. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ONSI, S Windsor, CT 06704 USA. RP Spiegel, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 7 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD MAR PY 2000 VL 86 IS 1-2 BP 283 EP 288 DI 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00461-9 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 305KE UT WOS:000086538200042 ER PT J AU Hill, BH Herlihy, AT Kaufmann, PR Stevenson, RJ McCormick, FH Johnson, CB AF Hill, BH Herlihy, AT Kaufmann, PR Stevenson, RJ McCormick, FH Johnson, CB TI Use of periphyton assemblage data as an index of biotic integrity SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE periphyton; IBI; EMAP; regional scale; stream condition; multimetrics ID WATER-QUALITY; DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES; PHOSPHATASE-ACTIVITY; RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; FISH COMMUNITIES; METAL POLLUTION; INDICATORS; STREAM; LAKES; RIVER AB Periphyton assemblage data collected from 233 stream site-visits (49 in 1993, 56 in 1994 and 128 in 1995) throughout the Mid-Appalachian region were used to develop a periphyton index of biotic integrity (PIBI) based on 1) algal genera richness; 2) the relative abundances of diatoms, Cyanobacteria, dominant diatom genus, acidophilic diatoms, eutraphentic diatoms, and motile diatoms: 3) chlorophyll and biomass lash-free dry mass) standing crops; and 1) alkaline phosphatase activity. Thirty-seven diatom genera and 38 non-diatom genera were collected. The relative richness and relative abundance (RA) of these genera were used to calculate the RA metrics of the PIBI. PIBI scores ranged from 48.0 to 85.1 among the 233 site-visits with an overall regional mean (+/-1 SE) of 66.1 +/- 0.5. The 10 metrics and the PIBI were correlated with 27 chemical, 12 physical habitat, and 3 landscape variables. Overalls PIBI was inversely correlated with stream depth, stream water color, and Fe. Component metrics were significantly correlated with several chemical (Al, acid neutralizing capacity, Cl, Fe,Mn, N, Na, P, pH, Si, SO4 total suspended solids), physical habitat (channel embeddedness, riparian disturbances, stream depth stream width, substrate composition), and landscape (% of the watershed in forest, agriculture and urban land uses) variables. Canonical correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between the 10 PIBI metrics and 4 significant environmental gradients related to general human disturbances (stream acidity, stream substrate composition, and stream and riparian habitat). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in PIBI scores for lowland vs highland streams, and among stream orders. Annual differences were explained by differences in the proportions of sampling sites in lowland streams in each year. The univariate distribution of PIBI scores was used to set threshold PIBI values for the assessment of ecological condition in Mid-Appalachian streams. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Biol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. US EPA, OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hill, BH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 88 TC 163 Z9 179 U1 3 U2 88 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 50 EP 67 DI 10.2307/1468281 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 317BM UT WOS:000087205700004 ER PT J AU Vesper, S Dearborn, DG Yike, I Allan, T Sobolewski, J Hinkley, SF Jarvis, BB Haugland, RA AF Vesper, S Dearborn, DG Yike, I Allan, T Sobolewski, J Hinkley, SF Jarvis, BB Haugland, RA TI Evaluation of Stachybotrys chartarum in the house of an infant with pulmonary hemorrhage: Quantitative assessment before, during, and after remediation SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE mold; pulmonary hemorrhage; remediation; Stachybotrys ID FUNGI; EXPOSURE; ATRA AB Stachybotrys chartarum is an indoor mold that has been associated with pulmonary hemorrhage cases in the Cleveland, Ohio, area. This study applied two new quantitative measurements to air samples from a home in which an infant developed PH. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and a protein synthesis inhibition assay were used to determine the level of S. chartarum spores and their toxicity in air samples taken before, during, and after a remediation program was implemented to remove the fungus. Initial spore concentrations were between 0.1 and 9.3 spores/m(3) of air, and the toxicity of air particulates was correspondingly low. However, the dust in the house contained between 0.4 and 2.1 x 10(3) spores/mg (as determined by hemocytometer counts). The remediation program removed all contaminated wallboard, paneling, and carpeting in the water-damaged areas of the home, In addition, a sodium hypochlorite solution was used to spray all surfaces during remediation. Although spore counts and toxicity were high during remediation, air samples taken postremediation showed no detectable levels of S. chartarum or related toxicity. Nine isolates of S. chartarum obtained from the home were analyzed for spore toxicity, hemolytic activity, and random amplified polymorphic DNA banding patterns. None of the isolates produced highly toxic spores (>90 mu g T2 toxin equivalents per gram wet weight spores) after growth for 10 and 30 days on wet wallboard, but three isolates were hemolytic consistently. DNA banding patterns suggested that at least one of these isolates was related to isolates from homes of infants with previously investigated cases. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Cuyahoga Cty Board Hlth, Cleveland, OH USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, Joint Inst Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Vesper, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,ML 314, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Vesper.Stephan@EPA.gov OI Hinkley, Simon F.R./0000-0002-1831-8389 NR 22 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD MAR PY 2000 VL 77 IS 1 BP 68 EP 85 DI 10.1007/BF02350963 PG 18 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 287KM UT WOS:000085505100005 PM 10741843 ER PT J AU Driver, AS Kodavanti, PRS Mundy, WR AF Driver, AS Kodavanti, PRS Mundy, WR TI Age-related changes in reactive oxygen species production in rat brain homogenates SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE reactive oxygen species; antioxidant; development; aging; brain ID STIMULATED LIPID-PEROXIDATION; FREE-RADICALS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES; AGING RAT; IRON; DAMAGE; LIVER; 2',7'-DICHLOROFLUORESCIN; GENERATION AB The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resultant oxidative stress have been implicated in the mechanism of brain dys function due to age-related neurodegenerative diseases or exposure to environmental chemicals. We have investigated intrinsic age related differences in the ability of the various brain regions to generate ROS in the absence and presence of Fe2+. ROS production in crude brain homogenates from adult rats was linear with respect to time and tissue concentration, and was stimulated to a greater extent by Fe2+ than was TEARS production. ROS production was then determined in homogenates from cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum of 7-day-old, 14-day-old, 21-day-old, adult (3-6-month old), and aged (24-month-old) rats using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin (DCFH). Basal levels of ROS production were similar in 7-, 14-, and 21-day olds, increased in adults, and highest in aged rats, and did not differ between brain regions. ROS production was stimulated by Fe2+ (0.3-30 mu M) in a concentration-dependent manner in all brain regions. However, the stimulation of ROS production by Fe2+ varied with age. ROS production was greater in 14- and 21-day-old rats compared with adult and aged animals. ROS production in 7-day-old rats was decreased at low Fe2+ concentrations and increased at high Fe2+ concentrations compared to adult and aged rats. These data show that brain homogenates from neonatal rats respond differently to Fe2+, and suggest that developing animals may be more sensitive to oxidative stress in the brain after exposure to toxicants. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Mundy, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-75B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 52 TC 192 Z9 194 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 22 IS 2 BP 175 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00069-0 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 304UE UT WOS:000086501900004 PM 10758346 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ Oshiro, WM AF Bushnell, PJ Oshiro, WM TI Behavioral components of tolerance to repeated inhalation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE attention; behavioral tolerance; organic solvent; rat; signal detection; tolerance; trichloroethylene ID INHALED TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TOLUENE INHALATION; AMPHETAMINE; EXPOSURE; ALCOHOL; MICE; MECHANISMS AB The possibility that the acute neurotoxic effects of organic solvents change with repeated exposure will affect risk assessment of these pollutants. We observed previously that rats inhaling trichloroethylene (TCE) showed a progressive attenuation of impairment of signal detection behavior across several weeks of intermittent exposure, suggesting the development of tolerance. Here, we explored the development of tolerance to TCE during two weeks of daily exposures, and the degree to which learned behavioral modifications ("behavioral tolerance") could account for the effect. Adult Long-Evans rats were trained to perform a visual signal detection task (SDT) in which a press on one lever yielded food if a visual stimulus (a "signal") had occurred on that trial, and a press on a second lever produced food if no signal had been presented. In two experiments, with 2000 and 2400 ppm of TCE respectively, trained rats were divided into two groups (n = 8/group) with equivalent accuracy and then exposed to TCE in two-phase studies. In Phase 1, one group of rats received daily SDT tests paired with 70-min TCE exposures, followed by 70-min exposures to clean air after testing. The other group received daily SDT tests in clean air, followed by 70-min exposures to TCE (unpaired exposure and testing). All rats thus received the same number and daily sequence of exposures to TCE that differed only in the pairing with SDT testing. Both concentrations of TCE disrupted performance of the paired groups and this disruption abated over the 9 days of exposure. In Phase 2, the pairing of exposure and test conditions were reversed for the two groups. The groups that were shifted from unpaired to paired exposures (Unpaired-Paired groups) showed qualitatively similar patterns of deficit and recovery as did the rats whose tests were initially paired with TCE (Paired-Unpaired groups), indicating that task-specific learning was involved in the development of tolerance. Quantitative differences in the magnitude and duration of the effects of TCE in the two groups indicated that other factors, not specific to the SDT, also contributed to the development tolerance to TCE. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 22 IS 2 BP 221 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00078-1 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 304UE UT WOS:000086501900009 PM 10758351 ER PT J AU Baird, DD AF Baird, DD TI The great douching debate: To douche, or not to douche SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID INFECTION; RISK C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Baird, DD (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Baird, Donna/0000-0002-5544-2653 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 95 IS 3 BP 473 EP 473 PG 1 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 287QM UT WOS:000085517300034 PM 10711568 ER PT J AU Senay, GB Lyon, JG Ward, AD Nokes, SE AF Senay, GB Lyon, JG Ward, AD Nokes, SE TI Using high spatial resolution multispectral data to classify corn and soybean crops SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID MAPPER VEGETATION INDEXES; MANAGEMENT; TILLAGE; MODELS; WATER; REFLECTANCES; IMAGERY; SCALE AB Digital images of a corn and soybean site in Ohio were acquired several times during the growing season using a multispectral scanner mounted on an aircraft. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of this high spatial resolution (1-m) data to identify corn and soybean crops at various growth stages. Maximum distinction between corn and soybeans was achieved using the near-infrared bands when the crops were mature, while the visible bands were more useful when the soybeans were senescing. Spectral class differences were related to leaf nitrogen, soil water content, soil organic matter, and plant biomass. An approach is presented for identifying corn and soybeans crops where little or no reference data are available. The approach is based on the red and near-infrared bands and using the Simple Vegetation Index or the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. C1 US EPA, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Pathol Associates Int, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, ORD, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Biosyst & Agr Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Senay, GB (reprint author), US EPA, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Pathol Associates Int, 26 W Martin Lutherking Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 44 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 66 IS 3 BP 319 EP 327 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 290FQ UT WOS:000085666000008 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM Laws, SC AF Cummings, AM Laws, SC TI Assessment of estrogenicity by using the delayed implanting rat model and examples SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endocrine disrupting chemical; implantation; methoxychlor; bisphenol A; 4-tert-octylphenol; beta-sitosterol; hypophysectomized delayed implanting rat model ID REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; FEMALE RATS; EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; BISPHENOL-A; IN-VITRO; METHOXYCHLOR; PREGNANCY; GROWTH; ESTRADIOL; IMMATURE AB Endocrine disrupting chemicals have recently drawn increased interest. The delayed implanting rat model is a method that can identify and quantify the estrogenic activity of a chemical. In rats hypophysectomized after breeding, the administration of progesterone delays embryo implantation, and exposure to one dose of an estrogenic substance initiates implantation. Although methoxychlor was ineffective at dosages below 400 mg/kg when given by injection, the administration of the chemical by gavage resulted in an increase in the percent of fertilized rats exhibiting implantation sites. These results were statistically significant at dosages of 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg methoxychlor/kg. When bisphenol A was administered, by subcutaneous injection, dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg induced implantation. Only the 400 mg/kg dose of 4-tert-octylphenol was effective. Doses of beta-sitosterol up to 30 mg/kg failed to initiate implantation. These data confirm previous evidence of the availability of this model for evaluating estrogenic activity and provide estimates of the estrogenic potencies of several environmentally important chemicals. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cummings, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 111 EP 117 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(00)00062-9 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 320AC UT WOS:000087377900004 PM 10825674 ER PT J AU Vogt, C Hill, G Holliday, B AF Vogt, C Hill, G Holliday, B TI National Dredging Team: Taking action SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Oceans & Coastal Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Vogt, C (reprint author), US EPA, Oceans & Coastal Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 41 IS 3 BP 25 EP 29 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 297QP UT WOS:000086094400005 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL Johnson, MG Tingey, DT Biggart, C Nowak, RS Newsom, JC AF Phillips, DL Johnson, MG Tingey, DT Biggart, C Nowak, RS Newsom, JC TI Minirhizotron installation in sandy, rocky soils with minimal soil disturbance SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FINE-ROOT DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEMS; FORESTS; GROWTH; CO2 AB We developed and demonstrated the utility of a technique for installing minirhizotron tubes in sandy, rocky soils where more traditional installation methods are inadequate. The method uses a pneumatic rock-drill alternately to drill and drive drill casing into the soil. Soil particles and drilling debris are removed from the casing as it is installed. The minirhizotron tube is inserted into the drill casing and the casing is withdrawn. A pneumatic screw-drive guide system powers the downward and upward movement of the rock-drill and controls the angle of installation. Working from a platform suspended from a center-pivot elevated catwalk minimized soil disturbance. Soil contact and root ingrowth around the minirhizotron tubes were very satisfactory. This method, while fairly labor intensive, allows minirhizotron studies of root dynamics in sandy, rocky soils where they would otherwise nut be possible. Also, there is much less soil compaction and disturbance than traditional installation techniques entail. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Newsom Ind, Newcastle, CA 95658 USA. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 13 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 761 EP 764 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200044 ER PT J AU Sampei, K Goto, S Alkayed, NJ Crain, BJ Korach, KS Traystman, RJ Demas, GE Nelson, RJ Hurn, PD AF Sampei, K Goto, S Alkayed, NJ Crain, BJ Korach, KS Traystman, RJ Demas, GE Nelson, RJ Hurn, PD TI Stroke in estrogen receptor-alpha-deficient mice SO STROKE LA English DT Article DE estrogen; cerebral ischemia; gender; menopause; stroke ID CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; CEREBROVASCULAR CO2 REACTIVITY; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; BCL-2 EXPRESSION; ARTERY OCCLUSION; VASCULAR INJURY; KNOCKOUT MOUSE AB Background and Purpose-Recent evidence suggests that endogenous estrogens or hormone replacement therapy can ameliorate brain damage from experimental stroke. Protective mechanisms involve enhanced cerebral vasodilation during ischemic stress as well as direct preservation of neuronal viability. We hypothesized that if the intracellular estrogen receptor subtype-alpha (ER alpha) is important to estrogen's signaling in the ischemic brain, then ER alpha-deficient (knockout) (ER alpha KO) female mice would sustain exaggerated cerebral infarction damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion, Methods-The histopathology of cresyl violet-stained tissues was evaluated after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (2 hours, followed by 22 hours of reperfusion) in ER alpha KO transgenic and wild-type (WT) mice (C57BL/6J background strain), End-ischemic cerebral blood flow mapping was obtained from additional female murine cohorts by using [C-14]iodoantipyrine autoradiography, Results-Total hemispheric tissue damage was not altered by ER alpha deficiency in female mice: 51.9+/-10.6 mm(3) in ER alpha KO versus 60.5+/-5.0 mm(3) in WT. Striatal infarction was equivalent, 12.2+/-1.7 mm(3) in ER alpha KO and 13.4+/-1.0 mm(3) in WT mice, but cortical infarction was paradoxically smaller relative to that of the WT (20.7+/-4.5 mm(3) in ER alpha KO versus 30.6+/-1.1 mm(3) in WT), Intraocclusion blood flow to the parietal cortex was higher in ER alpha KO than in WT mice, likely accounting for the reduced infarction in this anatomic area. There were no differences in stroke outcomes by region or genotype in male animals. Conclusions-Loss of ER alpha does not enhance tissue damage in the female animal, suggesting that estrogen inhibits brain injury by mechanisms that do not depend on activation of this receptor subtype. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol & Crit Care Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Psychol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Hurn, PD (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol & Crit Care Med, 600 N Wolfe St,Blalock 1404, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. OI Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS20020, NS33668]; NINR NIH HHS [NR03521] NR 52 TC 118 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD MAR PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 738 EP 743 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 289HP UT WOS:000085614700028 PM 10700513 ER PT J AU Crosby, LM Morgan, KT Gaskill, B Wolf, DC DeAngelo, AB AF Crosby, LM Morgan, KT Gaskill, B Wolf, DC DeAngelo, AB TI Origin and distribution of potassium bromate-induced testicular and peritoneal mesotheliomas in rats SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rat testis; tunics vaginalis; water disinfection byproducts; mesorchium; carcinogenesis; risk assessment ID LONG-TERM TOXICITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CARCINOGENICITY; OXYGEN; KIDNEY; CELL; MICE AB Tissue sections were examined from a 2-year bioassay of male Fischer 334 rats treated with potassium bromate administered in drinking water. All animals exhibiting peritoneal mesotheliomas also had mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis testis mesorchium (the reverse was not true), and the correlation of these 2 types of mesotheliomas was highly significant (r(2) = 0.98). Mapping of the tunica vaginalis tumors at all time points and at all bromate concentrations revealed a pattern of increasing incidence of tumor formation on the mesothelium of the tunica vaginalis testis as a function of proximity to the mesorchial ligament. Thus, the mesorchium appears to be the major mesothelial target site for potassium bromate-mediated carcinogenesis. The frequency of occurrence of mesotheliomas by location was tunica vaginalis testis (25%), mesosplenium (20%), mesentry (10%), mesojejunum/mesocolon (8%), bladder (6.5%), mesogastrium (13%), liver serosa (5%), and kidney, small intestine, and rectum (1% each). A complete cross-section of the rat testis was prepared and used I:to construct a complete map of the mesothelium. Any attempt to determine the role of local dose and tissue susceptibility for the purpose of interspecies risk extrapolation must take into account the complex anatomy and physiology of this region of the visceral and testicular suspensory apparatus. Improved histologic approaches are needed for adequate assessment of this delicate suspensory system. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Crosby, LM (reprint author), US EPA, MD 68,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI MT ROYAL PA 19 MANTUA RD, MT ROYAL, NJ 08061 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 253 EP 266 DI 10.1177/019262330002800205 PG 14 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 298NP UT WOS:000086146300005 PM 10805143 ER PT J AU Saghir, SA Hansen, LG Holmes, KR Kodavanti, PRS AF Saghir, SA Hansen, LG Holmes, KR Kodavanti, PRS TI Differential and non-uniform tissue and brain distribution of two distinct C-14-hexachlorobiphenyls in weanling rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE brain; polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB); neurotoxicity; structure-specific brain accumulation; 2,2 ',4,4 ',5,5 '-hexachlorobiphenyl; 3,3 ',4,4 ',5,5 '-hexachlorobiphenyl; PCB distribution; PCB excretion ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL MIXTURES; SUBSTITUTED PCB CONGENERS; PREPUBERTAL FEMALE RATS; ACUTE EXPOSURE; NEUROTOXICITY; SEQUESTRATION; INDUCTION; RESPONSES; BINDING; ISOMERS AB Excretion and tissue retention of a coplanar and a non-coplanar hexachlorobiphenyl (HxCB) were determined 48 h after a single intraperitoneal (ip) dose of 8 mg/kg radiolabeled [C-14]-HxCBs to weanling male and female Long-Evans rats. The objective was to understand the involvement of initial target organs of chlorobiphenyl (CB) accumulation following acute exposure in immature animals. During the short interval, both HxCBs remained sequestered predominantly in mesenteric fat (compared to subcutaneous fat) and less than 1% of the doses were excreted. Excretion was 4- to 8-fold lower than adult rats. Coplanar CB 169 (3,3', 4,4', 5,5'-HxCB) did not accumulate appreciably in the brain, but was retained at 3-fold higher levels in the liver than was non-coplanar CB 153 (2,2', 4,4', 5,5'-HxCB). Accumulation of C-14-CB 153 in brains was 4- to 9-fold higher than that of C-14-CB 169 and was adequate to detect non-uniform distribution in serial cryostat sections by phosphor imaging autoradiography. The autoradiographs showed a higher CB 153-derived radioactivity associated with fiber tracts throughout the brain. Specifically, the corpus callosum, internal and external capsules, medial lemniscus, tegmentum of the mesencephalon and metencephalon, and cerebellar peduncles showed significantly higher C-14-CB 153 than the other structures. The 14C-CB 153 was not found in the ventricular system and vascular spaces. These results suggest for the first time that an ortho-substituted PCB congener accumulated preferentially in brain in a structure-specific manner when compared to a non-ortho-substituted PCB congener. C1 US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. RP Saghir, SA (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999,Mail Stop P7-56, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 46 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 1 BP 60 EP 70 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.1.60 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 292MU UT WOS:000085799400007 PM 10746932 ER PT J AU Evans, MV Andersen, ME AF Evans, MV Andersen, ME TI Sensitivity analysis of a physiological model for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorocdibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): Assessing the impact of specific model parameters on sequestration in liver and fat in the rat SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE TCDD; pharmacokinetic modeling; sensitivity analysis ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; RISK ASSESSMENT; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; RECEPTOR; TOXICOKINETICS; INDUCTION; TOXICITY; MOUSE AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has close-dependent tissue distribution because of induction of CYP1A2, a TCDD-binding protein, in the liver. Induction requires transcriptional activation of the CYP1A2 gene product by TCDD and the Ah receptor. An empirical model for dose-dependent distribution (Carrier et al., 1995, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 131, 253-266) included two simple descriptors: one for the maximum liver sequestration (Fmax) and the other for body burden leading to half maximum sequestration (Kd). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models include specific parameters for protein receptors, protein binding, tissue solubility, and protein induction. We have applied a PBPK model to define two macroscopic constants related to these dose-response curves, i.e., the inflection point, and the maximum values of these curves. The dose-response curves generated from the PBPK model were for the proportion sequestered in liver and the liver to fat concentration ratio. Our analysis assessed the specific biological factors in the PBPK model that governed the values of these two macroscopic constants. For the fraction in liver, the Hill coefficient (a shape exponent describing the relationship between the Ah receptor-TCDD complex with the DNA receptor) resulted in the largest shift in inflection when using PBPK model parameters specific for TCDD. For the liver to fat ratio, the inflection point was most affected by the number of available Ah receptors. Conventional normalized sensitivity coefficients for the liver-to-fat ratio at the maximum were highest for the fat-to-blood partition coefficient, CYP1A2 binding affinity, and maximum extent of induction of CYP1A2. A similar pattern was observed for the liver fraction, except that the sensitivity coefficients were much smaller. The behavior of different TCDD congeners was evaluated by altering the value of key parameters. Our results demonstrate that the inflection point is more related to characteristics of DNA binding/induction steps of the Ah receptor-DNA complex than by the CYP1A2 affinity of TCDD or concentrations of CYP1A2. Surprisingly, the maximum is more sensitive to changes in CYP1A2 concentrations and affinity for TCDD. In addition, the analysis showed that the liver-to-fat ratio is a more useful experimental measure than is proportion in liver because the ratio responds with similar sensitivity over a much wider range of input parameters. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Evans, MV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 1 BP 71 EP 80 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.1.71 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 292MU UT WOS:000085799400008 PM 10746933 ER PT J AU Troester, MA Lindstrom, AB Kupper, LL Waidyanatha, S Rappaport, SM AF Troester, MA Lindstrom, AB Kupper, LL Waidyanatha, S Rappaport, SM TI Stability of hemoglobin and albumin adducts of benzene oxide and 1,4-benzoquinone after administration of benzene to F344 rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE adduct stability; albumin, benzene; benzene oxide; benzoquinone; biomarker; hemoglobin; protein adducts; protein turnover ID GLUTATHIONE ADDITION; S-PHENYLCYSTEINE; PROTEIN ADDUCTS; STYRENE OXIDE; BONE-MARROW; DNA-DAMAGE; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; BLOOD; MICE AB The stability of cysteinyl adducts of benzene oxide (BO) and mono-S-substituted cysteinyl adducts of 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ) was investigated in both hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb) following administration of a single oral dose of 400 mg [U-C-14/ C-13(6)]benzene/kg body weight to F344 rats. Total radiobound adducts to Hb were stable, as were adducts formed by the reaction of [C-13(6)]BO with cysteinyl residues on Hb. In both cases adduct stability was indicated by zero-order kinetics with decay rates consistent with the lifetime of rat erythrocytes. Hb adducts of 1,4-BQ were not detected, possibly due to the production of multi-S-substituted adducts within the erythrocyte. Regarding Alb binding, total radiobound adducts decayed more rapidly than expected (half-life of 0.4 days), suggesting that uncharacterized benzene metabolites were noncovalently bound or formed unstable adducts with Alb. Although adducts from reactions of BO and 1,4-BQ with Alb both decayed with rates consistent with those of Alb turnover in the rat, the half-life for 1,4-BQ-Alb (2.5 days) was shorter than that for BO-Alb (3.1 days), suggesting some instability of 1,4-BQ-Alb. Assuming similar rates of adduct instability in humans and rats, the 1,4-BQ-AIb adducts would be eliminated with a half-life of approximately 8 days, compared with BO-Alb, which would be expected to turnover with Alb (half-life of approximately 21 days). C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Rappaport, SM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5-T32-ES07018, P42ES05948] NR 39 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 1 BP 88 EP 94 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.1.88 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 292MU UT WOS:000085799400010 PM 10746935 ER PT J AU Laws, SC Carey, SA Ferrell, JM Bodman, GJ Cooper, RL AF Laws, SC Carey, SA Ferrell, JM Bodman, GJ Cooper, RL TI Estrogenic activity of octylphenol, nonylphenol, bisphenol A and methoxychlor in rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE female reproductive toxicology; endocrine disrupters; ethynyl estradiol; 4-tert-octylphenol; 4-nonylphenol; bisphenol A; methoxychlor; rat; uterotrophic assay; estrous cyclicity; vaginal opening assay ID IN-VIVO; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; ESTROUS-CYCLE; RAINBOW-TROUT; FEMALE RAT; RECEPTOR; ENDOCRINE; VITRO; INHIBITION AB Considerable attention has recently been focused on environmental chemicals that disrupt the reproductive system by altering steroid receptor function. Although numerous in vitro and in vivo methods have been shown to be useful approaches for identifying chemicals that can disrupt reproduction through a direct interaction with the estrogen receptor, it is imperative that the protocols selected be capable of detecting chemicals with a broad range of estrogenic activity. Here we evaluate the reliability of the 3-day uterotrophic assay for detecting chemicals with strong or weak estrogenic activity in both prepubertal and ovariectomized adult Long Evans rats. These data were compared to additional measures of estrogenic activity, which included the age of vaginal opening, the induction of cornified vaginal epithelial cells in ovariectomized adult rats, and estrous cyclicity in intact adult rats. Test chemicals selected for these studies included 17-beta-estradiol, ethynyl estradiol, methoxychlor, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A. Data from in vitro receptor binding assays compared the ability of the test chemicals to compete with [H-3]-estradiol or [H-3]-promegestone for binding to estrogen or progesterone receptors. As expected, the binding affinities for the estrogen receptor ranged from high to low, as reflected by Ki concentrations of 0.4 nM for 17-beta-estradiol and ethynyl estradiol, and 0.05-65 mu M for 4-tert-octyphenol, 4-nonylphenol, and methoxychlor. Although none of the test chemicals demonstrated a high affinity for binding to the progesterone receptor, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol exhibited a weak affinity, with Ki concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 3.8 mu M. In vivo studies indicated that the 3-day uterotrophic assay in prepubertal rats was the best method for detecting estrogenic activity when compared with all other end points, based upon the dose-response data for ethynyl estradiol (0.01-0.1 mg/kg), 4-tert-octylphenol (50-200 mg/kg, oral), and 4-nonylphenol (25-100 mg/kg, oral). Although oral doses of ethynyl estradiol (0.01 mg/kg) and 4-nonylphenol (50 mg/kg) induced a significant increase in uterine weight in the prepubertal rats, these doses were ineffective for stimulating a similar response in ovariectomized adult rats. The age of vaginal opening was advanced following oral exposure from postnatal days 21-35 to ethynyl estradiol (0.01 mg/kg), methoxychlor (50 mg/kg), 4-tert-octylphenol (200 mg/kg), and 4-nonylphenol (50 mg/kg). Although bisphenol A (200 mg/kg, oral) induced a significant uterotrophic response within 3 days in prepubertal rats, doses up to 400 mg/kg failed to advance the age of vaginal opening. Monitoring changes in the vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized adult rats was the least effective method for detecting estrogenic activity for 4-tert-octylphenol and bisphenol A. The number of 4-5 day estrous cycles was reduced during a 25-day exposure to ethynyl estradiol (0.01 mg/kg), methoxychlor (50 mg/kg), 4-tert-octylphenol (200 mg/kg), 4-nonylphenol (100 mg/kg), and bisphenol A (100 mg/kg) by oral gavage. Although long periods of extended diestrus (7-14 days) were generally correlated with exposure to ethynyl estradiol and 4-tert-octylphenol, the cycling patterns following exposure to methoxychlor, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A were not as clearly defined, with shorter periods of extended diestrus (4-7 days) and/or estrus (3-5 days) intermittently observed throughout the exposure period. Together these data provide a comparison of the 3-day uterotrophic assay with alternative measures of estrogenic activity for a group of test chemicals with a broad range of affinities for the estrogen receptor. These data can be useful during the assessment and validation of methods for screening environmental chemicals for endocrine disrupting activity. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Laws, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM laws.susan@epamail.epa.gov NR 60 TC 366 Z9 384 U1 3 U2 48 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 1 BP 154 EP 167 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.1.154 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 292MU UT WOS:000085799400017 PM 10746942 ER PT J AU Barton, HA Deisinger, PJ English, JC Gearhart, JM Faber, WD Tyler, TR Banton, MI Teeguarden, J Andersen, ME AF Barton, HA Deisinger, PJ English, JC Gearhart, JM Faber, WD Tyler, TR Banton, MI Teeguarden, J Andersen, ME TI Family approach for estimating reference concentrations/doses for series of related organic chemicals SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE hazard identification; dose-response assessment; butyl acetate; tissue dosimetry; mixtures; risk assessment; pharmacokinetics; reference dose (RfD); reference concentration (RfC) ID MULTIROUTE EXPOSURE MODEL; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; RAT; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; ACETATE; 2-BUTOXYETHANOL; METABOLITES; HUMANS; INFORMATION AB The family approach for related compounds can be used to evaluate hazard and estimate reference concentrations/doses using internal dose metrics for a group (family) of metabolically related compounds. This approach is based upon a simple four-step framework for organizing and evaluating toxicity data: 1) exposure, 2) tissue dosimetry, 3) mode of action, and 4) response, Expansion of the traditional exposure-response analysis has been increasingly incorporated into regulatory guidance for chemical risk assessment. The family approach represents an advancement in the planning and use of toxicity testing that is intended to facilitate the maximal use of toxicity data. The result is a methodology that makes toxicity testing and the development of acceptable exposure limits as efficient and effective as possible. An example is provided using butyl acetate and its metabolites (butanol, butyraldehyde, and butyrate), widely used chemicals produced synthetically by the industrial oxo process. A template pharmacokinetic model has been developed that comprises submodels for each compound linked in series. This preliminary model is being used to coordinately plan toxicity studies, pharmacokinetic studies, and analyses to obtain reference concentrations/ doses. Implementation of the family approach using pharmacokinetic modeling to obtain tissue dose metrics is described and its applications are evaluated. C1 ICF Kaiser, KS Crump Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Eastman Kodak Co, Hlth & Environm Labs, Rochester, NY 14652 USA. Union Carbide Corp, Hlth Safety & Environm Affairs Dept, Danbury, CT 06817 USA. Shell Chem Co, Toxicol Hlth Safety & Environm, Houston, TX 77002 USA. RP Barton, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 74,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 46 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 1 BP 251 EP 261 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.1.251 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 292MU UT WOS:000085799400027 PM 10746952 ER PT J AU Dilks, DW Pendergast, JF AF Dilks, DW Pendergast, JF TI Comparison of dynamic and steady-state models for determining water quality based national pollutant discharge elimination system limits for toxics SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Monte Carlo analysis; dynamic; steady state; model; water quality; toxics; wasteload allocation; NPDES AB Current U.S. Environmental protection Agency guidance allows water quality based effluent limits for toxic substances to be based on one of two types of water quality models: steady state and dynamic. The intention of both types of models is to limit occurrence of instream toxicity to a frequency of no greater than once in 3 years. Steady-state models are used to predict concentrations for a single critical (i.e., almost worst-case) combination of effluent and environmental conditions. These models assume that effluent limits that are protective for critical conditions will also be in compliance with the less than once-in-3-year frequency of toxicity objective. Dynamic (or probabilistic) models explicitly consider the variability in all model inputs and define effluent limits that will be in direct compliance with the once-in-3-year goal. Essentially all published comparisons of steady-state and dynamic model results have indicated that steady-state models are more protective than dynamic models, leading to the commonly held assumption that steady-state models are always overprotective. This assumption was evaluated by comparing steady-state and dynamic wasteload allocation model results with 10 different sites across the United States. At 8 of the 10 sites, steady-state modeling resulted in more lenient effluent limits. The primary factor that determines which wasteload allocation model produces the more stringent result was found to be the variation in receiving water assimilative capacity. Steady-state analyses are less stringent than dynamic models for cases when there is a small variability in receiving water assimilative capacity. For systems with more variable assimilative capacity, the steady-state model may be more stringent, depending on the severity of the critical condition selected. Equations are derived that allow a direct comparison of the two methods for simple single-discharge situations. C1 Limno Tech Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. US EPA, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watershed, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 72 IS 2 BP 225 EP 229 DI 10.2175/106143000X137383 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 300EM UT WOS:000086239900015 ER PT J AU Mount, DR Hockett, JR AF Mount, DR Hockett, JR TI Use of toxicity identification evaluation methods to characterize, identify, and confirm hexavalent chromium toxicity in an industrial effluent SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE toxicity identification evaluation; hexavalent chromium; effluent toxicity; ion exchange; Ceriodaphnia dubia ID MODELS AB A toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was conducted on effluent from a major industrial discharger. Although initial monitoring typically showed only slight, intermittent, chronic toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia. a later sample showed substantial acute toxicity to C. dubia (48-h lc(50) = 9%). Acute phase I toxicity characterization tests were conducted on this acutely toxic sample; none of the phase I manipulations reduced sample toxicity. The toxic effluent sample was then treated with activated carbon, and cation, anion, and mixed-bed ion exchange. Acute toxicity was not reduced by treatment with activated carbon or cation exchange, but was completely removed by anion and mixed-bed ion exchange. Based on these data, we concluded that the causative toxicant(s) was likely an inorganic anion(s); chemical analysis detected hexavalent chromium Cr[VI] at concentrations sufficient to account for the observed acute toxicity. Although Cr[VI] could clearly explain the presence of acute toxicity, subsequent confirmation testing was designed to determine whether Cr[IV] was responsible for the low-level chronic toxicity more typical of the effluent. Concurrent chronic tests conducted on unaltered and anion-exchanged effluent showed that the presence of chronic toxicity was associated with chronically toxic concentrations of Cr[VI]. The source of Cr[VI] in the effluent was traced to a malfunctioning heat exchanger. after this malfunction was corrected, neither chronic toxicity nor appreciable Cr[VI] was observed in the effluent again. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. ENSR Consulting & Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Mount, DR (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 14 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1379 EP 1385 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00271-7 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 284YQ UT WOS:000085360800033 ER PT J AU McAllister, LS Peniston, BE Leibowitz, SG Abbruzzese, B Hyman, JB AF McAllister, LS Peniston, BE Leibowitz, SG Abbruzzese, B Hyman, JB TI A synoptic assessment for prioritizing wetland restoration efforts to optimize flood attenuation SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE synoptic approach; Prairie Pothole Region; wetland restoration; conceptual model; indicator; index; functional assessment; flood attenuation; geographic prioritization AB The placement of wetland restoration projects in a landscape to optimize the functional performance of wetlands on a regional scale is often overlooked. To address this problem, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Landscape Function Project developed the synoptic approach to assign restoration priority to landscape subunits according to selected functional criteria. The approach provides a flexible, ecologically-based framework for allocating limited restoration-resources and preserving valued wetland functions on a landscape scale. We conducted a synoptic assessment of the Prairie Pothole Region of the northcentral U.S. to demonstrate application of the method for our assessment criterion-the marginal decrease in total downstream flood volume per restoration dollar. A criterion is often not directly measurable but can be represented by an index composed of measurements on related variables. In a synoptic assessment, these measured variables, referred to as indicators, are limited to variables for which data are existing, accessible, and uniformly available for the entire region. We developed a conceptual model to guide the development of an index of the assessment criterion. We then ranked landscape subunits based on index values and mapped the ranks to show relative priority for restoration among landscape subunits. We conducted a series of analyses to justify selection of indicators and some of our assumptions. The approach offers multiple options for processing and displaying information for use by wetland managers. C1 Dynam Corp, US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP McAllister, LS (reprint author), Dynam Corp, US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 18 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 70 EP 83 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0070:ASAFPW]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 298WJ UT WOS:000086162200007 ER PT J AU Shaffer, PW Cole, CA Kentula, ME Brooks, RP AF Shaffer, PW Cole, CA Kentula, ME Brooks, RP TI Effects of measurement frequency on water-level summary statistics SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE freshwater wetlands; measurement interval; water-level summary statistics; monthly mean water level; 14-day exceedance; sampling design ID SCALE AB Wetland scientists and managers recognize the need to characterize hydrology for understanding wetland ecosystems. Hydrologic data, however, are not routinely collected in wetlands, in part because of a lack of knowledge about how to effectively measure hydrologic attributes and how frequently to measure water levels. To determine how measurement interval affects interpretation of water-level data, we analyzed data from seven wetlands in Oregon and Pennsylvania. We created subsets of daily data for each wetland, with measurement intervals of 2 to 28 days, then compared those subsets to the daily data for annual water-level summary statistics, monthly mean water levels, and occurrence/duration of threshold conditions (e.g., water in the root zone). Our primary goal was to determine if sampling at low frequencies can provide representative water-level data and accurate perceptions of the occurrence of water levels above thresholds. For annual water-level distributions, small data sets from 28-day measurement intervals provided summary data (e.g., median, quartiles, range) comparable to the 1-day reference data. For measurement intervals of seven days or less, average errors in estimates of stage (minimum, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles) were less than or equal to 0.03 m; for a 28-day interval, average errors were <0.05 m. Errors in estimates of maximum stage were considerably larger (0.11 m and 0.21 m for 7- and 28-day intervals, respectively) but can be circumvented using crest gauges. Errors in estimates of monthly mean stage varied greatly with measurement frequency (1-4% error for 7-day intervals, 5-15% error using one measurement per month), among wetlands and from month to month. Water-level durations above threshold values were problematic; for measurement intervals of 2 days and longer, 14-day exceedances of water in the root zone were frequently missed or spurious exceedance periods were identified. Overall, results show that sampling at monthly intervals, supplemented with crest gauges, provides a representative description of annual water-level distributions for use in classifying and comparing wetlands. More frequent sampling is required to characterize water levels for shorter (e.g., monthly) time periods and to reliably identify exceedance periods for water above threshold levels. More generally, the results remind us that the frequency and duration of sampling in hydrologic studies must be designed to ensure that data will support planned analyses. C1 Dynam Corp Environm Serv, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Penn State Cooperat Wetlands Ctr, Forest Resources Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US EPA, NHEERL WED, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Shaffer, PW (reprint author), Dynam Corp Environm Serv, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 148 EP 161 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0148:EOMFOW]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 298WJ UT WOS:000086162200013 ER PT J AU Wang, NM Mitsch, WJ AF Wang, NM Mitsch, WJ TI A detailed ecosystem model of phosphorus dynamics in created riparian wetlands SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE ecosystem modelling; wetland; nutrient cycling; phosphorus; freshwater marsh; Des Plaines River Wetland Demonstration Project ID FRESH-WATER WETLANDS; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; NUTRIENT RETENTION; DECOMPOSITION; HYDROLOGY; SEDIMENTS; DETRITUS; QUALITY; MARSHES; RIVERS AB A generalized yet detailed wetland ecosystem model was calibrated and validated with 3 years's data from four similarly constructed wetlands in northeastern Illinois, USA. The model was used to explore the role of different wetland structure and function in relation to phosphorus retention, to integrate collected data and provide a better understanding at the ecosystem level about constructed wetlands, and to predict the sediment and phosphorus retentions under different hydrologic conditions. Four submodels - hydrology, primary productivity, sediments, and phosphorus - were included in the model. Phosphorus cycling was reasonably simulated with one set of parameters for a total of 10 wetland-years. The model showed that autochthonous organic matter production varies from 300 to 1036 g dw m(-2) year(-1) with 12 to 103 g dw m(-2) year(-1) accumulating as bottom detritus. This compares to inflows year (allochthonous) of 192-934 g dw m(-2) year(-1). Simulated sediment accumulation ranged of sediments from the nver from 6 to 29 mm year(-1) with high inflow wetlands having higher sediment accumulation rates than low flow wetlands. Model estimates are well below the 50-100 mm year(-1) rates predicted by sedimentation trap data in previous studies. Total phosphorus retained with sedimentation is simulated at a rate of 1.08-2.47 g P m(-2) year(-1) in the range of values reported for other wetlands. Simulations showed that macrophytes pumped about 0.31-1.66 g P m(-2) year(-1) out of deep sediments, and increased total phosphorus in the water column mostly during the non-growing season. Simulated phosphorus retention increased by 5.1% when macrophytes were removed from the wetland. Simulated phosphorus retention decreased from 90 to 50% when inflow increases from 8 cm week(-1) to 200 cm week(-1). Manipulating the hydrologic regime to increase phosphorus removal efficiency may be a desirable strategy for constructed wetlands. Constructed wetlands are dynamic ecosystems for which we generally have poor predictive capabilities; ecological modelling provides us with a useful tool for understanding wetland function and structure, testing hypothesis, and making predictions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US EPA, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Mitsch, WJ (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 65 TC 64 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB 28 PY 2000 VL 126 IS 2-3 BP 101 EP 130 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00260-X PG 30 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 328PU UT WOS:000087859900002 ER PT J AU Ward, MDW Madison, SL Sailstad, DM Gavett, SH Selgrade, MK AF Ward, MDW Madison, SL Sailstad, DM Gavett, SH Selgrade, MK TI Allergen-triggered airway hyperresponsiveness and lung pathology in mice sensitized with the biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fugus; mouse; antigen ID LATE ASTHMATIC RESPONSE; IFN-GAMMA; ANIMAL-MODEL; IL-4; INTERLEUKIN-5; CYTOKINE; IGE; TH2; PROLIFERATION; LYMPHOCYTES AB Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus recently licensed for indoor control of cockroaches, a major source of allergens. While M. anisopliae has been shown to be non-infectious and non-toxic to mammals there has been only limited research on potential allergenicity. Using a mouse model, we previously demonstrated allergic immune and inflammatory responses to this agent. The present study was designed to determine whether these responses were associated with changes in pulmonary responses, lung pathology, and the cytokine profile in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Soluble factors from fungal components were combined in equal protein amounts to form M. anisopliae crude antigen (MACA). BALB/C mice were intratracheally (IT) challenged with 10 mu g MACA 14 days post intraperitoneal sensitization with 25 mu g fungal antigen in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Physiological and cellular changes were examined. The mice were tested for airway hyperresponsiveness before (No Chal) and after (1, 3, and 8 days post challenge (DPIT)) MACA IT challenge. Subsequently, serum, BALF and the lungs were harvested. All treatment groups concurrently demonstrated significant non-specific pulmonary inflammation (neutrophil influx) and increased pulmonary sensitivity to methacholine (Mch) at 1 DPIT MACA challenge. Where as both adjuvant treated and naive mice airway responses had returned to near normal levels by 3 DPIT, mice which were previously sensitized with MACA wore still hyperresponsive to Mch challenge at 3 and 8 DPIT. This hyperresponsiveness correlates with eosinophil and lymphocyte influx, which is maximal at 3 DPIT and still elevated at 8 DPIT. Interleukin (IL) 5 was elevated for all treatment groups at 1 DPIT but only the MACA sensitized mice maintained elevated levels for both 3 and 8 DPIT. Furthermore, MACA sensitized mice had a more extensive inflammatory histopathology at all examined time points with peribronchial and perivascular infiltrates, like those associated with allergic responsiveness, peaking at 3 DPIT. These pulmonary pathologic changes appeared to be consistent with elevated levels of serum and BALF total IgE, BALF IL-4, eosinophils. and lymphocytes: following MACA IT challenge in MACA sensitized mice. There were no significant differences among the: three treatment groups with regard to BALF interferon (IFN) gamma. The cytokines profiled indicate a Th2-type response, which is reflected in the cellular influx and total IgE induction. These data further indicate that immune inflammatory responses, observed in mice following MACA sensitization and challenge, are associated with physiologic changes and histopathology characteristic of allergic disease. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Ward, MDW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 92,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD FEB 21 PY 2000 VL 143 IS 2 BP 141 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00166-3 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 291DK UT WOS:000085718700002 PM 10755701 ER PT J AU Hughes, MF Del Razo, LM Kenyon, EM AF Hughes, MF Del Razo, LM Kenyon, EM TI Dose-dependent effects on tissue distribution and metabolism of dimethylarsinic acid in the mouse after intravenous administration SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dimethylarsinic acid; pharmacokinetics; arsenic ID DNA-STRAND BREAKS; INORGANIC ARSENICS; RESPIRATORY CANCER; CACODYLIC ACID; MICE; EXPOSURE; RATS; ARSENATE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; EXCRETION AB Most mammals methylate inorganic arsenic to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). This organic arsenical causes organ-specific toxicity and is a multi-organ tumor promoter. The objective of this study was to examine whether dose could affect the distribution and metabolism of DMA. Female B6C3F1 mice (3-4/time point) were administered 1.11 or 111 mg/kg of DMA (1 mu Ci of [C-14] or unlabeled) intravenously and killed serially (5-480 min). Blood was separated into plasma and red blood cell fractions and liver, kidney and lung were removed, weighed and homogenized. Tissue samples were oxidized and analyzed for DMA-derived radioactivity. Blood and several organs of the non-radioactive DMA-treated animals were digested in acid and analyzed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry for DMA and metabolites. Concentration-time profiles showed a biexponential decrease of DMA-derived radioactivity in all tissues examined. Kidney had the highest concentration (1-20% dose/gm) of radioactivity of all tissues up to 60 min post-administration. Concentration of radioactivity was greater in plasma than red blood cells at 5 and 15 min and then was similar for the remaining time points. A dose-dependent effect on the concentration of radioactivity was observed in the lung. The retention of radioactivity in the lung was altered compared with liver and kidney, with a much longer t(1/2 beta) and a disproportionate increase in area under the curve with increased dose. No methylated or demethylated products of DMA were detected in blood or any organ up to 8 h post-exposure. The dose-dependent distribution of DMA in the lung may have a role in the toxic effects DMA elicits in this organ. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Nat Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Inst Politecn Nacl, CINVESTAV, Dept Farmacol & Toxicol, Secc Toxicol Ambiental, Mexico City 07000, DF, Mexico. RP Hughes, MF (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 50 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD FEB 21 PY 2000 VL 143 IS 2 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00169-9 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 291DK UT WOS:000085718700003 PM 10755702 ER PT J AU Sieber, SM Galson, SK AF Sieber, SM Galson, SK TI Cooperating on childhood cancer SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 NCI, NIH, Special Projects, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Sieber, SM (reprint author), NCI, NIH, Special Projects, 31 Ctr Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 18 PY 2000 VL 287 IS 5456 BP 1205 EP 1205 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 286KG UT WOS:000085444700023 PM 10712154 ER PT J AU Kligerman, AD Doerr, CL Tennant, AH Zucker, RM AF Kligerman, AD Doerr, CL Tennant, AH Zucker, RM TI Cytogenetic studies of three triazine herbicides I. In vitro studies SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE triazine; chromosome damage; sister chromatid exchange; human lymphocytes ID ATRAZINE; INVITRO; INVIVO; DAMAGE; INDUCTION; ALACHLOR; SYSTEM; CELLS; ASSAY; DNA AB Atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine are widely used pre-emergence and post-emergence triazine herbicides that have made their way into the potable water supply of many agricultural communities, Because of this and the prevalence of contradictory cytogenetic studies in the literature on atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine, a series of in vitro experiments was performed to investigate the ability of these three triazines to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations (CAs) in human lymphocyte cultures. Our results showed that all three triazines failed to produce any significant increases in SCEs or CAs up to the limits of solubility [using 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)]. Our results are discussed in light of contradictory results in the literature. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, ERC Bldg,Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD FEB 16 PY 2000 VL 465 IS 1-2 BP 53 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00211-9 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 291XT UT WOS:000085765600006 PM 10708969 ER PT J AU Chung, KT Hughes, TJ Claxton, LD AF Chung, KT Hughes, TJ Claxton, LD TI Comparison of the mutagenic specificity induced by four nitro-group-containing aromatic amines in Salmonella typhimurium his genes SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE mutagenic specificity; aromatic amine; Salmonella typhimurium ID MUTATIONAL SPECIFICITY; DNA ADDUCTS; CARCINOGENICITY; BENZIDINE; 1,8-DINITROPYRENE; PHENYLENEDIAMINES; NITROARENES; ENVIRONMENT; METABOLISM; CELLS AB Four nitrated aromatic amines (2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine [2NPD], 3-nitro-o-phenylenediamine [3NPD], 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine [4NPD] and 4,4'-dinitro-2-biphenylamine [DNBA]) are direct-acting mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100. These compounds were tested further using the Xenometrix strains of S. typhimurium: TA7001, TA7002, TA7003, TA7004, TA7005, and TA7006, with and without S9 mix in the plate incorporation assay. The direct-acting mutagenicity of 2NPD, 4NPD, and DNBA was detected with TA7002, TA7004 and TA7005. 2NPD and DNBA showed some activity in TA7006; DNBA also showed some activity in TA7003. Mutagenicity was generally decreased in these strains when S9 was added. 3NPD was mutagenic in TA7004 without S9 and in TA7005 with and without S9. These data suggest that 2NPD, 4NPD and DNBA induced TA --> AT and CG --> AT transversions as well as GC --> AT transitions in the his gene. 3NPD induced CG --> AT transversions and GC --> AT transitions. 2NPD and DNBA also induced a small portion of CG --> GC transversions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Microbiol & Mol Cell Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Chung, KT (reprint author), Univ Memphis, Dept Microbiol & Mol Cell Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 32 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD FEB 16 PY 2000 VL 465 IS 1-2 BP 165 EP 171 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00225-9 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 291XT UT WOS:000085765600020 PM 10708983 ER PT J AU Mundy, WR Sutton, LD AF Mundy, WR Sutton, LD TI Characterization of a selective protein kinase C substrate derived from the MARCKS phosphorylation site domain for use in brain tissue homogenates SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE protein kinase C; MARCKS; enzyme assay; rat brain; development ID CALMODULIN-BINDING-PROTEIN; LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; RAT-BRAIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NEURONAL CULTURES; INHIBITOR; FAMILY; PKC; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; TRANSLOCATION AB Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play crucial roles in neuronal signal transduction and can regulate transmitter release, ion channels, neural development, and plasticity. In vitro assays of PKC are frequently used to associate PKC activity with cellular function, and the availability of selective PKC substrates can facilitate such studies. We have characterized a commercially available 12 amino acid peptide derived from the myristoylated alanine rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS-PSD, Calbiochem) for use in crude rat brain homogenates. Assays were performed at 25 degrees C for 10 min (linear up to 12 min) using optimal concentrations of calcium and lipid cofactors. Kinetic analysis of MARCKS-PSD phosphorylation by PKC purified from rat brain gave a K-m of 2.3 mu M, which was similar to the K-m of 2.8 mu M obtained using rat brain cortical homogenates. The selective PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide reduced phosphorylation of MARCKS-PSD in a concentration-dependent manner, with greater than 95% inhibition at 1.0 mu M. MARCKS-PSD was more potent than another widely used selective PKC substrate (neurogranin((28-43))) and was a good substrate for human recombinant PKC alpha, delta, and epsilon but not zeta The ontogeny of PKC activity was examined in the cortex and cerebellum. PKC activity was low at birth and reached adult levels by 21 days of age in both regions, Calcium-independent PKC activity in brain homogenates could be measured with MARCKS-PSD and accounted for approximately 25 and 10% of total activity in 1-day-old and adult rat cortex, respectively. These results suggest that the MARCKS-PSD peptide can be used as a selective PKC substrate in rat brain homogenates. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mundy, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 278 IS 2 BP 185 EP 191 DI 10.1006/abio.1999.4462 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 285GN UT WOS:000085381500013 PM 10660461 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Reclaiming our children: A healing plan for a nation in crisis. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 125 IS 3 BP 183 EP 184 PG 2 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 285XG UT WOS:000085413200158 ER PT J AU Allio, T Donner, EM Preston, RJ AF Allio, T Donner, EM Preston, RJ TI A comparison of the roles of p53 mutation and AraC inhibition in the enhancement of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations in mouse and human cells SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE p53; DNA repair; bleomycin; 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine; AraC ID WILD-TYPE P53; REPLICATION PROTEIN-A; LI-FRAUMENI SYNDROME; SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA; CYTOSINE-ARABINOSIDE; EXCISION-REPAIR; NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; P53-REGULATED PROTEIN; IONIZING-RADIATION; GENE AMPLIFICATION AB Previous studies have shown that p53 is involved in the repair of bleomycin-induced DNA damage, and that the frequency of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations is elevated in G(2)-treated p53 null transgenic mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) as compared to isogenic controls. To further characterize p53-mediated DNA repair, we studied the effect of p53 status on the ability of the DNA repair inhibitor 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) to sensitize MEF to bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations. Both p53+/+ and p53-/- MEF were treated in G(2) with 0 to 7.5 mu g/ml bleomycin in the presence or absence of AraC (5 x 10(-5) M). The frequency of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations was significantly higher in p53-/- cells than wild-type cells in the absence of AraC. AraC treatment significantly increased the frequency of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations in p53+/+ MEF to the levels in p53-/- (no AraC) but had no effect in p53-/- MEF. These results suggest that an AraC-sensitive DNA repair component is altered or absent in p53-/- cells. Similar results were observed in p53-mutant WTK1 and wild-type TK6 human lymphoblast cells exposed to 0 to 3 mu g/ml bleomycin in G(2). However, AraC did cause a small increase in bleomycin sensitivity in WTK1 cells. This difference from the p53-/- MEF response may be due to differences in p53-mutant phenotype. To determine whether mutation of p53 alters DNA replication fidelity, p53+/+ and p53-/- MEF were exposed to 0 to 1 mu g/ml mitomycin C (MMC). MMC did not induce chromosome aberrations in either cell line treated in G(2) but did with the same effectiveness in both cell Lines treated in S-phase. Thus, p53 deficiency does not affect DNA. replication fidelity or the repair of MMC-induced DNA damage. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Preston, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-07046] NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD FEB 14 PY 2000 VL 447 IS 2 BP 227 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00212-2 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 293LD UT WOS:000085852400010 PM 10751606 ER PT J AU Miller, H Prasad, R Wilson, SH Johnson, F Grollman, AP AF Miller, H Prasad, R Wilson, SH Johnson, F Grollman, AP TI 8-OxodGTP incorporation by DNA polymerase beta is modified by active-site residue Asn279 SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; GAPPED DNA; FIDELITY; PROCESSIVITY; SPECIFICITY; REPLICATION; INSERTION; MECHANISM; KINETICS; DUPLEX AB To understand how the active site of a DNA polymerase might modulate the coding of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine (8-oxodG), we performed steady-state kinetic analyses using wild-type DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) and two active-site mutants. We compared the coding of these polymerases by calculating the ratio of efficiencies for incorporation of dATP and dCTP opposite 8-oxodG and for incorporation of 8-oxodGTP opposite dA and dC. For wild-type pol beta, there is a 2:1 preference for incorporation of dCTP over dATP opposite 8-oxodG using a 5'-phosphorylated 4-base gap substrate. Mutation of either Asn279 or Arg283 to alanine has almost no effect on the ratio. 8-OxodGTP is preferentially incorporated opposite a template dA (24:1) by wild-type pol beta; mutation of Asn279 to alanine results dramatic change whereby there is preferential incorporation of 8-oxodGTP opposite dC (14:1). This suggests that interactions of 8-oxodGTP with Asn279 in the polymerase active site may alter the conformation of 8-oxodGTP and therefore alter its misincorporation. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Pharmacol Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Miller, H (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Pharmacol Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Miller, Holly/I-6942-2015 OI Miller, Holly/0000-0002-9076-5335 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA17395, CA47995] NR 24 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 8 PY 2000 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1029 EP 1033 DI 10.1021/bi991789x PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 281QU UT WOS:000085172900021 PM 10653647 ER PT J AU Hubbell, BJ Marra, MC Carlson, GA AF Hubbell, BJ Marra, MC Carlson, GA TI Estimating the demand for a new technology: Bt cotton and insecticide policies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Bt cotton; biotechnology; demand; insecticide policy; revealed preferences; stated preferences; technology adoption ID CONTINGENT VALUATION; ADOPTION AB This article examines the potential demand for Bt cotton in the Southeast from information gathered in the first year of commercialization. We combine revealed preference (RP) data on adoption of Bt cotton varieties with stated preference (SP) data on willingness to adopt to estimate demand using a double-bounded maximum likelihood procedure. Using estimated demand equations, we simulate the costs of reducing conventional insecticide applications through subsidization of Bt cotton Results indicate that reducing cotton insecticide applications by 40% in die Southeast would require a $21/acre subsidy, with total annual program costs between $53 million and $60 million. C1 US EPA, Air Qual Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hubbell, BJ (reprint author), US EPA, Air Qual Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI Hubbell, Bryan/0000-0002-7963-3438 NR 18 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 82 IS 1 BP 118 EP 132 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00010 PG 15 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 292DZ UT WOS:000085780000010 ER PT J AU Mondal, K Haskill, JS Becker, S AF Mondal, K Haskill, JS Becker, S TI Adhesion and pollution particle-induced oxidant generation is neither necessary nor sufficient for cytokine induction in human alveolar macrophages SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NF-KAPPA-B; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE; TYROSINE KINASE; RESPIRATORY-BURST; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MONOCYTE ADHERENCE; MESSENGER-RNA; PATHWAYS; PHOSPHORYLATION AB Adhesion of human monocytes (MOs) results in the rapid transcriptional activation of cytokine genes that are dependent on nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, Several pathways leading to activation of NF-kappa B have been described, including those involving reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily, To investigate the involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation (TP) and oxidant generation in interleukin (IL)-8 and GRO messenger RNA induction, MOs and human alveolar macrophages (AMs) were adhered to plastic or exposed to a particulate pollutant, residual oil fly ash (ROFA), Both stimuli caused rapid TP and ROI production in MOs and AMs. However. neither NF-kappa B translocation nor IL-8 gene induction occurred in adhered or ROFA-exposed AMs. Analysis of MAP kinase activation found phosphorylation of Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 in the AMs, but not of extracellular regulated kinase/MAP kinase (ERK/MAPK). AMs stimulated with lipopolysaccharide activated ERK/MAPK, in addition to JNK and p38, and showed translocation of NF-kappa B, In contrast to AMs, MO adhesion or exposure to ROFA particles in suspension rapidly activated p38, JNK, and ERK/MAPK, and activated NF-kappa B binding as well as IL-8 mRNA expression. Pretreatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein or herbimycin A before adherence had no effect on transcriptional activation in MOs, whereas adherence and ROFA-induced oxidant generation was inhibited in both MOs and AMs. Tal;en together, these data indicate that NF-kappa B activation or generalized transcriptional activation of cytokine genes are independent of changes in oxidant stress imposed on phagocytes by adhesion. Furthermore, the data suggest that certain environmental responses in AMs may be uncoupled from activation of NF-kappa B. C1 Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr 218, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Haskill, JS (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr 218, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI26774] NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 22 IS 2 BP 200 EP 208 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 285PX UT WOS:000085398400011 PM 10657941 ER PT J AU Oshiro, WM Bushnell, PJ Chiba, AA AF Oshiro, WM Bushnell, PJ Chiba, AA TI A comparison of the effects of bilateral and unilateral infusions of muscimol into the basal forebrain on cued detection of visual targets in rats SO BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CORTICAL CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX; EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS; NUCLEUS BASALIS; VISUOSPATIAL ATTENTION; BEHAVIORAL VIGILANCE; SPATIAL ATTENTION; COVERT ATTENTION; NGF RECEPTOR; NEURONS AB This study investigated the role of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) in rats' performance of a visuospatial attention task. Muscimol was infused bilaterally and unilaterally into the BFCS to inhibit cholinergic projections to the cortex. Muscimol slowed responding without significantly affecting side-bias. Bilateral infusions increased accuracy for all targets, whereas unilateral infusions reduced accuracy for targets contralateral to the infusion and increased accuracy for targets ipsilateral to the infusion. After a low unilateral dose of muscimol, invalid cues impaired detection of contralateral targets and spared detection of ipsilateral targets. A high unilateral dose of muscimol impaired detection of contralateral targets independently of cueing. These results suggest that interhemispheric imbalance in cortical activity by pharmacological manipulation of the BFCS can impair the detection of lateralized visual stimuli. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 58 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0735-7044 J9 BEHAV NEUROSCI JI Behav. Neurosci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 114 IS 1 BP 137 EP 149 PG 13 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 289UQ UT WOS:000085640700012 PM 10718269 ER PT J AU Nebeker, AV Schuytema, GS AF Nebeker, AV Schuytema, GS TI Effects of ammonium sulfate on growth of larval Northwestern salamanders, red-legged and Pacific treefrog tadpoles, and juvenile fathead minnows SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMBYSTOMA-GRACILE; SURVIVAL; NITRATE C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Nebeker, AV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 271 EP 278 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 278MU UT WOS:000084994200017 PM 10656895 ER PT J AU Johnson, MG Phillips, DL Tingey, DT Storm, MJ AF Johnson, MG Phillips, DL Tingey, DT Storm, MJ TI Effects of elevated CO2, N-fertilization, and season on survival of ponderosa pine fine roots SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID BETULA-PAPYRIFERA; SOIL RESPIRATION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LIFE-SPAN; NITROGEN; DYNAMICS; DEMOGRAPHY; TURNOVER; GROWTH AB We used minirhizotrons to assess the effects of elevated CO2, N, and season on the life-span of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) fine roots. CO2 levels were ambient air (A), ambient air + 175 mu mol.mol(-1) (A + 175) and ambient air + 350 mu mol.mol(-1) (A + 350). N treatments were 0, 100, and 200 kg N.ha(-1) per year (N0, N100, and N200, respectively). Fine root survival was strongly influenced by season and seemed to be most strongly linked to soil temperature. Roots born in the fall and winter had longer median root life-span (MRLs) than those born during the spring and summer. Elevated CO2 increased root life-span, but N fertilization decreased it. Under A, MRL was 74 +/- 12 days (mean +/- SE) and was significantly different from the MRL for the A + 350 treatment (102 +/- 14 days). MRL under A + 175 averaged 92 +/- 10 days. MRL was 116 +/- 13 days for the N0 treatment and was significantly greater than MRL for the N100 (70 +/- 10 days) and N200 (62 +/- 14 days) treatments. Assuming that longer lived fine roots continue their resource acquisition functions, then elevated CO2 may have the effect of extending the resource acquisition period. In contrast, fine roots in N-rich environments have shorter life-spans than fine roots in N-poor environments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Inc, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Johnson, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 220 EP 228 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-2-220 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 288NT UT WOS:000085570400005 ER PT J AU Rhyne, TM AF Rhyne, TM TI Two stepping information technology with visualization [A viewpoint from the US EPA Scientific Visualization Center] SO COMPUTER GRAPHICS-US LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Sci Visualizat Ctr, Lockheed Martin Tech Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rhyne, TM (reprint author), US EPA, Sci Visualizat Ctr, Lockheed Martin Tech Serv, 86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036 USA SN 0097-8930 J9 COMPUT GRAPHICS-US JI Comput. Graph.-US PD FEB PY 2000 VL 34 IS 1 BP 45 EP 47 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 290LA UT WOS:000085676700013 ER PT J AU Delic, G Cash, GG AF Delic, G Cash, GG TI The permanent of 0,1 matrices and Kallman's algorithm SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ADJACENCY MATRICES; Y-MP; FULLERENES AB The Kallman algorithm for the computation of the permanent, per(A), of a matrix A has been ported to the Gray C90, tested on other platforms, and compared against several alternative algorithms. This report presents results of these comparisons for test cases where the permanent is known and also for cases of the adjacency matrix taken from molecular chemistry applications. The accompanying code includes both C90 and Personal Computer versions of the Kallman algorithm, and these have been evaluated on the Gray C90, a single processor of the Gray T3D and SiliconGraphics Onyx2, and the PC platform. The Gray C90 FORTRAN 77 version presented here compiles without modification using the Gray Fortran 90 compiler and timing comparisons with FORTRAN 77 are discussed. Included with the package are six test cases taken from the molecular chemistry application with matrix orders n = 30,44, 48, 52, 56, 60, and data for orders n = 5 to 20 in a special case where the value of the permanent is known. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lockheed Martin Serv Inc, US EPA Sci Visualizat Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Delic, G (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Serv Inc, US EPA Sci Visualizat Ctr, POB 14365, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 124 IS 2-3 BP 315 EP 329 DI 10.1016/S0010-4655(99)00448-8 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 282BF UT WOS:000085195400014 ER PT J AU Bugmann, HKM Solomon, AM AF Bugmann, HKM Solomon, AM TI Explaining forest composition and biomass across multiple biogeographical regions SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE central Europe; eastern North America; FORCLIM; forest composition and biomass; forest ecology; forest gap models; global temperate forests; Pacific Northwest (United States); validation ID CO2-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; GAP MODELS; SPECIES COMPOSITION; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; AIR-TEMPERATURE; COMPUTER-MODEL; BOREAL FOREST; GROWTH; SUCCESSION AB Current scientific concerns regarding the impacts of global change include the responses of forest composition and biomass to rapid changes in climate, and forest gap models have often been used to address this issue. These models reflect the concept that forest composition and biomass in the absence of large-scale disturbance are explained by competition among species for light and other resources in canopy gaps formed when dominant trees die. Since their initiation 25 yr ago, a wide variety of gap models have been developed that are applicable to different forest ecosystems all over the world. Few gap models, however, have proved to be equally valid over a wide range of environmental conditions, a problem on which our work is focused. We previously developed a gap model that is capable of simulating forest composition and biomass in temperate forests of Europe and eastern North America based on a single model structure, In the present study, we extend the model to simulate individual tree species response to strong moisture seasonality and low temperature seasonality, and we modify the widespread parabolic temperature response function to mimic nonlinear increases in growth with increased temperature up to species-specific optimal values. The resulting gap model, FORCLIM V2.9, generates realistic projections of tree species composition and biomass across a complex gradient of temperature and moisture in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The model is evaluated against measured basal area and stand structure data at three elevations of the H. J. Andrews LTER site, yielding satisfactory results. The very same model also provides improved estimates of species composition and stand biomass in eastern North America and central Europe, where it originated. This suggests that the model modifications we introduced are indeed generic. Temperate forests other than those we studied here are characterized by climates that are quits similar to the ones in the three study regions. Therefore we are confident that it is possible to explain forest composition and biomass of all major temperate forests by means of a single hypothesis as embodied in a forest gap model. C1 Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. US EPA, NHEERL, WED, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Bugmann, HKM (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Forens Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RI Bugmann, Harald/A-1252-2008; OI Bugmann, Harald/0000-0003-4233-0094 NR 100 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 28 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 95 EP 114 DI 10.2307/2640989 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 280NG UT WOS:000085108400009 ER PT J AU Fenner-Crisp, PA Maciorowski, AF Timm, GE AF Fenner-Crisp, PA Maciorowski, AF Timm, GE TI The endocrine disruptor screening program developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Endocrine Disruptors and the Environment CY OCT 07-08, 1999 CL NANTES, FRANCE SP Soc Ecotoxicol Fondamentale & Appl, French Minist Environm, IFREMER, CEMAGREF, Univ Metz AB The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) was signed into law on 3 August 1996. FQPA amended both laws under which the Environmental Protection Agency manages the regulatory process for pesticide registration and use in the United States. Many new requirements were incorporated into these two laws, including the development of "a screening program, using appropriate validated test systems and other scientifically relevant information, to determine whether certain substances may have an effect in humans that is similar to an effect produced by a naturally occurring estrogen, or such other endocrine effect...." "Certain substances" includes all pesticides (both active and other ingredients of pesticide formulations) as well as "any other substance that may have an effect cumulative to an effect of a pesticide chemical if...a substantial population may be exposed to such substance." With the assistance of an advisory committee made up of 40 members representing several other agencies of the Federal government, States, chemical manufacturers and users, public interest groups, and the public health and academic communities, EPA has developed, and is currently implementing, such a screening program. The initial program, as proposed, consists of two tiers, a screening tier containing eight assays, and a testing tier, containing five multigeneration tests. The screening battery is designed to determine whether or not the agent being evaluated has the potential to interact not only with the estrogen-hormone system, but also the androgen- and thyroid-hormone systems, as well. The testing tier is designed to provide definitive characterization of an agent's inherent ability to disrupt one or more of the three hormone systems. This presentation will describe, in detail, the status of development and validation of each component of the proposed screening program, including possible alternatives; the universe of chemical agents that are candidates for inclusion in the program, the priority-setting process to be used for chemical selection and the relationship between EPA's program and the OECD effort to develop a program for use by its member countries. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7501C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fenner-Crisp, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7501C, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 91 DI 10.1023/A:1008972330318 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 342PJ UT WOS:000088654100010 ER PT J AU Gabele, PA Pyle, SM AF Gabele, PA Pyle, SM TI Emissions from two outboard engines operating on reformulated gasoline containing MTBE SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Air and water pollutant emissions were measured from two 9.9 HP outboard engines: a two-stroke Evinrude and its four-stroke Honda counterpart. In addition to the measurement of regulated air pollutants, speciated organic pollutants and particulate matter emissions were determined. Aqueous samples were analyzed for MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) emission rates. Compared to the four-stroke engine, the two-stroke had dramatically higher levels of toxic organic and particulate matter emissions. The organic material emitted from the two-stroke engine resembles the test gasoline due to the predominance of unburned fuel. Emission rates for PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of 10 mu m or less) are equal to those for PM2.5, implying that emitted particles are all in the respirable range. Aqueous emissions from the hive-stroke are also higher: the two-stroke's BTEX and MTBE emissions are, on average, 5 and 24 times higher, respectively, and 3-10% of the MTBE fed to the engine is emitted to the water. Aqueous emission rates, expressed in brake-specific units, tend to increase with decreasing engine load, as do the atmospheric emission rates. C1 US EPA, Source Apportionment & Characterizat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Gabele, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Source Apportionment & Characterizat Branch, Mail Drop 46, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 3 BP 368 EP 372 DI 10.1021/es990770e PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279ZL UT WOS:000085077100023 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Lutes, CC Abbott, JA Aldous, KM AF Lemieux, PM Lutes, CC Abbott, JA Aldous, KM TI Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from the open burning of household waste in barrels SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INCINERATORS; COMBUSTION AB Backyard burning of household waste in barrels is a common waste disposal practice for which pollutant emissions have not been well characterized. This study measured the emissions of several pollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), from burning mixtures designed to simulate waste generated by a "recycling" and a "nonrecycling" family in a 208-L (55-gal) burn barrel at the EPA's Open Burning Test Facility. This paper focuses on the PCDD/ PCDF emissions and discusses the factors influencing PCDD/ PCDF formation for different test burns. Four test burns were made in which the amount of waste placed in the barrel varied from 6.4 to 13.6 kg and the amount actually burned va ri ed from 46.6% to 68.1%. Emissions of total PCDDs/ PCDFs ranged between 0.0046 and 0.48 mg/kg of waste burned. Emissions are also presented in terms of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents. Emissions of PCDDs/PCDFs appear to correlate with both copper and hydrochloric acid emissions. The results of this study indicate that backyard burning emits more PCDDs/PCDFs on a mass of refuse burned basis than various types of municipal waste combustors (MWCs). Comparison of burn barrel emissions to emissions from a hypothetical modern MWC equipped with high-efficiency flue gas cleaning technology indicates that about 2-40 households burning their trash daily in barrels can produce average PCDD/PCDF emissions comparable to a 182 000 kg/day (200 ton/day) MWC facility. This study provides important data on a potentially significant source of emissions of PCDDs/PCDFs. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Bur Tox Subst Assessment, Albany, NY 12203 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12203 USA. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 65 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 3 BP 377 EP 384 DI 10.1021/es990465t PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279ZL UT WOS:000085077100025 ER PT J AU Cormier, SM Millward, MR Mueller, C Subramanian, B Johnson, RD Tietge, JE AF Cormier, SM Millward, MR Mueller, C Subramanian, B Johnson, RD Tietge, JE TI Temporal trends in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) fed 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase; induction; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; brook trout; Salvelinus fontinalis ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; RAINBOW-TROUT; CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; WHITE SUCKER; MONOOXYGENASE ACTIVITY; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; DIETARY EXPOSURE AB Changes in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were monitored through an extended 6-month dietary exposure to determine the relationship between EROD activity and uptake of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Brook trout were fed labeled TCDD during a 4-week loading phase and an 11-week maintenance phase to achieve whole-body concentrations of 0, 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 pg TCDD/g fish. A spawning phase followed during which no TCDD was introduced. The TCDD had an extended half-life, with maximal levels detected in the late loading-early maintenance phases and 81 d after TCDD had been removed from the diet. Accumulation in liver increased as whole-body target concentration increased but was generally less than half of anticipated whole-body target concentrations. The EROD activity demonstrated a dose-dependent increase. Positive correlations were observed between EROD activity and TCDD body burdens for both males and females. For males, maximal induction was attained early in the maintenance phase and maintained during latter phases. For females, induction was characterized by a biphasic pattern. Maximal induction was attained during late loading-early maintenance, with an attenuated response observed just before spawning. In addition, the induction response was modulated by sex, as. induction was lower in females when compared with males. If sexual biases are considered, increased EROD activity may serve as an indicator of level of TCDD exposure and a sublethal predictor of effects of exposure. C1 US EPA, Pathol Associates Int, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Cormier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Pathol Associates Int, Sci Applicat Int Corp, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 59 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 462 EP 471 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0462:TTIEOD>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 294ZW UT WOS:000085941900028 ER PT J AU Hilborn, ED Mshar, PA Fiorentino, TR Dembek, ZF Barrett, TJ Howard, RT Cartter, ML AF Hilborn, ED Mshar, PA Fiorentino, TR Dembek, ZF Barrett, TJ Howard, RT Cartter, ML TI An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections and haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with consumption of unpasteurized apple cider SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; SEROTYPE; JUICE AB During October 1996, an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among Connecticut residents occurred. An epidemiologic investigation included enhanced surveillance and a case-control study. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Implicated cider samples were analysed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Consumption of implicated cider was associated with illness; (matched odds ratio = undefined, 95 % confidence interval = 3.5-infinity). Ultimately, a total of 14 outbreak-associated patients were identified. All isolates analysed by PFGE yielded the outbreak-associated subtype. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was not cultured from three cider samples; PCR analysis detected DNA fragments consistent with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in one. This outbreak was associated with drinking one brand of unpasteurized apple cider. PFGE subtyping supported the epidemiologic association. PCR analysis detected microbial contaminants in the absence of live organisms. Washing and brushing apples did not prevent cider contamination. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Program Epidemiol, Hartford, CT USA. Yale Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Connecticut Emerging Infect Program, New Haven, CT USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Lab Div, Hartford, CT USA. RP Hilborn, ED (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0950-2688 EI 1469-4409 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 124 IS 1 BP 31 EP 36 DI 10.1017/S0950268899003258 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 294ZL UT WOS:000085940800005 PM 10722127 ER PT J AU Zhang, XP Morham, SG Langenbach, R Baggs, RB Young, DA AF Zhang, XP Morham, SG Langenbach, R Baggs, RB Young, DA TI Lack of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibits growth of teratocarcinomas in mice SO EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE prostaglandin G/H synthase; cyclooxygenase-2; teratocarcinoma; embryonic stem cells; prostaglandin E2 ID PROSTAGLANDIN-G/H SYNTHASE; COLON-CANCER CELLS; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; GENE DISRUPTION; PHORBOL ESTER; MESSENGER-RNA; EXPRESSION; FIBROBLASTS; INDUCTION AB Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 or COX-2) have been identified in the prostanoid biosynthetic pathway. The constitutive form, COX-1, is thought to maintain cellular homeostasis and the inducible form, COX-2, is recognized as a primary response gene thought to be involved in modulating cell proliferation and differentiation. To further characterize the role of the cyclooxygenases in cell proliferation, differentiation, and tumorigenicity we developed embryonic stem (ES) cell lines which contain homozygous disruptions in either the COX-1 or the COX-2 gene. These lines were then examined in terms of their viability, proliferation, and in vitro differentiation potential. Our results demonstrate that the wild-type ES cells do not express either COX-1 or COX-2 until the cells undergo differentiation. And the lack of either cyclooxygenase has no apparent effect on ES cell proliferation in vitro, However, the absence of a functional COX-2 gene leads to a dramatic reduction in the formation and growth of teratocarcinomas that appear when ES cells are injected into syngeneic mice. Histological microscopy shows that the few very small tumors that were generated from ES cells lacking COX-2 appear more differentiated than tumors emerging from COX-1 -/- or wild-type cells by exhibiting greater keratinization in the areas of squamous epithelium and the ossification of bone-forming cartilage. We conclude that the presence of a functional COX-2 enzyme is necessary for the efficient growth of these teratocarcinomas in animals. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab,E Henry Keutmann Lab, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Div Lab Anim Med, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Myriad Genet Inc, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Expt Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Young, DA (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab,E Henry Keutmann Lab, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0014-4827 J9 EXP CELL RES JI Exp. Cell Res. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 254 IS 2 BP 232 EP 240 DI 10.1006/excr.1999.4758 PG 9 WC Oncology; Cell Biology SC Oncology; Cell Biology GA 280YP UT WOS:000085131600005 PM 10640421 ER PT J AU Macler, BA Merkle, JC AF Macler, BA Merkle, JC TI Current knowledge on groundwater microbial pathogens and their control SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE health; fecal pathogens; disinfection; groundwater protection; water supply ID WATER DISINFECTION RULE; RISK ASSESSMENT; DRINKING-WATER; VIRUS SURVIVAL; UNITED-STATES; DISEASE; GIARDIA; TRANSPORT; OUTBREAKS; SOIL AB Those who drink groundwater that has not been disinfected are at increased risk of infection and disease from pathogenic microorganisms. Recent studies have shown that up to half of all US drinking-water wells tested had evidence of fecal contamination, A significant fraction of all waterborne disease outbreaks is associated with groundwater. An estimated 750,000 to 5.9 million illnesses per year result from contaminated groundwaters in the US. Mortality from these illnesses may be 1400-9400 deaths per year. Control of these pathogens starts with source-water protection activities to prevent fecal contamination of aquifers and wells. These include assessment of wellhead vulnerability to fecal contamination and correction of identified deficiencies. Correction may include control of sources or rehabilitation of the well itself. Disinfection can serve as a useful barrier and is recommended as a prudent public-health policy for all groundwater systems. C1 US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Macler, BA (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 9,75 Hawthorne St,WTR6, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. NR 46 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 19 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 8 IS 1 BP 29 EP 40 DI 10.1007/PL00010972 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 300RZ UT WOS:000086267100004 ER PT J AU Diamond, G Legarda, D Ryan, LK AF Diamond, G Legarda, D Ryan, LK TI The innate immune response of the respiratory epithelium SO IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID NF-KAPPA-B; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE GENE; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASES; HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIUM; EXPRESSION IN-VIVO; NUCLEAR FACTOR; BETA-DEFENSIN; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS AB The respiratory epithelium maintains an effective antimicrobial environment to prevent colonization by microorganisms in inspired air. In addition to constitutively present host defenses which include antimicrobial peptides and proteins, the epithelial cells respond to the presence of microbes by the induction two complementary parts of an innate immune response. The first response is the increased production of antimicrobial agents, and the second is the induction of a signal network to recruit phagocytic cells to contain the infection. Inflammatory mediators released by the recruited cells as well as from the epithelium itself further induce the expression of the antimicrobial agents. The result is an effective prevention of microbial colonization The epithelial cells recognize the pathogen-associated patterns on microbes by surface receptors such as CD14 and Toll-like receptors. Subsequent signal transduction pathways have been identified which result in the increased transcription of host defense response genes. Diseases such as cystic fibrosis, or environmental exposures such as the inhalation of air pollution particles, may create an environment that impairs the expression or activity of the host defenses in the airway. This can lead to increased susceptibility to airway infections. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Anat Cell Biol & Injury Sci, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Grad Sch Biomed Sci, Newark, NJ USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, CA USA. RP Diamond, G (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Anat Cell Biol & Injury Sci, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL53400] NR 141 TC 259 Z9 272 U1 0 U2 9 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0105-2896 J9 IMMUNOL REV JI Immunol. Rev. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 173 BP 27 EP 38 DI 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2000.917304.x PG 12 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 285WL UT WOS:000085411300003 PM 10719665 ER PT J AU Chen, BY Gallardo, VJ Tabak, HH AF Chen, BY Gallardo, VJ Tabak, HH TI Mathematical model for methane production from landfill bioreactor SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID MICROBIAL-GROWTH C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Chen, BY (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 9 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 2000 VL 126 IS 2 BP 193 EP 194 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:2(193) PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 276DQ UT WOS:000084860700015 ER PT J AU Campen, MJ Norwood, J McKee, JL Mebane, R Hatch, GE Watkinson, WP AF Campen, MJ Norwood, J McKee, JL Mebane, R Hatch, GE Watkinson, WP TI Ozone-induced hypothermia and bradycardia in rats and guinea pigs in nose-only or whole-body inhalation systems SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIth International Symposium on the Pharmacology of Thermoregulation CY MAY 09-13, 1999 CL SEVILLE, SPAIN DE radiotelemetry; dosimetry; arrhythmia; QT interval; rat; guinea pig; ozone; core body temperature; heart rate ID TOXIC RESPONSE; TEMPERATURE; ARRHYTHMIA; MODULATION; HYPOXIA; MODEL AB 1. Ozone (O-3) inhalation induces a hypothermic response in rodents characterized primarily by core body tempera -ture (T-CO) and heart rate (HR) decreases. 2. This preliminary study examined T-CO, HR, and electrocardiographic changes in rats and guinea pigs during whole-body or nose-only exposure to 1 ppm O-18(3). 3. Rats exposed whole-body demonstrated an immediate hypothermic response, while that of the nose-only exposed rats was delayed approximate to 60 min; guinea pigs showed no hypothermic response to O-18(3). 4. O-18 content in lavage fluid samples suggests that dose is greater in nose-only exposures than whole-body exposures, and that guinea pigs received higher doses than rats. 5. These initial findings suggest that dosimetric differences may result from differences in species responses and exposure scenarios. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Curriculum Toxicol, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD FEB-APR PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 81 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00041-8 PN 2 PG 9 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 277PD UT WOS:000084941200015 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ AF Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ TI Role of vagal afferents in the mediation of chlorpyrifos-induced fever in the rat SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIth International Symposium on the Pharmacology of Thermoregulation CY MAY 09-13, 1999 CL SEVILLE, SPAIN DE bilateral; subdiaphragmatic vagotomy; vagus; hypothermia; hyperthermia; pesticide; organophosphate; telemetry; motor activity ID ORAL CHLORPYRIFOS; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN AB Subdiaphragmatic, bilateral vagotomy (VG) attenuates fever, suggesting that vagal afferents may activate febrile processes in the CNS, Rats exposed to the organophosphate (OP)-based insecticide chlorpyrifos (CHP) undergo a prolonged fever. To test the hypothesis that CHP-induced fever involves vagal pathways, the febrile effects of CHP were assessed in male VG and sham VG (SH) rats. Core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA) were monitored telemetrically, The corn oil vehicle (CO) or 20 mg/kg CHP was given at 1400 h by gavage. CHP resulted in hypothermia in SH and VG rats that lasted similar to 12 h. This was followed by a similar to 0.5 degrees C rise in T-c of the SH group throughout the day. However, T-c of VG rats exposed to CHP was only marginally elevated. Baseline T-c of VG rats was reduced during the dark phase compared to SH rats whereas MA was similar in both groups. It appears that peripheral activation of the CNS via vagal afferents has a key role in the mediation of CHP-induced fever. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD FEB-APR PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 91 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00050-9 PN 2 PG 7 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 277PD UT WOS:000084941200016 ER PT J AU Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Dreher, KL Su, WY Kodavanti, UP Highfill, JW Costa, DL AF Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Dreher, KL Su, WY Kodavanti, UP Highfill, JW Costa, DL TI Thermoregulatory effects following exposure to particulate matter in healthy and cardiopulmonary-compromised rats SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIth International Symposium on the Pharmacology of Thermoregulation CY MAY 09-13, 1999 CL SEVILLE, SPAIN DE temperature; heart rate; rat; particles; radiotelemetry ID AIR-POLLUTION; ADMISSIONS; MORTALITY; MODEL AB Epidemiological studies have correlated human exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in cardiopulmonary-compromised individuals. We conducted experimental studies using radiotelemetry methodology to examine the effects of PM; exposure in healthy and compromised rats. Examples of ambient, combustion, and natural source particles, along with their primary metallic constituents, were tested in rodent models chosen to simulate human conditions of systemic hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary inflammation, and general cardiac stress. Results indicate that PM induces a robust hypothermia, along with significant decreases in cardiac function, leading to arrhythmogenesis and lethality. These results support those of previous epidemiological studies. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Med, Integrated Toxicol Program, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD FEB-APR PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 131 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00090-X PN 2 PG 7 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 277PD UT WOS:000084941200022 ER PT J AU Komhoff, M Wang, JL Cheng, HF Langenbach, R McKanna, JA Harris, RC Breyer, MD AF Komhoff, M Wang, JL Cheng, HF Langenbach, R McKanna, JA Harris, RC Breyer, MD TI Cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibitors impair glomerulogenesis and renal cortical development SO KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE cyclooxygenase; NSAIDs; nephrogenesis; prostaglandins; macula densa ID GENE DISRUPTION; INDOMETHACIN; INFLAMMATION; ISOFORMS; KIDNEY AB Background Antenatal exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been associated with renal dysgenesis in humans. Methods. These studies characterized cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) versus COX-1-selective inhibition on nephrogenesis in the rodent using histomorphometry immunohistology, and in situ hybridization. Results. Administration of a COX-2-selective inhibitor (SC58236), started during pregnancy until weaning, significantly impaired development of the renal cortex and reduced glomerular diameter in both mice and rats. An identical phenotype was demonstrated in COX-2 -/- mice. In contrast to its effects on the developing kidney, a COX-2 inhibitor had no effect on glomerular volume in adult mice. This effect was specific for COX-2 because maternal administration of a COX-1-selective inhibitor (SC58560) did not affect renal development despite significantly inhibiting gastric mucosal prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) synthesis in pups. The expression of COX-2 immunoreactivity peaked in the first postnatal week and was localized to S-shaped bodies and the macula densa in the cortex. Treatment with a COX-2 inhibitor during this period (from postnatal day 0 to day 21) severely reduced glomerular diameter, whereas treatment limited to pregnancy did not affect glomerular size. Conclusion. These data demonstrate an important role for COX-2 activity in nephrogenesis in the rodent, and define a specific time period of susceptibility to these effects. C1 Vet Adm Med Ctr, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Mol Physiol & Biophys, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Div Nephrol, Dept Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Vanderbilt George M OBrien Kidney & Urol Dis Ctr, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Expt Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Breyer, MD (reprint author), Vet Adm Med Ctr, F-427 ACRE Bldg, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [1-P50-DK-39261, DK-37097] NR 25 TC 139 Z9 141 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0085-2538 J9 KIDNEY INT JI Kidney Int. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 57 IS 2 BP 414 EP 422 PG 9 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 282WG UT WOS:000085243000005 PM 10652018 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV Jones, KB AF Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV Jones, KB TI Forest fragmentation as an economic indicator SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE economic geography; geographic information systems (GIS); land-cover change; land use modeling ID LAND-COVER; INTERPOLATION; MULTIPLE; ECOLOGY; SCALES AB Despite concern over the ecological consequences of conversion of land from natural cover to anthropogenic uses, there are few studies that show a quantitative relationship between fragmentation and economic factors. For the southside economic region of Virginia, we generated a surface (map) of urbanization pressure by interpolation of population from a ring of cities surrounding the region. The interpolated map showed a geographic gradient of urbanization pressure or demand for land that increased from northwest to southeast. Estimates of forest fragmentation were moderately correlated with the geographic gradient of urbanization pressure. The fragmentation-urbanization relationship was corroborated by examining land-cover change against the urbanization map. The geographic gradient in land-cover change was strongly correlated with the urbanization pressure gradient. The correspondence between geographic gradients in land-cover change and urbanization pressure suggests that forest fragmentation will occur at a greater rate in the eastern portion of the southside economic region in the future. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1023/A:1008133426199 PG 9 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 270EP UT WOS:000084522700008 ER PT J AU Pruell, RJ Taplin, BK McGovern, DG McKinney, R Norton, SB AF Pruell, RJ Taplin, BK McGovern, DG McKinney, R Norton, SB TI Organic contaminant distributions in sediments, polychaetes (Nereis virens) and American lobster (Homarus americanus) from a laboratory food chain experiment SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Passaic River; sediments; polychaete; lobster; polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs; dibenzo-p-dioxins; dibenzofurans; bioaccumulation; trophic transfer; metabolism ID DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SULFUR ANALOGS; DEPENDENT ELIMINATION; CHLORDANE COMPOUNDS; BEDFORD HARBOR; NEW-JERSEY; MASSACHUSETTS; PCBS; POLYCHLORODIBENZOTHIOPHENES AB A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the transfer of organic contaminants from an environmentally contaminated marine sediment through a simple marine food chain. The infaunal polychaete, Nereis virens, was exposed to contaminated sediment collected from the Passaic River, NJ, USA, for 70 days. These polychaetes were then fed to the American lobster, Homarus americanus, for up to 112 days. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 2,4,6,8-tetrachlorodibenzothiophene (TCDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and several chlorinated pesticides were accumulated by polychaetes following exposure to the contaminated sediment. Some of these contaminants were also accumulated by lobsters which were exposed to the contaminated sediment and/or fed contaminated polychaetes. Only the lesser chlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs (mostly tetra-and pentachlorinated congeners) and 2,4,6,8-TCDT were detected in the polychaetes and lobster. Significant alterations were noted in the PCB patterns found in both species, particularly the lobster, The non-ortho-substituted PCBs (such as congeners 77 and 126) became enriched in the PCB mixtures of the polychaetes and especially the lobsters relative to the sediment, probably because these congeners were not metabolized. These congeners and the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity equivalents of the PCB mixtures were enriched by a factor of about six in the lobsters relative to the sediment. Elimination of PCB congeners containing vicinal hydrogens in the meta-para region is consistent with cytochrome P450IIB-type metabolism. Based on the concentration trends for some PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticide ratios measured in the lobsters during this experiment, it slppears that this metabolic system is inducible in the American lobster. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Pruell, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 42 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 49 IS 1 BP 19 EP 36 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(99)00046-X PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 294XJ UT WOS:000085935600002 PM 11444012 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR AF Rogers, KR TI Principles of affinity-based biosensors SO MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE biosensors; bioaffinity assays; antibodies; receptors; DNA ID HERBICIDE 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; EVANESCENT-WAVE BIOSENSOR; INTERACTION ANALYSIS BIA; ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; PIEZOELECTRIC IMMUNOSENSOR; ELECTROCHEMICAL IMMUNOSENSOR; AMPEROMETRIC IMMUNOSENSORS; ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS AB Despite the amount of resources that have been invested by national and international academic, government, and commercial sectors to develop affinity-based biosensor products, little obvious success has been realized through commercialization of these devices for specific applications (such as the enzyme biosensors for blood glucose analysis). Nevertheless, the fastest growing area in the biosensors research literature continues to involve advances in affinity-based biosensors and biosensor-related methods. Numerous biosensor techniques have been reported that allow researchers to better study the kinetics, structure, and (solid/liquid) interface phenomena associated with protein-ligand binding interactions. Tn addition, potential application areas for which affinity-based biosensor techniques show promise include clinical/ diagnostics, food processing, military/antiterrorism, and environmental monitoring. The design and structural features of these devices-composed of a biological affinity element interfaced to a signal transducer-primarily determine their operational characteristics. This paper, although not intended as a comprehensive review, will outline the principles of affinity biosensors with respect to potential application areas. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 109 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 5 U2 33 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1073-6085 J9 MOL BIOTECHNOL JI Mol. Biotechnol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 109 EP 129 DI 10.1385/MB:14:2:109 PG 21 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 319GP UT WOS:000087333400003 PM 10872504 ER PT J AU Howell-Skalla, L Bunick, D Bleck, G Nelson, RA Bahr, JM AF Howell-Skalla, L Bunick, D Bleck, G Nelson, RA Bahr, JM TI Cloning and sequence analysis of the extracellular region of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) luteinizing hormone receptor (LHr), follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHr), and prolactin receptor (PRLr) genes and their expression in the testis of the black bear (Ursus americanus) SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE testicular recrudescence; luteinizing hormone receptor; follicle stimulating hormone receptor; prolactin receptor; gene expression; bear ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN RECEPTOR; TESTICULAR FOLLITROPIN RECEPTOR; CULTURED SERTOLI CELLS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; DJUNGARIAN HAMSTERS; DOWN-REGULATION; DEVELOPMENTAL-CHANGES; PHODOPUS-SUNGORUS; COMPLEMENTARY-DNA AB Male black bears undergo seasonal changes in testicular activity. The testes are fully functional from May through July, regress from July through December, and recrudesce from January until May. The mechanisms responsible for the initiation of testicular recrudescence in the bear are unknown. The objectives of this study were to: (1) clone and sequence a substantial fragment of the extracellular portion of the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHr: 646 bp) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHr: 852 bp), and the extracellular/transmembrane portion of the prolactin receptor (PRLr: 680 bp) in the bear using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); and (2) determine whether the expression of LH-, FSH-, and PRL-receptor mRNA transcripts differs between the beginning and terminal stages of testicular recrudescence. Comparisons of the partial cDNA and predicted amino acid sequences of ursine receptors with the corresponding sequences from the pig, cow, human, and rat suggest that the LHr and FSHr are highly conserved (LHr: 87.1-93.7%; FSHr: 86.0-92.7%) whereas the PRLr is less well conserved (81-87%). Testicular LHr mRNA was more abundant during the breeding season in May than during the non-breeding season (early stage of recrudescence) in January. In contrast, testicular FSHr mRNA abundance was greater in January than in May. Testicular PRLr mRNA appeared equally abundant in January and May; however, two additional transcripts were present during the breeding season in May. This study provides molecular tools for future investigations of the control of testicular recrudescence in the black bear and demonstrates that the expression of testicular gonadotropin and PRL receptor mRNA is seasonally regulated. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Internal Med, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Howell-Skalla, L (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, RTD, GEEBB,US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 69 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 55 IS 2 BP 136 EP 145 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(200002)55:2<136::AID-MRD2>3.0.CO;2-J PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 273GL UT WOS:000084699500002 PM 10618652 ER PT J AU Barone, S Das, KP Lassiter, TL White, LD AF Barone, S Das, KP Lassiter, TL White, LD TI Vulnerable processes of nervous system development: A review of markers and methods SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY SEP 13-16, 1998 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR DE proliferation; migration; differentiation; synaptogenesis; gliogenesis; myelination; apoptosis; neurotrophic factor ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; FACTOR MESSENGER-RNA; RAT CEREBRAL-CORTEX; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; GROWTH-FACTOR REGULATION; POSTNATAL LEAD-EXPOSURE; FACTOR GENE-EXPRESSION; PROTEIN-DEPRIVED RAT; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR AB The susceptibility of the developing nervous system to damage following exposure to environmental contaminants has been well recognized. More recently, from a regulatory perspective, an increased emphasis has been placed on the vulnerability of the developing nervous system to damage following pesticide exposure. The publication of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report on Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1995) and the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) and Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) amendments have significantly escalated the scientific debate regarding age-related susceptibility. Key concerns raised in the NAS report include the qualitative and quantitative differences that distinguish the developing nervous system from that of the adult. It was suggested that neurotoxicity testing on adult animals alone may not be predictive of these differences in susceptibility. The age-related susceptibility of the nervous system is compounded by the protracted period of time over which this complex organ system develops. This temporal vulnerability spans the embryonic, fetal, infant, and adolescent periods. Normal development of the nervous system requires the concomitant and coordinated ontogeny of proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, myelination and apoptosis to occur in a temporally- and regionally-dependent manner. Perturbations of these processes during development can result in long-term irreversible consequences that affect the structure and function of the nervous system and could account for qualitative differences in age-related susceptibility of the developing nervous system as compared to the adult nervous system. A discussion of developmental milestones and the relevance of transient effects on developmental endpoints are presented. Transient effects following developmental perturbations can be missed or dismissed depending on the experimental design or screening strategy employed. This subject is discussed in light of scientific uncertainties regarding perturbation-induced compensation in the developing nervous system. Thus, utilization of age-appropriate tests of these developmental processes may improve the detection and reduce uncertainty about the nature of adverse effects following developmental exposure to environmental neurotoxicants. (C) 2000 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch,Neurotoxicology Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP US EPA, NHEERL, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch,Neurotoxicology Div, Mail Drop 74-B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM barone.stan@epamail.epa.gov NR 222 TC 141 Z9 145 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X EI 1872-9711 J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB-APR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 36 PG 22 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 306UB UT WOS:000086614100003 PM 10794382 ER PT J AU Padilla, S Buzzard, J Moser, VC AF Padilla, S Buzzard, J Moser, VC TI Comparison of the role of esterases in the differential age-related sensitivity to chlorpyrifos and methamidophos SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY SEP 13-16, 1998 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS DE acetylcholinesterase; pesticide; insecticide; organophosphate; chlorpyrifos; methamidophos; age-related sensitivity; IC50; rat ID RATS; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; METABOLISM; INHIBITION; TOXICITY; ACEPHATE; CHOLINESTERASES; INSECTICIDES; MECHANISMS; PARATHION AB More than 30 years ago, scientists recognized that, at a given dosage, the young rat was more sensitive than the adult to the toxicity of many organophosphorus, anticholinesterase pesticides. This observation went basically unexamined until recently. Renewed interest has emerged in scrutinizing this age-related sensitivity to pesticides, especially in light of the many new pesticides which are currently marketed. Our laboratory has been involved in comparing the age-related sensitivity of young and adult rats to chlorpyrifos [Dursban(R) Lorsban(R) O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] and methamidophos (Monitor(R) O,S-dimethyl phosphoamidothioate). Using chlorpyrifos, there is marked age-related sensitivity: direct oral dosing of the preweanling rat (postnatal day 17; PND17) with chlorpyrifos causes a toxic response (defined either behaviorally or biochemically) at a similar to 5-fold lower dosage than in adults (oral, maximum tolerated dose for the PND17 is 20 mg/kg versus 100 mg/kg for the adult). Other studies have indicated that the rat detoxifies chlorpyrifos and its oxon by binding to carboxylesterases and hydrolysis by A-esterases. The young rat is deficient in both these detoxification enzymes, which may explain the increased sensitivity of the young to chlorpyrifos toxicity. The age-related pattern for methamidophos is distinctly different: the oral, maximum tolerated dose is the same (8 mg/kg) whether the animal is 17 days old or an adult. We present data which indicate that methamidophos is not detoxified appreciably either in vivo or in vitro by A-esterases or carboxylesterases. Therefore, we submit the following hypothesis: organophosphorus pesticides, like chlorpyrifos, which are detoxified via A-esterases or carboxylesterases are more likely to exhibit age-related differences in sensitivity than pesticides which are not detoxified via these routes. (C) 2000 Inter Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Padilla, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 6 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB-APR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 56 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 306UB UT WOS:000086614100005 PM 10794384 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA AF Tilson, HA TI Neurotoxicology Risk Assessment Guidelines: Developmental neurotoxicology SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY SEP 13-16, 1998 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS DE Neurotoxicology Risk Assessment Guidelines; developmental neurotoxicology AB EPA's Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment Guidelines were recently published in final form in the Federal Register (1998). This document was developed over a period of nearly ten years and is intended to establish operating principles used in the evaluation of data for neurotoxicity risk assessment. The guidelines contain a number of assumptions and definitions of key concepts, as well as guidance as to the evaluation of various behavioral and structural changes produced by chemical exposure in humans and animals. With regard to developmental neurotoxicity, risk assessors should be aware that chemical-induced neurotoxicity in adults may not always be a good predictor of developmental neurotoxicity. Adverse effects on the developing nervous system can occur prior to conception up to the time of sexual maturity, depend on the time of exposure relative to a critical state of nervous system development, can be seen at any time during the lifespan of the organism, may lead to delayed onset or latent effects, and may elicit compensatory mechanisms that obscure underlying neurotoxicity. Adverse effects include persistent alterations in function or structure of the nervous system or a change in the time or appearance of any endpoint. Relative to neurotoxicity in adult animals, there are several special concerns in hazard characterization of developmental studies, including maternal toxicity, the use of the litter as the statistical unit, and time of exposure relative to the ontogeny of various structural or functional endpoints. Dose-response evaluation of data from developmental studies is similar to that for adults, although a safety factor of 10 may be applied to protect children's health. The guidelines also note that exposure patterns of children differ from those of adults resulting in a greater intake of chemicals on a per body weight basis. The guidelines note several research needs, including more information on mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity, mechanistically based dose-response models, impact of early exposure to chemicals on late-onset disease, studies on threshold, and experiments on potential interactions between chemicals in mixtures. (C) 2000 Inter Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB-APR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 189 EP 194 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 306UB UT WOS:000086614100023 PM 10794399 ER PT J AU Washington, J AF Washington, J TI The possible role of volcanic aquifers in prebiologic genesis of organic compounds and RNA SO ORIGINS OF LIFE AND EVOLUTION OF BIOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID EARTHS EARLY ATMOSPHERE; IRON-SULFUR WORLD; PREBIOTIC SYNTHESIS; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; OXIDATION-STATE; LIFE; ORIGIN; CARBON; OLIGOMERIZATION; MONTMORILLONITE AB In a volcanic aquifer, a wide range of physical and chemical conditions are not merely possible, but to be expected: relatively oxidizing and reducing environments both are present; hot and moderate temperatures can be expected; distillation and reflux conditions are probable to allow concentration of reactants, stimulation of reaction and fractionation of isotopes; apatite, hydroxides, clays and sulfide minerals are present to act as chromatographic media for separating compounds, to serve as catalytic surfaces and to provide potential energy sources; supersaturated precipitation of optically active crystals is reasonable, allowing for chromatographic separation of racemic mixtures by the resulting fixed chiral phase; and saturated and unsaturated conditions both are present for promotion of constructive reactions and inhibiting destructive hydrolysis reactions. Because the multitude of physical-chemical environments makes the setting robust with respect to circumventing commonly identified problems in origin-of-life theories, even if objections to details proposed herein are identified, the setting is favorable for devising alternatives. This paper describes a theory for the genesis of organic compounds, including RNA, in the mixing zone of juvenile and meteoric waters above a leaky semi-confined aquifer. Starting with basic reactants for best-guess conditions on Archean Earth, parallel sequences of specific reactions are proposed that culminate with RNA oligonucleotides, key molecules in contemporary life. All proposed reactions, or close analogues, are experimentally confirmed and all are set in plausible Archean conditions. Calculations indicate that the proposed reactions would yield C isotopic compositions that are consistent with observed biologic C. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM washington.john@epa.gov NR 107 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-6149 EI 1573-0875 J9 ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B JI Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 53 EP 79 DI 10.1023/A:1006692606492 PG 27 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 303FD UT WOS:000086410600007 PM 10836265 ER PT J AU Wright, CJ Coleman, DC AF Wright, CJ Coleman, DC TI Cross-site comparison of soil microbial biomass, soil nutrient status, and nematode trophic groups SO PEDOBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE forest soils; LTER; microbial biomass; nematode trophic groups; phosphorus fractionation; temperate forests ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; SEASONAL DYNAMICS; TROPICAL FOREST; BOREAL FOREST; LEAF LITTER; FOOD-WEBS; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS AB Soil microbial biomass, soil nutrient status, and nematode trophic groups were examined at the Coweeta, Harvard Forest, and Hubbard Brook Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites. Soils were divided into standardized depths (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm) for all analyses. Microbial biomass, nematode abundance and labile soil phosphorus levels were significantly higher in the 0-5 cm soil than in the 5-10 cm soil. Overall, both Harvard Forest and Hubbard Brook had greater nematode abundance and soil phosphorus than Coweeta, while Harvard Forest had the highest levels of microbial biomass. Bacterial feeders, followed by fungal feeders and Tylenchidae were the dominant nematode trophic groups at all three sites. Soil factors such as organic matter, root biomass and total soil C and N contributed to increased levels of microbial biomass, nematode abundance and soil phosphorus levels. In contrast, litter quality and climatic factors such as temperature and moisture apparently had little effect upon the parameters measured. This study illustrates the complex interrelationships between decomposer communities, climate, litter quantity, litter quality, soil nutrients, and site specific ecosystem processes. Continued long-term, cross-site ecosystem studies remain necessary to better understand the complex and dynamic processes causing variability both within and between ecosystems. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Wright, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, ERD, EAB, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. OI Coleman, David/0000-0003-0390-1501 NR 64 TC 28 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 22 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0031-4056 J9 PEDOBIOLOGIA JI Pedobiologia PD FEB PY 2000 VL 44 IS 1 BP 2 EP 23 DI 10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70024-4 PG 22 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 292NQ UT WOS:000085802200002 ER PT J AU Ferguson, TD Zellen, M Brennan, D Lutz, J AF Ferguson, TD Zellen, M Brennan, D Lutz, J TI Use of fume suppressants in hard chromium baths - Quality testing SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Article AB The EPA Common Sense Initiative (CSI) is a cooperative effort of government, industry, environmental and other stakeholder groups to find "cleaner, cheaper, smarter" approaches to environmental management in industrial sectors. The purpose of the project is to help hard chromium metal platers reduce plating tank emissions in order to comply with, in a cost effective manner, or exceed, EPA's Chromium Emissions MACT Standard. The major objective of this project was to assess and evaluate pitting in hard chromium plating when using wetting-agent-type fume suppressants, Bench-scale testing, followed by full-scale production testing, permitted investigation of the effects of various operational parameters, such as plating time and current density, on whether pitting would occur or be aggravated in the presence of fume suppressants on various base metals. Evaluation of various pre-treatments were also tested to determine the potential for quality problems when using fume suppressants. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Ferguson, TD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 USA SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 87 IS 2 BP 67 EP 72 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA 285AA UT WOS:000085364000013 ER PT J AU Ross, JH Dong, MH Krieger, RI AF Ross, JH Dong, MH Krieger, RI TI Conservatism in pesticide exposure assessment SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERCUTANEOUS PENETRATION; DERMAL PHARMACOKINETICS; HUMAN VOLUNTEERS; ABSORPTION AB Three important factors are commonly encountered in exposure assessment that when combined could overestimate the exposure to pesticides by as much as two orders of magnitude. The three factors discussed are dermal absorption from laboratory animal studies, daily dose extrapolated from partial day monitoring, and nonbolus dose from dermal or inhalation exposure. Conservatism built into the process by each of these three factors is substantiated with available empirical data. The dose overestimation from these factors varies discriminatively by exposure scenarios and peculiarities of a given chemical, it is for this reason that a generic overestimation factor cannot be ascribed. Following the empirical illustrations, the authors conclude that the most effective approach for dealing with the problem is to generate the most appropriate data possible. This means producing human rather than laboratory animal dermal absorption data, conducting full-day exposure monitoring studies, and whenever feasible generating dermal rather than oral toxicology data (or alternatively data on both oral and dermal pharmacokinetics) in those cases where the dermal route predominates, (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Dept Pesticide Regulat, Worker Hlth & Safety Branch, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Personal Chem Exposure Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Ross, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Dept Pesticide Regulat, Worker Hlth & Safety Branch, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 38 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 DI 10.1006/rtph.1999.1363 PG 6 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 296MX UT WOS:000086029100006 PM 10715224 ER PT J AU Sankovski, A Barbour, W Pepper, W AF Sankovski, A Barbour, W Pepper, W TI Quantification of the IS99 emission scenario storylines using the atmospheric stabilization framework SO TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE LA English DT Article AB In 1997-1999, an international team of scientists and modelers formulated a set of 40 global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios. These scenarios were designed as quantitative interpretations of four distinct scenario storylines that described alternative views on the global and regional demographic, socioeconomic, technological, and environmental development in the 21st century. The Atmospheric Stabilization Framework (ASF) was one of the six models selected to develop the scenarios, which are referred to here as IS99 scenarios. The ASF-based (IS99-ASF) results include four GHG emissions scenarios and corresponding changes in the GHG atmospheric concentrations and the global average temperature. The IS99-ASF scenarios were generated by modifying such model inputs as: regional GNP/capita growth; ultimately recoverable fossil fuel resources; supply-side and end-use energy efficiency; the availability of renewable energy resources; and terrestrial carbon sinks. According to the ASF-based analysis, the largest cumulative GHG emissions and climate effects over the next century result from a combination of fast economic growth, a delayed reduction of the energy and carbon intensity of GNP, and an increase of the coal share in the primary energy supply (ASF-A1 scenario). At the same time, a slightly lower GNP growth rate combined with an increased use of renewable energy sources leads to the lowest cumulative GHG emissions and the stabilization of the CO2 atmospheric concentration by 2100 at about 615 ppmv (ASF-B1 scenario). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ICF Consulting, Washington, DC 20006 USA. US EPA, Climate Policy & Programs Div, Fairfax, VA USA. RP Sankovski, A (reprint author), ICF Consulting, 1850 K St NW,Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20006 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-1625 J9 TECHNOL FORECAST SOC JI Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. PD FEB-MAR PY 2000 VL 63 IS 2-3 BP 263 EP 287 DI 10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00100-6 PG 25 WC Business; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 321AK UT WOS:000087432600007 ER PT J AU Hard, GC Boorman, GA Wolf, DC AF Hard, GC Boorman, GA Wolf, DC TI Re-evaluation of the 2-year chloroform drinking water carcinogenicity bioassay in Osborne-Mendel rats supports chronic renal tubule injury as the mode of action underlying the renal tumor response SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE kidney; rat; adenoma; carcinoma; cytotoxicity; simple tubule hyperplasia; regeneration; karyomegaly; risk assessment ID REGENERATIVE CELL-PROLIFERATION; INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; B6C3F1 MICE; F344 RATS; TOXICITY; KIDNEYS; METABOLISM; GAVAGE; LIVER AB Chloroform, generally regarded as a non-genotoxic compound, is associated with the induction of liver and/or kidney tumors in laboratory mice and rats. In particular, chloroform produced renal tubule tumors in low incidence in male Osborne-Mendel rats when administered by corn-oil gavage or in the drinking water. There is a lack of data on intermediate endpoints that may be linked to renal cancer development in this strain of rat, in contrast to mice. Specifically, evidence linking chloroform-induced liver and kidney tumors in mice with cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation is very strong, but weak in the rat. In the present study, kidney tissue from a carcinogenicity bioassay of chloroform in Osborne-Mendel rats was re-evaluated for histological evidence of compound-induced cytotoxicity and cell turnover. All rats treated with 1800 ppm (160 mg/kg/day, high-dose group) in the drinking water for 2 years and half the rats treated with 900 ppm (81 mg/kg/day) had mild to moderate changes in proximal convoluted tubules in the mid to deep cortex indicative of chronic cytotoxicity. Tubule alterations specifically associated with chronic chloroform exposure included cytoplasmic basophilia, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and nuclear crowding consistent with simple tubule hyperplasia. Occasional pyknotic cells, mitotic figures in proximal tubules, and prominent karyomegaly of the renal tubule epithelium were present. These alterations were not present in control groups or at the 200-ppm (19 mg/kg/day) or 400-ppm (38 mg/kg/day) dose levels. This new information adds substantially to the weight of evidence that the key events in chloroform-induced carcinogenicity in rat kidney include sustained cellular toxicity and chronic regenerative hyperplasia. C1 Amer Hlth Fdn, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. NIEHS, Natl Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hard, GC (reprint author), Amer Hlth Fdn, 1 Dana Rd, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. EM gordonhard@msn.com NR 41 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 237 EP 244 DI 10.1093/toxsci/53.2.237 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 283ZP UT WOS:000085306200009 PM 10696771 ER PT J AU Cooper, RL Stoker, TE Tyrey, L Goldman, JM McElroy, WK AF Cooper, RL Stoker, TE Tyrey, L Goldman, JM McElroy, WK TI Atrazine disrupts the hypothalamic control of pituitary-ovarian function SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE atrazine; prolactin; luteinizing hormone; hypothalamus; reproduction ID FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; FISCHER-344 RATS; ESTRUS; SURGE; AGE AB The chloro-S-triazine herbicides (i.e., atrazine, simazine, cyanazine) constitute the largest group of herbicides sold in the United States. Despite their extensive usage, relatively little is known about the possible human-health effects and mechanism(s) of action of these compounds. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that the chlorotriazines disrupt the hormonal control of ovarian cycles. Results from these studies led us to hypothesize that these herbicides disrupt endocrine function primarily through their action on the central nervous system. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined the estrogen-induced surges of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Long-Evans hooded (LE) rats treated with atrazine (50-300 mg/kg/day, by gavage) for 1, 3, or 21 days. One dose of atrazine (300 mg/kg) suppressed the LH and prolactin surge in ovariectomized LE, but not SD female rats. Atrazine (300 mg/kg) administered to intact LE females on the day of vaginal proestrus was without effect on ovulation but did induce a pseudopregnancy in 7 of 9 females. Three daily doses of atrazine suppressed the estrogen-induced LH and prolactin surges in ovariectomized LE females in a dose-dependent manner, but this same treatment was without effect on serum LH and prolactin in SD females. The estrogen-induced surges of both pituitary hormones were suppressed by atrazine (75-300 mg/kg/day) in a dose-dependent manner in females of both strains evaluated after 21 days of treatment. Three experiments were then performed to determine whether the brain, pituitary, or both organs were the target sites for the chlorotriazines, These included examination of the ability of (1) the pituitary lactotrophs to secrete prolactin, using hypophyosectomized females bearing pituitary autotransplants (ectopic pituitaries); (2) the synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to induce LH secretion in females treated with high concentrations of atrazine for 3 days; and (3) atrazine (administered in vivo or in vitro) to suppress LH and prolactin secretion from pituitaries, using a flow-through perifusion procedure, In conclusion, the results of these studies demonstrate that atrazine alters LH and prolactin serum levels in the LE and SD female rats by altering the hypothalamic control of these hormones. In this regard, the LE female appeared to be more sensitive to the hormone suppressive effects of atrazine, as indicated by the decreases observed on treatment-day 3. These experiments support the hypothesis that the effect of atrazine on LH and prolactin secretion is mediated via a hypothalamic site of action. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Cooper, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 213 Z9 228 U1 28 U2 73 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 297 EP 307 DI 10.1093/toxsci/53.2.297 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 283ZP UT WOS:000085306200016 PM 10696778 ER PT J AU Hurst, CH DeVito, MJ Setzer, RW Birnbaum, LS AF Hurst, CH DeVito, MJ Setzer, RW Birnbaum, LS TI Acute administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in pregnant Long Evans rats: Association of measured tissue concentrations with developmental effects SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCDD; toxicokinetics; disposition; body burden; embryo; fetus ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; EXPOSURE; DIOXINS; MICE; INDUCTION; CHILDREN; TOXICITY; CYP1A2; DISPOSITION AB Prenatal exposure to TCDD interferes with fetal development at doses lower than those causing overt toxicity in adult animals. Exposure to TCDD during development produces alterations in the reproductive system of the developing pups- delayed puberty and reduced sperm counts in males and malformations in the external genitalia of females. The objectives of this study were to determine maternal and fetal tissue concentrations of TCDD after acute exposure and whether these tissue concentrations can be used to estimate the intensity of the developmental abnormalities reported by other laboratories. Pregnant Long Evans rats received a single, oral dose of 0.05, 0.20, 0.80, or 1.0 mu g [H-3]-TCDD/kg on gestation day (GD) 15, and maternal and fetal tissue concentrations of TCDD were measured on GD16 and GD21, On GD16, maternal liver contained the greatest amount of TCDD (30-47% administered dose). One day after administration of 0.20 mu g TCDD/kg on GD15, there were 13.2 pg TCDD/g present in an individual fetus. This concentration is associated with delayed puberty and decreased epididymal sperm counts in male pups as well as malformations in the external genitalia of females. For the responses studied, tissue concentration measured during a critical period of gestation adequately predicts the intensity of the response. In addition, there was a strong correlation between fetal body burden and maternal body burden on GD16, A dose of 0.05 mu g TCDD/kg resulted in maternal body burdens of 30.6 +/- 3.1 and 26.6 +/- 3.1 ng TCDD/kg on GD16 and GD21, respectively. In conclusion, low-level TCDD exposure during the perinatal stage of life can produce adverse effects within the developing pups and that tissue concentration measured during a critical period is the appropriate dose metric to predict adverse reproductive and developmental effects. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM hurst.christopher@epamail.epa.gov NR 35 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 EI 1096-0929 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 411 EP 420 DI 10.1093/toxsci/53.2.411 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 283ZP UT WOS:000085306200027 PM 10696789 ER PT J AU Rockett, JC Dix, DJ AF Rockett, JC Dix, DJ TI DNA arrays: technology, options and toxicological applications SO XENOBIOTICA LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAYS; MICROARRAYS; PATTERNS; SYSTEM; RNA AB The human genome contains an estimated 3 billion bases of DNA making up some 100000 genes, and the variation within this genome accounts for human diversity and, in many cases, disease. Defining and understanding the expression profile of given genotypes is essential to understanding adverse effects from acute or chronic exposure to environmental toxicants or other stimuli. DNA array technology could help researchers understand how organisms function in response to exposure by elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie them. DNA arrays have been developed and refined over the past 5 years and matured into a relatively accessible and affordable technology. They vary in design from membrane-based filters with a few hundred cDNAs, to glass-based 'chips' with tens of thousands of generic elements. Mammalian DNA arrays will soon allow expression analysis on a genome-wide scale, similar to that already accomplished in some lower organisms (e.g. S. cerevisiae, E. coli). These whole-genome arrays will be powerful tools for identifying and characterizing toxicants in environmental and pharmaceutical science. This review discusses the technology behind the production of DNA arrays, the options available to those interested in applying them to their own research, and the possible toxicological applications of this exciting new technology. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rockett, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0049-8254 J9 XENOBIOTICA JI Xenobiotica PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 155 EP 177 PG 23 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 287DN UT WOS:000085489900005 PM 10718123 ER PT J AU Hantush, MM Marino, MA Islam, MR AF Hantush, MM Marino, MA Islam, MR TI Models for leaching of pesticides in soils and groundwater SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrology; ground water; solute transport; models; volatile organic compounds; waste disposal; aquifer; pesticides; soils; evapotranspiration; leachate; unsaturated zone; aquifer vulnerability; water quality; two-phase models ID BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT MODEL; TRACE ORGANICS; TRANSPORT; CONTAMINATION; HETEROGENEITY; MOBILITY AB Models are developed which describe leaching of pesticides in the root zone and the intermediate vadose zone, and flushing of residual solute mass in the aquifer. Pollutants' loss pathways in the soil, such as volatilization, crop uptake, and biochemical decay, are emphasized, and the effect of local dispersion and nonequilibrium transport in mobile-immobile phases is analyzed. It is shown that the effect of diffusive transfer on the leached mass fractions is dependent on the volume fraction of the immobile phase, adsorption, the apparent mass-transfer rate coefficient, the first-order decay rate in the immobile zone. Error analysis indicates that complete-mixing models can be: used to simulate leaching fractions of the pollutant when the Peclet number, P-r, is greater than one. However, ignoring the effect of dispersion may underestimate leaching significantly when P-r < 1, such as for volatile compounds. Potential application of the models to the design of groundwater protection zones is investigated, analysis and application results demonstrate the dependence of the size of protective buffer on potential loss pathways in the soil environment, the size of the source area, and aquifer geometric, hydraulic and biochemical properties. Potential use of the models for the management of pesticides is also investigated with implication on hazardous waste land treatment. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Hantush, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 35 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JAN 31 PY 2000 VL 227 IS 1-4 BP 66 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00166-3 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 285FA UT WOS:000085378000005 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Speth, TF Kelty, CA AF Magnuson, ML Speth, TF Kelty, CA TI Determination of interfering triazine degradation products by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE atrazines; deethylatrazine; deisopropylatrazine; triazines; pesticides ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; PESTICIDES; WATER; HERBICIDES; SURFACE; METABOLITES; SAMPLES; LIQUID AB Deethylatrazine (DEA), an atrazine degradation product, has been added to the US Environmental Protection Agency's Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL). In its gas chromatographic analysis, DEA can coelute with deisopropylatrazine (DIA), another degradation product. The present work demonstrates that the coelution of DEA and DIA can induce a significant (up to similar to 50%) positive bias in the DEA determination, when using an ion-trap mass spectrometer as the detector. The DIA determination is unaffected by the coelution within experimental error. This may be explained in terms of gas-phase ion fragment populations. A correction factor to the observed DEA concentration may be developed based on the measured DIA concentration. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JAN 28 PY 2000 VL 868 IS 1 BP 115 EP 119 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01185-1 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 277YJ UT WOS:000084960900011 PM 10677085 ER PT J AU Abou-Donia, MB Abdel-Rahman, AA Kishk, AM Walker, D Markwiese, BJ Acheson, SK Reagan, KE Swartzwelder, S Jensen, KF AF Abou-Donia, MB Abdel-Rahman, AA Kishk, AM Walker, D Markwiese, BJ Acheson, SK Reagan, KE Swartzwelder, S Jensen, KF TI Neurotoxicity of ethyl methacrylate in rats SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID INDUCED GASTRIC TOXICITY; KINASE-MEDIATED PHOSPHORYLATION; CORD NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS; IN-VITRO CALCIUM; METHYL-METHACRYLATE; DENTAL-TECHNICIANS; ACRYLATE; GLYCIDAMIDE; BRAIN; MONOMERS AB Ethyl methacrylate (ethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, EMA) has been implicated in the development of neurologic impairment following occupational exposure. The potential of EMA to produce neurotoxicity was investigated in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in two experiments. In the first experiment, animals were administered 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg by daily intraperitoneal (ip) injections for 60 d. Control rats received daily ip injections of 1 ml saline/kg. Clinical observations, spontaneous motor activity, and performance in the Morris water maze were assessed. Alterations in clinical parameters in the higher dose groups included lethargy, impaired breathing, decreased weight gain, and increased mortality. Alterations in motor activity were observed at 100 mg/kg, a dose that did not cause alterations in clinical parameters, body weight gain, or mortality. There was also a dose-dependent impairment in performance in the Morris water maze. in the second experiment, animals were administered EMA in drinking water at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% for 60 d. Control rats were administered tap water. Animals were perfused at the termination of exposure and samples of brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve were prepared for histological examination. Spongiform alterations were observed in fiber tracts of the forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord. Clusters of axonal swellings were scattered throughout the dorsal, ventral, and lateral columns of the spinal cord, and typically involved internodal segments of two or three neighboring axons. Shrunken axons with separated myelin lamellae and large axons with thinner than normal myelin sheaths were apparent in the sciatic nerve. The patterns of alterations in the white matter of the spinal cord and the sciatic nerve are consistent with myelinopathy, but additional experiments are necessary to confirm whether oligodendroglia and Schwann cells are the primary sires of injury. In addition to the alterations associated with myelin, there was a decrease in the density of neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. While the observed effects of EMA on the nervous system of rats are consistent with neurologic symptoms of workers exposed to EMA, additional experiments are necessary to determine ii the level and route of exposures associated with occupational use produce these impairments in experimental animals. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Bioanalyt Syst, W Lafayette, IN USA. E Carolina Univ, Sch Med, Greenville, NC USA. Nickel Producers Environm Res Assoc, Durham, NC USA. Dept Vet Affairs, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abou-Donia, MB (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RI Acheson, Shawn/A-3299-2016 NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JAN 28 PY 2000 VL 59 IS 2 BP 97 EP 118 DI 10.1080/009841000157005 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 276XZ UT WOS:000084904800003 PM 10653438 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Bashe, WJ AF Urbansky, ET Bashe, WJ TI Comparative methodology in the determination of alpha-oxocarboxylates in aqueous solution - Ion chromatography versus gas chromatography after oximation, extraction and esterification SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE oxocarboxylates; ketocarboxylates; ketoacids ID OZONATED DRINKING-WATER; ACIDS AB The alpha-oxocarboxylates (alpha-ketocarboxylates) and the corresponding alpha-oxoacids (alpha-ketoacids) have been reported as byproducts of ozonation of potable water supplies. Some of these species also occur in biophysiological systems. Five analytes were investigated in this study: oxoethanoate (glyoxylate), 2-oxopropanoate (pyruvate), 2-oxobutanoate (2-ketobutyrate), 2-oxopentanoate (2-ketovalerate) and oxopropanedioate (ketomalonate, mesoxalate). Ion chromatography (IC) and gas chromatography (GC) were evaluated for the quantitation of these analytes at concentrations less than or equal to 200 ng ml(-1). For the IC method, the samples are run directly with minimal to no pre-treatment. For the GC method, the analytes must be derivatized with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oxylamine to form oximes. The oximes are extracted into tert.-butyl methyl ether and the carboxylic acid is esterified (methylated) with diazomethane. It was concluded that the ion chromatographic determination is significantly superior to the gas chromatographic method for these analytes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Treatment Tech, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. TN & Associates Inc, Andrew W Breidenbach Environm Res Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Treatment Tech, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JAN 21 PY 2000 VL 867 IS 1-2 BP 143 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01158-9 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 275UK UT WOS:000084838400010 PM 10670716 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK Dunn, JE Raghunathan, K AF Gullett, BK Dunn, JE Raghunathan, K TI Effect of cofiring goal on formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans during waste combustion SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS; MUNICIPAL WASTE; FLY-ASH; SULFUR; INCINERATION; SYSTEMS; COAL AB The effect of cofiring coal with municipal waste on formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was examined by cofiring minor amounts (<7% by wt) of high (3.4% by wt) or low (0.7% by wt) sulfur (S) coal in a municipal waste combustor. PCDD/F concentrations were reduced up to 80% during the 13-run, 6-day effort. Both current and past operating conditions (fuel type and rate, gas concentrations) had an effect on current levels of PCDD/F formation. The influence of past conditions is consistent with a PCDD/F formation mechanism involving combustor wall deposits as sites for formation and indicates that PCDD/F measurements on field units may be affected in part by past operating conditions, at least up to 6 h. These wall deposits act as sources and receptors of PCDD/F precursors, reactants, and/ or catalysts. it is proposed that an effect of higher sulfur dioxide concentration from cofiring coal is to displace the sulfate/chforide equilibrium in the deposits, thereby decreasing chlorine contact with active sites and/or reducing catalytic activity through formation of metal sulfates rather than metal chlorides. PCDD versus PCDF levels were affected by mostly different operating parameters, suggesting that their mechanisms of formation are somewhat distinct. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Math Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 39 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 2 BP 282 EP 290 DI 10.1021/es990605z PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 274PP UT WOS:000084774500009 ER PT J AU Longphre, M Li, D Li, J Matovinovic, E Gallup, M Samet, JM Basbaum, CB AF Longphre, M Li, D Li, J Matovinovic, E Gallup, M Samet, JM Basbaum, CB TI Lung mucin production is stimulated by the air pollutant residual oil fly ash SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MUC5AC; vanadium; cell signaling; MAPK; transcription ID INHALABLE PARTICLES; DAILY MORTALITY; UP-REGULATION; HOST-DEFENSE; VANADIUM; CHILDREN; EXPOSURE; DISEASE; INJURY; ASTHMA AB Human and animal exposure to particulate air pollution is correlated with airway mucus hypersecretion and increased susceptibility to infection. Seeking clues to the mechanisms underlying this pathology, we examined the effect of the particulate air pollutant residual oil fly ash (ROFA) on production of the major component of mucus, mucin, and the major antibacterial protein of the respiratory tract, lysozyme. We found that following in vitro exposure to ROFA, epithelial cells showed an increase in mucin (MUC5AC) and lysozyme (LYS) steady state mRNA. This upregulation was controlled at least partly at the level of transcription as shown by reporter assays. Experiments testing the ability of the major components of ROFA to mimic these effects showed that vanadium, a metal making up 18.8% by weight, accounted for the bulk of the response. A screen of signaling inhibitors showed that MUC5AC and LYS induction by ROFA are mediated by dissimilar signaling pathways, both of which are, however, phosphotyrosine dependent. Recognizing that the ROFA constituent vanadium is a potent tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor and that mucin induction by pathogens is phophotyrosine dependent, we suggest that vanadium-containing air pollutants trigger disease-like conditions by unmasking phosphorylation-dependent pathogen resistance pathways. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Longphre, M (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01HL43762, P01HL24136] NR 29 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 162 IS 2 BP 86 EP 92 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8838 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 328MY UT WOS:000087855700002 PM 10637131 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Garrison, AW AF Wong, CS Garrison, AW TI Enantiomer separation of polychlorinated biphenyl atropisomers and polychlorinated biphenyl retention behavior on modified cyclodextrin capillary gas chromatography columns SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE enantiomer separation; retention behavior; polychlorinated biphenyl atropisomers ID ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; DIFFERENT HRGC COLUMNS; 209 PCB CONGENERS; ENANTIOSELECTIVE DETERMINATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN; 2,2',3,3',4,6'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL PCB-132; ALPHA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; CHIRASIL-DEX AB Seven commercially-available chiral capillary gas chromatography columns containing modified cyclodextrins were evaluated for their ability to separate enantiomers of the 19 stable chiral polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) atropisomers, and for their ability to separate these enantiomers from achiral congeners, necessary for trace environmental analysis of chiral PCBs. The enantiomers of each of the 19 chiral PCBs were at least partially separated on one or more of these columns. Enantiomeric ratios of eleven atropisomers could also be quantified on six columns as they did not coelute with any other congener containing the same number of chlorine atoms, so could be quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analysis of a lake sediment heavily contaminated with PCBs showed enantioselective occurrence of PCB 91, proof positive of enantioselective in situ reductive dechlorination at the sampling site. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Garrison, AW (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Wong, Charles/B-4215-2012 OI Wong, Charles/0000-0002-5743-2942 NR 38 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JAN 14 PY 2000 VL 866 IS 2 BP 213 EP 220 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01104-8 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 274RE UT WOS:000084778200006 PM 10670811 ER PT J AU Anastas, PT Bartlett, LB Kirchhoff, MM Williamson, TC AF Anastas, PT Bartlett, LB Kirchhoff, MM Williamson, TC TI The role of catalysis in the design, development, and implementation of green chemistry SO CATALYSIS TODAY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Congress of Environmental Catalysis CY NOV 15-20, 1998 CL MIAMI, FLORIDA SP AIChE DE catalysis; green chemistry; environmental protection AB Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes which reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. in the last decade, green chemistry has been recognized as a new approach to scientifically based environmental protection. Catalysis has manifested its role as a fundamental tool in pollution prevention. While catalysis has long been utilized in increasing efficiency, yield, and selectivity, it is now also recognized as accomplishing a wide range of green chemistry goals. (C)2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Anastas, PT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Mail COde 7406,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 37 TC 196 Z9 207 U1 3 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5861 J9 CATAL TODAY JI Catal. Today PD JAN 5 PY 2000 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00222-9 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 271XK UT WOS:000084620000003 ER PT J AU Wiltse, JA Dellarco, VL AF Wiltse, JA Dellarco, VL TI US Environmental Protection Agency's revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment: evaluating a postulated mode of carcinogenic action in guiding dose-response extrapolation SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dose-Response and Threshold-Mediated Mechanisms in Mutagenesis CY SEP 07, 1998 CL SALZBURG, AUSTRIA SP European Mutagen Soc, European Ctr Ecotoxicol & Toxicol Chem DE cancer risk assessment; carcinogenicity mechanisms; dose-response assessment AB There are new opportunities to using data from molecular and cellular studies in order to bring together a fuller biological understanding of how chemicals induce neoplasia. In 1996, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a proposal to replace its 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment to take advantage of these new scientific advances in cancer biology. The analytical framework within the new guidelines focuses on an understanding of the mode of carcinogenic action. Mode of action data come into play in a couple of ways in these new guidelines. For example, such information can inform the dose-response relationship below the experimental observable range of tumours. Thus, mode of action data can be useful in establishing more appropriate guidance levels for environmental contaminants. It is the understanding of the biological processes that lead to tumour development along with the response data derived from experimental studies that can help discern the shape of the dose-response at low doses (linear vs. nonlinear). Because it is experimentally difficult to establish "true thresholds" from others with a nonlinear dose-response relationship, the proposed guidelines take a practical approach to depart from low-dose linear extrapolation procedures when there is sufficient experimental support for a mode of action consistent with nonlinear biological processes (e.g., tumours resulting from the disruption of normal physiological processes). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Sci Technol, Off Water 4304, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dellarco, VL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci Technol, Off Water 4304, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM dellarco.vicki@epamail.epa.gov NR 11 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JAN 3 PY 2000 VL 464 IS 1 BP 105 EP 115 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00171-0 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 272NH UT WOS:000084656400012 PM 10633182 ER PT S AU Hartley, Z Laitner, S AF Hartley, Z Laitner, S GP AICHE AICHE AICHE TI Opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the US ethylene industry SO 12TH ETHYLENE PRODUCERS' CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ETHYLENE PRODUCERS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Annual Ethylene Producers Conference CY MAR 03-07, 2000 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AIChE, Ethylene Producers Comm C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hartley, Z (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1066-1557 BN 0-8169-0825-7 J9 PROC ETHYL PRODUC C PY 2000 VL 9 BP 713 EP 731 PG 19 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BR66U UT WOS:000167111800042 ER PT B AU Henderson, C AF Henderson, C GP GPA GPA TI EPA natural gas star program expansion to the gas gathering and processing sectors SO 79TH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE GAS PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION, PROCEEDINGS: CREATING VALUE IN A CHANGING WORLD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 79th Annual Meeting of the Gas-Processors-Association CY MAR 13-15, 2000 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Gas Processors Assoc AB Each year the natural gas industry loses an estimated 312 billion cubic feet of product as both fugitive and vented emissions in the course of normal operations. EPA believes that much of this gas loss can be avoided at no cost to the industry, using emissions reduction technologies and practices with short payback periods and strong methane savings. Reducing emissions of methane benefits the environment as well. Because methane is a potent greenhouse gas, reducing its levels in the atmosphere will help mitigate the threat of global climate change. Through the Natural Gas STAR Program, EPA is working with companies across the industry to achieve these economic and environmental goals. The Natural Gas STAR Program is a flexible, voluntary partnership between EPA and the oil and natural gas industry designed to cost-effectively reduce methane emissions from across the industry. Launched in 1993 as part of the US Climate Change Action Plan to reduce domestic greenhouse gas emissions, the program now has over 70 partners across the industry. Through implementing the program's recommended best management practices and other activities, these partner companies have reduced aggregate methane emissions by over 80 billion cubic feet, saving enough gas to heat over 600,000 homes for one year. Reducing these emissions is also equivalent in environmental benefit to removing about 7 million cars from the nation's roads. The Natural Gas STAR partnership continues to grow, and is now expanding to include the natural gas processing sector. C1 US EPA, Nat Gas, STAR, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Henderson, C (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Gas, STAR, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GAS PROCESSORS ASSOC PI TULSA PA 6526 E 60TH ST, TULSA, OK 74145 USA PY 2000 BP 279 EP 286 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BQ79G UT WOS:000089528500021 ER PT J AU Pettis, RJ Hall, I Costa, D Hickey, AJ AF Pettis, RJ Hall, I Costa, D Hickey, AJ TI Aerosol delivery of muramyl dipeptide to rodent lungs SO AAPS PHARMSCI LA English DT Article DE aerosols; muramyl dipeptide; alveolar macrophages ID ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; TUMORICIDAL ACTIVITY; NITRIC-OXIDE; LIPOSOMES; ACTIVATION; INDUCTION; SYNTHASE AB Tuberculosis is the single most serious infectious disease worldwide. The respiratory tract is the primary site of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). A number of immunogenic components of the cell wall of MTB, if delivered to the lungs as aerosols, can be used to study the local immune response. The site of deposition of these aerosols can be employed to control their residence time in the lungs. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) aerosols were delivered to alveolar macrophages in the lungs of rodents. Guinea pig macrophages harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage were examined by differential interference contrast microscopy for morphological changes indicative of activation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for the presence of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), and total protein content. Rat alveolar macrophages were studied for the production of nitric oxide, by induction of nitric oxide synthase. Twenty-four hours following exposure to an aerosol of MDP, alveolar macrophages exhibited morphological characteristics (spreading and pseudopodia), enzyme activity (NAG 50% above control), and production of the reactive intermediate nitric oxide. Rat macrophages subjected to aerosol exposure to MDP when challenged with a second dose of MDP or lipopolysaccharide exhibited a linear dose response as measured by nitric oxide production. These studies indicate that the topical delivery of an MTB bacterial cell wall component, muramyl dipeptide, results in activation of alveolar macrophages. This approach may be useful in elucidating elements of the immune response to MTB. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Div Drug Delivery & Disposit, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Div Med Chem & Nat Prod, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hickey, AJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Div Drug Delivery & Disposit, Beard Hall,CB 7360, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENTISTS PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1650 KING ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2747 USA J9 AAPS PHARMSCI JI AAPS Pharmsci PY 2000 VL 2 IS 3 BP art. no. EP 25 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 370MX UT WOS:000165127800007 ER PT J AU Wallace, L AF Wallace, L TI Correlations of personal exposure to particles with outdoor air measurements: A review of recent studies SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Aerosol-Research CY JUN 22-26, 1998 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Amer Assoc Aerosol Res ID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; DAILY MORTALITY; INDOOR; POLLUTION; ASSOCIATIONS; CALIFORNIA; COMMUNITY; ADULTS AB Epidemiological studies have found a correlation between daily mortality and particle concentrations in outdoor air as measured at a central monitoring station. These studies have been the central reason for the U.S. EPA to propose new tighter particle standards. However, personal monitoring studies have generally found very poor correlations (often approaching 0) between personal exposures and outdoor air concentrations. This has led to questions regarding the scientific basis of the new EPA standard. One reason for the poor correlations noted in the personal monitoring studies is that the correlations were cross-sectional: that is, they included many persons (generally monitored for only 1 or a few days) with no differentiation between persons exposed to high indoor sources (such as smokers) and those with much smaller exposures. Some recent studies have improved on this situation by following persons for a number of days and performing longitudinal correlations on individuals over time. These longitudinal correlations are almost invariably much higher than cross-sectional correlations. A second possible reason for the low correlations of personal exposure with outdoor concentrations is that most studies have been done on healthy persons who may be much more active and therefore generate more particles than sick persons. Therefore a second set of studies has begun to be carried out looking at high-risk subpopulations, such as those with existing respiratory or cardiovascular disease. A common element in these studies is the existence of a "personal cloud," an increased personal exposure beyond what is calculated from a time-weighted average of indoor and outdoor concentrations. The personal cloud for healthy persons can be quite sizable, on the order of 50 mu g/m(3) during the day when people are active and may be a major reason for the poor correlations of personal exposure with outdoor air concentrations. If the personal cloud of high-risk subpopulations is considerably smaller than that of healthy populations and if indoor sources are reduced in the impaired populations, then better correlations of personal exposure with outdoor air could be expected. Recent studies that have quantitated the personal cloud for both healthy and sick populations are reviewed. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr 555, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Wallace, L (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr 555, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 26 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 5 U2 16 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1 BP 15 EP 25 DI 10.1080/027868200303894 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274TH UT WOS:000084780800003 ER PT J AU Adams, NH Sparks, LE Ensor, DS AF Adams, NH Sparks, LE Ensor, DS TI Quality checks in aerosol measurements SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Aerosol-Research CY JUN 22-26, 1998 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Amer Assoc Aerosol Res AB This technical paper applies a standard quality assurance approach to aerosol measurements, listing general and specific factors to consider in planning, implementing, assessing, and reporting an aerosol measurement project. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Adams, NH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD-91, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1 BP 26 EP 33 DI 10.1080/027868200303902 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274TH UT WOS:000084780800004 ER PT B AU Daniels, AE Voytko, JE Brown, D AF Daniels, AE Voytko, JE Brown, D GP AESF AESF TI Environmental technology verification for metal finishing SO AESF/EPA CONFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXCELLENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st Conference for Environmental Excellence CY JAN 17, 2000-JAN 19, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Electroplater & Surface Finishers Soc, US EPA AB The U.S. EPA and CTC are cooperating in a program for the metal finishing industry called the "Environmental Technology Verification for Metal Finishing" (ETV-MF) Program. In association with the EPA's Common Sense Initiative for the metal finishing sector, this program is a pilot to develop methods for verifying innovative, commercially ready technologies that are designed to improve industry performance and achieve cost-effective pollution prevention in metal finishing operations. This paper will review the current status of the program, describe how the verification process is conducted and how test plans are developed. Program activities that are guided by a group of industry stakeholders will be explained. Benefits to pollution prevention technology suppliers and metal finishers will be reviewed. Recommendations from stakeholder meetings, status of verification tests, and future plans for the pilot will also be discussed. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Daniels, AE (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SURFACE FINISHERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826 USA PY 2000 BP 5 EP 9 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW97T UT WOS:000183832500001 ER PT B AU Lorber, M Schweer, G Schwartz, S Peck, C Bottimore, D Shapiro, P AF Lorber, M Schweer, G Schwartz, S Peck, C Bottimore, D Shapiro, P GP AESF AESF TI EPA's metal finishing facility risk screening tool (MFFRST): Part 1, status and update SO AESF/EPA CONFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXCELLENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st Conference for Environmental Excellence CY JAN 17, 2000-JAN 19, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Electroplater & Surface Finishers Soc, US EPA ID ELECTROPLATING WORKERS; HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM; CONTAMINATED SOILS; EXPOSURE AB The U.S. EPA's MFFRST was introduced during the 1999 AESF/EPA Conference for Environmental Excellence. With specified or internally predicted emission rates of critical constituents (such as Cr+6) into the work space and out of stacks into the ambient environment, this risk screening tool predicts the concentration of constituents in the air to which workers and nearby residents are exposed. Subsequent potential human health impacts are then estimated with MFFRST using traditional EPA methods. While the approach developed for MFFRST was described at the last conference, only the shell of the software tool was available for display at that time. The critical model algorithms for source emissions, atmospheric fate and transport, and human exposure and potential health impact were still being installed. By June of 1999, a beta test of MFFRST was available and was displayed during SUR/FIN(R) in Cincinnati. Expert reviews of this beta test version were sought from industry scientists, federal (EPA, OSHA) and state agencies, non-government organizations (NGOs), consultants and others. This paper reports on the results of the peer review, changes to MFFRST as a result of that review, and lays out plans to finalize MFFRST for final EPA publication and release. As well, this paper presents the full set of health risk benchmarks that are used in MFFRST (air concentrations used by regulatory agencies to evaluate potential health impacts of exposure to contaminants in ambient and workplace environments) and an example of the application of MFFRST to hexavalent chromium. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lorber, M (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SURFACE FINISHERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826 USA PY 2000 BP 13 EP 28 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW97T UT WOS:000183832500002 ER PT B AU Schwartz, SM Lorber, M AF Schwartz, SM Lorber, M GP AESF AESF TI EPA'S metal finishing facility risk screening tool (MFFRST): Part 2, Updates to source emission characterization SO AESF/EPA CONFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXCELLENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st Conference for Environmental Excellence CY JAN 17, 2000-JAN 19, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Electroplater & Surface Finishers Soc, US EPA AB MFFRST is a "user-friendly" tool that enables anyone to perform a screening characterization of health risks to workers and neighbors of metal finishing facilities. This tool focuses on human health impacts from inhaling chemicals emitted from metal finishing facilities. The tool has three major modules that are combined to calculate health risks. The first module characterizes atmospheric emissions from process tanks in metal finishing shops. It is this module only that will be discussed in this report. Expert reviews of MFFRST were sought from industry scientists, federal (EPA, OSHA) and state agencies, non-government organizations (NGOs), consultants and others. Sixty-two individuals were sent the June 1999 version of MFFRST and documentation. Of those, 14 provided comments back to EPA. Only the comments that address the first module (the calculation of emissions) will be discussed in this report. This paper will also conduct a simple "reality" test for the procedures that estimate atmospheric emissions in MFFRST. Emissions of constituents associated with specific plating lines are compared against stack emissions of those same constituents as reported in the TRI data base that accompanies MFFRST. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schwartz, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SURFACE FINISHERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826 USA PY 2000 BP 29 EP 58 PG 30 WC Engineering, Environmental; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW97T UT WOS:000183832500003 ER PT B AU Bless, DR AF Bless, DR GP AESF AESF TI A review of nickel plating bath life extension, nickel recovery & copper recovery from nickel baths SO AESF/EPA CONFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXCELLENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st Conference for Environmental Excellence CY JAN 17, 2000-JAN 19, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Electroplater & Surface Finishers Soc, US EPA AB For metal finishing operations to remain competitive and in compliance with environmental requirements, companies must focus their efforts on pollution prevention to reduce waste generation and disposal costs, limit liability and restore maximum profits. By applying the pollution prevention concept, metal finishers can reduce the generation of metal bearing wastes at the source. When waste cannot be reduced in the process, the preferred alternative is the recovery/recycle of metals and the maintenance of process solutions used. Metals recovery/recycle is an important aspect to consider when the risk to human health and ecological consequences is involved. To maximize pollution prevention, water use must be minimized, metals must be recycled "in-process" or recovered, and contaminants must be removed from the process bath to extend bath life. This review covers source reduction, current and competing technologies, bath life extension, and the most efficient pollution prevention measures for nickel electroplating processes. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Bless, DR (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SURFACE FINISHERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826 USA PY 2000 BP 133 EP 144 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW97T UT WOS:000183832500011 ER PT B AU Szlag, D Dillhoff, C AF Szlag, D Dillhoff, C GP AESF AESF TI An environmental and economic comparison of ion exchange and recently commercialized electrochemical technologies for the recovery of rinse water in a bright nickel plating facility SO AESF/EPA CONFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXCELLENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st Conference for Environmental Excellence CY JAN 17, 2000-JAN 19, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Electroplater & Surface Finishers Soc, US EPA AB Researchers at the USEPA are testing and evaluating two commercial electrochemical technologies for the purification of rinse water and the recovery of copper and nickel from a variety of electroplating processes. One of the investigated technologies is based on the application of high surface area carbon based electrodes in a radial flow cell that maximizes mass transfer and current efficiency. The other investigated technology uses a novel electrochemical ion exchange cell that is regenerated electrochemically. This paper discusses the engineering fundamentals, economics and environmental costs of utilizing these novel electrochemical technologies for rinse water recovery at a small bright nickel plating facility. For this study, the primary objectives were: 1) to recover rinse water; 2) assure compliance with existing environmental regulations; and 3) determine the feasibility of reducing or eliminating the need for an off-site ion exchange service. At this facility it was not desired to return the recovered nickel directly to the process. Impact assessment analysis and a conventional payback analysis are used to compare these new electrochemical processes with each other and the existing ion exchange recovery unit. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Szlag, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 WML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SURFACE FINISHERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826 USA PY 2000 BP 343 EP 351 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW97T UT WOS:000183832500030 ER PT B AU Matuszeski, W AF Matuszeski, W BE Sharpley, AN TI Phosphorus and the Chesapeake Bay - Opening remarks SO AGRICULTURE AND PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT: THE CHESAPEAKE BAY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Agriculture and Phosphorus Management - The Chesapeake Bay CY APR, 1998 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIVERSITY PK, PA SP Sci & Techn Advisory Comm, Chesapeake Bay Program HO PENN STATE UNIV C1 US EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Matuszeski, W (reprint author), US EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-494-4 PY 2000 BP 3 EP 5 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BP67W UT WOS:000085842300002 ER PT J AU Yu, TC Mitra, S McAllister, G AF Yu, TC Mitra, S McAllister, G TI Monitoring effluents from an air toxic control device using continuous nonmethane organic carbon analyzer SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE air monitoring; CEM; continuous monitoring; nonmethane organic carbon; stack monitoring; volatile organic compounds ID MICROTRAP AB Nonmethane organic carbon (NMOC) is a measure of total organic carbon other than methane in an air emission. It is a convenient way of expressing total organic emissions in terms of carbon. Development of a continuous NMOC (referred to as the C-NMOC) analyzer was recently reported. A microsorbent trap called the microtrap is the key component of this instrument. The microtrap selectively concentrates the organic compounds and then desorbs them as an injection pulse for NMOC detection. The process of concentration and injection is quite fast, and the analysis can be carried out every few seconds to every few minutes, The characteristics of this instrument as applied to on-line monitoring are presented in this article. Its applicability is demonstrated by monitoring emissions from an air toxic control device. The instrument performed well with the oxygenated, chlorinated, aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons in this study. The instrument also demonstrated linear response and high sensitivity. C1 New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Durham, NC 27709 USA. RP Mitra, S (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 BP 16 EP 21 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 292AM UT WOS:000085772000003 PM 10772610 ER PT J AU Johnston, JM AF Johnston, JM TI The contribution of microarthropods to aboveground food webs: A review and model of belowground transfer in a coniferous forest SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Review ID PREY-CAPTURE; COLEOPTERA; CARABIDAE; PREDATION; PRAIRIE; DIET AB Although belowground food webs have received much attention, studies concerning microarthropods in nondetrital food webs are scarce. Because adult oribatid mites often number between 250,000-500,000/m(2) in coniferous forests, microarthropods are a potential food resource for microarthropods and vertebrate predators of the forest floor. Although the contribution of microarthropods to aboveground food webs has received little attention, sufficient data concerning macroarthropods and vertebrate predators were available at the Savannah River Site (SRS. Aiken. South Carolina) to construct a food web model of the various trophic interactions. To supplement this analysis, literature of microarthropod predation by arthropods and vertebrates was reviewed. This information was incorporated with the existing data to produce a model for taxa occurring in coniferous forests at the SRS. Because of the diversity and natural history of microarthropod predators, both vertebrate and invertebrate, the resulting web is quite connected and included transfers to many trophic levels. The diets of arthropods and vertebrates are variable; yet feeding patterns reflect the relative abundance of prey at a place and time. Also many predators feed on members of their own group. These factors suggest that belowground transfers are deserved of more attention in these and other forest food webs where substantial numbers of detritus feeding invertebrates inhabit the soil/litter interface and are available as prey items. More over, this model can be generalized to describe the dynamics of arthropod and vertebrate communities in other coniferous forests. The functioning of terrestrial ecosystems is dependent upon the interrelationships between aboveground and belowground food webs, and transfers of biotic components of the decomposer subsystem to aboveground consumers connect the two subsystems. It is hoped that those consumers traditionally associated with foliage-based food webs be reconsidered, as they may be gaining a proportion of their nutrition from organisms in the detrital pathway. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Johnston, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 75 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 31 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 143 IS 1 BP 226 EP 238 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0226:TCOMTA]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 273CW UT WOS:000084690600018 ER PT J AU Brazner, JC Jensen, DA AF Brazner, JC Jensen, DA TI Zebra mussel [Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)] colonization of rusty crayfish [Orconectes rusticus (Girard)] in Green Bay, Lake Michigan SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID PREDATION; BIVALVES; IMPACT AB In August 1995 six rusty crayfish (Orconectes, rusticus) colonized with zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were captured in small-meshed fyke-nets set as part of a fish sampling effort at Peter's Marsh and Long-Tail Point Westland in lower Green Bay. The number of mussels per crayfish ranged from 16 to 431 and the length of the zebra mussels ranged from 1.2 to 12.0 mm with a mean of 3.6 mm. Mussels colonized virtually all areas of the crayfish bodies but the chelate, telson and uropods and thorax were most heavily colonized. Although it is possible that zebra mussels may have positive effects on crayfish populations through associated effects on water clarity, autotroph and invertebrate production, we are concerned that energetic costs or physical constraints caused by attached zebra mussels mal be detrimental to crayfish in the Great Lakes. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sea Grant Program, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Brazner, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 143 IS 1 BP 250 EP 256 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0250:ZMDPPC]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 273CW UT WOS:000084690600021 ER PT S AU Timm, GE Maciorowski, AF AF Timm, GE Maciorowski, AF BE Keith, LH JonesLepp, TL Needham, LL TI Endocrine disruptor screening and testing: A consensus strategy SO ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn Co, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID CHEMICALS; WORKSHOP AB Over the past five years, endocrine disrupting chemicals have emerged as a major environmental science and policy issue. Documented effects to fish and wildlife populations, coupled with evidence form human poisonings, epidemiology, and experimental toxicology have led to an emerging hypothesis that chemicals may be affecting reproduction and development. In response to these concerns, the U.S. Congress passed the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) and the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments of 1996. The FQPA requires EPA to screen pesticides for estrogenic effects on human health and permits EPA to screen chemicals found in drinking water sources for other hormonal effects. Faced with implementing a new regulatory program, EPA responded by sponsoring focused research to better understand the basic science of endocrine disruption, and by establishing the Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) to advise the Agency on the design of an endocrine disruptor screening program. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Timm, GE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3650-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 747 BP 1 EP 10 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BT14D UT WOS:000172068100001 ER PT S AU Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL Bowman, KL AF Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL Bowman, KL BE Keith, LH JonesLepp, TL Needham, LL TI Analytical challenges of environmental endocrine disruptor monitoring SO ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn Co, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; CHROMATOGRAPHY; MIXTURES; SAMPLES; URINE; SOIL AB Reported increases in the incidence of endocrine-related conditions have led to speculation about environmental causes. Environmental scientists are focusing increased research effort into understanding the mechanisms by which endocrine disruptors affect human and ecological health. Fundamental to this understanding is the ability to characterize and quantify these types of chemical compounds. Immunoassays and tandem analytical techniques, that team chromatography with sensitive immunochemical methods, enable bioanalysis of compounds in complex matrices. Examples of immunochemical methods with applications to environmental monitoring and human exposure assessment are given. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Serv Grp, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Van Emon, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3650-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 747 BP 23 EP 32 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BT14D UT WOS:000172068100003 ER PT S AU Grange, AH Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Sovocool, GW BE Keith, LH JonesLepp, TL Needham, LL TI Identifying endocrine disruptors by high-resolution mass spectrometry SO ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn Co, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; IONS; IDENTIFICATION AB Identification of trace amounts of compounds found in the environment, including endocrine disruptors, is difficult. Two analytical tools developed by the U.S. EPA's Environmental Sciences Division, Mass Peak Profiling from Selected Ion Recording Data (MPPSIRD) and a Profile Generation Model (PGM), utilize high resolution mass spectrometry to determine elemental compositions of molecular and fragment ions. These tools provide structural details of molecules and limit the identity of compounds to a manageable number of isomers. Compounds tentatively identified through literature searches can be confirmed by comparison of analyte mass spectra and retention times with those of standards. The enhanced speed and sensitivity provided by MPPSIRD allow elemental compositions to be determined for ions from compounds entering the mass spectrometer as chromatographic peaks in amounts too small for FTIR and NMR to be used. Application of MPPSIRD and the PGM for solving real world environmental contamination problems is reviewed, and a detection limit for ethinylestradiol with probe introduction is determined. C1 US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3650-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 747 BP 133 EP 145 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BT14D UT WOS:000172068100009 ER PT J AU Wei, XY Brockhoff-Schwegel, CA Creed, JT AF Wei, XY Brockhoff-Schwegel, CA Creed, JT TI Application of sample pre-oxidation of arsenite in human urine prior to speciation via on-line photo-oxidation with membrane hydride generation and ICP-MS detection SO ANALYST LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY DETECTION; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE; WATER; ARSENATE(III); METABOLITES; SEPARATION; INGESTION; SELENIUM AB A pre-oxidation procedure which converts arsenite [As(III)] into arsenate [As(V)] was investigated in urinary arsenic speciation prior to on-line photo-oxidation hydride generation with ICP-MS detection. This sample pre-oxidation method eliminates As(III) and As(V) preservation concerns and simplifies the chromatographic separation. Four oxidants, Cl-2, MnO2, H2O2 and I-3(-), were investigated. Chlorine (ClOaq-) and MnO2 selectively converted As(III) into As(V) in pure water samples, but the conversion was inefficient in the complex urine matrix. Oxidation of As(III) by H2O2 was least affected by the urine matrix, but the removal of excess H2O2 at pH 10 proved difficult. The most appropriate oxidant for the selective conversion of As(III) into As(V) with minimal interference from the urine matrix is I-3(-) at pH 7. Unlike H2O2, excess oxidant can be easily removed by the addition of S2O32-. The I-3(-)-S2O32- treatment on a fortified sample of reconstituted NIST SRM 2670 freeze dried urine indicated that arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethlyarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and As(V) were not chemically degraded with recoveries ranging from 95 to 102% for all arsenicals. Sample clean-up involved pH adjustment prior to C-18 filtration in order to achieve efficient As(III) conversion and quantitative recoveries of AsB and DMA. The concentrations determined in NIST SRM 2670 freeze dried urine were AsB 17.2 +/- 0.5, DMA 56 +/- 4 and MMA 10.3 +/- 0.3 with a combined total of 83 +/- 5 mu g L-1 (+/- 2 sigma). C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PY 2000 VL 125 IS 6 BP 1215 EP 1220 DI 10.1039/b002346i PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 320UR UT WOS:000087419200039 PM 10932862 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Urbansky, ET Kelty, CA AF Magnuson, ML Urbansky, ET Kelty, CA TI Determination of perchlorate at trace levels in drinking water by ion-pair extraction with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Perchlorate has been added to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL). The present work describes the analysis of perchlorate in water by liquid-liquid extraction followed by now injection electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). Cationic surfactants, mostly alkyltrimethylammonium salts, are used to ion-pair aqueous perchlorate, forming extractable ion pairs. The cationic surfactant associates with the perchlorate ion to form a complex detectable by ESI/MS. The selectivity of the extraction and the mass spectrometric detection increases confidence in the identification of perchlorate. The method detection limit for perchlorate based on 3.14 sigma(n-1) of seven replicate injections was 100 ng L-1 (parts per trillion). Standard addition was used to quantitate perchlorate in a drinking water sample from a contaminated source, and the concentration determined agreed within experimental error with the concentration determined by ion chromatography. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 17 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 1 BP 25 EP 29 DI 10.1021/ac9909204 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 271GZ UT WOS:000084587000018 PM 10655630 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Apostol, AB Brumley, WC AF Rogers, KR Apostol, AB Brumley, WC TI Capillary electrophoresis immunoassay for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid SO ANALYTICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; immunoassay; 2,4-D; environmental monitoring ID FLUOROIMMUNOASSAY; CORTISOL; SERUM; PHASE AB A capillary electrophoresis (CE) immunoassay format for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is demonstrated. A fluorescent labeled 2,4-D analog competes with the analyte of interest for a finite number of binding sites provided by anti-2,4-D monoclonal antibodies. CE then provides a means of separating and measuring both the free and antibody-bound fluorescent tracer using laser-induced fluorescence detection. For this assay format, the amount of free tracer is a sensitive indicator for the concentration of analyte present in the sample. A sequential injection format allows the rapid analysis of a small number of samples. The dynamic concentration range for 2,4-D in either buffer or river water is 5 ppb to 1000 ppb. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0003-2719 J9 ANAL LETT JI Anal. Lett. PY 2000 VL 33 IS 3 BP 443 EP 453 DI 10.1080/00032710008543064 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 292DR UT WOS:000085779300005 ER PT B AU Koustas, RN AF Koustas, RN BE James, W TI Update on EPA's urban watershed management branch modeling activities SO APPLIED MODELING OF URBAN WATER SYSTEMS, MONOGRAPH 8 SE ADVANCES IN MODELING THE MANAGEMENT OF STORMWATER IMPACTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling CY FEB 18-19, 1999 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Urban Water Resources Res Council, Amer Water Resources Assoc, US EPA, Canadian Soc Civil Engn, Ontario Minist Environm, Assoc Conservat Authorities Ontario AB The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD) Urban Watershed Management Branch (UWMB) has identified an approach for urban modeling research that includes two major objectives: to develop a standard operating procedure for the user community and to develop a BASINS-compatible Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) - Geographical Information System (GIS) interface. To achieve this, UWMB is currently involved with several stormwater modeling projects. This chapter provides the SWMM-user community with a description of the UWMB approach to urban watershed modeling research and provides an update on current ORD SWMM-related projects. C1 US EPA, Edison Facil, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Koustas, RN (reprint author), US EPA, Edison Facil, 2890 Woodbridge Ave,MS 104, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULICS INTERNATIONAL PI GULPH PA 36 STUART STREET, GULPH, ON B1E 4S5, CANADA BN 0-9683681-3-1 J9 ADV MOD MANAG STORMW PY 2000 VL 8 BP 379 EP 391 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BR54M UT WOS:000166736300021 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Seigneur, C Seinfeld, JH Jacobson, M Clegg, SL Binkowski, FS AF Zhang, Y Seigneur, C Seinfeld, JH Jacobson, M Clegg, SL Binkowski, FS TI A comparative review of inorganic aerosol thermodynamic equilibrium modules: similarities, differences, and their likely causes SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE inorganic particulate matter; thermodynamic modeling; multi-phase equilibrium; module comparison; sensitivity ID POLLUTION MODELING SYSTEM; WATER ACTIVITIES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BALANCE; ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; REGIONAL AEROSOLS; NITRATE AEROSOLS; SIZE; SULFATE; URBAN AB A comprehensive comparison of five inorganic aerosol thermodynamic equilibrium modules, MARS-A, SEQUILIB, SCAPE2, EQUISOLV II, and AIM2 was conducted for a variety of atmospheric concentrations of particulate matter (PM) constituents, relative humidities (RHs), and temperatures. Our results show that although the PM compositions and concentrations predicted by these modules are generally comparable under most conditions, significant discrepancies exist under some conditions, especially at high nitrate/chloride concentrations and low/medium RHs. As a consequence, the absolute differences in total PM concentrations predicted by these modules under all simulation conditions are 7.7-12.3% on average and as much as 68% for specific cases. The PM predictions are highly sensitive to changes in the molar ratios of ammonium to sulfate, nitrate to sulfate, and sodium chloride to sulfate, relative humidity, and temperature. The similarities and differences in simulation results predicted by the five modules are analyzed and the likely causes for these differences are discussed in detail. Recommendations are provided regarding the relative advantages of these modules, possible improvements of their performance, and applications in three-dimensional PM modeling studies. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ E Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. US EPA, NOAA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, 2682 Bishop Dr,Suite 120, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. NR 35 TC 131 Z9 133 U1 1 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 1 BP 117 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00236-8 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 266AK UT WOS:000084278300012 ER PT J AU Geron, C Rasmussen, R Arnts, RR Guenther, A AF Geron, C Rasmussen, R Arnts, RR Guenther, A TI A review and synthesis of monoterpene speciation from forests in the United States SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE alpha-pinene; conifers; emission model; biogenic volatile organic compounds; essential oil ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS; CALIFORNIA CENTRAL VALLEY; AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS; SEQUOIA-SEMPERVIRENS; VOLATILE TERPENES; RATE VARIABILITY; ALPHA-PINENE; QUERCUS-ILEX; PINUS-PINEA AB The monoterpene composition (emission and tissue internal concentration) of major forest tree species in the United States is discussed. Of the 14 most commonly occurring compounds (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, Delta(3)-carene, d-limonene, camphene, myrcene, alpha-terpinene, beta-phellandrene, sabinene, rho-cymene, ocimene, alpha-thujene, terpinolene, and gamma-terpinene), the first six are usually found to be most abundant. Expected regional variability based on the monoterpene composition fingerprints and corresponding toe species distribution and abundance is examined. In the southeast, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene seem to dominate monoterpene emissions, while in the northern forests emissions are distributed more evenly among the six major compounds. In some parts of western forests, beta-pinene and Delta(3)-carene can be more abundant than alpha-pinene. Among the other eight compounds, beta-phellandrene and sabinene occasionally are significant percentages of expected local monoterpene emissions. Ocimene and rho-cymene are estimated to be more common in regions dominated by deciduous broadleaf forests, although total emission rates are generally lower for these forests relative to those dominated by conifers. These percentages are compared with monoterpene composition measured in ambient air at various sites. Estimated monoterpene emission composition based on local forest species composition agrees fairly well with ambient measurements for the six major compounds. The past assumption that alpha-pinene composes approximately 50% of total monoterpene emissions appears reasonable for many areas, except for possibly the northern coniferous forests and some areas in the west dominated by true firs, spruce, and western pines (lodgepole and ponderosa pines). The oxygenated monoterpenes such as camphor, bornyl acetate, and cineole often compose high percentages of the monoterpenes within plant tissues, but are much less abundant in emission samples. Even after adjusting for lower vapor pressures of these compounds, emission rates relative to the hydrocarbon monoterpenes are often lower than would be expected from their internal concentrations. More study is warranted on monoterpene emission rates and composition, especially from the spruces, true firs, hemlocks, cedars, and some deciduous species such as the maples. Non-invasive canopy level and whole ecosystem flux studies are also needed to establish uncertainty estimates for monoterpene emission models. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Oregon Grad Inst, Portland, OR 97291 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Geron, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Geron, Chris/0000-0002-4266-2155 NR 98 TC 154 Z9 155 U1 11 U2 76 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1761 EP 1781 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00364-7 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 299JM UT WOS:000086195400010 ER PT J AU Chow, JC Watson, JG Green, MC Lowenthal, DH Bates, B Oslund, W Torres, G AF Chow, JC Watson, JG Green, MC Lowenthal, DH Bates, B Oslund, W Torres, G TI Cross-border transport and spatial variability of suspended particles in Mexicali and California's Imperial Valley SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE cross-border transport; PM10; CMB source apportionment ID ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; UNITED-STATES; AIR-QUALITY; CITY AB The city of Mexicali, the state capitol of Baja California, Mexico, lies 189 kilometers (km) inland from the Pacific Coast on the California border at the lower end of California's Imperial Valley. Mexicali is adjacent to the California city of Calexico and 20 km south of the Imperial county seat of El Centro. The Mexicali and Calexico PM10 monitors were separated by only 10 km; yet, three measurements at Calexico exceeded 150 mu g m(-3), while 23 samples exceeded this PM10 standard at the Mexicali site. Air how through Mexicali is channeled by the Imperial Valley and is usually from the northwest or southeast, with northwesterlies being most frequent. During the study period from March 1992 through August 1993, hourly PM10 concentrations were higher in the border area during southerly than northerly flow. For wind flow patterns in both directions, PM10 initially decreased with wind speed due to improved ventilation, then increased at high wind speeds due to increased suspension of soil particles. Average cross-border transport of PM10 was three times higher for southerly flow from Mexico than for northerly flow from the United States into Mexico. Because northerly winds were more frequent, the time-integrated cross-border transport over the study period was only about one-and-one-half times higher from Mexico. PM10 mass concentrations at the Mexicali site were highest when flow was over the main Calexico-Mexicali urban area (northwesterly flow) but were lower when flow was from less urbanized desert areas (southeasterly flow). Although Mexicali's PM10 concentrations were almost double those measured at Calexico, annual average relative source contributions were similar, with 70% from fugitive dust, 10-15% from motor vehicle exhaust, 4-8% from vegetative burning or cooking, 2-3% from marine aerosol (Gulf of California), 1.5-3% from secondary ammonium sulfate, and 1.5% to 2.5% from secondary ammonium nitrate. Primary industrial source contributions were negligible. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. US EPA, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. Calif Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA 95812 USA. Solam Co, Calexico, CA 92231 USA. RP Chow, JC (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RI Watson, John/E-6869-2010 OI Watson, John/0000-0002-1752-6899 NR 28 TC 39 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1833 EP 1843 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00282-4 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 299JM UT WOS:000086195400015 ER PT J AU Schere, KL Hidy, GM AF Schere, KL Hidy, GM TI NARSTO critical reviews SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Envair Aerochem, Placitas, NM 87043 USA. RP Schere, KL (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Mail Drop 80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 12-14 BP 1853 EP 1860 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 299JP UT WOS:000086195600001 ER PT J AU Solomon, P Cowling, E Hidy, G Furiness, C AF Solomon, P Cowling, E Hidy, G Furiness, C TI Comparison of scientific findings from major ozone field studies in North America and Europe SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE regional ozone field studies; tropospheric ozone; pollution management; meteorology ID LOWER FRASER VALLEY; TUSCARORA MOUNTAIN TUNNELS; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUND; SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; SOUTHERN ONTARIO; RURAL SITE; NITROGEN-OXIDES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; UNITED-STATES AB During the past decade, nearly 600 million dollars were invested in more than 30 major held studies in North America and Europe examining tropospheric ozone chemistry, meteorology, precursor emissions, and modeling. Most of these studies were undertaken to provide new or refined knowledge about ozone accumulation and to assist in the development of economical and effective emissions management practices for ozone. In this paper, we describe a selection of field research programs conducted under a wide range of geographical and climatological conditions in North America and Europe. The designs of these studies were generally similar, employing a combination of ground-based observation networks, upper-air sampling, and meteorological observations. Analysis and interpretation of the resulting data were combined with improved inventories of ozone precursor emissions and air quality modeling to develop new or enhanced knowledge about photochemical processes under various tropospheric conditions. The scientific results from these studies contained few surprises; in fact, they generally affirmed the conclusions in the review by the US National Research Council (NRC, 1999). Key findings include: (1) reaffirmation that tropospheric ozone is a multi-scale phenomenon extending to continental boundaries; (2) aerometric conditions aloft are important to ground-level ozone; (3) biogenic sources make important contributions to VOC and NOx emissions in parts of eastern North America and southern Europe; (4) emissions estimates are among the more uncertain components of predictive models for ozone; (5) recirculating flow over complex terrain and large water bodies are universally important factors affecting accumulation of ozone at the ground; (6) nonlinearities in ozone response to precursor changes create important degrees of freedom in management strategies - VOC and NOx sensitivities vary extensively in urban and rural areas, making decisions about emissions management complicated; (7) measurement methods for many precursors, intermediates, and products of photochemical reactions have improved greatly; and (8) additional analysis and interpretation of existing data from many of these field studies should pay handsome dividends at relatively modest cost. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Envair Aerochem, Placitas, NM USA. RP Solomon, P (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 213 TC 98 Z9 110 U1 5 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 12-14 BP 1885 EP 1920 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00453-7 PG 36 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 299JP UT WOS:000086195600003 ER PT J AU Guenther, A Geron, C Pierce, T Lamb, B Harley, P Fall, R AF Guenther, A Geron, C Pierce, T Lamb, B Harley, P Fall, R TI Natural emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds; carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen from North America SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE isoprene; monoterpenes; hydrocarbons; carbon monoxide; nitric oxide; biogenic emissions; volatile organic compounds ID BIOGENIC HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS; QUERCUS-ILEX L; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; ISOPRENE EMISSION; NITRIC-OXIDE; MONOTERPENE EMISSION; FOREST CANOPY; OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; RATE VARIABILITY AB The magnitudes, distributions, controlling processes and uncertainties associated with North American natural emissions of oxidant precursors are reviewed. Natural emissions are responsible for a major portion of the compounds, including non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), that determine tropospheric oxidant concentrations. Natural sources include soil microbes, vegetation, biomass burning, and lightning. These sources are strongly influenced by human activities that have led to significant changes in the magnitude and distribution of natural emissions in the past two centuries. The total NMVOC flux of about 84 x 10(12) g of carbon (Tg C) is comprised primarily of isoprene (35%), 19 other terpenoid compounds (25%) and 17 non-terpenoid compounds (40%). Vegetation is predicted to contribute about 98% of the total annual natural NMVOC emission. The estimated annual natural NO emission of 2.1 x 10(12) g of nitrogen (Tg N) from North America is primarily due to soils and lightning, while the estimated 10 Tg C of CO arises from biomass burning and vegetation. Field measurements of ambient concentrations and above canopy fluxes have validated emission estimates for a few compounds from some important landscapes. The uncertainty associated with natural emission estimates ranges from less than 50% for midday summer isoprene emission from some locations to about a factor of 10 for some compounds and landscapes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Guenther, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, 1805 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Harley, Peter/E-1856-2014; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Harley, Peter/0000-0002-2647-1973; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 159 TC 387 Z9 408 U1 12 U2 131 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 12-14 BP 2205 EP 2230 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00465-3 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 299JP UT WOS:000086195600015 ER PT J AU Edney, EO Driscoll, DJ Speer, RE Weathers, WS Kleindienst, TE Li, W Smith, DF AF Edney, EO Driscoll, DJ Speer, RE Weathers, WS Kleindienst, TE Li, W Smith, DF TI Impact of aerosol liquid water on secondary organic aerosol yields of irradiated toluene/propylene/NOx/(NH4)(2) SO4/air mixtures SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE toluene; ammonium sulfate; secondary organic aerosol yield; aerosol liquid water; oxalic acid; maleic anhydride; methyl maleic anhydride ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; ABSORPTION-MODEL; NOX; SYSTEM AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess whether the presence of liquid water on pre-existing submicron ammonium sulfate aerosols affects yields of condensible organic compounds. Toluene/propylene/NOx/air mixtures were irradiated in the presence of submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol for a series of relative humidities and ammonium sulfate concentrations, generating aerosols containing organic and inorganic constituents with liquid water concentrations ranging from 4 to 66 mu g m(-3). Organic aerosol carbon concentrations, measured on quartz filters, were corrected for uptake of gas-phase organic compounds and converted into mass concentrations of the organic species. Concentrations of the aerosol ammonium, nitrate, sulfate, and liquid water, collected on co-located Teflon filters, were determined along with the total mass concentrations. Reasonable mass balances were found for the aerosols from summing the liquid water and the organic and inorganic components and comparing the totals to gravimetric determinations. A regression analysis showed the secondary organic aerosol yields, that were measured at near ambient concentration levels, could be expressed as a linear function of the organic mass concentration for organic aerosol masses up to 25 mu g m-3. The correlation coefficient of the regression did not improve by adding a term for aerosol liquid water concentrations in the regression. The results suggest that under these concentration conditions the presence of aerosol liquid water does not significantly increase or decrease SOA yields of the toluene oxidation products. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kleindienst, TE (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 21 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 23 BP 3907 EP 3919 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00174-6 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 344FR UT WOS:000088749000006 ER PT J AU Lorber, M Eschenroeder, A Robinson, R AF Lorber, M Eschenroeder, A Robinson, R TI Testing the USA EPA's ISCST-Version 3 model on dioxins: a comparison of predicted and observed air and soil concentrations SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ISCST3; atmospheric fate modeling; dioxins; furans ID VAPOR AB The central purpose of our study was to examine the performance of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) nonreactive Gaussian air quality dispersion model, the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term Model (ISCST3) Version 98226, in predicting polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans concentrations (subsequently referred to as dioxins and furans, or CDD/Fs) in both air and soil near the Columbus Municipal Solid Waste-to-Energy Facility (CMSWTE) in Columbus, OH. During its 11 yr operation, the CMSWTE was estimated to be emitting nearly 1 kg of CDD/F Toxic Equivalents (TEQs) per year, making it one of the highest single emitters of dioxin in the United States during its operation. An ambient air-monitoring study conducted in 1994, prior to its shutdown in December of 1994, clearly identified high dioxin air concentration in the downwind direction during two sampling events. In one of the events, the CMSWTE stack was concurrently monitored for dioxins, A soil sampling study conducted in 1995/1996 was similarly able to identify an area of impacted soil extending mainly in the predominant downwind direction up to 3 km from the CMSWTE, Site-specific information, including meteorological data, stack parameters and emission rates, and terrain descriptions, were input into ISCST3 to predict ground-level 48-h concentrations which could be compared with the 48-h measured air concentrations. Predicted annual average dry and wet deposition of particle-bound dioxins were input into a simple soil reservoir model to predict soil concentrations that would be present after 11.5 yr of emissions, which were compared to measured concentrations. Both soil- and air-predicted concentrations were generally within a factor of 10 of observations, and judged to be reasonable given the small number of observations and the uncertainties of the exercise. Principal uncertainties identified and discussed include: source characterization (stack emission rates of dioxins), meteorological data, and atmospheric and soil fate and transformation processes of the dioxins (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623 D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Lorber, M (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623 D, 401 M St NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 17 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 23 BP 3995 EP 4010 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00163-1 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 344FR UT WOS:000088749000014 ER PT J AU Falconer, RL Harner, T AF Falconer, RL Harner, T TI Comparison of the octanol-air partition coefficient and liquid-phase vapor pressure as descriptors for particle/gas partitioning using laboratory and field data for PCBs and PCNs SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE gas/particle partitioning; octanol-air partition coefficient; vapor pressure; PCBs; PCNs; aerosol ID SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; URBAN; AEROSOLS; MODEL; GAS AB The conventional Junge-Pankow adsorption model uses the sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure (p(L)(O)) as a correlation parameter for gas/particle interactions. An alternative is the octanol-air partition coefficient (K-oa) absorption model. Log-log plots of the particle-gas partition coefficient versus p(L)(O) were previously made for partitioning data from controlled laboratory studies, resulting in separate trend lines for different ortho-substituted PCB classes. The same plots applied to field data for PCBs and PCNs resulted in separate regression lines with slopes that were statistically different at the 99% confidence level. When K-oa is used as the correlation parameter, these differences are resolved showing the ability of the model to reduce variability both within a compound class and between compound classes, The K-oa model is also preferred because it uses parameters that can be measured directly (K-oa and f(om)), unlike the parameters of the Junge-Pankow model which must be estimated. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Youngstown State Univ, Dept Chem, Youngstown, OH 44555 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. RP Falconer, RL (reprint author), US EPA, MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 14 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 23 BP 4043 EP 4046 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00164-3 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 344FR UT WOS:000088749000018 ER PT J AU Leone, AD Ulrich, EM Bodnar, CE Falconer, RL Hites, RA AF Leone, AD Ulrich, EM Bodnar, CE Falconer, RL Hites, RA TI Organochlorine pesticide concentrations and enantiomer fractions for chlordane in indoor air from the US cornbelt SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE organochlorine pesticides; chiral analysis; indoor air; chlordane enantiomers ID WATER GAS-EXCHANGE; CHIRAL PESTICIDES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LAKE-ONTARIO; HYDROCARBONS; COLLECTION; TRACERS; SOIL AB Thirty-seven indoor air samples were collected and analyzed to determine if enantioselective degradation of past-use organochlorine pesticides, occurs indoors and to increase the available information on concentrations in homes. Samples were collected from homes in the US cornbelt region and analyzed for the concentrations of 11 pesticides and the enantiomer signature of chlordanes. Residues were found for all pesticides analyzed in at least several of the samples, with chlordane dominating in most samples. Racemic residues were seen for the chlordane enantiomers in all samples. Since levels of organochlorine pesticides in urban areas are often an order of magnitude above ambient levels, emissions from house foundations may be a source of these compounds to ambient air. Past research has shown that selective enantiomeric degradation occurs in many environmental samples resulting in non-racemic residues. Knowledge of the enantiomer signatures of chlordane and other pesticides in different media may be useful for distinguishing sources of chlordane to ambient air. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Youngstown State Univ, Dept Chem, Youngstown, OH 44555 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN USA. RP Falconer, RL (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 4 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 24 BP 4131 EP 4138 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00247-8 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 345LV UT WOS:000088818200009 ER PT J AU Williams, R Creason, J Zweidinger, R Watts, R Sheldon, L Shy, C AF Williams, R Creason, J Zweidinger, R Watts, R Sheldon, L Shy, C TI Indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure monitoring of particulate air pollution: the Baltimore elderly epidemiology-exposure pilot study SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE activity pattern profiles; ambient concentrations; elderly population; fine particulate matter; indoor exposures; personal exposures ID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; AEROSOL; CALIFORNIA; COMMUNITY; PARTICLES AB A 17-day pilot study investigating potential PM exposures of an elderly population was conducted near Baltimore, Maryland. Collection of residential indoor, residential outdoor, and ambient monitoring data associated with the subjects living at a common retirement facility was integrated with results from a paired epidemiological pilot study. This integration was used to investigate the potential pathophysiological health effects resulting from daily changes in estimated PM exposures with results reported elsewhere. Objectives of the exposure study were to determine the feasibility of performing PM exposure assessment upon an elderly population and establishing relationships between the various exposure measures including personal monitoring. PM2.5, was determined to be the dominant outdoor size fraction (0.83 PM2.5/PM10 mass ratio by dichot monitoring). Individual 24-h PM1.5 personal exposures ranged from 12 to 58 mu g m(-3). Comparison of data from matched sampling dates resulted in mean daily PM1.5 personal, PM2.5 outdoor, and PM1.5 indoor concentrations of 34, 17, and 17 mu g m(-3), respectively. Activity patterns of the study population indicated a generally sedentary population spending a mean of 96% of each day indoors. Future studies would benefit from the use of a consistent sampling methodology across a larger number of PM measurement sites relevant to the elderly subjects, as well as a larger personal PM exposure study population to more successfully collect data needed in matched epidemiological-exposure studies. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Williams, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 22 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 24 BP 4193 EP 4204 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00209-0 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 345LV UT WOS:000088818200013 ER PT J AU Zhang, J Smith, KR Ma, Y Ye, S Jiang, F Qi, W Liu, P Khalil, MAK Rasmussen, RA Thorneloe, SA AF Zhang, J Smith, KR Ma, Y Ye, S Jiang, F Qi, W Liu, P Khalil, MAK Rasmussen, RA Thorneloe, SA TI Greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants from household stoves in China: a database for emission factors SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE greenhouse gases; air pollution; fuel combustion; domestic fuels; China ID DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; BIOMASS; COOKSTOVES; FIRES AB Emissions from household stoves, especially those using solid fuels. can contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories and have adverse health impacts. Few data are available on emissions from the numerous types of cookstoves used in developing countries. We have systematically measured emissions from 55 fuel/stove combinations in India and China, a large fraction of the combinations in use world-wide. A database was generated containing emission factors of direct and indirect GHGs and other airborne pollutants such as CO2, CO, CH4, TNMHC, N2O, SO2, NOx, TSP, etc. In this paper, we report on the 28 fuel/stove combinations tested in China. Since fuel and stove parameters were measured simultaneously along with the emissions, the database allows construction of complete carbon balances and analyses of the trade-off of emissions per unit fuel mass and emissions per delivered energy. Results from the analyses show that the total emissions per unit delivered energy were substantially greater from burning the solid fuels than from burning the liquid or gaseous fuels, due to lower thermal and combustion efficiencies for solid-fuel/stove combinations. For a given biomass fuel type, increasing overall stove efficiency tends to increase emissions of products of incomplete combustion. Biomass fuels are typically burned with substantial production of non-CO2 GHGs with greater radiative forcing, indicating that biomass fuels have the potential to produce net global warming commitments even when grown renewably. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, EOHSI, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ USA. East West Ctr, Environm Program, Honolulu, HI 96848 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Tsing Hua Univ, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Oregon Grad Inst Sci & Technol, Beaverton, OR USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zhang, J (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, EOHSI, Room 358,170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 28 TC 222 Z9 253 U1 9 U2 116 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2000 VL 34 IS 26 BP 4537 EP 4549 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00450-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 351UD UT WOS:000089175800013 ER PT J AU Stoker, TE Jeffay, S Cooper, RL Perreault, SD AF Stoker, TE Jeffay, S Cooper, RL Perreault, SD TI Effects of ovulatory delay with thiram on fertilization in the long-evans hooded rat. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Gamete & Early Embryogenesis Biol Branch, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 127 BP 156 EP 156 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300194 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM Rhodes, BE Cooper, RL AF Cummings, AM Rhodes, BE Cooper, RL TI Atrazine effects on early pregnancy and implantation in the rat. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 196 BP 183 EP 184 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300262 ER PT J AU Hotchkiss, A Parks, LG Ostby, J Lambright, C Wolf, C Wilson, VS Vandenbergh, JG Gray, LE AF Hotchkiss, A Parks, LG Ostby, J Lambright, C Wolf, C Wilson, VS Vandenbergh, JG Gray, LE TI A quantitative determination of the environmental sources of variability in androgens of fetal Sprague-Dawley rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NCSU, US EPA, Cooperat Training Program, Raleigh, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 195 BP 183 EP 183 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300261 ER PT J AU Ostby, J Price, M Furr, J Lambright, C Hotchkiss, A Parks, LG Gray, LE AF Ostby, J Price, M Furr, J Lambright, C Hotchkiss, A Parks, LG Gray, LE TI Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, DINP, but not DEP, DMP or DOTP permanently alters androgen-dependent tissue development in Sprague-Dawley rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, EB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NCSU, US EPA, Cooperat Training Program, Raleigh, NC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 198 BP 184 EP 185 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300264 ER PT J AU Price, M Ostby, J Furr, J Gray, LE AF Price, M Ostby, J Furr, J Gray, LE TI Combined effects of antiandrogenic pesticides vinclozolin and procymidone on androgen-dependent tissues in the Hershberger assay using Sprague-Dawley rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NCSU, US EPA, Cooperat Training Program, Raleigh, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 202 BP 186 EP 186 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300268 ER PT J AU Fenton, SE Youngblood, GL AF Fenton, SE Youngblood, GL TI Gestational exposure to atrazine induces prostatitis and epididymal fat pad masses in long evans male offspring. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 206 BP 187 EP 188 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300272 ER PT J AU Dix, DJ Rockett, JC Luft, JC Garges, JB Ricci, MS Patrizio, P Hecht, NB AF Dix, DJ Rockett, JC Luft, JC Garges, JB Ricci, MS Patrizio, P Hecht, NB TI Using DNA microarrays to characterize gene expression in testes of fertile and infertile humans and mice. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Penn, Ctr Res Reprod & Womens Hlth, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 306 BP 227 EP 228 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300372 ER PT J AU Wilson, VS Bobseine, K Lambright, C Gray, LE AF Wilson, VS Bobseine, K Lambright, C Gray, LE TI Standardization and validation of a novel cell line that stably expresses the luciferase reporter for the detection of androgen receptor (AR) agonists and antagonists. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NCSU, US EPA, Cooperat Training Program, Raleigh, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 346 BP 243 EP 243 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300412 ER PT J AU Hartig, PC Bobseine, K Cardon, M Lambright, C Gray, LE AF Hartig, PC Bobseine, K Cardon, M Lambright, C Gray, LE TI Standardization and validation of adenoviral transduction of an androgen receptor positive cell line with an MMTV-Luc reporter for endocrine screening. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 349 BP 244 EP 244 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300415 ER PT J AU Bobseine, K Kelce, WR Hartig, PC Gray, LE AF Bobseine, K Kelce, WR Hartig, PC Gray, LE TI Generation of two novel cell lines that stably express hAR and firefly luciferase genes for endocrine screening. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Searle, Reprod Toxicol Div, Skokie, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 351 BP 245 EP 245 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300417 ER PT J AU Luft, JC Garges, JB Rockett, JR Dix, DJ AF Luft, JC Garges, JB Rockett, JR Dix, DJ TI Male reproductive toxicity of bromochloroacetic acid in mice. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 355 BP 246 EP 247 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300421 ER PT J AU Wolf, C Ostby, J Hotchkiss, A Gray, LE AF Wolf, C Ostby, J Hotchkiss, A Gray, LE TI Effects of prenatal testosterone propionate on the sexual development of male and female rats: A dose-response study. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, US EPA, Cooperat Training Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 356 BP 247 EP 247 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300422 ER PT J AU Akingbemi, BT Klinefelter, GR Hardy, MP AF Akingbemi, BT Klinefelter, GR Hardy, MP TI Gestational and pubertal exposure to diethylhexylphthalate in vivo decreases testosterone biosynthesis by rat Leydig cells. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Populat Council, Ctr Biomed Res, New York, NY 10021 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 453 BP 284 EP 285 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300517 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Furr, J Price, M Lambright, C Toews, E Ostby, J AF Gray, LE Furr, J Price, M Lambright, C Toews, E Ostby, J TI Environmental antiandrogens produce robust effects in the Hershberger (H) assay: An in vivo assay included in the USEPA endocrine disruptor screening program (EDSP). SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, US EPA, Cooperat Training Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ N Carolina, US EPA, Curriculum Toxicol, Raleigh, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 451 BP 284 EP 284 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300515 ER PT J AU Klinefelter, GR Strader, L Suarez, J Roberts, N Holmes, M Mole, L AF Klinefelter, GR Strader, L Suarez, J Roberts, N Holmes, M Mole, L TI Dibromoacetic acid, a drinking water disinfection by-product, alters male reproductive development and fertility. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Chem, Durham, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 454 BP 285 EP 285 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300518 ER PT J AU Parks, LG Lambright, C Orlando, E Guillette, L Gray, LE AF Parks, LG Lambright, C Orlando, E Guillette, L Gray, LE TI In vitro confirmation of androgenic activity in Kraft mill effluent known to masculinize female fish. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 458 BP 287 EP 287 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300522 ER PT J AU Skalla, LA Welch, JE AF Skalla, LA Welch, JE TI Regulation of glutathione synthesis in the rat testis. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2000 VL 62 SU 1 MA 470 BP 291 EP 292 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 328QV UT WOS:000087862300534 ER PT B AU Simon, CW AF Simon, CW BE Sioros, D TI The Energy Star (R) Solution: A new standard in energy upgrade analysis SO BUILDING FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: ENERGY & THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd World Energy Engineering Congress CY OCT 20-22, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Int Ground Source Heat Pump Assoc, Alliance Save Energy, Natl Assoc State Energy Officials, US Dept Commerce, US DOE, Fed Energy Management Programs, US Gen Serv Adm,, US EPA Reg IV Headquarters, Natl Fire Protect Assoc, Natl Roofing Contractors Assoc, Power Mkt Assoc, Amer Soc Ind Secur, Natl Assoc Energy Serv Co AB To present opportunities for whole-building upgrades, the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ENERGY STAR Buildings (ESB) program is developing a performance specification for energy auditing. By following this standardized protocol, such enhanced audits will be approved as "ENERGY STAR Solutions." C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Simon, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Energy Star Bldgs,6202J,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FAIRMONT PRESS INC PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA BN 0-88173-338-5 PY 2000 BP 237 EP 241 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BS02W UT WOS:000168377200035 ER PT B AU Wirdzek, PJ AF Wirdzek, PJ BE Sioros, D TI US environmental protection agency's strategy for cutting greenhouse gases: A program of environmentally preferred purchasing SO BUILDING FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: ENERGY & THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd World Energy Engineering Congress CY OCT 20-22, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Int Ground Source Heat Pump Assoc, Alliance Save Energy, Natl Assoc State Energy Officials, US Dept Commerce, US DOE, Fed Energy Management Programs, US Gen Serv Adm,, US EPA Reg IV Headquarters, Natl Fire Protect Assoc, Natl Roofing Contractors Assoc, Power Mkt Assoc, Amer Soc Ind Secur, Natl Assoc Energy Serv Co AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the opportunity to become the leader among federal agencies in providing cleaner, less expensive government services. EPA's adoption of energy efficiency strategies and improved environmental technologies also demonstrates how industry can voluntarily improve environmental performance in a cost-effective manner. The public, other federal agencies, and Members of Congress should look to EPA as an example. This paper presents EPA's response to President Clinton's request to cut greenhouse gases through Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPCs). Specifically, the President required the following: - 30 percent reduced energy consumption below 1985 levels by 2005; - Plans for ESPCs and Energy Star labels for facilities; - Proposals for expanding the Government use of these tools; and - A strategy for using ESPCs for renewable energy production systems. C1 US EPA, Facil Management & Serv Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wirdzek, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Facil Management & Serv Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FAIRMONT PRESS INC PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA BN 0-88173-338-5 PY 2000 BP 385 EP 389 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BS02W UT WOS:000168377200058 ER PT B AU Wirdzek, PJ AF Wirdzek, PJ BE Sioros, D TI Laboratories for the 21st century SO BUILDING FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: ENERGY & THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd World Energy Engineering Congress CY OCT 20-22, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Int Ground Source Heat Pump Assoc, Alliance Save Energy, Natl Assoc State Energy Officials, US Dept Commerce, US DOE, Fed Energy Management Programs, US Gen Serv Adm,, US EPA Reg IV Headquarters, Natl Fire Protect Assoc, Natl Roofing Contractors Assoc, Power Mkt Assoc, Amer Soc Ind Secur, Natl Assoc Energy Serv Co AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is interested in establishing a voluntary energy- and water-efficiency initiative for laboratory facilities called Laboratories for the 21(st) Century, or Labs21. Participants in the initiative would join EPA in establishing and meeting common goals and objectives. It is possible to make significant improvements in the environmental and cost performance of the nation's public and private sector laboratories. EPA has recent experience improving its own facilities' energy- and water-efficiency and wants to share this information. EPA invited all interested parties to attend an initial planning meeting on September 8, 1999 to discuss the following: Improving energy- and water-efficiency in U.S. public and private laboratories. Lowering laboratory utility and operating costs. Reducing unnecessary emissions associated with the generation of electricity by improving energy efficiency and, possibly, by generating electricity from clean and renewable onsite energy sources.(1) Anticipating industry changes affecting U.S. laboratories, including the effects of electric deregulation. Demonstrating that efficiency improvements can improve the quality of the work environment, including health and safety issues. Applying a "whole buildings" energy and water systems strategy in the design, construction, and operation of U.S. laboratories. Establishing performance metrics and sharing bench marking data. C1 US EPA, Facil Management & Serv Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wirdzek, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Facil Management & Serv Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FAIRMONT PRESS INC PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA BN 0-88173-338-5 PY 2000 BP 391 EP 394 PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BS02W UT WOS:000168377200059 ER PT B AU Wilson, JT AF Wilson, JT BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Gibbs, JT Means, JL TI Rate of biotransformation of MTBE in methanogenic ground water SO CASE STUDIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis AB A release of aviation fuels at the former Fuel Farm Site at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center at Elizabeth City, North Carolina has contaminated ground water with MTBE. Ground water samples were collected in vertical profiles in two locations in the LNAPL source area, and six locations down gradient of the source area. The hydraulic conductivity was estimated at each vertical sampling position, and a flow-weighted average concentration of MTBE was calculated for the entire vertical extent of the aquifer at each location. At the most contaminated location in the source, the flow-weighted average concentration of MTBE was 1,700 mug/liter. At the two locations that were the most distant from the source area, the concentration of MTBE at every position was less than 20 mug/liter. These two most distant locations had high concentrations of iron (II) and methane, indicating the attenuation was caused by biodegradation, and not dilution of the plume. The expected travel time of MTBE to the locations that were the most distant from the source was approximately four to five years. The apparent rate of attenuation at field scale was estimated from a linear regression of the natural logarithm of the weighted average concentrations of MTBE on the expected time of travel from the source area to the locations. The two contaminated locations in the source area, and the six locations down gradient were included in the regression. The field scale first-order rate of attenuation of MTBE was 2.7 per year +/- 1.2 per year at 95% confidence. This corresponds to a half life of three months. At this site, the rate of anaerobic biodegradation was capable of bringing the concentration of MTBE below regulatory standards before the plume had traveled 800 feet, and before the plume had discharged to a receptor. A laboratory microcosm study conducted with sediment samples from the plume reported rates of biodegradation of MTBE in the presence of BTEX compounds of 2.6 per year, and of MTBE in the absence of BTEX compounds of 3.2 per year. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK USA. RP Wilson, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Ada, OK USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-101-9 PY 2000 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65T UT WOS:000167102000001 ER PT B AU Harris, JC AF Harris, JC BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Gibbs, JT Means, JL TI Land treatment of contaminated soil from wood-treating sites SO CASE STUDIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis AB Four former wood-treating Superfund sites located in the State of Montana are currently employing the use of biodegradation in engineered Land Treatment Units (LTUs) to achieve site remediation levels in contaminated soils for pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. The Superfund sites are the Libby Ground Water site, Libby, Montana, the BN Somers site, Somers, Montana, the Idaho Pole Company site, Bozeman, Montana and the Montana Pole and Treating Plant site, Butte, Montana. Contaminated soil from source areas at each site was excavated and placed in an LTU where the soil was irrigated, tilled and fertilized during the growing season from June through September. Remediation levels for soil, as required by the respective Records of Decision (RODs), have been achieved at all four of the sites. The remediation levels in soil for PCP range from 34 mg/kg to 48 mg/kg and the total carcinogenic PAH (cPAH or B2 PAH) levels range from 4.2 mg/kg to 59 mg/kg expressed as benzo(a)pyrene equivalents. C1 US EPA, Helena, MT USA. RP Harris, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 8, Helena, MT USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-101-9 PY 2000 BP 123 EP 129 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65T UT WOS:000167102000017 ER PT B AU Allen, HL Lawrence, K Journell, S Wellendorf, W Harris, KA Miller, TF AF Allen, HL Lawrence, K Journell, S Wellendorf, W Harris, KA Miller, TF BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Gibbs, JT Means, JL TI Field-scale studies on removal of pentachlorophenol from contaminated soil SO CASE STUDIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis ID FLAVOBACTERIUM AB The Yavapai-Prescott Penta site is located near Prescott, Arizona, and is the location of an abandoned wood treating facility. Site soil was found to be contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP). The U.S. EPA/ERTC was asked to provide technical support to the Region and responsible party for site cleanup. Bench-scale studies were conducted to screen soils for PCP-degradative activity and to develop a nutrient recipe that would promote rapid degradation of PCP. A recipe was developed that promoted the removal of greater than 90% of available PCP (200 to 274 mg/kg) in 14 to 28 days. In 1997, five land farm units with individual capacities of 3,618 yd(3) (2,766 m(3)) were constructed for full-scale treatment. In the first lift, PCP (368 mg/kg) was degraded at reduction levels ranging from 84% to 91% and required 37 to 61 weeks to achieve the action level of 62 mg/kg. A second lift was constructed and results showed that PCP levels (162 to 520 mg/kg) were rapidly degraded in 4 of 5 cells with reduction levels ranging from 65% to 88% in 6 to 28 weeks. Current plans are to continue using this process until all site soil has been treated. C1 US EPA, ERTC, Edison, NJ USA. RP Allen, HL (reprint author), US EPA, ERTC, Edison, NJ USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-101-9 PY 2000 BP 161 EP 168 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65T UT WOS:000167102000022 ER PT B AU Grosse, DW AF Grosse, DW BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Gibbs, JT Means, JL TI Regulatory perspective on managing risks at wood treating sites SO CASE STUDIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis AB Over 700 sites in the United Sates have been identified where wood preserving operations have been conducted. The most common types of wood preservatives found at these sites are creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and copper chromated arsenate (CCA). When properly used and disposed of, these preservatives do not impose a significant health risk. However, due to operating procedures (many of which were accepted industry practices at the time), wood treating operations have contributed to soil and groundwater contamination. Primary sources of pollution at these sites are lagoons, waste ponds, drip rack areas and chemical storage and treatment tanks. To better understand the risks associated with the use of wood preserving compounds, it is important to identify the constituents of concern. Creosote is produced as a distillate from coal tar and, hence, is a variable mixture of hundreds of compounds, mostly semivolatile organics (SVOCs). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), generally, account for up to 85%, by weight, of the chemical constituents found in undiluted creosote. Genetic toxicity of individual PAHs increase with molecular weight. USEPA has determined that 7 PAHs are probable human carcinogens and has set forth order-of-magnitude relative potency factors for these constituents. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is another preservative used in wood preserving processes and is prepared by dissolving technical grade PCP in oil to produce a solution that is 4-8% PCP. Technical grade PCP contains 85-90% PCP, 4-8% 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and approximately, 0.1% polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs). The PCDDs are, primarily, octa with traces of hexa and hepta chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. Copper chromated arsenate (CCA) has the potential to adversely impact soil and groundwater by releasing the highly soluble and mobile hexavalent chrome. Once in the groundwater this potential carcinogen can spread very rapidly through subsurface systems. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Grosse, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-101-9 PY 2000 BP 169 EP 179 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65T UT WOS:000167102000023 ER PT B AU Utgikar, VP Chen, BY Tabak, HH Govind, R AF Utgikar, VP Chen, BY Tabak, HH Govind, R BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Gibbs, JT Means, JL TI Microbial treatment of acid mine drainage: Metal toxicity and biosorption SO CASE STUDIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; HEAVY-METAL; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; ZINC BIOSORPTION; BIOMASS; REMOVAL; WATER; REDUCTION; CADMIUM AB Biogenic hydrogen sulfide, produced due to reduction of sulfate present in the acid mine drainage (AMD) by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), can remove metal ions, which are also present in AMD, by precipitating them as sulfides. Quantification of toxicity of metal ions to SRB is critical for maintenance and control of an efficient sulfate reduction bioreactor treating AMD that has high concentrations of metal ions. The acute toxicity of metal ions to SRB is studied by varying the initial metal ion concentrations in an anaerobic respirometer and a batch reactor. Reduction in the production rate of hydrogen sulfide and metal sulfide precipitation rate may be indicative of extent of metal toxicity, and this reduction can be correlated to the metal ion concentration. The mitigating effects of abiotic processes, such as, chemical precipitation are determined by quantifying the formation of metal salt precipitates. Removal of metal ions in a biosorption stage prior to feeding a bioreactor can shield the SRB from the toxic effects of metals. Therefore, studies are also conducted on biosorption of metals, present in AMD, on non-viable activated sludge biomass using breakthrough analysis in packed plug flow columns. Effluent fractions are analyzed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) and data show a fast, pH dependent uptake, resulting in equilibrium loadings of 0.03 - 0.04 mmol zinc(II) and copper(II)ig dry activated sludge at pH 3.0. Sorption/desorption data at other pH are also presented and are modeled using Langmuir adsorption isotherm. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Utgikar, VP (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-101-9 PY 2000 BP 307 EP 317 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65T UT WOS:000167102000040 ER PT B AU Lewis, RF Clark, PJ Thompson, L Beekman, S Rudolph, E AF Lewis, RF Clark, PJ Thompson, L Beekman, S Rudolph, E BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Gibbs, JT Means, JL TI Biomineralization-use of microbial activity to immobilize metals in mining wastes and contaminated soils SO CASE STUDIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis ID CLAY C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lewis, RF (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-101-9 PY 2000 BP 327 EP 336 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65T UT WOS:000167102000042 ER PT B AU Tabak, HH Lazorchak, JW Khodadoust, AP Antia, JE Suidan, MT AF Tabak, HH Lazorchak, JW Khodadoust, AP Antia, JE Suidan, MT BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Gibbs, JT Means, JL TI Studies on in-situ bioremediation of PAH contaminated sediments: Bioavailability, biodegradability and toxicity issues SO CASE STUDIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis ID SORPTION; HYDROCARBONS; DESORPTION; HYSTERESIS; SOILS; WATER AB This research evaluates: (1) the bioavailability of PAHs through the fundamental studies characterizing the extent of adsorption and desorption from initially uncontaminated sediments and through studies determining the extent and rate of desorption of PAHs from aged contaminated sediments, (2) the biodegradability of PAHs in sediments under aerobic and anoxic/anaerobic conditions using serum bottle reactor systems, (3) the toxicity of the untreated and biotreated sediments to the aquatic ecosystem and benthic organisms, and (4) the development of a multi-level protocol for bioremediation of PAHs in sediment. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-101-9 PY 2000 BP 357 EP 368 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65T UT WOS:000167102000046 ER PT B AU Glaser, JA McCauley, PT Herrmann, R Dosani, MA Zafiro, A AF Glaser, JA McCauley, PT Herrmann, R Dosani, MA Zafiro, A BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Gibbs, JT Means, JL TI Bioslurry treatment of contaminated East River sediment materials SO CASE STUDIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis ID SOIL; 2-HYDROXYBENZOATE; DEGRADATION AB Contaminated sediments sampled from the New York Bay area in the East River between New York, NY and Jersey City, NJ were selected for a series of treatability studies by bioslurry treatment. Experimental design of the study focussed on the availability of low molecular weight carbon sources (i.e. molasses and soybean oil) to assist in the growth of PAH degrading microorganisms along with the required nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients. Experimental conditions using inorganic nutrients and 0.1 weight percent soybean oil exhibited the largest reduction of total PAH concentration averaging 77.5%. Small and large ring PAHs concentration changes averaged 87 percent and 68.5 percent, respectively. Inorganic nutrients (control experiment conditions) and 0.1 weight percent molasses consistently showed the second largest PAH reductions with total PAH reduction averaging 76.5 percent. Small ring and large ring PAHs concentrations averaged 86.5 percent and 66.5 percent, respectively. The use of the soybean oil and molasses appears to support the contention that the leveling of microbial activity in soil biotreatment systems may be assisted by the addition of carbon substrates which continue to assist the growth of the culture of PAH degraders encountered under treatment conditions. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Glaser, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-101-9 PY 2000 BP 379 EP 384 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65T UT WOS:000167102000048 ER PT B AU Brenner, R Magar, V Abbott, J Ickes, J Stout, S Peven-McCarthy, C AF Brenner, R Magar, V Abbott, J Ickes, J Stout, S Peven-McCarthy, C BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Gibbs, JT Means, JL TI Natural, recovery of persistent organics (PCB and PAH) in contaminated sediments SO CASE STUDIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis AB Natural recovery of contaminated sediments is being evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) at two sites: a freshwater site containing PCB-contaminated sediments (Sangamo-Weston/Lake Hartwell/Twelve-Mile Creek Superfund Site; Clemson, South Carolina); and a marine site containing PAH-contaminated sediments (Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor Superfund Site; Bainbridge Island, Washington). The objective of this work is to evaluate sedimentation rates, vertical PCB and PAH profiles, and the magnitude and extent of PCB and PAH weathering in historically deposited sediments. Vertical PCB profiles indicate that the sediments are recovering by the slow deposition of increasingly less-contaminated sediment, but that the downgradient reaches of the lake have not yet recovered to the target concentration of 1 mg/kg. The presence of ortho-halogenated compounds such as 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (2,2'-DCB), found in very high concentrations provide early indications of reductive dechlorination of higher-chlorinated PCBs. Fingerprinting analysis of the Eagle Harbor sediments demonstrates a consistent creosote source with sediment depth. TPH and PAH vertical profiles show increasing concentrations with depth. The vertical TPH/PAH profiles show a relative loss of lower-molecular-weight TPH and PAH compounds with depth, most likely due to weathering of lower-molecular-weight compounds. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Brenner, R (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-101-9 PY 2000 BP 393 EP 400 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65T UT WOS:000167102000050 ER PT B AU Wyman, SK McFarland, V AF Wyman, SK McFarland, V BE Khosrowpour, M TI Digitization as adaptation: The evolution of the superfund document management system SO CHALLENGES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference of the Information-Resources-Management-Association CY MAY 21-24, 2000 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Informat Resources Management Assoc AB In 1994 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund Program began to develop tr paper imaging system known as the Superfund Document Management System (SDMS). SDMS came into being as an attempt to improve management of and access to Agency records. A,I Agency workgroup composed primarily of Superfund records managers developed functional criteria for the application. and elected an Agency regional office for implementation pilot. Ar the time of this writing all EPA Superfund regional offices have implemented SDMS. Far reasons described in this paper even as SDMS achieved institutional acceptance it faced pressures to adapt to internal and external pressures. The emergence of rite World Wide Web, the inevitability of electronic records, the rising costs of maintaining large paper collections ail combined to produce a niche different in key aspects from that which the system was originally designed to occupy: This paper discusses how the interactions of two life cycles - records and systems development - affected the fitness of the system to its environment. C1 US EPA, Informat Management Team, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. RP Wyman, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Informat Management Team, Reg 6 Superfund Div,1445 Ross Ave,Ste 1200,6SF PI, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING PI HERSHEY PA 1331 E CHOCOLATE AVE, HERSHEY, PA 17033-1117 USA BN 1-878289-84-5 PY 2000 BP 1147 EP 1149 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Management SC Computer Science; Business & Economics GA BQ96N UT WOS:000165161400373 ER PT B AU Ludwig, R Mountjoy, K McGregor, R Blowes, D AF Ludwig, R Mountjoy, K McGregor, R Blowes, D BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Chen, ASC TI Treatment of heavy metals using an organic sulfate reducing PRB SO CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND REACTIVE BARRIERS: REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis ID MINE DRAINAGE AB A pilot-scale permeable reactive wall consisting of a leaf-rich compost-pea gravel mixture was installed at a site in the Vancouver area, Canada to evaluate its potential use for treatment of a large dissolved heavy metal plume. The compost based permeable reactive wall promotes microbially mediated sulfate reducing conditions such that dissolved metals are precipitated out as metal sulfides. The pilot-scale wall, measuring 10 m in length, 5.9 m in depth, and 2-2.5 m in width, has demonstrated good effectiveness in removing dissolved copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel from ground water at the site over a 21-month period since installation. Performance has been particularly strong within the lower half of the wall where tidal influences are more limited and sulfate-reducing conditions are more easily maintained. Dissolved copper concentrations decrease from concentrations of over 4500 mu g/L in the influent ground water to less than 10 mu g/L within the lower half of the wall. Zinc, cadmium, and nickel concentrations decrease from average concentrations of over 2300 mu g/L, 15 mu g/L, and 115 mu g/L, respectively to concentrations of less than 30 mu g/L, 0.2 mu g/L, and 10 mu g/L, respectively within the lower half of the wall. The activity of sulfate reducing bacteria is evidenced by a significant increase in sulfide concentrations within the wall. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Ludwig, R (reprint author), US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-100-0 PY 2000 BP 361 EP 368 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BQ71X UT WOS:000089259400046 ER PT J AU Ferrario, J Byrne, C AF Ferrario, J Byrne, C TI The concentration and distribution of 2,3,7,8-dibenzo-p-dioxins/-furans in chickens SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; UNITED-STATES BEEF; DIOXINS; FURANS; LEVEL; PCBS AB The concentrations of the 2,3,7,8-Cl substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins/-furans (PCDDs/PCDFs) were determined in the edible tissues of whole chicken fryers and compared with the values found in their abdominal fat. The values are presented both on a whole weight basis and on a lipid adjusted basis for each tissue. While there is a marked difference in the concentration of the 2,3,7,8-dibenzo-p-dioxins in the edible tissues expressed on a whole weight basis, the lipid-adjusted concentrations of the individual dioxins were not statistically different in the various tissues. This validates the use of lipid adjusted concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDDs/PCDFs in abdominal fat for the determination of the presence of these compounds in different tissues. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, OPP BEAD, Environm Chem Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Ferrario, J (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, OPP BEAD, Environm Chem Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 15 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JAN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 2 BP 221 EP 224 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00306-9 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270GL UT WOS:000084527000011 PM 10665435 ER PT B AU Hayter, EJ Gu, R AF Hayter, EJ Gu, R BE McAnally, WH Mehta, AJ TI Prediction of contaminated sediment transport in the Maurice River-Union Lake, New Jersey, USA SO COASTAL AND ESTUARINE FINE SEDIMENT PROCESSES SE PROCEEDINGS IN MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport (INTERCOH 98) CY MAY 26-30, 1998 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA ID POLLUTANTS; SORPTION AB A sediment and contaminant transport model and its application to the Maurice River-Union Lake system in southern New Jersey, USA is described. The application is meant to characterize and forecast sediment and arsenic (As) distributions before and after proposed dredging activities. The model, HSCTM-2D, is a two-dimensional, depth-averaged, finite element code capable of simulating the hydraulics of both steady and unsteady surface water flows, cohesive and cohesionless sediment transport, and the transport and fate of inorganic contaminants. Interactions between dissolved (i.e., desorbed) and particulate (i.e., adsorbed) contaminants and sediments are accounted for by simulating the processes of adsorption and desorption of contaminants to and from sediments, respectively. Four model simulations yielded As flushing times ranging from 25 years for the "no action" scenario to four years for dredging of contaminant bed sediments in the Maurice River and Union Lake. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Hayter, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-444-50463-X J9 PROCEED MARINE SCI PY 2000 VL 3 BP 439 EP 458 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA BT63N UT WOS:000173565800028 ER PT B AU Eldridge, PM Cifuentes, LA AF Eldridge, PM Cifuentes, LA BE Weinstein, MP Kreeger, DA TI A stable isotope model approach to estimating the contribution of organic matter from marshes to estuaries SO CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES IN TIDAL MARSH ECOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology CY APR, 1998 CL VINELAND, NJ ID SALT-MARSH; CARBON-DIOXIDE; FOOD WEBS; FLOW; PHYTOPLANKTON; GEORGIA; TRACE AB The impact of marsh carbon export (outwelling) on estuarine metabolism has been debated for the last three decades. Much of this controversy stems from interpretations of stable isotope data. Although the outwelling of marsh carbon to the estuaries can be substantial, the stable isotope signal (delta C-13) Of marsh material is generally not detected except in sediments and infauna at marsh fringes. However, most of these studies focus on the delta C-13 Of either particulate organic carbon (POC) or the delta C-13 Of estuarine organisms that depend on POC, even though this carbon pool may be the least likely to provide a marsh signal. A series of simple models are developed to show how marsh outwelling affects the delta C-13 of POC and the other major estuarine carbon pools, i.e., dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The models show that a marsh delta C-13 Signal will only be detected in estuarine POC or DIC when the marsh area is substantially larger than the estuary. However, because estuarine in-situ DOC production is only a fraction of POC production, our mixing models suggest that a marsh signal should be found in estuarine DOG, even when the marsh areas is smaller that the estuarine area. Finally, a transport model, incorporating a simplified bathymetry and hydrology for the Parker River, MA, is used to back calculate marsh outwelling from the estuarine delta C-13-DOC. The model estimate of marsh DOC outwelling is consistent with other estimates, and suggests that our parameterization of estuarine transport and degradation processes that regulate DOC isotope ratios is probably also correct. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Eldridge, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6019-2 PY 2000 BP 495 EP 513 PG 3 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BR78E UT WOS:000167496200022 ER PT B AU Cicchetti, G Diaz, RJ AF Cicchetti, G Diaz, RJ BE Weinstein, MP Kreeger, DA TI Types of salt marsh edge and export of trophic energy from marshes to deeper habitats SO CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES IN TIDAL MARSH ECOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology CY APR, 1998 CL VINELAND, NJ ID CRABS CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; ADJACENT SEAGRASS MEADOW; CAPE FEAR RIVER; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; NORTH-CAROLINA; NEKTON USE; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; TIDAL-MARSH; CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS AB We quantified nekton and estimated trophic export at salt marshes with both erosional and depositional edges at the Goodwin Islands (York River, Virginia, USA). At depositional-edge marshes, we examined trophic flows through quantitative sampling with 1.75 m(2) drop rings, and through gut content analyses of captured nekton. Six habitats were sampled on a transect from the marsh surface to the unvegetated subtidal. Consumption of animal prey by nekton, and export of trophic energy via transient nekton, was estimated for each habitat and for the entire marsh transect. The marsh edge was the habitat where we estimated the greatest contribution to export per m2. An estimated 28.0 g dry weight of animal tissue was removed as prey per m2 of depositional marsh edge into the open estuary over 150 days, primarily by blue crabs Callinectes sapidus. When the entire marsh was examined, however, marsh interior areas provided most of the trophic support for resident and transient species due to the greater area of the interior. When we considered the entire tidal cycle, the unvegetated intertidal area was also very productive, and contributed substantially to these trophic pathways. The blue crab Callinectes sapidus was the biomass dominant and probably the most important predator in all habitats. In a separate study, erosional-edge marshes facing open bays were examined with an 80 m(2) enclosure net that sampled the marsh edge and the adjacent unvegetated area. For these marshes we report a high biomass of larger transient species. Blue crabs were the biomass dominant at every sampling date (mean from June to September 1996, 0.31 inds m(-2) and 2.81 g dry weight m(-2)). A high biomass of transient fish species was also seen (mean from June - September, 0.90 inds m(-2) and 1.25 g dry weight m(-2)). We suggest this high biomass implies that these species receive an appreciable benefit from this habitat. The high biomass of predators also suggests the potential for export from erosional-edge marsh areas. Although the gear used to examine erosional and depositional marsh edges was clearly different, both types of edge saw considerable use by transient species. We therefore conclude that marshes with both erosional and depositional edges can export significant biomass to deeper water ecosystems as the consumption of marsh secondary production by transient nekton. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Cicchetti, G (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 58 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6019-2 PY 2000 BP 515 EP 541 PG 5 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BR78E UT WOS:000167496200023 ER PT B AU Mudarri, DH AF Mudarri, DH BE ClementsCroome, D TI The economics of enhanced environmental services in buildings SO CREATING THE PRODUCTIVE WORKPLACE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Creating the Productive Workplace CY OCT, 1997 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Dept Environm Transport & Reg, Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme, Clearvis Lighting Ltd, RMC Grp Plc, Trigon Ltd C1 US EPA, Indoor Environm Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPON PRESS PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND BN 0-419-23690-2 PY 2000 BP 93 EP 106 PG 14 WC Ergonomics; Management SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA BR05G UT WOS:000165506800008 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Quantitation of perchlorate ion: Practices and advances applied to the analysis of common matrices SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID CAPILLARY-ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; LIQUID MEMBRANE ELECTRODES; SINGLE-CELL ANALYSIS; INORGANIC ANIONS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; STATIONARY PHASES; SELECTIVE MICROELECTRODE; POTENTIOMETRIC DETECTION; EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; BACKGROUND ELECTROLYTES AB In 1997, low-level perchlorate contamination (<50 ng mL(-1) or parts per billion) was discovered in the western U.S. Since that time, it has been found in sites scattered around the nation. Although the Environmental Protection Agency has not established a regulation for perchlorate in drinking water, it has placed perchlorate on the contaminant candidate list (CCL) and the unregulated contaminants monitoring rule (UCMR). A provisional and unenforceable concentration of 18 ng mL(-1) will stand until at least late 2000 when EPA hopes to issue a revised toxicological assessment. However, the need for techniques and methods for determining perchlorate is not constrained to environmental chemistry. Perchlorate salts are used pharmaceutically in Europe to treat Graves' disease and amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Ammonium perchlorate is used as a solid oxidant in space shuttles and intercontinental ballistic missiles. Thus, methods and techniques are necessary for quality control and quality assurance. Moreover, analysis of explosives and post-explosion residues have made quantitation of perchlorate important in forensic chemistry. A variety of techniques is available: gravimetry, spectrophotometry, electrochemistry, ion chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry-each has its strengths and weaknesses. Within each technique, assorted methods are available with corresponding limits of detection. As the breadth of matrices undergoing analysis expands from potable water to agricultural runoff, fertilizers, fruit juices, or physiological and botanical fluids, the risk for interference becomes greater. As toxicologists demand lower and lower limits of detection, it falls to analytical chemists to ensure selectivity and sensitivity go hand-in-hand. In the near future, we can expect refinements in sample pretreatment and clean-up as well as analytical methods geared toward analyzing more complex matrices. Ion chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, Raman spectrometry, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry will all play roles in environmental analysis; however, IC should be expected to dominate drinking water analysis. This review describes the state of the science and how it might be applied, and looks forward to where it is going and how it might get there. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 127 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 19 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8347 J9 CRIT REV ANAL CHEM JI Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. PY 2000 VL 30 IS 4 BP 311 EP 343 DI 10.1080/10408340008984163 PG 33 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 361ZY UT WOS:000089755200004 ER PT J AU Abernathy, CO Dooley, IS Wu, J AF Abernathy, CO Dooley, IS Wu, J TI Sulfate: Exposure and potential regulation SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID INORGANIC SULFATE C1 US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Abernathy, CO (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, HECD 4304,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8363 J9 CRIT REV CL LAB SCI JI Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. PY 2000 VL 37 IS 4 BP 401 EP 405 DI 10.1080/10408360091174268 PG 5 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 352AQ UT WOS:000089192700005 PM 10984000 ER PT J AU Goldman, JM Laws, SC Balchak, SK Cooper, RL Kavlock, RJ AF Goldman, JM Laws, SC Balchak, SK Cooper, RL Kavlock, RJ TI Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Prepubertal exposures and effects on sexual maturation and thyroid activity in the female rat. A focus on the EDSTAC recommendations SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE endocrine-disrupting chemicals; prepubertal exposures; female rat; EDSTAC recommendations ID HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-BETA; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; AMINO-ACID NEUROTRANSMISSION; THECAL CELL STEROIDOGENESIS; INDUCED PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y NPY; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE AB In 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency was given a mandate by Congress to develop a screening program that would evaluate whether variously identified compounds could affect human health by mimicking or interfering with normal endocrine regulatory functions. Toward this end, the Agency chartered the Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Advisory Committee in October of that year that would serve to recommend a series of in vitro and in vivo protocols designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of a chemical's potential endocrine-disrupting activity. A number of these protocols have undergone subsequent modification by EPA, and this review focuses specifically on the revised in vivo screening procedure recommended under the title Research Protocol for Assessment of Pubertal Development and Thyroid Function in Juvenile Female Rats. Background literature has been provided that summarizes what is currently known about pubertal development in the female rat and the influence of various forms of pharmaceutical and toxicological insult on this process and on thyroid activity. Finally, a section is included that discusses technical issues that should be considered if the specified pubertal endpoints are to be measured and successfully evaluated. C1 US EPA, NHEERI, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Goldman, JM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERI, Endocrinol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 399 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8444 J9 CRIT REV TOXICOL JI Crit. Rev. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 135 EP 196 DI 10.1080/10408440091159185 PG 62 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 302RM UT WOS:000086379500001 PM 10759430 ER PT J AU Stoker, TE Parks, LG Gray, LE Cooper, RL AF Stoker, TE Parks, LG Gray, LE Cooper, RL TI Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Prepubertal exposures and effects on sexual maturation and thyroid function in the male rat. A focus on the EDSTAC recommendations SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE thyroid function; hypothalamic-pituitary axis ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; D-ASPARTATE RECEPTORS; IMMATURE MALE-RATS; 6-HYDROXYMELATONIN SULFATE EXCRETION; PITUITARY LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; INTACT MALE-RATS; LEYDIG-CELLS AB Puberty in mammalian species is a period of rapid interactive endocrine and morphological changes. Therefore, it is not surprising that exposure to a variety of pharmaceutical and environmental compounds has been shown to dramatically alter pubertal development. This concern was recognized by the Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) that acknowledged the need for the development and standardization of a protocol for the assessment of the impact of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDC) in the pubertal male and recommended inclusion of an assay of this type as an alternative test in the EDSTAC tier one screen (EPA, 98). The pubertal male protocol was designed to detect alterations of pubertal development, thyroid function, and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) system peripubertal maturation. In this protocol, intact 23-day-old weanling male rats are exposed to the test substance for 30 days during which pubertal indices are measured. After necropsy, reproductive and thyroid tissues are weighed and evaluated histologically and serum taken for hormone analysis. The purpose of this review was to examine the available literature on pubertal development in the male rat and evaluate the efficacy of the proposed protocol for identifying endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The existing data indicate that this assessment of puberty in the male rat is a simple and effective method to detect the EDC activity of pesticides and toxic substances. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Gamete & Early Embryo Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Stoker, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Gamete & Early Embryo Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 269 TC 128 Z9 135 U1 3 U2 12 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1040-8444 J9 CRIT REV TOXICOL JI Crit. Rev. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 197 EP 252 DI 10.1080/10408440091159194 PG 56 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 302RM UT WOS:000086379500002 PM 10759431 ER PT J AU Rice, G Swartout, J Mahaffey, K Schoeny, R AF Rice, G Swartout, J Mahaffey, K Schoeny, R TI Derivation of US EPA's oral Reference Dose (RfD) for methylmercury SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Tri-Service/EPA/ATSDR Toxicology Conference on Topics in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 12-15, 1999 CL WRIGHT-PATTERSON AF BASE, OHIO SP ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Naval Res Ctr Detachment, USA Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevet Med, Div Toxicol Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Res Council & Natl Acad Sci ID ADVERSE EFFECT LEVELS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; RESPONSE ASSESSMENT; MATERNAL HAIR; MERCURY; BLOOD AB Mercury (Hg) cycles in the environment through a series of complex chemical and physical transformations that occur in air, soils, and water bodies. One component of the environmental mercury cycle is the formation of methylmercury (MHg) primarily by aquatic and marine microorganisms and the accumulation of MHg in foodwebs, particularly in piscivorous species. Human consumption of piscivorous fish and other piscivorus animals is the most common pathway of exposure to MHg. For non-carcinogenic toxic endpoints, the U.S. EPA typically develops a Reference Dose (RfD). This is generally interpreted to be a concentration of a chemical which can be consumed on a daily basis over a lifetime without expectation of adverse effect. There is substantial evidence in both animal and humans that MHg is a neurotoxicant in the adult and the child as well as a developmental neurotoxicant for the fetus. Epidemics of MHg poisoning in Japan and Iraq have resulted from high-dose exposures to MHg. In these epidemics adults, children, nursing infants and fetuses were affected by MHg. The epidemics demonstrate that neurotoxicity is the health effect of greatest concern and that effects on the developing human nervous system apparently occur at lower exposures than those affecting the adult nervous system. We describe how the data from the Iraqi MHg epidemic(1) were used to derive the current RfD of 0.1 mu g/Kg(bw)/day (U.S. EPA, 1995;(6)). C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Hlth & Ecol Criteria Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rice, G (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 28 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 11 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 41 EP 54 DI 10.1081/DCT-100100101 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 292DD UT WOS:000085778100006 PM 10711388 ER PT J AU Swartout, J Rice, G AF Swartout, J Rice, G TI Uncertainty analysis of the estimated ingestion rates used to derive the methylmercury reference dose SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Tri-Service/EPA/ATSDR Toxicology Conference on Topics in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 12-15, 1999 CL WRIGHT-PATTERSON AF BASE, OHIO SP ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Naval Res Ctr Detachment, USA Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevet Med, Div Toxicol Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Res Council & Natl Acad Sci ID METHYL MERCURY; BLOOD; HAIR; MODEL; FISH AB The U.S. EPA's Reference Dose (RfD) For methylmercury (MeHg) uses a simple one-compartment toxicokinetic model(4) to estimate ingestion doses in mg/kg-day from measured concentrations of mercury in hair. The model includes a number of input variables for which point estimates are made.(1,2) Uncertainty in the inputs is addressed by the use of a 3-fold uncertainty factor.(1,2) There are, however, published ranges for each variable which are used to develop distributions for each of the inputs. Monte Carlo output of the model is generated. The 90% confidence interval spans a 3-fold to 5-fold range of ingestion doses for any given concentration of mercury in hair. The hair:blood mercury concentration ratio contributes most to the variance of the output. The results indicate that the uncertainty factor of three is appropriate. C1 US EPA, Nat Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Swartout, J (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 293 EP 306 DI 10.1081/DCT-100100116 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 292DD UT WOS:000085778100021 PM 10711403 ER PT J AU Teuschler, LK Gennings, C Stiteler, WM Hertzberg, RC Colman, JT Thiyagarajah, A Lipscomb, JC Hartley, WR Simmons, JE AF Teuschler, LK Gennings, C Stiteler, WM Hertzberg, RC Colman, JT Thiyagarajah, A Lipscomb, JC Hartley, WR Simmons, JE TI A multiple-purpose design approach to the evaluation of risks from mixtures of disinfection by-products SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Tri-Service/EPA/ATSDR Toxicology Conference on Topics in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 12-15, 1999 CL WRIGHT-PATTERSON AF BASE, OHIO SP ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Naval Res Ctr Detachment, USA Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevet Med, Div Toxicol Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Res Council & Natl Acad Sci ID DRINKING-WATER; BLADDER-CANCER; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION; CHEMICAL-MIXTURES; UNITED-STATES; TOXICITY; MICE AB Drinking water disinfection has effectively eliminated much of the morbidity and mortality associated with waterborne infectious diseases in the United States. Various disinfection processes, however, produce certain types and amounts of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and bromate, among others. Human health risks from the ubiquitous exposure to complex mixtures of DBPs are of concern because existing epidemiologic and toxicologic studies suggest the existence of systemic or carcinogenic effects. Researchers from several organizations have developed a multiple-purpose design approach to this problem that combines efficient laboratory experimental designs with statistical models to provide data on critical research issues (e.g., estimation of human health risk from low-level DBP exposures, evaluation of additivity assumptions as useful for risk characterization, estimation of health risks from different drinking water treatment options). A series of THM experiments have been designed to study embryonic development, mortality and cancer in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and liver and kidney endpoints in female CD-1 mice. The studies are to provide dose-response data for specific mixtures of the 4 THMs, for the single chemicals, and for binary combinations. The dose-levels and mixing ratios for these experiments were selected to be useful for development and refinement of three different statistical methods: testing for departures from dose-additivity; development of an interactions-based hazard index; and use of proportional-response addition as a risk characterization method. Preliminary results suggest that dose-additivity is a reasonable risk assessment assumption for DBPs. The future of mixtures research will depend on such collaborative efforts that maximize the use of resources and focus on issues of high relevance to the risk assessment of human health. C1 US EPA, NCEA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Syracuse Res Corp, Syracuse, NY USA. Tulane Univ, Environm Dis Prevent Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Teuschler, LK (reprint author), US EPA, NCEA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 11 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 307 EP 321 DI 10.1081/DCT-100100117 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 292DD UT WOS:000085778100022 PM 10711404 ER PT J AU Shen, Y West, C Hutchins, SR AF Shen, Y West, C Hutchins, SR TI In vitro cytotoxicity of aromatic aerobic biotransformation products in bluegill sunfish BF-2 cells SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE toluene; biotransformation; cytotoxicity; BF-2 cells ID INVITRO CYTO-TOXICITY; HELA-CELLS; FISH; TOLUENE; POLLUTANTS; LINES AB Toluene (methylbenzene) is a common environmental pollutant that is found in many hazardous waste sites and it is an aquifer contaminant. A concern is the potential risk to human and ecosystem health due to exposure to toluene and its major biotransformation products. The cytotoxicity of eight aromatic products of toluene aerobic biotransformation was investigated in bluegill sunfish BF-2 cells. The cytotoxicity was determined using several in vitro assay endpoints. BF-2 cells were propagated at 32 degrees C in an atmosphere of 5% CO(2)-95% air. The concentrations of these products causing 50% inhibition in cell replication, protein content, uptake of natural red, and colony formation were evaluated and compared. The results of the study indicate a direct relationship between the exposure concentration of these products and observed cytotoxic effects. In descending order of cytotoxicity, the compounds were 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, catechol, o-cresol, p-cresol, m-cresol, benzaldehyde, and methyl benzoate. C1 US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Hutchins, SR (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Protect Agcy, 919 Kerr Res Dr,POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 DI 10.1006/eesa.1999.1843 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 279RP UT WOS:000085059200002 PM 10677264 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Becker, JY Cembrano, J AF Rogers, KR Becker, JY Cembrano, J TI Improved selective electrocatalytic oxidation of phenols by tyrosinase-based carbon paste electrode biosensor SO ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Electrocatalysis Meeting (ECS 99) CY 1999 CL PORTOROZ, SLOVENIA SP Republic Slovenia, Minist Sci & Technol, Oronzio De Nora Fdn, Asah Glass Co Ltd DE biosensor; tyrosinase; phenols; carbon paste; electrode; electrocatalysis ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Tyrosinase-based carbon paste electrodes are evaluated with respect to the viscosity and polarity of the binder liquids. The electrodes constructed using a lower viscosity mineral oil yielded a greater response to phenol and catechol than those using a higher viscosity oil of similar chemical composition. Despite its relatively high viscosity, the use of silicon oil Si PS 086 as carbon paste binder resulted in a 2-fold increase over Si AR 200 and a 4-6 fold increase (over mineral oils) in responses to phenol, p-chlorophenol, and p-cresol. Also reported is the enhanced enzyme electrode response to phenol and catechol resulting from pre-oxidation of these substrates using a plain carbon paste electrode in a series (in-line) dual electrode configuration. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 10 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0013-4686 J9 ELECTROCHIM ACTA JI Electrochim. Acta PY 2000 VL 45 IS 25-26 BP 4373 EP 4379 DI 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00544-2 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA 358HC UT WOS:000089551700034 ER PT B AU Andersen, JL Milewski, E AF Andersen, JL Milewski, E BE Kennedy, GG Sutton, TB TI Regulation of plant-pesticides: Current status SO EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTS, RESEARCH, AND IMPLEMENTATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Emerging Technologies for Integrated Pest Management CY MAR 08-10, 1999 CL RALEIGH, NC SP USDA CSREES Pest Management Program, North Carolina Agr Res Serv, North Carolina Cooperat Extens Serv, NSF Ctr Pest Management, US EPA, USDA Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Andersen, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-246-5 PY 2000 BP 154 EP 162 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BQ24E UT WOS:000087707300013 ER PT J AU de Boer, JG Holcroft, J Cunningham, ML Glickman, BW AF de Boer, JG Holcroft, J Cunningham, ML Glickman, BW TI Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate causes a gradient of mutations in the cortex and outer and inner medullas of the kidney of lacl transgenic rats SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE mutation; kidney; Big Blue ratsmts; tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate; tissue specificity ID FLAME-RETARDANT; REACTIVE METABOLITE; COVALENT BINDING; DNA DAMAGE; MUTAGENICITY; PHOSPHATE; LIVER; MICE; 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE; 2-BROMOACROLEIN AB Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBP) is a kidney carcinogen in rats in which exposure results in tumors specifically in the outer medulla. We have previously shown that TDBP induces mutation in the rat kidney. Here we demonstrate that TDBP induces mutation in the kidney of the F344 Big Blue lacl transgenic rat in a gradient with the highest induction (6.4-fold) in the cortex and lowest induction (2.2-fold) in the inner medulla, when given at 2000 ppm in the feed for 45 days. Similar results were obtained at 100 ppm, although the gradient effect was less pronounced. Because exposure to TDBP results in increased cell proliferation in the outer medulla, our results suggest that tissue-specific targeting of TDBP-induced kidney tumors reflects the combination of cell proliferation and mutation induction. This is also the First known case when transgenic animals have been used to study mutation at the suborgan revel. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Victoria, Ctr Environm Hlth, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP de Boer, JG (reprint author), Univ Victoria, Ctr Environm Hlth, POB 3020, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1002/1098-2280(2000)36:1<1::AID-EM1>3.0.CO;2-B PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 339LG UT WOS:000088478100001 PM 10918353 ER PT J AU Allen, JW Collins, BW Lori, A Afshari, AJ George, MH DeAngelo, AB Fuscoe, JC AF Allen, JW Collins, BW Lori, A Afshari, AJ George, MH DeAngelo, AB Fuscoe, JC TI Erythrocyte and spermatid micronucleus analyses in mice chronically exposed to potassium bromote in drinking water SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE disinfection by-products; drinking water; genotoxicity; micronuclei ID BROMATE; ASSAY; CARCINOGENICITY; TOXICITY; RATS C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Pisa, Pisa, Italy. RP Allen, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2000 VL 36 IS 3 BP 250 EP 253 DI 10.1002/1098-2280(2000)36:3<250::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 369HJ UT WOS:000165059600009 PM 11044907 ER PT J AU Shaughnessy, DT Ohe, T Landi, S Warren, SH Richard, AM Munter, T Franzen, R Kronberg, L DeMarini, D AF Shaughnessy, DT Ohe, T Landi, S Warren, SH Richard, AM Munter, T Franzen, R Kronberg, L DeMarini, D TI Mutation spectra of the drinking water mutagen 3-chloro-4-methyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MCF) in Salmonella TA100 and TA104: Comparison to MX SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE MCF; MX; mutation spectra; Salmonella ID CHLORINATED BUTENOIC ACIDS; TYPHIMURIUM STRAIN TA100; CALF THYMUS DNA; 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE MX; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BY-PRODUCTS; CHLOROHYDROXYFURANONES; SPECIFICITY; IDENTIFICATION; REVERTANTS AB The chlorinated drinking water mutagen 3-chloro-4-methyl-5-hydroxy-2 (5H)-furanone (MCF) occurs at concentrations similar to or greater than that of the related furanone 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furonone (MX). MCF and MX differ structurally only by replacement of a S-methyl in MCF with a 3-dichloromethyl in MX; yet, MCF is significantly less mutagenic than MX and produces different adducts when reacted with nucleosides or DNA. To explore further the effects that these structural differences might have on the biological activity of MCF and MX, we determined the mutation spectra of MCF in Salmonella strains TA100 and TA104 and of MX in strain TA104; the spectrum of MX in TA100 had been determined previously. In TA100, which presents only GC targets for mutagenesis, MCF induced primarily (75%) GC --> TA transversions, with most of the remaining revertants (20%)) being GC --> AT transitions. This spectrum was not significantly different From that of MX in TA100 (P = 0.07). In TA104, which presents both GC and AT targets, MCF induced a lower percentage (57%) of GC --> TA transversions, with most of the remaining revertants (33%) being AT --> TA transversions. In contrast, MX induced almost only (98%) GC --> TA transversions in TA104, with the remaining revertants (2%) being AT --> TA transversions. Thus, almost all (98%) of the MX mutations were targeted at GC sites in TA104, whereas only 63% of the MCF mutations were so targeted. These results ore consistent with the published findings that MX:(1) forms an adduct on guanosine when reacted with guanosine, (2) induces apurinic sites in DNA, and (3) forms a minor adduct on odenosine when reacted with adenosine or DNA. The results are also consistent with evidence that MCF forms adenosine adducts when reacted with odenosine. Our results show that the replacement of the 4-methyl in MCF with a 4-dichloromethyl to form My not only increases dramatically the mutagenic potency but also shifts significantly the mutagenic specificity from almost equal targeting of GC and AT sites by MCF to almost exclusive targeting of GC sites by MX. Published 2000 WileyLiss, Inc(dagger). C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Kyoto Womens Univ, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, Kyoto, Japan. Abo Akad Univ, Dept Organ Chem, Turku, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Div Pharmaceut Chem, Dept Pharm, Helsinki, Finland. RP DeMarini, D (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Franzen, Robert/G-4226-2014; OI Landi, Stefano/0000-0001-8364-6357 NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 106 EP 113 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 297RY UT WOS:000086097500005 PM 10712744 ER PT J AU Moore, MM Honma, M Clements, J Awogi, T Bolcsfoldi, G Cole, J Gollapudi, B Harrington-Brock, K Mitchell, A Muster, W Myhr, B O'Donovan, M Ouldelhkim, MC San, R Shimada, H Stankowski, LF AF Moore, MM Honma, M Clements, J Awogi, T Bolcsfoldi, G Cole, J Gollapudi, B Harrington-Brock, K Mitchell, A Muster, W Myhr, B O'Donovan, M Ouldelhkim, MC San, R Shimada, H Stankowski, LF TI Mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase locus gene mutation assay: International Workshop on Genotoxicity Test Procedures Workgroup Report SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material DE mouse lymphoma; cytotoxicity; thimidine kinase; karotype assay ID CELLS; MUTANTS; SYSTEM AB The Mouse lymphoma Assay (MLA) Workgroup addressed and reached consensus on a number of issues. Discussion focused on Five areas: (1) acceptable assay versions; (2) cytotoxicity measure; (3) 24-hr treatment (4) microwell colony counting and sizing; and (5) data acceptability/statistical analysis. Although the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) indicated a preference for the microwell over the soft agar method, all of the workgroup members agreed that both versions of the MLA are equally acceptable. The workgroup agreed that it is desirable for both assay versions to use the same measure of cytotoxicity to define the acceptable and required concentration range. Currently, laboratories using the microwell version use the relative survival (RS) determined by cloning immediately after the treatment. laboratories using the soft agar method do not obtain an RS but use the relative total growth (RTG), a combination of the relative suspension growth (RSG) during the expression period and the relative cloning efficiency determined at the time of mutant selection. The workgroup agreed to investigate the RSG, the RS, and the RTG and to develop further guidance. In the interim, the workgroup reached consensus that the RTG be used as the standard measure of cytotoxicity. The ICH recommended a 24-hr treatment in the absence of S9 when negative results are obtained with short (3-4 hr) treatments. The workgroup agreed to retain this requirement but acknowledged that more data are needed prior to making final recommendations concerning the need for and the specific protocol for the 24-hr treatment. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Div Genet & Mutagenesis, Tokyo 158, Japan. Covance Labs Ltd, Harrogate, N Yorkshire, England. Otsuka Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Tokushima 77101, Japan. AstraZenecca, Safety Assessment, R&D, Sodertalje, Sweden. Univ Sussex, MRC, Cell Mutat Unit, Brighton, E Sussex, England. Dow Chem Co, Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Midland, MI 48674 USA. Genesys Res Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. F Hoffmann La Roche & Co Ltd, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. Covance Labs Inc, Vienna, Austria. AstraZeneca R&D, Safety Assessment, Charnwood, Leics, England. Rhone Poulenc Rorer, Vitry Sur Seine, France. BioReliance Corp, Rockville, MD USA. Daiichi Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Tokyo 134, Japan. Chrylasis Preclin Serv Corp, Olyphant, PA USA. RP Moore, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2000 VL 35 IS 3 BP 185 EP 190 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<185::AID-EM5>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 300ZF UT WOS:000086283100005 PM 10737953 ER PT J AU Chiu, A Chiu, N Beaubier, NT Beaubier, J Nalesnik, R Singh, D Hill, WR Lau, C Riebow, J AF Chiu, A Chiu, N Beaubier, NT Beaubier, J Nalesnik, R Singh, D Hill, WR Lau, C Riebow, J TI Effects and mechanisms of PCB ecotoxicity in food chains: algae double right arrow fish double right arrow seal double right arrow polar bear SO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS-PART C OF JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH LA English DT Review ID THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; MONO-ORTHO; EXPOSURE; RATS; WATERS; CORTICOSTERONE; AROCLOR-1254 AB Wildlife populations are adversely affected in polluted environments. Nevertheless, a cause-and-effect relationship between excessive exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons and induction of pathologic disorders in animals, is difficult to demonstrate without verification from experiments following the rationale of Koch's postulates. Deleterious effects of chlorinated chemicals such as DDT on songbird reproduction, as demonstrated by the clutch size of eggs in a nest, however, is an example, where exposure and causation are apparent. With amelioration of DDT pollution, clutch size increases, and the cause-and-effect relationship is established. Similar examples of exposure to DDT and PCBs inducing reproductive disorders and endocrine disruption among marine mammals have been documented in industrialized nations of northern Europe and in the upper latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Population declines in ringed, grey and harbor seals are apparently due to a rapid decrease in their rates of reproduction(1). These latter observations are best interpreted in light of experiments conducted by Reijnders(2). Reijnders exposed harbor seals to relatively high dietary levels of PCBs and induced PCB-blood-lipids among seals to an average of 25 mg/kg compared to 10 mg/kg among controls. The treated seals had a significantly reduced reproductive rate. A relationship between increased PCB-blood-levels in vivo and the decrease in reproductive rates in this experiment is highly instructive for interpreting the decline of fertility in seal populations in polluted Baltic Sea waters. These linked observations are dependent upon demonstration of pathologic mechanisms associated with occlusion and stenosis of the uterine lumen among affected females in seal populations. PCB congeners apparently disrupt endocrine-system-functions leading to, or associated with, increases in endometriosis, fetal abortion, glomerulonephropathies and osteoporosis. This observation is further highlighted by Reijnders experiment, which closely replicated the range of PCB concentrations found in seal populations living in a variety of PCB polluted waters. Various PCB congeners differentially accumulate in brain, liver and adipose tissues in young and old seals. Further research of PCB toxic effects on organ systems of these animals and other species is thus indicated. This report, then, examines the process of PCB bioaccumulation within the marine food chain from fish to seals, whales, other marine mammals and to polar bears. Environmental toxic pollutants affect animals within the food chain in different ways but ultimately they affect humans as well. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Bur Labs, Div Chem & Toxicol, Lansing, MI USA. RP Chiu, A (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 65 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 27 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1059-0501 J9 ENVIRON CARCIN ECO R JI Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxical. Rev.-Pt. C J. Env. Sci. Health PY 2000 VL 18 IS 2 BP 127 EP 152 PG 26 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373EC UT WOS:000165274600002 ER PT J AU Burkhart, JG Ankley, G Bell, H Carpenter, H Fort, D Gardiner, D Gardner, H Hale, R Helgen, JC Jepson, P Johnson, D Lannoo, M Lee, D Lary, J Levey, R Magner, J Meteyer, C Shelby, MD Lucier, G AF Burkhart, JG Ankley, G Bell, H Carpenter, H Fort, D Gardiner, D Gardner, H Hale, R Helgen, JC Jepson, P Johnson, D Lannoo, M Lee, D Lary, J Levey, R Magner, J Meteyer, C Shelby, MD Lucier, G TI Strategies for assessing the implications of malformed frogs for environmental health SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE amphibian malformation; environmental health ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; RETINOIC ACID; HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATION; AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; THYROID-HORMONE; HYLA-REGILLA; LIMBS; RECEPTORS; SURVIVAL; TOXICITY AB The recent increase in the incidence of deformities among natural frog populations has raised concern about the state of the environment and the possible impact of unidentified causative agents on the health of wildlife and human populations. An open workshop on Strategies for Assessing the Implications of Malformed Frogs for Environmental Health was convened on 4-5 December 1997 at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The purpose of the workshop was to share information among a multidisciplinary group with scientific interest and responsibility for human and environmental health at the federal and state level. Discussions highlighted possible causes and recent findings directly related to frog deformities and provided insight into problems and strategies applicable to continuing investigation in several areas. Possible causes of the deformities were evaluated in terms of diagnostics performed on field amphibians, biologic mechanisms that can lead to the types of malformations observed, and parallel laboratory and field studies. Hydrogeochemistry must be more integrated into environmental toxicology because of the pivotal role of the aquatic environment and the importance of faces and transport relative to any potential exposure. There is no indication of whether there may be a human health factor associated with the deformities. However, the possibility that causal agents may be waterborne indicates a need to identify the relevant factors and establish the relationship between environmental and human health in terms of hazard assessment. C1 NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, St Paul, MN USA. Stover Grp, Stillwater, OK USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Colorado State Univ, USA, Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Ctr Environm Toxicol & Technol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. No Prairie Ctr, Jamestown, ND USA. Ball State Univ, Muncie Ctr Med Educ, Muncie, IN 47306 USA. AECL, Chalk River, ON, Canada. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Vermont Dept Environm Conservat, Ra LaRosa Environm Lab, Waterbury, VT USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Burkhart, JG (reprint author), NIEHS, MD C1-08,Box 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Jepson, Paul/E-8669-2011 OI Jepson, Paul/0000-0003-3419-4715 NR 32 TC 53 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 108 IS 1 BP 83 EP 90 DI 10.2307/3454299 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 273XP UT WOS:000084734900029 PM 10620528 ER PT J AU Mage, DT AF Mage, DT TI Coarse particles and dust storm mortality SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Environm Media Assessment Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mage, DT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Environm Media Assessment Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 108 IS 1 BP A12 EP A12 DI 10.1289/ehp.108-a12a PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 273XP UT WOS:000084734900003 PM 10620530 ER PT J AU Hyman, JB Leibowitz, SG AF Hyman, JB Leibowitz, SG TI A general framework for prioritizing land units for ecological protection and restoration SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cost-benefit; ecological indicators; ecological end points; prioritization; restoration and protection; risk; wetlands ID BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; BIODIVERSITY; ASSEMBLAGES; EFFICIENCY; MANAGEMENT; ECONOMICS; SELECTION; WETLANDS; NETWORKS AB Past methods of prioritizing sites for protection and restoration have focused on lists of criteria or algorithms. These methods lack a common underlying framework, such that the process is explicit and repeatable, assumptions are highlighted, and commonalities and differences among prioritizations can be readily assessed. Our objective in this paper is to provide such a framework for cases where the goal of setting priorities is to maximize the ecological benefit gained from limited resources. We provide simple and general models that can be used to prioritize sites based on the projected ecological benefit per unit restoration or protection effort and to estimate the total projected benefit of restoring or protecting a set of sites. These models, which are based on an expression of the functional relationship between an end point and effort, hold up under a variety of situations and provide a common language for prioritization. We then discuss procedures for estimating model terms-calculations from regression curves when data are available, and use of judgement indicators when data are relatively limited. Finally, we present two case studies that apply the models and examine selected past prioritizations in the context of our framework. C1 Dynamac Corp, Environm Serv, US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hyman, JB (reprint author), Dynamac Corp, Environm Serv, US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 53 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 23 EP 35 DI 10.1007/s002679910003 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260VW UT WOS:000083975000003 ER PT J AU Dykaar, BB Wigington, PJ AF Dykaar, BB Wigington, PJ TI Floodplain formation and cottonwood colonization patterns on the Willamette River, Oregon, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cottonwood; floodplain formation; primary succession; stewardship; Willamette River ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; MISSOURI RIVER; STREAM RESTORATION; RIPARIAN FORESTS; SQUAMISH RIVER; UNITED-STATES; ESTABLISHMENT; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; DAMS AB Using a series of aerial photographs taken between 1956 and 1996, we trace coevolution of floodplain and riparian forest on the Willamette River. Within-channel bar-forms appear to be the predominant incipient floodplain landform and habitat for primary succession. Interlinked development of bar(s) and erosion of near banks, filling of channels, and establishment and growth of cottonwoods and willows results in coalescence with older floodplain. Size and internal structure of riparian forest patches reflect evolution of underlying barforms or chan nel beds. Floodplain matures as the active channel migrates away by repetition of the bar formation and near-bank erosion process, or is progressively abandoned by infilling and/or constriction with a bar. Other parts of the floodplain are recycled as eroding banks provide the coarse sediment and large woody debris for building new bars. A multichannel planform is maintained as building bars split flow, channels lengthen as bars and islands join into larger assemblages. Avulsion appears to cut new channels only short distances. Given the central role of bars and islands in building new floodplain habitat, we identify their area as a geomorphic indicator of river-flood plain integrity. We measure an 80% decline in bar and island area between 1910 and 1988 within a 22-km section. Dams, rip-rap, logging, and gravel mining may all be contributing to diminished bar formation rates. Removing obstacles to natural riparian forest creation mechanisms is necessary to regenerate the river-floodplain system and realize its productive potential. C1 Mag Inc, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Dykaar, BB (reprint author), Ecohydrol West, 831 Pelton Ave, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 74 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 87 EP 104 DI 10.1007/s002679910007 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260VW UT WOS:000083975000007 ER PT J AU Guo, ZS AF Guo, ZS TI Development of a Windows-based indoor air quality simulation software package SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE indoor air; exposure; mass transfer; microenvironment ID EMISSIONS; MODEL AB A Microsoft Windows-based indoor air quality (IAQ) simulation software package has been developed and has completed a small-scale beta test and quality assurance review. Tentatively named Simulation Tool Kit for Indoor Air Quality and Inhalation Exposure, or STKi for short, this package complements and supplements existing IAQ simulation packages and is designed mainly for advanced users. STKi Version 1 consists of a general-purpose simulation program and four stand-alone, special-purpose programs. The general-purpose program performs multi-zone, multi-pollutant simulations and allows gas-phase chemical reactions. With a large collection of models for sources, sinks, and air filters/cleaners, it can perform simulations for a wide range of indoor air pollution scenarios. The special-purpose programs implement fundamentally based models, which are often excluded from existing IAQ simulation programs despite their improved performance over statistical models. In addition to performing conventional IAQ simulation, which generates time-concentration profiles, STKi can estimate the adequate ventilation rate when certain air quality criteria are given, a unique feature useful for product stewardship and risk management. STKi will be developed in a cumulative manner. More special-purpose simulation programs will be added to the package. Key numerical methods used in STKi are discussed. Ways to convert the STKi programs into language-independent simulation modules that can be used by multi-pathway exposure models are also being explored. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Indoor Environm Management Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Guo, ZS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Indoor Environm Management Branch, MD-54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-8152 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PY 2000 VL 15 IS 4 BP 403 EP 410 DI 10.1016/S1364-8152(00)00020-7 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 328PD UT WOS:000087858500005 ER PT J AU Neufeld, HS Lee, EH Renfro, JR Hacker, WD AF Neufeld, HS Lee, EH Renfro, JR Hacker, WD TI Seedling insensitivity to ozone for three conifer species native to Great Smoky Mountains National Park SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE ozone; conifers; Great Smoky Mountains National Park; growth; foliar injury ID CHERRY PRUNUS-SEROTINA; DRY ACIDIC DEPOSITION; PINE PINUS-PONDEROSA; AIR-POLLUTION; RADIAL GROWTH; STROBUS L; EXPOSURE; INJURY; SENSITIVITY; VIRGINIA AB Field symptoms typical of ozone injury have been observed on several conifer species in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and tropospheric ozone levels in the Park can be high, suggesting that ozone may be causing growth impairment of these plants. The objective of this research was to test the ozone sensitivity of selected conifer species under controlled exposure conditions. Seedlings of three species of conifers, Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canandensis), were exposed to various levels of ozone in open-top chambers for one to three seasons in Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Tennessee, USA. A combination of episodic profiles (1988) and modified ambient exposure regimes (1989-92) were used. Episodic profiles simulated an average 7-day period from a monitoring station in the Park. Treatments used in 1988 were: charcoal-filtered (CF), 1.0x ambient, 2.0x ambient, and ambient air-no chamber (AA). In 1989 a 1.5x ambient treatment was added, and in 1990, additional chambers were made available, allowing a 0.5x ambient treatment to be added. Height, diameter, and foliar injury were measured most years. Exposures were 3 years for Table Mountain pine (1988-90), 3 years for hemlock (1989-91), and I and 2 years for three different sets of Virginia pine (1990, 1990-91, and 1992). There were no significant (p < 0.05) effects of ozone on any biomass fraction for any of the species, except for older needles in Table Mountain and Virginia pine, which decreased with ozone exposure. There were also no changes in biomass allocation patterns among species due to ozone exposure, except for Virginia pine in 1990, which showed an increase in the root:shoot ratio. There was foliar injury (chlorotic mottling) in the higher two treatments (1.0x and 2.0x for Table Mountain and 2.0x for Virginia pine), but high plant-to-plant variability obscured formal statistical significance in many cases. We conclude, at least for growth in the short-term, that seedlings of these three conifer species are insensitive to ambient and elevated levels of ozone, and that current levels of ozone in the Park are probably having minimal impacts on these particular species. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Appalachian State Univ, Dept Biol, Boone, NC 28608 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Great Smoky Mt Natl Pk, Gatlinburg, TN 37738 USA. New Mexico Highland Univ, Environm Sci & Management Dept, Las Vegas, NM 87701 USA. RP Neufeld, HS (reprint author), Appalachian State Univ, Dept Biol, 572 Rivers St, Boone, NC 28608 USA. NR 56 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2000 VL 108 IS 2 BP 141 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00247-X PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 294EZ UT WOS:000085899500003 PM 15092944 ER PT J AU McCrady, JK Andersen, CP AF McCrady, JK Andersen, CP TI The effect of ozone on below-ground carbon allocation in wheat SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE ozone; carbon allocation; root exudation; rhizosphere microbial activity ID NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA; EXPOSED PONDEROSA PINE; ROOT EXUDATION; PLANT-RESPONSE; SEEDLINGS; RHIZOSPHERE; SORGHUM; GROWTH; MICROORGANISMS; RESPIRATION AB Short-term (CO2)-C-14 pulse and chase experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effect of ozone on below-ground carbon allocation in spring wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. 'ANZA'). Wheat seedlings were grown in a sand-hydroponic system and exposed to either high ozone (38-40 ppm-h) or low ozone (23-31 ppm-h) for 21 days in a series of replicated experiments. Following the ozone exposures, the plants were pulsed with (CO2)-C-14 and allocation of C-14-labeled photosynthate was measured in the plant and growth media. Soluble root exudates were measured, without disturbing the plant roots, 24 h after the (CO2)-C-14 pulse. Shoot biomass was reduced by 17% for the high ozone and 9% for the low ozone exposures, relative to control treatments. Root biomass was reduced by 9% for the high ozone exposures, but was not significantly different than the controls for the low ozone. The amount of C-14 activity in the shoot and root tissue 24 h after the (CO2)-C-14 pulse, normalized to tissue weight, total (CO2)-C-14 uptake, or the total C-14 retention in each plant, was not affected by either high or low ozone exposures. The amount of C-14 activity measured in the growth media solution surrounding the roots increased 9% for the high ozone exposures, and after normalizing to root size or root C-14 activity, the growth media solution C-14 activity increased 29 and 40%, respectively. Total respiration of (CO2)-C-14 from the ozone-treated plants decreased, but the decrease was not statistically significant. Our results suggest that soluble root exudation of C-14 activity to the surrounding rhizosphere increases in response to ozone. Increased root exudation to the rhizosphere in response to ozone is contrary to reports of decreased carbon allocation below ground and suggests that rhizosphere microbial activity may be initially stimulated by plant exposure to ozone. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Andersen, CP (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 38 TC 55 Z9 85 U1 3 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2000 VL 107 IS 3 BP 465 EP 472 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00122-0 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 287DF UT WOS:000085489200021 PM 15092992 ER PT J AU Swayze, GA Smith, KS Clark, RN Sutley, SJ Pearson, RM Vance, JS Hageman, PL Briggs, PH Meier, AL Singleton, MJ Roth, S AF Swayze, GA Smith, KS Clark, RN Sutley, SJ Pearson, RM Vance, JS Hageman, PL Briggs, PH Meier, AL Singleton, MJ Roth, S TI Using imaging spectroscopy to map acidic mine waste SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TAILINGS; AVIRIS; IRON AB The process of pyrite oxidation at the surface of mine waste may produce acidic water that is gradually neutralized as it drains away from the waste, depositing different Fe-bearing secondary minerals in roughly concentric zones that emanate from mine-waste piles. These Fe-bearing minerals are indicators of the geochemical conditions under which they form. Airborne and orbital imaging spectrometers can be used to map these mineral zones because each of these Fe-bearing secondary minerals is spectrally unique. In this way, imaging spectroscopy can be used to rapidly screen entire mining districts for potential sources of surface acid drainage and to detect acid producing minerals in mine waste or unmined rock outcrops. Spectral data from the AVIRIS instrument were used to evaluate mine waste at the California Gulch Superfund Site near Leadville, CO. Laboratory leach tests of surface samples show that leachate pH is most acidic and metals most mobile in samples from the inner jarosite zone and that leachate pH is near-neutral and metals least mobile in samples from the outer goethite zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US EPA, Reg 8, EPR SR Unit A, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RP Swayze, GA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 973 Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 32 TC 118 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 1 BP 47 EP 54 DI 10.1021/es990046w PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270JD UT WOS:000084531400027 ER PT J AU Sarakinos, HC Bermingham, N White, PA Rasmussen, JB AF Sarakinos, HC Bermingham, N White, PA Rasmussen, JB TI Correspondence between whole effluent toxicity and the presence of priority substances in complex industrial effluents SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE whole effluent toxicity; industry; effluent; toxicity; priority substances ID DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA; MARINE DIATOM; CADMIUM; IRON AB The purpose of this study was to examine broad-scale correlation between presence of priority substances and whole effluent toxicity (WET) across a range of industry types. Using regression analysis, we examined how chemical-based inferred toxicity predicted measured WET of the effluents. Whole effluent toxicity was determined using a suite of acute and chronic bioassays; chemical-based toxicity was inferred from concentrations of priority chemicals and from published chemical toxicity values. When inferred toxicity was corrected for bioavailable metal and ion concentrations, 43% of the variability in measured toxicity was explained. For many industries, priority contaminants accounted for WET, and their toxic action was generally additive. However, industry-specific analysis of the residuals highlighted effluent types for which there was over one order of magnitude variation in inferred and measured toxicity. In particular, chemical-based assessments tended to overestimate toxicity of effluents containing high concentrations of metals and to underestimate toxicity of pulp mill effluents. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. Environm Canada, St Lawrence Ctr, Montreal, PQ H2Y 2E7, Canada. US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Sarakinos, HC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, John Muir Inst Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USA. OI white, paul/0000-0001-5853-4759 NR 40 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 63 EP 71 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0063:CBWETA>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 267LA UT WOS:000084358400007 ER PT J AU Warren-Hicks, WJ Parkhurst, BR Moore, DRJ Teed, RS Baird, RB Berger, R Denton, DL Pletl, JJ AF Warren-Hicks, WJ Parkhurst, BR Moore, DRJ Teed, RS Baird, RB Berger, R Denton, DL Pletl, JJ TI Assessment of whole effluent toxicity test variability: Partitioning sources of variability SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE reference toxicant; whole effluent toxicity test; intralaboratory variability; interlaboratory variability; regression analysis ID PERFORMANCE-CHARACTERISTICS AB In this article, we quantify the variability of toxicity tests used in whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing and ambient water testing and demonstrate how knowledge of this variability can be used in the interpretation of compliance with WET limits in National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. Whole effluent toxicity test endpoint accuracy and precision are important factors in establishing the credibility of test results. Initially, we developed a national data set consisting of raw reference toxicant data from freshwater and marine tests. The data set consisted of the most commonly used test species, protocols, and laboratories and included results from multiple tests over time within single laboratories. Using a random-effects model, we evaluate and estimate the following variance components: between-laboratory variability, variability as a function of dilution concentration. variability of toxicity tests conducted over time, and random error. A variance components model was used to calculate the relative contribution of each variance component to the total variability in specific test endpoints. All analyses were conducted separately for specific reference toxicant, test species, and test protocol combinations. We demonstrate how to use the resulting variance estimates to calculate the minimum significant difference expected for specific test species and test protocols and present an application with WET test data. We present an application using actual WET test results and make recommendations for ensuring the quality of the information resulting from future WET testing. C1 Cadmus Grp, Durham, NC 27713 USA. Cadmus Grp, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Cadmus Grp, Ottawa, ON K2A 3X9, Canada. Angeles Cty Sanitat Dist, San Lose Creek Water Qual Lab, Whittier, CA 90601 USA. E Bay Municipal Util Dist, Oakland, CA 94623 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Hampton Rd Sanitat Dist, Water Qual, Virginia Beach, VA 23455 USA. RP Warren-Hicks, WJ (reprint author), Cadmus Grp, Execut Pk,1920 Highway 54,Suite 100, Durham, NC 27713 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 94 EP 104 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 267LA UT WOS:000084358400011 ER PT J AU Moore, DRJ Warren-Hicks, W Parkhurst, BR Teed, RS Baird, RB Berger, R Denton, DL Pletl, JJ AF Moore, DRJ Warren-Hicks, W Parkhurst, BR Teed, RS Baird, RB Berger, R Denton, DL Pletl, JJ TI Intra- and intertreatment variability in reference toxicant tests: Implications for whole effluent toxicity testing programs SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE reference toxicant; whole effluent toxicity test; intratreatment variability; intertreatment variability; regression analysis ID GENERALIZED LINEAR-MODELS; PERFORMANCE-CHARACTERISTICS AB Whole effluent toxicity tests are used in permitting programs across the United States to determine whether effluents are potentially toxic to aquatic biota in receiving environments. In cases where whole effluent toxicity tests indicate unacceptable toxicity, corrective measures or further testing (e.g., field tests) may be required. To be consistent and fair to permit holders, whole effluent toxicity test outcomes (e.g., pass or fail) should not be strongly influenced by intra- and interlaboratory variability. In this study, we quantified intra- and interlaboratory variability for four species-data type combinations using the results of reference toxicant tests compiled from many laboratories in recent years. For each set of test results, we conducted a regression analysis using the generalized linear models framework. The results indicated that the coefficient of variation (CV) for intralaboratory 25% effective concentration (i.e., EC25) values varied from 15.7% for number of young of Ceriodaphnia dubia in laboratory CD4 to 122% for mortality of Menidia beryllina (inland silverside) in laboratory MB3. Interlaboratory variability was small for both mortality (CV = 17.3%) and number of young (CV = 13.4%) of C. dubia. Interlaboratory variability for mortality (CV = 65.8%) and biomass (CV = 117%) of M. beryllina, however, was very high. Our study shows that permit toxicity limits can be exceeded because of factors other than effluent toxicity, particularly when the limits are based on testing of M. beryllina. C1 Cadmus Grp, Ottawa, ON K2A 3X9, Canada. Cadmus Grp, Durham, NC 27713 USA. Cadmus Grp, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Los Angeles Cty Sanitat Dist, San Jose Creek Water Qual Lab, Whittier, CA 90601 USA. E Bay Municipal Util Dist, Oakland, CA 94623 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Hampton Rd Sanitat Dist, Water Qual, Virginia Beach, VA 23455 USA. RP Moore, DRJ (reprint author), Cadmus Grp, 411 Roosevelt Ave,Suite 204, Ottawa, ON K2A 3X9, Canada. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 105 EP 112 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0105:IAIVIR>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 267LA UT WOS:000084358400012 ER PT J AU Wang, Q Denton, DL Shukla, R AF Wang, Q Denton, DL Shukla, R TI Applications and statistical properties of minimum significant difference-based criterion testing in a toxicity testing program SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aquatic toxicity testing; minimum significant difference; statistical power ID TEST ACCEPTABILITY AB As a follow up to the recommendations of the September 1995 SETAC Pellston Workshop on Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) on test methods and appropriate endpoints, this paper will discuss the applications and statistical properties of using a statistical criterion of minimum significant difference (MSD). We examined the upper limits of acceptable MSDs as acceptance criterion in the case of normally distributed data. The implications of this approach are examined in terms of false negative rate as well as false positive rate. Results indicated that the proposed approach has reasonable statistical properties. Reproductive data from short-term chronic WET test with Ceriodaphnia dubia tests were used to demonstrate the applications of the proposed approach. The data were collected by the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources (Raleigh, NC, USA) as part of their National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Environm Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Biostat, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Abt Associates Clin Trials, Biostat & Epidemiol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Shukla, R (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Environm Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Biostat, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 113 EP 117 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0113:AASPOM>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 267LA UT WOS:000084358400013 ER PT J AU Bailer, AJ Hughes, MR Denton, DL Oris, JT AF Bailer, AJ Hughes, MR Denton, DL Oris, JT TI An empirical comparison of effective concentration estimators for evaluating aquatic toxicity test responses SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE relative inhibition estimation; inhibition concentration estimation; Ceriodaphnia dubia; Macrosystis pyrifera; regression modeling ID GENERALIZED LINEAR-MODELS AB Aquatic toxicity tests are statistically evaluated by either hypothesis testing procedures to derive a no-observed-effect concentration or by inverting regression models to calculate the concentration associated with a specific reduction from the control response. These latter methods can be described as potency estimation methods. Standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) potency estimation methods are based on two different techniques. For continuous or count response data, a nominally nonparametric method that assumes monotonic decreasing responses and piecewise linear patterns between successive concentration groups is used. For quantal responses, a probit regression model with a linear dose term is fit. These techniques were compared with a recently developed parametric regression-based estimator, the relative inhibition estimator, Rip. This method is based on fitting generalized linear models, followed by estimation of the concentration associated with a particular decrement relative to control responses. These estimators, with levels of inhibition (p) of 25 and 50%, were applied to a series of chronic toxicity tests in a U.S; EPA region 9 database of reference toxicity tests. Biological responses evaluated in these toxicity tests included the number of young produced in three broods by the water flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia) and germination success and tube length data from the giant kelp (Macracystis pyrifera). The greatest discrepancy between the RIp and standard U.S. EPA estimators was observed for C. dubia. The concentration-response pattern for this biological endpoint exhibited nonmonotonicity more frequently than for any of the other endpoint. Future work should consider optimal experimental designs to estimate these quantities, methods for constructing confidence intervals, and simulation studies to explore the behavior of these estimators under known conditions. C1 Miami Univ, Ctr Environm Toxicol & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Zool, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Bailer, AJ (reprint author), Miami Univ, Ctr Environm Toxicol & Stat, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 141 EP 150 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 267LA UT WOS:000084358400017 ER PT J AU Shukla, R Wang, Q Fulk, F Deng, CQ Denton, D AF Shukla, R Wang, Q Fulk, F Deng, CQ Denton, D TI Bioequivalence approach for whole effluent toxicity testing SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE toxicity testing; bioequivalence testing; hypothesis testing; practically equivalent toxicity AB Increased use of whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests in the regulatory arena has brought increased concern over the statistical analysis of WET test data and the determination of toxicity. One concern is the issue of statistical power. A number of WET tests may pass the current hypothesis test approach because they lack statistical power to detect relevant toxic effects because of large within-test variability. Additionally a number of WET tests may fail the current approach because they possess excessive statistical power, as a result of small within-test variability, and detect small differences that may not be biologically relevant. The strengths and limitations of both the traditional hypothesis test approach and the bioequivalence approach for use in the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program were evaluated. Data from 5,213 single-concentration, short-term chronic WET tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia provided the database for analysis. Comparison of results between the current approach and the bioequivalence approach indicates that the current approach to WET testing is generally sound but that adopting the proposed bioequivalence approach resolves concerns of statistical power. Specifically, within this data set, applying the bioequivalence approach resulted in failure for tests with relatively large test variability and a pass for tests with relatively small within-test variability. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. ABT Associates Inc, Clin Trials, Biostat & Epidemiol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Shukla, R (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 169 EP 174 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0169:BAFWET>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 267LA UT WOS:000084358400020 ER PT J AU Goodfellow, WL Ausley, LW Burton, DT Denton, DL Dorn, PB Grothe, DR Heber, MA Norberg-King, TJ Rodgers, JH AF Goodfellow, WL Ausley, LW Burton, DT Denton, DL Dorn, PB Grothe, DR Heber, MA Norberg-King, TJ Rodgers, JH TI Major ion toxicity in effluents: A review with permitting recommendations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE whole effluent testing; ion imbalance; salinity; total dissolved solids ID FRESH-WATER; IDENTIFICATION; SALINITY; TESTS AB Effluent toxicity testing methods have been well defined, but for the most part, these methods do not attempt to segregate the effects of active ionic concentrations and ion imbalances upon test and species performances. The role of various total dissolved solids in effluents on regulatory compliance has emerged during the last few years and has caused confusion in technical assessment and in permitting and compliance issues. This paper assesses the issue of ionic strength and ion imbalance, provides a brief summary of applicable data, presents several case studies demonstrating successful tools to address toxicity resulting from salinity and ion imbalance, and provides recommendations for regulatory and compliance options to manage discharges with salinity/ion imbalance issues. Effluent toxicity resulting from inorganic ion imbalance and the ion concentration of the effluent is pervasive in permitted discharge from many industrial process and municipal discharges where process streams are concentrated, adjusted, or modified. This paper discusses procedures that use weight-of-evidence approaches to identify ion imbalance toxicity, including direct measurement, predictive toxicity models for freshwater. exchange resins, mock effluents, and ion imbalance toxicity with tolerant/susceptible text species. Cost-effective waste treatment control options for a facility whose effluent is toxic because of total dissolved solids (TDS) or because of specific ion(s) are scarce at best. Depending on the discharge situation, TDS toxicity may not be viewed with the same level of concern as other, more traditional, toxicants. These discharge situations often do not require the conservative safety factors required by other toxicants. Selection of the alternative regulatory solutions discussed in this paper may be beneficial, especially because they do not require potentially expensive or high-energy-using treatment options that may be ineffective control options. The information presented is intended to provide a better understanding of the role of ion imbalance in aquatic toxicity testing and to provide various recommendations that should be considered in addressing these issues. C1 EA Engn Sci & Technol, Sparks, MD 21152 USA. N Carolina Div Water Qual, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. Univ Maryland, Wye Res & Educ Ctr, Queenstown, MD 21658 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Equilon Enterprises LLC, Houston, TX 77082 USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, ORD, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. RP Goodfellow, WL (reprint author), EA Engn Sci & Technol, 15 Loveton Circle, Sparks, MD 21152 USA. NR 37 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 18 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 175 EP 182 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0175:MITIEA>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 267LA UT WOS:000084358400021 ER PT J AU Pillard, DA DuFresne, DL Caudle, DD Tietge, JE Evans, JM AF Pillard, DA DuFresne, DL Caudle, DD Tietge, JE Evans, JM TI Predicting the toxicity of major ions in seawater to mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and inland silverside minnow (Menidia beryllina) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ion toxicity; salinity; Mysidopsis bahia; Cyprinodon variegatus; Menidia beryllina ID IRRIGATION DRAIN WATER; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; FRESH-WATER; SALINITY; EFFLUENT; MODELS; TESTS AB Although marine organisms are naturally adapted to salinities well above those of freshwater, elevated concentrations of specific ions have been shown to cause adverse effects on some saltwater species. Because some ions are also physiologically essential, a deficiency of these ions can also cause significant effects. To provide a predictive tool to assess toxicity associated with major ions, mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia), sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), and inland silverside minnows (Menidia beryllina) were exposed to saline solutions containing calcium, magnesium, potassium, strontium, bicarbonate, berate, bromide, and sulfate at concentrations above and below what would be found in seawater. Solution salinity was maintained at approximately 31 parts per thousand by increasing or decreasing sodium and chloride concentrations. Logistic regression models were developed with both the ion molar concentrations and ion activity. Toxicity to all three species was observed when either a deficiency or an excess of potassium and calcium occurred. Significant mortality occurred in all species when exposed to excess concentrations of magnesium, bicarbonate, and berate. The response to the remaining ions varied with species. Sheepshead minnows were the most tolerant of both deficient and elevated levels of the different ions. Mysid shrimp and inland silverside minnows demonstrated similar sensitivities to several ions, but silverside minnow response was more variable. As a result, the logistic models that predict inland silverside minnow survival generally were less robust than for the other two species. C1 ENSR, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Sound Envirom Solut, Houston, TX 77079 USA. US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Gas Res Inst, Chicago, IL 60631 USA. RP Pillard, DA (reprint author), ENSR, 4303 W LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 183 EP 191 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0183:PTTOMI>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 267LA UT WOS:000084358400022 ER PT J AU Lewis, M Weber, D Stanley, R Albrecht, B AF Lewis, M Weber, D Stanley, R Albrecht, B TI Treated wastewater as a source of sediment contamination in Gulf of Mexico near-coastal areas: A survey SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE wastewater; sediment toxicity; chemical quality; Gulf of Mexico ID EFFLUENTS AB The primary objective of this baseline survey was to provide some needed perspective on the magnitude of sediment contamination associated with wastewater outfalls discharged to Gulf of Mexico near-coastal areas. The chemical quality and toxicities of whole sediments and pore waters collected from three coastal rivers and four coastal bays receiving wastewaters were assessed during a 2-year period. Rooted plants. invertebrates, and fish were used to assess the acute and chronic toxicities of sediments associated with a total of 10 industrial, municipal, steam electric-power generation and forest product wastewater outfalls. Effects on bacterial bioluminescence, early seedling biomass, survival, reproduction, fertility, and growth were determined in bioassays ranging from 30 min to 28 d duration. Sediment chemical contamination was localized and decreased with increasing distance from the discharge areas. The major sediment contaminants, with few exceptions, were divalent trace metals, which increased, on average, by 69% below 8 of the 10 outfalls. However, only a few concentrations exceeded proposed threshold sediment quality assessment guidelines. Toxicity to either the plant or animal test species was observed occasionally below 7 of the 10 outfalls, but its detection was dependent on the type of bioassay and the frequency of use. Consequently, a suite of bioassays conducted on multiple occasions appears to be needed for toxicity assessments of sediments collected below wastewater discharges in the Gulf region to ensure relevancy of the results. This is particularly true for low to moderately contaminated sediments where acute toxicity is uncommon. which was the case in this study. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. TRAC Lab, Pensacola, FL 32503 USA. RP Lewis, M (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 192 EP 203 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0192:TWAASO>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 267LA UT WOS:000084358400023 ER PT J AU Williams, LRR Kapustka, LA AF Williams, LRR Kapustka, LA TI Ecosystem vulnerability: A complex interface with technical components SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Ecol Planning & Toxicol Inc, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Williams, LRR (reprint author), US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1055 EP 1058 PN 2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800001 ER PT J AU Carpenter, DE Lunetta, RS AF Carpenter, DE Lunetta, RS TI Challenges in forecasting the long-term impacts of multiple stressors on a mid-Atlantic region, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE ecological exposure analysis; ecological hazard identification; regional-scale ecological risk assessment; multiple-stressor analysis; ecological vulnerability AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, has selected a multistate region in the mid-Atlantic as a pilot location for its regional vulnerability assessment initiative. The study included an initial problem-formulation (hazard-identification) phase conducted in consultation with local stakeholders. Nine ecological hazard (stressor) categories were selected for study based on scientific criteria and resource limitations. Initial products included one or more stressor data sets (profiles) for each hazard category, which represented an initial attempt at creating a continuous baseline database necessary for subsequent ecosystem exposure assessment. Stressor profiles were developed from the interpolation of monitoring network point data, modeling forecasts, and the processing of continuous data sets. Disparate data resolutions and temporal inconsistences among profiles will require that uncertainties for each profile be documented during multiple stressor analysis. Such uncertainties in data quality must be effectively portrayed to illustrate how they can limit profile utility during quantitative exposure analysis. Current research efforts have focused on the identification of ecosystem receptor endpoints of critical importance to maintaining ecosystem function in the mid-Atlantic. This research includes the establishment of stressor-receptor exposure period, magnitude, and duration of biological importance in an initial survey-level analysis to support the selection of stressors and receptors for exposure assessment analysis. Subsequent to this selection process, receptor data sets will be assembled at appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions commensurate with the exposure pathway processes of interest. Exposure profiles will be developed based on the cooccurrence of both stressor and receptor in both space and time required to represent a biologically significant exposure. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Carpenter, DE (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, 2 triangle Dr,POB 12313, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1076 EP 1081 PN 2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800004 ER PT J AU Cormier, SM Smith, M Norton, S Neiheisel, T AF Cormier, SM Smith, M Norton, S Neiheisel, T TI Assessing ecological risk in watersheds: A case study of problem formulation in the Big Darby Creek watershed, Ohio, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE ecological risk assessment; problem formulation; assessment endpoints; in-stream stressors; conceptual model ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION; INSECT COMMUNITIES; QUALITY; MANAGEMENT; PERSPECTIVE; RESTORATION; INTEGRITY; SEDIMENT; STREAMS; RUNOFF AB The Big Darby Creek watershed, a highly valued ecosystem in central Ohio, USA, threatened by intensive agriculture and suburban encroachment, served as an example of how case specifics can be applied to refine and direct the planning and problem formulation stage of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ecological risk assessment framework. Big Darby Creek was selected as one of five national pilot risk assessments designed to provide specific examples of how to perform an ecological risk assessment and, at the same time, to refine and improve the assessment process. The case study demonstrates how characteristics of the watershed were used to give direction to the components of establishing goals, identifying and characterizing the resource and threats to it, selecting appropriate assessment endpoints, and developing conceptual models. The hypotheses generated in the conceptual model describe expected relationships and interactions between the ecosystem at risk, identified potential stressors, and ecological effects and set the groundwork for the analysis phase that follows problem formulation. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Ohio Environm Protect Agcy, Columbus, OH 43228 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cormier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM cormier.susan@epa.gov NR 70 TC 28 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1082 EP 1096 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1082:AERIWA>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800005 ER PT J AU Schubauer-Berigan, MK Smith, M Hopkins, J Cormier, SM AF Schubauer-Berigan, MK Smith, M Hopkins, J Cormier, SM TI Using historical biological data to evaluate status and trends in the Big Darby Creek watershed (Ohio, USA) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE bioindicators; biomonitoring; spatial autocorrelation; watershed management AB Assessment of watershed ecological status and trends is challenging for managers who lack randomly or consistently sampled data, or monitoring programs developed from a watershed perspective. This study investigated analytical approaches for assessment of status and trends using data collected by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency as part of state requirements for reporting stream quality and managing discharge permits. Fish and benthic macroinvertebrate metrics collected during three time periods (1979-1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1993) were analyzed for the mainstem of Big Darby Creek, a high-quality warm-water stream in central Ohio, USA. Analysis of variance of transformed metrics showed significant differences among time periods for six fish metrics. In addition, significant positive linear trends were observed for four metrics plus the index of biotic integrity score, and negative linear trends for two fish metrics. An analysis of a subset of sites paired by location and sampled over the three periods reflected findings using all available data for the mainstem. In particular, mean estimates were very similar between the reduced and full data sets, whereas standard error estimates were much greater in the reduced subset. Analysis of serial autocorrelation patterns among the fish metrics over the three time periods suggests changes in the nature of stressors over time. A comparison within the most recent time period showed significantly better condition for Big Darby Creek mainstem than for Hellbranch Run (the easternmost subwatershed), after adjusting for watershed size. The consistency of paired and nonrandomized results suggested that either type of data might be judiciously used for this watershed assessment. Results indicated that overall biological condition of the mainstem of the Big Darby Creek watershed has significantly improved since the early 1980s. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio Environm Protect Agcy, Columbus, OH 43228 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Cormier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/B-3149-2009 OI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/0000-0002-5175-924X NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1097 EP 1105 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1097:UHBDTE>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800006 ER PT J AU Norton, SB Cormier, SM Smith, M Jones, RC AF Norton, SB Cormier, SM Smith, M Jones, RC TI Can biological assessments discriminate among types of stress? A case study from the Eastern Corn Belt Plains ecoregion SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE discriminant analysis; Eastern Corn Belt Plains; biological assessment; causality ID NEW-ZEALAND; COMMUNITIES; STREAMS; RIVER AB We investigated the feasibility of using the structure of fish and benthic macroinvertebrate communities to distinguish among major types of stressors (e.g., siltation, nutrient enrichment, and stream structural degradation) using spatially and temporally matched data on stressors and responses. The 19 stressor variables addressed stream chemistry and in-stream habitat and included biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and components of the Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index. The 42 response variables addressed fish and invertebrate community structure and included many of the component metrics of the Index of Biological Integrity and the Invertebrate Community Index as well as variables specifically calculated for this project. All data were collected between 1988 and 1994 by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency in the Eastern Corn Belt Plains ecoregion. Prior to analysis, variables were transformed to near normality, and variables significantly correlated with drainage area were fit to regression models and the resulting residuals used in the analyses. Multivariate analyses included factor and discriminant analysis. The first six stressor factors explained 69% of the variation. Discriminant functions formed using the response variables significantly separated site clusters classified into high, medium, and low categories along stressor gradients. Both fish and macroinvertebrate variables were important in distinguishing site categories. For example, percentage Tanytarsini midges and percentage Glyptotendipes were important in distinguishing sites having high and low BOD. Percentage darters was associated with sites having high scores for stream corridor structure and low concentrations of inorganic nutrients, and percentage round-bodied suckers was associated with sites having low BOD and low concentrations of zinc and lead. These results indicate that diagnostic models may be developed that will be useful for site-specific and regional assessments. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. State Ohio Environm Protect Agcy, Columbus, OH 43228 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Norton, SB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 28 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1113 EP 1119 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1113:CBADAT>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800008 ER PT J AU Cormier, SM Lin, ELC Fulk, F Subramanian, B AF Cormier, SM Lin, ELC Fulk, F Subramanian, B TI Estimation of exposure criteria values for biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite concentrations in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE exposure criteria values; fish biliary metabolites; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Catostomus commersoni; fixed-wavelength fluorescence ID BROWN BULLHEAD; FISH; BILE; FLUORESCENCE; RIVER; HPLC AB A methodology was developed for deriving quantitative exposure criteria useful for comparing a site or a watershed to a reference condition and for defining the occurrence of extreme exposures. The prototype method used indicators of exposures to oil contamination and combustion by-products, naphthalene (NAPH)-type and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-type biliary metabolites from white suckers (Catostomus commersoni). The fish were collected from first- to third-order streams in the Regional Environmental Monitoring Assessment Program (REMAP) study of the Eastern Corn Belt Plains ecoregion at randomly selected sires and from third- or higher-order streams in conjunction with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) Biomonitoring Program. which sampled sites of concern and reference sites selected by ecologists. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites were measured using fixed-wavelength fluorescence with excitation/emission pairs at 290/335 nm for NAPH-type and 380/430 nm for BaP-type metabolites. Exposure criteria values were selected for each type of metabolite for both the REMAP study and the OEPA reference sites following the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. Exposure criteria derived for each metabolite were not significantly different for REMAP and OEPA reference sites. More than one half of the OEPA nonreference sites were found to be contaminated, exceeding criteria values for both types of metabolites. This method for finding meaningful exposure criteria can be used to develop criteria of exposure to other contaminants for other wildlife and other ecosystems. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM cormier.susan@epa.gov NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1120 EP 1126 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1120:EOECVF>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800009 ER PT J AU Cormier, SM Lin, ELC Millward, MR Schubauer-Berigan, MK Williams, DE Subramanian, B Sanders, R Counts, B Altfater, D AF Cormier, SM Lin, ELC Millward, MR Schubauer-Berigan, MK Williams, DE Subramanian, B Sanders, R Counts, B Altfater, D TI Using regional exposure criteria and upstream reference data to characterize spatial and temporal exposures to chemical contaminants SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bile metabolites; ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase; exposure criteria values; blood urea nitrogen; biomarkers ID O-DEETHYLASE ACTIVITY; PULP-MILL EFFLUENT; BIOMARKER RESPONSES; FISH; ETHOXYRESORUFIN; FLUORESCENCE; METABOLITES; CHEMISTRY; INDUCTION; ASSAY AB Analyses of biomarkers in fish were used to evaluate exposures among locations and across time. Two types of references were used for comparison, an upstream reference sample remote from known point sources and regional exposure criteria derived from a baseline of fish from reference sites throughout Ohio, USA. Liver, bile, and blood were sampled from white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected during 1993 and 1996 in the Ottawa River near Lime, Ohio. Levels of exposure were measured for petroleum by naphthalene-type metabolites, combustion by-products by benzo[a]pyrene- type metabolites, coplanar organic compounds by exthoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and urea by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. The four biomarkers analyzed proved effective in determining differences between reference and polluted sampling sites, between geographically close (<0.5 km) sites, and between sampling years at sites common in both years. Calculated exposure criteria levels of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bile metabolites were found to be a conservative approximation of levels from a designated reference site and could thereby permit comparison of biomarker levels of fish from the Ottawa River to a regional reference level. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bile metabolite and EROD activity levels were more reflective of spatial patterns of contamination than BUN, although all biomarkers indicated differences over time. Biomarkers from white suckers seemed to be more responsive in detecting changes in contaminant levels than the same biomarkers from common carp. Lower levels in 1996 of all biomarkers at many sites suggested lower exposures than in 1993 and could be indicative of some improvement over the period. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Pathol Associates Int, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Ohio Dept Nat Resources, Ohio Div Wildlife, Columbus, OH 43224 USA. Ohio Environm Protect Agcy, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. RP Cormier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM cormier.susan@epa.gov RI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/B-3149-2009 OI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/0000-0002-5175-924X NR 40 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1127 EP 1135 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1127:URECAU>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800010 ER PT J AU Lassiter, RR Box, EO Wiegert, RG Johnston, JM Bergengren, J Suarez, LA AF Lassiter, RR Box, EO Wiegert, RG Johnston, JM Bergengren, J Suarez, LA TI Vulnerability of ecosystems of the mid-Atlantic region, USA, to climate change SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE vegetation; climate change; envelope model; regional vulnerability ID PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES; MODEL; SCALE AB Changes in the distribution of vegetation in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States were explored for two climate-change scenarios. The equilibrium vegetation ecology (EVE) model was used to project the distribution of life forms and to combine these into biomes for a doubled-CO2 scenario generated by the GENESIS earth system model. The species model, a climate-envelope model, was used to project the distribution of 200 woody plant species for a climate-change scenario with mean 2 degrees C warming, enhanced winter warming, and no net evapotranspiration. Results from EVE suggest a considerable northward shift of both northern and southern boundaries of the biomes that occur in the mid-Atlantic region. The species model, using the climate scenario with no net evapotranspiration, more closely examines the isolated effect of temperature. This model predicts that most species will persist in their present location, with considerable expansion northward and with a small fraction of the species throughout the region experiencing dieback. Present-day ranges of several vertebrate species, considered with anticipated climatic changes, suggest that animal range changes will also occur. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Res, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Lassiter, RR (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Res, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM lassiter.ray@epa.gov NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1153 EP 1160 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1153:VOEOTM>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800014 ER PT J AU Detenbeck, NE Batterman, SL Brady, VJ Brazner, JC Snarski, VM Taylor, DL Thompson, JA Arthur, JW AF Detenbeck, NE Batterman, SL Brady, VJ Brazner, JC Snarski, VM Taylor, DL Thompson, JA Arthur, JW TI A test of watershed classification systems for ecological risk assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE classification; Lake Superior; hydrology; watersheds; risk assessment ID STREAM FISH COMMUNITIES; VARIABILITY; RECOVERY; CONTEXT; PATTERN AB To facilitate extrapolation among watersheds, ecological risk assessments should be based on a model of underlying Factors influencing watershed response, particularly vulnerability. We propose a conceptual model of landscape vulnerability to serve as a basis for watershed classification systems to predict resistance and resilience of aquatic ecosystems to hydrology-related stressors. Watershed area, storage capacity, channel slope, and soil permeability determine sensitivity of lotic systems to stressors associated with land-use activities that impact hydrologic regimes. Natural hydrologic disturbance regimes also influence the resilience of aquatic systems by selecting for life history strategies associated with rapid recolonization following disturbance. Variability in some of these physiographic driving factors can be partitioned by landscape classification schemes such as the U.S. Forest Service Ecological Unit Classification System, while others (watershed storage) may explain remaining variability within landscape units. We are conducting a comparative watershed study to examine simple and interactive effects of physiographic units, watershed storage (lakes + wetlands), and land-clearing activities in watersheds surrounding the western arm of Lake Superior. Initial results for second-order watersheds indicate significant watershed class effects on baseflow water quality, percent motile biraphid diatom species in periphyton communities, habitat quality, and fish community integrity. Future studies have been designed to examine cumulative effects downstream. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Detenbeck, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 40 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 26 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1174 EP 1181 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1174:ATOWCS>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800017 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI Diel temperature effects on the exchange of elemental mercury between the atmosphere and underlying waters SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE elemental mercury; evasion; natural waters; diel cycle; temperature disequilibrium ID AIR-SEA INTERFACE; NATURAL-WATERS; LAKE SURFACES; LAW CONSTANT; FLUXES; SWEDEN; CYCLE; SOIL AB Ample scientific literature demonstrates that elemental mercury evasion from natural waters displays a diel cycle; evasion rates measured during the day are typically two to three times the values observed at night. The traditional explanation for this phenomenon is that water column elemental mercury concentrations display a diel cycle, with elemental mercury concentrations occurring at their highest values during the day. The present study tests the hypothesis that diel atmospheric temperature cycles also may play a significant role in diel mercury evasion rates. A chemical potential model is used to provide a thermodynamic framework for the development of nonisothermal Henry's law constants to describe atmospheric-aqueous partitioning of elemental mercury under temperature disequilibrium conditions. The effects of temperature disequilibrium on aqueous diffusive layer transport properties also are examined. Findings suggest that under one set of real-world temperature disequilibrium conditions, did evasion rate variations of up to 44% can be anticipated. Given the inability to consider the effects of temperature disequilibrium on aqueous diffusive layer thicknesses, the actual effects of temperature disequilibrium on rates of mercury evasion may exceed this value. Finally, the temperature disequilibrium phenomenon may be most significant for atmospheric-aqueous exchange of trace toxicants that do not experience dynamic environmental speciation behavior. C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Loux, NT (reprint author), US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1191 EP 1198 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1191:DTEOTE>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800019 ER PT J AU Morton, MG Dickson, KL Waller, WT Acevedo, MF Mayer, FL Ablan, M AF Morton, MG Dickson, KL Waller, WT Acevedo, MF Mayer, FL Ablan, M TI Methodology for the evaluation of cumulative episodic exposure to chemical stressors in aquatic risk assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE risk assessment; environmental modeling; azinphos-methyl; fenvalerate; curve integration ID ACUTE TOXICITY; CYPRINODON-VARIEGATUS; 2,4-DINITROPHENOL; 4-NITROPHENOL; TRICHLORFON; TEMPERATURE; FENVALERATE; TERBUFOS; METHYL AB An ecological risk assessment method was developed to evaluate the magnitude, duration, and episodic nature of chemical stressors on aquatic communities. The percent of an ecosystem's species at risk from a designated chemical exposure scenario is generated. In effects assessment, probabilistic extrapolation methods are used to generate estimated safe concentrations (ESCs) for an ecosystem using laboratory toxicity test results. Fate and transport modeling is employed to generate temporal stressor concentration profiles. In risk characterization, area under the curve integration is performed on predicted exposure concentration profiles to calculate a cumulative exposure concentration (CEC) for the exposure event. A correction is made to account for the allowable exposure duration to the stressor ESC. Finally, the CEC is applied to the extrapolation model (curve) of the stressor to predict percent species at risk to the episodic exposure. The method may be used for either prospective or retrospective risk assessments. The results of a retrospective risk assessment performed on the Leadenwah Creek, South Carolina, USA, estuarine community are presented as a case study. The creek experienced periodic episodes of pesticide-contaminated agricultural runoff from 1986 through 1989. Although limited biological data were available for method validation, the risk estimates compared well with the Leadenwah Creek in situ bioassay results. C1 US EPA, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. Univ N Texas, Inst Appl Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Univ Los Andes, Ctr Modeling & Simulat, Merida, Venezuela. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Morton, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 6,1445 Ross Ave, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1213 EP 1221 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1213:MFTEOC>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800021 ER PT S AU Smrchek, JC Zeeman, M AF Smrchek, JC Zeeman, M BE Greenberg, BM Hull, RN Roberts, MH Gensemer, RW TI Harmonization of test methods between the US EPA (OPPTS) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): General overview of recent activities with emphasis on aquatic and sediment methods SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND STANDARDIZATION-IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS, TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 10-12, 2000 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm E47 DE harmonization; aquatic and sediment effects test methods; US EPA; OPPTS; OPPT; OECD AB A description of ecological effects harmonization activities occurring since 1990, within the U.S. EPA's Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (OPPTS), and occurring between OPPTS and OECD was presented at the ASTM Eighth Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment in 1998. This presentation was subsequently published (Smrchek and Morcock 1999). Recently, there has been a great increase in harmonization activities between OPPTS and OECD. Many additional activities are currently ongoing in five test method areas: physical chemical properties (e.g., K-ow methods), effects on biotic systems (ecological effects, e.g., Lemna growth inhibition, covered elsewhere), fate (degradation and accumulation, e.g., aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation), health effects, and in special activities such as in method development and testing of endocrine disrupters (e.g., avian reproduction, fish whole life cycle). The goal remains as before: to harmonize OPPTS guidelines (eventually to be published final as parts 810-885 in volume 40 of the U.S, Code of Federal Regulations) and test guidance with OECD so as to avoid unnecessary and duplicative testing of those chemicals marketed on a world wide basis, to increase efficiency, save test animals, and to reduce nontariff barriers to trade. The latest harmonization activities and results achieved, with a specific emphasis on aquatic and sediment methods are presented. ASTM has played and must continue to play an important part in the U.S. role in the development of these OECD tests. Recent activities include revision of OECD Test Guideline No. 202, Daphnia sp., Acute Immobilisation Test; development of a new oligochaete reproduction test; two chironomid sediment tests (spiked water and spiked sediment); an oligochaete bioaccumulation test; and a guidance document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures. Challenges and potential problems for effective harmonization continue to be present. These can be categorized into internal within the U.S. EPA and external to the agency. The former include having adequate available resources, redistribution and changes in workloads to accommodate OECD work, continual education to demonstrate the advantages of harmonization, and obtaining continued support in an environment of budget constraints. External aspects include challenges from the public, the problem of incurring continuing harmonization costs by U.S. industry, accommodating voluntary standards organizations such as ASTM, and difficulties in developing a "U.S. position" on OECD test guidelines. There also continue to be difficulties (not unexpected) in coordination, communication, and cooperation in expert panels and among participating OECD member countries. Several principles for effective harmonization in updating existing OECD test guidelines or in developing new test guidelines are discussed. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Risk Assessment Div, Existing Chem Assessment Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Smrchek, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Risk Assessment Div, Existing Chem Assessment Branch, Mail Code 7403,Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penna Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 7 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2886-X J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2000 VL 1403 BP 113 EP 126 DI 10.1520/STP10249S PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BS35P UT WOS:000169618300009 ER PT S AU Petrie, RC AF Petrie, RC BE Greenberg, BM Hull, RN Roberts, MH Gensemer, RW TI Harmonization of plant toxicity tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND STANDARDIZATION-IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS, TENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 10-12, 2000 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm E47 DE harmonization; plant toxicity; OECD; USEPA AB The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) is participating in Organization For Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) workgroups to update OECD guidelines number 201 (aquatic algal toxicity), number 208 (terrestrial plant toxicity), and to develop a new yet unnumbered guideline for the aquatic macrophyte Lemna spp. The EPA participants have presented the 850 series EPA guidelines and existing American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) guidelines to the OECD workgroups for their consideration. Under the existing North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the EPA is harmonizing plant toxicity tests and nontarget plant risk assessment methods with the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA), Canada. A pesticide regulatory workshop was recently held at the EPA to share information with Mexican government pesticide regulators. The OECD guidelines are focusing on pesticide and toxic substances, whereas NAFTA harmonization efforts to date are primarily for methods used to evaluate pesticides. While some of the plant tests are similar for toxic substances and pesticides, statutes and risk assessment methods are different. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Off Pesticide Programs,Environm Hazard Branch, Environm Fate & Effects Div 7505C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Petrie, RC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Off Pesticide Programs,Environm Hazard Branch, Environm Fate & Effects Div 7505C, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2886-X J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2000 VL 1403 BP 127 EP 133 DI 10.1520/STP10250S PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BS35P UT WOS:000169618300010 ER PT B AU Boethling, B Buccini, J Cowan-Ellsberry, C Graham, D Hansen, B Murray, M Rampy, L Rodan, B Wahlstrom, B AF Boethling, B Buccini, J Cowan-Ellsberry, C Graham, D Hansen, B Murray, M Rampy, L Rodan, B Wahlstrom, B BE Klecka, G Boethling, R Franklin, J Grady, L Graham, D Howard, PH Kannan, K Larson, RJ Mackay, D Muir, D VandeMeent, D TI Framework and criteria for evaluation of persistence and long-range transport SO EVALUATION OF PERSISTENCE AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT SE SETAC SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Criteria for Persistence and Long-Range Transport of Organic Chemicals in the Environment CY 1998 CL FAIRMONT HOT SPRINGS, CANADA SP Amer Crop Protect Assoc, Canadian Chem Producers Assoc, Chem Manufacturers Assoc, Chlorine Chem Council, Dept Indian Affairs & NO Dev, Environm Canada, EuroChlor Federat, Exxon Corp, Procter & Gamble Co, US EPA ID ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; CHEMICALS C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Boethling, B (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-22-8 J9 SETAC SP P PY 2000 BP 315 EP 334 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BS33B UT WOS:000169473700008 ER PT J AU Samet, JM Ghio, AJ Costa, DL Madden, MC AF Samet, JM Ghio, AJ Costa, DL Madden, MC TI Increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 mediates oil fly ash-induced lung injury SO EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE airway epithelium; cyclooxygenase 2; lung injury; particulate matter; prostaglandins ID AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; ENDOGENOUS ARACHIDONIC-ACID; PROSTAGLANDIN-G/H SYNTHASE; RAT MESANGIAL CELLS; NF-KAPPA-B; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; POLLUTION; ACTIVATION; INDUCTION AB We have previously shown that in vitro exposure to the combustion-derived ambient air pollutant residual oil fly ash (ROFA) induces the expression of prostaglandin H synthase 2 (COX2) in human airway epithelial cells. To determine the role of prostaglandins and COX2 expression in ROFA-induced lung injury in vivo, we have examined the effect of intratracheal ROFA instillation on COX2 expression, prostaglandin synthesis, and indices of pulmonary injury and inflammation in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. ROFA treatment induced a marked increase in the level of prostagladin E-2 (PGE(2)) recovered in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), which was effectively decreased by pretreating the animals with the specific COX2 inhibitor NS398. Immunohistochemical analyses of rat airways showed concomitant expression of COX2 in the proximal airway epithelium of rats treated with ROFA. Increases in BALF protein, but not interleukin 6 (IL-6) increases or ROFA-induced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) influx into the airway, were blunted by administration of NS398 prior to ROFA instillation. These data demonstrate that prostaglandins mediate lung injury induced by exposure to ROFA and implicate increased expression of COX2 ar a mechanism that contributes to the toxicity of metal-laden ambient particulate matter. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lund Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Madden, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 53 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU HEMISPHERE PUBL CORP PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 USA SN 0190-2148 J9 EXP LUNG RES JI Exp. Lung Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 26 IS 1 BP 57 EP 69 PG 13 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA 274XF UT WOS:000084789800005 PM 10660836 ER PT J AU McInnes, DM Kampbell, D AF McInnes, DM Kampbell, D TI The bubble stripping method for determining dissolved hydrogen (H-2) in well water SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrogen; ground water, chlorinated solvents, monitored natural attenuation ID ELECTRON-ACCEPTING PROCESSES; IN-GROUND WATER; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; BIODEGRADATION AB The bubble stripping method was developed for use at field sites to measure the concentration of dissolved hydrogen (H-2) in ground water. This information is useful in assessing the viability of employing monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as a strategy to influence the restoration of sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. In laboratory studies, a reservoir containing water was employed to simulate a well. The system was constructed so that the concentration of dissolved H-2 could be maintained at a constant level. The method was applied by pumping water from the reservoir into a sample cell, and then injecting 20 ml of nitrogen into the cell to produce a headspace (the "bubble"). Stripping was accomplished by pumping water through the cell, which produced agitation between the aqueous phase and the headspace. Pumping was continued for a length of time sufficient for dissolved H-2 to partition between the two phases. Analysis of H-2 in the headspace by gas chromatography enabled the concentration of dissolved H-2 in solution to be calculated with the use of Henry's law. Two sample cell designs were compared in this study, the Microseeps Cell and the Chapelle Cell. Kinetics of equilibration studies were conducted with each cell, employing solution flow rates of 200, 300, and 400 ml/min, at 4 and 21 degreesC. The Microseeps Cell compared favorably with the Chapelle Cell with regards to kinetics of equilibration, with the added benefit of costing significantly less. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. E Cent Univ, Dept Chem, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP McInnes, DM (reprint author), ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 2000 VL 4 IS 6 BP 283 EP 296 DI 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:6<283::AID-FACT40>3.0.CO;2-V PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 388XE UT WOS:000166207700004 ER PT J AU Nalepa, TF Hartson, DJ Buchanan, J Cavaletto, JF Lang, GA Lozano, SJ AF Nalepa, TF Hartson, DJ Buchanan, J Cavaletto, JF Lang, GA Lozano, SJ TI Spatial variation in density, mean size and physiological condition of the holarctic amphipod Diporeia spp. in Lake Michigan SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lipid content; lipid classes; length-weight; Dreissena; Great Lakes ID NORTHERN BALTIC SEA; PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; LIPID-CONTENT; MONOPOREIA-AFFINIS; SEASONAL-CHANGES; FISH COMMUNITY; GREAT-LAKES; POPULATIONS; ONTARIO; MACROINVERTEBRATES AB 1. We examined spatial patterns in population characteristics (density, biomass,;mean body length) and physiological condition (lipid content, length-weight) of the amphipod Diporeia spp. in Lake Michigan by collecting samples at up to 85 sites in late summer 1994 and 1995. Variables were examined relative to water depth and three lake regions: south, central and north. Most major river systems are found in the south, and this region is more nutrient-enriched compared to the north. 2. Over all sites, mean density was 5240 m(-2), biomass was 4.1 g dry wt m(-2), and mean body length was 5 mm. While maximum densities were related to depth, with a peak at 30-70 m, greatest densities occurred on the west side of the lake, and low densities were found in the south-east, north-east and lower Green Bay. High densities in the west probably resulted from upwelling, and reduced densities in the south-east may reflect food competition with Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel). 3. Lipid content, weight per unit length, and mean length declined with increased water depth, but depth-related trends were most evident in the south. Overall, mean Lipid content and weight per unit length were significantly lower in the south (16.6% dry wt, 0.59 mg at 5 mm body length) compared to the north (23.7% dry wt, 0.78 mg at 5 mm body length). These regional differences may have resulted from greater diatom availability in the north and competition from D. polymorpha in the south. Triacylglycerols and phospholipids were the dominant lipid classes in all three regions. Although the mean proportion of triacylglycerols, the energy-storage lipid, was lower in the south than in the north, regional differences in proportions of lipid classes were not significant. 4. Mean lipid content and weight per unit length of Diporeia in the south were lower than values found in the late 1980s prior to the establishment of Dreissena. Mean lipid content of mature individuals is now at levels considered a minimum for successful reproduction. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Nalepa, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM nalepa@glerl.noaa.gov NR 48 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 107 EP 119 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00530.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 282VW UT WOS:000085242000008 ER PT J AU Mason, JM Haoudi, A Konev, AY Kurenova, E Walter, MF Biessmann, H AF Mason, JM Haoudi, A Konev, AY Kurenova, E Walter, MF Biessmann, H TI Control of telomere elongation and telomeric silencing in Drosophila melanogaster SO GENETICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Drosophila Heterochromatin CY JUN 20-24, 1999 CL ALFRED STATE COLL, ALFRED, NEW YORK HO ALFRED STATE COLL DE Drosophila; heterochromatin; telomere; transcription; transposition ID POSITION-EFFECT VARIEGATION; SALIVARY-GLAND NUCLEI; TRANSPOSON HET-A; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CHROMOSOME ENDS; DNA-SEQUENCES; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; REGULATORY DNA; SIR4 PROTEINS; WHITE GENE AB Chromosome length in Drosophila is maintained by the targeted transposition of two families of non-LTR retrotransposons, HeT-A and TART. Although the rate of transposition to telomeres is sufficient to counterbalance loss from the chromosome ends due to incomplete DNA replication, transposition as a mechanism for elongating chromosome ends raises the possibility of damaged or deleted telomeres, because of its stochastic nature. Recent evidence suggests that HeT-A transposition is controlled at the levels of transcription and reverse transcription. HeT-A transcription is found primarily in mitotically active cells, and transcription of a w(+) reporter gene inserted into the 2L telomere increases when the homologous telomere is partially or completely deleted. The terminal HeT-A array may be important as a positive regulator of this activity in cis, and the subterminal satellite appears to be an important negative regulator in cis. A third chromosome modifier has been identified that increases the level of reverse transcriptase activity on a HeT-A RNA template and greatly increases the transposition of HeT-A. Thus, the host appears to play a role in transposition of these elements. Taken together, these results suggest that control of HeT-A transposition is more complex than previously thought. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Genet Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Thurston Arthrit Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Dev Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Mason, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Genet Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Konev, Alexander/J-4401-2015 OI Konev, Alexander/0000-0002-4497-6377 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-56729] NR 70 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PY 2000 VL 109 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 70 DI 10.1023/A:1026548503320 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 382HL UT WOS:000165816800009 PM 11293796 ER PT B AU Enfield, CG AF Enfield, CG BE Bjerg, PL Engesgaard, P Krom, TD TI Tracers forecast the performance of NAPL remediation projects SO GROUNDWATER 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Groundwater Research CY JUN 06-08, 2000 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Tech Univ Denmark, Groundwater Res Ctr, Danish Water Resources Comm, European Sci Fdn, Groundwater Pollut Programme, COWI Fdn, Danish Environm Protect Agcy, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, UNESCO, Int Hydrol Programme, Geol Survey Denmark, Geol Survey Greenland, Soc Environm Engn DE design; extraction; heterogeneity; cosolvent; surfactant; mobilization; solubilization AB Organic tracers which partition to residual NAPL contamination have been used to estimate the mass of contamination in the swept zone of the tracer. This paper expands on this approach using the same data to estimate the heterogeneity of the flow domain and the heterogeneity of the NAPL within the flow domain and then uses this information to forecast the performance of a remedial flushing of contaminated soils. C1 US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Enfield, CG (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-133-3 PY 2000 BP 25 EP 26 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BQ45E UT WOS:000088384300010 ER PT J AU Brown, JE Harris, DB King, FG AF Brown, JE Harris, DB King, FG TI Heavy-duty truck test cycles: combining driveability with realistic engine exercise SO HEAVY VEHICLE SYSTEMS-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VEHICLE DESIGN LA English DT Article DE chassis cycle; driveability; heavy duty truck test cycles AB Heavy-duty engine certification testing uses a cycle that is scaled to the capabilities of each engine. As such, every engine should be equally challenged by the cycle's power demands. It would seem that a chassis cycle, similarly scaled to the capabilities of each vehicle, could successfully bridge the gap between 'universal driveability' and 'realistic engine exercise.' The purpose of this paper is to present just such a cycle. C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Brown, JE (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, POB 13109, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA AEROPORT PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG 110 AVE LOUSIS CASAI CP 306, CH-1215 GENEVA AEROPORT, SWITZERLAND SN 1351-7848 J9 HEAVY VEH SYST JI Heavy Veh. Syst.-Int. J. Veh. Des. PY 2000 VL 7 IS 4 BP 299 EP 316 PG 18 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA 396YA UT WOS:000166664500004 ER PT J AU Harlow, SD Baird, DD Weinberg, CR Wilcox, AJ AF Harlow, SD Baird, DD Weinberg, CR Wilcox, AJ TI Urinary oestrogen patterns in long follicular phases SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE follicular phase; menstrual cycle; oligomenorrhoea; urinary oestrone-3-glucuronide ID BREAST-CANCER RISK; MENSTRUAL-CYCLE; PROGESTERONE METABOLITES; STIMULATING-HORMONE; POLYCYSTIC OVARIES; DOMINANT FOLLICLE; LENGTH; WOMEN; CONCEPTION; OVULATION AB Long menstrual cycles have been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer and increased risk of osteoporosis. These observations have led to assumptions about the endogenous oestrogen exposure of women with long cycles, However, daily oestrogen profiles in long menstrual cycles have not been described. This paper examines daily urinary oestrogen profiles during the follicular phases of 416 conception and non-conception cycles. Women were aged 21-42 years, had no history of infertility and were not under treatment. Twenty-eight cycles were defined as long, with a follicular phase that lasted 23 days or more. Five patterns mere observed among these long cycles, the most common being a pattern consistent with delayed emergence of a dominant follicle, Other patterns were a pattern consistent with demise and replacement of a dominant follicle, one consistent with delayed follicular recruitment, one showing a prolonged initial drop in oestrogen and one with an extended oestrogen peak. Average follicular phase oestrogen concentrations were highest in cycles with short follicular phases (7-11 days). Oestrogen concentrations from long follicular phases (24-59 days) did not differ substantially from follicular phases of usual length (12-17 days), The oestrogen profiles in long follicular phases are heterogeneous and not necessarily hypo-oestrogenic. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Harlow, SD (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. OI Wilcox, Allen/0000-0002-3376-1311; Baird, Donna/0000-0002-5544-2653 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD30373] NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 11 EP 16 DI 10.1093/humrep/15.1.11 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 274EL UT WOS:000084750700004 PM 10611180 ER PT J AU Wigand, C Wehr, J Limburg, K Gorham, B Longergan, S Findlay, S AF Wigand, C Wehr, J Limburg, K Gorham, B Longergan, S Findlay, S TI Effect of Vallisneria americana (L.) on community structure and ecosystem function in lake mesocosms SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE community structure; ecosystem function; Vallisneria; mesocosms; net primary production; nutrients ID SUBMERGED MACROPHYTES; PHOSPHORUS RETENTION; SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS; LITTORELLA-UNIFLORA; WATER; DYNAMICS; GROWTH; REDOX; PHYTOPLANKTON; IMPACT AB Submerged aquatic vegetation is known as a key structural component and regulator in ecosystems. In this mesocosm study, we examine community- and system-level responses to the presence of Vallisneria americana (L), a deep-rooted macrophyte. Phytoplankton, bacteria and filamentous algal biomasses were significantly lowered in the presence of V. americana. In addition, mesocosms with macrophytes had significantly reduced porewater phosphate and iron, water column dissolved organic carbon and total suspended solids, but elevated sediment redox. All mesocosms were net autotrophic (gross primary production/respiration > 1). Compared to the macrophyte treatments, the control mesocosms had lower diel net primary production (NPP) midway through the experiment (d 16), but at the end of the experiment (d 36), the controls had the higher values, presumably due to increased filamentous algae. NPP and NPP/R were constant in the macrophyte treatments, whereas NPP/R increased significantly from middle to end of the experiment in the controls. We show that community and system-level responses to the presence of V. americana have significant consequences on system structure and function. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Fordham Univ, Louis Calder Ctr, Biol Stn, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. RP Wigand, C (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 47 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JAN PY 2000 VL 418 BP 137 EP 146 DI 10.1023/A:1003808220424 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 295ZG UT WOS:000085998100012 ER PT B AU Russell, CC AF Russell, CC GP ICARD ICARD TI Prioritization of abandoned mines in the Animas watershed, Southwestern Colorado SO ICARD 2000, VOLS I AND II, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD 2000) CY 2000 CL DENVER, CO AB More than two thousand abandoned mines within the Animas watershed in Southwestern Colorado are being prioritized for remediation by the Animas River Stakeholders Group (ARSG). Phased collection and assessment of information progressed from large scale to site specific. Prioritization was based on existing or potential environmental impact and technical feasibility of remediation as measured by dissolved Cd, Cu, and/or Zn in the discharge; indicators of habitat degradation; aquatic life in streams; cumulative impacts at the point of compliance; cost effectiveness; treatiblity/feasibility; and cultural and historic preservation. C1 US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Russell, CC (reprint author), US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY AND EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA BN 0-87335-182-7 PY 2000 BP 1351 EP 1360 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BS44U UT WOS:000169875500135 ER PT J AU Curtis, L Ross, M Persky, V Scheff, P Wadden, R Ramakrisnan, V Hryhorczuk, D AF Curtis, L Ross, M Persky, V Scheff, P Wadden, R Ramakrisnan, V Hryhorczuk, D TI Bioaerosol concentrations in the quad cities 1 year after the 1993 Mississippi river floods SO INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE flooding; bioaerosols; fungi; indoor air quality ID DOMESTIC INTERIORS; PREVALENCE; ALLERGEN; HOMES; FUNGI; AIR AB Bioaerosol measurements were made in 45 Quad Cities, Illinois houses following the 1993 floods of the Mississippi and Rock Rivers. Least squares log transformed means for fungal concentrations (in cfu m(-3)) were 1,449 in basements, 1,174 in living rooms, 1,234 in kitchens, 1,464 in first floor bedrooms, 1,197 in second floor bedrooms, and 2,590 outside. Mean least squares log transformed bacterial concentrations were 887 cfu m(-3) in basements, 878 cfu m(-3) in living rooms and 697 cfu m(-3) outdoors. Levels of fungi and bacteria were not notably elevated in the basements or other rooms of the formerly flooded houses. Levels of fungi and bacteria indoors were significantly less in houses with dehumidifiers and in homes with natural gas odors. Air-conditioning during warm periods significantly reduced airborne concentrations of fungi. Copyright (C) 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chicago, IL USA. US EPA, Hlth Effects Stand Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Curtis, L (reprint author), 1328 Greenwood, Wilmette, IL 60091 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1420-326X J9 INDOOR BUILT ENVIRON JI Indoor Built Environ. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1159/000024849 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 355ZR UT WOS:000089418900005 ER PT J AU Grant, LD Eatough, DJ AF Grant, LD Eatough, DJ TI PM2000: Particulate matter and health - Preface SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, RTP Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Grant, LD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, RTP Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 4 BP III EP IV PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 371CK UT WOS:000165160100001 ER PT J AU Grant, LD AF Grant, LD TI PM2000: Particulate matter and health - Introduction SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, RTP Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Grant, LD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, RTP Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 4 BP V EP VII PG 3 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 371CK UT WOS:000165160100002 PM 12881883 ER PT J AU Campen, MJ Costa, DL Watkinson, WP AF Campen, MJ Costa, DL Watkinson, WP TI Cardiac and thermoregulatory toxicity of residual oil fly ash in cardiopulmonary-compromised rats SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health CY JUN 06-08, 1999 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SP US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, CA Air Resources Board, Hlth Effects Inst, Elect Power Res Inst, FL Light & Power Co, Ford Motor Co, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci ID MONOCROTALINE-TREATED RATS; PULMONARY C-FIBERS; AIR-POLLUTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; EXPOSURE; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; TEMPERATURE; INHALATION; PARTICLES AB Recent epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between levels of ambient particulate matter (PM) and daily morbidity and mortality due to respiratory or cardiovascular causes; however, toxicological evidence supporting these findings is limited. The present study compared cardiac and thermoregulatory responses to intratracheal instillations of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) in normal and cardiopulmonary-compromised male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals (n = 64) were implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters capable of continuously monitoring heart rate, core body temperature, and electrocardiographic waveforms. Comparisons of ROFA toxicity were conducted between (1) healthy rats and rats with cardiopulmonary stress or disease, including (2) rats exposed to an ambient temperature of 10 degrees C, (3) rats preexposed to ozone to induce pulmonary inflammation, and (4) rats pretreated with monocrotaline (MCT) to induce pulmonary hypertension and vasculitis. Animals from each regimen were instilled with 1 of 4 doses of ROFA (0, 0.25, 1.0, 2.5 mg), and telemetry data were acquired for 96 h following ROFA instillation. Dose-related hypothermia and bradycardia were observed in healthy animals following exposure to ROFA; the magnitude and duration of these responses were potentiated in ail compromised models. Delayed hypothermic and bradycardic responses occurred in healthy animals receiving 2.5 mg ROFA up to 48 h following instillation. These delayed responses were exacerbated in the MCT- and 10 degrees C-exposure models, but attenuated in the O-3-preexposed group. Additional observed effects of ROFA included induction of cardiac arrhythmias and increased mortality. These results demonstrate a distinct cardiac component to ROFA toxicity that agrees with epidemiological findings of PM-related excess cardiovascular mortality. Furthermore, the dose-related hypothermia and bradycardia observed in rodents from this study may confound the interpretation of results from similar air pollution toxicology studies. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth & Curriculm Toxicol, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 2 BP 7 EP 22 DI 10.1080/08958370050029743 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 329MQ UT WOS:000087911100004 PM 26368518 ER PT J AU Costa, DL AF Costa, DL TI Particulate matter and cardiopulmonary health: A perspective SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Particle Toxicology CY OCT 13-15, 1999 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS ID AIR-POLLUTION; DAILY MORTALITY; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; CHRONIC-BRONCHITIS; TRANSITION-METALS; FINE PARTICLES; RODENT MODEL; DISEASE; INFLAMMATION; INHALATION AB The epidemiological evidence for PM-associated health effects continues to mount. The effects, including morbidity and mortality, are most evident in the elderly and those with preexisting impairments in cardiopulmonary health. Recent preliminary field and controlled clinical studies support these associations by suggesting that PM can alter cardiac risk factors in a manner consistent with a higher risk of second heart attack. Empirical studies in healthy animals have provided evidence that PM and its emission surrogates cause lung injury, and perhaps more importantly these PM can exaggerate inflammatory, biochemical, hematologic, and physiologic impairments in animal models of cardiopulmonary disease. These findings have brought attention to the often underappreciated, integral structural and physiological interplay of the heart and lungs within the cardiopulmonary system, especially in conventional inhalation toxicology studies, if animal models are to enhance our understanding of PM health effects in humans, it is critical that we expand our knowledge of this interplay in both humans and animal models when the lung is challenged with PM or its copollutants. How PM modulates autonomic and other homeostatic functions of the cardiopulmonary system, particularly in those with preexisting impairments or heart-lung disease, will enhance our understanding of public health risks and the likely multiplicity of factors that determine the responsiveness of any individual. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Costa, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 3 BP 35 EP 44 DI 10.1080/08958370050164879 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 361GG UT WOS:000089714800006 PM 26368599 ER PT J AU Dreher, KL AF Dreher, KL TI Particulate matter physicochemistry and toxicology: In search of causality - A critical perspective SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Particle Toxicology CY OCT 13-15, 1999 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; AIR-POLLUTION PARTICLE; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; FREE-RADICAL ACTIVITY; KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; FLY-ASH PARTICLES; IN-VITRO; INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION AB Results from epidemiology studies have shown statistical associations between ambient air particulate matter (PM) concentrations and mortality/morbidity, particularly among susceptible subpopulations. Although the epidemiology of ambient air PM is compelling, there remains considerable uncertainty in PM risk assessment, particularly with regard to identification of PM, properties and mechanisms that are responsible for its observed adverse health effects. In addition, the biological mechanisms by which specific PIM properties mediate their adverse health effects are currently not known. in vivo and in vitro toxicological studies have examined particles derived from a number of sources such as ambient air, combustion, and natural sources. as well as laboratory-derived surrogate particles, in order to identify the characteristics of particles that are responsible for their adverse health effects. These studies have identified a number of potential causal biogenic, physical, and chemical properties of PM. A number of PM physical and chemical properties have been found to elicit biological responses in animal models of disease, which has enhanced their plausibility as being properties responsible for PM-associated health effects. In vitro mechanistic studies have shown that PM derived from a variety of sources mediate their adverse biological effects by inducing an oxidative stress, which may alter intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate a number of biological responses such as cell growth, stress response, apoptosis, and inflammation. The challenge of future PM toxicology research will be to demonstrate "biological plausibility and coherence" for potential causal PM properties. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dreher, KL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Pulm Toxicol Branch, MD82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 68 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 3 BP 45 EP 57 DI 10.1080/08958370050164888 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 361GG UT WOS:000089714800007 PM 26368600 ER PT J AU McGrath, JJ AF McGrath, JJ TI Biological plausibility for carbon monoxide as a copollutant in PM epidemiologic studies SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Brigham Young Univ, Calif Air Resources Board, Elect Power Res Inst, Engine Manufacturers Assoc, Hlth Effects Inst, A&WMA, Nevada Sect, US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Lab, US DOE, Nat Petr Technol Off ID CONGESTIVE-HEART-FAILURE; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; ISOLATED CARDIAC MYOCYTES; MYOGLOBIN OXYGEN-TENSION; PERFUSED FISH HEARTS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; RAT-HEART; ASSOCIATION; HEMOGLOBIN; METABOLISM AB Several recent epidemiologic studies investigating the short-term effects of particulate matter (PM) concentrations have shown carbon monoxide (CO) to have the strongest and most consistent statistical relationship with hospital admissions for cardiac diseases. This article suggests a potential hypothesis for these epidemiologic observations. Oxygen (O-2) is transported, in reversible combination with hemoglobin, from the lungs to the tissues, where it diffuses into cardiac myocytes. Within the myocyte a portion of the O-2 diffuses directly to the mitochondria, while the remaining O-2 is transported by facilitated diffusion bound to myoglobin, a heme protein found in muscle. Within the mitochondria, O-2 reacts to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a high-energy phosphate compound that provides energy for all cell functions. Accordingly, the sustained production of ATP depends on the continuous delivery of O-2 to the mitochondria, and failure at any point in the O-2 transport system will compromise ATP production and myocardial function. Myoglobin, a fundamental constituent of cardiac muscle is essential for delivering O-2 to the mitochondria. Myoglobin concentrations in cardiac tissue were 50% lower in patients with heart failure than in patients dying from noncardiac causes. Myoglobin concentrations are also severely depressed in animal models of congestive heart failure. Consequently, the role of myoglobin as a cellular transporter of O-2 is seriously impaired by heart disease. Carbon monoxide reduces O-2 transport to the tissues and, within the tissues, binds with myoglobin to form carboxymyoglobin (COMb). Thus, in cardiac patients CO further exacerbates the disease-related loss of myoglobin function. This further disrupts O-2 transport and promotes adverse consequences for the compromised heart. Moreover, during hypoxia CO has the propensity of leaving the blood and binding with myoglobin in the intracellular compartment. Elderly persons with preexisting cardiopulmonary disorders appear to be at maximum risk of harmful health effects due to ambient air pollution exposure. Many of these disorders result in generalized or regional hypoxia. It is reasonable to hypothesize that CO also moves out of the blood of these patients and into the heart tissue whenever they are under hypoxic stress, such as exercise. Accordingly, CO binds with the marginal myoglobin concentrations present in the hearts of cardiac patients and further compromiser cardiac function, resulting in poor tolerance of activity. Therefore, reduced cardiac myoglobin in people with heart disease, further exacerbated by CO moving into the cardiac tissue during episodes of hypoxia, may account for the positive association between ambient CO concentrations and hospitalization for heart disease. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Physiol, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP McGrath, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MD-52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 4 BP 91 EP 107 DI 10.1080/089583700750019521 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 371CK UT WOS:000165160100007 PM 12881888 ER PT J AU Su, WY Jaskot, RH Dreher, KL AF Su, WY Jaskot, RH Dreher, KL TI Particulate matter induction of pulmonary gelatinase A, gelatinase B, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase expression SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health CY JUN 06-08, 1999 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SP US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, CA Air Resources Board, Hlth Effects Inst, Elect Power Res Inst, FL Light & Power Co, Ford Motor Co, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci ID ASTHMATIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; GENE-EXPRESSION; IV COLLAGENASE; LUNG INJURY; CLONING; PARTICLES; EMPHYSEMA; CELLS; RNA AB Celatinase A and gelatinase B are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are capable of degrading type IV collagen as well as other major components of basement membranes. These MMPs are also involved in modulating inflammation and tissue remodeling. Previous studies have shown the induction of pulmonary matrilysin, another MMP, following exposure to either combustion or ambient particulate matter (PM). In the present study, we examined whether gelatinase A, gelatinase B, or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) was affected following exposure to PM. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a combustion PM (residual oil fly ash, ROFA, 2.5 mg/rat) or saline by intratracheal instillation and examined at 6 to 72 h postexposure. Changes in gelatinase A, gelatinase B, and TIMP-1 and -2 mRNA levels were determined using reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ROFA exposure increased the mRNA levels of gelatinase A and TIMP-1. However, gelatinase B mRNA, not expressed in control animals, was significantly induced from 6 to 24 h following ROFA exposure. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of gelatinase A and B protein in lung tissue following ROFA exposure. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that alveolar epithelial cells and inflammatory cells were major cellular sources for the pulmonary gelatinase A and B expression. To compare the effects of ambient PM with that of combustion PM and to further examine effects of ambient PM size on MMP induction, animals were treated with the same dose of the size-fractionated ambient PM [PM<1.7, PM1.7-3.7, PM3.7-20 (size indicated in micrometers) collected from Washington, DC]. Gelatinase A, gelatinase B, and TIMP gene expression and cellular distributions were assessed using RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively. interestingly, gelatinase B was significantly induced to the same extent by all three size-fractionated ambient PM. Gelatinase A and TIMP-1 expression were not changed, while TIMP-2 expression was slightly decreased by PM<1.7 and PM1.7-3.7. Immunocytochemically, gelatinase A, gelatinase B, and TIMP-2 expression were localized mainly to the terminal bronchiole region and associated with inflammatory cells in ambient PM exposed animals. Thus, we have provided further evidence that MMP and TIMP expression are altered following exposure to either combustion or ambient PM supporting the hypothesis that MMP may be involved in pathogenesis of PM-induced lung injury. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PTB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Integrated Toxicol Program, Durham, NC USA. RP Dreher, KL (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PTB, Mail Drop 82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 2 BP 105 EP 119 DI 10.1080/08958370050029815 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 329MQ UT WOS:000087911100011 PM 26368525 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Schroeter, JD Hwang, DM Fleming, JS Conway, JH AF Martonen, TB Schroeter, JD Hwang, DM Fleming, JS Conway, JH TI Human lung morphology models for particle deposition studies SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Brigham Young Univ, Calif Air Resources Board, Elect Power Res Inst, Engine Manufacturers Assoc, Hlth Effects Inst, A&WMA, Nevada Sect, US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Lab, US DOE, Nat Petr Technol Off ID COMPUTER-SIMULATIONS; PATTERNS AB Knowledge of human lung morphology is of paramount importance in calculating deposition patterns of inhaled particulate matter (PM) to be used in the definition of ambient air quality standards. Due to the inherently complex nature of the branching structure of the airway network, practical assumptions must be made for modeling purposes. The most commonly used mathematical models reported in the literature that describe PM deposition use Weibel's model A morphology. This assumes the airways of the lung to be a symmetric, dichotomously branching system. However, computer simulations of this model, when compared to scintigraphy images, have shown it to lack physiological realism (Martonen et al., 1994a). Therefore, a more physiologically realistic model of the lung is needed to improve the current PM dosimetry models Herein a morphological model is presented that is based on laboratory data from planar gamma camera and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images. Key elements of this model include: The parenchymal wall of the lung is defined in mathematical terms, the whole lung is divided into distinct left and right components, a set of branching angles is derived from experimental measurements, and the branching network is confined within the discrete left and right components (i.e., there is no overlapping of airways). In future work, this new more physiologically realistic morphological model can be used to calculate PM deposition patterns for risk assessment protocols. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. IBM Corp, Microelect Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Southampton Gen Hosp, Dept Nucl Med, Southampton SO9 4XY, Hants, England. Univ Southampton, Southampton Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Southampton, Hants, England. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Conway, Joy/0000-0001-6464-1526 NR 18 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 4 BP 109 EP 121 DI 10.1080/089583700750019530 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 371CK UT WOS:000165160100008 PM 12881889 ER PT J AU Lebowitz, MD O'Rourke, MK Rogan, S Reses, J Van de Water, P Blackwell, A Moschandreas, DJ Gordon, S Robertson, G AF Lebowitz, MD O'Rourke, MK Rogan, S Reses, J Van de Water, P Blackwell, A Moschandreas, DJ Gordon, S Robertson, G TI Indoor and outdoor PM10 and associated metals and pesticides in Arizona SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health CY JUN 06-08, 1999 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SP US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, CA Air Resources Board, Hlth Effects Inst, Elect Power Res Inst, FL Light & Power Co, Ford Motor Co, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci ID EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT SURVEY; PHASE-I FIELD AB The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey study in Arizona (AZ NHEXAS) sampled trace metals in multimedia in and outside of 176 representative homes in Arizona. PM 10 was collected using low-flow impactors indoors and out. Primary metals evaluated from monitoring of indoor and outdoor air were lead cadmium, chromium, nickel, and arsenic. Secondary metals were also evaluated. They were analyzed using gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy (GC-ICP/AES). Air concentrations of metals do not contribute appreciable amounts to total concentrations of metals, and none were above levels of concern. Measurements were made of selected pesticides (primarily chlorpyrifos and diazinon) from particulate matter (PM 10) filters obtained indoors and outdoors. indoor air pesticide exposures represent about 25% of the total exposure to these pesticides. The highest 10% of exposures were related to questions about pesticide usage, at home and at work. C1 Univ Arizona, Prevent Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. IIT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. Battelle, Columbus, OH USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Lebowitz, MD (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Prevent Ctr, POB 245163,1501 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 1 BP 139 EP 144 DI 10.1080/089583700196455 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 279YB UT WOS:000085071600020 ER PT J AU Mage, DT Kretzschmar, JG AF Mage, DT Kretzschmar, JG TI Are males more susceptible to ambient PM than females? SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health CY JUN 06-08, 1999 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SP US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, CA Air Resources Board, Hlth Effects Inst, Elect Power Res Inst, FL Light & Power Co, Ford Motor Co, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci ID DEATH AB Recent epidemiologic studies of modern air pollution show statistically significant relationships between fluctuations of daily nontrauma mortality and fluctuations of daily ambient particulate mailer (PM) levels at low concentrations. A review of historic smoke-fog (smog) episodes (Meuse Valley, Belgium; Donora, PA; London, UK) was conducted to seek common characteristics of victims of higher concentrations of ambient PM to help identify a susceptible cohort for an effect at lower ambient PILI concentrations. The Meuse Valley episode investigation (Firket, 1931) did nor detail the age and sex of the victims, so we obtained complete death certificates from ail rile Belgian villages in the area over the period of the smog (December 1-7, 1930), and these data on gender and age are reported here for the first time. The results show similar to 50% excess male death rate (36 male, 25 female) consistent with the previously reported excess male deaths in both rile Donora Fog (15 male, 5 female) and the London Fog (autopsied cases; 419 male, 287 female). in ail three episodes, mortality was predominantly amongst the aged, and most of those autopsied presented with preexisting cardiopulmonary lesions. Because the genders, ages, and smoking habits of the populations at risk were unrecorded, ive are unable to adjust for an expectation of more aged females and higher male smoking rates. However, recent studies of PM and mortality have found no statistically significant different risks for smokers and nonsmokers (Pope et ai., 1995). We present data on other causes of death that also have a 50%; male excess death rate. We test an X-linkage generic model that explains the similar to 50% excess male death rate using total U.S. infant mortality data and data on suicides by gas in Paris, and the model cannot De rejected as a reasonable fit. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that males are genetically more susceptible to the effects of ambient PM exposures. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Vlaamse Instelling Technol Onderzoek, B-2400 Mol, Belgium. RP Mage, DT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MD-52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 1 BP 145 EP 155 DI 10.1080/089583700196464 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 279YB UT WOS:000085071600021 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Musante, CJ AF Martonen, TB Musante, CJ TI Importance of cloud motion on cigarette smoke deposition in lung airways SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Brigham Young Univ, Calif Air Resources Board, Elect Power Res Inst, Engine Manufacturers Assoc, Hlth Effects Inst, A&WMA, Nevada Sect, US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Lab, US DOE, Nat Petr Technol Off ID HUMAN LARYNX; MODEL AB Deposition patterns of mainstream cigarette smoke were studied in casts of human extrathoracic and lung airways. The laboratory tests were designed to simulate smoking (ie., the behavior of undiluted cigarette smoke in smokers' lungs), not secondary exposures to non-smokers. The experimental data revealed concentrated deposits at well-defined sites, particularly at bifurcations (most notably at inclusive carinal ridges) and certain segments of tubular airways. The measurements suggest the occurrence of cloud motion wherein particles are not deposited by their individual characteristics but behave as an entity. The observed behavior is consistent with the theory of Martonen (1992), where it was predicted that cigarette smoke could behave aerodynamically as a large cloud (e.g., 20 mum diameter) rather than as submicrometer constituent particles. The effects of cloud motion on deposition are pronounced. For example, an aerosol with a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 0.443 mum and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.44 (i.e., published cigarette smoke values) will have the following deposition fractions: lung (TB + P) = 0.14, tracheobronchial (TB) = 0.03, and pulmonary (P) = 0.11. When cloud motion is simulated, total deposition increases to 0.99 and is concentrated in the TB compartment especially the upper bronchi; pulmonary deposition is negligible. Cloud motion produces heterogeneous deposition resulting in increased exposures of underlying airway cells to toxic and carcinogenic substances. The deposition sites correlated with incidence of cancers in vivo. At present, cloud motion concentration effects per se are not addressed in federal regulatory standards. The experimental and theoretical data suggest that concentrations of particulate matter may be an important factor to be integrated into U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) risk assessment protocols. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 46 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 4 BP 261 EP 280 DI 10.1080/089583700750019602 PG 20 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 371CK UT WOS:000165160100015 PM 12881896 ER PT J AU Gilmour, MI Selgrade, MJK AF Gilmour, MI Selgrade, MJK TI Enhanced allergic sensitization in animals exposed to particulate air pollution SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Particle Toxicology CY OCT 13-15, 1999 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; OIL FLY-ASH; IGE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ADJUVANT ACTIVITY; DUST-MITE; ASTHMA; CELLS; RESPONSES; CHILDREN AB Epidemiological studies have round an association between elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased medication use and hospital visits by asthmatics. While it is known that asthmatics are generally more sensitive to airborne contaminants such as sulfur dioxide and tobacco smoke, it is difficult to test which components of air pollution may also contribute to the induction of pulmonary allergy (sensitization) because of the risk in creating disease. Recent studies in mice and rats, however, have demonstrated that pulmonary exposure to combustion particles such as diesel and residual oil ny ash (ROFA) can exacerbate immunological sensitization tin the form of immunoglobulin E antibody and lymphocyte reactivity) to experimental and natural allergens. Subsequent allergen challenge in these animals results in a greater allergen-induced bronchoconstriction, elevated numbers of eosinophils in the lung, and enhanced airway responsiveness to cholinergic agents compared to what occurs in similarly immunized animals pretreated with vehicle or "inert" particles. Although the mechanisms for these effects are not known, it has been demonstrated that the adjuvant effects of diesel and ROFA can be reproduced with hydrocarbons and soluble transition metals from diesel and ROFA, respectively. in addition, analysis of mediator expression and release over the sensitization phase has revealed that PM exposure can enhance production of Th2 cytokines such as interleukin-5 (IL-5) and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). These experimental systems demonstrate the potential of particulate air pollutants to enhance allergic sensitization and can be further used to elucidate the mechanism for these effects. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilmour, MI (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Mail Drop 92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 3 BP 373 EP 380 DI 10.1080/08958370050165265 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 361GG UT WOS:000089714800045 PM 26368638 ER PT S AU Reichard, EG Hauchman, FS Sancha, AM AF Reichard, EG Hauchman, FS Sancha, AM BE Reichard, EG Hauchman, FS Sancha, AM TI Interdisciplinary perspectives on drinking water risk assessment and management - Preface SO INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES ON DRINKING WATER RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Assessing and Managing Health Risk From Drinking Water Contamination: Approaches and Applications CY SEP 07-10, 1998 CL UNIV CHILE, SANTIAGO, CHILE SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Water Qual, US Geol Survey, Univ Chile HO UNIV CHILE C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile. RP Reichard, EG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-11-2 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2000 IS 260 BP V EP V PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources GA BR04W UT WOS:000165502300001 ER PT S AU Landers, DH Haggerty, PK Cline, S Carson, W Faure, F AF Landers, DH Haggerty, PK Cline, S Carson, W Faure, F BE Williams, WD TI The role of regionalization in large river restoration SO INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY, VOL 27, PT 1, PROCEEDINGS SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology CY 1998 CL DUBLIN, IRELAND SP Int Assoc Theoret & Appl Limnol ID MANAGEMENT; RIPARIAN; SYSTEM C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Landers, DH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 3-510-54052-2 J9 INT VER THEOR ANGEW PY 2000 VL 27 BP 344 EP 351 PN 1 PG 8 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BQ75D UT WOS:000089402700052 ER PT J AU Katoh, T Boissy, R Nagata, N Kitagawa, K Kuroda, Y Itoh, H Kawamoto, T Bell, DA AF Katoh, T Boissy, R Nagata, N Kitagawa, K Kuroda, Y Itoh, H Kawamoto, T Bell, DA TI Inherited polymorphism in the N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and 2 (NAT2) genes and susceptibility to gastric and colorectal adenocarcinoma SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Article ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; BLADDER-CANCER; RISK; ASSOCIATION; CARCINOMA; EXPOSURE; DIET AB The polymorphic arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) have been implicated in increased susceptibility to certain malignancies. We analyzed genetic polymorphisms in both the NAT1 and NAT2 genes among 140 gastric adenocarcinoma patients, 103 colorectal adenocarcinoma patients and 122 healthy controls from Japan. The frequency of the specific genotype NAT1*10 allele, which contains a variant polyadenylation signal, was higher among all gastric adenocarcinoma cases, but this increase did not reach statistical significance. After grouping according to tumor differentiation of gastric adenocarcinoma patients, NAT1 polymorphism was a risk factor among the well-differentiated type of tumors (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.08-8.46). Stratifying by smoking status, we found that the OR for heavy smokers with the NAT1*10 allele was 2.97 (95% CI 1.23-7.14). When the combined risk of NAT1*10 allele from smoking and tumor differentiation was calculated, we found that the risk of the NAT1*10 allele with heavy smoking was increased among the well-differentiated type of gastric adenocarcinoma (OR = 4.24, 95% Cl 0.87-20.6). The NAT1*10 genotype was not a significant risk factor in colorectal adenocarcinoma. No statistically significant differences were observed in the frequency of NAT2 rapid acetylation genotype in gastric (91.4%) or colorectal (95.2%) adenocarcinoma patients when compared with the control population (94.3%). Our results suggest the NAT1*10 allele may be an important genetic determinant of the well-differentiated type of gastric adenocarcinoma, which may be induced by smoking. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss. Inc. C1 Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Hlth Sci, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. UOEH, Sch Med, Dept Surg 1, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan. UOEH, Sch Med, Dept Environm Hlth, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan. RP Katoh, T (reprint author), Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Hlth Sci, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. NR 22 TC 49 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0020-7136 J9 INT J CANCER JI Int. J. Cancer PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 85 IS 1 BP 46 EP 49 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000101)85:1<46::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 4 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 261YW UT WOS:000084039800009 PM 10585581 ER PT J AU Irwin, JS AF Irwin, JS TI Statistical evaluation of centreline concentration estimates by atmospheric dispersion models SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Workshop on Harmonization within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes CY MAY 18-AUG 21, 1998 CL RHODES, GREECE SP Natl Ctr Sci Res Demokritos DE air dispersion modelling; model performance; statistical evaluation AB Within the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) a standard practice (26849Z(1)) is being developed to provide an objective statistical procedure for comparing air quality simulation modelling results with tracer field data. The practice is limited to steady state, local-scale transport from isolated point sources in simple terrain. Evaluation data having similar external conditions are grouped together, and comparisons are made of the model's ability to replicate without bias the average of the centreline maximum concentrations for each group. Centreline concentrations measured during three field studies are compared with estimates from three steady-state plume models: Industrial Source Complex (ISC), Hybrid Plume Dispersion Model (HPDM) and AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD). These results combined with those presented in Irwin and Rosu (1998) provide a complete examination of the draft ASTM standard practice under development. It is concluded that the evaluation methodology is capable of objectively discerning differences in skill between models in their ability to estimate the centreline maximum concentration. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modelling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Irwin, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA AEROPORT PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG 110 AVE LOUSIS CASAI CP 306, CH-1215 GENEVA AEROPORT, SWITZERLAND SN 0957-4352 J9 INT J ENVIRON POLLUT JI Int. J. Environ. Pollut. PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1-6 BP 28 EP 38 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370DM UT WOS:000165108000005 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM AF Burgess, RM TI Characterizing and identifying toxicants in marine waters: a review of marine toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION LA English DT Review DE marine waters; pollutant characterization; toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) ID KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT; ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES; MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT; SEDIMENTS; ENVIRONMENT; ORGANISMS; ION; SURFACTANTS; ESTUARIES; FRACTIONS AB One impact of human activity is contamination of the world's oceans with toxic pollutants. Marine toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) technology provides an approach for characterizing and identifying the causes of toxicity in aqueous and sediment samples. This review describes the evolution and use of marine TIEs since their initial development approximately fifteen years ago. Currently, 30 marine species are used in TIEs around the world on samples ranging from industrial and municipal effluents to sediment interstitial waters. Primary applications of TIEs have been for environmental regulatory purposes, specifically effluent permitting, but other potential uses include the assessment of contaminated sites and performance of risk assessments. When used with toxicity reduction evaluations (TRE) or other remedial techniques, TIEs can be a cost-effective tool for protecting oceanic resources. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Burgess, RM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 119 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0957-4352 J9 INT J ENVIRON POLLUT JI Int. J. Environ. Pollut. PY 2000 VL 13 IS 1-6 BP 2 EP 33 DI 10.1504/IJEP.2000.002308 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 336AQ UT WOS:000088280100002 ER PT J AU Pyle, SM Marcus, AB AF Pyle, SM Marcus, AB TI Analysis of volatiles and semivolatiles by direct aqueous injection SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE direct aqueous injection; volatile organic pollutants; tap water; GC-MS ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; DRINKING-WATER; TRACE ANALYSIS; EXTRACTION; GC; PESTICIDES; PREGNANCY; MS AB Direct aqueous injection analysis (DAI) with gas chromatographic separation and ion trap mass spectral detection was used to analyze aqueous samples for mu g/L levels of 54 volatile and semivolatile compounds, and problematic non-purgeables and non-extractables. The method reduces sample handling, increases sample throughput, and avoids the use of solvents ordinarily required for solvent exchange and analyte pre-concentration which would otherwise require disposal as hazardous waste. Aqueous standards containing volatile and semivolatile organic compounds were directly injected in 0.1-mu L volumes into a 0.22-mm id capillary column interfaced to an ion trap mass spectrometer. Peak shape was adequate for quantification, and method detection limits for replicate injections (n=7) ranged from 3 to 20 000 mu g/L, averaging 100 mu g/L. Precision (%RSD) was calculated at each level for each compound and averaged 12% at the highest level. Analysis of domestic tap water readily revealed the presence of three trihalomethanes (chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, and chlorodibromomethane) at the low-mu g/L level. Analysis of an aqueous sample from a hazardous waste site monitored the presence of various volatile and semivolatile compounds at mg/L levels. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Pyle, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 2000 VL 76 IS 1 BP 17 EP 29 DI 10.1080/03067310008034115 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 333LQ UT WOS:000088131900002 ER PT J AU Aue, DH Guidoni, M Betowski, LD AF Aue, DH Guidoni, M Betowski, LD TI Ab initio calculated gas-phase basicities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; proton transfer; gas-phase basicity; proton affinity; ab initio calculations ID CONSISTENT BASIS-SETS; PROTON AFFINITIES; INTERSTELLAR INTEREST; MOLECULES; CHEMISTRY; CATIONS; SCALE; ENTROPIES; ENERGIES; ATOMS AB The gas-phase basicities (GBs) of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been calculated using the semiempirical Austin model 1 method, ab initio quantum mechanical methods at the HF/3-21G, HF/6-31G(d), MP2/6-31G(d), MP2/6-31+G(d,p) levels, and the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) density functional method. GBs calculated at these levels of theory are compared to experimentally known GBs measured by equilibrium mass spectrometric methods. Theoretically calculated entropies for PAHs and their protonated carbocations are used to reevaluate original experimental equilibrium data producing a revised set of experimental GBs and proton affinities for PAHs and related hydrocarbons. Experimental GBs for 40 hydrocarbons are found to correlate well with AMI, Hartree-Fock, DFT and MP2 calculated GBs, with regression analyses showing standard errors of 2.12, 1.53, 1.36, and 1.55 kcal mol(-1) for each of the four methods, respectively. The results permit an evaluation of the reliability of experimental data and suggest a need for new experimental work for some molecules. Predictions are made for GBs for 12 new PAHs whose GBs have not yet been measured. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Aue, DH (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PY 2000 VL 201 IS 1-3 BP 283 EP 295 DI 10.1016/S1387-3806(00)00210-4 PG 13 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 341RT UT WOS:000088603900026 ER PT J AU Apple, ME Olszyk, DM Ormrod, DP Lewis, A Southworth, D Tingey, DT AF Apple, ME Olszyk, DM Ormrod, DP Lewis, A Southworth, D Tingey, DT TI Morphology and stomatal function of Douglas fir needles exposed to climate chance: Elevated CO2 and temperature SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE climate change; Douglas fir; needles; Pseudotsuga menziesii; stomata; physiology ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; DENSITY; PLANT; RESPONSES; PINACEAE; INCREASE; DYNAMICS; LEAVES; GROWTH AB Climate change may have an impact on the productivity of conifer trees by influencing the morphology (size and surface characteristics) and function (capacity for gas exchange) of conifer needles. In order to test the responses of needles to climatic variables, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] France), saplings were grown in sunlit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (+200 parts per million above ambient) CO2 and at ambient or elevated temperature (+4 degrees C above ambient). Needle characteristics, including length, width, area, stomatal density (stomata per mm(2)), percentage of stomatal occlusion, and the morphology of epicuticular wax, were evaluated. Needle function was evaluated as stomatal conductance to water vapor and transpiration. Needle length increased significantly with elevated temperature but not with elevated CO2. Neither elevated CO2 nor elevated temperature affected stomatal density or stomatal number in these hypostomatous needles. Epicuticular wax was less finely granular at elevated than at ambient temperature and was similar in appearance at elevated and ambient CO2. Stomatal conductance and transpiration increased with elevated temperature and associated increased vapor pressure deficit; however, neither conductance nor transpiration was affected by elevated CO2. These results indicate that simulated climate change influences Douglas fir needle structure and function. C1 Natl Res Council, Washington, DC 20418 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Ctr Forest Biol, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. So Oregon Univ, Dept Biol, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. RP Apple, ME (reprint author), Natl Res Council, 2101 Constitut Ave, Washington, DC 20418 USA. NR 29 TC 39 Z9 58 U1 4 U2 23 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 161 IS 1 BP 127 EP 132 DI 10.1086/314237 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 290MA UT WOS:000085679000013 ER PT J AU Cabezas, H AF Cabezas, H TI Properties of interfaces and transport across them SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY - A SURVEY OF CELL BIOLOGY, VOL 192 SE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY-A SURVEY OF CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE interfaces; transport; phases; diffusion; partitioning; cytoplasm ID PARTIAL SPECIFIC VOLUME; PROTEINS C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cabezas, H (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0074-7696 J9 INT REV CYTOL JI Int.Rev.Cytol. PY 2000 VL 192 BP 99 EP 135 PG 37 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA BP32S UT WOS:000084720600004 PM 10610364 ER PT J AU Alexis, N Soukup, J Niekens, S Becker, S AF Alexis, N Soukup, J Niekens, S Becker, S TI Phenotype and function of airway macrophages are associated with markers of asthma severity and airways inflammation SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Clin Res Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 SU S MA 869 BP S296 EP S296 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(00)91297-1 PN 2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 287WR UT WOS:000085530100865 ER PT J AU Zinaman, MJ Brown, CC Selevan, SG Clegg, ED AF Zinaman, MJ Brown, CC Selevan, SG Clegg, ED TI Semen quality and human fertility: A prospective study with healthy couples SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE male fertility; sperm parameters ID INFERTILITY; MOTILITY AB Measures of semen quality are used as surrogate measures of male fertility in clinical andrology, reproductive toxicology, epidemiology, and risk assessment, However, only limited data are available to relate those measures to fertility. This prospective study with 210 reproductive-age couples was conducted to provide information on the value of semen quality measures for predicting human male fertility potential and for development of models to estimate the effects of changes in semen quality on fertility in a given population for risk assessment. Couples without known risk factors for infertility and who had discontinued contraception to have a child were accepted. The study followed each couple for up to 12 menstrual cycles while they attempted to conceive and evaluated semen quality measures from multiple ejaculates per man with known abstinence intervals. For each cycle, the day of ovulation was predicted, and the couple was advised to have intercourse multiple times on that day and on the days around it. Among the demographic variables assessed, parity, contraception status prior to entering the study, male education level, and male smoking were associated significantly with 12-cycle pregnancy rate. Several semen quality measures also were associated significantly with pregnancy rate, with percentage morphologically normal sperm by strict criteria and measures involving total number of sperm showing particularly strong associations. Localized regression-smoothing plots of semen quality data against proportion of couples pregnant suggested levels below which fertility declines for several semen quality measures. These results have applications in both clinical andrology and in assessment of risk to male fecundity from environmental or pharmaceutical exposures. In particular, they contribute information on behavior of fertility with varying semen quality and can allow development of models to predict effects on fertility in populations from decrements in semen quality. C1 Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Washington, DC 20007 USA. NCI, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Zinaman, MJ (reprint author), Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. NR 22 TC 112 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 145 EP 153 PG 9 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 279FN UT WOS:000085033900015 PM 10670528 ER PT J AU Edberg, SC Rice, EW Karlin, RJ Allen, MJ AF Edberg, SC Rice, EW Karlin, RJ Allen, MJ TI Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Summer Symposium on E Coli in the Food Industry CY 1999 CL HESLINGTON, ENGLAND SP Univ York ID COLIFORMS; BACTERIA AB Public health protection requires an indicator of fecal pollution. It is not necessary to analyse drinking water for all pathogens. Escherichia coli is found in all mammal faeces at concentrations of 10 log 9(-1), but it does not multiply appreciably in the environment. In the 1890s, it was chosen as the biological indicator of water treatment safety. Because of method deficiencies, E. coli surrogates such as the 'fecal coliform' and total coliforms tests were developed and became part of drinking water regulations. With the advent of the Defined Substrate Technology in the late 1980s, it became possible to analyse drinking water directly for E. coli (and, simultaneously, total coliforms) inexpensively and simply. Accordingly, E. coli was re-inserted in the drinking water regulations. E. roll survives in drinking water for between 4 and 12 weeks, depending on environmental conditions (temperature, microflora, etc.). Bacteria and viruses are approximately equally oxidant-sensitive, but parasites are less so. Under the conditions in distribution systems, E. coli will be much more long-lived. Therefore, under most circumstances it is possible to design a monitoring program that permits public health protection at a modest cost. Drinking water regulations currently require infrequent monitoring which may nor adequately detect intermittent contamination events; however, it is cost-effective to markedly increase testing with E. coli to better protect the public's health. Comparison with other practical candidate fecal indicators shows that E. coli is far superior overall. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Amer Water Works Assoc Res Fdn, Denver, CO USA. RP Edberg, SC (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, 333 Cedar St,POB 208035, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. NR 33 TC 116 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 64 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PY 2000 VL 88 SU S BP 106S EP 116S PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 328YM UT WOS:000087879400014 ER PT J AU Vane, LM Giroux, EL AF Vane, LM Giroux, EL TI Henry's law constants and micellar partitioning of volatile organic compounds in surfactant solutions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID NONAQUEOUS-PHASE LIQUID; SOIL CLEANUP; NONIONIC SURFACTANT; SOLUBILIZATION; CHEMICALS; WATER; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; MICROEMULSION; COEFFICIENTS; HYDROCARBONS AB Partitioning of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into surfactant micelles affects the apparent vapor-liquid equilibrium of VOCs in surfactant solutions. This partitioning will complicate removal of VOCs from surfactant solutions by standard separation processes. Headspace experiments were performed to quantify the effect of four anionic surfactants and one nonionic surfactant on the Henry's law constants of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, toluene, and tetlachloroethylene at temperatures ranging from 30 to 60 degrees C. Although the Henry's law constant increased markedly with temperature for all solutions, the amount of VOC in micelles relative to that in the extramicellar region was comparatively insensitive to temperature. The effect of adding sodium chloride and isopropyl alcohol as cosolutes also was evaluated. Significant partitioning of VOCs into micelles was observed, with the micellar partitioning coefficient (tendency to partition from water into micelle) increasing according to the following series: trichloroethane trichloroethylene < toluene < tetrachloroethylene. The addition of surfactant was capable of reversing the normal sequence observed in Henry's law constants for these four VOCs. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Vane, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 36 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 45 IS 1 BP 38 EP 47 DI 10.1021/je990195u PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 282ML UT WOS:000085222600009 ER PT J AU Rubio, FJ Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML AF Rubio, FJ Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML TI Avoiding pitfalls in the determination of halocarboxylic acids: the photochemistry of methylation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article AB Haloethanoic (haloacetic) acids are formed during chlorination of drinking water and are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These compounds are normally quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) as the methyl esters. EPA Method 552 uses diazomethane (CH2N2) for this purpose, but has only been validated by EPA for HAA6: chloro-, dichloro-, bromo-, dibromo-, bromochloro- and trichloroacetic acids. EPA Method 552.2 was developed and validated for all nine analytes (HAA9 = HAA6 + dibromochloro-, bromodichloro- and tribromoethanoic acids). Since the promulgation of Method 552.2, which uses acidic methanol, a debate has ensued over discrepancies observed by various laboratories when using diazomethane instead. In an effort to identify and eliminate potential sources for these discrepancies, a comparative study was undertaken for HAA9. Better accuracy and precision were observed for all HAA9 species by Method 552.2; recoveries were satisfactory in de-ionized and tap water. Method 552 remains satisfactory for HAA6. Systematic differences in instrumental response are observed for the two methods, but these are precise and may be accounted for using similarly treated standards and analyte-fortified (spiked) samples. That notwithstanding, Method 552 (CH2N2) was shown to be unsuitable for dibromochloro-, bromodichloro- and tribromoethanoic acids (HAA9-6). The primary problem appears to be a photoactivated reaction between diazomethane and the HAA9-6 analytes; however, side reactions were found to occur even in the dark. Analyte loss is most pronounced under typical laboratory lighting (white F40 fluorescent lamps + sunlight), but it is also observed under Philips gold F40 lamps (lambda greater than or equal to 520 nm), and in the dark. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 3 BP 248 EP 252 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 317XE UT WOS:000087251600036 PM 11256707 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Freeman, DM Rubio, FJ AF Urbansky, ET Freeman, DM Rubio, FJ TI Ascorbic acid reduction of residual active chlorine in potable water prior to halocarboxylate determination SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article AB In studies on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), it is necessary to scavenge residual active (oxidizing) chlorine in order to rx the chlorination byproducts (such as haloethanoates) at a point in time. Such research projects often have distinct needs from requirements for regulatory compliance monitoring. Thus, methods designed for compliance monitoring are not always directly applicable, but must be adapted. This research describes an adaptation of EPA Method 552 in which ascorbic acid treatment is shown to be a satisfactory means for reducing residual oxidizing chlorine, i.e., HOCl, ClO-, and Cl-2, prior to determining concentrations of halocarboxylates. Ascorbic acid rapidly reduces oxidizing chlorine compounds, and it has the advantage of producing inorganic halides and dehydroascorbic acid as opposed to halogenated organic molecules as byproducts. In deionized water and a sample of chlorinated tap water, systematic biases relative to strict adherence to Method 552 were precise and could be corrected for using similarly treated standards and analyte-fortified (spiked) samples. This was demonstrated for the quantitation of chloroethanoate, bromoethanoate, 2,2-dichloropropanoate (dalapon), trichloroethanoate, bromochloroethanoate, and bromodichloroethanoate when extracted, as the acids, into tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE) and esterified with diazomethane prior to gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Recoveries for chloroethanoate, bromoethanoate, dalapon, dichloroethanoate, trichloroethanoate, bromochloroethanoate, bromodichloroethanoate, dibromoethanoate, and 2-bromopropanoate at concentrations near the lower limit of detection were acceptable. Ascorbic acid reduction appears to be the best option presently available when there is a need to quench residual oxidants fast in a DBP formation study without generating other halospecies but must be implemented cautiously to ensure no untoward interactions in the matrix. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 16 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 3 BP 253 EP 256 DI 10.1039/b001046o PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 317XE UT WOS:000087251600037 PM 11256708 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Techniques and methods for the determination of haloacetic acids in potable water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY-ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; INDIRECT UV DETECTION; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; DRINKING-WATER; BY-PRODUCTS; DERIVATIZATION; METHYLATION; SEPARATION; AGENTS; HAAS AB Haloethanoic (haloacetic) acids (HAAs) are formed as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during the chlorination of natural water to make it rt for consumption. Sundry analytical techniques have been applied in order to determine the concentrations of the HAAs in potable water supplies: gas chromatography (GC-MS, GC-ECD); capillary electrophoresis (CE); liquid chromatography (LC), including ion chromatography (IC); and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Detection limits required to analyze potable water samples can be regularly achieved only by GC-ECD and ESI-MS. Without improvements in preconcentration or detector sensitivity, CE and LC will not rnd application to potable water supplies. The predominant GC-ECD methods use either diazomethane or acidified methanol to esterify (methylate) the carboxylic acid moiety. For HAA5 analytes, regulated under the EPA's Stage 1 DBP Rule, diazomethane is satisfactory. For HAA9 data gathered under the Information Collection Rule, acidified methanol outperforms diazomethane, which suffers from photo-promoted side reactions, especially for the brominated trihaloacetic acids. Although ESI-MS can meet sensitivity and selectivity requirements, limited instrumentation availability means this technique will not be widely used for the time being. However, ESI-MS can provide valuable confirmatory information when coupled with GC-ECD in a research setting. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 45 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 16 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 4 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.1039/b002977g PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 338TX UT WOS:000088440300004 PM 11249781 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Influences of metal cations on the determination of the alpha-oxocarboxylates as the methyl esters of the O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oximes by gas chromatography: the importance of accounting for matrix effects SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID OZONATED DRINKING-WATER; ACIDS AB The alpha-oxocarboxylates (alpha-ketocarboxylates) and the corresponding alpha-oxoacids (alpha-ketoacids) have been reported as disinfection byproducts of ozonation of potable water supplies. In this analytical method, the oxo moiety is derivatized with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oxylamine (PFBOA) to form an oxime which is then extracted into tert-butyl methyl ether. The carboxylic acid moiety is esterified (methylated) with diazomethane. In this study, five analytes were investigated: oxoethanoate (glyoxylate), 2-oxopropanoate (pyruvate), 2-oxobutanoate (2-ketobutyrate), 2-oxopentanoate (2-ketovalerate), and oxopropanedioate (ketomalonate, mesoxalate). The influence of Lewis acid metal cations in the water matrix was evaluated for the gas chromatographic method commonly used for the quantitation of these analytes at concentrations less than or equal to 150 ng mL(-1). Tested metals included Ca(II), Mg(II), Fe(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II). At typical concentrations, calcium, in particular, can have profound impact, especially on oxoethanoate quantitation. Oxopropanoate experiences an increase in recovery in the presence of metal cations. 2-Oxobutanoate and 2-oxopentanoate are the most resistant to these effects, but 2-oxopentanoate shows increased recoveries at higher concentrations when assayed in the presence of calcium ion. Oxopropanedioate generally shows poorer precision and recovery when determined in solutions containing metal ions. This investigation demonstrates the significance of metal effects in the quantitative determination of these analytes and further emphasizes the importance of thorough matrix characterization and careful recovery studies with fortified (spiked) samples and blanks. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 4 BP 334 EP 338 DI 10.1039/b003065l PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 338TX UT WOS:000088440300011 PM 11249788 ER PT J AU Stout, DM Leidy, RB AF Stout, DM Leidy, RB TI A preliminary examination of the translocation of microencapsulated cyfluthrin following applications to the perimeter of residential dwellings SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE cyfluthrin; pyrethroid insecticide; residential exposure; translocation ID AIR AB Methods have been developed to monitor the translocation of microencapsulated cyfluthrin following perimeter applications to residential dwellings. A pilot study was implemented to determine both the potential for application spray to drift away from dwellings and the intrusion of residues into homes following perimeter treatments. Residential monitoring included measuring spray drift using cellulose filter paper and the collection of soil samples from within the spray zone. In addition, interior air was monitored using fiberglass filter paper as a sorbent medium and cotton ball swabs were used to collect surface wipes. Fortification of matrixes resulted in recoveries of >90%. Spray drift was highest at the point of application and declined to low but measurable levels 9.1 m from the foundations of dwellings. Soil residues declined to low, but measurable levels by 45 days post-application. No cyfluthrin was measured from indoor air; however, some interior surfaces had detectable levels of cyfluthrin until three days post-application. Findings indicate that spray drift resulting from perimeter applications might contaminate non-target surfaces outside the spray zone. Soil borne residues may serve as persistent sources for human exposure and potentially intrude into dwellings through the activities of occupants and pets. Residues do not appreciably translocate through air and consequently inhalation is not a likely route for human exposure. Surface residues detected indoors suggest that the physical movement of residues from the exterior to the interior might be a viable route of movement of residues following this type of application. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Pesticide Res Lab, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Stout, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 2000 VL 35 IS 4 BP 477 EP 489 DI 10.1080/03601230009373284 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326JV UT WOS:000087733000006 PM 10874624 ER PT J AU Schwartz, J Levin, R Goldstein, R AF Schwartz, J Levin, R Goldstein, R TI Drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia SO JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PROSPECTIVE-PAYMENT SYSTEM; AIR-POLLUTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; UNITED-STATES; NURSING-HOMES; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; GASTROENTERITIS; OUTBREAK; DISEASE; MILWAUKEE AB Study objective-To investigate the association between drinking water quality and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia. Design-Within the general population, children and the elderly are at highest risk for gastrointestinal disease. This study investigates the potential association between daily fluctuations in drinking water turbidity and subsequent hospital admissions for gastrointestinal illness of elderly persons, controlling for time trends, seasonal patterns, and temperature using Poisson regression analysis. Setting and participants-All residents of Philadelphia aged 65 and older in 1992-1993 were studied through their MEDICARE records. Main results-For Philadelphia's population aged 65 and older, we found water quality 9 to 11 days before the visit was associated with hospital admissions for gastrointestinal illness, with an interquartile range increase in turbidity being associated with a 9% increase (95% CI 5.3%, 12.7%). In the Belmont service area, there was also an association evident at a lag of 4 to 6 days (9.1% increase, 95% CI 5.2, 13.3). Both associations were stronger in those over 75 than in the population aged 65-74. This association occurred in a filtered water supply in compliance with US standards. Conclusions-Elderly residents of Philadelphia remain at risk of waterborne gastrointestinal illness under current water treatment practices. Hospitalisations represent a very small percentage of total morbidity. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Environm Epidemiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Schwartz, J (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Environm Epidemiol Program, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-0002] NR 45 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 8 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0143-005X J9 J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H JI J. Epidemiol. Community Health PD JAN PY 2000 VL 54 IS 1 BP 45 EP 51 DI 10.1136/jech.54.1.45 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 268NA UT WOS:000084421400011 PM 10692962 ER PT J AU McCurdy, T AF McCurdy, T TI Conceptual basis for multi-route intake dose modeling using an energy expenditure approach SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE energy expenditure; exposure; intake dose; multi-route exposures ID RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; EXERCISE OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; DIET-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BODY-COMPOSITION; RISK ASSESSMENT; WATER-INTAKE; LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS; AEROBIC CAPACITY; UNITED-STATES AB This paper provides the conceptual basis for a modeling logic that is currently being developed in the National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for use in intake dose assessments involving substances that can enter the body via multiple routes of exposure. NERL is simultaneously developing a consolidated human activity database that will provide much of the data needed to parameterize equations used to implement the logic. EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) is, in part, using the logic in its on-going review of the carbon monoxide national ambient air quality standard. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP McCurdy, T (reprint author), 1915 Hillock Pl, Durham, NC 27712 USA. NR 90 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 86 EP 97 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500066 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 327RM UT WOS:000087806600008 PM 10703850 ER PT J AU Makarewicz, JC Bertram, P Lewis, TW AF Makarewicz, JC Bertram, P Lewis, TW TI Chemistry of the offshore surface waters of Lake Erie: Pre- and post-Dreissena introduction (1983-1993) SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nutrient chemistry; phytoplankton; Dreissena; Lake Erie ID ZEBRA MUSSEL; SAGINAW BAY; TOTAL PHOSPHORUS; HATCHERY BAY; RIVER WATER; POLYMORPHA; NUTRIENT; HURON; FILTRATION; NITROGEN AB Major changes in ambient surface nutrient chemistry, were observed after the introduction of Dreissena to Lake Erie. For example, statistically significant increases in spring soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) (180%, 1.0 to 2.8 mu g P/L), nitrate+nitrite (40%, 0.57 to 0.80 mg N/L), ammonia (131%, 15.1 to 34.9 mu g N/L), silica (75%, 0.8 to 1.4 mg/L), N:P ratio and turbidity and a significant decrease in total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) (25%, 0.24 to 0.18 mu g N/L) were observed in the western basin from the 1983 to 1987 pre-Dreissena baseline period to the 1989 to 1993 post-Dreissena period In the summer, total phosphorus (TP) (13%, 20.1 to 17.5 mu g P/L) and TKN (27%, 0.30 to 0.22 mu g N/L) decreased, while nitrate+nitrite (122%, 0.18 to 0.40 mg N/L) and the N:P ratio increased significantly. Fewer chemical parameters changed significantly in the central and eastern basins, but major changes were observed For example, spring SRP concentrations in the central and eastern basins increased 250% (0.8 to 2.8 mu g P/L) and 92% (2.4 to 4.6 mu g P/L), respectively. Silica in these basins increased 300% (0.1 to 0.4 mg/L) and 250% (0.2 to 0.7 mg/L), respectively. TKN decreased in all basins in both the spring and summer (range = 22 to 27%), while TP decreased in all basins in the summer (range = 13 to 24%) but not in the spring. Spatially, spring post-Dreissena (1989 to 1993) ammonia, TP, and nitrate+nitrite concentrations were high in the western basin and decreased easterly, while chloride concentrations were variable with no downward or upward trend In the central basin and eastward through the eastern basin, concentrations of ammonia, chloride, nitrate+nitrite, and total phosphorus were remarkably consistent during and between the pre- and post-Dreissena periods. After the Dreissena invasion, a different spatial pattern of SRP, silica and phytoplankton biomass was observed SRP and silica concentrations were high in the western basin and decreased into the central basin as in the pre-Dreissena period. Similarly, post-Dreissena SRP and silica concentrations were low in the western portion of the central basin but then unexpectedly increased easterly by > 250% and > 1,000%, respectively, over the pre-Dreissena period. Phytoplankton biomass increased from within the west end of the western basin to a peak about halfway into the central basin, after which biomass decreased into the eastern basin. The increase in the dissolved fraction of nutrients in the western basin can be attributed to the excretion of dissolved fractions by Dreissena spp. after digestion of particulate matter, the remineralization of surficial organic sediments containing nitrogen and phosphorus-rich feces and pseudofeces and to a decrease in uptake of SRP by less abundant populations of phytoplankton in the western basin. In the western portion of the central basin, it is possible that SRP is being carried by the prevailing westerly current into the central basin stimulating phytoplankton population growth combined with minimal Dreissena grazing causing a peak in phytoplankton abundance. There does not appear to be a satisfactory explanation for the simultaneous increase in SRP and the lack of any change in phytoplankton pre- and post-Dreissena in the eastern portion of Lake Erie. C1 SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Biol Sci, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Makarewicz, JC (reprint author), SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Biol Sci, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. NR 38 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 20 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 1 BP 82 EP 93 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 308DX UT WOS:000086696200008 ER PT J AU Breneman, D Richards, C Lozano, S AF Breneman, D Richards, C Lozano, S TI Environmental influences on benthic community structure in a Great Lakes embayment SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE benthic macroinvertebrates; contaminants; dredging; Lake Superior; sediment ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; NEW-BEDFORD HARBOR; TEMPORAL VARIATION; ESTUARINE INFAUNA; MYTILUS-EDULIS; DETROIT RIVER; SEDIMENTS; DISTURBANCE; PCB; BIOACCUMULATION AB Biological and chemical measurements of sediment ape useful parameters when establishing long-term assessment and monitoring tools for designated areas of concern (AOCs) in the Great Lakes. An intensified Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) sampling grid in the St. Louis River estuary of western Lake Superior was used to assess the relationship between surficial sediment characteristics and benthic community structure. Ninety sites within two habitat classes (< 5.5 m and > 5.5 m depth) were randomly sampled. Sediment for chemical analysis was collected with a cylindrical drop core while benthic macroinvertebrate abundance and composition were determined from petite Ponar grab samples. Taxa richness was variable (1 to 25 taxa) among sites in the St. Louis River AOC. Oligochaeta were the most abundant taxa while Chironomidae larvae provided a majority of the taxa richness with 43 genera. Results from multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) on 13 environmental parameters revealed that the majority of variation in benthic community structure was attributed to water depth and site distance from the headwaters. Although physical habitat alterations occur over large spatial scales and are more subtle than those conditions associated with chemically impacted sites, only a small portion of the variability in benthic community structure was explained by sediment chemistry variables. Variability in benthic community structure during this survey was best explained by physical habitat features and must first be quantified prior to understanding benthic response to contaminated sediments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. RP NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM crichard@d.umn.edu NR 59 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 3 BP 287 EP 304 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 358KK UT WOS:000089557100004 ER PT J AU Rossmann, R Edgington, DN AF Rossmann, R Edgington, DN TI Mercury in Green Bay, Lake Michigan surficial sediments collected between 1987 and 1990 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Green Bay; surficial sediments; mercury ID LOWER FOX RIVER; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GREAT-LAKES; TRANSPORT; TRIBUTARIES; DEPOSITION; WISCONSIN AB Sediments were collected by gravity core from 74 locations in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Surficial sediments (0 to 1 cm depth) from these stations were analyzed for total mercury for the purpose of describing the horizontal variation of mercury in Green Bay sediments, estimating mercury fluxes to surficial sediments, and identifying potential sources of mercury. With concentrations ranging between 0.006 and 1.0 mg/kg, the surficial sediments had a mean mercury concentration of 0.36 mg/kg. The median concentration was 0.28 mg/kg. Surficial sediment mercury concentrations were highest along the eastern shore between the cities of Gr-een Bay and Sturgeon Bay. Elevated concentrations were also found near Escanaba and west of Chambers Island. Lowest concentrations were found north, south, and west of Washington Island and near the Little Suamico River. Mercury fluxes ranged between 0.03 and 100 ng/cm(2)/y, with a mean of 20 ng/cm(2)/y. Only 14% of this flux is delivered by regional atmospheric sources. The Fox River is the dominant contributor, and the majority of the total mercury flux to the bay is delivered by the rivers that are tributary to the bay. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Community Based Sci Support Staff, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Great Lakes Studies, Great Lakes Water Inst, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. RP Rossmann, R (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Community Based Sci Support Staff, Large Lakes Res Stn, 9311 Groh Rd, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 3 BP 323 EP 339 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 358KK UT WOS:000089557100007 ER PT J AU Piocos, EA de la Cruz, AA AF Piocos, EA de la Cruz, AA TI Solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection of chemical indicators of human fecal contamination in water SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE CONTAMINATION; HUMAN URINE; CAFFEINE; COPROSTANOL; POLLUTION; METABOLITES; HPLC; ENVIRONMENT; UROBILIN; INDEX AB Faster and more sensitive analysis of water that is contaminated by human fecal matter is very important for public health. The current microbiological methods to assess water quality do not meet this need. Alternate non-microbial human fecal indicators have been proposed by various researchers. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with photodiode array detection (PDA) of three human fecal indicators, caffeine, urobilin, and coprostanol was developed. Both caffeine and urobilin were analyzed simultaneously using a linear gradient protocol and monitored at 270 nm and 480 nm. The analysis gave linearity and limit of detection down to hundredths of mu g/mL. A solid phase extraction (SPE) protocol was also developed for caffeine and urobilin. Coprostanol was analyzed using HPLC with PDA detection with post-column derivatization. The derivatization was achieved by acylation of coprostanol with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP de la Cruz, AA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 2000 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1281 EP 1291 DI 10.1081/JLC-100100414 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 319MM UT WOS:000087345800010 ER PT J AU Schulman, AE AF Schulman, AE TI Moments of spherically symmetric kernels for multivariate local regression and density estimation SO JOURNAL OF NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE kernel moment; multivariate kernel; nonparametric regression; local polynomial regression AB We find a general formula for moments of spherically symmetric multivariate kernels, and provide details for kernels in common use. C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schulman, AE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 401 M St SW 4607, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1048-5252 J9 J NONPARAMETR STAT JI J. Nonparametr. Stat. PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 373 EP 376 DI 10.1080/10485250008832813 PG 4 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 309VF UT WOS:000086789400003 ER PT J AU Lovell, S Millock, K Sunding, DL AF Lovell, S Millock, K Sunding, DL TI Using water markets to improve environmental quality: Two innovative programs in Nevada SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID RESERVE PROGRAM; TECHNOLOGY; CHOICE AB Economists have long advocated the use of market mechanisms as a means to improve environmental quality at minimum rest. Voluntary water purchase programs are an example of such a policy. This paper examines the structure and performance of two water right purchase programs operating in Nevada: the Truckee River Water Quality Agreement and the Lahontan Valley purchase program administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the State of Nevada and The Nature Conservancy. Statistical analysis of the latter program indicates that it is performing efficiently Notably, personal factors prompt water right sales, and the least productive rights (e.g., those appurtenant to poor soils) are sold to the government. Concluding comments offer suggestions about ways to improve program performance, including, allowing the sale of fractional water rights. C1 US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ctr Int Rech Environm & Dev, Montrouge, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lovell, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2000 VL 55 IS 1 BP 19 EP 26 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 282ZB UT WOS:000085250700004 ER PT J AU Manale, A AF Manale, A TI Flood and water quality management through targeted, temporary restoration of landscape functions: Paying upland farmers to control runoff SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE agricultural conservation; economic incentives; floods; nonstructural flood mitigation; nutrient runoff; upper basin storage; water quality AB Floods have caused billions of dollars in damage to populated areas associated with river systems in recent years. Runoff associated with floods has resulted in deterioration of downstream water quality. The threat of flooding may be known weeks if not months in advance. Such nonstructural means as temporary storage of runoff on agricultural lands in the upland areas of the watersheds during periods when flood risks are high, may provide ecological benefits through reduced sediment runoff, soil carbon loss, and loading of nutrients to surface waters, at the same time diminishing the threat of downstream flooding. Local or regional resource managers or insurance industry consortia could establish contracts with farmers to store runoff by the temporary plugging of ditches, drainage systems, and similar practices until the flood threat has passed. In return, farmers would be paid an amount covering the loss of potential net revenue and the opportunity cost from use of the land for the period of runoff storage. Highly detailed topographic maps would be used to estimate storage capacity on a farmer's fields and hydrographic data would be used to estimate the volume of water from a precipitation event that must be stored in order to avert downstream flooding. When meteorological data suggest that a flood is imminent or that an extreme precipitation event is likely, the contractural agreements would be initiated. Case studies in select watersheds in Iowa show how the policy might lessen the social and environmental cost of floods. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Manale, A (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 18 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2000 VL 55 IS 3 BP 285 EP 295 PG 11 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 381YT UT WOS:000165792200008 ER PT J AU Christoforou, CS Salmon, LG Hannigan, MP Solomon, PA Cass, GR AF Christoforou, CS Salmon, LG Hannigan, MP Solomon, PA Cass, GR TI Trends in fine particle concentration and chemical composition in Southern California SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; LOS-ANGELES AREA; NITRIC-ACID; ORGANIC AEROSOL; AMBIENT AIR; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; VISIBILITY; NITRATE; MODEL; POLLUTANTS AB Airborne fine particle mass concentrations in Southern California have declined in recent years. Trends in sulfate and elemental carbon (EC) particle concentrations over the period 1982-1993 are consistent with this overall improvement in air quality and help to confirm some of the reasons for the changes that are seen. Fine particle sulfate concentrations have declined as a strict sulfur oxides (SOx) emission control program adopted in 1978 was implemented over time. Fine particle elemental (black) carbon concentrations have declined over a period when newer diesel engines and improved diesel fuels have been introduced into the vehicle fleet. Organic aerosol concentrations have not declined as rapidly as the EC particle concentrations, despite the fact that catalyst-equipped cars having lower particle emission rates were introduced into the vehicle fleet alongside the diesel engine improvements mentioned above. This situation is consistent with the growth in population and vehicle miles traveled in the air basin over time. Fine particle ammonium nitrate in the Los Angeles area atmosphere contributes more than half of the fine aerosol mass concentration on the highest concentration days of the year, emphasizing both the need for accurate aerosol nitrate measurements and the likely importance of deliberate control of aerosol nitrate as a part of any serious further fine particle control program for the Los Angeles area. C1 CALTECH, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Clemson Univ, Environm Engn Program, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Christoforou, CS (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P01-ES07168] NR 51 TC 87 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 23 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 50 IS 1 BP 43 EP 53 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274BL UT WOS:000084743800004 PM 10680364 ER PT J AU Clayton, D Campbell, MJ Longford, NT Armstrong, B Richardson, S Rushton, L Raab, GM Quinn, M Nelder, JA Bland, M Macfarlane, A Dryden, IL Smith, RI Berhane, K Thomas, DC Cotton, JW Coull, BA Mezzetti, M Ryan, LM Cowles, K Cox, C Cox, LH Gupta, S Hosmane, BS Gurrin, LC Pettitt, AN Saez, M Sheppard, L Lumley, T AF Clayton, D Campbell, MJ Longford, NT Armstrong, B Richardson, S Rushton, L Raab, GM Quinn, M Nelder, JA Bland, M Macfarlane, A Dryden, IL Smith, RI Berhane, K Thomas, DC Cotton, JW Coull, BA Mezzetti, M Ryan, LM Cowles, K Cox, C Cox, LH Gupta, S Hosmane, BS Gurrin, LC Pettitt, AN Saez, M Sheppard, L Lumley, T TI Combining evidence on air pollution and daily mortality from the 20 largest US cities: a hierarchical modelling strategy - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES A-STATISTICS IN SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID LONDON WINTERS; APHEA PROJECT; LIKELIHOOD; EXPOSURE; ERRORS C1 MRC, Biostat Unit, Cambridge, England. Univ Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. De Montfort Univ, Leicester LE1 9BH, Leics, England. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London, England. Inst Natl Sante & Rech Med, Villejuif, France. Napier Univ, Edinburgh EH14 1DJ, Midlothian, Scotland. Off Natl Stat, London, England. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England. Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, London, England. Radcliffe Infirm, Natl Perinatal Epidemiol Unit, Oxford OX2 6HE, England. Univ Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. Inst Terr Ecol, Penicuik EH26 0QB, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Sains Malaysia, Pulan Pinang, Malaysia. Harvard Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. King Edward Mem Hosp, Perth, WA, Australia. Queensland Univ Technol, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Univ Girona, Girona, Spain. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Clayton, D (reprint author), MRC, Biostat Unit, Cambridge, England. RI Ryan, Louise/A-4562-2009; Dryden, Ian/F-2790-2011; Smith, Rognvald/A-1890-2013; Dryden, Ian/C-8742-2017 OI Ryan, Louise/0000-0001-5957-2490; Smith, Rognvald/0000-0002-1744-0606; Dryden, Ian/0000-0003-4900-3571 NR 54 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-1998 J9 J ROY STAT SOC A STA JI J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A-Stat. Soc. PY 2000 VL 163 BP 284 EP 302 PN 3 PG 19 WC Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences; Mathematics GA 373LM UT WOS:000165291000003 ER PT J AU Dunson, DB AF Dunson, DB TI Models for papilloma multiplicity and regression: applications to transgenic mouse studies (vol 49, pg 19, 2000) SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Dunson, DB (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, MD A3-03,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-9254 J9 J ROY STAT SOC C-APP JI J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C-Appl. Stat. PY 2000 VL 49 BP 421 EP 421 DI 10.1111/1467-9876.00202 PN 3 PG 1 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 336HG UT WOS:000088295400010 ER PT J AU Saleh, MA El-Demerdash, A Jones, J Mohammed, Z Kamel, A Blancato, JN Dary, C AF Saleh, MA El-Demerdash, A Jones, J Mohammed, Z Kamel, A Blancato, JN Dary, C TI Detection of malathion in dermally treated rats using electronic autoradiography and FT-IR microscopy SO JOURNAL OF TRACE AND MICROPROBE TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE malathion; organophosphorus pesticides; electronic autoradiography; FT-IR microscopy ID PERCUTANEOUS PENETRATION; LIPID BILAYER; ELIMINATION; ABSORPTION; PESTICIDES; INVIVO AB The distribution pattern after the dermal application of [C-14]-malathion in rats using different vehicles was studied 30 min to 12 h after treatment. The application site was covered by a non-occlusive cover and then stripped with eight successive adhesive tape strips at the upper right quarter. The radioactivity retained in the application site, non-occlusive cover, and tape strips was detected by the electronic autoradiography instant imager, while the presence of malathion in three successive skin regions as a result of its movement in different vehicles was detected by electronic autoradiography and FT-IR microscopy. The radioactivity retained in selected rat tissues was detected by LSC after oxidation with a sample oxidizer. The EC 50% was absorbed as readily as the neat malathion. A substantial amount of the dose remained in the non-occlusive covers, site of application, and adhesive tape strips indicating that most of the applied dose was retained in the skin. The results of the autoradiography made on skin sections of the application site revealed the presence of [C-14]- activity in the first regions of the skin. These results were evidenced by ET-LR microscopy. The obtained results suggest that the penetration of malathion into the skin and other tissues is vehicle and dose dependent. Copyright (C) 2000 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. C1 Texas So Univ, Dept Chem, Environm Chem & Toxicol Lab, Houston, TX 77004 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Saleh, MA (reprint author), Texas So Univ, Dept Chem, Environm Chem & Toxicol Lab, Houston, TX 77004 USA. OI Blancato, Jerry/0000-0002-7023-5767 NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0733-4680 J9 J TRACE MICROPROBE T JI J. Trace Microprobe Tech. PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 121 EP 135 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 296WC UT WOS:000086048900011 ER PT B AU Bartos, SC AF Bartos, SC BE Kaplan, HL Hryn, JN Clow, BB TI EPA's voluntary partnership with the magnesium industry for climate protection SO MAGNESIUM TECHNOLOGY 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Magnesium Technology 2000 Symposium held at the 2000 TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 12-16, 2000 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Light Met Div, Int Magnesium Assoc AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Climate Protection Division has created a new voluntary partnership with U.S. magnesium producers and casting companies to reduce sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions. SF6 is the strongest greenhouse gas known today and if released to the atmosphere, will persist for 3,200 years(1). The SF6 Emission Reduction Partnership for the Magnesium Industry aims to harmonize EPA's and industry's common interests of reducing waste and protecting the environment. EPA and its partners are working together to identify and implement cost-effective and innovative technologies that reduce SF6 emissions. C1 US EPA, Climate Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bartos, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Climate Protect Div, 401 M St SW 6202J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-466-6 PY 2000 BP 83 EP 86 PG 4 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BQ46X UT WOS:000088421500014 ER PT B AU Zygmunt, H AF Zygmunt, H GP NRAES NRAES TI Nutrients and water quality SO MANAGING NUTRIENTS AND PATHOGENS FORM ANIMAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference for Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture CY MAR 28-30, 2000 CL CAMP HILL, PA SP USDA, Water Qual Working Grp, US EPA, ARS, USDA, Agr Consulting Serv Inc, Bion Technol Inc, BioSun Syst, Brubaker Consulting Grp, Potash & Phosphate Inst, Purina Mills Inc C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Zygmunt, H (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURE, AND ENGINEERING SERVICE PI ITHACA PA COOPERAT EXTENS, 152 RILEY-ROB B HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA BN 0-935817-54-9 PY 2000 BP 3 EP 12 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR14H UT WOS:000165732700001 ER PT B AU Parry, R AF Parry, R GP NRAES NRAES TI EPA programs for attaining water quality goals from nonpoint sources SO MANAGING NUTRIENTS AND PATHOGENS FORM ANIMAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference for Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture CY MAR 28-30, 2000 CL CAMP HILL, PA SP USDA, Water Qual Working Grp, US EPA, ARS, USDA, Agr Consulting Serv Inc, Bion Technol Inc, BioSun Syst, Brubaker Consulting Grp, Potash & Phosphate Inst, Purina Mills Inc C1 US EPA, Off Policy & Reinvent, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Parry, R (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy & Reinvent, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURE, AND ENGINEERING SERVICE PI ITHACA PA COOPERAT EXTENS, 152 RILEY-ROB B HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA BN 0-935817-54-9 PY 2000 BP 63 EP 68 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR14H UT WOS:000165732700006 ER PT B AU Goodwin, JK AF Goodwin, JK GP NRAES NRAES TI Water quality goals for agriculture SO MANAGING NUTRIENTS AND PATHOGENS FORM ANIMAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference for Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture CY MAR 28-30, 2000 CL CAMP HILL, PA SP USDA, Water Qual Working Grp, US EPA, ARS, USDA, Agr Consulting Serv Inc, Bion Technol Inc, BioSun Syst, Brubaker Consulting Grp, Potash & Phosphate Inst, Purina Mills Inc C1 US EPA, Off Water, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Goodwin, JK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURE, AND ENGINEERING SERVICE PI ITHACA PA COOPERAT EXTENS, 152 RILEY-ROB B HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA BN 0-935817-54-9 PY 2000 BP 69 EP 71 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR14H UT WOS:000165732700007 ER PT J AU Meng, L Gray, C Taplin, B Kupcha, E AF Meng, L Gray, C Taplin, B Kupcha, E TI Using winter flounder growth rates to assess habitat quality in Rhode Island's coastal lagoons SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE fish habitat; habitat quality; estuaries; fish growth; stable isotopes ID STABLE-ISOTOPE SIGNATURES; FOOD-WEB; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; NORTH-CAROLINA; MARSH HABITATS; SEAGRASS BEDS; GEORGES BANK; FISHES; ESTUARY; RATIOS AB We used growth rates of juvenile winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus, to assess habitat quality in 3 of Rhode Island's coastal salt ponds that had differing levels of nutrients and human development. In each pond, 1 m(2) cages were placed in vegetated and unvegetated habitats and growth rates of individually marked fish were measured in three 10 to 15 d experiments from 4 June to 7 July 1997. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and benthic food were also measured. Stable isotopes of C and N were measured in experimental and wild fish. Growth rates were 0.06 to 0.76 mm d(-1) and decreased through the experiments. Growth rates of wild fish (0.19 mm d(-1) in Point Judith Pond and 0.21 in Ninigret Pond) were similar to the average of the 2nd and 3rd experiments (0.24 mm d(-1)). Growth rates were the same in vegetated and unvegetated sites. They were also the same in Point Judith and Ninigret ponds but lower in Green Hill Pond. An ANCOVA suggested that Green Hill's lower rates were caused by its higher temperatures, particularly during the 3rd experiment. Benthic food was similar in the different ponds, different habitat types, and in cores taken inside and outside cages. Categories of food consumed by fish were not affected by the presence of vegetation in a cage, although food consumed did differ from pond to pond. Amphipods were the preferred food in all ponds; fish consumed proportionately more amphipods and fewer polychaetes in Ninigret Pond than in the other ponds. Values of delta(15)N in the fish varied with the degree of development in the watershed but not with total nitrogen in the water column. The results of this study indicate that growth rates of fish can be used as indicators of habitat quality. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Rhode Isl Dept Environm Management, Div Fish & Wildlife, Wickford, RI 02852 USA. Roger Williams Univ, Bristol, RI 02809 USA. RP Meng, L (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM meng.lesa@epamail.epa.gov NR 47 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 201 BP 287 EP 299 DI 10.3354/meps201287 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 348YE UT WOS:000089013400025 ER PT J AU Beiring, EA Lasker, HR AF Beiring, EA Lasker, HR TI Egg production by colonies of a gorgonian coral SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE reproduction; growth; invertebrates; modular animals; Plexaura flexuosa ID SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; REEF CORALS; POCILLOPORA-DAMICORNIS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; GROWTH; SIZE; ECOLOGY; STRATEGIES; OCTOCORAL; FERTILIZATION AB Reproductive success, the production and fertilization of gametes, is a key component of fitness. Among many colonial marine invertebrates, the production of gametes by a colony is a function of both gamete production per module (e.g., polyp, zooid) and the number of modules in the colony (i.e., colony size). We examined variance in gamete production per polyp and egg production per colony over a range of colony sizes, and the relationship between egg production and growth in the common Caribbean gorgonian Plexaura flexuosa. The number of polyps per colony and the average number of mature eggs per polyp both were greater among larger female colonies (>70 cm in height) than among smaller colonies (<70 cm), resulting in a 1 to 2 order of magnitude increase in whole colony egg release for the larger colonies. In a group of 24 colonies, 98 % of the 9.2 x 10(6) eggs produced in one spawning event came from the 12 colonies taller than 70 cm. Branch extension rates showed no relationship to colony size, but whole colony relative growth appears to decrease as colony size increases. This suggests that proportionately less energy is used for growth as a colony gets larger, and thus may be available for reproduction. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol Sci, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Beiring, EA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watersheds 4504F, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM beiring.elizabeth@epa.gov RI Johnson, Selena/K-3541-2013 NR 43 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 196 BP 169 EP 177 DI 10.3354/meps196169 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 314EG UT WOS:000087041900014 ER PT J AU O'Connor, TP Paul, JF AF O'Connor, TP Paul, JF TI Misfit between sediment toxicity and chemistry SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS; MARINE; GUIDELINES AB In the United States, the EPA EMAP-Estuaries Program and the NOAA Bioeffects Surveys provide large data sets with which to test proposed relationships between sediment chemistry and toxicity. The conclusion is that no chemical measurement reliably predicts sediment toxicity. These findings challenge the use of chemical data to imply biological hazard and the way toxicity data are used in sediment management. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, N SCI1, Natl Status & Trends Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP NOAA, N SCI1, Natl Status & Trends Program, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM tom.oconnor@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 1 BP 59 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00153-8 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 289GT UT WOS:000085612700018 ER PT J AU Weidinger, T Pinto, J Horvath, L AF Weidinger, T Pinto, J Horvath, L TI Effects of uncertainties in universal functions, roughness length, and displacement height on the calculation of surface layer fluxes SO METEOROLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID PROFILE RELATIONSHIPS; TEMPERATURE; WIND; MOMENTUM; HEAT AB A sensitivity analysis of the turbulent momentum and sensible heat fluxes as functions of wind speed and temperature gradients in the surface layer was made on the basis of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The sensitivity of parameterized fluxes to the choice of a number of universal functions found in the Literature was examined. The relative standard deviations of sensible heat fluxes calculated using these universal functions are in the range of 10 to 20%. Differences between the minimum and maximum Values of the heat fluxes generally are 30 to 50% of the mean values. Smaller differences are found in the calculation of momentum fluxes. These results demonstrate the difficulty in defining an optimal universal function that would be applicable to all conditions. The uncertainties originating from the choice of wind and temperature roughness lengths and displacement height were also analyzed. These uncertainties are very important when a complex surface is characterized by single values of roughness length and displacement height. Among the surface parameters, the largest error is caused by the uncertainty in estimating the wind and temperature roughness lengths. In the parameterization of the surface layer, the most frequently used model (that of BUSINGER et al., 1971) gives roughly the same result for the turbulent diffusion coefficient for sensible heat and the sensible heat flux as the mean of all the universal functions considered. However, the turbulent diffusion coefficient for the momentum and the momentum flux calculated using the BUSINGER et al. (1971) function gives substantially lower values than the average of the universal functions considered. C1 Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Meteorol, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Hungarian Meteorol Serv, Budapest, Hungary. RP Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Meteorol, Pazmany Peter Setany 1-A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. EM weidi@ludens.elte.hu NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER, SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0941-2948 EI 1610-1227 J9 METEOROL Z JI Meteorol. Z. PY 2000 VL 9 IS 3 BP 139 EP 154 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 353HJ UT WOS:000089268500001 ER PT J AU Shaffer, BT Widmer, F Porteous, LA Seidler, RJ AF Shaffer, BT Widmer, F Porteous, LA Seidler, RJ TI Temporal and spatial distribution of the nifH gene of N-2 fixing bacteria in forests and clearcuts in western Oregon SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; SOILS; MICROORGANISMS; AMPLIFICATION; ECOLOGY; MICROCOSMS; ECOSYSTEM; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS AB Decomposition of plant litter is a primary mechanism of nutrient recycling and redistribution in most terrestrial ecosystems. Previously we demonstrated by a nested PCR protocol that 20 distinctive nifH (the gene encoding nitrogenase reductase) HaeIII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were derived from bulk DNA associated with samples of plant litter and soil collected at one Douglas Fir (DF) forest [33]. Five of the nifH DNA patterns (II-VI) were dominant types in DF litter with characteristic fragments of 237-303 bp length, whereas samples from soil contained primarily seven other patterns 131-188 bp length (IX-XV). Here we report that the 237-303 bp fragments characteristic for forest litter could generally not be detected in plant litter or soil samples collected in clearcuts that adjoin the forest sites. The same fragments (237-303 bp) were also found in the litter at this DF forest site over 16 months and were consistently found in litter at 12 other DF forest or recent (<2 yrs) clearcut sites. However, trace to none of these fragments were detected in 6 clearcut (5-10 yrs) or different forest types (oak, alder) collected over a 200 km east-west direction in western Oregon, USA. Data suggest that the logging practice in DF forests that creates a clearcut removes a unique gene pool of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. These organisms could potentially contribute more to nitrogen fixation in forest litter than litter from natural or invasive plants that grow in clearcuts [26]. C1 Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. US EPA, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Shaffer, BT (reprint author), Dynam Corp, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 34 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 25 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 39 IS 1 BP 12 EP 21 DI 10.1007/s002489900183 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 307WJ UT WOS:000086676900002 ER PT B AU Davies, T Hickman, R AF Davies, T Hickman, R BE Craun, GF Hauchman, FS Robinson, DE TI Regional perspectives on water safety: Magnitude of the problem - North America SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER: HEALTH EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT OF RISKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on the Safety of Water Disinfection CY NOV 15-17, 1999 CL MIAMI BEACH, FL SP Int Life Sci Inst C1 US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Davies, T (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA BN 1-57881-117-1 PY 2000 BP 13 EP 19 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Microbiology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Microbiology; Water Resources GA BT66Z UT WOS:000173699400002 ER PT B AU Calderon, RL AF Calderon, RL BE Craun, GF Hauchman, FS Robinson, DE TI Microbes in drinking water: Recent epidemiological research to assess waterborne risks SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER: HEALTH EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT OF RISKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on the Safety of Water Disinfection CY NOV 15-17, 1999 CL MIAMI BEACH, FL SP Int Life Sci Inst ID TAP-WATER; OUTBREAK; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CONSUMPTION; INFECTION; TURBIDITY; DISEASE C1 US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Calderon, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, NHEERL, MD-58C, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA BN 1-57881-117-1 PY 2000 BP 137 EP 147 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Microbiology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Microbiology; Water Resources GA BT66Z UT WOS:000173699400010 ER PT B AU Pegram, RA AF Pegram, RA BE Craun, GF Hauchman, FS Robinson, DE TI Disinfection by-product pharmacokinetics SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER: HEALTH EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT OF RISKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on the Safety of Water Disinfection CY NOV 15-17, 1999 CL MIAMI BEACH, FL SP Int Life Sci Inst ID S-TRANSFERASE T1-1; CHLORAL HYDRATE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; DICHLOROACETIC-ACID; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; DRINKING-WATER; B6C3F1 MICE; FEMALE RATS; IN-VITRO; METABOLISM C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pegram, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 61 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA BN 1-57881-117-1 PY 2000 BP 273 EP 290 PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Microbiology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Microbiology; Water Resources GA BT66Z UT WOS:000173699400020 ER PT B AU Klinefelter, GR Hunter, ES Narotsky, MG AF Klinefelter, GR Hunter, ES Narotsky, MG BE Craun, GF Hauchman, FS Robinson, DE TI Reproductive and developmental toxicity associated with disinfection by-products of drinking water SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER: HEALTH EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT OF RISKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on the Safety of Water Disinfection CY NOV 15-17, 1999 CL MIAMI BEACH, FL SP Int Life Sci Inst ID WHOLE-EMBRYO CULTURE; LONG-EVANS RATS; DIBROMOACETIC ACID; HALOACETIC ACIDS; SODIUM-CHLORITE; BIRTH OUTCOMES; TRIHALOMETHANES; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; SPERMATOTOXICITY; EXPOSURE C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Klinefelter, GR (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL Bldg,MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA BN 1-57881-117-1 PY 2000 BP 309 EP 323 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Microbiology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Microbiology; Water Resources GA BT66Z UT WOS:000173699400022 ER PT B AU Simmons, JE Teuschler, LK Gennings, C AF Simmons, JE Teuschler, LK Gennings, C BE Craun, GF Hauchman, FS Robinson, DE TI The toxicology of disinfection by-product mixtures: Methods for multichemical assessment, present research efforts, and future research directions SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER: HEALTH EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT OF RISKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on the Safety of Water Disinfection CY NOV 15-17, 1999 CL MIAMI BEACH, FL SP Int Life Sci Inst ID DICHLOROACETIC ACID PRETREATMENT; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; CHEMICAL-MIXTURES; DRINKING-WATER; FEMALE RATS; RISK ASSESSMENT; B6C3F1 MICE; TOXICITY; CHALLENGE; DESIGN C1 US EPA, Environm Res Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Simmons, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Res Ctr, MD 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA BN 1-57881-117-1 PY 2000 BP 325 EP 340 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Microbiology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Microbiology; Water Resources GA BT66Z UT WOS:000173699400023 ER PT B AU Rice, G Murphy, PA Teuschler, LK Lipscomb, JC Boutin, BK Brown, ME Clark, RM Rheingans, RD Cohen, J AF Rice, G Murphy, PA Teuschler, LK Lipscomb, JC Boutin, BK Brown, ME Clark, RM Rheingans, RD Cohen, J BE Craun, GF Hauchman, FS Robinson, DE TI US EPA's comparative risk framework SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER: HEALTH EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT OF RISKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on the Safety of Water Disinfection CY NOV 15-17, 1999 CL MIAMI BEACH, FL SP Int Life Sci Inst ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS; HEALTH OUTCOMES; UTILITY; QUALITY; LIFE C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rice, G (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,Mail Stop 190, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA BN 1-57881-117-1 PY 2000 BP 371 EP 394 PG 24 WC Engineering, Environmental; Microbiology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Microbiology; Water Resources GA BT66Z UT WOS:000173699400027 ER PT J AU Cizdziel, JV Hodge, VF AF Cizdziel, JV Hodge, VF TI Attics as archives for house infiltrating pollutants: trace elements and pesticides in attic dust and soil from southern Nevada and Utah SO MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE attic dust; soil; trace elements; lead; pesticides; DDT ID WATER AB Attic dust and soil samples were collected from three communities in southern Nevada and Utah. The samples were analyzed for 17 trace elements (Li, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ca, As, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb, Sn, Sb) by ICP-MS and semivolatile organic compounds by CC-MS. Elements traditionally found enriched in road and house dust in urban areas (Pb, Zn, Cd, Sb, Sn) were even more highly enriched in attic dust. Lead stood out as having the highest enrichment factors (relative to both the local soil and its natural abundance) and was highly correlated with the age of the house (R-2 = 0.87, n = 8). Analysis of the samples for pesticides found DDT and chlordane, but only in the older attics. Together, these data suggest that undisturbed attics may act as an-chives of atmospheric dust, by preferentially trapping and preserving airborne particulate matter, and should be considered by researchers interested in study of past atmospheric dust and/or reconstructing exposure histories. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nevada, Environm Sci & Hlth Program 199, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Cizdziel, JV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Environm Chem Branch, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0026-265X J9 MICROCHEM J JI Microchem J. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0026-265X(99)00018-1 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 358PY UT WOS:000089567500012 ER PT J AU Nebert, D Tennant, R Walker, C AF Nebert, D Tennant, R Walker, C TI Twelfth International Conference on Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment Gene Environment Interactions: Emerging Issues, Technologies, and Biological Paradigms SO MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Div Res, Smithville, TX 78957 USA. RP Nebert, D (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-1987 J9 MOL CARCINOGEN JI Mol. Carcinog. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(200001)27:1<1::AID-MC1>3.0.CO;2-# PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA 280LA UT WOS:000085103200001 ER PT S AU Jacobs, WW AF Jacobs, WW BE Salmon, TP Crabb, AC TI Tire rationale for requiring Bitrex and dyes in rodent baits SO NINETEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference CY MAR 06-09, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE bittering agent; Bitrex; Brodifacoum; Bromethalin; Bromadiolone; Denatonium Benzoate; Diphacinone; Chlorophacinone; indicator dye; Pival; registration; reregistration; rodenticide efficacy; rodenticide incidents; tamper-proof bait box; tamper-resistant bait station; Warfarin; Zinc Phosphide AB In 1998, the Environmental Protection Agency issued Reregistration Eligibility Decisions for the rodenticides Brodifacoum, Bromethalin, Bromadiolone, Chlorophacinone, Diphacinone, Pival, and Zinc Phosphide. These decisions imposed requirements that bait products containing these ingredients and marketed for control of commensal rodents also contain an "indicator dye" and a "bittering agent." The indicator dye would be used to mark children who come in contact with bait. The bittering agent would be used to render a bait unpalatable to children, possibly reducing the amount of bait eaten. This paper discusses these requirements and other regulatory attempts to limit risks of rodenticide baits to children and nontarget animals. EPA is reconsidering the requirements for the indicator dye and bittering agent. Currently, either type of agent may be added to a bait product voluntarily if the new bait can pass required efficacy tests. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Registrat Div 7505C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Jacobs, WW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Registrat Div 7505C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE PI DAVIS PA UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS WILDLIFE EXTENSION, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA SN 0507-6773 J9 PROC VERTEBR PEST C PY 2000 BP 257 EP 262 PG 6 WC Entomology; Zoology SC Entomology; Zoology GA BU02H UT WOS:000174742900044 ER PT B AU Kruger, D Blok, K AF Kruger, D Blok, K BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Meyer, LA Ybema, R TI Methane: Emissions, reduction potentials and policies SO NON-CO2 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL AND IMPLEMENTATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases - Scientific Understanding, Control and Implementation CY SEP 08-10, 1999 CL NOORDWIJKERHOUT, NETHERLANDS SP Vereniging van Milieukundigen, Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc, UN Intergovt Panel Climate Change, Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm Netherlands, US EPA, Int Global Atmospher Chem Panel IGBP, Eurotrac 2, Commiss European Union, UN FAO C1 US EPA, Methane Energy Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kruger, D (reprint author), US EPA, Methane Energy Branch, 401 M St,SW 6202J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Blok, Kornelis/D-9532-2014 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6199-7 PY 2000 BP XIX EP XXII PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BQ80J UT WOS:000089620400001 ER PT B AU Harvey, R de la Chesnaye, FC AF Harvey, R de la Chesnaye, FC BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Meyer, LA Ybema, R TI The potential for cost-effective reductions of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions in the US SO NON-CO2 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL AND IMPLEMENTATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases - Scientific Understanding, Control and Implementation CY SEP 08-10, 1999 CL NOORDWIJKERHOUT, NETHERLANDS SP Vereniging van Milieukundigen, Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc, UN Intergovt Panel Climate Change, Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm Netherlands, US EPA, Int Global Atmospher Chem Panel IGBP, Eurotrac 2, Commiss European Union, UN FAO DE global warming; greenhouse gas; methane; carbon dioxide; emission reduction costs; marginal abatement curves; high-GWP; hydrofluorocarbon; nitrous oxide; perfluorocarbon; sulfur hexafluoride AB To date, most of the economic analyses of greenhouse gas emission reductions have focused on energy-related carbon emissions since carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions currently account for about 82 percent of the total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions weighted by 100-year global warming potentials (EPA, 1999a). A number of recent analyses, however, suggest that the inclusion of mitigation options for the non-CO2 greenhouse gases included in the Kyoto Protocol - methane, nitrous oxide, and the high GWP (global warming potential) gases (HFCs, PFCs, and SF6) - can make a significant contribution to cost-effective emission reductions for the U.S. C1 US EPA, Climate Protect Div 6202J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Harvey, R (reprint author), US EPA, Climate Protect Div 6202J, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6199-7 PY 2000 BP 469 EP 476 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BQ80J UT WOS:000089620400076 ER PT B AU Kruger, D Rand, S AF Kruger, D Rand, S BE VanHam, J Baede, APM Meyer, LA Ybema, R TI US actions to reduce emissions of non-CO2 gases SO NON-CO2 GREENHOUSE GASES: SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, CONTROL AND IMPLEMENTATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases - Scientific Understanding, Control and Implementation CY SEP 08-10, 1999 CL NOORDWIJKERHOUT, NETHERLANDS SP Vereniging van Milieukundigen, Netherlands Assoc Environm Profess, European Federat Clean Air, Environm Protect Assoc, UN Intergovt Panel Climate Change, Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm Netherlands, US EPA, Int Global Atmospher Chem Panel IGBP, Eurotrac 2, Commiss European Union, UN FAO DE methane; high-GWP gases; voluntary programs AB The US has taken aggressive steps to reduce emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (NCGG) using a number of policy approaches. The US may be unique in the world in the scope of its NCGG programs, which address emissions of methane and the high-GWP gases. For the most part, US programs are voluntary in nature. There are same regulatory programs, however, aimed at reducing emissions of other pollutants and having the side benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well. This paper describes US programs to reduce NCGG emissions. Information is provided on the strategic approach of these programs, their development and structure, and results to date. In addition, key lessons learned based on US experience are presented. C1 US EPA, Climate Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kruger, D (reprint author), US EPA, Climate Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6199-7 PY 2000 BP 539 EP 546 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BQ80J UT WOS:000089620400087 ER PT J AU Holcombe, GW Pasha, MS Jensen, KM Tietge, JE Ankley, GT AF Holcombe, GW Pasha, MS Jensen, KM Tietge, JE Ankley, GT TI Effects of photoperiod manipulation on brook trout reproductive development, fecundity, and circulating sex steroid concentrations SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID SEASONAL ENDOCRINE CHANGES; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; 3 GENERATIONS; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; DIETARY EXPOSURE; PLASMA-LEVELS; MATURATION; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL AB The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting reproductive studies with brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis at times other than the normal fall-spawning period. The timing of sexual maturation, fecundity, and concentrations of serum sex steroids (17-beta-estradiol, E2; and testosterone, T) in brook trout held under a normal photoperiod were compared with those in brook trout held under an altered photoperiod (initiated in early September). Fish held on a constant long photoperiod (18 h light:6 h dark) did not reach sexual maturity during the normal fall-spawning time. When these fish were subsequently subjected to a 16-week accelerated photoperiod reduction from 18 h light/d to a day length of 8.5 h, the males and females matured in 8 and 13 weeks, respectively, and spawned successfully in April and May. Overall viability of embryos from this spring spawning was slightly lower than the average viability of control embryos from previous studies with fall-spawning fish in our laboratory; however, hatchability of Viable embryos was similar for the spring-spawning fish and those from previous studies. Hormonal profiles of E2 and T were similar for both females and males in fall- and spring-spawning brook trout. These studies demonstrate that photoperiod alterations can be used to manipulate brook trout reproductive cycles for the purpose of conducting studies at times other than the fall. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MidContinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Holcombe, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MidContinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2000)062<0001:EOPMOB>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351ZM UT WOS:000089190100001 ER PT B AU Maronpot, RR Flagler, ND Ton, TVT Foley, JF Goldsworthy, TL AF Maronpot, RR Flagler, ND Ton, TVT Foley, JF Goldsworthy, TL BE Ward, JM Mahler, JF Maronpot, RR Sundberg, JP TI Measurement of cell replication and apoptosis in mice SO PATHOLOGY OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Pathology of Genetically-Engineered Mice CY 1999 CL NIH, BETHESDA, MD SP NCI HO NIH ID ARCHIVAL RODENT TISSUES; NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; RAT-LIVER; S-PHASE; HEPATOCELLULAR PROLIFERATION; TRITIATED-THYMIDINE; CYCLE PROGRESSION; GROWTH-FACTOR; DEATH; BROMODEOXYURIDINE C1 NIH, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Expt Pathol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Maronpot, RR (reprint author), NIH, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Expt Pathol, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM Maronpot@niehs.nih.gov; Maronpot@niehs.nih.gov NR 88 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOWA STATE UNIV PRESS PI AMES PA 2121 STATE AVE, AMES, IA 50014-8300 USA BN 0-8138-2521-0 PY 2000 BP 45 EP 60 PG 16 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pathology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pathology GA BR80H UT WOS:000167601800005 ER PT B AU Mahler, JF AF Mahler, JF BE Ward, JM Mahler, JF Maronpot, RR Sundberg, JP TI Genetic background effects on the interpretation of phenotypes in induced mutant mice SO PATHOLOGY OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Pathology of Genetically-Engineered Mice CY 1999 CL NIH, BETHESDA, MD SP NCI HO NIH ID INTESTINAL NEOPLASIA; TRANSGENIC MICE; MOUSE MODELS; DISEASE; STRAIN; RECEPTOR; CANCER; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SENSITIVITY; DISRUPTION C1 NIH, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Expt Pathol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Mahler, JF (reprint author), NIH, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Expt Pathol, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOWA STATE UNIV PRESS PI AMES PA 2121 STATE AVE, AMES, IA 50014-8300 USA BN 0-8138-2521-0 PY 2000 BP 137 EP 144 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pathology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pathology GA BR80H UT WOS:000167601800010 ER PT B AU Simon, M Hough, B Li, T Kabala, ZJ AF Simon, M Hough, B Li, T Kabala, ZJ BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR TI Field evaluation of dipole method to measure aquifer anisotropy SO PHYSICAL AND THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES: REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis AB The ultimate size of a three-dimensional groundwater circulation cell surrounding a vertical circulation well (VCW) is a strong function of the aquifer hydraulic anisotropy, the ratio of the hydraulic conductivity in the horizontal direction to that in the vertical direction. In designing a VCW, a given aquifer's anisotropy was either assumed or estimated by matching pump test curves. This paper presents results from a field-scale project designed to directly measure the aquifer's anisotropy. A VCW well was installed at the Naval Air Station North Island (NASNI) near San Diego, California, in a sandy aquifer contaminated with chlorinated compounds. An extensive aquifer hydraulic test, including a dipole test, was conducted in August 1998. The interpretation of the dipole test data had to account for the tidal effects from San Diego Bay on the aquifer. The dipole extraction/injection rates were 1.89, 3.79, 5.68, 7.57, and 9.46 x 10(-2) cubic meters per minute [5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 gallons per minute]. Drawdown and drawup were monitored in the extraction and injection chambers of the VCW and in the surrounding monitoring wells for each step. However, the recovery data of the dipole test proved to be the most consistent and reliable for estimating the aquifer anisotropy. The anisotropic ratio for this aquifer is estimated to be 5:1. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Simon, M (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-099-3 PY 2000 BP 43 EP 49 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65S UT WOS:000167101900006 ER PT B AU Mravik, SC Sewell, GW Wood, AL AF Mravik, SC Sewell, GW Wood, AL BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR TI Co-solvent-based source remediation approaches SO PHYSICAL AND THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES: REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis AB Field pilot scale studies have demonstrated that co-solvent-enhanced in situ extraction can remove residual and free-phase nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), but may leave levels of contaminants in the ground water and subsurface formation higher than regulatory requirements for closure of a site. Various methods of improving delivery and recovery of co-solvent mixtures and of facilitating in situ mixing of these light remedial fluids with resident contaminants have been proposed and are being investigated. However, it is unlikely that these improvements alone will permit regulatory goals to be achieved via enhanced NAPL solubilization or mobilization. Recent laboratory and field tests have examined the feasibility and benefits of coupling co-solvent flushing with other remediation processes to achieve acceptable cleanup goals. For example, the potential for residual co-solvent to stimulate in situ biotreatment following partial dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source removal by alcohol-induced dissolution was evaluated at a former dry cleaner site in Jacksonville, Florida. Contaminant and geochemical monitoring at the site suggests that biotransformation of the tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was enhanced and significant levels of cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) were produced in areas exposed to residual co-solvent. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK USA. RP Mravik, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Ada, OK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-099-3 PY 2000 BP 269 EP 276 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65S UT WOS:000167101900035 ER PT J AU Winget, P Weber, EJ Cramer, CJ Truhlar, DG AF Winget, P Weber, EJ Cramer, CJ Truhlar, DG TI Computational electrochemistry: aqueous one-electron oxidation potentials for substituted anilines SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; SOLVATION FREE-ENERGIES; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; CONFORMATIONAL-ANALYSIS; REDUCTION POTENTIALS; BIOREDUCTIVE AGENTS; ORGANIC-MOLECULES; ATOMIC CHARGES; GAS-PHASE; MODEL AB Semiempirical molecular orbital theory and density functional theory are used to compute one-electron oxidation potentials for aniline and a set of 21 mono- and di-substituted anilines in aqueous solution. Linear relationships between theoretical predictions and experiment are constructed and provide mean unsigned errors as low as 0.02 V over a training set of 13 anilines; the error rises to 0.09 V over a test set of eight additional anilines. A good correlation is also found between oxidation potential and a simple computed property, namely the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital for neutral anilines in aqueous solution. For the particular case of the substituted anilines, a strong correlation between oxidation potential and pK(a) is found, and a still stronger correlation between oxidation potential and physical organic descriptors for aromatic substituents is also found, albeit over a reduced data set. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Supercomp, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Winget, P (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RI Winget, Paul/C-5808-2013; Truhlar, Donald/G-7076-2015; Cramer, Christopher/B-6179-2011 OI Truhlar, Donald/0000-0002-7742-7294; Cramer, Christopher/0000-0001-5048-1859 NR 98 TC 134 Z9 136 U1 0 U2 42 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI PCCP Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 6 BP 1231 EP 1239 DI 10.1039/a909076b PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 291KU UT WOS:000085733900018 ER PT J AU Andersen, CP AF Andersen, CP TI Ozone stress and changes below-ground: Linking root and soil processes SO PHYTON-ANNALES REI BOTANICAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th EUROSILVA Workshop on Root - Soil Internactions in Trees CY SEP 09-12, 1999 CL GOZD MARTULJEK, SLOVENIA DE ozone; ponderosa pine; roots; carbon allocation; respiration ID EXPOSED PONDEROSA PINE; PLANT-RESPONSE; CARBON; GROWTH; RESPIRATION; SEEDLINGS; ALLOCATION; DIOXIDE AB Physiological changes in roots in response to tropospheric ozone can lead to altered below-ground processes, and responses are not always predictable due to the complexity of the belowground ecosystem. Previous experiments have shown that ozone reduces carbon allocation to roots and mycorrhizal hyphae, and reduces root starch in ponderosa pine. Ozone was found to increase CO2 flux from soils containing ponderosa pine seedlings in controlled exposures, a response seemingly inconsistent with results showing decreased allocation to roots. We hypothesize this apparent paradox is due to a combination of factors including altered root metabolism and increased soil microbial respiration. Increased microbial respiration is hypothesized to result from increased root exudation, which was observed in trials with wheat, and possibly increased root mortality and turnover. Increased microbial respiration was supported by findings of increased bacterial and fungal populations in soil of plants exposed to ozone. Responses are expected to be short term, since chronic ozone exposure would lead to lower standing root biomass over time and decreased CO2 flux from soil. Changes in carbon allocation to roots and mycorrhizae, reduced root growth, and altered carbon release to soil are all important factors that affect carbon fluxes into and out of forested ecosystems. The dependence of the soil organisms on carbon substrates from plants illustrates the potentially important role that ozone may play in altering ecosystem carbon fluxes. Ozone may alter nutrient availability, soil moisture holding capacity, and ultimately plant productivity through indirect effects on soil chemical and physical characteristics. Studies are currently underway in naturally regenerated stands of ponderosa pine to better understand how natural and anthropogenic stresses such as ozone affect roots and soil processes, and how changes occurring below-ground affect ecosystem productivity and sustainability. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Andersen, CP (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 10 PU FERDINAND BERGER SOEHNE PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, A-3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0079-2047 J9 PHYTON-ANN REI BOT A JI Phyton-Ann. REI Bot. PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 7 EP 12 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 402GR UT WOS:000166978400002 ER PT J AU Ferguson, TD Sprague, B Brennan, D Lutz, J AF Ferguson, TD Sprague, B Brennan, D Lutz, J TI Use of fume suppressants hard chromium baths: Emission testing SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Article AB The EPA Common Sense Initiative (CSI) is a cooperative effort of government, industry, environmental, and other stakeholder groups to find "cleaner, cheaper, smarter" approaches to environmental management in industrial sectors. The purpose of the project is to assist hard chrome metal platers reduce plating tank emissions to comply cost-effectively with, or exceed, EPA's Chromium Emissions MACT Standard. The major objective of this project was to investigate the efficacy of wetting-agent-type mist suppressants to reduce worker exposure and hexavalent chromium emissions from a hard-chromium plating tank. Further emission testing to meet the chromium MACT standard has been conducted to determine an acceptable surface tension number for regulatory use. Hard chromium platers may be able to report surface tension numbers much like that of decorative chromium, if and when regulatory change is implemented. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Michigan Mfg Technol Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Ferguson, TD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 USA SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 87 IS 1 BP 72 EP 74 PG 3 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA 273UU UT WOS:000084726900015 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Davis, C Pimentel, M Mass, MJ Nelson, GB Ross, JA AF Nesnow, S Davis, C Pimentel, M Mass, MJ Nelson, GB Ross, JA TI Interaction analyses of binary mixtures of carcinogenic PAHs using morphological cell transformation of C3H10T1/2CL8 mouse embryo fibroblasts in culture SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Polycyclic AromatiC Compounds (ISPAC 17) CY OCT 25-29, 1999 CL BORDEAUX, FRANCE SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds, Univ Boreeaux I, CNRS DE benzo[a]pyrene; dibenz[a,h]anthracene; mixtures; morphological cell transformation; response-surface models ID MAMMALIAN-CELLS; DNA ADDUCTS; HYDROCARBONS; LUNG AB Studies of defined mixtures of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have identified three major categories of interactions: antagonism; synergism; and additivity depending on the biological model, tissue, route of exposure, and specific PAH. To understand the bases of these interactions we studied binary mixtures of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) in transformable C3H10T1/2C18 (C3H10T1/2) mouse embryo fibroblast cells in culture. C3H10T1/2 cells treated with binary mixtures of B[a]P and DBA gave less than additive morphological cell transformation based on response additivity. These results were consistent with those reported in mice and rats on the antagonistic effects of B[a]P and DBA on tumorigenesis. P-32-Postlabeling DNA adduct studies revealed that DBA reduced B [a]P-DNA adduct levels by 47% with no effect on DBA-DNA adduct levels. This suggests that one mechanism for the inhibition of morphological cell transformation of binary mixtures of B[a]P and DBA is due to alterations in the metabolic activation of B[a]P. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1-4 BP 31 EP 42 DI 10.1080/10406630008028521 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 388TP UT WOS:000166199400005 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Davis, C Desai, D Amin, S AF Nesnow, S Davis, C Desai, D Amin, S TI Evaluation of benzo[a]chrysene dihydrodiols in the morphological cell transformation of mouse embryo fibroblast C3H10T1/2CL8 cells SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Polycyclic AromatiC Compounds (ISPAC 17) CY OCT 25-29, 1999 CL BORDEAUX, FRANCE SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds, Univ Boreeaux I, CNRS DE morphological cell transformation; benzo[a]chryselle; K-region; dihydrodiols ID REGION DIOL-EPOXIDES; FJORD-REGION; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; BENZOCHRYSENE; BENZO(A)PYRENE; INDUCTION; DNA AB The morphological cell transforming activities of three dihydrodiols of benzo[c]chrysene (B[c]C), trans-B[c]C-7,8-diol, trans-B[c]C-9,10-diol, and trans-B[c]C-1,2-diol were compared to those of B[c]C in order to study the possible routes of metabolic activation in transformable C3H10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts. B[c]C-treated C3H10T1/2 cells exhibited a concentration-related increase in morphologically transformed foci over a concentration range of 0-3 mug/ml. At 3 mug/ml, B[c]C induced 1.23 Type II&III foci/dish, with 73% of the dishes exhibiting Type II or Type III foci, and a survival of 87%. trans-B[c]C-7,8-diol produced concentration-related responses over a range of 0-5 mug/ml. At 3 mug/ml, trans-B[c]C-7,8-diol produced 1.13 Type II&III foci/dish with 72% of the dishes exhibiting foci, and a survival of 76%. trans-B[c]C-9,10-diol was inactive as a morphological cell transforming agent over a concentration range of 0-3 mug/ml. trans-B[c]C-1,2-diol was also inactive as a morphological cell transforming agent over a concentration range of 0-3 mug/ml. These results suggest that a K-region dihydrodiol of B[c]C, trans-B[c]C-7,8-diol, may play a role in the ability of B[c]C to morphologically transform C3H10T1/2 cells. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Amer Hlth Fdn, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1-4 BP 203 EP 213 DI 10.1080/10406630008028534 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 388TP UT WOS:000166199400018 ER PT J AU Wilson, NK Chuang, JC Lyu, C AF Wilson, NK Chuang, JC Lyu, C TI PAH exposures of nine preschool children SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Polycyclic AromatiC Compounds (ISPAC 17) CY OCT 25-29, 1999 CL BORDEAUX, FRANCE SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds, Univ Boreeaux I, CNRS DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PAH; exposure; children ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AIR; WORKERS; URINE; SOIL AB The exposures to 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of 9 children, ages 2-5 yr, were measured over 48 hr at day care and at home. Sampled media included indoor and outdoor air, floor dust, outdoor play area soil, hand surface, and solid and liquid food. Urine samples were collected for metabolite analysis. Diaries of the children's activities during the sampling period were also kept. Significant positive correlations between media were found for total PAH in indoor air with floor dust (p<0.001), and for total PAH in outdoor air with floor dust (p<0.05). Also at the p<0.05 level, the B2 PAH (probable human carcinogens) were correlated in play area soil with outdoor air, and in outdoor with indoor air. Total PAH and B2 concentrations were correlated in play area soil and in floor dust (p<0.05). The relative importance of the exposure pathways differed for total PAH and B2 PAH. For total PAH, which included both volatile and semi-volatile compounds, inhalation was most important, then dietary ingestion, then non-dietary ingestion. In contrast, for the B2 PAH only, non-dietary ingestion was most important, then dietary ingestion, and inhalation was least important. Differences in the children's PAH exposures were small between day care and home, and also between children from low-income and from middle-income families. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RP Wilson, NK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1-4 BP 247 EP 259 DI 10.1080/10406630008028537 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 388TP UT WOS:000166199400021 ER PT J AU Poster, DL De Alda, MJL Wise, SA Chuang, JC Mumford, JL AF Poster, DL De Alda, MJL Wise, SA Chuang, JC Mumford, JL TI Determination of PAHs in combustion-related samples and in SRM 1597, complex mixture of PAHs from coal tar SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Polycyclic AromatiC Compounds (ISPAC 17) CY OCT 25-29, 1999 CL BORDEAUX, FRANCE SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds, Univ Boreeaux I, CNRS DE PAHs; combustion; Standard Reference Materials ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; EMISSIONS; DIESEL AB Three types of Combustion sample extracts, smokeless coal, smoky coal, and wood, were analyzed for a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH). Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1597, Complex Mixture of PAHs from Coal Tar, was also analyzed as a control sample and for the determination of a larger number of PAHs relative to those determined previously Target analytes included many alkyl-substituted PAHs such as dimethylphenanthrenes, methylfluoranthenes, and methylpyrenes. The analytical methods included sample clean-up and the selection of specific stationary phases to accomplish unique separations of PAHs. Clean-up involved the use of normal-phase liquid chromatographic isolation of PAHs based on the number of aromatic carbons and a total PAH fraction. PAHs in the resulting fractions were separated by gas chromatography using two stationary phases with different selectivities and analyzed using mass spectrometry. These methods are discussed below and results are presented with an emphasis on the relative concentrations and distribution of PAHs in the combustion samples. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Battelle Columbus Operat, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lopez de Alda, Miren/E-3357-2014 OI Lopez de Alda, Miren/0000-0002-9347-2765 NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1-4 BP 79 EP 95 DI 10.1080/10406630008034777 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 388TM UT WOS:000166199200007 ER PT J AU Linak, WP Miller, CA Wendt, JOL AF Linak, WP Miller, CA Wendt, JOL TI Fine particle emissions from residual fuel oil combustion: Characterization and mechanisms of formation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID SPECIATION AB The characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from residual fuel oil combustion in two types of combustion equipment were compared. A small commercial 732 kW rated fire-tube boiler yielded a weakly bimodal particulate size distribution (PSD) will over 99% of the mass contained in a broad coarse mode and only a small fraction of the mass in an accumulation mode consistent with ash vaporization. Bulk samples collected and classified by a cyclone indicate that 30% to 40% of the total particulate emissions were less than 2.5 mum aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). The coarse mode PM was rich in char. indicating relatively poor carbon burnout, although calculated combustion efficiencies exceeded 99%. This characteristics behavior is typical of small fire-tube boilers. Larger utility-scale units firing residual oil were simulated using an 82 kW rated laboratory-scale refractory-lined combustor. Particulate matter emissions from this unit were in good agreement with published data including published emission factors. These data indicated that the refractory-lined combustor produced less total but more fine particulate emissions, as evident from a single unimodal PSD centered AT similar to0.1 mum diameter. Bulk cyclone segreted samples indicated that here all the PM were smaller than 2.5 mum aerodynamic diameter, and loss on ignition (LOI) measurements suggested almost complete char burnout. These findings are interpreted in the light of possible mechanisms governing the release of organically bound refractory metals and may have particular significance in considering the effects of fuel oil combustion equipment type on the characteristic attributes of the fuel PM emitted into the atmosphere and their ensuring health effects. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Linak, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 30 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 8 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2651 EP 2658 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400143 ER PT B AU Wong, DC Karimi, HA AF Wong, DC Karimi, HA BE Arabnia, HR TI Parallel polygon-on-polygon and line-in-polygon intersection algorithms SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS, VOLS I-V LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA 2000) CY JUN 26-29, 2000 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Comp Sci Res, Educ & Applicat Press, Informat Processing Soc Japan, SIGMPS, Int Technol Inst, Java High Performance Comp Res Grp, Korea Informat Processing Soc, World Sci & Engn Soc DE parallel intersection algorithm; polygon-on-polygon intersection; line-in-polygon intersection AB Parallel intersection algorithms are required in applications where the performances of serial intersection algorithms are impractical. In this paper, two parallel algorithms, one for intersecting polygons (polygon-on-polygon) and one for intersecting lines and polygons (line-in-polygon), are discussed. Art important feature of these algorithms is that they can handle both static and dynamic data sets as input at each time step during a computational process such as a model run or simulation Both algorithms have the capabilities to find art optimal tree automatically and to store or retrieve the tree structure to increase the efficiency in the dynamic case. In addition, the algorithms are devised with a deferred tree structure to decompose the spatial domain more effectively. Both algorithms are extremely scalable. C1 US EPA, MD 24 ERC 119, Lockheed Martin Technol Serv Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wong, DC (reprint author), US EPA, MD 24 ERC 119, Lockheed Martin Technol Serv Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S R E A PRESS PI ATHENS PA 115 AVALON DR, ATHENS, GA 30606 USA BN 1-892512-52-1 PY 2000 BP 2339 EP 2343 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BR82C UT WOS:000167676300321 ER PT B AU Hamele, W Grubbs, T Robichaud, J AF Hamele, W Grubbs, T Robichaud, J GP SF SF TI Small surface water systems face a slate of new regulatory requirements SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SMALL DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Small Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems CY JAN 12-15, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP US EPA, Hlth Canada, Chlorine Chem Council, Int Bottled Water Assoc, Amer Water Works Assoc Res Fdn, USDA, Rural Utilities Serv, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, Natl Small Flows Clearing House, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Electr Power Res Inst, Water Qual Assoc World Assembly Div, World Water All, Natl Water Res Inst, US DOE AB The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), as amended by Congress in 1996, requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to promulgate several new regulations that will place additional regulatory requirements on small surface water systems. The purpose of these regulations is to protect consumers from the chronic and acute heath risks posed by disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and waterborne pathogens, respectively, by lowering finished water DBP concentrations and achieving better physical removal of microbial pathogens, particularly the disinfection-resistant pathogen Cryptosporidium. Small surface water systems may experience difficulty implementing and establishing compliance with the new regulatory requirements due to limited personnel and financial resources, a lack of experience with some aspects of the regulatory provisions, and the technical complexity associated with developing treatment strategies to achieve, demonstrate, and maintain compliance. This paper will summarize key regulatory provisions of the Stage I Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule and the Long Term I Enhanced Surface Water Treatment and Filter Backwash Rule, the two regulations small surface water systems will implement at the beginning of 2004, and discuss proactive planning activities that can be used to mitigate potential implementation difficulties. Please see the end of this paper for information on obtaining copies of references cited in the text. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hamele, W (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NSF INTERNATIONAL PI ANN ARBOR PA 789 N DIXBORO RD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA BN 0-9675817-0-2 PY 2000 BP 56 EP 65 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BW94D UT WOS:000183706300007 ER PT B AU Robichaud, JS Hamele, WF AF Robichaud, JS Hamele, WF GP SF SF TI Tightened turbidity performance: Technical challenges for small systems employing direct & conventional filtration SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SMALL DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Small Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems CY JAN 12-15, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP US EPA, Hlth Canada, Chlorine Chem Council, Int Bottled Water Assoc, Amer Water Works Assoc Res Fdn, USDA, Rural Utilities Serv, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, Natl Small Flows Clearing House, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Electr Power Res Inst, Water Qual Assoc World Assembly Div, World Water All, Natl Water Res Inst, US DOE AB Public water systems serving populations fewer than 10,000 persons will face challenging new technical requirements in the coming years. The Long Term I Enhanced Surface Water Treatment and Filter Backwash Rule (LT I FBR), slated for promulgation in late 2000, as proposed will require systems to consistently produce water with a turbidity of 0.3 NTU or less. Although approximately 47 percent of small systems actually meet this toughened standard today, the remaining systems will face choices regarding how best to meet the new standard. These choices will include innovative new technologies as well upgrades and performance optimization of existing equipment. This paper will discuss compliance forecasts, treatment plant optimization, and technology alternatives systems can employ to meet the new combined filter effluent turbidity requirements. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Robichaud, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NSF INTERNATIONAL PI ANN ARBOR PA 789 N DIXBORO RD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA BN 0-9675817-0-2 PY 2000 BP 107 EP 116 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BW94D UT WOS:000183706300013 ER PT B AU Sorg, TJ Wang, LL AF Sorg, TJ Wang, LL GP SF SF TI Arsenic removal from drunking water by activated alumina and anion exchange treatment SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SMALL DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Small Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems CY JAN 12-15, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP US EPA, Hlth Canada, Chlorine Chem Council, Int Bottled Water Assoc, Amer Water Works Assoc Res Fdn, USDA, Rural Utilities Serv, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, Natl Small Flows Clearing House, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Electr Power Res Inst, Water Qual Assoc World Assembly Div, World Water All, Natl Water Res Inst, US DOE ID DRINKING-WATER AB In preparation of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) revising the arsenic maximum contaminant level (MCL) in the year 200 1, a project was initiated to evaluate the performance of nine, full-scale drinking water treatment plants for arsenic removal. Four of these systems, two activated alumina (AA) plants and two ion exchange (IE) plants, were small systems treating ground water with arsenic concentrations ranging from 20 to 86 ug/L of arsenic. The objective of the project was to determine the arsenic removal capability of the plants over a sustained period of time (6-12 months). This paper describes the general design and operation of the AA and IE plants and presents the arsenic removal results during the monitoring periods. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sorg, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU NSF INTERNATIONAL PI ANN ARBOR PA 789 N DIXBORO RD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA BN 0-9675817-0-2 PY 2000 BP 282 EP 291 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BW94D UT WOS:000183706300036 ER PT B AU Adams, J Bartley, CB AF Adams, J Bartley, CB GP SF SF TI The EPA's Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program for packaged drinking water treatment systems SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SMALL DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Small Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems CY JAN 12-15, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP US EPA, Hlth Canada, Chlorine Chem Council, Int Bottled Water Assoc, Amer Water Works Assoc Res Fdn, USDA, Rural Utilities Serv, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, Natl Small Flows Clearing House, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Electr Power Res Inst, Water Qual Assoc World Assembly Div, World Water All, Natl Water Res Inst, US DOE AB Throughout its history, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has evaluated technologies to determine their effectiveness in preventing, controlling and treating air, water and soil contaminants. The Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program was initiated by the EPA to provide stakeholders with performance data of manufacturer's specific products evaluated by independent parties under the auspices of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The ETV Program has adopted five quality criteria for the program: fairness, credibility, reproducibility, transparency and quality. The Package Drinking Water Treatment Systems Pilot (PDWTS) is one of 13 ETV pilots developed by the EPA. An overview of the ETV process and the PDWTS pilot processes are presented in this paper. Topics covered include the ETV's goal and criteria, the PDWTS process of developing independent consensus protocols and test plans, participation by stakeholders, verification of technologies, and communication of results to all stakeholders. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Adams, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU NSF INTERNATIONAL PI ANN ARBOR PA 789 N DIXBORO RD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA BN 0-9675817-0-2 PY 2000 BP 411 EP 417 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BW94D UT WOS:000183706300052 ER PT B AU Haught, RC Meckes, MC Goodrich, JA AF Haught, RC Meckes, MC Goodrich, JA GP SF SF TI An overview of an EPA study in the remote monitoring and control of a small drinking water treatment systems in rural West Virginia SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SMALL DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Small Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems CY JAN 12-15, 2000 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP US EPA, Hlth Canada, Chlorine Chem Council, Int Bottled Water Assoc, Amer Water Works Assoc Res Fdn, USDA, Rural Utilities Serv, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, Natl Small Flows Clearing House, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Electr Power Res Inst, Water Qual Assoc World Assembly Div, World Water All, Natl Water Res Inst, US DOE AB Efforts have been initiated to meet the needs of the very small public water systems. The EPA classifies drinking water treatment systems that serve less than 10,000 people as "small." This paper further categorizes these "small" systems based upon population served: 10,000 to 3,301 as small systems, 3,301 to 501 as very-small systems, and fewer than 500 as micro-systems (USEPA, 1989). The micro-systems face the biggest challenge to meet the local, state and federal drinking water regulations (NRC, 1997) This paper focuses on the micro-systems because they face intense challenges to meet local, state, and federal drinking water regulations. In many parts of the United States (US), most of the troubled systems fall into the micro-systems category. Micro-systems typically serve a population between 30 and 300 and are most common in rural economically depressed areas. Because of the financial constraints faced by the operators of these micro-systems, it is virtually impossible for them to consider advanced up-to-date water treatment and monitoring and control technologies. The small customer base results in higher unit prices of goods and services and these increased costs have a greater impact on water rates. Thus, the micro-system operators generally lack the financial and technological capacity to meet safe drinking water regulations. Also, attitude of the consumer makes it difficult for the utility/operators to justify higher water rates to upgrade water treatment operations. Most of the operators of micro-systems are volunteers who have other primary employment and can not attend the requisite operator training seminars. Thus, micro-systems also suffer from a lack of qualified operators. The micro system operators or utility services must seek out new management methods to overcome the factors mentioned above. Small packaged SCADA/Telemetry "smart" systems provide a unique tool that could help treatment operators comply with operations, regulatory requirements, and consumer basic needs. The use of a telemetry system will allow a single qualified operator to monitor, control, and coordinate operations and maintenance of several treatment plants from a central location. A fully functional smart SCADA/Telemetry system can be a very dependable and reliable tool for monitoring and controlling small treatment systems. This paper will provide an overview of the EPA work to date, problems encountered and/or resolved, and benefits of an appropriately designed and successfully deployed SCADA/Telemetry system at an EPA test site located in rural McDowell County, West Virginia. The following provides background of the implementation of remote monitoring and control technology for small drinking water treatment systems. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Haught, RC (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU NSF INTERNATIONAL PI ANN ARBOR PA 789 N DIXBORO RD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA BN 0-9675817-0-2 PY 2000 BP 464 EP 473 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BW94D UT WOS:000183706300059 ER PT B AU Fuentes, A AF Fuentes, A GP AICHE AICHE TI Investigation of a pesticide explosion SO PROCESS INDUSTRY INCIDENTS: INVESTIGATION PROTOCOLS, CASE HISTORIES, LESSONS LEARNED LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference and Workshop on Process Industry Incidents (CCPS) CY OCT 03-06, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Ctr Chem Process Safety, Amer Chem Council, Canadian Chem Producers Assoc, Environm Protect Agcy, European Federat Chem Engn, Working Party on Loss Prevent, European Process Safety Ctr, Hlth & Safety Execut, Major Accidents Hazards Bureau, Occupat Safety & Hlth Adm, Org Econ Co Operat & Dev, US Chem Safety & Hazard Investig Board C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fuentes, A (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-8169-0821-4 PY 2000 BP 125 EP 140 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Industrial; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BR91F UT WOS:000168035500009 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK Sarofim, AF Smith, KA Procaccini, C AF Gullett, BK Sarofim, AF Smith, KA Procaccini, C TI The role of chlorine in dioxin formation SO PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated dibenzodioxin; dibenzofuran; air pollution; combustion; chlorination ID SOLID-WASTE COMBUSTION; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; MUNICIPAL WASTE; INCINERATION; SULFUR; MECHANISM AB There is poor correlation between total chlorine in waste streams and formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) during waste combustion. This is because the active chlorine (Cl) species are strongly dependent upon combustion conditions. For homogeneous conditions, trace amounts of a hydrocarbon species (benzene) injected into the effluent from complete combustion of a mixed chlorocarbon fuel (ethylene and chloromethane) results in formation of stable, oxygenated and chlorinated compounds. This occurs over a broad range of temperatures (400-900 degrees C), provided that a fraction of the system chlorine is in the Cl radical form. CZ is the only form in which chlorine can react, in gas-phase, with stable hydrocarbon species, and these reactions are very fast, even in the low temperature regime. Molecular chlorine (Cl-2) may subsequently participate in reactions with carbon-based radicals, and these reactions are the primary source of chlorinated products. Hydrogen chloride (HCl)-the major chlorine species in the products-can react with oxidizing radicals (eg, OH) and promptly form significant amounts of Cl. Gas temperature has a great influence on the final distribution of products. At 800-900 degrees C, practically all of the benzene which was attacked by Cl is converted to carbon monoxide and small unsaturated hydrocarbons by subsequent reactions with oxygen. At about 750 degrees C, measurable concentrations of chlorobenzenes are formed. At lower temperatures (400-600 degrees C), chlorophenols become a large fraction (up to 15%) of the total reacted benzene. Heterogeneous reactions result in the formation of Cl-2 through catalyzed reactions (most actively by copper salts) and promotion of carbon-Cl bond formation. The latter is dependent on the ash surface species and type, ash adsorptive characteristics, temperature, and presence of regenerative Cl in the waste combustion products. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Technol Branch, MD 65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 39 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 10 PU INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI RUGBY PA 165-189 RAILWAY TERRACE, DAVIS BLDG, RUGBY CV21 3BR, ENGLAND SN 0957-5820 J9 PROCESS SAF ENVIRON JI Process Saf. Environ. Protect. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 78 IS B1 BP 47 EP 52 DI 10.1205/095758200530448 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 298LU UT WOS:000086141400008 ER PT J AU Miller, CA Srivastava, RK AF Miller, CA Srivastava, RK TI The combustion of Orimulsion and its generation of air pollutants SO PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE Orimulsion; emulsified fuels; air pollution; air emissions ID EMISSIONS; NOX AB Orimulsion, a bitumen-in-water emulsified fuel produced in Venezuela, has shown increased use throughout the world as a replacement for heavy fuel oil and, more frequently during the past several years, coal. Orimulsion has relatively high levels of sulfur, nickel, and vanadium compared to many fuel oils and coals, and has been the subject of much debate regarding the environmental impacts of its use. From a combustion perspective, Orimulsion behaves similarly to a heavy fuel oil. Reported experience shows that Orimulsion ignites easily in boilers, results in stable flames, and is compatible with existing ignition and flame detection systems. Results reported to date indicate that air emissions from the combustion of Orimulsion can depend upon plant-specific design and operational parameters, similar to air emissions from other fossil fuels. Standard NO, control technologies such as LNBs and SCR have been shown to provide emissions reductions similar to those achieved when using heavy fuel oil, and Orimulsion has been used as a reburning fuel for NO, reductions. Conventional wet limestone FGD scrubbers have been successfully applied to Orimulsion-fired units, and ESPs have been used to achieve PM emissions reductions of 90-97% over uncontrolled levels. HAP emissions do not appear to be significantly different than those from other fossil fuels and are primarily dependent upon the content of the trace elements in the fuel. Differences between Orimulsion and other fossil fuels from an air pollution control perspective include an increased flue gas volumetric flow rate when compared to heavy fuel oil that can impact ESP performance in retrofit situations, a less dense fly ash that could lead to potential handling problems, and SO3 emissions as a result of high fuel sulfur and vanadium contents. Emerging issues such as the role of transition metals in health effects mechanisms associated with exposure to PM2.5, may increase the importance of controlling transition metal emissions including vanadium from Orimulsion and other fossil fuels. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Miller, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 99 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-1285 J9 PROG ENERG COMBUST JI Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 2 BP 131 EP 160 DI 10.1016/S0360-1285(99)00014-3 PG 30 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 283WC UT WOS:000085298200002 ER PT S AU Sailstad, D Hattan, D Hill, R Stokes, W AF Sailstad, D Hattan, D Hill, R Stokes, W BE Balls, M VanZeller, AM Halder, ME TI The first method evaluation by the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM): the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) SO PROGRESS IN THE REDUCTION, REFINEMENT AND REPLACEMENT OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION SE DEVELOPMENTS IN ANIMAL AND VETERINARY SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Science CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 1999 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP Colgate Palmolive Co, European Commiss, Environm DIrector Gen, European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Toiletry & Perfumery Assoc, European Cosmet, Gillette Co, Glaxo Wellcome, Int Fdn Eth Res, Kimberly Clark Corp, L Oreal, Procter & Gamble Co, Unilever Res, Utrecht Congress AB The LLNA is an alternative to guinea-pig (GP) tests that are used to identify chemicals with the potential to produce contact hypersensitivity. Although it has been reported in peer-reviewed journals, it has not gained universal acceptance by the US regulatory community as an alternative to GP tests. The LLNA marks the first test to undergo the ICCVAM review process outlined in 1997. ICCVAM identified government scientists to form a working group to facilitate and adapt the process for the LLNA review. Using the ICCVAM validation and acceptance criteria. an independent, international peer review panel (PRP) conducted a comprehensive review to reach consensus on the usefulness and limitations of the assay. The PRP concluded that it was a satisfactory method for evaluating dermal sensitisation and that it provided acceptable intralaboratory and interlaboratory repeatability and reproducibility, Advantages of the LLNA compared to the GP tests include method transferability, cost-effectiveness, reduced assay time, quantitative/objective endpoint, and animal use refinement. ICCVAM endorsed and forwarded the PRP recommendations to US agencies for determination of the regulatory acceptability of the method. This first ICCVAM review provided insight into the process that will benefit future evaluations. The commitment to improved hazard identification, risk assessment, and harmonisation should conserve resources, cost, and time associated with evaluation/acceptance among agencies. ICCVAM emphasises the protection of human/environmental safety while attending to animal welfare considerations. This offers an organised approach that provides protection from the premature acceptance of test methods and a mechanism to facilitate the adoption of scientifically valid alternatives. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Expt Toxicol Div, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sailstad, D (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Expt Toxicol Div, Immunotoxicol Branch, Mail Drop 92,Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5168 BN 0-444-50529-6 J9 DEV AN VET PY 2000 VL 31 BP 425 EP 433 PN A & B PG 9 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA BS42Q UT WOS:000169797500041 ER PT S AU Richard, AM Bruce, R Greenberg, M AF Richard, AM Bruce, R Greenberg, M BE Balls, M VanZeller, AM Halder, ME TI Structure activity relationship methods applied to chemical toxicity: making better use of what we have SO PROGRESS IN THE REDUCTION, REFINEMENT AND REPLACEMENT OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION SE DEVELOPMENTS IN ANIMAL AND VETERINARY SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Science CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 1999 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP Colgate Palmolive Co, European Commiss, Environm DIrector Gen, European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Toiletry & Perfumery Assoc, European Cosmet, Gillette Co, Glaxo Wellcome, Int Fdn Eth Res, Kimberly Clark Corp, L Oreal, Procter & Gamble Co, Unilever Res, Utrecht Congress ID SUBCHRONIC INHALATION TOXICITY; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; RATS; NEUROTOXICITY; DETERMINANTS; MICE AB A major focus of commercial toxicity prediction structure activity relationship (SAR) models (both the statistical and expert system varieties) has been on the development of large-scale SAR models for use in predicting major forms of toxicity, a prominent example being chemical carcinogenicity. For many other categories of toxicity, there has been little or no organised effort to examine structure-activity information and associations. Where does one begin? What sorts of data are potentially informative? Does one necessarily need large databases for modelling efforts? Are large databases necessarily sufficient for modelling ill-defined. mechanistically complex endpoints, such as carcinogenicity? In what ways can we productively use commercial toxicity prediction models in conjunction with other types of information or expert judgement? A few specific examples are presented, to illustrate problems and possibilities that exist today with regard to the productive use of structure-activity information in toxicity studies. One example describes an exercise by the US Environmental Protection Agency to use SAR to predict the developmental toxicity of water disinfection by-products, based on crude models and limited information (from commercial systems and expert judgement). The second example, the development of an SAR model for nasal toxicity, illustrates a common situation of modelling in a data-poor environment, i.e. on a small, diverse data set. The message to toxicologists is that, even in the absence of large data sets knowledge of mechanisms, there is value in linking chemical structural information with toxicological data, and there is often something useful to be gained from the consideration of such information. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Richard, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5168 BN 0-444-50529-6 J9 DEV AN VET PY 2000 VL 31 BP 457 EP 468 PN A & B PG 12 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA BS42Q UT WOS:000169797500044 ER PT J AU Hewitt, JA Brown, DK AF Hewitt, JA Brown, DK TI Agency costs in environmental not-for-profits SO PUBLIC CHOICE LA English DT Article ID CHARITY DONATIONS; ECONOMIC-THEORY; BEHAVIOR; MARKETS; DEMAND; UK AB We examine the behavior of not-for-profits using utility maximization. This leads to testable hypotheses regarding the costs of agency associated with the activities of not-for-profits. Our tests are similar to those previously employed regarding not-for-profit objectives, but our interpretation is different. Our empirical test uses data on environmental groups. Unlike previous studies biased toward a finding of service maximization, we account for endogenous explanatory variables. A weak statement of our results is that managers of environmental groups derive positive marginal utility from expenditures for purposes other than providing services. There may also be empirical support for a stronger conclusion. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Econ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Oregon, Sch Law, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Hewitt, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 2177,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-5829 J9 PUBLIC CHOICE JI Public Choice PY 2000 VL 103 IS 1-2 BP 163 EP 183 DI 10.1023/A:1005092819278 PG 21 WC Economics; Political Science SC Business & Economics; Government & Law GA 296HZ UT WOS:000086020100010 ER PT J AU Sowder, AG Clark, SB Fjeld, RA AF Sowder, AG Clark, SB Fjeld, RA TI Dehydration of synthetic autunite hydrates SO RADIOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere (MIGRATION 99) CY SEP 26-OCT 01, 1999 CL LAKE TAHOE, CALIFORNIA SP Lawrence Livemore Natl Lab DE autunite; metaautunite; dehydration; uranyl phosphate ID IMMOBILIZATION; SCHOEPITE; APATITE; PHASES AB The dehydration of uranyl minerals can affect phase structure and stability. Synthetic autunite hydrates, Ca[(UO2) (PO4)](2). xH(2)O, were studied by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to address ambiguous or contradictory reports in the literature. Structurally, XRD analysis supported the three well-defined phases commonly reported in the literature, i.e. autunite, metaautunite I, and metaautunite II. In addition, a fourth phase with a basal plane spacing between that of autunite and metaautunite I, designated metaautunite Ia, was identified as an apparent metastable intermediate. TGA analysis confirmed that water loss or accumulation is tolerated to different degrees among the autunite hydrates. Loss of low temperature water appears to initiate collapse of the interlayer spacing from 10 to 9 Angstrom to form metaautunite I and/or Ia, while the lower hydrates accommodate minor water loss and accumulation without significant structural alteration. Our results support previous research indicating the reversibility of the autunite to metaautunite I conversion. The complex dehydration pattern of autunite is not observed in all the 1:1 uranyl phosphates, such as chernikovite (H[(UO2)(PO4)]. 4H(2)O). C1 Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Sowder, AG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0033-8230 J9 RADIOCHIM ACTA JI Radiochim. Acta PY 2000 VL 88 IS 9-11 BP 533 EP 538 DI 10.1524/ract.2000.88.9-11.533 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 390CJ UT WOS:000166276300006 ER PT J AU Hammermeister, DE Serrano, J Schmieder, P Kuehl, DW AF Hammermeister, DE Serrano, J Schmieder, P Kuehl, DW TI Characterization of dansylated glutathione, glutathione disulfide, cysteine and cystine by narrow bore liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE; DERIVATIZATION; HEPATOCYTES; SAMPLES; THIOLS AB A method using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (RP-LC/ESI-MS) has been developed to confirm the identity of dansylated derivatives of cysteine (C) and glutathione (GSH), and their respective dimers, cystine (CSSC) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), Cysteine, GSH, CSSC and GSSG are present at low concentrations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cells. Initially, hepatic cells were sampled from a suspension culture and disrupted upon addition of 10% perchloric acid. The reduced thiols present in the cell extracts were acetylated to prevent dimerization and then the C and GSH species were derivatized,vith dansyl chloride for fluorescence detection, An LC system using a weak anion exchange column (AE) with fluorescence detection (FLD) was used for sensitive routine analysis; however, it produced peaks of unknown origin in addition to the expected analytes. Analytes were then separated on a C18 RP-LC system using a water/acetonitrile gradient with 0.2% formic acid, and detected using LC/ESI-MS at 3.5 KV which produced an intense ion with a minimum limit of detection of less than 0.5 pmole injected (>10:1 signal-to-noise (S/N). Subsequently, fractions of effluent from the AE-LC/FLD system were analyzed by LC/ESI-MS to confirm the presence of the target analytes in routine cell extracts. Monodansylated GSSG was identified as a product that could possibly affect the quantification of GSH and GSSG, Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div Duluth, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Hammermeister, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div Duluth, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 12 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 BP 503 EP 508 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(20000331)14:6<503::AID-RCM901>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 294DQ UT WOS:000085896400018 PM 10717662 ER PT S AU Julius, SH Scheraga, JD AF Julius, SH Scheraga, JD BE Haimes, YY Steuer, RE TI The TEAM model for evaluating alternative adaptation strategies SO RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING SE LECTURE NOTES IN ECONOMICS AND MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) CY JUN 08-12, 1998 CL CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA DE multi-criteria decision making; climate change; adaptation; agriculture; sea level rise; water resources; Egypt AB Advances in the scientific literature have focused attention on the need to develop adaptation strategies to reduce the risks, and take advantage of the opportunities, posed by climate change and climate variability. Adaptation needs to be considered as part of any response plan. But appropriate adaptive responses will vary across different geographic regions since the potential consequences of climate change and variability for human and natural systems will vary regionally in scope and severity. The assessment of consequences and selection of appropriate adaptation strategies is a complex challenge for regional and local decision makers. To aid in these assessments, the U.S. EPA developed a decision support software system called the Tool for Environmental Assessment and Management (TEAM) that employs a multicriteria approach for evaluating actions to address climate change impacts. Applications of TEAM have revealed some strengths of this tool: (1) transparency of the methodology used in TEAM is important, particularly to international audiences; (2) the structure encourages users to consider strategies and attributes from an array of disciplines, which leads to more effective outcomes; (3) the ability to consider and understand tradeoffs of noncomparable attributes is essential to good decision making; and (4) TEAM fosters communication and consensus among participants in the decision making process, in particular through the use of visual display features and sensitivity analyses. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC USA. RP Julius, SH (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 21 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8442 BN 3-540-67266-4 J9 LECT NOTES ECON MATH PY 2000 VL 487 BP 319 EP 330 PG 12 WC Economics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Business & Economics; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA BQ67B UT WOS:000089141200028 ER PT S AU Tumeo, MA Mauriello, DA Sadeghi, AM Meekhof, R AF Tumeo, MA Mauriello, DA Sadeghi, AM Meekhof, R BE Haimes, YY Steuer, RE TI Case studies on the application of adaptive risk analysis to USDA's resource conservation programs SO RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING SE LECTURE NOTES IN ECONOMICS AND MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) CY JUN 08-12, 1998 CL CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA AB As part of its role of ensuring that major regulations proposed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) are based on sound scientific and economic analysis, the Office of Risk Assessment and Cost-Benefit Analysis (ORACBA) is undertaking a series of case studies to apply a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) risk analysis technique to USDA's Resource Conservation Programs. The MCDM tool being developed and tested is aimed at providing a clear understanding of the environmental and human health benefits and associated level of uncertainty of various management practices that are implemented under the Resource Conservation Programs. The case studies examine two different programs: 1) the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), and 2) the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The EQIP case study will focus on specific watersheds and determine the impact of a range of manure management practices on multiple environmental and human health objectives and will provide the basis for a comparison of benefits, including those related to the reduction or prevention of risk to the costs associated with a set of potential alternative management strategies. The CRP case study will evaluate the effects of various kinds of managed disturbances to grasslands enrolled in the CRP with the objectives of reducing nutrient runoff and enhancing wildlife values. Both projects were in their initial stages at the time this paper was prepared and therefore only the progress to-date and the underlying theory being applied to the case studies are discussed. C1 US EPA, RAD, OPPT, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Tumeo, MA (reprint author), US EPA, RAD, OPPT, SSB 7403,401 M St,SLO, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8442 BN 3-540-67266-4 J9 LECT NOTES ECON MATH PY 2000 VL 487 BP 492 EP 509 PG 18 WC Economics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Business & Economics; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA BQ67B UT WOS:000089141200043 ER PT B AU Bolgrien, DW Kratz, TK AF Bolgrien, DW Kratz, TK BE Verry, ES Hornbeck, JW Dolloff, CA TI Lake riparian areas SO RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN FORESTS OF THE CONTINENTAL EASTERN UNITED STATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States CY MAR 23-25, 1998 CL COLUMBUS, OH C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Bolgrien, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-501-0 PY 2000 BP 207 EP 218 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BP69C UT WOS:000085868200012 ER PT B AU Harris, JC AF Harris, JC BE Wickramanayake, GB Gavaskar, AR Kelley, ME Nehring, KW TI Technical impracticability and groundwater remediation at two wood-treating sites SO RISK, REGULATORY, AND MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS: REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 22-25, 2000 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Battelle, EnviroMetal Technologies Inc, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, Naval Facilities Engn Command, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Regenesis AB Groundwater remediation efforts at two Superfund sites with residual wood-treating fluids in the subsurface have been unsuccessful in achieving cleanup levels specified in the Record of Decision (ROD) for each site. The two sites are former wood-treating plants, the Libby Groundwater site and the BN Somers site, both located in Montana. Each site has an operating groundwater remediation system consisting of extraction wells and either biological treatment or granular activated carbon (GAC) units and an in-situ biological component. The waste sources at each site resulting from spills, drippage and overflows were removed by excavating contaminated soil and placing the soil on engineered land treatment units (LTUs) for bioremediation. Based on the results of eight years of operating the ground water treatment system at the Libby site, Champion International Corporation prepared and submitted a Technical Impracticability (TI) Report to EPA in 1999. The Libby TI Report was subsequently approved by EPA. Four years of operating data is available for the groundwater treatment system at the BN Somers site, managed by Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, and a draft TI Report has been submitted to EPA. The TI demonstrations for both sites are discussed in this case study. C1 US EPA, Helena, MT USA. RP Harris, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 8, Helena, MT USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-095-0 PY 2000 BP 303 EP 310 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BR65P UT WOS:000167101600039 ER PT J AU Fox, JC AF Fox, JC TI EPA: Protecting coastal & marine resources SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fox, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 41 IS 1 BP 30 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 280CP UT WOS:000085084900011 ER PT B AU Davis, WP Davis, MR Flemer, DA AF Davis, WP Davis, MR Flemer, DA BE Bortone, SA TI Observations on the regrowth of subaquatic vegetation following transplantation: A potential method to assess environmental health of coastal habitats SO SEAGRASSES: MONITORING, ECOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT SE MARINE SCIENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Subtropical and Tropical Seagrass Management Ecology - Responses to Environmental Stress CY OCT 14-16, 1998 CL FT MYERS, FL ID SEAGRASS AB In 1991, experimental transplantings of Vallisneria americana (tapegrass, vallisneria, or wild celery) were initiated at selected sites which lacked grass beds along the north shore of Perdido Bay, located on the Alabama-Florida border. Abatement of organic and color-staining components had been implemented to improve the water quality of effluent discharged by a pulp mill into the headwaters of Elevenmile Creek, a stream entering this low salinity estuary. This study was designed to assess whether previous in situ habitat conditions (e.g., light exclusion, water, or sediment toxicity) had prevented natural recruitment of aquatic grasses or if other factors, (e.g., propagule transport) existed which might limit or delay V. americana colonization or growth. Different transplanting configurations were employed in our experimental designs to observe success in establishment of beds and assess our ability to measure plant growth among the varying micro-habitats and substrates. The initial transplanting, in 1991, consisted of two plants each, spaced at 40 cm centers in four 6 x 1 m parallel row-plots. Subsequently these plants spread rapidly by runners merging the rows into a continuously expanding grass bed. Second and third trials conducted in 1995 were planted in a cross-shaped configuration, which has emerged as our preferred design. The growth of these transplants indicated V. americana grass beds were recruitment limited, rather than constrained by prevailing conditions of water quality/toxicity, light reduction, or unsuitable substrate during the study period. Our experience may represent a fundamental method for routine utilization of the responses of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) to assess a broad range of questions concerning habitat and water quality of potential sites for habitat restoration. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Davis, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-2045-3 J9 MAR SCI SER PY 2000 BP 231 EP 238 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BP56M UT WOS:000085514200018 ER PT B AU Winner, DA AF Winner, DA GP AMS AMS TI Using environmental information to improve air quality SO SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Environmental Applications CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID POLLUTION; OZONE C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Winner, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 67 EP 68 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS13K UT WOS:000168779300013 ER PT B AU Manale, AP AF Manale, AP BE Napier, TL Napier, SM Tvrdon, J TI United States' new pesticide law: Implications for soil and water conservation SO SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION POLICIES AND PROGRAMS: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Soil and Water Conservation Policies and Programs CY SEP, 1996 CL CZECH AGR UNIV, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Farm Fdn, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv HO CZECH AGR UNIV C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-0005-3 PY 2000 BP 155 EP 168 PG 14 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP38N UT WOS:000084944600013 ER PT B AU Foster, WE Budvytiene, V AF Foster, WE Budvytiene, V BE Napier, TL Napier, SM Tvrdon, J TI The Lithuanian karst area management plan: An innovative risk-based approach to rural water quality issues SO SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION POLICIES AND PROGRAMS: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Soil and Water Conservation Policies and Programs CY SEP, 1996 CL CZECH AGR UNIV, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Farm Fdn, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv HO CZECH AGR UNIV C1 US EPA, Kansas City, KS USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-0005-3 PY 2000 BP 399 EP 421 PG 23 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP38N UT WOS:000084944600026 ER PT J AU Spiegel, RJ Greenberg, DL Kern, EC House, DE AF Spiegel, RJ Greenberg, DL Kern, EC House, DE TI Emissions reduction data for grid-connected photovoltaic power systems SO SOLAR ENERGY LA English DT Article AB This study measured the pollutant emission reduction potential of 29 photovoltaic (PV) systems installed on residential and commercial building rooftops across the US from 1993 through 1997. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and 21 electric power companies sponsored the project. This article presents results of analyses of each PV system's ability to offset electric utility power plant emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Each PV system's performance was monitored and compared with hour-by-hour operating characteristics of the participating electric utilities in order to determine pollution offsets. The monthly mean and standard deviation offset are given for each pollutant, along with the coefficient of variation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ascens Technol Inc, Lincoln, MA 01773 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Spiegel, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-092X J9 SOL ENERGY JI Sol. Energy PY 2000 VL 68 IS 5 BP 475 EP 485 DI 10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00019-0 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA 321BM UT WOS:000087435100008 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA AF Tilson, HA TI The role of developmental neurotoxicology studies in risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE testing guidelines; testing strategies; chemical effects on developing nervous system ID COLLABORATIVE BEHAVIORAL TERATOLOGY; UNCERTAINTY FACTORS; HUMAN VARIABILITY; PARALLEL TRIAL; SCIENCE; RATS AB A number of questions have been raised about the use of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing Guideline (DNTG) in the hazard identification of chemicals. The applicability and sensitivity of animal tests in the DNTG relative to human developmental neurotoxicity have recently been questioned. In a workshop held in 1989, participants compared this effects of several known developmental neurotoxicants in humans and animal models and concluded that the DNTG would have detected known human developmental neurotoxicants. They also concluded that although procedural differences may differ in the testing of humans and animals, the neurobiologic functions tie, autonomic, sensory, motor, and cognitive) affected by chemical exposure were similar. In cases where the DNTG has barn compared with other measures of reproductive and developmental toxicity, the DNTG has been relatively sensitive and specific. To date, DNTGs have been required 12 times, for 9 pesticides and 3 solvents. The sensitivity of the measures in the DNTG relative to other measures of developmental and adult toxicity supports the continued use of the DNTG in risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI MT ROYAL PA 19 MANTUA RD, MT ROYAL, NJ 08061 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 149 EP 156 DI 10.1177/019262330002800119 PG 8 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 279HV UT WOS:000085039100019 PM 10669002 ER PT J AU Corley, RA Gordon, SM Wallace, LA AF Corley, RA Gordon, SM Wallace, LA TI Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the temperature-dependent dermal absorption of chloroform by humans following bath water exposures SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE chloroform; PBPK modeling; dermal bioavailability; temperature dependence; human ID INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS; SKIN BLOOD-FLOW; CHLORINATED TAP WATER; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; VOLATILE CHEMICALS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; BODY BURDEN; RATS; TRIHALOMETHANES; CIRCULATION AB The kinetics of chloroform in the exhaled breath of human volunteers exposed skin-only via bath water (concentrations < 100 ppb) were analyzed using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Significant increases in exhaled chloroform (and thus bioavailability) were observed as exposure temperatures were increased from 30 to 40 degrees C, The blood flows to the skin and effective skin permeability coefficients (Kp) were both varied to reflect the temperature-dependent changes in physiology and exhalation kinetics. At 40 degrees C, no differences were observed between males and females. Therefore, Kps were determined (similar to 0.06 cm/hr) at a skin blood how rate of 18% of the cardiac output. At 30 and 35 degrees C, males exhaled more chloroform than females, resulting in lower effective Kps calculated for females. At these lower temperatures, the blood flow to the skin was also reduced. Total amounts of chloroform absorbed averaged 41.9 and 43.6 mu g for males and 11.5 and 39.9 mu g for females exposed at 35 and 40 degrees C, respectively. At 30 degrees C, only 2/5 males and 1/5 females had detectable concentrations of chloroform in their exhaled breath. For perspective, the total intake of chloroform would have ranged from 79-194 mu g if the volunteers had consumed 2 liters of water orally at the concentrations used in this study. Thus, the relative contribution of dermal uptake of chloroform to the total body burdens associated with bathing for 30 min and drinking 2 liters of water (ignoring contributions from inhalation exposures) was predicted to range from 1 to 28%, depending on the temperature of the bath. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Corley, RA (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Div, POB 999,P7-59,902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 43 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 53 IS 1 BP 13 EP 23 DI 10.1093/toxsci/53.1.13 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 273TK UT WOS:000084723400003 PM 10653516 ER PT J AU Ward, KW Rogers, EH Hunter, ES AF Ward, KW Rogers, EH Hunter, ES TI Comparative pathogenesis of haloacetic acid and protein kinase inhibitor embryotoxicity in mouse whole embryo culture SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 01-05, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Soc Toxicol DE disinfection byproducts; haloacetic acids; embryotoxicity; whole-embryo culture; protein kinase C; apoptosis; cell cycle ID CELL-CYCLE; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; RAT EMBRYOS; S-PHASE; APOPTOSIS; STAUROSPORINE; DEATH; DICHLOROACETATE; ORGANOGENESIS; ANALOGS AB Haloacetic acids (HAs) are embryotoxic contaminants commonly found in drinking water. The mechanism of HA embryotoxicity has not been defined, but may be mediated in part by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition. This study was conducted to evaluate the pathogenesis of HA embryotoxicity, and to compare these data with those from specific (Bis I) and non-specific (staurosporine) inhibitors of PKC, Embryos were incubated for varying times with several HAs, Bis I, staurosporine, or Bis V (a negative control). Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry following nuclear staining with propidium iodide; apoptosis was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy following LysoTracker staining. At concentrations producing 100% embryotoxicity with no embryolethality, only staurosporine perturbed the cell cycle. However, flow cytometry revealed accumulation of sub-G1 events (an apoptotic indicator) across time with bromochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and staurosporine, but not dibromoacetic acid, Bis I, or Bis V, Sub-G1 events were particularly prominent in the head region, and remained at control levels in the heart. LysoTracker staining confirmed a similar pattern of apoptosis in the intact embryo; BCA and DCA produced intense staining in the prosencephalon, with virtually no staining in the heart. These data indicate that while cell-cycle perturbation may not mediate the pathogenesis of HA embryotoxicity, these agents do induce embryonic apoptosis, In addition, the lack of Bis I-induced apoptosis indicates that PKC inhibition is unlikely to be the sole mediator of HA embryotoxicity. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Hunter, ES (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD-67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 57 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 53 IS 1 BP 118 EP 126 DI 10.1093/toxsci/53.1.118 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 273TK UT WOS:000084723400016 PM 10653529 ER PT J AU Chauhan, KR Kodavanti, PRS McKinney, JD AF Chauhan, KR Kodavanti, PRS McKinney, JD TI Assessing the role of ortho-substitution on polychlorinated biphenyl binding to transthyretin, a thyroxine transport protein SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Symposium of Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN DE polychlorinated biphenyls; competitive transthyretin binding; prealbumin binding; structure-activity relationship; thyroid hormones; molecular modeling; neurotoxicity ID THYROID-HORMONE LEVELS; UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE INDUCERS; UPSTATE NEW-YORK; PCB CONGENERS; CORD-BLOOD; HUMAN-MILK; RAT-LIVER; PREALBUMIN; DIOXINS; FETAL AB ortho-Substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) make up a large part of the PCB residue found in the environment and human tissues. Our laboratory as well as others have demonstrated that ortho-substituted congeners exhibit important biological activities by aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor-independent mechanisms, including changes in second messenger systems necessary for normal cell function and growth. Previous structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on second messengers and transthyretin (TTR; prealbumin) binding focused little attention on the ortho-substituted PCBs. Disruption of thyroid hormone (TH) transport is one potentially important mechanism by which PCBs can alter TH homeostasis. A more systematic study of PCB binding to TTR, a major TH transport protein, was undertaken, in which the role of ortho-substitution was more thoroughly investigated. Results from this study indicated that the ortho-only substituted series showed significant binding activity and the relative affinities were 2,2',6 > 2,2' = 2,6 >> 2 = 2,2',6,6'. As anticipated on the basis of steric considerations, bromine was shown to be more active as an ortho-substituent where the relative affinity of 2,2'-Br was equivalent to 2,2',6-Cl. The congener patterns (dimeta-substitution in one or both rings) most closely resembling the diiodophenolic ring of thyroxine (T-4) showed the highest binding activity. Multiple ortho-substituents were shown to decrease binding activity in such patterns, Congener patterns (single meta-substitution in one or both rings) more closely resembling the monoiodophenolic ring of T-3 showed significantly lower binding activity, consistent with the relatively low binding activity of T-3 and smaller size of chlorine compared to iodine. The addition of ortho-substitution to such patterns gave variable results depending on the substituent relationship (adjacency or nonadjacency) to the pattern. Some patterns such as 2,2',4,4',5,5' showed good binding activity and represent common congeners in the commercial Aroclor mixtures and in the environment. The binding potencies of ortho-PCBs to TTR may represent: a signature SAR that predicts specific biologic/toxic effects. Tn this regard, the binding potencies were consistent with measured biological activities of these PCBs, including effects on cell dopamine content. Ca2+ homeostasis, and protein kinase C translocation in neuronal cells and brain homogenate preparations. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Inst Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Inst Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP US EPA, Natl Inst Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, MD 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM chauhan.kamal@epamail.epa.gov NR 57 TC 116 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X EI 1096-0333 J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 162 IS 1 BP 10 EP 21 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8826 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 279CY UT WOS:000085026800003 PM 10631123 ER PT J AU Peiffer, RL McCary, B Bee, W Wegener, A Geller, AM Boyes, WK AF Peiffer, RL McCary, B Bee, W Wegener, A Geller, AM Boyes, WK TI Contemporary methods in ocular toxicology SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article ID CORNEAL EPITHELIAL PERMEABILITY; VISUAL-EVOKED-POTENTIALS; ANIMAL CATARACT MODELS; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; DEPENDENT CHANGES; PATTERN REVERSAL; TEAR TURNOVER; HOODED RATS; SYSTEM; FLUOROPHOTOMETRY AB Although biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy remain the basis for studies in clinical ocular toxicology, evolving technologies, including fluorophotometry, Schiempflug photography, and electrophysiology of the visual system, are Emerging as valuable tools in studying specific functions for possible adverse effects. This paper reviews ocular toxicology with emphasis on these contemporary technologies. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Ophthalmol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pathol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Emory Univ, Ctr Eye, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. GmbH, Covance Labs, Munster, Germany. Univ Bonn, Dept Expt Ophthalmol, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurophysiol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Peiffer, RL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Ophthalmol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 80 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 17 EP 39 PG 23 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 288FG UT WOS:000085551300002 ER PT S AU Poeske, R AF Poeske, R BE McCabe, RE Loos, SE TI Unprecedented decision involving NEPA on controversial reservoir project SO TRANSCATIONS OF THE SIXTY FIFTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCE CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 65th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference CY MAR 24-28, 2000 CL ROSEMONT, IL C1 US EPA, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Poeske, R (reprint author), US EPA, Philadelphia, PA USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2000 BP 514 EP 525 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR17U UT WOS:000165806300041 ER PT J AU Ryan, JV Lemieux, PM Pollard, K Workman, R Antley, B Yurk, J AF Ryan, JV Lemieux, PM Pollard, K Workman, R Antley, B Yurk, J TI Characterization of organic emissions from hazardous waste incineration processes under the new EPA draft Risk Burn Guidance: measurement issues SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Incinerational and Thermal Treatment Technologies CY MAY, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA DE Risk Burn Guidance; total organics (TOs); organic emissions; hazardous waste incineration AB EPA's recently published draft Risk Burn Guidance recommends that hazardous waste combustion facilities complete a mass balance of the total organics (TOs) that may be emitted from the combustor. TOs, consisting of three distinct fractions (volatile, semivolatile, and nonvolatile organic compounds) are determined using measurement techniques specific to the boiling point (bp) range of each component. Preliminary proof-of-concept tests have been performed to gain further knowledge of the total chromatographable organics (TCO) and gravimetric analysis (GRAV) procedures used to determine the semivolatile and nonvolatile organic fractions. A commercially prepared Method 8270 semivolatile organic standard solution, made up of 112 compounds containing a variety of halogenated, oxygenated, nitrogenated, and sulfonated hydrocarbons, in addition to those hydrocarbons containing only carbon and hydrogen, was used to examine measurement biases of the TCO and GRAV methods. The results indicate that, at least for this particular standard, both methods are accurate, exhibiting biases < +/- 10%. However, these TCO results may be deceiving. TCO measurement biases observed for select individual semivolatile organic compounds are well in excess of the composite bias observed. The composite bias observed may be more a result of a relatively equal number of negative and positive biases that negate each rather than a true indication of TCO measurement bias. Further methods evaluation work is required to support this tenet. Additional tests were performed to verify that the semivolatile organic mass was not redundantly measured by the GRAV procedure. Experiments were also performed to expand the mass of nonvolatile organic material that could be quantified using the TCO procedure. Expanding the TCO working bp range may be a viable alternative to the GRAV technique. It must be cautioned that these results are not fully comprehensive in nature and, as a result, applications of these results are limited. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Econ Methods & Risk Anal Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Permit & State Program Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Reg 4, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. US EPA, Reg 6, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. RP Ryan, JV (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 2000 VL 20 IS 5-6 BP 347 EP 353 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00336-0 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323BD UT WOS:000087544200003 ER PT J AU Young, D Scharp, R Cabezas, H AF Young, D Scharp, R Cabezas, H TI The waste reduction (WAR) algorithm: environmental impacts, energy consumption, and engineering economics SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES 99) CY MAY 31-JUN 03, 1999 CL BUDAPEST, HUNGARY ID CHEMICAL PROCESS SIMULATORS; POLLUTION PREVENTION; COST AB A general theory known as the waste reduction (WAR) algorithm has been developed to describe the flow and the generation of potential environmental impact through a chemical process. The theory defines indexes that characterize the generation and the output of potential environmental impact from a process. The existing theory has been extended to include the potential environmental impact of the energy consumed in a chemical process. Energy will have both an environmental impact as well as an economic impact on process design and analysis. Including energy into the analysis of environmental impact is done by re-writing the system boundaries to include the power plant which supplies the energy being consumed by the process and incorporating the environmental effects of the power plant into the analysis. The effect of this addition on the original potential impact indexes will be discussed. An extensive engineering economic evaluation has been included in the process analysis which inherently contains the cost of the consumed energy as an operating cost. A case study is presented which includes a base process design and two modifications to the base design, Each design is analyzed from an economic perspective and an environmental impact perspective. The environmental impact analysis is partitioned into the impacts of the non-product streams and the impacts of the energy generation/consumption process. The comparisons of these analysis procedures illustrate the consequences for decision making in the design of environmentally friendly processes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Young, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 19 TC 83 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 2000 VL 20 IS 8 BP 605 EP 615 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00047-7 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 365RM UT WOS:000089964300003 ER PT J AU Sekizawa, J Suter, G Vermeire, T Munns, W AF Sekizawa, J Suter, G Vermeire, T Munns, W TI An example of an integrated approach for health and environmental risk assessment: the case of organotin compounds SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE case study; ecological effects; health effects; integration; organotin compounds; risk assessment ID TRIBUTYLTIN; MAMMALS AB Because environmental decision making based solely on simple compilation of toxicological data on either wildlife or humans in isolation can not give effective answers about the nature and levels of risk, an integrated approach for risk assessment of adverse effects of chemicals is required. Integration of available information on health and environmental effects, from in vitro to the level of humans, across various species, across different endpoints, and in combination with integrated exposure data, permits enhanced estimation of the potential risks posed by various agents. Mechanistic and quantitative consideration are the keys in this process. A framework for integrated risk assessment has been proposed by an international workgroup. The value and utility of the integrated approach is shown using the example of organotin compounds. C1 Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1588501, Japan. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Ctr Subst & Risk Assessment, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI USA. RP Sekizawa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Setagaya Ku, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Tokyo 1588501, Japan. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 42 IS 7-8 BP 305 EP 313 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 376WL UT WOS:000165479700038 ER PT J AU Ghosh, S Henry, MP Sajjad, A Mensinger, MC Arora, JL AF Ghosh, S Henry, MP Sajjad, A Mensinger, MC Arora, JL TI Pilot-scale gasification of municipal solid wastes by high-rate and two-phase anaerobic digestion (TPAD) SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste CY JUN 15-18, 1999 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN DE MSW; sludge; anaerobic digestion; two-phase; high-rate; mesophilic; thermophilic; pretreatment; pilot plant; bench scale; MRF AB Bioconversion of municipal solid waste-sludge blend by conventional high-rate and two-phase anaerobic digestion was studied. RDF (refused-derived fuel)-quality feed produced in a Madison, Wisconsin, USA, MRF (materials-recovery facility) was used. High-rate digestion experiments were conducted with bench-scale digesters under target operating conditions developed from an economic feasibility study. The effects of digestion temperature, RDF content of digester feed, HRT, loading rate, RDF particle size, and RDF pretreatment with cellulase or dilute solutions of NaOH or lime on digester performance were studied. A pilot-scale two-phase digestion plant was operated with 80:20 (weight ratio) RDF-sludge blends to show that this process exhibited a higher methane yield, and produced a higher methane-content digester gas than those obtained by single-stage, high-rate anaerobic digestion. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, US Dept Energy, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. Inst Gas Technol, Des Plaines, IL USA. RP Ghosh, S (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 16 TC 36 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 21 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 41 IS 3 BP 101 EP 110 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 311LH UT WOS:000086885400014 PM 11381980 ER PT J AU DeAngelo, AB George, MH House, DE AF DeAngelo, AB George, MH House, DE TI Hepatocarcinogenicity in the male B6C3F(1) mouse following a lifetime exposure to dichloroacetic acid in the drinking water: Dose-response determination and modes of action SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; ACETIC-ACIDS; LIVER; MUTAGENICITY; MICE; CARCINOGENICITY; HEPATOCYTES; ACTIVATION AB Male B6C3F(1) mice were exposed to dichloroacetic acid (DCA) in the drinking water in order to establish a dose response for the induction of hepatocellular cancer and to examine several modes of action for the carcinogenic process. Groups of animals were exposed to control, 0.05, 0.5, 1, 2, or 3.5 g/L DCA in the drinking water for 90-100 wk. Mean daily doses (MDD) of 8, 84, 168, 315, and 429 mg/kg/d of DCA were calculated. The prevalence (percent of animals) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) was significantly increased in the 1-g/L (71%), 2-g/L (95%), and 3.5-g/L (100%) treatment groups when compared to the control (26%). HC multiplicity (tumors/animal) was significantly increased by all DCA treatments-0.05 g/L (0.58), 0.5 g/L (0.68), 1 g/L (1.29), 2 g/L (2.47), and 3.5 g/L (2.90)-compared to the control group (0.28). Based upon HC multiplicity, a no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for hepatocarcinogenicity could not be determined. Hepatic peroxisome proliferation was significantly increased only for 3.5 g/L DCA treatment at 26 wk and did not correlate with the liver tumor response. The severity of hepatotoxicity increased with DCA concentration. Below I g/L, hepatotoxicity was mild and transient as demonstrated by the severity indices and serum lactate dehydrogenase activity. An analysis of generalized hepatocyte proliferation reflected the mild hepatotoxicity and demonstrated no significant treatment effects on the labeling index of hepatocytes outside proliferative lesions. Consequently, the induction of liver cancer by DCA does not appear to be conditional upon peroxisome induction or chemically sustained cell proliferation. Hepatotoxicity, especially at the higher doses, may exert an important influence on the carcinogenic process. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeAngelo, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 61 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD DEC 24 PY 1999 VL 58 IS 8 BP 485 EP 507 DI 10.1080/009841099157115 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 266FG UT WOS:000084289500004 PM 10632141 ER PT J AU Nadadur, SS Ehrke, MJ Gurtoo, HL AF Nadadur, SS Ehrke, MJ Gurtoo, HL TI A novel TNF-inducible message with putative growth suppressor function SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION LA English DT Article DE TNF; induction; mRNA; growth; suppression ID TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; GENE-EXPRESSION; CELLS; PROTEIN; CANCER; LYMPHOCYTES; HSP70; MICE; RNA AB We report the nucleotide sequence of a novel cDNA and TNF-induced expression of the corresponding message (mRNA) in human fibroblast cells. This message is also expressed in certain human tumor cell lines and is over-expressed in a colon cancer cell line (HT-29). NIH3T3 cells transfected with the antisense construct of the 5'-region of this novel cDNA formed 20-fold more colonies in culture compared to cells transfected with a sense construct of the same region or the sense and the antisense constructs of the central region of this cDNA. This observation suggests a possible growth suppressor function for the gene represented by this cDNA. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Grace Canc Drug Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA. RP Nadadur, SS (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, NHEERL, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA16056] NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4781 J9 BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression PD DEC 23 PY 1999 VL 1489 IS 2-3 BP 433 EP 439 DI 10.1016/S0167-4781(99)00189-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 270GY UT WOS:000084528300024 PM 10673047 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Grantham, TA AF Gordon, CJ Grantham, TA TI Effect of central and peripheral cholinergic antagonists on chlorpyrifos-induced changes in body temperature in the rat SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE scopolamine; methyl scopolamine; fever; hypothermia; organophosphate; pesticide; anticholinesterase ID DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; ORAL CHLORPYRIFOS; FEVER; PHYSOSTIGMINE; PYROGENS; DRUGS; MICE AB Exposure to the organophosphate (OP)-based pesticide chlorpyrifos (CHP) in the rat results in an initial period of hypothermia lasting < 24 h, followed by a fever lasting 48-72 h. The purpose of this study was to determine how cholinergic pathways participate in the mediation of the thermoregulatory effects of CHP. The corn oil (CO) vehicle or CHP (25 mg/kg; p.o.) was administered to female rats while core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA) were monitored by radiotelemetry. The peripheral muscarinic antagonist, methyl scopolamine (MS) and central antagonist, scopolamine (S) were administered during the period of CHP-induced hypothermia and fever. The hypothermia was attenuated by scopolamine but not by methyl scopolamine. The delayed fever was augmented by scopolamine but blocked by methyl scopolamine. The results indicate that CHP-induced hypothermia is mediated by cholinergic stimulation of heat loss pathways in CNS thermoregulatory centers. Peripheral cholinergic pathways appear to have a minimal role in mediating chlorpyrifos-induced hypothermia. On the other hand, the chlorpyrifos-induced fever appears to be mediated by a peripheral pathway that is blocked by methyl scopolamine. The data provides a possible explanation for the persistent fever in humans exposed to OP pesticides and treated with atropine. Methyl atropine or methyl scopolamine may be a more effective therapy in the treatment of the fever. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 20 PY 1999 VL 142 IS 1 BP 15 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00121-3 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 270FN UT WOS:000084524900002 PM 10647915 ER PT J AU Shafer, TJ Ward, TR Meacham, CA Cooper, RL AF Shafer, TJ Ward, TR Meacham, CA Cooper, RL TI Effects of the chlorotriazine herbicide, cyanazine, on GABA(A) receptors in cortical tissue from rat brain SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Toxicology CY MAR 14-18, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Soc Toxicol DE atrazine; cyanazine; GABA(A) receptor; Cl-36(-) flux; Ro15-4513 binding; chlorotriazines ID AMINOBUTYRIC ACID(A) RECEPTOR; HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTORS; ALCOHOL ANTAGONIST; GABAERGIC CONTROL; FISCHER-344 RATS; CHLORIDE FLUX; PREOPTIC AREA; GNRH AB Chlorotriazine herbicides disrupt luteinizing hormone (LH) release in female rats following in vivo exposure. Although the mechanism of action is unknown, significant evidence suggests that inhibition of LH release by chlorotriazines may be mediated by effects in the central nervous system. GABA, receptors are important for neuronal regulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone and LH release. The ability of chlorotriazine herbicides to interact with GABA, receptors was examined by measuring their effects on [H-3]muscimol, [H-3]Ro15-4513 and [S-35]tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPs) binding to rat cortical membranes. Cyanazine (1-400 mu M) inhibited [H-3]Ro15-4513 binding with an IC50 of approximately 105 mu M (n = 4). Atrazine (1-400 mu M) also inhibited [H-3]Ro15-4513 binding, but was less potent than cyanazine (IC50 = 305 mu M). However, the chlorotriazine metabolites diaminochlorotriazine, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine and 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine were without significant effect on [H-3]Ro15-4513 binding. Cyanazine and the other chlorotriazines were without effect on [H-3]muscimol or [S-35]TBPS binding. To examine whether cyanazine altered GABA(A) receptor function, GABA-stimulated Cl-36(-) flux into synaptoneurosomes was examined. Cyanazine (50-100 mu M) alone did not significantly decrease GABA-stimulated Cl-36(-) flux. Diazepam (10 mu M) and pentobarbital (100 mu M) potentiated GABA-stimulated Cl-36(-) flux to 126 and 166% of control, respectively. At concentrations of 50 and 100 mu M, cyanazine decreased potentiation by diazepam to 112 and 97% of control, respectively, and decreased potentiation by pentobarbital to 158 and 137% of control (n = 6). Interestingly, at lower concentrations (5 mu M), cyanazine shifted the EC50 for GABA-stimulated Cl-36(-) flux into synaptoneurosomes from 28.9 to 19.4 mu M, respectively (n = 5). These results suggest that cyanazine modulates benzodiazepine, but not the muscimol (GABA receptor site) or TBPS (Cl- channel), binding sites on GABA, receptors. Furthermore, at low concentrations, cyanazine may slightly enhance function of GABA, receptors, but at higher concentrations, cyanazine antagonizes GABA, receptor function and in particular antagonizes the positive modulatory effects of diazepam and pentobarbital. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Reproduct Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Shafer, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 49 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 20 PY 1999 VL 142 IS 1 BP 57 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00133-X PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 270FN UT WOS:000084524900005 PM 10647918 ER PT J AU Harrington-Brock, K Cabrera, M Collard, DD Doerr, CL McConnell, R Moore, MM Sandoval, H Fuscoe, JC AF Harrington-Brock, K Cabrera, M Collard, DD Doerr, CL McConnell, R Moore, MM Sandoval, H Fuscoe, JC TI Effects of arsenic exposure on the frequency of HPRT-mutant lymphocytes in a population of copper roasters in Antofagasta, Chile: a pilot study SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE HPRT; mutagenesis; arsenic; genotoxicity; human exposure ID MULTIPLEX PCR ANALYSIS; NATIVE ANDEAN WOMEN; HUMAN T-LYMPHOCYTES; DRINKING-WATER; DELETION MUTATIONS; SODIUM ARSENITE; IN-VIVO; GENE; CELLS; MUTAGENICITY AB A pilot biomarker study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a biomarker for detecting genetic effects of arsenic exposure. Blood and urine samples were obtained from workers highly exposed to arsenic in a copper roasting plant in Antofagasta, Chile. Individuals were classified according to their job titles into three potential exposure groups: high, medium, and low. To confirm exposure, arsenic concentration was determined in urine samples. The HPRT mutant frequencies were measured in lymphocytes from 15 individuals ranging in age from 24 to 66 years. The mean mutant frequencies for the three exposure groups were: low (9 X 10(-6)), medium (11 X 10(-6)), and high (24 X 10(-6)). An increased mutant frequency was observed in the highly exposed group, but the response was so slight that it is not likely that this assay will be capable of providing dose-response information across a range of lower, more typical environmental arsenic levels. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Asociac Chilena Seguridad, Subgerencia Med Prevent, Santiago, Chile. RP Fuscoe, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM fuscoe.jim@epa.gov NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD DEC 17 PY 1999 VL 431 IS 2 BP 247 EP 257 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00167-0 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 270LY UT WOS:000084538200009 PM 10635991 ER PT J AU Scheerer, JB Xi, LQ Knapp, GW Setzer, RW Bigbee, WL Fuscoe, JC AF Scheerer, JB Xi, LQ Knapp, GW Setzer, RW Bigbee, WL Fuscoe, JC TI Quantification of illegitimate V(D)J recombinase-mediated mutations in lymphocytes of newborns and adults SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE V(D)J recombination; HPRT; t(14;18) translocation; BCL-2; molecular sequence data; polymerase chain reaction ID FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; T-LYMPHOCYTES; HPRT GENE; B-CELLS; CHROMOSOMAL BREAKPOINT; CORD-BLOOD; T(14-18); HUMANS; LOCUS AB We used a direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for quantification of HPRT exons 2+3 deletions and t(14:18) translocations as a measure of illegitimate V(D)J recombination. We determined the baseline frequencies of these two mutations in mononuclear leukocyte DNA from the umbilical cord blood of newborns and from the peripheral blood of adults, In an initial group of 21 newborns, no t(14;18) translocations were detected (< 0.049 X 10(-7)). The frequency of HPRT exons 2 + 3 deletions was 0.10 X 10(-7) per mononuclear leukocyte, lower than expected based on the T-cell proportion of this cell fraction (55%-70%) and previous results using the T-cell cloning assay (similar to 2-3 X 10(-7) per clonable T-cell), Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), as used in the T-cell cloning assay, was examined for its effect on the frequencies of these mutation events in mononuclear leukocytes from an additional 11 newborns and from 12 adults. There was no significant effect of PI-W on t(14;18) translocations which were rare among the newborns (1 detected among 2.7 X 10(8) leukocytes analyzed), and which occurred at frequencies from < 1 X 10(-7) (undetected) to 1.6 X 10(-4) among the adults. The extremely high frequencies of t(14;18)-bearing cells in three adults were due mainly to in vivo expansion of two to six clones. However. PHA appeared to stimulate a modest (although not significant) increase in the frequency of HPRT exons 2 + 3 deletions in the leukocytes of the newborns, from 0.07 X 10(-7) to 0.23 X 10(-7). We show that both the direct PCR assay and the T-cell cloning assay detect similar frequencies of HPRT exons 2 + 3 deletions when calculations are normalized to blood volume, indicating that the apparent discrepancy is probably due to the different population of cells used in the assays. This direct PCR assay may have utility in characterizing the effects of environmental genotoxic agents on this clinically important recombination mechanism. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 USA. US EPA, Res & Adm Support Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Inst Canc, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Fuscoe, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD33016] NR 50 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD DEC 17 PY 1999 VL 431 IS 2 BP 291 EP 303 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00173-6 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 270LY UT WOS:000084538200013 PM 10635995 ER PT J AU Casciano, DA Aidoo, A Chen, T Mittelstaedt, RA Manjanatha, MG Heflich, RH AF Casciano, DA Aidoo, A Chen, T Mittelstaedt, RA Manjanatha, MG Heflich, RH TI Hprt mutant frequency and molecular analysis of Hprt mutations in rats treated with mutagenic carcinogens SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Hprt; rat lymphocyte assay; DNA sequencing; mutation frequency; mutational spectra; thiotepa; N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea; 7,12-dimethylbenzp[a]anthracene ID ETHYL-N-NITROSOUREA; EXPOSED IN-VIVO; T-LYMPHOCYTES; 6-THIOGUANINE-RESISTANT LYMPHOCYTES; FISCHER-344 RATS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE; ETHYLNITROSOUREA; INDUCTION; ASSAY AB Much of the progress in the field of cancer research has come from the increased understanding of the molecular events associated with the initiation and accumulation of mutational events associated with carcinogenesis. Genetic toxicologists have developed a number of in vitro and in vivo non-mammalian and mammalian systems to predict those genetic events required to induce the cancer process. Several model rodent systems have been proposed that have the ability to detect and quantify in vivo somatic mutation in endogenous genes and transgenes and relate the nature of the mutation to the specific type of chemical damage. One such system, the rat lymphocyte hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (Hprt) assay is described in this review. Data are presented that describe mutant induction and mutational spectra in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene (DMBA) and thiotepa (TEPA) treated rats. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reproduct Toxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Casciano, DA (reprint author), Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reproduct Toxicol, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD DEC 17 PY 1999 VL 431 IS 2 BP 389 EP 395 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00181-5 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 270LY UT WOS:000084538200021 PM 10636003 ER PT J AU Wilcox, AJ AF Wilcox, AJ TI The quest for better questionnaires SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE data collection; epidemiologic methods; questionnaires AB The development of questionnaires is a neglected enterprise in epidemiology. It has recently been proposed that a prestigious health authority such as the World Health Organization establish a committee to tackle issues of questionnaire quality, moving eventually toward standardized instruments. However, standardization may not be the best way to invigorate this enterprise. As an alternative, the author suggests that the first step in improving questionnaires would be to make them more accessible. Ideally, questionnaires should be as easily scrutinized as a study's methods or results. To this end, the author suggests that when a research paper is published, the entire questionnaire be made available on the worldwide web. Electronic access to questionnaires could stimulate a new era of awareness about the importance of questionnaire design. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Durham, NC 27709 USA. RP Wilcox, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, MD A3-05, Durham, NC 27709 USA. OI Wilcox, Allen/0000-0002-3376-1311 NR 1 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 150 IS 12 BP 1261 EP 1262 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 265ZU UT WOS:000084276800001 PM 10604766 ER PT J AU Walker, K Vallero, DA Lewis, RG AF Walker, K Vallero, DA Lewis, RG TI Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexanes in the environment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; ALPHA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; GAMMA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; BETA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; GAS-EXCHANGE; LAKE-ONTARIO; OCEANIC AIR; WATER AB This review examines the potential for gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) to be transformed into other isomers of HCH. HGH residues are among the most widely distributed and frequently detected organochlorine contaminants in the environment. The potential environmental-and human health risks associated with these residues have prompted Canada, the United States, and Mexico to consider the development of a North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) to assess and mitigate HCH pollution. More information on the propensity of gamma-HCH to transform into other isomers is essential to the development of an effective regional management program. The high relative concentrations of alpha-HCH in the Arctic suggest that gamma-HCH may be transformed into other isomers in the environment. Laboratory studies show th at significant photoisomerization of gamma-HCH to alpha-HCH is possible. However, field studies do not find evidence for significant isomerization of gamma-HCH, and recent environmental samples suggest that alpha-HCH residues are declining as the use of technical HCH has ended in most parts of the world. Alternative explanations for the patterns of isomer contamination are discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Walker, K (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St SW,Mail Code 8601-D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 69 TC 267 Z9 327 U1 10 U2 64 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 24 BP 4373 EP 4378 DI 10.1021/es990647n PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 265PJ UT WOS:000084252300003 ER PT J AU Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Sorial, GA Dionysiou, DD AF Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Sorial, GA Dionysiou, DD TI Desorption of pentachlorophenol from soils using mixed solvents SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; CHLORINATED PHENOLS; NATURAL SEDIMENTS; MODEL DEVELOPMENT; WATER MIXTURES; SORPTION; ADSORPTION; SOLUBILITY; POLLUTANTS; COSOLVENCY AB Desorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from contaminated soils in mixed solvents of water and ethanol was investigated using desorption isotherm experiments. The following cosolvent volume fractions of ethanol in the mixed solvent were considered: 0, 0.3, 0.56, 0.79, 0.95, and 1.0. Three fractions of a synthetic soil (Edison soil) with approximately 1% organic matter were the main soils used in this study in addition to K-10 montmorillonite clay and Ottawa sand. The effect of soil organic matter and sail surface area an desorption in mixed solvents was evaluated. Analysis of desorption data revealed that PCP desorption increased with PCP solubility in mixed solvent up to 0.79, 0.95, and 0.56 fraction ethanol for Edison soil, K-10 montmorillonite, and Ottawa sand, respectively. Lower desorption of PCP from Edison soil in solvents with more than 0.79 fraction ethanol resulted from interactions between solvent and soil organic matter. For Edison soil, highest PCP desorption in all mixed solvents was obtained for the soil fraction with the smallest surface area. Desorption of PCP in mixed solvents containing more than 0.79 fraction ethanol was lower for soils with organic matter than for other soils. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 24 BP 4483 EP 4491 DI 10.1021/es980759z PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 265PJ UT WOS:000084252300020 ER PT J AU Dvonch, JT Graney, JR Keeler, GJ Stevens, RK AF Dvonch, JT Graney, JR Keeler, GJ Stevens, RK TI Use of elemental tracers to source apportion mercury in South Florida precipitation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOURCE-RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIPS; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; EVENT PRECIPITATION; DEPOSITION; PHASE; SPECIATION; TRANSPORT; AIR; GAS AB Source-receptor relationships for mercury(Hg) and other trace elements wet deposited in south Florida were investigated using daily event precipitation samples collected concurrently at 17 sites from August 6 to September 6, 1995. A multivariate receptor modeling approach found municipal waste incineration and oil combustion sources to account for 71 +/- 8% of the Hg wet deposited at five Florida Everglades sites. A similar analysis of a year-long record of event samples (June 22, 1995-June 21, 1996) collected at Davie, FL, found 73 +/- 6% of the Hg wet deposited to be accounted for by local anthropogenic sources. Receptor modeling results closely agreed with stack measurements made at local point sources during the study. An emissions reconciliation found that local medical waste incineration sources, which emitted Hg primarily in the reactive form (Hg(ll)), could account for the Hg wet deposition left unexplained by the multivariate receptor model. The above findings suggest that emissions from local urban point sources have played the dominant role in the wet deposition of Hg to south Florida and the Everglades. Additional speciated Hg emissions data are needed not only in south Florida but also nationally and globally to reduce uncertainties in modeled Hg loadings to aquatic ecosystems. C1 Univ Michigan, Air Qual Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Keeler, GJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Air Qual Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Dvonch, Joseph/K-3632-2013 NR 30 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 24 BP 4522 EP 4527 DI 10.1021/es9903678 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 265PJ UT WOS:000084252300026 ER PT J AU Moser, VC AF Moser, VC TI Untitled - Reply SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 161 IS 3 BP 303 EP 305 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8792 PG 3 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 282RY UT WOS:000085233400012 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Crofton, KM AF Gilbert, ME Crofton, KM TI Developmental exposure to a commercial PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254) produces a persistent impairment in long-term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus in vivo SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE long-term potentiation; neurotoxicity; polychlorinated biphenyl; synaptic plasticity; hippocampus ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AROCLOR-1254; HALOGENATED AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DELAYED SPATIAL ALTERNATION; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; THYROID-HORMONE STATUS; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; LEAD-EXPOSURE; DISCRIMINATION-REVERSAL; NEONATAL EXPOSURE AB Developmental exposure to polycholorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with cognitive deficits in humans and laboratory animals. The present study sought to examine synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for some types of memory function, in animals exposed to PCBs early in development. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were administered either corn oil (control) or 6 mg/kg/day of a commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254 (A1254) by gavage from gestational day (GD) 6 until pups were weaned on postnatal day (PND) 21. In adult male offspring (3-6 months of age), field potentials evoked by perforant path stimulation were recorded in the dentate gyrus under urethane anesthesia. Input/output (I/O) functions were assessed by averaging the response evoked in the dentate gyrus to stimulus pulses delivered to the perforant path in an ascending intensity series. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced by delivering a series of brief high frequency (400 Hz) train bursts to the perforant path at a moderate stimulus intensity and I/O functions were reassessed 1 h later. No differences in baseline synaptic population spike (PS) and minor effects on excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slope amplitudes were discerned between the groups prior to train delivery. Post-train I/O functions, however, revealed a 50% decrement in the magnitude of LTP in PCB-exposed animals. These data are the first to demonstrate persistent decrements in hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the intact animal following developmental exposure to PCBs. Disruption of early brain ontogeny due to developmental PCB exposure may underlie perturbations in the neurological substrates that support synaptic plasticity and contribute to deficits in LTP and learning that persist into adulthood. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Div Neurotoxicol MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Div Neurotoxicol MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 88 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD DEC 11 PY 1999 VL 850 IS 1-2 BP 87 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02107-1 PG 9 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 265CD UT WOS:000084222800010 PM 10629752 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Seigneur, C Seinfeld, JH Jacobson, MZ Binkowski, FS AF Zhang, Y Seigneur, C Seinfeld, JH Jacobson, MZ Binkowski, FS TI Simulation of aerosol dynamics: A comparative review of algorithms used in air quality models SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL AEROSOLS; GROWTH; EVAPORATION; SIZE; URBAN; CONDENSATION AB A comparative review of algorithms currently used in air quality models to simulate aerosol dynamics is presented, This review addresses coagulation, condensational growth, nucleation, and gas/particle mass transfer, Two major approaches are used in air quality models to represent the particle size distribution: (1) the sectional approach in which the size distribution is discretized into sections and particle properties are assumed to be constant over particle size sections and (2) the modal approach in which the size distribution is approximated by several modes and particle properties are assumed to be uniform in each mode. The sectional approach is accurate for coagulation and can reproduce the major characteristics of the evolution of the particle size distribution for condensational growth with the moving-center and hybrid algorithms, For coagulation and condensational growth, the modal approach provides more accurate results when the standard deviations of the modes are allowed to vary than it does when they are fixed. Predictions of H2SO4 nucleation rates are highly sensitive to environmental variables and simulation of relative rates of condensation on existing particles and nucleation is a preferable approach. Explicit treatment of mass transfer is recommended for cases where volatile species undergo different equilibrium reactions in different particle size ranges (e.g., in the presence of coarse salt particles). The results of this study provide useful information for use in selecting algorithms to simulate aerosol dynamics in air quality models and for improving the accuracy of existing algorithms. C1 Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US EPA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Modeling Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, 2682 Bishop Dr,Suite 120, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. NR 38 TC 115 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 31 IS 6 BP 487 EP 514 DI 10.1080/027868299304039 PG 28 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 259GR UT WOS:000083886600008 ER PT J AU Yang, FM Coalson, JJ Bobb, HH Carter, JD Banu, J Ghio, AJ AF Yang, FM Coalson, JJ Bobb, HH Carter, JD Banu, J Ghio, AJ TI Resistance of hypotransferrinemic mice to hyperoxia-induced lung injury SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE iron metabolism; lactoferrin; transferrin; ferritin; antioxidants ID RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS-SYNDROME; EPITHELIAL LINING FLUID; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; HUMAN LACTOFERRIN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; IRON; FERRITIN; TRANSFERRIN; CERULOPLASMIN AB Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. Safe sequestration of iron, which participates in the formation of the hydroxyl radical, is crucial in the lung's defense. We used a mouse Line defective in the major iron transport protein transferrin to investigate the effect of aberrant iron metabolism on the lung's defense against oxidative injury The tolerance to hyperoxide lung injury was greater in the hypotransferrinemic than in wild-type mice as documented by histopathology and biochemical indexes for lung damage. There was no increase in the levels of intracellular antioxidants, inflammatory cytokines, and heme oxygenase-l in the hypotransferrinemic mouse lung compared with those in wild-type mice. However, there were elevated expressions of ferritin and lactoferrin in the lung of hypotransferrinemic mice, especially in the alveolar macrophages. Our results suggest that pulmonary lactoferrin and ferritin protect animals against oxidative stress, most likely via their capacity to sequester iron, and that alveolar macrophages are the key participants in iron detoxification in the lower respiratory tract. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Yang, FM (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-36536]; NIA NIH HHS [AG-06872, AG-06650] NR 37 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 277 IS 6 BP L1214 EP L1223 PG 10 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 265GU UT WOS:000084234800018 PM 10600893 ER PT J AU Little, RE Monaghan, SC Gladen, BC Shkyryak-Nyzhnyk, ZA Wilcox, AJ AF Little, RE Monaghan, SC Gladen, BC Shkyryak-Nyzhnyk, ZA Wilcox, AJ TI Outcomes of 17137 pregnancies in 2 urban areas of Ukraine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Objectives. Frequent terminations of pregnancy and high rates of fetal loss have been reported but not confirmed, in the former eastern bloc. A census of pregnancies in Ukraine, a former eastern bloc country, was conducted to determine the rates of these events. Methods. All pregnancies registered in 2 urban areas were enumerated. During a 19-month period between 1992 and 1994, 17137 pregnancies and their outcomes were recorded. Results. Sixty percent of the pregnancies were voluntarily terminated, generally before the 13th week. In pregnancies delivered at 20+ weeks, fetal mortality was 29 per 1000, nearly 5 times the rate among Whites in the United States. There was a greater proportion of very early deliveries (20-27 weeks) in Ukraine, as well as higher death rates at all gestational ages. Perinatal mortality was estimated to be 35 per 1000, about 3 times the US rate. Conclusion. This is believed to be the first study in the former eastern bloc to ascertain all of the clinically recognized pregnancies in a specified period and to determine their outcomes. The data document elevated reproductive risks in a former Soviet state. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. Inst Pediat Obstet & Gynecol, Kyiv, Ukraine. RP Little, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, A3-05,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Wilcox, Allen/0000-0002-3376-1311 NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD DEC PY 1999 VL 89 IS 12 BP 1832 EP 1836 DI 10.2105/AJPH.89.12.1832 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 259YU UT WOS:000083922200008 PM 10589311 ER PT J AU Gavett, SH Madison, SL Stevens, MA Costa, DL AF Gavett, SH Madison, SL Stevens, MA Costa, DL TI Residual oil fly ash amplifies allergic cytokines, airway responsiveness, and inflammation in mice SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; EMERGENCY ROOM VISITS; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; ASTHMATIC-CHILDREN; PARTICULATE MATTER; LUNG INJURY; POLLUTION; METALS; EXPOSURE; HYPERREACTIVITY AB Particulate matter (PM) air pollution may increase symptom severity in allergic asthmatics. To examine possible interaction, or greater than additive responses, between PM effects and allergic responses, an ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged (OVA) mouse model of allergic airways disease was utilized. After challenge, mice were intratracheally instilled with saline vehicle or 3 mg/kg (similar to 60 mu g) residual oil fly ash (ROFA), a transition metal-rich emission source PM sample. Physiological and inflammatory responses were examined 1, 3, 8, and 15 d later. In response to intravenously administered methacholine, ROFA increased total respiratory system resistance and decreased compliance 1 d after exposure, whereas effects of OVA lasted at least 15 d after exposure. Significant interactions between OVA and ROFA were mainly observed 8 d after challenge and exposure, especially with respect to compliance. A strong interaction (p < 0.01) between OVA and ROFA exposure resulted in 8-fold (1 d) and 3-fold (3 d) increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid eosinophil numbers. A similarly strong interaction (8-fold) was observed in BAL fluid interleukin-4 (IL-4) 1 d after challenge and exposure. Significant though less strong interactions were also found with respect to IL-4 and IL-5 by 3 d postchallenge/exposure. This study shows that allergen challenge and exposure to emission source particulate matter containing relatively high levels of transitions metals can interact to increase Th2 cytokine production, eosinophil recruitment, and airway hyperresponsiveness in previously sensitized mice. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch MD82, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gavett, SH (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch MD82, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 160 IS 6 BP 1897 EP 1904 PG 8 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 265MM UT WOS:000084248000017 PM 10588603 ER PT J AU Evans, O AF Evans, O TI On-line deoxygenation in reductive (and oxidative) amperometric detection: environmental applications in the liquid chromatography of organic peroxides SO ANALYST LA English DT Article ID ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; ELECTRODE AB Cyclic voltammetry was used qualitatively to characterize and determine the feasibility of the oxidation and reduction of selected organic peroxides and hydroperoxides at a glassy carbon electrode. Organic peroxides were determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with simultaneous reductive and oxidative amperometric detection in a thin-layer dual parallel-adjacent electrode configuration. An on-line deoxygenator allowed the removal of molecular oxygen from the mobile phase and this resulted in an extension of the negative potential range of the glassy carbon electrode by approximately 750 +/- 50 mV vs. the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Chromatographically assisted hydrodynamic voltammetric measurements, in the dual parallel-adjacent electrode configuration, provided confirmation of the feasibility of simultaneously monitoring two independent redox reactions, for a single analyte, and allows for both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic peroxides (and hydroperoxides). The reductive amperometric responses were, on average, 2-5 times greater, depending on the particular organic peroxide, than the corresponding oxidative amperometric responses. An empirically determined parameter was evaluated and developed, {[i(Ox)i(Red)(-1)] or [i(a)i(c)(-1)]}, from two independent electrode reactions, that allows the qualitative identification of organic peroxide analytes by comparison of samples with standard injections. Estimated method detection limits (MDLs) for butan-2-one (butan-2-one) peroxide (2-BP), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) in reductive amperometry are approximately 0.8, 0.4 and 5 ppb, respectively and the oxidative amperometric MDLs are about 3, 2.5 and 12 ppb, respectively. The reductive amperometric responses for 2-BP, t-BHP and CHP are linear over 4-5 orders of magnitude of concentration, extending from ca. 1 mu g l(-1) to ca. 100 mg l(-1), and the corresponding correlation coefficients are of the order of 0.9997-0.99994. C1 US EPA, Chem Exposure Res Branch, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Evans, O (reprint author), US EPA, Chem Exposure Res Branch, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab Cincinnati, 36 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM evans.otis@epamail.epa.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PY 1999 VL 124 IS 12 BP 1811 EP 1816 DI 10.1039/a904763h PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 261EJ UT WOS:000083995700014 ER PT J AU Jones-Lepp, TL Varner, KE McDaniel, M Riddick, L AF Jones-Lepp, TL Varner, KE McDaniel, M Riddick, L TI Determination of organotins in water by micro liquid chromatography-electrospray/ion trap mass spectrometry SO APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE organotins; ion trap mass spectrometry; electrospray ID BUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS; REVERSED-PHASE; SPECIATION; TRIBUTYLTIN; SAMPLES AB Due to the varying toxicity the species of organotins in their widespread applications, it is important for analytical methods to address their speciation. Traditional methods call for the hydrolysis and subsequent derivatization of the organotins before analysis. These methods can be time-consuming, derivatization can be incomplete and high levels of background interference produce difficulties in identification and quantification. The use is described of a non-derivatization and non-hydrolysis micro-liquid chromatography-electrospray/ion trap mass spectrometry for separation and detection of the organotins. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, Natl Network Environm Management Studies Program, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Jones-Lepp, TL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0268-2605 J9 APPL ORGANOMET CHEM JI Appl. Organomet. Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 12 BP 881 EP 889 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0739(199912)13:12<881::AID-AOC948>3.0.CO;2-S PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 266DW UT WOS:000084286200004 ER PT J AU Solomon, PA Magliano, KL AF Solomon, PA Magliano, KL TI The 1995-Integrated Monitoring Study (IMS95) of the California Regional PM10/PM2.5 air quality study (CRPAQS): Study overview SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE San Joaquin Valley; aerosol chemistry; fog; saturation networks; upper air meteorology AB This paper provides a brief overview of the 1995-Integrated Monitoring Study (IMS95) and serves as an introduction to this special issue. The papers that follow this overview present an integrated effort to address the major IMS95 science questions. This paper describes the objectives of IMS95, and how IMS95 fits into the larger California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS). The components of IMS95 are briefly summarized as a reference for the other papers in this special issue, indicating the location of sites by site type and a table providing a general listing of measurements performed at each site type. Details of study planning, design, measurements performed, and post field activities can be found in Solomon and Magliano (1998, 1999). (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific Gas & Elect Co, Res & Dev, San Ramon, CA USA. Calif Air Resources Board Planning & Tech Support, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Solomon, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 33 IS 29 BP 4747 EP 4756 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 253DJ UT WOS:000083541100001 ER PT J AU Anderson, JB Baumgardner, RE Mohnen, VA Bowser, JJ AF Anderson, JB Baumgardner, RE Mohnen, VA Bowser, JJ TI Cloud chemistry in the eastern United States, as sampled from three high-elevation sites along the Appalachian Mountains SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE cloud water; acidic deposition; cloud collector; pH; liquid water content ID RED SPRUCE; DEPOSITION; RESPIRATION; DECLINE; FOG AB Atmospheric deposition of acidic cloud water is thought to be one of the causes for the recent forest decline in industrialized areas of the world. The present paper presents results from the Mountain Acid Deposition Program (MADPro), a part of EPA's Clean Air Status and Trends Network, (CASTnet). We used automated cloud water collectors at three selected mountain sires (Whiteface Mt., NY; Whitetop Mt., VA; and Clingman's Dome, TN) to take hourly samples from non-precipitating clouds during temperate (non- freezing) seasons of each year from 1994 to 1997. Samples were promptly analyzed for pH, conductivity, and concentration of dissolved ions. Cloud liquid water content (LWC) and meteorological parameters were measured at each site. Mean-loud frequencies and LWC of clouds were higher at Whiteface Mt., NY, than in the Southern Appalachians. The four most prevalent ions found in cloud water samples were usually, in order of decreasing concentration: sulfate (SO42-) hydrogen (H+), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrate (NO3-). Within cloud events the concentration of these major ions tended to co-vary. Typically there was an inverse relationship between LWC of the cloud and ionic concentration of the cloud water. During the sampling season, the highest ionic concentrations were seen during mid-summer. Ionic concentrations of samples from the southern sites were significantly higher than samples from Whiteface Mt., but further analysis indicates that this is at least partially due to the north-south difference in the LWC of clouds. MADPro results are shown to be comparable with previous studies of cloud chemistry in North America. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. QST Environm Inc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. CESTM, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. RP Baumgardner, RE (reprint author), US Environm Protect Agcy, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 30 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 33 IS 30 BP 5105 EP 5114 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00193-4 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263YX UT WOS:000084153800012 ER PT J AU McCurdy, T Zelenka, MP Lawrence, PM Houston, RM Burton, R AF McCurdy, T Zelenka, MP Lawrence, PM Houston, RM Burton, R TI Acid aerosols in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan area SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE acidic sulfate; ammonia; ammonium; ozone; particle strong acid ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; PARTICLE STRONG ACIDITY; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; PERSONAL EXPOSURES; ALLEGHENY MOUNTAIN; AIR-POLLUTION; NEW-YORK; SULFATE; GASES; ORIGINS AB This article presents data on ambient concentrations of selected acidic aerosols at four existing monitoring sites in the Pittsburgh PA metropolitan area, The data were collected by staff of the Allegheny County Health Department, Division of Air Quality during the summer and fall of 1993, The sampling protocol was focused on obtaining 24 h-average ammonia, ammonium, acidic sulfates, and particle strong acids data on a 2 to 3 day cycle. The data were obtained using Harvard University School of Public Health's "Short-HEADS" annular denuder sampling train. The Pittsburgh area is of interest because it is downwind of a major regional source of sulfur and nitrogen emissions from coal-burning power plants: the Ohio River Valley. The data presented here indicate that ground-level concentrations of acidic aerosols in Pittsburgh are highly correlated spatially and that many pollutants are higher on days when ground-level wind direction vectors indicate that wind is coming from the southwest rather than from the Pittsburgh source area itself. The monitoring site that is most upwind of the Pittsburgh source area - South Fayette - has particle strong acid levels about twice those of sites closer in to the Pittsburgh central business district. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, MD 56, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Bur Environm Qual, Allegheny Cty Hlth Dept, Pittsburgh, PA 15201 USA. RP McCurdy, T (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 33 IS 30 BP 5133 EP 5145 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00119-3 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263YX UT WOS:000084153800015 ER PT J AU Bastian, RK AF Bastian, RK TI Revising part 503 biosolids regulation SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bastian, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD DEC PY 1999 VL 40 IS 12 BP 74 EP 74 PG 1 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 429VQ UT WOS:000168539000039 ER PT J AU Stoker, TE Robinette, CL Britt, BH Laws, SC Cooper, RL AF Stoker, TE Robinette, CL Britt, BH Laws, SC Cooper, RL TI Prepubertal exposure to compounds that increase prolactin secretion in the male rat: Effects on the adult prostate SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID LATERAL PROSTATE; IN-VIVO; ESTROGEN; GROWTH; INFLAMMATION; ESTRADIOL; ASSAY; EXPRESSION; BISPHENOL; STEROIDS AB To test the hypothesis that a transient increase in prolactin (PRL) secretion prior to puberty can result in an alteration of the adult prostate, male rats were exposed from postnatal Days (PND) 22 to 32 to compounds that increase PRL secretion. These compounds included pimozide (a dopamine antagonist), estradiol-l 7 beta, and bisphenol A (a monomer of polycarbonate plastics reported to have weak estrogenic activity). During dosing, pimozide (PIM), bisphenol A (BPA), and estradiol-17 beta (E-2) stimulated an increased secretion of PRL. At 120 days of age, the lateral prostate weight was increased in the PIM and BPA groups as compared to the vehicle-injected controls. Examination of the prostates revealed inflammation in the lateral lobes of all treated groups. Results of a myeloperoxidase assay, a quantitative assay to assess acute inflammation, indicated an increase in the percentage of males with neutrophil infiltrate in the lateral prostates of the PIM and E-2 treatment groups compared to their respective controls. The histological evaluations of these tissues confirmed an increase in luminal polymorphonuclear cells and interstitial mononuclear cells of the lateral prostates in all treatment groups. Administration of the dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, to the estradiol-implanted males from PND 22 to 32 reversed the induction of lateral prostate inflammation by estradiol, suggesting that PRL was necessary for the inflammatory effect, This study demonstrates that prepubertal exposures to compounds that increase PRL secretion, albeit through different mechanisms, can increase the incidence of lateral prostate inflammation in the adult. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Stoker, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, 72 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1636 EP 1643 DI 10.1095/biolreprod61.6.1636 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 259TK UT WOS:000083909700036 PM 10570013 ER PT J AU Hill, RN Stokes, WS AF Hill, RN Stokes, WS TI Validation and regulatory acceptance of alternatives SO CAMBRIDGE QUARTERLY OF HEALTHCARE ETHICS LA English DT Article ID EYE IRRITATION TEST; ANIMAL USE; IN-VITRO; RECOMMENDATIONS; REFINEMENT; WORKSHOP C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NIEHS, Anim & Alternat Resources Environm Toxicol Progra, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Hill, RN (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0963-1801 J9 CAMB Q HEALTHC ETHIC JI Camb. Q. Healthc. Ethics PD WIN PY 1999 VL 8 IS 1 BP 73 EP 79 DI 10.1017/S096318019980111X PG 7 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 157UF UT WOS:000078079500010 PM 9924621 ER PT J AU Barnes, JA Smoak, IW Branch, S AF Barnes, JA Smoak, IW Branch, S TI Expression of glucose-regulated proteins (GRP78 and GRP94) in hearts and fore-limb buds of mouse embryos exposed to hypoglycemia in vitro SO CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES LA English DT Article ID POSTIMPLANTATION RAT EMBRYOS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE; ROUS-SARCOMA VIRUS; STRESS PROTEINS; CALCIUM IONOPHORE; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; GENE-EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; ORGANOGENESIS AB Hypoglycemia, the classic inducer of glucose-related protein (GRP) synthesis, is dysmorphogenic in rodent embryos and detrimentally affects the heart. This study compares GRP induction in a target vs non-target tissue by evaluating GRP expression in hearts and fore-limb buds of mouse embryos following exposure to hypoglycemia in vitro. Gestational day 9.5 embryos were exposed to 2, 6, and 24 h of either mild (80 mg/dl glucose) or severe (40 mg/dl glucose) hypoglycemia using the method of whole-embryo culture. GRP78 increased in a dose- and time-dependent fashion in embryonic hearts exposed to either 40 mg/dl or 80 mg/dl glucose, whereas GRP94 levels increased in hearts only after 24 h of hypoglycemia. In contrast to the heart, GRP induction in fore-limb buds occurred only with GRP78 following the most severe level and duration of hypoglycemia. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated an elevation in GRP78 and GRP94 message levels in embryonic hearts following severe hypoglycemia. However, mRNA levels did not increase in response to mild hypoglycemia. Overall, these data demonstrate the preferential induction of GRPs in the heart as compared to fore-limb buds in mouse embryos exposed to hypoglycemia. increases in GRP protein levels may be a more reliable biomarker of stress than message levels. However, both tissues and methods should be examined for enhanced biomarker sensitivity. (C) Harcourt Publishers Ltd 1999. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Barnes, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council Fellowship Program, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Matthews Branch, Stacy/0000-0002-1048-6097 NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 1355-8145 J9 CELL STRESS CHAPERON JI Cell Stress Chaperones PD DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 4 BP 250 EP 258 DI 10.1379/1466-1268(1999)004<0250:EOGRPG>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 255HC UT WOS:000083662600006 PM 10590839 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Prediction of physicochemical properties from Euclidean distance methods based on electrotopological state indices SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; MOLECULAR SIMILARITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; INFORMATION; PARAMETERS; CHEMICALS; INDEXES; GRAPHS AB This paper describes predictions of log K-OW, Henry's Law constant, vapor pressure, and OH-radical bimolecular rate constant from two Euclidean distance methods, using electrotopological state indices as input. The quality of the predictions is highly dependent on the size of the experimental dataset, i.e., the density of experimental data points in the Euclidean space. The Euclidean distance results are compared with predictions made by commercial software products for the same sets of compounds. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div, Mail Code 7403,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 14 BP 2583 EP 2591 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00158-7 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 249DD UT WOS:000083316800018 ER PT J AU Young, DM Cabezas, H AF Young, DM Cabezas, H TI Designing sustainable processes with simulation: the waste reduction (WAR) algorithm SO COMPUTERS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE WAR algorithm; potential environmental impact; process design; process simulation; impact analysis; energy ID CHEMICAL PROCESS SIMULATORS; METHODOLOGY; NETWORKS; COST AB The WAR algorithm, a methodology for determining the potential environmental impact (PEI) of a chemical process, is presented with modifications that account for the PEI of the energy consumed within that process. From this theory, four PEI indexes are used to evaluate the environmental friendliness of a process design. These indexes are used in a comparative manner in the process design stage to help minimize the environmental impact of that process. Eight PEI categories (four global and four toxicological) are used in the evaluation of the PEI indexes. Details for relating these categories to known or measured quantities are also presented. An illustrative case study is presented which provide an example for the intended use of the WAR algorithm within the scope of process design and simulation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Young, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 20 TC 137 Z9 145 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-1354 J9 COMPUT CHEM ENG JI Comput. Chem. Eng. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1477 EP 1491 DI 10.1016/S0098-1354(99)00306-3 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Chemical SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 265WH UT WOS:000084268700010 ER PT J AU Paczkowski, C Ivkovich, D Stanton, ME AF Paczkowski, C Ivkovich, D Stanton, ME TI Ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning using a visual conditional stimulus SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE eyeblink conditioning; learning; sensory; development; cerebellum; amygdala; vision ID LEARNED RESPONSES; DEVELOPING RAT; HEART-RATE; DISSOCIATION; STIMULATION; REFLEXIVE; AMYGDALA; FEAR AB The developmental emergence of associative learning in rodents is determined by intel actions among sensory, motor, and associative systems that are engaged in a particular experimental preparation (Carter & Stanton, 1996; Hunt & Campbell, 1997; Rudy, 1992). In fear conditioning, chemosensory, auditory, and visual cues emerge successively as effective conditional stimuli (CS) during postnatal ontogeny. In the present study, we begin to examine the generality of this principle of sensory system development for eyeblink conditioning, a form of associative learning that develops substantially later than conditioned fear (Carter & Stanton, 1996). We asked whether the developmental emergence of eyeblink conditioning to a visual CS occurs at an age that is the same or different from conditioning to an auditory CS. In Experiment 1, rat pups were trained on postnatal Day 17 or 24 with experimental parameters (and design) that were identical to our previous studies of eyeblink conditioning except that presentation of a light rather than a tone served as the CS. The outcome was also identical: no eyeblink conditioning on Day 17 and strong conditioning on Day 24. In Experiment 2, conditioning to tone versus light was directly compared by means of a discrimination learning design on postnatal Days 19, 21, 23, and 31. There was no evidence for differential development of auditory ver-sus visual eyeblink conditioning. The difference between this outcome and previous ones involving conditioned fear (Hunt & Campbell, 1997; Rudy, 1992) suggests that principles concerning sensory maturation and learning may be different for early- versus late-developing associative systems. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Psychol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Stanton, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH 11729-01] NR 29 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0012-1630 J9 DEV PSYCHOBIOL JI Dev. Psychobiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 35 IS 4 BP 253 EP 263 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199912)35:4<253::AID-DEV1>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology; Psychology SC Developmental Biology; Psychology GA 263LA UT WOS:000084125100001 PM 10573566 ER PT J AU O'Neill, RV Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Jones, KB AF O'Neill, RV Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Jones, KB TI Landscape pattern metrics and regional assessment SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE CHANGE; DEVELOPMENT POLICIES; MULTISCALE ANALYSIS; SPATIAL PATTERNS; ECOLOGICAL RISK; SCALE; CONTAGION; FOREST; DEFORESTATION; ENVIRONMENT AB The combination of remote imagery data, geographic information systems software, and landscape ecology theory provides a unique basis for monitoring and assessing large-scale ecological systems. The unique feature of the work has been the need to develop and interpret quantitative measures of spatial pattern-the landscape indices. This article reviews what is known about the statistical properties of these pattern metrics and suggests some additional metrics based on island biogeography, percolation theory, hierarchy theory, and economic geography. Assessment applications of this approach have required interpreting the pattern metrics in terms of specific environmental endpoints, such as wildlife and water quality, and research into how to represent synergystic effects of many overlapping sources of stress. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP O'Neill, RV (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Bldg 1505 MS-4036, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 77 TC 81 Z9 109 U1 5 U2 29 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 225 EP 233 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09942.x PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279RR UT WOS:000085059400002 ER PT J AU Bourgeron, PS Humphries, HC Barber, JA Turner, SJ Jensen, ME Goodman, IA AF Bourgeron, PS Humphries, HC Barber, JA Turner, SJ Jensen, ME Goodman, IA TI Impact of broad- and fine-scale patterns on regional landscape characterization using AVHRR-derived land cover data SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; ECOLOGICAL RISK; CLASSIFICATION; MANAGEMENT; METRICS; HEALTH; LEVEL AB As global environmental issues and the impact of global environmental changes attract increasing attention from the public and policymakers, the focus has been on developing indicators of ecosystem health at regional to global scales. This broadening of the scale of assessments has led to a heavy reliance on quantitative tools using an array of technological advances (e.g., GIS, remote sensing). The accuracy and quality of reports on ecosystem integrity or health obtained from broad-scale assessments depend to a large extent on understanding the limits of the data and the technologies used. As the public and policymakers increasingly require rapid, timely evaluation of ecosystem conditions, the use of data and technologies that allow real-time, relatively inexpensive, frequent assessments will increase accordingly. Although the limitations of these data and technologies are broadly understood, the practical implications for specific assessments are not always fully considered. Ar broad scales, key measures or indicators of ecosystem integrity are usually related to landscape patterns, such as patch abundance, size, and spatial distribution. Therefore, accurate and robust assessments of ecosystem health require a reliable methodology that captures relevant measures of ecosystem health. It is the purpose of this article to document one aspect of the development of reliable characterization and monitoring protocols, namely the appropriateness of the data used to characterize landscape patterns for assessing ecosystem integrity and ecological conditions. We assessed the use of coarse-resolution advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) derived data for characterizing broad-scale (ecoregions) and fine-scale landscape patterns over the 580,000 km(2) of the interior Columbia River basin. We analyzed patch and landscape indices, correlations, principal components, and a statistical comparison of an AVHRR-derived land-cover map with fine-resolution data. Differences in broad-scale landscape patterns among ecoregions were most successfully characterized using combinations of patch and landscape indices. Both classification levels differentiated ecoregion patterns, but the finest level provided increased discriminating ability. Ecoregion and classification levels interacted to produce results specific to particular cover types. AVHRR-derived data did not adequately characterize some important fine-resolution landscape features. We hypothesized that AVHRR-derived data would be in closest agreement with fine-resolution data when landscape texture was coarse. The results Indicated that landscape texture influenced the performance of AVHRR-derived data, but in an inconsistent manner, suggesting that coarse-resolution differences from fine-resolution data have limited predictability. Our results have important implications for characterizing and discriminating landscape patterns among and within ecoregions and along ecological gradients. Across areas with varying landscape heterogeneity, changes in relationships among ecoregion levels, classification levels, and data resolutions may increase opportunities for inaccurate representation of landscape patterns. The choice of a specific ecoregion level, classification level, and data resolution should be examined for patterns of inconsistent characterization before use in broad-scale ecological assessments. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. St Cloud State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ecol Applicat Serv Team, Missoula, MT USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Bourgeron, PS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, 1560 30th St,Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Humphries, Hope/C-6481-2013 NR 85 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 234 EP 258 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09943.x PG 25 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279RR UT WOS:000085059400003 ER PT J AU Boughton, DA Smith, ER O'Neill, RV AF Boughton, DA Smith, ER O'Neill, RV TI Regional vulnerability: A conceptual framework SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID DYNAMICS; QUALITY AB Regional vulnerability assessment, or ReVA, is an approach to place-based ecological risk assessment that is currently under development by the off ice of Research and Development of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The assessment is done at the scale of EPA regions and builds on data collected for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of the EPA. The pilot ReVA is being developed for the U.S, mid-Atlantic region to identify those ecosystems, together with the ecological goods and services they provide, that are most vulnerable to being lost in the next 20 years. The project is currently exploring different conceptual approaches to integrated assessment. In this article, we give an operational approach to estimating ecosystem vulnerability and discuss important issues arising from it. The first issue is estimating vulnerability at the regional scale as opposed to the more familiar local scale. The second issue is integrating information about different sorts of risks in order to prioritize them at the regional scale. The challenge of integration is considerable because of the possibility of synergistic (mutually reinforcing) interactions between different environmental stresses. Synergistic effects are often too poorly known to include, yet potentially too important to ignore. Vulnerability at the regional scale may provide a pragmatic, middle-road approach to this problem by highlighting and characterizing geographic areas that are expected to change the most in the future. The goal is not exact predictions, but a first-cut early warning system to identify and prioritize the risks of undesirable environmental changes over the next few decades. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Smith, ER (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-75, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 312 EP 322 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09949.x PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279RR UT WOS:000085059400009 ER PT J AU Daughton, CG Ternes, TA AF Daughton, CG Ternes, TA TI Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change? SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE aquatic; drugs; ecologic health; ecologic risk assessment; emerging risk; pharmaceuticals; pollution; sewage ID MULTIXENOBIOTIC RESISTANCE MECHANISM; FLUOROQUINOLONE CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS; POLYCYCLIC MUSK FRAGRANCES; RED SWAMP CRAYFISH; FRESH-WATER FISH; IN-VIVO; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT AB During the last three decades, the impact of chemical pollution has focused almost exclusively on the conventional "priority" pollutants, especially those acutely toxic/carcinogenic pesticides and industrial intermediates displaying persistence in the environment. This spectrum of chemicals, however, is only one piece of the larger puzzle in "holistic" risk assessment. Another diverse group of bioactive chemicals receiving comparatively little attention as potential environmental pollutants includes the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products (in this review collectively termed PPCPs), both human and veterinary, including not just prescription drugs and biologics, but also diagnostic agents, "nutraceuticals," fragrances, sun-screen agents, and numerous others. These compounds and their bioactive metabolites can be continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures via a number of routes but primarily by both untreated and treated sewage. Aquatic pollution is particularly troublesome because aquatic organisms are captive to continual life-cycle, multigenerational exposure. The possibility for continual bur undetectable or unnoticed effects on aquatic organisms is particularly worrisome because effects could accumulate so slowly that major change goes undetected until the cumulative level of these effects finally cascades to irreversible change-change that would otherwise be attributed to natural adaptation or ecologic succession. As opposed to the conventional, persistent priority pollutants, PPCPs need not be persistent if they are continually introduced to surface waters, even at low parts-per-trillion/parts-per-billion concentrations (ng-mu g/L). Even though some PPCPs are extremely persistent and introduced to the environment in very high quantities and perhaps have already gained ubiquity worldwide, others could act as if they were persistent, simply because their continual infusion into the aquatic environment serves to sustain perpetual life-cycle exposures for aquatic organisms. This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to: catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community. C1 US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Div Environm Sci, ORD NERL, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. ESWE Inst Water Res & Water Technol, Wiesbaden, Germany. RP Daughton, CG (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Div Environm Sci, ORD NERL, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RI Carneiro, Fernanda/E-9513-2013; OI Carneiro, Fernanda/0000-0001-6389-4564; Daughton, Christian/0000-0002-0302-7730 NR 147 TC 2142 Z9 2281 U1 235 U2 1381 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 107 SU 6 BP 907 EP 938 DI 10.2307/3434573 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 271WA UT WOS:000084616000014 PM 10592150 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Gerlach, CL AF Rogers, KR Gerlach, CL TI Update an environmental biosensors SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNOSENSOR; CHIPS; ARRAY C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 23 BP 500A EP 506A PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 261TB UT WOS:000084024200015 PM 21657527 ER PT J AU Wei, F Teng, E Wu, G Hu, W Wilson, WE Chapman, RS Pau, JC Zhang, J AF Wei, F Teng, E Wu, G Hu, W Wilson, WE Chapman, RS Pau, JC Zhang, J TI Ambient concentrations and elemental compositions of PM10 and PM2.5 in four Chinese cities SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; RESPIRATORY HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; DAILY MORTALITY; PM-10 POLLUTION; TIME-SERIES; CHILDREN; ASSOCIATION; PARTICLES; ADULTS AB Three size fractions of particulate matter (PM), i.e., fine particles (PM2.5), coarse particles (PM2.5-10), and PM10, were measured at the school yards of eight elementary schools in four large Chinese cities during 1995 and 1996. These schools, one located in an urban district and one in a suburban district in each city, served as principal bases for an air pollution epidemiologic study. All PM samples were collected on Teflon filters using dichotomous samplers and analyzed gravimetrically for PM mass concentrations. A subset of the samples collected were analyzed for elements using a standard XRF technique. Annual means of PM10 concentrations, in which 52-75% were PM2.5, ranged from 68 to 273 mu g/m(3) across the eight sampling sites. Within each city, the urban site had higher annual means of all measured PM size fractions. Reported in the paper were also the concentrations of eight elements which were likely to be associated with urban pollution sources. The concentrations of these elements were found to be substantially higher in fine particles than in coarse particles, suggesting that urban pollution may have a larger impact on fine particles. This is further supported by the results from comparing elemental enrichment factors for fine particles with those for coarse particles. it is clearly demonstrated that the elements were enriched more in fine particles than in coarse particles. C1 Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. China Natl Environm Monitoring Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Zhang, J (reprint author), Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RI Hu, Wei/M-3524-2013 NR 50 TC 111 Z9 141 U1 12 U2 68 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 23 BP 4188 EP 4193 DI 10.1021/es9904944 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 261TB UT WOS:000084024200025 ER PT J AU Sayles, GD Acheson, CM Kupferle, MJ Shan, Y Zhou, Q Meier, JR Chang, L Brenner, RC AF Sayles, GD Acheson, CM Kupferle, MJ Shan, Y Zhou, Q Meier, JR Chang, L Brenner, RC TI Land treatment of PAH contaminated soil: Performance measured by chemical and toxicity assays SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOREMEDIATION; SITE; MUTAGENICITY; GENOTOXICITY; BIOASSAYS; MIXTURES; PLANT AB The performance of a soil remediation process can be determined by measuring the reduction in target soil contaminant concentrations and by assessing the treatment's ability to lower soil toxicity. Land treatment of polycyclic a romantic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil from a farmer wood-treating site was simulated at pilot scale in temperature-controlled soil pans. Nineteen two- through six-ring PAHs were monitored with rime (initial total PAHs = 2800 mg/kg). Twenty-five weeks of treatment yielded a final total PAH level of 1160 mg/kg. Statistically significant decreases in concentrations were seen in total, two-, three-, and four-ring PAHs. Carcinogenic and five-and six-ring PAHs showed no significant change in concentration. Land treatment resulted in significant toxicity reduction based on root elongation, Allium chromosomal aberration, and solid-phase Microtox bioassays. Acute toxicity, as measured by the earthworm survival assay, was significantly reduced and completely removed. The Ames spiral plate mutagenicity assay revealed that the untreated soil was slightly mutagenic and that treatment may have reduced murtagenicity. The variety of results generated from the chemical and toxicity assays emphasize the need for conducting a battery of such tests to fully understand soil remediation processes. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Sayles, GD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 36 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 23 BP 4310 EP 4317 DI 10.1021/es9810181 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 261TB UT WOS:000084024200043 ER PT J AU Marchini, S Passerini, L Hoglund, MD Pino, A Nendza, M AF Marchini, S Passerini, L Hoglund, MD Pino, A Nendza, M TI Toxicity of aryl- and benzylhalides to Daphnia magna and classification of their mode of action based on quantitative structure-activity relationship SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aquatic toxicity; Daphnia magna; halogenated aromatic compounds; quantitative structure-activity relationship; action ID INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; AQUATIC TOXICITY; FATHEAD MINNOW; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; MIXTURE-TOXICITY; QSAR APPROACH; ACUTE LETHAL; FISH; POLLUTANTS; CHLOROHYDROCARBONS AB The acute toxicity of aryl- and benzylhalides to Daphnia magna was investigated to test the validity of existing classification schemes for chemicals by mode of action, mainly based on fish studies, and the applicability of predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. Halobenzenes and halotoluenes are generally agreed to be unambiguous baseline toxicants (class I) with the major exception of the benzylic structures, which are reactive in fish tests (class III). Eighty-nine percent of the arylhalides tested in this study match a log P(ow)-dependent QSAR, including fluorinated, chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated derivatives, thereby confirming the validity of the baseline models also for variously halogenated compounds (other than only-chloro compounds). The toxicities of the benzylhalides relative to baseline QSARs clearly indicate that these compounds belong to two classes by mode of action, i.e., they either act as narcotic toxicants (class I) or reveal excess toxicity due to unspecific reactivity (class III). On some occasions, the assignment to the two classes in D. magna deviates from the structural rules derived from fish, i.e., iodinated compounds as well as alpha,alpha-Cl(2)-toluenes lack reactive excess toxicity but behave as nonpolar nonspecific toxicants. The QSARs derived during this study reveal lower slopes and higher intercepts than typical baseline models and, together with the analysis of mixture toxicity studies, behavioral studies, and critical body burden, advocate the hypothesis that there are several different ways to produce baseline toxicity. Most halobenzenes and halotoluenes are actually baseline chemicals with some extra reactivity and as such form a subgroup, whose limits still have to be defined. Different primary sites of action could explain why the chemicals are discriminated by different classification systems, but still they must have some rate-limiting interaction in common (e.g., lipid diffusion) as they fit the same log P(ow)-dependent baseline QSAR. C1 Ist Super Sanita, Comparat Toxicol & Ecotoxicol Lab, I-00161 Rome, Italy. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Gult Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Analyst Lab, Luhnstedt, Germany. RP Marchini, S (reprint author), Ist Super Sanita, Comparat Toxicol & Ecotoxicol Lab, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy. EM marchini@iss.it OI Nendza, Monika/0000-0002-1305-2235 NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 18 IS 12 BP 2759 EP 2766 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2759:TOAABT>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 258ZV UT WOS:000083870300016 ER PT J AU Zhou, T John-Alder, HB Weis, P Weis, JS AF Zhou, T John-Alder, HB Weis, P Weis, JS TI Thyroidal status of mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) from a polluted versus a reference habitat SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE thyroid; pollution; fish; Fundulus heteroclitus; endocrine disrupters ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; HEAVY-METALS; THYROXINE; CORTISOL; TRIIODOTHYRONINE; ENVIRONMENT; ENDOCRINE; BEHAVIOR; CADMIUM AB Previous studies have demonstrated that mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) collected from Piles Creek (PC), New Jersey, USA (a site polluted with heavy metals and organic materials), were sluggish and showed poorer prey capture and predator avoidance than those from a reference site (Tuckerton [TK], NJ, USA). We hypothesized that the behavioral dysfunction of the PC fish might be associated with thyroid impairment due to toxic exposures. In this preliminary study, we compared thyroid histology and thyroid hormones in the two populations and experimentally determined whether a polluted or an unpolluted environment could alter levels of thyroid hormones. In comparison to TK, PC fish had larger thyroid follicles and greater follicle epithelial cell heights and also contained significantly higher plasma thyroxine (T4) levels. However, no significant differences were found in levels of either plasma or tissue triiodothyronine (T3). The TK fish raised in a simulated PC environment contained higher plasma T4 and lower plasma T3 levels than those sampled from the field. The PC fish raised in clean water showed a reduction in both plasma T4 and T3 levels in comparison to field-sampled fish. In either case, no significant difference was found in tissue T3 content. The contaminants in PC may cause the differences in thyroid structure and function, which may be partly responsible for the behavioral differences between fish from the polluted PC and from the reference TK. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Anat Cell Biol & Injury Sci, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RP Zhou, T (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 34 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 18 IS 12 BP 2817 EP 2823 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2817:TSOMFH>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 258ZV UT WOS:000083870300023 ER PT J AU Lussier, SM Kunn, A Comeleo, R AF Lussier, SM Kunn, A Comeleo, R TI An evaluation of the seven-day toxicity test with Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mysid; Mysidopsis bahia; Americamysis bahia; effluents; toxicity test ID MYSIDACEA; CRUSTACEA AB The 7-d test measuring survival, growth, and fecundity of Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia) was developed for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and associated receiving waters for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. Currently, this test and its derivatives are also used in toxicity identification evaluation (TIE), risk assessment, and other applications. To evaluate the relative sensitivity of three measurement endpoints (survival, growth, and fecundity), we analyzed results from 115 tests with effluents, organic or inorganic chemicals, and receiving waters suspected of being toxic. Controls for 78 of these (68%) achieved acceptable survival and growth. Fifty of these 78 tears (64%, i.e., 43% of the total tests) also achieved acceptable control fecundity. Ln the 47 tests with significant effects, survival was the most sensitive response in 57%, fecundity in 30%, and growth in 30%. There was little duplication in responses. Improving pretest holding conditions by decreasing the maximum density from similar to 20 to 10 animals/L and increasing the temperature from similar to 26 degrees C to a range of 26 to 27 degrees C improved the growth and fecundity in controls. Although the percentage of tests achieving acceptable control survival (greater than or equal to 80%) and growth (greater than or equal to 0.20 mg) decreased from 93 to 86%, the percentage achieving acceptable fecundity in controls (greater than or equal to 50%) increased from 60 to 97%. Seasonal differences in fecundity were detected among control groups. Although variable, fecundity is often the most sensitive measure of response. The 7-d mysid test estimates the chronic toxicity of effluents most effectively when all three endpoints are used. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OAO Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Lussier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 18 IS 12 BP 2888 EP 2893 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2888:AEOTSD>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 258ZV UT WOS:000083870300033 ER PT J AU Meng, L Powell, JC AF Meng, L Powell, JC TI Linking juvenile fish and their habitats: An example from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID MICROHABITAT SELECTION; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; CALIFORNIA STREAM; REEF FISHES; ASSEMBLAGE; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; MARSH; RECRUITMENT; ESTUARY AB We used two methods and existing field survey data to link juvenile fish and their habitats. The first method used seine survey data collected monthly from July to October 1988-1996 at fixed stations in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Thirteen fish species making up 1% or more of the catch were analyzed by principal components analysis for two time periods: July-August and September-October. The stations were then plotted by their principal component scores to identify station groupings and habitat types. The second method used environmental data collected in July and August 1996 at the established survey stations in a principal components analysis. The stations and 13 most abundant species were plotted by principal components scores resulting from the environmental data. For the environmental data, the first two principal components explained 59% of the variance. The first principal component described the amount of energy shaping the habitat and was positively correlated with salinity, dissolved oxygen, current flow, and slope, and negatively correlated with silt. The second component was positively correlated with depth and silt, and negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen. The environmental data grouped the stations according to their distance from the ocean and three habitat types emerged. The uppermost station was a silty barren having low salinities and dissolved oxygen. Three other stations grouped together as low energy, protected habitats with sandy substrates. Lower bay stations had higher salinities, higher dissolved oxygen, higher flow rates, greater slopes, and larger size substrates, mostly cobble and gravel. Results from the fish data grouped the stations similarly. Combining results from both datasets revealed the uppermost station had the highest catches, most species, and greatest number of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) juveniles. Plots of winter flounder catches with principal component scores from the environmental data indicated the winter flounder distribution in the bay has shrunk from baywide to mostly the upper estuary near their primary spawning grounds. Results illustrate the value of coupling historic fish survey data with environmental measurements for identifying previously undervalued habitats important to fish. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Rhode Isl Dept Environm Management, Div Fish & Wildlife, Wickford, RI 02852 USA. RP Meng, L (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4 BP 905 EP 916 DI 10.2307/1353070 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 280LR UT WOS:000085104700007 ER PT J AU Coffin, RB Cifuentes, LA AF Coffin, RB Cifuentes, LA TI Stable isotope analysis of carbon cycling in the Perdido Estuary, Florida SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID MARINE-BACTERIA; ORGANIC-MATTER; NITROGEN; GULF; FRACTIONATION; DYNAMICS; MEXICO; BAY AB Stable carbon isotope (delta(13)C) analysis was used in the Perdido Estuary, Florida U.S. to determine the predominant carbon source that supports the bacterial assemblage. Stable carbon isotope values were measured in the suspended particulate matter (SPM), dissolved organic and inorganic matter, and bacteria. Stable nitrogen isotope (delta(15)N) ratios were measured in SPM and nitrate to assist in understanding carbon cycling through the estuary. Analyses were conducted on samples from riverine, coastal, and anthropogenic sources and compared with samples from the bay. Stable isotope ratio analysis was coupled with estimates of mixing of riverine and coastal waters into the bay. Preliminary observation of the delta(13)C data indicates that terrestrial organic matter is the primary carbon source that is assimilated by bacteria in the ecosystem. Stable isotope data from carbon and nitrogen pools in combination with analysis of estuarine current velocities indicates that primary production is an important factor in the carbon cycle. This study demonstrates the importance of stable isotope analysis of multiple carbon and nitrogen pools to assess sources and cycling of organic matter. C1 USN, Res Lab, Environm Qual Sci Sect, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77842 USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze Environm Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Coffin, RB (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Environm Qual Sci Sect, 4555 Overlook Dr SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NR 33 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 11 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4 BP 917 EP 926 DI 10.2307/1353071 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 280LR UT WOS:000085104700008 ER PT J AU Job, C AF Job, C TI Monitoring of unregulated contaminants in public water systems SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Stand & Risk Management Div, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA, Stand & Risk Management Div, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1 BP 59 EP 61 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1999.tb00185.x PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 170NG UT WOS:000078811700002 ER PT J AU Osborn, JG AF Osborn, JG TI Legal philosophy and judicial review of agency statutory interpretation SO HARVARD JOURNAL ON LEGISLATION LA English DT Article ID ADMINISTRATIVE STATE; NATURAL LAW; CHEVRON; INCENTIVES; DEFERENCE; RESOURCES; QUESTIONS; POLICY; REFORM; GAME AB In response to the increasing complexity of our federal government, Congress has shifted much of its authority for policy development and implementation to administrative agencies. In 1984, the Supreme Court defined the constraints surrounding the power of these agencies to interpret and implement statutes when it handed down its decision in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.. Thus, a complete analysis of Chevron is essential in understanding the balance of power within the federal system. In this Comment, John Osborn argues that previous attempts have failed to fully explain the motivations behind this landmark decision. Osborn approaches Chevron from a legal philosophical perspective and concludes that while past decisions concerning agency statutory interpretation reflected the legal community's vacillation between legal positivism and natural law Chevron signals a judicial move toward positivism. C1 US EPA, Off Adm Law Judges, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Osborn, JG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Adm Law Judges, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 84 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU HARVARD LAW SCHOOL PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBLICATIONS CTR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0017-808X J9 HARVARD J LEGIS JI Harv. J. Legis. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 115 EP 159 PG 45 WC Law SC Government & Law GA 173UR UT WOS:000078998600003 ER PT J AU Chang, JCS Fortmann, R Roache, N Lao, HC AF Chang, JCS Fortmann, R Roache, N Lao, HC TI Evaluation of low-VOC latex paints SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE low-VOC paints; formaldehyde; emissions; indoor air; pollution prevention; paint performance ID EMISSIONS AB Four commercially available low-volatile organic compound (VOC) latex paints were evaluated as substitutes for conventional latex paints by assessing both their emission characteristics and their performance as coatings. Bulk analysis indicated that the VOC contents of all four paints tested were considerably lower than those of conventional latex paints. Low VOC emissions were confirmed by small chamber emission tests. However, significant emissions of several aldehydes, especially formaldehyde which is a hazardous air pollutant, were detected in emissions from two of the four paints. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods were used to evaluate the hiding power, scrub resistance, washability, dry to touch and yellowness index. The results indicated that one of the four low-VOC paints tested showed performance equivalent or superior to that of a conventional latex paint used as control. It was concluded that low-VOC latex paint can be a viable option to replace conventional latex paints for prevention of indoor air pollution. However, pains marketed as "low-VOC" may still have significant emissions of some individual VOCs, and some may not have performance characteristics matching those of conventional latex paints. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Chang, JCS (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 8 U2 26 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 253 EP 258 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00004.x PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 320GN UT WOS:000087393600004 PM 10649858 ER PT J AU Olsen, AR Smith, EP AF Olsen, AR Smith, EP TI Introduction to the special issue on surveys over time SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Environm Res Lab, NHEERL Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Stat, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Olsen, AR (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Res Lab, NHEERL Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 4 BP 328 EP 330 PG 3 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 265XE UT WOS:000084270800002 ER EF