FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Stevens, DL Olsen, AR AF Stevens, DL Olsen, AR TI Spatially restricted surveys over time for aquatic resources SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring Surveys Over Time CY 1998 CL UNIV WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Univ Washington Natl Res Ctr Statist & Envirnom, US Envirnom Protect Agcy, USDA Forest Serv, Nat Resources Inventory & Analysis Inst, Nat Resource Conservat Serv, USDA Forest Serv, Inventory & Monitor Inst & Forest Inventory & Analysis HO UNIV WASHINGTON DE continuous population; environmental sampling; rotating panel ID DESIGN AB Consideration of the natural characteristics of aquatic resources and available frame material has led to the development of new designs for surveying large-scale regions. This paper illustrates survey designs developed to meet the requirements for surveying various aquatic resources, including a finite, discrete population, such as lakes within one or more states; a continuous linear population within a bounded area, such as wadeable streams within one or more states; and a continuous two-dimensional population within a bounded area, such as coastal waters associated with one or more states. We present a unified approach that addresses the differences of the aquatic resources assuming the availability of frame material, such as Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages of the boundary for coastal waters, stream network, and lake locations from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's River Reach File 3, derived from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph data from 1:100,000 scale maps. The basic design methodology distributes the sample over the spatial extent of the resource domain, and a panel structure can be used to extend the sample through time. Key features for the approach are (1) utilizing survey theory for continuous populations within a bounded area, (2) explicit control of the spatial dispersion of the sample, (3) variable spatial density, (4) nested subsampling, and (5) incorporating panel structures for sampling over time. C1 Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, NHEERL Western Ecol, Div 200, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Stevens, DL (reprint author), Dynamac Corp, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 25 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 4 BP 415 EP 428 PG 14 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 265XE UT WOS:000084270800009 ER PT J AU Kehrl, HR Peden, DB Ball, B Folinsbee, LJ Horstman, D AF Kehrl, HR Peden, DB Ball, B Folinsbee, LJ Horstman, D TI Increased specific airway reactivity of persons with mild allergic asthma after 7.6 hours of exposure to 0.16 ppm ozone SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE asthma; allergen; bronchial provocation; ozone ID RESPONSES; RESPONSIVENESS; INFLAMMATION; POLLUTION; EXERCISE AB Background: Exposure to ozone causes decrements in lung function, increased airway reactivity to nonspecific bronchoconstrictors, and lung inflammation, Epidemiology studies show an association between ambient oxidant levels and increased asthma attacks and hospital admissions. Objective: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the response of persons with mild asthma to inhaled allergen after ozone exposure conditions similar to those observed in urban areas of the United States. Methods: Using a double-blind, counter-balanced design, we exposed 9 (5 women and 4 men) subjects with mild atopic asthma (house dust mite sensitive) to clean air and to 0.16 ppm stone for 7.6 hours; exposures were separated by a minimum of 4 weeks. During exposure, subjects performed tight exercise (ventilation = 24 L/min) for 50 minutes of each hour, and pulmonary function was evaluated before and after exposures The morning after exposure, subjects underwent bronchial challenge with inhaled house dust mite allergen (Dermatophagoides farinae), Using a series of doubling allergen concentrations, subjects inhaled 5 breaths of nebulized allergen (0.06 to 500 AU/mL) at 10-minute interval until a minimum of a 20% decrement in FEV1 was elicited. Results: Compared with the change in FEV1 during air exposure, there was a mean 9.1% +/- 2.5% (SEM) decrement in FEV1 observed because of ozone (P < .01), Seven of the 9 subjects required less allergen after ozone exposure than after dr exposure; there was a 0.58 mean dose shift in the doubling concentration of allergen attributable to the ozone exposure (P = .03), Conclusion: These findings indicate that exposure of subjects With mild atopic asthma to ozone at levels sufficient to cause modest decrements in lung function also increases the reactivity to allergen. To the extent that this effect occurs in response to ambient exposures, ozone may be contributing to the aggravation of asthma. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div MD58B, Clin Res Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kehrl, HR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div MD58B, Clin Res Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00046] NR 34 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 3 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 104 IS 6 BP 1198 EP 1204 PG 7 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 266FD UT WOS:000084289200013 PM 10589001 ER PT J AU Forte, R Dibble, C AF Forte, R Dibble, C TI The role of international environmental agreements in metered dose inhaler technology changes SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE metered dose inhalers; inhalers; ozone; chlorofluorocarbon; hydrofluorocarbon; hydrofluoroalkane; Kyoto Protocol; greenhouse gas; global warming AB Introduced in the 1950s, metered dose inhalers (MDIs) became a revolutionary way to deliver medication directly to the lungs of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since their initial introduction, MDIs have used chlorofluorocarbons to propel the medication out of the canister into a patient's lungs. This article presents an overview of the global transition away from the use of chlorofluorocarbon propellants in MDIs to non-ozone-depleting substitutes including hydrofluoroalkane (outside of the pharmaceutical industry and in the context of Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol discussions, these gases are referred to as hydrofluorocarbons; hydrofluoroalkane-134a, for example, is referred to as hydrofluorocarbon-134a) propellants, in accordance with the terms of the international environmental agreement the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer (the Montreal Protocol). This article will also describe the environmental characteristics of chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluoroalkanes when they are used as MDI propellants. Finally, the article will review key provisions of the pending Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (the Kyoto Protocol) that may affect the future of hydrofluoroalkanes. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Forte, R (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 104 IS 6 BP S217 EP S220 PG 4 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 266FD UT WOS:000084289200033 PM 10588977 ER PT J AU Gallagher, PA Wei, XY Shoemaker, JA Brockhoff, CA Creed, JT AF Gallagher, PA Wei, XY Shoemaker, JA Brockhoff, CA Creed, JT TI Detection of arsenosugars from kelp extracts via IC-electrospray ionization-MS-MS and IC membrane hydride generation ICP-MS SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; ARSENIC FOLLOWING INGESTION; FDA TOTAL DIET; MARINE ORGANISMS; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; SEAFOOD PRODUCTS AB The selectivity and the ability to obtain structural information from detection schemes used in arsenic speciation research are growing analytical requirements driven by the growing number of arsenicals extracted from natural products and the need to minimize misidentification in exposure assessments. Three arsenosugars were extracted from ribbon kelp utilizing accelerated solvent extraction. The three arsenosugars were separated from other arsenicals with near baseline resolution using a PRP-X100 column and a 20 mm (NH4)(2)CO3 mobile phase at a pH of 9 with IC-ICP-MS detection. Utilizing these chromatographic conditions, the molecular weight was determined for each arsenosugar utilizing ion chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS) in the positive ion mode. The molecular weight and retention times for the three arsenicals are 328 u (4.6 min), 482 u (8.2 min) and 392 u (14.2 min). The IC-ESI-MS-MS spectra from each of the arsenosugars were compared to the spectra reported in the literature, which were obtained via direct infusion of standard materials. All three MS-MS spectra contain m/z 237, 195 and 97, which are fragments of the base dimethylarsinylriboside common to all the arsenosugars. Adequate sensitivity for each arsenical was achieved using a 6.1 ng and a 22 ng injection for IC-ESI-MS and IC-ESI-MS-MS, respectively. Given the unavailability of standards, the arsenosugar distribution was determined via relative chromatographic areas using IC-ICP-MS. The IC-ICP-MS indicated the presence of an arsenic heteroatom within the same retention windows in which the arsenosugars were detected via IC-ESI-MS. The IC-ESI-MS and IC-ESI-MS-MS detection scheme provided structural information but at reduced sensitivity. In an attempt to preserve sensitivity and improve selectivity of the IC-ICP-MS, an on-line membrane hydride generation detection scheme was evaluated. The hydride system indicated that the three unknown peaks (arsenosugars) were not hydride active, thereby simplifying the chromatographic resolution needed to quantitate the more toxicologically important arsenicals, such as MMA, DMA, As(III) and As(V), while minimizing the potential for misidentification. C1 US EPA, NERL, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 47 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 1999 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1829 EP 1834 DI 10.1039/a906249a PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 265MB UT WOS:000084247000004 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Freeman, D Jelks, C AF Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Freeman, D Jelks, C TI Quantitation of perchlorate ion by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) using stable association complexes with organic cations and bases to enhance selectivity SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article AB Quantitation of trace levels of perchlorate ion in water has become a key issue since this species was discovered in water supplies around the United States. Although ion chromatographic methods presently offer the lowest limit of detection, approximate to 40 nM (4 ng ml(-1)), chromatographic retention times are not considered to be unique identifiers and often cannot be used in legal proceedings without confirmatory testing. Mass spectrometry can provide such confirmation; however, detection capabilities can impose a practical limitation on its use. Moreover, quadrupole mass spectrometers cannot provide sufficient accuracy and precision in m/z to identify conclusively an ion as perchlorate when samples are run directly without prior chromatographic or electrophoretic separation. We report on the abilities of (1) tetralkylammonium cations and (2) minimally nucleophilic, sterically hindered organic bases to increase selectivity in the electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) determination of perchlorate ion without concomitant loss of sensitivity. Selectivity arises from the formation of a stable association complex between a base molecule and a perchlorate anion. The best results were obtained using 10 mu m chlorhexidine in methanolic solution; the lower limit of detection (LLOD) for S/N greater than or equal to 2 was less than or equal to 0.10 mu m (10 ng ml(-1)). This compares favorably with the LLOD determined for perchlorate in the absence of any complexing agents (approximate to 0.05 mu m = 5 ng ml(-1)). For the other bases, which were diazabicyclo compounds (DBN, DBU, DBO), sensitivity was lower by 90% or more. The chlorhexidine-perchlorate complex (m/z = 605) can be observed even in the presence of equiformal nitrate, nitrite, hydrogensulfate, chloride, bromide, bromate, and chlorate (all together) down to approximately 1 mu m; thus, the method is rugged enough to find application to systems containing multiple inorganic anions. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM urbansky.edward@epamail.epa.gov; magnuson.matthew@epamail.epa.gov NR 7 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 1999 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1861 EP 1866 DI 10.1039/a905721h PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 265MB UT WOS:000084247000010 ER PT J AU Donegan, KK Seidler, RJ Doyle, JD Porteous, LA Digiovanni, G Widmer, F Watrud, LS AF Donegan, KK Seidler, RJ Doyle, JD Porteous, LA Digiovanni, G Widmer, F Watrud, LS TI A field study with genetically engineered alfalfa inoculated with recombinant Sinorhizobium meliloti: effects on the soil ecosystem SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetically engineered organisms; GMOs; risk assessment; soil ecology ID MICROBIAL-POPULATIONS; LIGNIN PEROXIDASE; MICROORGANISMS; COMMUNITIES; NEMATODE; DNA; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETATE; RESPIRATION; ENDOTOXIN; BACTERIUM AB 1. A field study using transgenic plants with associated recombinant micro-organisms was conducted to assess the potential effects of genetically engineered organisms on soil ecosystems. Three genotypes of alfalfa plants (parental, transgenic alpha-amylase-producing and transgenic lignin peroxidase-producing) were planted in an agricultural field plot. Immediately prior to planting, the roots of the alfalfa plants were left uninoculated or were inoculated with a wild-type strain (PC), a recombinant strain with antibiotic resistances (RMB7201), or a recombinant strain with antibiotic resistances and enhanced nitrogen-fixation capability (RMBPC-2), of Sinorhizobium meliloti. 2. Analyses of the alfalfa plants and field plot soil were made over two growing seasons and included: metabolic fingerprints and DNA fingerprints of soil bacterial communities; soil microbial respiration; population counts of indigenous soil bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa and micro-arthropods; identification of nematodes and micro-arthropods; plant shoot weight and chemistries; and soil chemistries and enzyme activities. 3. The lignin peroxidase transgenic plants had significantly lower shoot weight, and higher nitrogen and phosphorus content, than the parental or transgenic amylase plants. Distinct metabolic fingerprints, based on patterns of substrate utilization in Biolog plates, were exhibited by the soil bacterial communities associated with the three alfalfa genotypes, and those for the lignin peroxidase plants were the most unique. Significantly higher population levels of culturable, aerobic spore-forming and cellulose-utilizing bacteria, lower activity of the soil enzymes dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase, and higher soil pH levels, were also associated with the lignin peroxidase transgenic plants. Significantly higher population levels of culturable, aerobic spore-forming bacteria were also measured in the treatments containing the recombinant RMBPC-2 S. meliloti. 4. Population levels of protozoa, nematodes and micro-arthropods, DNA fingerprints of indigenous soil bacteria, and rates of microbial substrate-induced respiration were not significantly affected by the transgenic alfalfa and recombinant S. meliloti treatments. 5. These results suggest that the genetically engineered organisms caused detectable changes in some components of the soil ecosystem. The primary effects we observed were associated with the transgenic lignin peroxidase alfalfa and included alterations in plant growth and chemistry and changes in soil chemistry and microbiology. C1 Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Natl Res Council, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Donegan, KK (reprint author), Dynamac Corp, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 51 TC 64 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 920 EP 936 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00448.x PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 271WR UT WOS:000084617900007 ER PT J AU Summerbell, RC Haugland, RA Li, A Gupta, AK AF Summerbell, RC Haugland, RA Li, A Gupta, AK TI rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 sequences of asexual, anthropophilic dermatophytes related to Trichophyton rubrum SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENY; FISCHERI AB The ribosomal region spanning the two internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5,8S ribosomal DNA region was sequenced for asexual, anthropophilic dermatophyte species with morphological similarity to Trichophyton rubrum, as well as for members of the three previously delineated, related major clades in the T. mentagrophytes complex. Representative isolates of T. raubitschekii, T.fischeri, and T. kanei were found to have ITS sequences identical to that of T. rubrum, The ITS sequences of T, sondanense and T. megninii differed from that of T, rubrum by only a small number of base pairs. Their continued status as species, however, appears to meet criteria outlined in the population genetics-based cohesion species concept of A, R, Templeton, The ITS sequence of T. tonsurans differed from that of the biologically distinct T. equinum by only 1 bp, while the ITS sequence of the recently described species T, krajdenii had a sequence identical to that of T, mentagrophytes isolates related to the teleomorph Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii. C1 Ontario Minist Hlth, Mycol Lab, Labs Branch, Toronto, ON M9P 3T1, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Div Dermatol, Toronto, ON, Canada. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Summerbell, RC (reprint author), Ontario Minist Hlth, Mycol Lab, Labs Branch, 81 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON M9P 3T1, Canada. OI Gupta, Aditya/0000-0002-8664-7723 NR 33 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 4005 EP 4011 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400037 PM 10565922 ER PT J AU Bennett, JW Gauci, MR Le Moenic, S Schaefer, FW Lindquist, HDA AF Bennett, JW Gauci, MR Le Moenic, S Schaefer, FW Lindquist, HDA TI A comparison of enumeration techniques for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER AB A variety of methods have been used to enumerate Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from source or drinking waters. The reliability of these counting methods varies, in part, with suspension density, sample purity, and other factors. Frequently, the method of determination of suspension density is not reported by authors. To confound the problem, each method of counting has large inherent variation. There is a relationship between suspension density, overall number of organisms counted, and counting mechanism accuracy that should be accounted for when selecting a counting mechanism. This study selected a maximum acceptable coefficient of variation (CV) to be 10%. A method was considered unreliable if this standard was not achieved. Flow cytometry achieved this standard at 486 oocysts/ml. Counting with a Coulter counter achieved this level of reliability at about 1,230 oocysts/ml. Neither chamber slides nor fluorescent antibody-stained well slides ever demonstrated less than 10% CV. However, estimates of the minimum required concentrations were 5,100 oocysts/ml and approximately 6,500 oocysts/ml, respectively. The hemacytometer provided counts accurate to a 10% CV at a concentration of at least 60,000 organisms/ml. Of the methods tested, flow cytometry provided the least amount of variability at low suspension densities. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Macquarie Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. RP Lindquist, HDA (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1165 EP 1168 DI 10.2307/3285681 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 273GU UT WOS:000084700200025 PM 10647050 ER PT J AU Richard, AM AF Richard, AM TI Application of artificial intelligence and computer-based methods to predicting chemical toxicity SO KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING REVIEW LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Symposium of the American-Association-of-Artificial-Intelligence on Predictive Toxicology of Chemicals - Experiences and Impact of AI Tools CY MAR 22-24, 1999 CL STANFORD, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence ID NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; EXPERT-SYSTEMS; MUTAGENICITY; SAR; BIOASSAYS AB The toxicity prediction problem lies squarely at the interface of biology, chemistry and computational domains and will require the integrated application of knowledge and approaches from each domain for its solution. It is not a single modeling problem, but rather multiple levels of modeling compartments derived from the goals of toxicity risk assessment. These compartments include different categories and characteristics of toxicity (e.g., cancer vs, non-cancer, acute vs. delayed) and, therein, different levels of biofunctional organization and multiple mechanisms of toxicity extending to the level of individual chemical structures. A toxicity prediction model should strive to resolve the global toxicity prediction problem to local modeling compartments that reflect coherent biofunctional mechanisms and common modes of action while retaining some level of useful generalizations. This paper attempts to use these general concepts to frame the challenges and opportunities for application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and computer-based methods to the goal of chemical toxicity prediction. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Richard, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Maildrop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0269-8889 J9 KNOWL ENG REV JI Knowl. Eng. Rev. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 14 IS 4 BP 307 EP 317 DI 10.1017/S0269888999004038 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 285XP UT WOS:000085413900001 ER PT J AU Leonard, AC Franson, SE Hertzberg, VS Smith, MK Toth, GP AF Leonard, AC Franson, SE Hertzberg, VS Smith, MK Toth, GP TI Hypothesis testing with the similarity index SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE band sharing; DNA fingerprinting; nonindependent comparisons; population genetics; sampling variance; similarity index ID LIMONIUM-CAROLINIANUM; DNA; RELATEDNESS; RAPD AB Multilocus DNA fingerprinting methods have been used extensively to address genetic issues in wildlife populations. Hypotheses concerning population subdivision and differing levels of diversity can be addressed through the use of the similarity index (S), a band-sharing coefficient, and many researchers construct hypothesis tests with S based on the work of Lynch. It is shown in the present study, through mathematical analysis and through simulations, that estimates of the variance of a mean S based on Lynch's work are downwardly biased. An unbiased alternative is presented and mathematically justified. It is shown further, however, that even when the bias in Lynch's estimator is corrected, the estimator is highly imprecise compared with estimates based on an alternative approach such as 'parametric bootstrapping' of allele frequencies. Also discussed are permutation tests and their construction given the interdependence of Ss which share individuals. A simulation illustrates how some published misuses of these tests can lead to incorrect conclusions in hypothesis testing. C1 SoBran Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Leonard, AC (reprint author), SoBran Inc, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 16 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 8 IS 12 BP 2105 EP 2114 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00831.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 285AM UT WOS:000085365800014 PM 10632861 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B Carter, JD Devlin, RB Simon, SA Oortgiesen, M AF Veronesi, B Carter, JD Devlin, RB Simon, SA Oortgiesen, M TI Neuropeptides and capsaicin stimulate the release of inflammatory cytokines in a human bronchial epithelial cell line SO NEUROPEPTIDES LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; SUBSTANCE-P RECEPTORS; GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; OZONE EXPOSURE; CSF RELEASE; MAST-CELLS; G-PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; ANTAGONIST AB The role of neuropeptides in initiating and modulating airway inflammation was examined in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (i.e. BEAS-2B). At a range of concentrations, exposure of BEAS-2B cells to Substance P (SP) or calcitonin gene related protein resulted in immediate increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)), the synthesis of the transcripts for the inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF alpha after 2 h exposure, and the release of their proteins after 6 h exposure. Addition of thiorphan (100 nM), an inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase, enhanced the levels of SP-stimulated cytokine release. Stimulation of IL-6 by SP occurred in a conventional receptor-mediated manner as demonstrated by its differential release by fragments SP 4-11 and SP 1-4 and by the blockage of IL-6 release with the non-peptide, NK-I receptor antagonist, CP-99 994. In addition to the direct stimulation of inflammatory cytokines, SP (0.5 mu M), in combination with TNF alpha (25 units/ml), synergistically stimulated IL-6 release. BEAS-2B cells also responded to the botanical irritant, capsaicin (10 mu M) with increases in [Ca2+](i) and IL-8 cytokine release after 4 h exposure. The IL-8 release was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. Capsaicin-stimulated increases of [Ca2+](i) and cytokine release could be reduced to control levels by pre-exposure to capsazepine, an antagonist of capsaicin (i.e. vanilloid) receptor(s) or by deletion of extracellular calcium from the exposure media. The present data indicate that the BEAS-2B human epithelial cell line expresses neuropeptide and capsaicin-sensitive pathways, whose activation results in immediate increases of [Ca2+](i) stimulation of inflammatory cytokine transcripts and the release of their cytokine proteins. (C) 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. C1 US EPA, Nalt Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol, Durham, NC USA. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA, Nalt Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIDCD NIH HHS [DC01065] NR 47 TC 85 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0143-4179 J9 NEUROPEPTIDES JI Neuropeptides PD DEC PY 1999 VL 33 IS 6 BP 447 EP 456 DI 10.1054/npep.1999.0761 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Neurosciences SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 286ZA UT WOS:000085477700002 PM 10657523 ER PT J AU Wade, TG Wickham, JD Bradford, DF AF Wade, TG Wickham, JD Bradford, DF TI Accuracy of road density estimates derived from USGS DLG data for use in environmental applications SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ERROR AB Collection and analysis of information on accuracy of spatial data is a growing and active field of research, but has tended to emphasize land cover. Roads are another spatial data set that is widely used in environmental studies, bur information on its accuracy is generally lacking. There are several sources of road data, but all are based on U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Line Graph (DLG) data. A three-part weight-of-evidence approach is used to evaluate accuracy of road density estimates based on 1:100,000-scale USGS DLG data at different spatial scales. The first two components use population to estimate accuracy of road density, because roads are built to improve human access. The third part compares USGS DLG roads with roads derived from digital orthophotoquads. The results suggest that estimates of road density using USGS DLG road data ore of adequate accuracy for use in habitat fragmentation or other studies requiring road density data. Commercially available road data would not likely provide significantly improved estimates of density. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wade, TG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 65 IS 12 BP 1419 EP 1425 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 262ZV UT WOS:000084098900011 ER PT J AU Barlow, S Kavlock, RJ Moore, JA Schantz, SL Sheehan, DM Shuey, DL Lary, JM AF Barlow, S Kavlock, RJ Moore, JA Schantz, SL Sheehan, DM Shuey, DL Lary, JM TI Teratology society public affairs committee position paper: Developmental toxicity of endocrine disruptors to humans SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Review ID DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS; FALLING SPERM QUALITY; CD BR RATS; SEMEN QUALITY; BREAST-CANCER; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; IN-UTERO; 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Inst Evaluat Hlth Risks, Washington, DC 20006 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Genet & Reprod Toxicol Div, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Dupont Pharmaceut Co, Stine Haskell Res Ctr, Newark, DE 19714 USA. RP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, MS F-45,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jm12@cdc.gov NR 126 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 60 IS 6 BP 365 EP 375 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199912)60:6<365::AID-TERA9>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 262DQ UT WOS:000084050700009 PM 10590398 ER PT J AU Steevens, JA Benson, WH AF Steevens, JA Benson, WH TI Toxicological interactions of chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury in the amphipod, Hyalella azteca SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE chemical mixture; Hyalella azteca; chlorpyrifos; methyl mercury; acetylcholinesterase; chemical interaction ID PROMOTED HYDROLYSIS; METHYLMERCURY; CHLORIDE; THIOL; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; PROTEINS; LIVER; RATS; P450 AB The mechanism of interaction between chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, and methyl mercury, an organometal, was assessed utilizing the amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Previous studies have demonstrated that chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury interact additively, with survival as the endpoint, In addition, exposure to chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury increased the accumulation and decreased the elimination of methyl mercury. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for these interactions, biochemical mechanisms indicative of chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury toxicity were assessed in H. azteca, Biochemical endpoints that were evaluated include the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme and indicators of oxidative stress such as glutathione-S-transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and glutathione content. Methyl mercury antagonized the effects of chlorpyrifos in vivo on acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Methyl mercury did not induce oxidative damage; however, chlorpyrifos decreased glutathione-S-transferase activity. Additional studies demonstrated that methyl mercury did not affect the in vitro bioactivation of chlorpyrifos or the subsequent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. Chemical-chemical interactions were examined utilizing chromatographic techniques. Results of thin layer chromatography suggested the formation of a chlorpyrifos-methyl mercury complex. The formation of this complex may result in increased accumulation of methyl mercury, apparent additive toxicity, and protection against chlorpyrifos mediated acetylcholinesterase inhibition. C1 Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Environm & Community Hlth Res, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Benson, WH (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 41 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 52 IS 2 BP 168 EP 177 DI 10.1093/toxsci/52.2.168 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 267YV UT WOS:000084387600006 PM 10630569 ER PT J AU Fay, M Donohue, JM De Rosa, C AF Fay, M Donohue, JM De Rosa, C TI ATSDR evaluation of health effects of chemicals. VI. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Review DE di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; DEHP; bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; BEHP; CAS 117-81-7; health effects; toxicokinetics; environmental fate; exposure; review; ATSDR ID PHTHALIC-ACID ESTERS; HEPATIC PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION; FISCHER 344 RATS; ADSORPTION THERMAL-DESORPTION; NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM; SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE; FEMALE F344 RATS; DI-NORMAL-OCTYL; DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION AB Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (also known as DEHP, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, or BEHP; CAS Registry Number 117-81-7) is a widely-used plasticizer. It is found in numerous plastic articles, such as paints, inks, floor tiles, upholstery, shower curtains, footwear, plastic bags, food-packaging materials, toys, and medical tubing. Not surprisingly, DEHP appears at many waste sites. As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals that are of greatest public health concern at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priority List (NPL) sites. These profiles comprehensively summarize toxicological and enviromental information. This article constitutes the release of the: bulk of ATSDR's profile for DEHP(ATSDR, 1993) into the mainstream scientific literature. An extensive listing of human and animal health effects, organized by route, duration, and endpoint, is presented. Toxicological information on toxicokinetics, biomarkers, interactions, sensitive subpopulations, reducing toxicity after exposure, and relevance to public health is also included. Environmental information encompasses physical properties. production and use, environmental fare, levels seen in the environment, analytical methods, and a listing of regulations. ATSDR, at the behest of Congress and therefore the citizenry prepares these profiles to inform the public about site contaminants. C1 US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fay, M (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 460 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 18 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD DEC PY 1999 VL 15 IS 8 BP 651 EP 746 DI 10.1177/074823379901500801 PG 96 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 328CN UT WOS:000087831400001 PM 10786378 ER PT J AU Irving, W Woodbury, J Gibbs, M Pape, D Bakshi, V AF Irving, W Woodbury, J Gibbs, M Pape, D Bakshi, V TI Applying a correction factor to the IPCC default methodology for estimating national methane emissions from solid waste disposal sites SO WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE emissions; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); landfills; methane; national AB The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1996 Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories proposes two methodologies for estimating methane emissions from solid waste disposal sites (SWDS): (1) the mass-balance method; and (2) the first-order kinetics method. This first method is the default methodology and is the easiest method to apply for estimating country-specific methane emissions and requires the least amount of data. Alternatively, the second method is more complex and requires more information than the first method. As many countries do not have detailed information on solid waste disposal practices, it is anticipated that most countries use and will continue to use the mass-balance approach for estimating time-series of methane emissions. The mass-balance approach uses an assumption regarding annual waste disposal that can overestimate methane emissions. In this paper a correction factor is presented for adjusting the mass-balance approach to account for non-steady state conditions in annual waste disposal. Use of such a correction factor results in estimates that approach those generated by more complex methods. In summary, the analysis performed indicates that the modified approach typically results in more than a 20% reduction in the methane emissions inventory and methane emissions that are within the range of estimates based on the more complex first-order kinetics approach. C1 US EPA, Atmospher Pollut Prevent Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Irving, W (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Pollut Prevent Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0734-242X J9 WASTE MANAGE RES JI Waste Manage. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 17 IS 6 BP 459 EP 464 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3070.1999.00076.x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279ML UT WOS:000085048100009 ER PT J AU Chen, JL Al-Abed, SR Bryndzia, LT Murdoch, L AF Chen, JL Al-Abed, SR Bryndzia, LT Murdoch, L TI Cation transport and partitioning during a field test of electroosmosis SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ELECTRIC-FIELDS; KAOLINITE; REMOVAL; SOIL; REMEDIATION AB Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil properties, such as the cation exchange capacity and mineral content, on pH, soluble ion concentrations, and electrical conductivity during electroosmosis in a silty clay soil. The soil is composed mainly of quartz (60%) and smectite/illite (20-29%). The measured cation exchange capacity of the test site soil ranged from 11 to 22 cmol kg(-1), which was consistent with the contribution from the clay contents. The exchangeable cations and reserve acidity measurements suggest that the majority of protons that were generated at the anode by electrolysis not only exchanged;the base cations but also were adsorbed on the soil minerals. Protons also reacted with the soil minerals and caused the release of dissolved Al3+, which was then exchanged and adsorbed by the soil minerals. The exchange and adsorption of proton and Al3+ resulted in the decrease of the exchangeable base cations and ion concentrations of the pore fluid. Sorption (exchange and adsorption) and reaction significantly retarded the transport of protons. The apparent retardation factor for protons calculated from the movement of the pH front was of the order of 1000, whereas retardation factors calculated by assuming a Langmuir isotherm ranged from 30 to 6700 in the pH range of 3.6-4.8. The electrical conductivity of the soil also was influenced and dominated by the sorption and reaction of protons. In the region close to the anode where protons were sorbed, the electrical conductivity at the end df the test decreased to 0.37 of the initial value despite the fact that the proton concentration in pore fluid increased by 1-2 orders of magnitude. The results of this study show that soil properties, such as cation exchange capacity and mineral content, have a pronounced effect on solution chemistry and hence the utility of electroosmosis. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Shell Explorat Prod Technol Applicat & Res, Houston, TX 77025 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. RP Chen, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 35 IS 12 BP 3841 EP 3851 DI 10.1029/1999WR900261 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 264GX UT WOS:000084173200022 ER PT J AU Mayer, PM Galatowitsch, SM AF Mayer, PM Galatowitsch, SM TI Diatom communities as ecological indicators of recovery in restored prairie wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE assessment; diatom; ecological indicator; prairie wetland; recovery; restoration ID EXTINCTION DEBT; LAKE; PHYTOPLANKTON; SUCCESSION; BIODIVERSITY; DISTURBANCE; PERIPHYTON; ORDINATION; ECOSYSTEMS; RESPONSES AB Diatoms were employed to assess the recovery of northern prairie wetlands restored after drainage. We predicted that diatom species diversity and equitability are lower in restored wetlands than in reference wetlands and that diatom communities are similar among reference wetlands because communities should be relatively stable over time. Conversely, we predicted that diatom communities in restored and reference wetlands differ because species recovery after restoration may be incomplete or unattainable depending on environmental conditions or dispersal limits. Eight undisturbed, unrestored (reference) wetlands were compared to eight wetlands restored after drainage. Diatom communities on artificial substrates were transplanted from restored to reference wetlands and vice versa to test for environmental control and dispersal limits to community composition. Species richness was similar at restored and reference wetlands. Diversity and equitability at restored and reference sites were similar within a sampling period, but diversity and equitability decreased over the growing season in reference sites. Based on multidimensional scaling analyses, restored and reference sites could not be distinguished by species composition either early or late in the season. Transplanted diatom community assemblages became similar to those in the wetlands to which they were transferred, suggesting a strong environmental control over diatom assemblages. Diatoms, as a whole, responded rapidly to environmental conditions; yet, dispersal still may limit some species' re-establishment, while resistance to disturbance may produce little response among other diatom species. Diatoms may have limited utility as ecological indicators in prairie wetlands because of the unique interaction between diatom life history and the cyclic hydrology of; prairie wetlands and because diatom community structure is highly variable among reference wetlands. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, Grad Program Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Landscape Architecture, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Mayer, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 68 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 765 EP 774 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270GC UT WOS:000084526200005 ER PT J AU Detenbeck, NE Galatowitsch, SM Atkinson, J Ball, H AF Detenbeck, NE Galatowitsch, SM Atkinson, J Ball, H TI Evaluating perturbations and developing restoration strategies for inland wetlands In the Great Lakes Basin SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE wetlands; Great Lakes; perturbation; restoration; land-use impacts; endangered species; invasive species ID RECENTLY RESTORED WETLANDS; MYRIOPHYLLUM-SPICATUM L; PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; STREAM WATER-QUALITY; UV-B PENETRATION; SUBMERSED MACROPHYTES; SPECIES COMPOSITION; LANDSCAPE-SCALE; SHOOT BIOMASS; LAND-USE AB Wetland coverage and type distributions vary systematically by ecoregion across the Great Lakes Basin. Land use and subsequent changes in wetland type distributions also vary among ecoregions. Incidence of wetland disturbance varies significantly within ecoregions but tends to increase from north to south with intensity of land use. Although the nature of disturbance activities varies by predominant land-use type, mechanisms of impact and potential response endpoints appear to be similar across agricultural and urban areas. Based on the proportion of associated disturbance activities and proportion response endpoints affected, the highest ranking mechanisms of impact are sedimentation/turbidity, retention time, eutrophication, and changes in hydrologic timing. Disturbance activities here are defined as events that cause wetland structure or function to vary outside of a normal range, while stressors represent the individual internal or external agents (causes) that act singly or in combination to impair one or more wetland functions. Responses most likely associated with disturbance activities based on shared mechanisms of impact are 1) shifts in plant species composition, 2) reduction in wildlife production, 3) decreased local or regional biodiversity, 4) reduction in fish and/or other secondary production, 5) increased flood peaks/frequency, 6) increased aboveground production, 7) decreased water quality downstream, and 8) loss of aquatic plant species with high light compensation points. General strategies and goals for wetland restoration can be derived at the ecoregion scale using information on current and historic wetland extent and type distributions and the distribution of special-concern species dependent on specific wetland types or mosaics of habitat types. Restoration of flood-control and water-quality improvement functions will require estimates of wetland coverage relative to total land area or specific land uses (e.g., deforestation, urbanization) at the watershed scale. The high incidence of disturbance activities in the more developed southern ecoregions of both Canada and the U.S. is reflected in the loss of species across all wetland types. The species data here suggest that an effective regional strategy must include restoration of a diversity of wetland types, including the rarer wetland types (wet meadows, fens), as well as forested swamps, which were extensive historically. The prevalence of anthropogenic stresses and openwater habitats likely contributes to the concentration of exotic species in inland wetlands of the southern Great Lakes ecoregions. Vegetation removal and site disturbance are the best-documented causes for plant invasions, and encroachment activities are common in marshes and ponds of the southern ecoregions. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Landscape Architecture, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Peterborough, ON, Canada. RP Detenbeck, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 221 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 6 U2 67 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 789 EP 820 PG 32 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270GC UT WOS:000084526200007 ER PT J AU Staus, NL Mayer, PM AF Staus, NL Mayer, PM TI Arthropods and predation of artificial nests in the Bahamas, implications for subtropical avifauna SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WET FOREST; SUCCESS; HABITAT; EDGE; EGGS AB Little is known of nest predation patterns in the dry subtropics. We used artificial nests to examine patterns of nest predation and to identify possible nest predators in the Bahamas. Unlike pre dation patterns in temperate areas, we found no relationship between predation rates and nest cover or distance to the road, instead, the rate of nest predation depended on distance to ocean. This result and a photograph taken at a disturbed nest implicated the giant white land crab (Cardisoma guanhumi) as a possible nest predator. Because land crabs are prevalent throughout the subtropics and could potentially influence nesting behavior, we advise researchers to consider variables associated with land crabs when examining nest predation in the subtropics. C1 Univ Minnesota, James Ford Bell Museum Nat Hist, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Grad Program Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Conservat Biol Inst, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. US EPA, Kerr Res Ctr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Staus, NL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, James Ford Bell Museum Nat Hist, 100 Ecol Bldg, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 111 IS 4 BP 561 EP 564 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 267KK UT WOS:000084357000015 ER PT J AU Kuhlbusch, TAJ Zepp, RG AF Kuhlbusch, TAJ Zepp, RG TI Carbon trace gases in lake and beaver pond ice near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SOIL-ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION; METHANE DYNAMICS; BOREAL FORESTS; MONOXIDE; FLUXES; PEATLANDS; EMISSIONS; HYDROGEN AB Concentrations of CO2, CO, and CH4 were measured in beaver pond and lake ice in April 1996 near Thompson, Manitoba to derive information on possible impacts of ice melting on corresponding atmospheric trace gas concentrations. CH4 concentrations in beaver pond and lake ice ranged between 0.3-150 mmol m(-3) and 3.1-56.2 mu mol m(-3), respectively. The corresponding CO concentrations showed no significant differences between the two lakes. They varied between 50 and 250 mu mol m(-3). These CO concentrations are some of the highest determined in any aquatic system. The differences in CH4 concentrations between lake and pond can be explained by the differences in production and microbial oxidation rates between the two systems. No explanation can be given for the similar CO concentrations. Supersaturation factors for CO were 660+/-130 and 630+/-330, and 65-35000 and 0.6-13 for CH4 in the ice of the beaver pond and Troy Lake, respectively. When digging into the beaver pond ice, a continuous flow of bubbles with 0.32+/-0.06 vol% CH4, 2.2+/-0.3 vol% CO2, and 482+/-98 ppb CO coming out of the slash ice for about 20-30 minutes was noticed. Wintertime flux estimates of CH4 and CO showed that they represent at minimum 6.4 % and 2.2 % of that of the summer. It has to be noted that these wintertime fluxes will mostly be released to the atmosphere during the time of snowmelt, thus a limited time period of weeks. C1 Univ Duisburg Gesamthsch, Process & Aerosol Measurement Technol Div, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany. US EPA, Ecosyst Assessment Branch, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Kuhlbusch, TAJ (reprint author), Univ Duisburg Gesamthsch, Process & Aerosol Measurement Technol Div, FB9-AMT,Bismarckstr 81, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany. EM tky@uni-duisburg.de RI Kuhlbusch, Thomas/G-8920-2011 NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D22 BP 27693 EP 27698 DI 10.1029/1999JD900370 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 259BT UT WOS:000083874700038 ER PT J AU Link, TE Marks, D AF Link, TE Marks, D TI Point simulation of seasonal snow cover dynamics beneath boreal forest canopies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ENERGY EXCHANGE; SPECTRAL ALBEDO; ALPINE REGION; SIERRA-NEVADA; CLIMATE; SURFACE; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; ATMOSPHERE; RADIATION AB The accurate simulation of snowpack deposition and ablation beneath forested areas is complicated by the fact that the vegetation canopy strongly affects the snow surface energy balance. Data collected as part of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study are used to derive a series of simple canopy adjustments and drive a two-layer coupled energy- and mass-balance snowmelt model to simulate the deposition and ablation of the seasonal snowpack at six sites within the boreal forest for the 1994-1995 snow season. Snow cover energy gain in the spring is strongly controlled by canopy cover and is dominated by net radiation fluxes which contribute from 66% to 92% of the snow cover energy balance. Turbulent fluxes comprise 11% of the net energy balance on average, with minor contributions from soil and advected energy fluxes. Simulated depths at the forested sites generally show good agreement with measured snow depths, indicated by model efficiencies ranging from 0.90 to 0.94, with root-mean-square differences less than 5 cm, Seasonal snow covers in the boreal environment may be more sensitive to land use transitions, rather than climate shifts, due to the strong control exerted by vegetation canopies on radiation transfer processes. C1 Oregon State Univ, US EPA, NHEERL, Environm Sci Grad Program, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Link, TE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, US EPA, NHEERL, Environm Sci Grad Program, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM tim@orst.edu; danny@quercus.ars.ps.usbr.gov RI Link, Timothy/G-5556-2012 NR 34 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D22 BP 27841 EP 27857 DI 10.1029/1998JD200121 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 259BT UT WOS:000083874700048 ER PT J CA CDC TI Safer and healthier foods - 1900-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 905, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID UNITED-STATES; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; PELLAGRA; EPIDEMIC; OBESITY C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. USDA, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NIH, Div Nutr Res Coordinat, Bethesda, MD USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 24 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 20 BP 1909 EP 1912 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 257BZ UT WOS:000083763400010 ER PT J AU Huff, J AF Huff, J TI GM foods: Two views SO SCIENTIST LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Huff, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENTIST INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 MARKET ST SUITE 450, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA SN 0890-3670 J9 SCIENTIST JI Scientist PD NOV 22 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 23 BP 11 EP 11 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Information Science & Library Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 265AK UT WOS:000084216000008 ER PT J AU Apel, EC Calvert, JG Gilpin, TM Fehsenfeld, FC Parrish, DD Lonneman, WA AF Apel, EC Calvert, JG Gilpin, TM Fehsenfeld, FC Parrish, DD Lonneman, WA TI The Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiment (NOMHICE): Task 3 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SOUTHERN OXIDANTS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; AIR; OZONE; ATLANTA; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; TERPENES; QUALITY; SAMPLES AB The Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiment (NOMHICE) was designed to evaluate current analytical methods used to determine mixing ratios of atmospheric nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), A series of planned experiments, or tasks, were implemented to test the analytical methods in a graduated fashion. Tasks 1 and 2 involved relatively simple standard gas mixtures prepared by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). Results are presented here for task 3 in which a complex mixture containing 60 commonly observed NMHCs at concentrations of 1-30 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in nitrogen diluent gas was prepared and distributed for analysis to 29 participating laboratories throughout the world. Reference mixing ratios were determined jointly by scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Participants were asked to identify and quantify the hydrocarbons present in the mixture and submit their results to NCAR-NOMHICE scientists. The results were encouraging overall. Some laboratories performed extremely well during this exercise whereas other laboratories experienced problems in either identification or quantification or both. It is evident from the comparison of the NCAR-NOMHICE results with both the EPA analysis and the top ii analyses in the study that very good agreement is achievable between laboratories for mixtures in this concentration range. Some of the largest analytical discrepancies were from laboratories that used in-house standards for their calibration and/or syringe sample injection techniques. A major conclusion from this study is that the use of high-quality gas phase standards, introduced into the measurement instrument in a similar manner to air samples, is an important prerequisite for an accurate analysis. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Apel, EC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM apel@ucar.edu; calvert@ucar.edu; fcf@aztec.al.bldrdoc.gov; parrish@al.noaa.gov RI Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; NR 36 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D21 BP 26069 EP 26086 DI 10.1029/1999JD900793 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 257KN UT WOS:000083781200001 ER PT J AU Lombardi, DP Geradts, J Foley, JF Chiao, C Lamb, PW Barrett, JC AF Lombardi, DP Geradts, J Foley, JF Chiao, C Lamb, PW Barrett, JC TI Loss of KAI1 expression in the progression of colorectal cancer SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID METASTASIS SUPPRESSOR GENE; LYMPH-NODE; KAI1/CD82 EXPRESSION; MISMATCH REPAIR; CELL-LINES; TRANSMEMBRANE-4 SUPERFAMILY; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS; DECREASED EXPRESSION; SYNCYTIUM FORMATION AB The transmembrane 4 superfamily member KAL1 (CD82) has been shown to inhibit pulmonary metastases in experimental metastasis models of prostate cancer and melanoma, KAI1 expression is decreased in the progression of common solid epithelial tumors of adulthood, including lung, prostate, breast, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and bladder cancers. The purpose of our study was to investigate KAI1 expression in the progression of human colorectal cancer. We first analyzed 20 colorectal cancer cell lines by immunoblot techniques. KAI1 was expressed heterogeneously, with the tumor cell Lines having a more complex degree of glycosylation compared with that of the normal colonic tissue. KAI1 was highly expressed in the primary SW480 colon cancer cell line but was down-regulated 15-fold in the matched metastatic SW620 cell line. We also investigated KAI1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in tissues from 84 patients with colorectal cancer. Each tissue section was assigned a KAI1 mean score (KMS) from 0 to 300 based on the product of the percentage of cells that stained for KAI1 and the intensity of the stain (1, 2, or 3). In 84 patients with colorectal cancer, KAI1 was expressed at high levels in normal colonic mucosa (KMS 226) but was expressed at lower levels in the primary tumors (KMS 65; P < 0.0001), In a subset of 12 patients with stage TV metastatic disease, we observed a progressive down-regulation of KAtI1, from the normal adjacent colonic mucosa (KMS 193) to the primary tumor (KMS 72; P = 0.0001) to the liver metastasis (KMS 25; tumor compared with metastasis, P = 0.0135). We found no correlation between toss of KAI1 expression and stage of disease. In 10 patients, we also noted loss of KAI1 expression in the transition from normal colonic mucosa (KR IS 237) to adenoma (KMS 174) to carcinoma (KMS 62; P < 0.0167 for all three comparisons). We conclude that the down-regulation of KAI1 occurs early in the progression of colorectal cancer. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Expt Pathol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Pathol & Bacteriol, Oxford OX3 9DU, England. RP Barrett, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, POB 12233,MD C2-15, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [3 M01 RR00046-38S2] NR 61 TC 119 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 59 IS 22 BP 5724 EP 5731 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 258RQ UT WOS:000083853300017 PM 10582691 ER PT J AU Hiatt, MH AF Hiatt, MH TI Leaves as an indicator of exposure to airborne volatile organic compounds SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CHEMICALS; MODEL; AIR; BIOCONCENTRATION; ANTARCTICA; NORTHERN; EUROPE; GRASS AB The concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in leaves is primarily a product of airborne exposures and dependent upon bioconcentration factors and release rates. The bioconcentration factors for VOCs in grass are found to be related to their partitioning between octanol and air equivalent to a relationship previously determined for PCBs. The rate that leaves release VOCs is dependent upon meteorological conditions and the enthalpy of phase change between air and plant. The enthalpy of phase change (Delta H-PA) for a compound in leaves is closely related to its enthalpy of vaporization. The BCF and Delta H-PA for a compound vary among plants but are highly correlated to each other. The change in BCF by plant (and correlated change in Delta H-PA) is likely due to differences in the amount of octanol-equivalent matter contained in their leaves. The concentration of airborne VOCs is predicted to maximize near dawn simultaneous with natural inversion patterns. A model incorporating this phenomenon with other meteorological data, Delta H-PA, and BCF is a useful tool predicting concentrations of VOCs in leaves. Vegetation can be especially useful in capturing VOCs at the critical time that air exposures are greatest. How long a leaf might retain a compound after uptake is dependent on the compound, the leaf type, and the magnitude of the wind and temperature. During calm weather, leaves can be used as a record of these early morning exposures. However, windy conditions quickly clear leaves of their VOC content. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Hiatt, MH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 21 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 22 BP 4126 EP 4133 DI 10.1021/es990617k PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255UQ UT WOS:000083688900028 ER PT J AU Guy, ED Daniels, JJ Radzevicius, SJ Vendl, MA AF Guy, ED Daniels, JJ Radzevicius, SJ Vendl, MA TI Demonstration of using crossed dipole GPR antennae for site characterization SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Crossed dipole (cross-pole) and parallel dipole (co-pole) GPR data were acquired at an industrial site that formerly operated as a creosote wood treating facility in order to locate buried pipes and tanks or other possible contaminant-filled subsurface structures. Cross-pole data are not typically considered during GPR field studies, but proved essential for accurate site characterization at this location, as, images produced using co-pole data had a poor signal to noise ratio. Data interpretations were confirmed through exploratory trenching conducted subsequent to this study. The GPR data proved successful in locating back-filled trenches that contained creosote-filled drainage tile, as well as vaults and a pit filled with pure creosote product at the site. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US EPA, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Guy, ED (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 22 BP 3421 EP 3424 DI 10.1029/1999GL008365 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 255PC UT WOS:000083677500023 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI All of us: Births and a better life; Population, development and environment in a globalized world. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 124 IS 19 BP 87 EP 87 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 256ZG UT WOS:000083755900203 ER PT J AU Hilal, SH Karickhoff, SW Carreira, LA AF Hilal, SH Karickhoff, SW Carreira, LA TI Estimation of microscopic, zwitterionic ionization constants, isoelectric point and molecular speciation of organic compounds SO TALANTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Methodologies for Wastewater Quality Monitoring CY OCT 29-30, 1998 CL NIMES, FRANCE SP Ecole Mines, Ales France DE ionization equilibrium constant; microscopic ionization constants; pH; pK(a); SAR; SPARC; speciation; zwitterionic equilibria AB Mathematical models based on structure-activity relationships and perturbed molecular orbital theory have been developed to calculate the ionization pK(a) for a large number of organic molecules. These models include resonance, direct and indirect electrostatic field effects, sigma induction, steric effects, differential solvation and hydrogen bonding. The thermodynamic microscopic ionization constants, pk(i), of molecules with multiple ionization sites and the corresponding complex speciation as a function of pH have been determined using these chemical reactivity models. For a molecule of interest SPARC (SPARC performs automated reasoning in chemistry) calculates all of the microscopic ionization constants and the fraction of each species as a function pH along with the titration (charge) curve. The system has been tested on several biologically and environmentally important compounds. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Hilal, SH (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 50 IS 4 BP 827 EP 840 DI 10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00157-5 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 249XX UT WOS:000083359400016 PM 18967773 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM Queen, BJ AF Van Emon, JM Queen, BJ TI Special issue - Immunochemistry Summit VII and Third Workshop on Biosensors and Biological Techniques in Environmental Analysis - Las Vegas, Nevada, USA - December 1-3,1998 - Preface SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Van Emon, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, POB 93478,944 E Harmon, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD NOV 8 PY 1999 VL 399 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 251VM UT WOS:000083467100001 ER PT J AU Chuang, JC Pollard, MA Misita, M Van Emon, JM AF Chuang, JC Pollard, MA Misita, M Van Emon, JM TI Evaluation of analytical methods for determining pesticides in baby food SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Immunochemistry Summit VII/3rd Workshop on Biosensors and Biological Techniques in Environmental Analysis CY DEC 01-03, 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA SP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Int Assoc Environm Analyt Chem DE SFE-GC/MS; ESE-ELISA; baby food; atrazine; carbofuran; chlorpyrifos; metolachlor AB Three extraction methods and two detection techniques for determining pesticides in baby food were evaluated. The extraction techniques examined were supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), enhanced solvent extraction (ESE), and solid phase extraction (SPE). The detection techniques used were enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Different SFE and ESE conditions were considered, and the resulting extracts were analyzed by either ELISA or GC/MS. The use of C-18 SPE cartridges to extract pesticides from baby food was also evaluated. Using SFE-ELISA, recoveries of most spiked pesticides were less than 50% in both non-fat and fatty baby food. Using SFE-GC/MS, recoveries of target pesticides were greater than 80% in dried baby food, but 10-60% of the spiked pesticides were lost during the freeze-drying process. Off-Line coupling of SPE-GC/MS provided a quantitative measure (>80%) of the pesticides in non-fat baby food (fruits and vegetables). Direct ELISA applied to diluted non-fat food also gave a quantitative measure of the target pesticides. The ESE-ELISA method provided a quantitative determination of atrazine in both non-fat and fatty baby food. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Chuang, JC (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 5 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD NOV 8 PY 1999 VL 399 IS 1-2 BP 135 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00584-X PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 251VM UT WOS:000083467100016 ER PT J AU Fournie, JW Hawkins, WE Walker, WW AF Fournie, JW Hawkins, WE Walker, WW TI Proliferative lesions in swimbladder of Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes and guppy Poecilia reticulata SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; FISH; N-METHYL-N'-NITRO-N-NITROSOGUANIDINE; CARCINOGENICITY; EXPOSURE AB Thirteen cases of proliferative lesions of the swimbladder were encountered in Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes and guppy Poecilia reticulata from about 10 000 medaka and 5000 guppies used in carcinogenicity tests and histologically examined. Two of the 4 cases from medaka and 8 of the 9 from guppies occurred in untreated control specimens. The lesions affected the gas gland epithelium and included hyperplasia, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma. One medaka had hyperplasia of the gas gland epithelium and in 1 guppy the gland was enlarged with an increase in the number of epithelial layers. Gas gland adenomas, 3 cases in medaka and 1 in the guppy, were typically larger than the hyperplastic lesions, formed expansive masses up to 1 mm in greatest dimension, and exhibited a solid or glandular growth pattern and mild cellular pleomorphism. Adenocarcinoma was the most advanced lesion and all 7 cases occurred in guppies. Adenocarcinomas sometimes filled the entire swimbladder and measured up to 2.5 mm in diameter. Cells of adenocarcinomas were highly pleomorphic, with atypical nuclei, and an elevated mitotic activity. Because most of these tumors occurred in fish from control groups or in tests with noncarcinogenic compounds, the lesions observed here are probably spontaneous rather than chemically induced. Their rare occurrence, however, makes swimbladder proliferative lesions in small-fish carcinogenesis models sensitive indicators of compounds that might target cells of the gas gland. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Dept Coastal Sci, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. RP Fournie, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD NOV 8 PY 1999 VL 38 IS 2 BP 135 EP 142 DI 10.3354/dao038135 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 271TY UT WOS:000084610600007 PM 10598284 ER PT J AU Welsh, R Hubbell, B AF Welsh, R Hubbell, B TI Contract hog production and environmental management in the southern United States SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The 1980s and 1990s have witnessed substantial changes in the U.S. swine industry, The industry structure has shifted from relatively large numbers of hog (Sus scrofa) farm operators producing for open markets to fewer and larger farm operators raising hogs under contracts for intermediary firms or meatpackers, This shift has resulted in debates over whether the movement From independent to contract hog production has proven beneficial or detrimental for manure management and pollution control. To shed light on these debates, we surveyed by mail independent and contract hog producers in the southern USA and gathered data on the structure of their farms, their opinions on environmental issues in the hog industry, and their manure management strategies, The survey results indicate that contract producers maintain higher animal units per hectare and spread the hog manure over smaller areas than do independents. However, contract producers also realize they are pushing the adsorptive capacity of their farms and adopt ameliorating and monitoring technologies at higher rates than independent producers. We conclude that market structure is an important determinant of farm structure and environmental management regime, and that adoption of pollution control technologies is not equivalent to environmental performance. C1 Henry A Wallace Inst Alternat Agr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. US EPA, Innovat Strategies & Econ Grp, Off Air Qual Panning & Stand, Durham, NC USA. RP Welsh, R (reprint author), Henry A Wallace Inst Alternat Agr, 9200 Edmonston Rd,Ste 117, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 91 IS 6 BP 883 EP 888 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 283MD UT WOS:000085278600001 ER PT J AU Frampton, MW Ghio, AJ Samet, JM Carson, JL Carter, JD Devlin, RB AF Frampton, MW Ghio, AJ Samet, JM Carson, JL Carter, JD Devlin, RB TI Effects of aqueous extracts of PM(10) filters from the Utah Valley on human airway epithelial cells SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; metals; interleukin-6; interleukin-8; toxicity ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; OXIDANT GENERATION; MINERAL PARTICLES; PM(10) POLLUTION; IL-8 PRODUCTION; HEALTH; IRON; ACTIVATION AB We hypothesized that the reduction in hospital respiratory admissions in the Utah Valley during closure of a local steel mill in 1986-1987 was attributable in part to decreased toxicity of ambient air particles. Sampling filters for particulate matter < 10 mu m (PM(10)) were obtained from a Utah Valley monitoring station for the year before (year 1), during (year 2), and after (year 3) the steel mill closure. Aqueous extracts of the filters were analyzed for metal content and oxidant production and added to cultures of human respiratory epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells for 2 or 24 h. Year 2 dust contained the lowest concentrations of soluble iron, copper, and zinc and showed the least oxidant generation. Only dust from year 3 caused cytotoxicity (by microscopy and lactate dehydrogenase release) at 500 mu g/ml. Year 1 and year 3, but not year 2, dust induced expression of interleukin-6 and -8 in a dose-response fashion. The effects of ambient air particles on human respiratory epithelial cells vary significantly with time and metal concentrations. C1 Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Pulm & Crit Care Unit, Dept Med & Environm Med, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Frampton, MW (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Pulm & Crit Care Unit, Dept Med & Environm Med, 601 Elmwood Ave,Box 692, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. EM mark_frampton@urmc.rochester.edu FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL-51701]; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01-ES-02679] NR 32 TC 121 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 277 IS 5 BP L960 EP L967 PG 8 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 255QX UT WOS:000083682600014 PM 10564181 ER PT J AU Wu, WD Graves, LM Jaspers, I Devlin, RB Reed, W Samet, JM AF Wu, WD Graves, LM Jaspers, I Devlin, RB Reed, W Samet, JM TI Activation of the EGF receptor signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells exposed to metals SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE signal transduction; air pollution; epidermal growth factor receptor; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase ID GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; MAP KINASE-KINASE; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; RIBOSOMAL S6 KINASES; NF-KAPPA-B; PROTEIN-KINASE; DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVATION; INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS; TYROSINE-PHOSPHATASES AB We have previously shown that exposure to combustion-derived metals rapidly (within 20 min) activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), in the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS. To study the mechanisms responsible for metal-induced activation of ERK, we examined the effect of noncytotoxic exposures to As, Cu, V, or Zn on the kinases upstream of ERK in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling pathway. Western blotting using phospho-specific ERK1/2 antibody demonstrated the selective MEK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 blocked metal-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Meanwhile, Western blotting using a phospho-specific MEK1/2 antibody showed that these metals induce a rapid phosphorylation of MEK1/2. Kinase activity assays confirmed the activation of MEK1/2 by metal treatment. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that As, Cu, V, or Zn induces EGF receptor phosphorylation. Furthermore, the EGF receptor-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PD-153035) significantly blocked the phosphorylation of MEK1/2 initiated by metals. Interestingly, we observed low levels of Raf-l activity that were not increased by metal exposure in these cells through kinase activity assay. Finally, transfection assays showed that MEK1/2 inhibition could inhibit traits-activation of Elk1, a transcription factor in the ERK pathway, in BEAS cells exposed to metals. Together, these data demonstrate that As, Cu, V, and Zn can activate the EGF receptor signaling pathway in BEAS cells and suggest that this mechanism may be involved in pulmonary responses to metal inhalation. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP EPA Human Studies Facil, CB 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM samet.jim@epamail.epa.gov NR 60 TC 123 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 EI 1522-1504 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 277 IS 5 BP L924 EP L931 PG 8 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 255QX UT WOS:000083682600010 PM 10564177 ER PT J AU Kusel, K Pinkart, HC Drake, HL Devereux, R AF Kusel, K Pinkart, HC Drake, HL Devereux, R TI Acetogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria inhabiting the rhizoplane and deep cortex cells of the sea grass Halodule wrightii SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZOSTERA-MARINA EELGRASS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; AQUATIC VEGETATION; RNA; ROOTS; SOIL; RHIZOSPHERE; COMMUNITY; REDUCTION AB Recent declines in sea grass distribution underscore the importance of understanding microbial community structure-function relationships in sea grass rhizospheres that might affect the viability of these plants. Phospholipid fatty acid analyses showed that sulfate-reducing:bacteria and clostridia were enriched in sediments colonized by the sea grasses Halodule wrightii and Thalassia testudinum compared to an adjacent unvegetated sediment. Most-probable-number analyses found that in contrast to butyrate-producing clostridia, acetogens and acetate-utilizing sulfate reducers were enriched by an order of magnitude in rhizosphere sediments. Although sea grass roots are oxygenated in the daytime, colorimetric root incubation studies demonstrated that acetogenic O-demethylation and sulfidogenic iron precipitation activities were tightly associated with washed, sediment-free H. wrightii roots. This suggests that the associated anaerobes are able to tolerate exposure to oxygen. To localize and quantify the anaerobic microbial colonization, root thin sections were hybridized with newly developed P-33-labeled probes that targeted (i) low-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria, (ii) cluster I species of clostridia, (iiii) species of Acetobacterium, and (iv) species of Desulfovibrio. Microautoradiography revealed intercellular colonization of the roots by Acetobacterium and Desulfovibrio species. Acetogenic bacteria occurred mostly in the rhizoplane and outermost cortex cell layers, and high numbers of sulfate reducers were detected on all epidermal cells and inward, colonizing some 60% of the deepest cortex cells. Approximately 30% of epidermal cells were colonized by bacteria that hybridized with an archaeal probe, strongly suggesting the presence of methanogens. Obligate anaerobes within the roots might contribute to the vitality of sea grasses and other aquatic plants and to the biogeochemistry of the: surrounding sediment. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Bayreuth, BITOEK, Dept Ecol Microbiol, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. RP Devereux, R (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 59 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 65 IS 11 BP 5117 EP 5123 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 252AQ UT WOS:000083478900056 PM 10543830 ER PT J AU Puls, RW Paul, CJ Powell, RM AF Puls, RW Paul, CJ Powell, RM TI The application of in situ permeable reactive (zero-valent iron) barrier technology for the remediation of chromate-contaminated groundwater: a field test SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION; REDUCTION; SOLUBILITY; HYDROXIDE; CHROMIUM; METAL AB A small-scale field test was initiated in September 1994 to evaluate the in situ remediation of groundwater contaminated with chromate using a permeable reactive barrier composed of a mixture of zero-valent Fe, sand and aquifer sediment. The site used was an old chrome-plating facility located on a U.S. Coast Guard air base near Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Dissolved chromate concentrations were reduced to less than 0.01 mg/L via reduction from Cr(VI) to Cr(III) as a result of the corrosion of the Fe. As the Fe corrodes, pH increases, oxidation-reduction potential declines, dissolved oxygen is consumed, and Fe(II) is generated. Mineral phases formed as a result of the Fe corrosion include ferrous sulfides and various Fe oxides, hydroxides, and oxyhydroxides. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Natl Risk Management, Ada, OK 74820 USA. ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Puls, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Natl Risk Management, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 23 TC 158 Z9 164 U1 5 U2 71 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 14 IS 8 BP 989 EP 1000 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00010-4 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 243WH UT WOS:000083020100002 ER PT J AU Spehar, RL Poucher, S Brooke, LT Hansen, DJ Champlin, D Cox, DA AF Spehar, RL Poucher, S Brooke, LT Hansen, DJ Champlin, D Cox, DA TI Comparative toxicity of fluoranthene to freshwater and saltwater species under fluorescent and ultraviolet light SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; GIBBA L G-3; DUCKWEED LEMNA; PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY; PHOTOTOXICITY; SEDIMENTS; RADIATION; MODELS AB The acute and chronic toxicity of fluoranthene was determined for a diverse group of freshwater and saltwater species under both standard laboratory fluorescent light and ultraviolet (UV) light test conditions. Acute tests with 21 species demonstrated that fluoranthene was not lethal within Its water solubility limit to most species tested under fluorescent light, but was lethal well below this limit to nearly all of the species tested under UV light. In general, the acute sensitivity of freshwater and saltwater species from the same class was similar, although UV light exposure changed the relative sensitivity of some species. Crustaceans were the most sensitive to fluoranthene, but in the presence of UV light, an oligochaete and a fish were the most sensitive. Overall, UV light increased acute fluoranthene toxicity approximately one to three orders of magnitude. In chronic tests, sublethal concentrations of fluoranthene were toxic under both fluorescent and UV light, but as in most acute tests, UV light increased chronic toxicity approximately an order of magnitude. Comparison of data from tests conducted in the laboratory and outdoors demonstrated that acute toxicity increased with increased UV light intensity. C1 US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Superior, WI 54880 USA. US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Spehar, RL (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 41 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 37 IS 4 BP 496 EP 502 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 246FC UT WOS:000083152900009 PM 10508897 ER PT J AU Zhang, JFJ Kong, LL Zhou, LZ Qian, ZM Yan, LY Chapman, RS AF Zhang, JFJ Kong, LL Zhou, LZ Qian, ZM Yan, LY Chapman, RS TI Effects of air pollution on respiratory health of adults in three Chinese cities SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN CHILDREN; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; DAILY MORTALITY; ACID AEROSOLS; PREVALENCE; EXPOSURE; INDOOR; AREAS; WUHAN AB The authors examined potential associations between air-pollution exposures and respiratory symptoms and illnesses of 4 108 adults who resided in 4 districts of 3 large, distinct Chinese cities. Data on respiratory health outcomes and relevant risk factors for parents and children were obtained via standardized questionnaires in the winter of 1988. (The effects in children were described previously.) The yearly averages of ambient levels of total suspended particles in the 4 districts for the years 1985-1988 differed greatly. The authors constructed logistic-regression models to assess the respiratory health parameters of parents of the children. The results revealed significant and strong effects, by district, on prevalence rates of cough, phlegm, persistent cough and phlegm, and wheeze for both the mothers and the fathers. In addition, the odds ratios increased as ambient total suspended particle concentration increased across the 3 urban districts. Other local within-city risk factors, however, may have confounded the total suspended particles-effects association, especially for asthma prevalence. Findings for adults were similar to those found for their children. A strong adverse effect of active tobacco smoking on the fathers' respiratory health was observed. The children appeared to be more strongly affected by passive smoking exposure received in their homes than their mothers. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Joint Program Exposure Assessment, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Wuhan Environm Protect Res Inst, Wuhan, Peoples R China. Gansu Provincial Environm Protect Inst, Lanzhou, Peoples R China. Guangzhou Environm Monitoring Ctr, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Zhang, JFJ (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 54 IS 6 BP 373 EP 381 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 272HC UT WOS:000084643600001 PM 10634226 ER PT J AU Hempel-Jorgensen, A Kjaergaard, SK Molhave, L Hudnell, KH AF Hempel-Jorgensen, A Kjaergaard, SK Molhave, L Hudnell, KH TI Sensory eye irritation in humans exposed to mixtures of volatile organic compounds SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Eight subjects participated in a controlled eyes-only exposure study of human sensory irritation in ocular mucosal tissue. The authors investigated dose-response properties and the additive effects of three mixtures of volatile organic compounds. The dose-response relationships for these mixtures showed increases in response intensity as concentration increased, Replication of exposure did not result in significantly different dose- response relationships. Moreover, the result implied that components of the three mixtures interacted additively to produce ocular irritation, a result referred to as simple agonism. Finally, the authors addressed the comparability of two methods to measure sensory irritation intensity (visual analogue scale and a comparative scale). The results indicated that the two rating methods produced highly comparable results. C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Environm & Occupat Med, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hempel-Jorgensen, A (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Environm & Occupat Med, Ole Worms Alle,Bldg 180, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. NR 14 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 54 IS 6 BP 416 EP 424 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 272HC UT WOS:000084643600006 PM 10634231 ER PT J AU Zufall, MJ Dai, WP Davidson, CI Etyemezian, V AF Zufall, MJ Dai, WP Davidson, CI Etyemezian, V TI Dry deposition of particles to wave surfaces: I. Mathematical modeling SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Lake Michigan; wave slope; dry deposition flux; particle trajectory; turbulence ID NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; TURBULENT-FLOW; WATER SURFACES; LAKE-MICHIGAN; AIR-FLOW; BOUNDARY; TRANSPORT; DYNAMICS; ELEMENTS; HILLS AB Previous estimates of dry deposition to water surfaces were generally based on deposition to flat, solid surfaces. This paper examines the effects of waves on dry deposition rates by numerically simulating particle trajectories over wave surfaces. Airflows over two-dimensional sine waves with height-to-length ratios 2a/lambda, = 0.1, 0.07, and 0.03 were calculated with a commercial computational fluid dynamics model. Results from the airflow simulations (velocity, kinetic energy, energy dissipation rate, and shear stress) provided inputs for a stochastic particle trajectory model. Particles were released from a height of 300 non-dimensional wall units at different locations along the wave. For those between 1 and 20 mu m, deposition was found to be greatest for particles released to the upslope portion of the wave,followed by the trough, crest and downslope. Overall deposition rates were enhanced due to the presence of waves. Increases ranged from 5% (d(p) = 80 mu m) to 100% (d(p) = 1 mu m) for waves with 2a/lambda = 0.07 and 0.1 and were approximately 50% greater (d(p) = 1 - 80 mu m) for 2a/lambda = 0.03. Deposition rates were enhanced due to increases in impaction and turbulent transport, both of which increase with increasing wave slope. However, an increased slope also produced regions of low or reversed flow in the trough and downslope, which decreased deposition rates. Due to these competing effects with respect to wave slope, deposition rates did not increase monotonically with wave slope. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Zufall, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, MD 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM zufall.maria@epa.gov NR 37 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 33 IS 26 BP 4273 EP 4281 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00177-6 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 234HZ UT WOS:000082479800005 ER PT J AU Zufall, MJ Dai, WP Davidson, CI AF Zufall, MJ Dai, WP Davidson, CI TI Dry deposition of particles to wave surfaces: II. Wind tunnel experiments SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE dry deposition flux; uranine; particle generator; wave slope ID SOUTHERN LAKE-MICHIGAN; TURBULENT-FLOW; WATER SURFACES; WALL; AMPLITUDE; FLUXES; AEOLOS AB Wind tunnel measurements of particle dry deposition to wavy and flat surfaces were made to estimate the enhancement of deposition rates due to waves on water surfaces. Measurements were made of 4.0 and 6.7 mu m uranine particles at wind speeds of 5 and 10 m s(-1) to sinusoidal waves with height to length ratios 2a/lambda = 0.1 and 0.03 and to flat surfaces. Results showed that deposition was greatest to the upslope portion of the wave, accounting for 40-45% of the total mass, followed by the trough (30%), downslope (15%), and crest (10-15%). These results generally agreed within experimental variability with modeling predictions (Zufall et al., 1999). Deposition was enhanced at the upslope due to the effects of particle interception and impaction on the wave. Total deposition to the wave surfaces was greater than deposition to the flat surface for a large majority of the cases. The average increase in deposition to both wave surfaces for both particle sizes and wind speeds over deposition to the flat surface was 80%. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Zufall, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, MD 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM zufall.maria@epa.gov NR 26 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 33 IS 26 BP 4283 EP 4290 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 234HZ UT WOS:000082479800006 ER PT J AU Ringwood, AH Hameedi, MJ Lee, RF Brouwer, M Peters, EC Scott, GI Luoma, SN DiGiulio, RT Depledge, M Steinert, S Teh, S Van Beneden, R Winston, G Epel, D Minier, C Narbonne, JF Peters, L Roesijadi, G Viarengo, A Werner, I Anderson, R Burnett, L Chu, FL Oliver, L Paynter, K AF Ringwood, AH Hameedi, MJ Lee, RF Brouwer, M Peters, EC Scott, GI Luoma, SN DiGiulio, RT Depledge, M Steinert, S Teh, S Van Beneden, R Winston, G Epel, D Minier, C Narbonne, JF Peters, L Roesijadi, G Viarengo, A Werner, I Anderson, R Burnett, L Chu, FL Oliver, L Paynter, K TI Bivalve Biomarker Workshop: overview and discussion group summaries SO BIOMARKERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Marine Resources Res Inst, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Georgia, Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Dept Coastal Sci, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. Tetra Tech Inc, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Maryland, Solomons, MD USA. Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. Univ Charleston, Charleston, SC USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA USA. Univ Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. Stanford Univ, Pacific Grove, CA USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. US Geol Serv, Menlo Park, CA USA. Lab Ecotoxicol, Lyon, France. Univ Bordeaux, Talence, France. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth, Devon, England. Comp Sci Corp, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME USA. Dept Sci Technol, Alessandria, Italy. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Ringwood, AH (reprint author), Marine Resources Res Inst, 217 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RI Paynter, Kennedy/F-9717-2013 NR 0 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1354-750X J9 BIOMARKERS JI Biomarkers PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 6 BP 391 EP 399 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology GA 266AZ UT WOS:000084279600001 ER PT J AU Van Beneden, RJ Rhodes, LD Gardner, GR AF Van Beneden, RJ Rhodes, LD Gardner, GR TI Potential alterations in gene expression associated with carcinogen exposure in Mya arenaria SO BIOMARKERS LA English DT Article DE inducible gene expression; biomarker; bivalve; dioxin ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; RIBOSOMAL-PROTEIN; DOWN-REGULATION; MESSENGER-RNAS; CDNA; CYTOCHROME-P-450; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSCRIPTION; HERBICIDES AB Gonadal cancers in soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) have been found at high prevalences (20-40%) in populations in eastern Maine. The aetiology of these tumours is unknown. We hypothesized that gene expression would be altered in gonadal tumours and that examination of gene expression patterns would provide some information as to the mechanism of tumour development. To investigate this hypothesis, we initiated a broad search for differentially expressed genes using differential display polymerase chain reaction (dd-PCR) to compare RNA from tumour and normal gonadal tissue. We identified two classes of genes whose expression map be altered in the gonadal tumours: genes involved in biosynthetic processes and genes with possible roles in signal transduction. We also investigated the hypothesis that environmental contaminants, such as tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), may play a role in the development of these tumours. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed a short-term exposure of M. arenaria to [H-3]TCDD. Tissues were sampled up to 2 weeks after a 24-h exposure to 10 pptr or 2000 pptr of [H-3]TCDD in the water. Using dd-PCR, we identified potential alterations in expression of genes associated with cell proliferation: heparan sulphate proteoglycan, E3 ubiquitinating enzyme and p68 RNA helicase/initiation factor eIEF-4A. There were no observable histopathological alterations in gonadal or gill tissue from exposed animals. These results suggest possible early changes in gene expression indicative of environmental exposures. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biochem, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NWFS, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Van Beneden, RJ (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Biochem Microbiol & Mol Biol, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. OI Rhodes, Linda/0000-0003-4995-9426 NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1354-750X J9 BIOMARKERS JI Biomarkers PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 6 BP 485 EP 491 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology GA 266AZ UT WOS:000084279600009 ER PT J AU Oliver, LM Fisher, WS AF Oliver, LM Fisher, WS TI Appraisal of prospective bivalve immunomarkers SO BIOMARKERS LA English DT Article DE indicators; bivalves; xenobiotic chemicals; defence activities; immunomodulation ID OYSTER CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; DEFENSE-RELATED ACTIVITIES; PERKINSUS-MARINUS DISEASE; AMERICAN OYSTER; MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA; EASTERN OYSTER; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; RUDITAPES-PHILIPPINARUM AB Worldwide concern over threats to natural resources and public hearth has led to increased efforts to monitor and assess environmental conditions. This has stimulated the need for development and application of select biological and ecological measurements, or indicators, that are responsive to environmental stress. Measures of bivalve mollusc defence activities, such as haemocyte density, phagocytic activity, locomotion and production of cytotoxic molecules; and haemolymph constituents, such as agglutinins and lysozyme, have potential as indicators and appear to be responsive to xenobiotic chemical insults in the aquatic environment. However, basic research on the relevance of these measurements in inferring resistance to disease or enhanced survival is currently insufficient, reducing their value as potential biomarkers to address environmental objectives. In addition, variation in defence activities caused by seasonal temperature and reproductive cycling, salinity changes, nutritional status, diseases and parasites, and genetic stocks is high and may limit applicability of bivalve defence-related measurements as indicators. This review examines these sources of variability and their possible implications for interpreting changes in bivalve defence activity as an indicator of stress. Examples of contaminant-induced changes in bivalve defence functions are described. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Oliver, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 137 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 8 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1354-750X EI 1366-5804 J9 BIOMARKERS JI Biomarkers PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 6 BP 510 EP 530 PG 21 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology GA 266AZ UT WOS:000084279600012 ER PT J AU Hershey, AE Gettel, GM McDonald, ME Miller, MC Mooers, H O'Brien, WJ Pastor, J Richards, C Schuldt, JA AF Hershey, AE Gettel, GM McDonald, ME Miller, MC Mooers, H O'Brien, WJ Pastor, J Richards, C Schuldt, JA TI A geomorphic-trophic model for landscape control of Arctic lake food webs SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; UNEXPLOITED LAKES; FISH PREDATION; SLIMY SCULPIN; SIZE; FERTILIZATION; ECOSYSTEM; POSITION C1 Univ N Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Univ Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Hershey, AE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA. RI Pastor, John/F-6241-2011; Gettel, Gretchen/M-8983-2013 OI Gettel, Gretchen/0000-0002-9288-1583 NR 49 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 1999 VL 49 IS 11 BP 887 EP 897 DI 10.2307/1313648 PG 11 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 246EN UT WOS:000083151600007 ER PT J AU Pfleeger, TG Mundt, CC da Luz, MA AF Pfleeger, TG Mundt, CC da Luz, MA TI Effects of wheat leaf rust on interactions between wheat and wild oats planted at various densities and proportions SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE plant interactions; wheat leaf rust; Puccinia recondita; plant competition; wheat; Triticum aestivum; wild oats; Avena fatua ID SIMPLE-MODEL; STRIPE RUST; COMPETITION; MIXTURES; DISEASE; COMMUNITIES; POPULATIONS; RESISTANCE; YIELD; EPIDEMICS AB The importance of competition as a major influence on the composition and structure of plant communities has recently been questioned, because other types of interactions can cause significant compositional changes. The goal of this research was to broaden our understanding of disease as a process structuring plant communities under a variety of competitive scenarios. Two cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Twin and cv. Penawawa) and wild oats (Avena fatua L.) were planted at three densities and at five proportions. One-half of the experimental material was inoculated with uredospores of Puccinia recondita. Increasing the proportion of wheat or oats in mixtures led to significant increases in the amount of aboveground biomass and total seed weight for that species. The seed weight and aboveground biomass per culm or per planted seed decreased for wheat and wild oats as the proportion of wild oats increased in mixtures, indicating a competitive advantage for wild oats when grown with wheat. Wild oats generally did not respond significantly to the effects of leaf rust on wheat, while wheat performance declined. Lowered wheat performance in inoculated stands was the main reason for lower relative biomass ratios of wheat to wild oats. Puccinia recondita infections occurred late in the life cycle of wheat, thereby decreasing the potential impact on wild oats' adults through competitive interactions. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Pfleeger, TG (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 49 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 77 IS 11 BP 1669 EP 1683 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 284JP UT WOS:000085329100015 ER PT J AU Allen, AP Whittier, TR Larsen, DP Kaufmann, PR O'Connor, RJ Hughes, RM Stemberger, RS Dixit, SS Brinkhurst, RO Herlihy, AT Paulsen, SG AF Allen, AP Whittier, TR Larsen, DP Kaufmann, PR O'Connor, RJ Hughes, RM Stemberger, RS Dixit, SS Brinkhurst, RO Herlihy, AT Paulsen, SG TI Concordance of taxonomic composition patterns across multiple lake assemblages: effects of scale, body size, and land use SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; FISH; INTRODUCTIONS; RESPONSES; RICHNESS; AREAS AB We assessed environmental gradients and the extent to which they induced concordant patterns of taxonomic composition among benthic macroinvertebrate, riparian bird, sedimentary diatom, fish, and pelagic zooplankton assemblages in 186 northeastern U.S.A. lakes. Human population density showed a close correspondence to this region's dominant environmental gradient. This reflected the constraints imposed by climate and geomorphology on land use and, in turn, the effects of land use on the environment (e.g., increasing lake productivity). For the region as a whole, concordance was highest among assemblages whose taxa were relatively similar in body size. The larger-bodied assemblages (benthos, birds, fish) were correlated most strongly with factors of broader scale (climate, forest composition) than the diatoms and zooplankton (pH, lake depth). Assemblage concordance showed little or no relationship to body size when upland and lowland subregions were examined separately. This was presumably because differences in the scales at which each assemblage integrated the environment were obscured more locally. The larger-bodied assemblages showed stronger associations with land use than the diatoms and zooplankton. This occurred, in part, because they responded more strongly to broad-scale, nonanthropogenic factors that also affected land use. We argue, however, that the larger-bodied assemblages have also been more severely affected by human activities. C1 US EPA, Dynamac Int Inc, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Queens Univ, Dept Biol, PEARL, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Aquat Resources Ctr, Franklin, TN 37068 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, 167 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM drewa@unm.edu RI Allen, Andrew/B-8045-2011 OI Allen, Andrew/0000-0003-0304-7544 NR 33 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 19 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 56 IS 11 BP 2029 EP 2040 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-11-2029 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 253GD UT WOS:000083547400006 ER PT J AU Zhou, T Rademacher, DJ Steinpreis, RE Weis, JS AF Zhou, T Rademacher, DJ Steinpreis, RE Weis, JS TI Neurotransmitter levels in two populations of larval Fundulus heteroclitus after methylmercury exposure SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dopamine; fish; Fundulus heteroclitus; larvae; methylmercury; serotonin; embryos; neurotransmitter; behavior ID CLARIAS-BATRACHUS; SWIMMING ACTIVITY; FATHEAD MINNOWS; BRAIN; SEROTONIN; NEUROTOXICITY; BEHAVIOR; MERCURY; SYSTEM; FISH AB The effects of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure on neurotransmitter (NT) levels in larval mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) obtained from a mercury-polluted site (Piles Creek (PC), NJ) and a reference site (Tuckerton (TK), NJ) were examined. Population differences between PC and TK larvae in neurochemical composition and in neurochemical changes in response to MeHg intoxication were found. Heads of untreated PC larvae (7 days posthatch (dph)) contained considerably higher levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) than TK. However, they had comparable levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) and 5-hyroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-HT ratios. Changes in NTs with age were noticed, especially in PC larvae. Exposure of larvae to 10 mu g/l MeHg induced neurochemical alterations, A significant increase in DA and 5-HT, as well as depressed dopaminergic and serotonergic activity (i.e. decreased DOPAC/DA, HVA/DA and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios) were seen in TK larvae. Exposure of PC larvae to 10 mu g/l MeHg reduced 5-HT at 14 dph, increased serotonergic activity at 7 dph, and altered dopaminergic activity (i.e. increased DOPAC/DA ratios, but decreased HVA/DA ratios). Changes in DA levels were inconsistent over time. The DA level, which was considerably higher than the control at 7 dph, was significantly lower than the control at 14 dph. For the two populations, the level of 5-HT and serotonergic activity, as well as DOPAC and HVA levels, were correlated with previously noted spontaneous activity. The changes in NT levels after exposure to MeHg are an indication of neurological dysfunction in larvae. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Psychol, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. RP Zhou, T (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 36 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 3 BP 287 EP 294 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(99)00077-8 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 263JZ UT WOS:000084122700009 PM 10661721 ER PT J AU Sharkey, TD Singsaas, EL Lerdau, MT Geron, CD AF Sharkey, TD Singsaas, EL Lerdau, MT Geron, CD TI Weather effects on isoprene emission capacity and applications in emissions algorithms SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Atmospheric Chemistry and Hydrocarbon Emissions from Plants CY AUG, 1997 CL UNIV VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA HO UNIV VIRGINIA DE biogenic isoprene emission; emissions algorithms; gas exchange; isoprene emission, effects of light and temperature; oak tree isoprene emission; ozone-abatement strategy; photosynthesis; temperature effects, temporal scaling ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; RATE VARIABILITY; HARVARD-FOREST; OZONE; LEAVES; MODEL; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; EFFICIENCY; PLANTS AB Many plants synthesize isoprene. Because it is volatile and reacts rapidly with hydroxyl radicals, it is emitted to the atmosphere and plays a critical role in atmospheric chemistry. Determining effective remediation efforts for ozone pollution requires accurate isoprene-emission inventories. Temperature and light effects on isoprene emission from plants over minutes to a few hours are fairly well known, but effects over a few days (i.e., influenced by weather) are also possible. We measured isoprene emission and photosynthesis under constant temperature and light (known as the basal emission rate, which reflects the capacity for isoprene emission) during eight field trips from 1994 to 1996. Measurements were made at the tops of oak trees at two sites between May and September. On six of the trips, the effect of short-term (minutes to hours) temperature changes was also investigated. The basal emission rate of isoprene was highly correlated with the average temperature of the previous two days. Including the average daily dose of photosynthetically active radiation for the previous two days improved the correlation. Using averages from one, four, or seven days before the measurement resulted in lower correlation coefficients. Including a variable basal emission rate will improve the accuracy of isoprene-emission models. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sharkey, TD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, 430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Lerdau, Manuel/E-7320-2011; Sharkey, Thomas/B-4032-2009; OI Lerdau, Manuel/0000-0003-1864-0834; Sharkey, Thomas/0000-0002-4423-3223; Geron, Chris/0000-0002-4266-2155 NR 26 TC 94 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 12 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1132 EP 1137 DI 10.2307/2641383 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700004 ER PT J AU Page, CA Bonner, JS Kanga, SA Mills, MA Autenrieth, RL AF Page, CA Bonner, JS Kanga, SA Mills, MA Autenrieth, RL TI Biosurfactant solubilization of PAHS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biosurfactant; petroleum; PAHs; solubility ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RHODOCOCCUS SPECIES H13-A; CRUDE-OIL; SYNTHETIC SURFACTANTS; NONIONIC SURFACTANT; BIODEGRADATION; WATER; DEGRADATION; PHYSIOLOGY; DISPERSION AB A biosurfactant produced by Rhodococcus strain H13-A and a commonly used synthetic surfactant, Tween-80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), are compared for their effectiveness in enhancing the aqueous concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a complex organic phase (crude oil). The focus of this research is on the highly toxic and regulated constituents of weathered crude oil, namely the three- and four-ring aromatics and the methyl-substituted derivatives. The micellar-enhanced "solubility" was monitored in the presence of surfactants when compared to solubility in the absence of surfactants. The phenanthrenes, fluorenes, pyrenes, and chrysenes showed statistically significant increases in their aqueous-plus-micellar-phase concentrations in the presence of surfactants compared to the controls. Moreover, the enhanced PAH concentrations ranged from 2.2 times to more than 35 times for the biosurfactant treatment compared to the synthetic surfactant treatment. In the biosurfactant treatment, the enhancement in "solubility" was also higher for the methyl-substituted aromatics when compared to their parent compounds, although these substituted compounds are naturally less soluble than the parent. The biological surfactant was, therefore, more effective than its synthetic counterpart in solubilizing these compounds from a complex mixture to an aqueous solution. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Conrad Blucher Inst Surveying & Sci, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Page, CA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Mills, Marc/C-3449-2017 OI Mills, Marc/0000-0002-0169-3086 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 16 IS 6 BP 465 EP 474 DI 10.1089/ees.1999.16.465 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 259ZG UT WOS:000083923400005 ER PT J AU Lewis, DR Calderon, RL Southwick, JW Ouellet-Hellstrom, R Rench, J AF Lewis, DR Calderon, RL Southwick, JW Ouellet-Hellstrom, R Rench, J TI "Drinking water arsenic in Utah ...": Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID CANCER C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SRA Life Sci, Falls Church, VA USA. Res Triangle Inst, Rockville, MD USA. RP Lewis, DR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 107 IS 11 BP A544 EP A546 DI 10.2307/3454454 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 258NW UT WOS:000083846100005 ER PT J AU Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Caldwell, JC Morello-Frosch, R Rosenbaum, A AF Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Caldwell, JC Morello-Frosch, R Rosenbaum, A TI Air toxic concentrations: Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID HEALTH C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ICF Consulting, San Rafael, CA USA. RP Woodruff, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 107 IS 11 BP A547 EP A548 DI 10.2307/3454458 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 258NW UT WOS:000083846100009 ER PT J AU Gu, RC McCutcheon, S Chen, CJ AF Gu, RC McCutcheon, S Chen, CJ TI Development of weather-dependent flow requirements for river temperature control SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE river discharges; flow management; habitat; water quality; weather; wildlife ID STREAM TEMPERATURE; PARAMETERS AB Streamflow influences biological processes, habitat, and ecological integrity of streams in a number of vital ways. The establishment of weather-dependent minimum flows is essential to the protection of the aquatic environment and wildlife habitat from the adverse impacts of high water temperatures and to the effective utilization of the assimilative capacity of instream flows. In this study, weather-dependent flow requirements for summer river temperature control are derived from quantitative temperature flow relationships. Correlation and regression of historical data and an analytical solution to the basic heat balance equation are employed to quantify the impacts of stream flow on river temperatures. Five-year continuous field measurements from the Platte River, Nebraska, USA. are used to illustrate the practical application in water-quality management. The methods and results demonstrate the feasibility of temperature control through streamflow management to meet water temperature standards and protect the aquatic biota by setting the appropriate weather-related minimum river discharges. The flow requirements are evaluated by a comparison with a critical discharge, information provided in this paper will assist in planning streamflow regulation, design of river and reservoir operations, and application of water-quality criteria in environmental management. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Civil & Construct Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Gu, RC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Civil & Construct Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 529 EP 540 DI 10.1007/s002679900252 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241PN UT WOS:000082891900009 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Jones, KB Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV Tankersley, RD Smith, ER Neale, AC Chaloud, DJ AF Wickham, JD Jones, KB Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV Tankersley, RD Smith, ER Neale, AC Chaloud, DJ TI An integrated environmental assessment of the US mid-Atlantic region SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cluster analysis; cumulative impact; geographic information systems; landscape ecology; remote sensing ID SPATIAL SCALES; LANDSCAPE; FRAMEWORK; PATTERN; FOREST AB Many of today's environmental problems are regional in scope and their effects overlap and interact. We developed a simple method to provide an integrated assessment of environmental conditions and estimate cumulative impacts across a large region, by combining data on land-cover, population, roads, streams, air pollution, and topography. The integrated assessment technique identified nine distinct groups of watersheds. Relative cumulative impact scores were highest around major urban centers, but there was not a simple or predictable spatial pattern overall. We also point out the potential applications of this approach that include distinguishing between areas in relatively poor versus good condition, identifying areas that may be more vulnerable to future environmental degradation, and identifying areas for restoration. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Geog, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 553 EP 560 DI 10.1007/s002679900254 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241PN UT WOS:000082891900011 ER PT J AU Taha, T Kanarek, MS Schultz, BD Murphy, A AF Taha, T Kanarek, MS Schultz, BD Murphy, A TI Low-cost household paint abatement to reduce children's blood lead levels SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lead poisoning; lead abatement; risk reduction; children; low-cost lead hazard control ID HEALTH AB The purpose was to examine the effectiveness of low-cost abatement on children's blood lead levels. Blood lead was analyzed before and after abatement in 37 homes of children under 7 years old with initial blood lead levels of 25-44 mu g/dL. Ninety-five percent of homes were built before 1950. Abatement methods used were wet-scraping and repainting deteriorated surfaces and wrapping window wells with aluminum or vinyl. A control group was retrospectively selected. Control children were under 7 years old, had initial blood lead levels of 25-44 mu g/dL and a follow-up level at least 28 days afterward, and did not have abatements performed in their homes between blood lead levels. After abatement, statistically significant declines occurred in the intervention children's blood lead levels. The mean decline was 22%, 1 to 6 months after treatment. After adjustment for seasonality and child's age, the mean decline was 6.0 mu g/dL, or 18%. The control children's blood levels did not decline significantly. There was a mean decline of 0.25 mu g/dL, or 0.39%. After adjustment for seasonality and age, the mean decline for control children was 1.6 mu g/dL, or 1.8%. Low-cost abatement and education are effective short-term interim controls. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Prevent Med, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53705 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Milwaukee Hlth Dept Lead Poisoning Prevent Progra, Milwaukee, WI 53215 USA. RP Kanarek, MS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Prevent Med, 610 N Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 81 IS 4 BP 334 EP 338 DI 10.1006/enrs.1999.3998 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 258ZQ UT WOS:000083869900007 PM 10581111 ER PT J AU Landrum, PF Kukkonen, J Lydy, MJ Lee, H AF Landrum, PF Kukkonen, J Lydy, MJ Lee, H TI Measuring absorption efficiencies: Some additional considerations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID PARTICLE-SIZE FRACTIONS; SEDIMENT; PAH; BIOMAGNIFICATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; ASSIMILATION; DIPOREIA; PCB C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Joensuu, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland. Wichita State Univ, Wichita, KS 67260 USA. US EPA, Newport, OR USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 18 IS 11 BP 2403 EP 2404 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2403:MAESAC>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 248JJ UT WOS:000083271100002 ER PT J AU Dye, JA Madden, MC Richards, JH Lehmann, JR Devlin, RB Costa, DL AF Dye, JA Madden, MC Richards, JH Lehmann, JR Devlin, RB Costa, DL TI Ozone effects on airway responsiveness, lung injury, and inflammation. Comparative rat strain and in vivo/in vitro investigations SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; ASTHMATIC-CHILDREN; EXPOSURE; ACID; EXPRESSION; POLLUTION; RESPONSES; TOXICITY; PRODUCTS AB Asthmatic individuals appear to be particularly sensitive to the effects of certain air pollutants-including ozone (O-3), an oxidant ambient air pollutant-for reasons that are poorly understood. The general purpose of these studies, therefore, was to expand and improve upon toxicologic methods for assessing ozone-induced effects on the airways of the rat by (1) developing an in vivo testing procedure that allows detection of airway responsiveness changes in rats exposed to ozone; (2) identifying a strain of rat that may be inherently more sensitive to the effects of ozone; and (3) validation of an in vitro epithelial culture system to more directly assess airway cellular/subcellular effects of ozone. Using methacholine inhalation challenges, we detected increased airway responsiveness in senescent F344 rats acutely after ozone exposure (2 ppm x 2 h). We also determined that acutely after ozone exposure (0.5 ppm x 8 h), Wistar rats developed significantly greater lung injury, neutrophilic inflammation, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid concentrations of IL-6 than either Sprague-Dawley (SD) or F344 rats. SD rats had greater BAL fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)), while F344 rats consistently exhibited the least effect. Wistar rat-derived tracheal epithelial (RTE) cultures were exposed in vitro to air or ozone (0.1-1.0 ppm x 1 h), and examined for analogous effects. in a concentration-dependent manner, ozone exposure resulted in acute but minor cytotoxicity. RT polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of RNA isolated from ozone-exposed cells demonstrated variable increases in steady-state gene expression of IL-6 at 4 h postexposure, while at 24 h cellular fibronectin expression (EIIIA domain) was decreased. Exposure was without effect on macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) or gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase expression. At 6 h postexposure, IL-6 synthesis and apical release appeared increased in ozone-exposed cells (1 ppm x 1 h). MIP-2 release was not significantly increased in ozone-exposed cells. Al 2 h postexposure, ozone exposure resulted in minor increases in apical fibronectin, but exposure was without effect on basolateral accumulation of fibronectin. Exposure to 1.0, but nor 0.1 ppm (x 1 h), increased production of cyclooxygenase (i.e., PGE(2)) and noncyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid. Results demonstrate that multiple inflammatory mediator pathways are affected by ozone exposure. Such effects could exacerbate morbidity in individuals with preexisting airway inflammation such as asthmatics. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Clin Res Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dye, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 68 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 11 BP 1015 EP 1040 PG 26 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 259PJ UT WOS:000083902000003 PM 10562695 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Sovocool, GW TI Mass peak profiling from selected-ion recording data as a tool for regulatory analyses SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; IDENTIFICATION AB Identification of compounds in mixtures of environmental contaminants or synthetic products is essential for regulatory analyses. Exact masses of ions determined by high resolution mass spectrometry provide unique elemental compositions only for low-mass ions (<150 Da). Using mass peak profiting from selected-ion recording data (MPPSIRD) to acquire additional mass spectral data and a profile generation model (PGM) for automated interpretation of the data, provides elemental compositions for ions with m/z up to 600, based on incontestable properties of atoms, their exact masses, isotopic abundances, and valences. In this study, MPPSIRD and a PGM were used to identify intended and unintended products resulting from attempted syntheses of 2 thermolabile, nonionic, phosphorothioate compounds. The products were volatilized from a probe inserted into a VG70-250SE double-focusing mass spectrometer. High mass resolution substituted separation in the mass domain for the temporal separation of most components provided by chromatographic techniques, MPPSIRD and the PGM identified the correct composition for M+. by rejecting all other compositions that were possible within the error limits of the exact mass determinations for M+.. MPPSIRD was used with 10 000-24 000 resolution to determine exact masses of ions prominent in mass spectra and to isolate signals from different ions with the same nominal mass. Superposition of volatilization peaks of ions and linked scans (constant magnetic field to electrostatic sector voltage ratio) correlated fragment ions with the molecular ion. The PGM determined the compositions of fragment ions, using the number of atoms of each element in the molecular ion as limits. Fragmentation schemes based on these ions and the tables of exact masses and relative abundances provided a preponderance of evidence for the product identities. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1443 EP 1457 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 258UT UT WOS:000083858100026 ER PT J AU Boyes, WK Hunter, E Gary, C Jensen, K Pfeiffer, RL AF Boyes, WK Hunter, E Gary, C Jensen, K Pfeiffer, RL TI Topical exposure of the eyes to the organophosphorus insecticide malathion: Lack of visual effects SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE malathion; ocular toxicity; visual function ID SENSORY EVOKED-POTENTIALS; 3,3'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE IDPN; RAT; SYSTEM; NEUROTOXICOLOGY AB Concern for toxicity following exposure to organophosphorus insecticides led us to investigate whether topical application of either malathion or malathion mixed in a protein bait as used for aerial spray applications could be toxic to the ocular/visual system. Adult male Long-Evans rats were either untreated or treated with malathion alone (two drops per day in each eye), bait alone (six drops per day in each eye) or malathion and bait (six drops per day in each eye). The dose levels of malathion alone and malathion and bait were chosen based on pilot work and provided approximately equivalent amounts of active ingredient. The rats were treated 5 days a week for 4 weeks. During the final week of treatment, the rats were implanted surgically with cranial recording electrodes overlying the visual projection area of the cerebral cortex, Visual pattern-evoked potentials (PEPs) were elicited with vertical sinusoidal gratings at three levels of stimulus spatial frequency (0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 cycles per degree) and three levels of visual contrast (0.15, 0.30 and 0.60), After spectral analysis of the PEP waveforms, the amplitude and phase at the stimulus rate (F1) and the first harmonic (F2) were determined. Although F1 and F2 parameters were influenced significantly by manipulation of the stimulus parameters, no significant differences were observed that could be attributed to treatment with the test substances. In addition, an ophthalmological examination of the eyes and a light microscopic evaluation of ocular tissues, including retina and optic nerve, revealed no treatment-related lesions. The dose levels used in this study were high-approximately 84000 times the exposure per unit surface area expected from aerial spraying-and yet the visual function of the treated subjects was apparently normal, This study identified no significant toxicological concerns regarding direct ocular contact exposure to malathion. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Shaw Univ, Raleigh, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Boyes, WK (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 6 BP 473 EP 483 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199911/12)19:6<473::AID-JAT602>3.0.CO;2-A PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 260CJ UT WOS:000083930500010 PM 10547628 ER PT J AU Ellington, JJ AF Ellington, JJ TI Octanol/water partition coefficients and water solubilities of phthalate esters SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article AB Measurements of the octanol/water partition coefficients (K-ow) and water solubilities of di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and di-n-decyl phthalate (DnDP) by the slow-stirring method are reported. The water solubility was also measured for di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP). The log K-ow values of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPP), and DnHP, determined in a previous study, and the log K-ow values of DnOP determined again in this study were correlated against the number of carbons in the phthalate side chain. The straight line regression equation (log K-ow = 0.979 + 0.615, r(2) = 0.993) was used to extend the estimate for a carbon number 10; that is, log K-ow = 10.41 for DnDP. The slow-stirring log K-ow = 8.83 +/- 0.05 reported here for DnDP suggests that the decrease in solubility of the phthalate in the water layer is nonlinear when the side chain carbon length increases beyond eight carbons. Similarly, the straight line regression equation derived from correlation of the measured water solubilities for DnOP and DnHP reported here and the literature values for DMP, DEP, and DnBP against side chain carbon number predicted a 0.005 mu g/L water solubilty for DnDP. The measured water solubility of DnDP (0.22 +/- 0.05 mu g/L) reported here was 44-fold greater. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Ellington, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1414 EP 1418 DI 10.1021/je990149u PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 256JT UT WOS:000083722700060 ER PT J AU Khodadoust, AP Sorial, GA Wilson, GJ Suidan, MT Griffiths, RA Brenner, RC AF Khodadoust, AP Sorial, GA Wilson, GJ Suidan, MT Griffiths, RA Brenner, RC TI Integrated system for remediation of contaminated soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SOLVENT AB A pilot-scale study was conducted to evaluate an integrated system for the remediation of soils contaminated primarily with pentachlorophenol (PCP), a wood preserver. The integrated soil remediation system consisted of three unit processes: (1) Soil solvent washing; (2) solvent recovery; and (3) biotreatment of the contaminant residual. Pilot-scale countercurrent solvent washing was carried out using a 95% ethanol solution -a solvent that in an earlier bench-scale study was found to be effective in removing PCP and hydrocarbons (HCs) from soils. Three-stage countercurrent solvent washing of a field-contaminated soil was performed using batches of 7.5 kg of soil and 30 L of solvent (1 kg:4 L soil-to-solvent contact ratio). The washed soil was rinsed with water in a single stage after three countercurrent wash stages. Pilot-scale, three-stage countercurrent solvent washing with 95% ethanol reduced the PCP and HC contamination on the soil by 98 and 95%, respectively. The spent solvent and the spent rinse water were combined as the spent wash fluid for further treatment. A pilot-scale distillation unit was used to recover the ethanol from the spent wash fluid. The HC constituents of the spent wash fluid were removed by pH adjustment prior to feeding the spent wash fluid to a distillation unit. Greater than 96% of the ethanol in the spent wash fluid was recovered in the distillate stream, whereas PCP was captured in the bottoms stream. The bottoms stream was treated sequentially in anaerobic and aerobic granular-activated carbon fluidized-bed reactors. Complete mineralization of PCP was achieved using this treatment train. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Khodadoust, AP (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 1999 VL 125 IS 11 BP 1033 EP 1041 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:11(1033) PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 247HU UT WOS:000083216000007 ER PT J AU Vogelbein, WK Fournie, JW Cooper, PS Van Veld, PA AF Vogelbein, WK Fournie, JW Cooper, PS Van Veld, PA TI Hepatoblastomas in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), from a creosote-contaminated environment: a histologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article ID GLYCOPROTEIN GENE LEADS; PRODUCT P-GLYCOPROTEIN; MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; TUMOR PROGRESSION; RAINBOW-TROUT; LIVER-TUMORS; RAT-LIVER AB A detailed histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural description of two cases of hepatoblastoma, a primitive liver cell neoplasm, is provided from mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), inhabiting a creosote-contaminated environment in the Elizabeth River, Virginia, USA. Both neoplasms were multifocal and comprised of undifferentiated embryonal cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. One case was characterized by a prominent macrotrabecular arrangement of tumour cells, whereas the other was solid in organization and undifferentiated. Tumour cells in some areas formed rosettes or pseudorosettes characteristic for hepatoblastoma. Focal areas within the macrotrabecular tumour were poorly differentiated, exhibiting a solid cellular arrangement. Strong immunolabelling with antibody C-219 indicated elevation and altered patterns of P-glycoprotein expression in both cases. In case 1, plasma membranes and tumour cell cytoplasm, but not bile canaliculi, were strongly labelled. However, in case 2, the macrotrabecular lesion, bile canaliculi were prominently labelled by the C-219 antibody with only patchy immunolabelling of tumour cell cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, neoplasms from both specimens were composed of small, closely apposed, undifferentiated embryonal cells with scant cytoplasm resembling developing hepatocytes. The macrotrabecular lesion (case 2) exhibited a prominent tubular organization with well-developed bile canaliculi and constituent cells with abundant organelles. Based on histologic pattern, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural features, these undifferentiated liver lesions are distinct from hepatocellular carcinoma reported in this species and warrant a diagnosis of hepatoblastoma. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. RP Vogelbein, WK (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Route 1208, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NR 50 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 419 EP 431 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.1999.00192.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 273WH UT WOS:000084732000002 ER PT J AU Varma, RS AF Varma, RS TI Solvent-free synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using microwaves SO JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Congress of Heterocyclic Chemistry CY AUG 16, 1999 CL VIENNA UNIV TECHNOL, INST ORGAN CHEM, VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Organ Chem HO VIENNA UNIV TECHNOL, INST ORGAN CHEM ID SUPPORTED SODIUM PERIODATE; ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS; COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGIES; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; DRUG DISCOVERY; ALUMINA; CLAY; IRRADIATION; CHEMISTRY AB Microwave-enhanced solvent-free synthetic approach is described that features simplicity, manipulative ease of the operation and conservation of solvents as the main advantages. This eco-friendly approach, which has found application in facile organic functional group transformations, is applied to rapid assembly of heterocyclic compounds. A variety of solid state reactions are described that occur rapidly at ambient pressure under solventless conditions and provide ready access to intermediates such, as enamines and alpha-tosyloxyketones which can be transformed in situ to biologically significant heterocyclic compounds such as isoflav-3-enes, flavones, quinolones, 2-aroylbenzo[b]furans and thiazoles in one-pot operation. Multicomponent reactions under these solvent free conditions can be adapted for high speed parallel synthesis and are exemplified by assembly of dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-ones (Biginelli reaction) and imidazo[1,2-a]annulated pyridines, pyrazines and pyrimidines (Ugi reaction) which may have potential in building a library of such compounds. C1 Sam Houston State Univ, Dept Chem, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. Sam Houston State Univ, Texas Reg Inst Environm Studies, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 64 TC 141 Z9 143 U1 2 U2 13 PU HETERO CORPORATION PI ODESSA PA PO BOX 993, ODESSA, FL 33556-0993 USA SN 0022-152X J9 J HETEROCYCLIC CHEM JI J. Heterocycl. Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1565 EP 1571 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 280MH UT WOS:000085106200018 ER PT J AU Baumgardner, RE Isil, SS Bowser, JJ Fitzgerald, KM AF Baumgardner, RE Isil, SS Bowser, JJ Fitzgerald, KM TI Measurements of rural sulfur dioxide and particle sulfate: Analysis of CASTNet data, 1987 through 1996 SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; NITRIC-ACID; SITE; DEPOSITION; MOUNTAINS; AEROSOLS; NITRATE; HAZE AB The Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) was implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1991 in response to Title IX of the Clean Air Amendments of 1990, which mandated the deployment of a national ambient air monitoring network to track progress of the implementation of emission reduction programs in terms of deposition, air quality, and changes to affected ecosystems. CASTNet evolved from the National Dry Deposition Network (NDDN). CASTNet currently consists of 45 sites in the eastern United States and 28 sites in the West. Each site measures sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric acid (HNO3), particle sulfate (SO4--), particle nitrate (NO3-), and ozone. Nineteen sites collect precipitation samples. NDDN/CASTNet uses a uniform set of site-selection criteria which provides the data user with consistent measures to compare each site. These criteria also ensure that, to the extent possible, CASTNet sites are located away from local emission sources. This paper presents an analysis of SO2 and SO4-- concentration data collected from 1987 through 1996 at rural NDDN/CASTNet sites. Annual and seasonal variability is examined. Gradients of SO2 and SO4-- are discussed. The variability of the atmospheric mix of SO2 and SO4-- is explored spatially and seasonally. Data from CASTNet are also compared to SO2 and SO4-- data from concurrent monitoring studies in rural areas. The Midwest and the Northeast have the highest annual averages of SO2, greater than 10 mu g/m(3). SO2 concentrations vary by a factor of 6 across the six eastern subregions. The annual SO2 concentrations for western sites average less than 1 mu g/m(3). A gradient in SO2 concentrations in the Ohio River Valley was observed, decreasing in northeasterly, easterly, and southeasterly directions. Also, a decreasing concentration gradient was observed for SO4-- from the Midwest to the East and Southeast, although the gradient was not as pronounced as for SO2. Both SO2 and SO4-- exhibited strong seasonal cycles. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Thermo Environm Instruments, Morrisville, NC USA. QST Environm Inc, Gainesville, FL USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Baumgardner, RE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Mail Drop 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Xiongfei, Zhao/G-7690-2015 NR 31 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 49 IS 11 BP 1266 EP 1279 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 258BX UT WOS:000083819200001 PM 28072371 ER PT J AU Mage, D Wilson, W Hasselblad, V Grant, L AF Mage, D Wilson, W Hasselblad, V Grant, L TI Assessment of human exposure to ambient particulate matter SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; METROPOLITAN PHILADELPHIA; OUTDOOR CONCENTRATIONS; AIRBORNE PARTICLES; PERSONAL EXPOSURE; SPATIAL VARIATION; INDOOR; CALIFORNIA; COMMUNITY; MORTALITY AB Recent epidemiological studies have consistently shown that the acute mortality effects of high concentrations of ambient particulate matter (PM), documented in historic air pollution episodes, may also be occurring at the low to moderate concentrations of ambient PM found in modern urban areas. In London in December 1952, the unexpected deaths due to PM exposure could be identified and counted as integers by the coroners. In modern times, the PM-related deaths cannot be as readily identified, and they can only be inferred as fractional average daily increases in mortality rates using sophisticated statistical filtering and analyses of the air quality and mortality data. The causality of the relationship between exposure to ambient PM and acute mortality at these lower modern PM concentrations has been questioned because of a perception that there is little significant correlation in time between the ambient PM concentrations and measured personal exposure to PM from all sources (ambient PM plus indoor-generated PM). This article shows that the critical factor supporting the plausibility of a linear PM mortality relationship is the expected high correlation in time of people's exposure to PM of ambient origin with measured ambient PM concentrations, as used in the epidemiological time series studies. The presence of indoor and personal sources of PM masks this underlying relationship, leading to confusion in the scientific literature about the strong underlying temporal relationship between personal exposure to PM of ambient origin and ambient PM concentration. The authors show that the sources of PM of non-ambient origin operate independently of the ambient PM concentrations, so that the mortality effect of non-ambient PM, if any, must be independent of the effects of the ambient PM exposures. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Clin Res Unit, Durham, NC USA. RP Mage, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 49 IS 11 BP 1280 EP 1291 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 258BX UT WOS:000083819200002 PM 10589295 ER PT J AU Byun, DW AF Byun, DW TI Dynamically consistent formulations in meteorological and air quality models for multiscale atmospheric studies. Part I: Governing equations in a generalized coordinate system SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE MODEL; NONHYDROSTATIC VERSION; ETA-MODEL; TRANSFORMATION; SIMULATION AB In recent years, the popularity of the fully compressible nonhydrostatic atmospheric models has increased due to the need for simulating multiscale dynamics from convective to synoptic weather phenomena. These recent advances in meteorological modeling techniques present a new set of implementation difficulties and challenges for air quality models and others that are dependent on prognostic meteorological models because some of the scalar quantities are not conserved adequately due to the nature of numerical formulations in these models. To provide a foundation for conservative discrete formulations in atmospheric models, this paper proposes a set of governing equations for a fully compressible atmosphere in a generalized coordinate system. The idealized set of governing equations for atmospheric studies includes conservative equations for the thermodynamic variables and trace species as well as equations for wind components. For the thermodynamic parameters, a continuity equation for air density and a conservation equation for entropy are preferred to the prognostic equations for pressure and temperature. The proposed set of governing equations allows for a unified description of atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, and air quality problems. Alternative prognostic and diagnostic formulations of the governing equations and their characteristics are studied for different coordinate systems. The companion paper addresses the mass conservation issues in multiscale air quality applications. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Byun, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, MD-80 Bldg,4201,Rm 324,79 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 34 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 56 IS 21 BP 3789 EP 3807 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3789:DCFIMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247AM UT WOS:000083198500013 ER PT J AU Byun, DW AF Byun, DW TI Dynamically consistent formulations in meteorological and air quality models for multiscale atmospheric studies. Part II: Mass conservation issues SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WIND FIELDS; OZONE CONCENTRATIONS; GLOBAL ANALYSES; SYSTEM; PERFORMANCE; TRANSPORT; DESIGN; URBAN AB Eulerian air quality models that require gridded meteorological inputs have to adapt to recent advances in meteorological models for fully compressible atmosphere. When the input meteorological data are recast with a robust fully compressible governing set of equations, chemistry-transport models can follow the dynamic and thermodynamic descriptions of the meteorological data closely. For evaluating mass consistency in meteorological data, one may rake advantage of the characteristics of the governing set of equations applicable for a specific vertical coordinate system. This paper discusses how the data from meteorological models should be used in air quality simulations. It proposes a general methodology to conserve mass of trace species in air quality models by maintaining consistency in the wind and air density fields. Limitations of several simplifying assumptions on atmospheric dynamics are also discussed. In summary, it attempts to bridge the information gap between dynamic meteorologists and air quality modelers by highlighting the implication of using different meteorological coordinates and dynamic assumptions for air quality simulations. C1 US EPA, NERL, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Byun, DW (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, MD-80 Bldg 4201,Rm 324,79 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 45 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 56 IS 21 BP 3808 EP 3820 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3808:DCFIMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247AM UT WOS:000083198500014 ER PT J AU Berman, MD Kim, HJ AF Berman, MD Kim, HJ TI Endogenous on-site time in the recreation demand model SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-CHOICE MODELS; OPPORTUNITY COST AB Careful modeling of on-site time may substantially improve estimates of the benefits of recreational visits using the travel cost method especially when on-site time is endogenous. This paper review's the theory of endogenous on-site time, and shows how the theory may apply to the Random Utility Model (RUM). An empirical example of a two-level, nested-choice model of sport fishing in southcentral Alaska illustrates a discussion of the relative advantages of the different ways to specify endogenous onsite time. (JEL Q26). C1 Univ Alaska, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Berman, MD (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 75 IS 4 BP 603 EP 619 DI 10.2307/3147069 PG 17 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 278ZU UT WOS:000085019500009 ER PT J AU Cao, Y Williams, DD AF Cao, Y Williams, DD TI Rare species are important in bioassessment (Reply to the comment by Marchant) SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ABUNDANCE; ECOLOGY C1 US EPA, NHEERL WED, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Toronto, Div Life Sci, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. RP Cao, Y (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL WED, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 10 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 44 IS 7 BP 1841 EP 1842 PG 2 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 251LJ UT WOS:000083446900026 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF Benane, SG House, DE AF Blackman, CF Benane, SG House, DE TI Attenuation of tamoxifen-action on MCF-7 cell growth by a physical agent. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1999 VL 10 SU S MA 1574 BP 272A EP 272A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 255MW UT WOS:000083673501574 ER PT J AU Tsutsui, T Kumakura, S Tamura, Y Barrett, JC AF Tsutsui, T Kumakura, S Tamura, Y Barrett, JC TI Minisatellite instability in immortal cell lines derived from a Li-Fraumeni syndrome patient SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Nippon Dent Univ, Sch Dent, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1028159, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1999 VL 10 SU S MA 1578 BP 273A EP 273A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 255MW UT WOS:000083673501579 ER PT J AU Rice, DC Hayward, S AF Rice, DC Hayward, S TI Effects of exposure to 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) throughout gestation and lactation on behavior (concurrent random interval-random interval and progressive ratio performance) in rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PCB; developmental exposure; cognitive effects; 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl ID THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DISCRIMINATION REVERSAL; DRL PERFORMANCE; FIXED-RATIO; CONGENERS; MONKEYS; MIXTURE; TCDD AB There is evidence that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners have differential effects on endpoints of neurotoxicity depending on their chemical structure: specifically, that ortho-substituted congeners are neurotoxic while coplanar (dioxin-like) congeners are relatively inactive in producing neurotoxic effects. This study extends research on the effects of developmental exposure to the coplanar congener 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) in Long-Evans rats. Dams were dosed with 0, 0.25, or 1 mu g/kg/day Monday to Friday beginning 5 weeks before and continuing through gestation and lactation. The first 2-week breeding period produced 10, 7, and 13 litters in the three dose groups, respectively, used in behavioral assessment. Breeding females from the control and low-dose group that did not conceive were rebred after 76 days of dosing, producing six and six litters used in behavioral testing. This regimen of PCB exposure produced reduced weight gain between birth and weaning in cohort 1, and decreased thyroxine levels and changes in hematology and serum biochemistry parameters in both cohorts. One female and male from each litter were tested under a series of three concurrent random interval-random interval (RI-RI) schedules of reinforcement beginning at about 400 days of age, followed immediately by assessment under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. The concurrent RI-RI allows assessment of performance during steady state and during behavior in transition (learning). The PR schedule provides the opportunity to assess the strength of the reinforcing event independent of response rate. During the first RI-RI schedule, the high-dose group apportioned responses less accurately than controls with respect to the scheduled relative reinforcement density on the two levers. There was also some evidence for differences in performance between treated and control groups on the third RI-RI schedule of reinforcement. There was no evidence for differences in the relative strength of the reinforcing event as assessed by PR performance. These same rats failed to exhibit PCB-induced impairment on a spatial delayed alternation task or under multiple fixed interval-fixed ratio or DRL schedules of reinforcement, performed prior to the current experiments. These data extend previous findings concerning the pattern of behavioral effects as a consequence of gestational and lactational exposure to a dioxin-like PCB congener. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Bur Chem Safety, Toxicol Res Div, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Hlth Canada, Bur Biostat & Comp Applicat, Food Directorate, Hlth Protect Branch, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Rice, DC (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW,MC-8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 33 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 21 IS 6 BP 679 EP 687 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00021-5 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 251CW UT WOS:000083427900008 PM 10560775 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Phillips, PM McDaniel, KL MacPhail, RC AF Moser, VC Phillips, PM McDaniel, KL MacPhail, RC TI Behavioral evaluation of the neurotoxicity produced by dichloroacetic acid in rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dichloroacetate; neurotoxicity; functional observational battery; disinfection by-products; rat ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; 90 DAY TOXICITY; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; DRINKING-WATER; CARCINOGENICITY; CHLORINATION; METABOLITES; ACRYLAMIDE; NEUROPATHY; DEFICIENCY AB Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is commonly found in drinking water as a by-product of chlorination disinfection. It is a known neurotoxicant in rats, dogs, and humans. We have characterized DCA neurotoxicity in rats using a neurobehavioral screening battery under varying exposure durations (acute, subchronic, and chronic) and routes of administration (oral gavage and drinking water). Studies were conducted in both weanling and adult rats, and comparisons were made between Long-Evans and Fischer-344 rats. DCA produced neuromuscular toxicity comprised of limb weakness and deficits in gait and righting reflex; altered gait and decreased hindlimb grip strength were the earliest indicators of toxicity. Other effects included mild tremors, ocular abnormalities, and a unique chest-clasping response (seen in Fischer-344 rats only). Neurotoxicity was permanent (i.e., through 2 years) following a 6-month exposure to high dose levels, whereas the effects of intermediate dose levels with exposures of 3 months or less were slowly reversible. The severity, specificity, and recovery of neurological changes were route, duration, and strain dependent. Fischer-344 rats were more sensitive than Long-Evans rats, and weanling rats may be somewhat more sensitive than adults. Oral gavage produced significantly less toxicity compared to the same intake level received in drinking water. Neurotoxicity was progressive with continued exposure, and was observed at exposure levels as low as 16 mg/kg/day (lowest dose level tested) when administered via drinking water in subchronic studies. The data from these studies characterize the neurotoxicity produced by DCA, and show it to be more pronounced, persistent, and occurring at lower exposures than has been previously reported. Further research should take into account these marked route, age, and strain differences. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 47 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 21 IS 6 BP 719 EP 731 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00029-X PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 251CW UT WOS:000083427900012 PM 10560779 ER PT J AU Gawel, MJ AF Gawel, MJ TI Protection of marine benthic habitats in the Pacific islands. A case study of Guam SO OCEANOLOGICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Marine Benthic Habitats and their Living Resources - Monitoring, Management and Applications to Pacific Island Countries CY NOV 10-16, 1997 CL NAOUMEA, NEW CALEDONIA SP South Pacific Applied Geosci Commiss, Intergovt Oceanograph Commiss, Territory New Caledonia & Its Provinces, Inst Francais Rech Exploitat Mer, Inst Rech Deve, Natl Sci Fdn, Secretariat Pacific Comm, Netherlands Geosci Fdn, Swedish Int Dev Cooperat Agcy, European Union DE reef; protection; benthic; environment; Guam AB Guam consists of a single main island surrounded by shallow fringing coral reefs. The marine species and ecology of Guam's coral reefs have been studied extensively, especially through programs of the University of Guam's Marine Laboratory. In addition to overfishing and destructive fishing practices, the marine benthic communities of Guam have been damaged by major storm waves; loss of corals to crown of thorns starfish predation; damage by recreational swimmers, divers and watercraft operators; grounding of ships and pollutant discharges of sewage and of stormwater. But the most serious damage is due to accelerated siltation, sedimentation and turbidity due to erosion related to land use practices. Steps are being taken to protect Guam's coral reefs and coastal waters through legislation, regulations, permit systems and policies. Environmental impact assessments, Guams Coral Reef Initiative and controls by the Guam Seashore Protection Commission help greatly in the protection of Guam's marine benthic environment, while new legislation and research to protect Guam's coral reefs is underway. (C) 1999 Ifremer / CNRS / IRD / Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 US EPA, Yigo, GU 96929 USA. RP Gawel, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, 120 Bengbing St, Yigo, GU 96929 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 9 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0399-1784 J9 OCEANOL ACTA JI Oceanol. Acta PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 721 EP 726 DI 10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88962-8 PG 6 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 274DQ UT WOS:000084748800017 ER PT J AU Bouchard, DC AF Bouchard, DC TI Sorption of vinclozolin and atrazine on four geosorbents SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pesticides; non-equilibrium; sorption; contaminant transport ID NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SORBATE STRUCTURE; SOIL; SEDIMENTS; DESORPTION; TRANSPORT; CHEMICALS; COLUMNS AB The objectives of this study were to evaluate the magnitude and kinetics of vinclozolin and atrazine sorption on one surface soil and three freshwater sediments using batch and column techniques. Data from miscible displacement column studies were analyzed using a two-domain, first-order mass transfer model to obtain the equilibrium sorption constant (K) and the first-order desorption rate coefficient (k(2)). In the two-domain conceptualization and mathematical model, sorption is assumed to be instantaneous (and therefore at equilibrium) in the first domain, and kinetically controlled (modeled as a first-order reaction) in the second domain. (H2O)-H-3 used as a conservative tracer to characterize column hydrodynamics yielded breakthrough curves (BTCs) that were all symmetric and the data were described well by the advective-dispersive local equilibrium solute-transport model, thus indicating hydrodynamic equilibrium during transport for the column systems. However, vinclozolin and atrazine BTCs exhibited the 'tailing' that is characteristic of nonequilibrium sorption during solute transport. The equilibrium model provided poor fits for all of the vinclozolin and atrazine data except for the least-sorbing geosorbent and atrazine where ETC symmetry was high. However, when slow sorption kinetics were accounted for, the two-domain model simulations provided good descriptions of the experimental data. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Bouchard, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 55 IS 11 BP 1095 EP 1102 DI 10.1002/ps.2780551108 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 265JU UT WOS:000084240300007 ER PT J AU Lunetta, RS Balogh, ME AF Lunetta, RS Balogh, ME TI Application of multi-temporal Landsat 5 TM imagery for wetland identification SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY SENSED DATA; ACCURACY; CLASSIFICATION AB Multi-temporal Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was evaluated for the identification and monitoring of potential jurisdictional wetlands located in the states of Maryland end Delaware. A wetland map prepared from single-date TM imagery was compared to a hybrid map developed using two dates of imagery. The basic approach was to identify land-cover vegetation types using spring leaf-on imagery, and identify the location and extent of the seasonally saturated soil conditions and areas exhibiting wetland hydrology using spring leaf-off imagery. The accuracy of the wetland maps produced from both single- and multiple-date TM imagery were assessed using reference data derived from aerial photographic interpretations and field observation data. Subsequent to the merging of wetland forest and shrub categories, the overall accuracy of the wetland map produced from two dates of imagery was 88 percent compared to the 69 percent result from single-date imagery. A Kappa Test Z statistic of 5.8 indicated a significant increase in accuracy was achieved using multiple-date TM images. Wetland maps developed from multi-temporal Landsat TM imagery may potentially provide a valuable tool to supplement existing National Wetland Inventory maps for identifying the location and extent of wetlands in northern temperate regions of the United States. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Dept Interior, Boulder City, NV 89006 USA. RP Lunetta, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 22 TC 103 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 65 IS 11 BP 1303 EP 1310 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 251ZX UT WOS:000083477200012 ER PT J AU Stoker, TE Robinette, CL Cooper, RL AF Stoker, TE Robinette, CL Cooper, RL TI Perinatal exposure to estrogenic compounds and the subsequent effects on the prostate of the adult rat: evaluation of inflammation in the ventral and lateral lobes SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE prostatitis; perinatal; estrogen; tamoxifen; methoxychlor ID PROLACTIN LEVELS; SEX STEROIDS; MOUSE; METHOXYCHLOR; ESTRADIOL; ANDROGEN; PROGESTERONE; GROWTH; ORGANS; MICE AB Although the effects of estrogenic compounds administered during the perinatal period on the size and morphology of the prostate have been well documented, the effects of such exposures on inflammatory changes in the prostate have not been well characterized. Since neonatal estradiol exposure has been shown to cause periods of hyperprolactinemia later in life and a relationship exists between high prolactin levels and rat lateral prostate inflammation, we hypothesized that an exposure to environmental compounds with estrogenic activity could result in an increase in lateral prostate inflammation in adulthood. To investigate this possibility and compare differences between estrogen agonists and antagonists, we examined the effect of a perinatal exposure to 17 beta-estradiol, the insecticide methoxychlor, the partial estrogen agonist tamoxifen, and the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Dams were dosed from gestation day (GD)18 to parturition and then the pups were dosed from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 5 with 0.1 mt of a solution of 0.355 mM and .0178 mM by sc injection, respectively, of all compounds in sesame oil, except for methoxychlor, which was administered only to the dam by gavage from GD 18 through PND 5 at a dose of 50 mg/kg in sesame oil. At 90 d of age, the weight of the lateral and ventral prostate in the estradiol group was significantly decreased. Tamoxifen caused a decrease in the weight of the lateral prostate, whereas the ventral lobe was not affected. ICI 182,780 did not alter prostate weight. The methoxychlor exposure increased the lateral lobe weight, but the ventral lobe weight was not affected. In the estradiol and tamoxifen groups, an inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the ventral prostates in 45.0 and 27.8% of the animals, respectively. There was a significant increase in the percent and severity of inflammation in the lateral prostate (as determined by a myeloperoxidase or neutrophil quantification assay) in the estradiol, tamoxifen, and methoxychlor groups as compared to controls. The ICI group was comparable to the controls in both ventral and lateral lobes. This study demonstrates that perinatal exposure to estrogenic compounds can result in alterations in the size of the adult prostate and increase the incidence of prostatitis. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Stoker, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 46 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 6 BP 463 EP 472 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(99)00049-0 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 265RE UT WOS:000084256500005 PM 10613394 ER PT J AU Santostefano, MJ Richardson, VM Walker, NJ Blanton, J Lindros, KO Lucier, GW Alcasey, SK Birnbaum, LS AF Santostefano, MJ Richardson, VM Walker, NJ Blanton, J Lindros, KO Lucier, GW Alcasey, SK Birnbaum, LS TI Dose-dependent localization of TCDD in isolated centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); hepatocyte; cytochromes P450 ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; MULTICOMPARTMENT GEOMETRIC MODEL; RAT-LIVER; RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; GENE-EXPRESSION; HEPATIC-UPTAKE; PERIVENOUS HEPATOCYTES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AB Dose-response relationships for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) suggest a differential sensitivity of liver cell types to the induction of cytochrome P450 gene expression, and that the induction of hepatic protein CYP1A2 causes sequestration of TCDD, In addition, immunolocalization of hepatic CYP1A1/1B1/ 1A2 proteins is not uniform after exposure to TCDD, The mechanism for the regio-specific induction of hepatic P450s by TCDD is unknown, but may involve the differential distribution of participants in the AhR-mediated pathway and/or regional P450 isozymes, as well as, non-uniform distribution/sequestration of TCDD, Therefore, this study examined the effects of TCDD in unfractionated, centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes isolated from female Sprague-Dawley rats acutely exposed (3 days) to a single oral dose of 0.01-10.0 mu g [(3)H]TCDD/kg. A dose-dependent increase in concentration of TCDD was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 mRNA expression and associated enzymes in all liver-cell populations. Centrilobular hepatocytes showed a 2.7- to 4.5-fold higher concentration of TCDD as compared to the periportal hepatocytes at doses up to 0.3 mu g TCDD/kg, Centrilobular hepatocytes also exhibited an elevated MROD activity as compared to the periportal hepatocytes at doses up to 0.3 mu g TCDD/kg, Furthermore, centrilobular hepatocytes showed an elevated concentration of induced CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 mRNA as compared to periportal hepatocytes within the 0.01- and 0.3-mu g TCDD/kg-treatment groups. This is the first study to demonstrate that a dose-dependent difference in distribution of TCDD exists between centrilobular and periportal cells that might be related to regional differences in P450 induction. C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NIEHS, Lab Computat Biol & Rick Anal, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Alcohol Res Ctr, Helsinki, Finland. RP Santostefano, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM santostefano.michael@epamail.epa.gov RI Walker, Nigel/D-6583-2012 OI Walker, Nigel/0000-0002-9111-6855 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 F32 ES05701-01A1] NR 71 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1093/toxsci/52.1.9 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 255VH UT WOS:000083690500002 PM 10568693 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM Hedge, JM Birnbaum, LS AF Cummings, AM Hedge, JM Birnbaum, LS TI Effect of prenatal exposure to TCDD on the promotion of endometriotic lesion growth by TCDD in adult female rats and mice SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE TCDD; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; developmental effects; endometriosis; reproductive tract; rats; mice ID IN-UTERO; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; INDUCTION; MECHANISM; MODEL; MOUSE AB Several lines of research led to our hypothesis that perinatal exposure to TCDD may alter the sensitivity of adult rodents to the promotional effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on endometriosis. Pregnant rats and mice were treated on gestation day (GD) 8 with either 1 (rats) or 3 (mice) mu g TCDD/kg or vehicle. Female offspring were reared to adulthood, and endometriosis was induced surgically. All animals received 0, 3, or 10 mu g TCDD/kg 3 weeks prior to surgery, at the time of surgery, and 3, 6, and 9 weeks after surgery. Necropsies were performed 12 weeks after surgery. Measurements at necropsy included the diameter of endometriotic lesions and body, uterine, ovarian and liver weights. While no effect of treatment on lesion diameter was found in rats, analyses revealed that perinatal plus adult exposure to TCDD can increase the size of endometriotic lesions surgically induced in mice. These and additional data on body and organ weights are consistent with previous work. These data confirm the sensitivity of mice to the promotion of endometriotic lesion growth by TCDD and indicate a perinatal effect of TCDD on this parameter when perinatal exposure on GD8 is supplemented with adult exposure to TCDD of female mice. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cummings, AM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 45 EP 49 DI 10.1093/toxsci/52.1.45 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 255VH UT WOS:000083690500006 PM 10568697 ER PT J AU Stoker, TE Robinette, CL Cooper, RL AF Stoker, TE Robinette, CL Cooper, RL TI Maternal exposure to atrazine during lactation suppresses suckling-induced prolactin release and results in prostatitis in the adult offspring SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE atrazine; prolactin; tuberoinfundibular neuron; bromocriptine; prostatitis ID LATERAL PROSTATE; PITUITARY GRAFTS; GROWTH-HORMONE; NEONATAL RATS; MILK; TESTOSTERONE; INFLAMMATION; SECRETION; INVIVO; SERUM AB The availability of prolactin (PRL) to the neonatal brain is known to affect the development of the tuberoinfundibular (TIDA) neurons and, as a consequence, lead to alterations in subsequent PRL regulation. Without early lactational exposure to PRL (derived from the dam's milk), TIDA neuronal growth is impaired and elevated PRL levels are present in the prepubertal male. These observations, combined with the finding that alterations in PRL secretion (i.e., hyperprolactinemia) in the adult male rat have been implicated in the development of prostatitis, led us to hypothesize that early lactational exposure to agents that suppress suckling-induced PRL release would lead to a disruption in TIDA development, altered PRL regulation, and subsequent prostatitis in the male offspring. To test this hypothesis, suckling-induced PRL release was measured in Wistar dams treated twice daily with the herbicide atrazine (ATR, by gavage, on PND 1-4 at 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight), or twice daily with the dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine (BROM, sc, at 0.052, 0.104, 0.208, and 0.417 mg/kg). BROM is known to suppress PRL release. Similarly, atrazine has also been reported to suppress PRL in adult females. Serum PRL was measured on PND 3 using a serial sampling technique and indwelling cardiac catheters. A significant rise in serum PRL release was noted in all control females within 10 min of the initiation of suckling. Fifty-mg/kg ATR inhibited suckling-induced PRL release in all females, whereas 25 and 12.5 mg/kg ATR inhibited this measure in some dams and had no discernible effect in others. The 6.25 mg/kg dose of ATR was without-effect. BROM, used here as a positive control, also inhibited suckling-induced PRL release at doses of 0.104 to 0.417 mg/kg, with no effect at 0.052 mg/kg. To examine the effect of postnatal ATR and BROM on the incidence and severity of inflammation (INF) of the lateral prostate of the offspring, adult males were examined at 90 and 120 days. While no effect was noted at 90 days of age, at 120 days, both the incidence and severity of prostate inflammation was increased in those offspring of ATR-treated darns (25 and 50 mg/kg). The 12.5 mg/kg ATR and the two highest doses of BROM increased the incidence, but not the severity, of prostatitis. Combined treatment of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and 25 or 50 mg/kg ATR on PND 1-4 reduced the incidence of inflammation observed at 120 days,indicating that this increase in INF, seen after ATR alone, resulted from the suppression of PRL in the dam. To determine whether or not there is a critical period for these effects, dams were dosed with 25 and 50 mg/kg on PND 6-9 and PND 11-14. Inflammation was increased in those offspring from darns treated on PND 6-9, but this increase was not significant. Dosing on PND 11-14 was without effect. These data demonstrate that ATR suppresses suckling-induced PRL release and that this suppression results in lateral prostate inflammation in the offspring. The critical period for this effect is PND 1-9. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Stoker, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 51 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 68 EP 79 DI 10.1093/toxsci/52.1.68 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 255VH UT WOS:000083690500009 PM 10568700 ER PT J AU Lassiter, TL Barone, S Moser, VC Padilla, S AF Lassiter, TL Barone, S Moser, VC Padilla, S TI Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: Dose response profiles for cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE cholinesterase; carboxylesterase; chlorpyrifos; fetal brain; dose response; butyrylcholinesterase; acetylcholinesterase ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; RAT-BRAIN; ADULT-RATS; TOXICITY; INHIBITION; TISSUES; FETAL; BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AB This study investigates the in vivo dose response profiles of the target enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) and the detoxifying enzymes carboxylesterase (CaE) in the fetal and maternal compartments of pregnant rats dosed with chlorpyrifos [(O,O'-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothionate], a commonly used organophosphorus insecticide. Pregnant. rats were dosed daily (po) with chlorpyrifos in corn oh (0, 3, 5, 7, or 10 mg/kg) on gestational days (GD) 14-18, Animals were sacrificed 5 h after the last chlorpyrifos dose (time of maximum brain cholinesterase inhibition) for analysis of ChE and CaE activity in maternal blood, liver, brain, placenta, and fetal liver and brain. The in vitro sensitivity (i.e., IC50, 30 min, 26 degrees C) of CaE also was determined by assaying the activity remaining after incubation with a range of chlorpyrifosxon concentrations, In vivo exposure to 10 mg/kg chlorpyrifos from GD14-18 caused overt maternal toxicity, with dose-related decreases in ChE activity more notable in maternal brain than fetal brain. Dose-related effects were also seen with chlorpyrifos-induced inhibition of fetal liver ChE and maternal brain CaE activities. Gestational exposure caused no inhibition of placental ChE or CaE, fetal brain CaE, or maternal blood CaE, ChE activities in the maternal blood and liver,as well as fetal and maternal liver CaE, however, were maximally inhibited by even the lowest dosage of chlorpyrifos. The in vitro sensitivity profiles of CaE to chlorpyrifos-oxon inhibition were valuable in predicting and verifying the in vivo CaE response profiles. Both the in vivo and in vitro findings indicated that fetal liver CaE inhibition was an extremely sensitive indicator of fetal chlorpyrifos exposure. brain; dose response; butyrylcholinesterase; acetylcholinesterase. C1 US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Mail Drop 74-B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lassiter.leon@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32 ES07126] NR 61 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 EI 1096-0929 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 92 EP 100 DI 10.1093/toxsci/52.1.92 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 255VH UT WOS:000083690500011 PM 10568702 ER PT J AU Das, KP Barone, S AF Das, KP Barone, S TI Neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells is inhibited by chlorpyrifos and its metabolites: Is acetylcholinesterase inhibition the site of action? SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pheochromocytoma cell line; nerve growth factor; NGF; neurite outgrowth; pesticides; chlorpyrifos; trichloropyridinol; chlorpyrifos oxon; developmental neurotoxicity ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; RAT-BRAIN; PHOSPHOROTHIONATE INSECTICIDES; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; CELLULAR MECHANISMS; NEURITE OUTGROWTH; ADULT-RATS; CHOLINESTERASE; EXPRESSION; TOXICITY AB Developmental expression of AChE has been associated with neuronal differentiation (P. G. Layer and E. Willbold, Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 29, 1-94, 1995). In this study we used pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, a noncholinergic cell line, rich in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, to examine the effects of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides on neural differentiation. The experimental paradigm was focused on whether alterations in cholinesterase (ChE) activity by a pesticide or its metabolites would affect neurite outgrowth, a morphological marker of neuronal differentiation. Results indicated that (1) in controls, both total ChE and AChE activities were significantly increased in NGF-primed PC12 cells compared to NGF-unprimed cells, while the basal expression of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity was much lower (1.3-7% of total ChE activity) in either the presence or the absence of NGF; (2) an increase in AChE activity was highly correlated (r(2) = 0.99) with the extension of neurite outgrowth, suggesting a link between the expression of AChE activity and the elaboration of neurite outgrowth; (3) NGF increased neurite outgrowth in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; and (4) either chlorpyrifos (CPF) or its metabolites (CPF oxon and TCP) inhibited NGF-induced neurite outgrowth (branches per cell, fragments per cell, total neurite outgrowth per cell) in PC12 cells. These data suggest that the expression of AChE activity is associated with the extension of neurite outgrowth. Both enzyme activity and neurite branching were disrupted by CPF oxon; however, CPF and its other metabolite TCP (1 mu g/ml) caused inhibition of neurite outgrowth in the absence of ChE inhibition, suggesting an alternative mechanism(s) may be involved in pesticide-induced inhibition of differentiation. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Barone, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 49 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 160 IS 3 BP 217 EP 230 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8767 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 256NE UT WOS:000083730800002 PM 10544056 ER PT J AU Dodo, GH Knight, MM AF Dodo, GH Knight, MM TI Application of polydivinylbenzene liquid chromatography columns to remove lipid material from fish tissue extracts for the analysis of semivolatile organics SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE poly(divinylbenzene); lipids; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ID GEL-PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SELECTIVE DETECTION; PHENOXY ACID HERBICIDES; CLEANUP; PESTICIDES; VEGETATION; RESIDUES AB Liquid chromatography columns of 100% polydivinylbenzene (DVB) (packing) were used to remove lipid material from fish extracts before analysis of several semivolatile organic pollutants by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This packing material was found to be durable as the columns could be operated to about 900 p.s.i. resulting in high efficiency separation. Recoveries and relative standard deviations for 18 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons fortified into a fish extract and cleaned up by multiple DVB columns in series were in the range of 86 to 123% and 4 to 11%, respectively. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Manchester Environm Lab, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. RP Dodo, GH (reprint author), US Environm Protect Agcy, Manchester Environm Lab, 7411 Beach Dr E, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 29 PY 1999 VL 859 IS 2 BP 235 EP 240 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00868-7 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 251XP UT WOS:000083471900012 PM 10574216 ER PT J AU Hayhoe, K Jain, A Pitcher, H MacCracken, C Gibbs, M Wuebbles, D Harvey, R Kruger, D AF Hayhoe, K Jain, A Pitcher, H MacCracken, C Gibbs, M Wuebbles, D Harvey, R Kruger, D TI Policy forum: Climate change policy - Costs of multigreenhouse gas reduction targets for the USA SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US DOE, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington, DC 20024 USA. ICF Kaiser Consulting, Sherman Oaks, CA USA. US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Climate Protect Div, Methane Energy Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hayhoe, K (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Jain, Atul/D-2851-2016 OI Jain, Atul/0000-0002-4051-3228 NR 9 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 29 PY 1999 VL 286 IS 5441 BP 905 EP 906 DI 10.1126/science.286.5441.905 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 250BE UT WOS:000083368500028 ER PT J AU Lewis, DL Garrison, AW Wommack, KE Whittemore, A Steudler, P Melillo, J AF Lewis, DL Garrison, AW Wommack, KE Whittemore, A Steudler, P Melillo, J TI Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ENANTIOSELECTIVE DEGRADATION; HERBICIDE AB Numerous anthropogenic chemicals of environmental concern-including some phenoxy acid herbicides, organophosphorus insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalates, freon substitutes and some DDT derivatives-are chiral. Their potential biological effects, such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and endocrine disrupter activity, are generally enantiomer-selective, and different enantiomers are preferentially degraded (transformed) by micro-organisms in various environments(1-8). Here we use field and laboratory experiments to demonstrate that environmental changes in soils can alter these preferences, and to suggest that the preferences shift owing to different groups of related microbial genotypes being activated by different environmental changes. In Brazilian soils, almost all pasture samples preferentially transformed the non-herbicidal enantiomer of dichlorprop ((RS)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid), while most forest samples either transformed the herbicidal enantiomer more readily or as rapidly as the non-herbicidal enantiomer. Organic nutrient enrichments shifted enantioselectivity for methyl dichlorprop ((RS)-methyl 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid) strongly towards preferentially removing the non-herbicidal enantiomer in soils from Brazil and North America, potentially increasing phytotoxicity of its residues relative to that of the racemate. Assessments of the risks chemical pollutants pose to public health and the environment need to take into account the chiral selectivity of microbial transformation processes and their alteration by environmental changes, especially for pesticides as up to 25 per cent are chiral(9). C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02542 USA. RP Lewis, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 19 TC 251 Z9 277 U1 10 U2 113 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 28 PY 1999 VL 401 IS 6756 BP 898 EP 901 DI 10.1038/44801 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 251UL UT WOS:000083464700053 PM 10553905 ER PT J AU Slezak, BP Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS AF Slezak, BP Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS TI 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated oxidative stress in CYP1A2 knockout (CYP1A2-/-) mice SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID AH RECEPTOR; TCDD; INDUCTION; DIOXIN; RATS AB The objective of the study was to compare alterations in indicators of oxidative stress following 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) knockout mice and their parental lineage strains (C57BL/6N and 129/Sv), This study will aid in determining the role, if any, of CYP1A2 in TCDD-mediated oxidative stress. Formation of-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) as a measurement of lipid peroxidation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the in vitro reduction of cytochrome c in tissue homogenate, and changes in the biochemical antioxidant glutathione were monitored to determine oxidative stress 7 days following a single oral dose of 25 mu g TCDD/kg. TEARS, reduction of cytochrome c, and changes in glutathione demonstrated a similar response in CYP1A2 knockout and parental strains. These data suggest that CYP1A2 does not play a critical role in the acute oxidative stress response following TCDD exposure. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, NHEERL,ETD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Diliberto, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, NHEERL,ETD, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD OCT 22 PY 1999 VL 264 IS 2 BP 376 EP 379 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1518 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 249UJ UT WOS:000083351400013 PM 10529372 ER PT J AU Jaspers, I Samet, JM Reed, W AF Jaspers, I Samet, JM Reed, W TI Arsenite exposure of cultured airway epithelial cells activates kappa B-dependent interleukin-8 gene expression in the absence of nuclear factor-kappa B nuclear translocation SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; PROTEIN-KINASE-A; INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES; DNA-BINDING; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY; TYROSINE KINASE; FACTOR-ALPHA; NF-KB; STRESS; INDUCTION AB Airway epithelial cells respond to certain environmental stresses by mounting a proinflammatory response, which is characterized by enhanced synthesis and release of the neutrophil chemotactic and activating factor interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-8 expression is regulated at the transcriptional level in part by the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, We compared intracellular signaling mediating IL-8 gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells cultured in vitro and exposed to two inducers of cellular stress, sodium arsenite (As-III), and vanadyl sulfate (V-IV). Unstimulated bronchial epithelial cells expressed IL-8, and exposure to both metal compounds significantly enhanced IL-8 expression. Overexpression of a dominant negative inhibitor of NF-kappa B depressed both basal and metal-induced IL-8 expression. Low levels of nuclear NF-kappa B were constitutively present in unstimulated cultures. These levels were augmented by exposure to V-IV, but not As-III. Accordingly, V-IV induced I kappa B alpha breakdown and NF-kappa B nuclear translocation, whereas AsIII did not. However, both As-III and VN enhanced kappa B-dependent transcription. In addition, As-III activation of an IL-8 promoter-reporter construct was partially kappa B-dependent. These data suggested that AsIII enhanced IL-8 gene transcription independently of I kappa B alpha breakdown and nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B in part by enhancing transcription mediated by low levels of constitutive nuclear NF-kappa B. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Reed, W (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, CB 7310,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 62 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD OCT 22 PY 1999 VL 274 IS 43 BP 31025 EP 31033 DI 10.1074/jbc.274.43.31025 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 248LT UT WOS:000083276700097 PM 10521501 ER PT J AU Varma, RS Kumar, D AF Varma, RS Kumar, D TI Microwave-accelerated three-component condensation reaction on clay: solvent-free synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a] annulated pyridines, pyrazines and pyrimidines SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGIES; ORGANIC-REACTIONS; DRUG DISCOVERY; IRRADIATION AB A rapid one-pot synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a] annulated pyridines, pyrazines and pyrimidines is described that occurs in the presence of recyclable montmorillonite K 10 clay under solvent-free conditions using microwave irradiation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sam Houston State Univ, Dept Chem, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. Sam Houston State Univ, Texas Res Inst Environm Studies, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 29 TC 160 Z9 161 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4039 J9 TETRAHEDRON LETT JI Tetrahedron Lett. PD OCT 22 PY 1999 VL 40 IS 43 BP 7665 EP 7669 DI 10.1016/S0040-4039(99)01585-3 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 244GK UT WOS:000083043300017 ER PT J AU Ohe, T Shaughnessy, DT Landi, S Terao, Y Sawanishi, H Nukaya, H Wakabayashi, K DeMarini, DM AF Ohe, T Shaughnessy, DT Landi, S Terao, Y Sawanishi, H Nukaya, H Wakabayashi, K DeMarini, DM TI Mutation spectra in Salmonella TA98, TA100 and TA104 of two phenylbenzotriazole mutagens (PBTA-1 and PBTA-2) detected in the Nishitakase River in Kyoto, Japan SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE phenylbenzotriazole mutagens; Nishitakase River; mutation spectra; Salmonella ID OLIGODEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE COLONY HYBRIDIZATION; AROMATIC AMINE MUTAGEN; GENOTOXIC SUBSTANCES; INDUSTRIAL-WASTES; HISD3052 ALLELE; TYPHIMURIUM; WATER; DNA; REVERTANTS; SPECIFICITY AB Previous studies have identified two potent aromatic amine mutagens in the Nishitakase River, a tributary of the Yodo River, which serves as the main drinking water supply for the Osaka area in Japan. The two potent mutagens are 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-[bis(2-methoxyethyl)amino]-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole (PBTA-1) and 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-[N-(2-cyanoethyl)ethylamino]-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2H-benzotriazole (PBTA-2). PBTA-1 and PBTA-2 are presumed to be formed from azo dyes discharged in a reduced form from dye factories to sewage treatment plants where they become chlorinated and are then discharged into the river. PBTA-1 and PBTA-2 account for 21% and 17% of the mutagenic activity of the Nishitakase River, respectively. Here we determined the mutation spectra induced by these two mutagens in TA98, TA100, and TA104 at 30-35, 8-10, and 2 x, respectively, above the background. In TA98, the PBTA compounds produced identical mutation spectra, with 100% of the revertants containing the hotspot 2-base deletion of CG within the (CG), sequence. In TA100, 73% of the revertants were GC --> TA transversions, with most of the remaining being GC --> AT transitions; the spectra produced by the two compounds in TA100 were not significantly different (p = 0.8). In TA104, as in TA100, the majority (83%-87%) of the revertants were GC --> TA transversions, with most of the remaining revertants (11%-13%) being AT --> TA transversions. Thus, 83%-87% of the mutations induced by the PBTA compounds in TA104 were at G/C sites. The mutation spectra produced by the two compounds in TA104 were not significantly different (p > 0.08). PBTA-1 and PBTA-2 are structurally similar and have similar mutagenic potencies and mutation spectra in the respective strains. The mutation spectra produced by the PBTA compounds (100% hotspot deletion in TA98 and primarily GC --> TA transversions in TA100 and TA104) are similar to those produced by other potent aromatic amines, which is the class of compounds from which the PBTA mutagens derive. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Kyoto Womens Univ, Dept Food & Nutr Sci, Kyoto 6058501, Japan. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Shizuoka, Grad Sch Nutr & Environm Sci, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan. Hokuriku Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201181, Japan. Univ Shizuoka, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan. Natl Canc Ctr, Res Inst, Tokyo 1040045, Japan. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis MD68, 86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Landi, Stefano/0000-0001-8364-6357 NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD OCT 19 PY 1999 VL 429 IS 2 BP 189 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00121-9 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 246JC UT WOS:000083159800005 PM 10526204 ER PT J AU Landi, S Hanley, NM Kligerman, AD DeMarini, DM AF Landi, S Hanley, NM Kligerman, AD DeMarini, DM TI Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by bromoform: investigation of the role of GSTT1-1 polymorphism SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE sister chromatid exchanges; human lymphocytes; trihalomethanes; GSTT1-1; polymorphism ID CULTURED HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; DRINKING-WATER; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; GLUTATHIONE; DIEPOXYBUTANE; METABOLISM; TRIHALOMETHANES; FORMALDEHYDE AB Brominated trihalomethanes (THMs) are disinfection by-products present frequently in chlorinated drinking water. Brominated THMs are mutagenic in a variety of systems and are carcinogenic in rodents. The metabolism of brominated THMs is thought to involve a GSH conjugation reaction leading either to formaldehyde or DNA-reactive intermediates via glutathione S-transferase-theta (GSTTI-1), which is polymorphic in humans. In the present study, we have determined the genotoxicity of one of the brominated THMs, bromoform (BF), by measuring its ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in whole-blood (WB) cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes from GSTT1-1 + and GSTT1-1 - donors. The results showed no differences in SCEs per cell by BF between GSTT1-1 + and GSTT1-1 - individuals when the cells were exposed to 5 X 10(-3) M BF at the beginning of cell culturing (10.8 +/- 0.85 vs. 10.57 + 0.47, respectively), at the 16th (9.66 +/- 0.91 vs. 9.57 +/- 0.07), or the 24th h (8.21 +/- 0.61 vs. 8.29 +/- 0.24) of cell growth. Although GSTT1-1 is expressed in the erythrocytes, the lack of expression of the GSTT1-1 gene in the target cells (lymphocytes) may account for this observation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Landi, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Landi, Stefano/0000-0001-8364-6357 NR 27 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD OCT 19 PY 1999 VL 429 IS 2 BP 261 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00107-4 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 246JC UT WOS:000083159800011 PM 10526210 ER PT J AU Olszyk, DM Centeno, HGS Ziska, LH Kern, JS Matthews, RB AF Olszyk, DM Centeno, HGS Ziska, LH Kern, JS Matthews, RB TI Global climate change, rice productivity and methane emissions: comparison of simulated and experimental results SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oryza sativa; rice; carbon dioxide; methane; temperature ID INCREASING CARBON-DIOXIDE; ORYZA-SATIVA; TROPICAL RICE; PADDY RICE; YIELD; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; CO2; PLANTS; IMPACT AB Irrigated rice production is a major food source for a large portion of the world's population, and a major anthropogenic source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4). Potential impacts of global climate change [elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or elevated temperature] on rice can be predicted with simulation models, but experiments are necessary to determine how well these models mimic the responses of the field crop. This paper compares grain yield, biomass, and methane emissions from experiments at the international Rice Research Institute (IRRI) at Los Banos, the Philippines, with potential responses based on simulations using the ORYZA1 process model and the climate data from those experiments. Yield and biomass were compared for the 1995 and 1996 dry seasons (DS) and the 1994 wet season (WS). Emissions of CH4 from rice fields were evaluated for the 1995 WS and 1996 DS, Simulated and experimental responses (adjusted for effects of the open-top chambers on plant growth) differed with climate change scenario, response parameter, and season Under current climate conditions (ambient CO2 and ambient temperature), simulated grain yield was 14% lower than the adjusted experimental grain yield in the 1996 DS, but was 17 and 37% higher than experimental grain yield in the 1995 DS and 1994 WS, respectively. With current climate, simulations underestimated experimental aboveground, belowground, and total biomass. The simulated CH4 emissions were the same as the experimental emissions, assuming CH4 emissions were 2.9% of the simulated total biomass carbon. With elevated CO7 and ambient temperature, simulations predicted greater increases (compared with current climate) in grain yield, aboveground biomass, and total biomass, but generally smaller increases in belowground biomass and CH4 emissions than the significant (at p < 0.05) increases that were found experimentally. With ambient CO2 and elevated temperature, both simulations and experiments generally showed either no change or a decrease in grain yield and biomass, but none of the responses in the experiments wen statistically significant. Simulated ambient CO2 and elevated temperature resulted in a smaller decrease in CH4 emissions than the significant decrease found in the experiments. For both elevated CO2 and elevated temperature, simulated grain yield increased in all three seasons, whereas there were no significant effects on experimental grain yield. The simulations predicted smaller increases in belowground biomass and CH4 emissions with elevated CO2 and elevated temperature than the significant increases in the experiments. To better correspond to experimental results, this study suggested that current simulation models could be improved in terms of effects of temperature on grain yield and use of belowground biomass to estimate CH4 emissions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Int Rice Res Inst, Manila 1099, Philippines. ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Gen Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Cranfield Univ, Dept Nat Resources Management, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. RP Olszyk, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Matthews, Robin/E-7975-2013 NR 58 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD OCT 18 PY 1999 VL 97 IS 2 BP 87 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00065-9 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247YC UT WOS:000083247700002 ER PT J AU Rodan, BD Pennington, DW Eckley, N Boethling, RS AF Rodan, BD Pennington, DW Eckley, N Boethling, RS TI Screening for persistent organic pollutants: Techniques to provide a scientific basis for POPs criteria in international negotiations SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICALS; RANGE AB The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is currently coordinating negotiations to develop a binding global agreement by late in the year 2000 to prohibit, restrict, or reduce the production, use, or release of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are a small subset of organic chemicals whose characteristics of persistence in the environment, accumulation in biological organisms, and toxicity make them priority pollutants and environmental risks to humans and ecosystems. Under the UNEP negotiation, representatives are developing criteria and procedures for the addition of substances, guided by the initial list of 12 substances or substance groups selected for global action. It is therefore timely to investigate the scientific foundation for POPs screening criteria that have been used in other international, regional, and national programs, focusing on the properties of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and long-range transport in a policy context. The theoretical, empirical, and multimedia modeling approaches used reveal that guidance for setting POPs screening criteria can be developed using a combination of science and policy input. These approaches suggest that criteria adopted under regional PDPs agreements in North America and Europe are reasonable and tend to isolate a limited number of clearly hazardous POPs from the majority of organic chemicals, while not being so stringent that the ability to respond to as yet unidentified risks is seriously compromised. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rodan, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St SW 8601D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Selin, Noelle/A-4158-2008 OI Selin, Noelle/0000-0002-6396-5622 NR 28 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 20 BP 3482 EP 3488 DI 10.1021/es980060t PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248CJ UT WOS:000083257500002 ER PT J AU Fernandez, JD Cook, PM Butterworth, BC Bradbury, SP AF Fernandez, JD Cook, PM Butterworth, BC Bradbury, SP TI Temporal changes in purity and specific activity of tritium-labeled 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: Radiopurity model for toxicology SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; LIFE-STAGE DEVELOPMENT; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; RAINBOW-TROUT; NONIMPACTED SUBPOPULATIONS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; DIETARY EXPOSURE; TCDD TOXICITY AB The specific activity (S) and radiopurity (R) of tritium labeled 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, [H-3]TCDD, were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) while attempting to accurately characterize TCDD doses received by invertebrates, fish, and fish embryos during several toxicology studies conducted over a 3 year period. The [H-3]TCDD sample was found to consist of six TCDD analogues involving hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium substitution at the 1,6-dibenzo-p-dioxin carbon positions and a complex mixture of impurities (with and without tritium labels). Planar aromatic impurities were identified as tolyl-TCDD adducts and appeared to result from the decay of H-3 radiolabels to produce TCDD carbocations which reacted with the solvent, toluene. Formation of TriCDD and tolyl-TriCDDs, from both TCDD and tolyl-TCDDs, probably resulted from radiolysis-induced loss of a chlorine to form TriCDD free radicals which reacted with toluene. The measurement of S for [H-3]TCDD by GC/MS was accurate and precise (+/-3%) because relative, rather than absolute, amounts of the analogues were determined. Changes in S over time were accurately modeled as a function of the conversion of each [H-3]TCDD analogue to a solvent-TCDD analogue at a rate determined by H-3 loss due to decay. Storage, purification, and use of tritiated chemicals for toxicology studies requires consideration of the H-3 decay-related phenomena. For example, hydroxylated TCDD is an expected decay reaction product of [H-3]TCDD in tissues and may be misidentified as a metabolite. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Cook, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 20 BP 3558 EP 3567 DI 10.1021/es990239j PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248CJ UT WOS:000083257500013 ER PT J AU Chattopadhyay, S Puls, RW AF Chattopadhyay, S Puls, RW TI Adsorption of bacteriophages on clay minerals SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUS ADSORPTION; CONTACT ANGLES; AQUEOUS-MEDIA; WATER; ADHESION; SURFACES; CHARGE; ENERGY; SOLIDS; SOILS AB The ability to predict the fate of microorganisms in soil is dependent on an understanding of the process of their sorption on soil and subsurface materials. Presently, we have focused on studying the thermodynamics of sorption of bacteriophages (T-2, MS-2, and phi X-174) on clays (hectorite, saponite, kaolinite, acid clay fraction of samples collected from a landfill site). The thermodynamic study not only determines the feasibility of the process but also provides information on the relative magnitudes of the different forces under a particular set of conditions. The total free energy of interaction during sorption of bacteriophages on clays (Delta G) has been assumed to be the summation of Delta G(H) (Delta G due to hydrophobic interactions) and Delta G(EL) (Delta G due to electrostatic interactions). The magnitude of Delta G(H) was determined from the different interfacial tensions (gamma) present in the system, while Delta G(EL) was calculated from zeta-potentials of the colloidal particles. Calculated results show that surface hydrophobicities of the selected sorbents and sorbates dictate sorption. Among the selected bacteriophages, maximum sorption was observed with T-2, while hectorite has the maximum sorption capacity. Experimental results obtained from the batch adsorption studies also corroborated those obtained from the theoretical study. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Chattopadhyay, S (reprint author), ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74821 USA. NR 32 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 20 BP 3609 EP 3614 DI 10.1021/es9811492 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248CJ UT WOS:000083257500020 ER PT J AU Yakovleva, E Hopke, PK Wallace, L AF Yakovleva, E Hopke, PK Wallace, L TI Receptor modeling assessment of particle total exposure assessment methodology data SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION; AIR-POLLUTION; CALIFORNIA; MORTALITY AB Data from the 1991 Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) study in Riverside, CA, were analyzed using a new receptor modeling method. In this study, ambient (outdoor), indoor, and personal particulate matter (PM) concentrations and elemental concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were measured for a number of participants. These measurements made it possible to relate the pollution to which people were exposed throughout their daily activities with the outdoor air conditions. Personal daytime concentrations of the PM10 and majority of elements were significantly higher than outdoor or indoor concentrations, suggesting that a significant part of personal aerosol exposure is the result of personal daily activities. Possible sources of additional particulate mass include resuspension of particles that penetrate from the outdoors and formation of new particles during cooking, smoking, etc. Positive matrix factorization analysis was performed to describe the sources of personal exposure. To identify relative contribution of different sources, regression of the particulate matter mass against the factor contributions was performed. Major sources of PM2.5 were oil combustion, nonferrous metal operations, and motor vehicles. The mass contributions of particles from these sources were similar for outdoor air and personal exposure. Personal exposure to particles from these sources can be controlled by changing outdoor sources. The primary source of PM10 was soil. Concentrations of outdoor, indoor, and resuspended soil particles have different time dependencies. Sea-salt was a significant source only of outdoor coarse particles. A source profile of aerosols formed by personal activities such as cooking and smoking was identified. Good agreement was found between reported daily activities (smoking, cooking, vacuuming) and the related source contribution estimates. C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. US EPA, Environm Photog Intepretat Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hopke, PK (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem, Box 5810, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. RI Hopke, Philip/C-6020-2008; OI Hopke, Philip/0000-0003-2367-9661; Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 17 TC 76 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 20 BP 3645 EP 3652 DI 10.1021/es981122i PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248CJ UT WOS:000083257500026 ER PT J AU Brown, SL Schroeder, P Kern, JS AF Brown, SL Schroeder, P Kern, JS TI Spatial distribution of biomass in forests of the eastern USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aboveground biomass; belowground biomass; biomass distribution; carbon cycle; disturbance; hardwood forests; softwood forests; USA ID MODEL; STORAGE; CYCLE AB We produced a map of the biomass density and pools, at the county scale of resolution, of all forests of the eastern US using new approaches for converting inventoried wood volume to estimates of above and belowground biomass. Maps provide a visual representation of the pattern of forest biomass densities and pools over space that are useful for forest managers and decision makers, and as databases for verification of vegetation models. We estimated biomass density and pools at the county level from the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis database on growing stock volume by forest type and stand size-class, and mapped the results in a geographic information system. We converted stand volume to aboveground biomass with regression equations for biomass expansion factors (BEF; ratio of aboveground biomass density of all living trees to merchantable volume) versus stand volume. Belowground biomass was estimated as a function of aboveground biomass with regression equations. Total biomass density for hardwood forests ranged from 36 to 344 Mg ha(-1), with an area-weighted mean of 159 Mg ha(-1). About 50% of all counties had hardwood forests with biomass densities between 125 and 175 Mg ha(-1). For softwood forests, biomass density ranged from 2 to 346 Mg ha(-1), with an area-weighted mean of 110 Mg ha(-1). Biomass densities were generally lower for softwoods than for hardwoods; ca. 40% of all counties had softwood forests with biomass densities between 75 and 125 Mg ha(-1). Highest amounts of forest biomass were located in the Northern Lake states, mountain areas of the Mid-Atlantic states, and parts of New England, and lowest amounts in the Midwest states. The total biomass for all eastern forests for the late 1980s was estimated at 20.5 Pg, 80% of which was in hardwood forests. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Envronm Effects Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Brown, SL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Envronm Effects Lab, W Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 24 TC 136 Z9 214 U1 5 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 11 PY 1999 VL 123 IS 1 BP 81 EP 90 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00017-1 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 236FB UT WOS:000082587500008 ER PT J AU Premont, RT Macrae, AD Aparicio, SAJR Kendall, HE Welch, JE Lefkowitz, RJ AF Premont, RT Macrae, AD Aparicio, SAJR Kendall, HE Welch, JE Lefkowitz, RJ TI The GRK4 subfamily of G protein-coupled receptor kinases - Alternative splicing, gene organization, and sequence conservation SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RHODOPSIN KINASE; CHROMOSOMAL LOCALIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; PALMITOYLATION; EXPRESSION; FAMILY; MOUSE; AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION; PURIFICATION; SUBUNITS AB G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) desensitize G protein-coupled receptors by phosphorylating activated receptors. The six known GRKs have been classified into three subfamilies based on sequence and functional similarities. Examination of the mouse GRK4 subfamily (GRKs 4, 5, and 6) suggests that mouse GRK4 is not alternatively spliced in a manner analogous to human or rat GRK4, whereas GRK6 undergoes extensive alternative splicing to generate three variants with distinct carboxyl termini. Characterization of the mouse GRK 5 and 6 genes reveals that all members of the GRK4 subfamily share an identical gene structure, in which 15 introns interrupt the coding sequence at equivalent positions in all three genes. Surprisingly, none of the three GRK subgroups (GRK1, GRK2/3, and GRK4/5/6) shares even a single intron in common, indicating that these three subfamilies are distinct gene lineages that have been maintained since their divergence over 1 billion years ago. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of GRKs from various mammalian species indicates that GRK2, GRK5, and GRK6 exhibit a remarkably high degree of sequence conservation, whereas GRK1 and particularly GRK4 have accumulated amino acid changes at extremely rapid rates over the past 100 million years. The divergence of individual GRKs at vastly different rates reveals that strikingly different evolutionary pressures apply to the function of the individual GRKs. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med Cardiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Wellcome CRC Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lefkowitz, RJ (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, Box 3821, Durham, NC 27710 USA. OI Premont, Richard/0000-0002-8053-5026 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL16037] NR 40 TC 51 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD OCT 8 PY 1999 VL 274 IS 41 BP 29381 EP 29389 DI 10.1074/jbc.274.41.29381 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 243VH UT WOS:000083017800078 PM 10506199 ER PT J AU Stoddard, JL Jeffries, DS Lukewille, A Clair, TA Dillon, PJ Driscoll, CT Forsius, M Johannessen, M Kahl, JS Kellogg, JH Kemp, A Mannio, J Monteith, DT Murdoch, PS Patrick, S Rebsdorf, A Skjelkvale, BL Stainton, MP Traaen, T van Dam, H Webster, KE Wieting, J Wilander, A AF Stoddard, JL Jeffries, DS Lukewille, A Clair, TA Dillon, PJ Driscoll, CT Forsius, M Johannessen, M Kahl, JS Kellogg, JH Kemp, A Mannio, J Monteith, DT Murdoch, PS Patrick, S Rebsdorf, A Skjelkvale, BL Stainton, MP Traaen, T van Dam, H Webster, KE Wieting, J Wilander, A TI Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN US; SURFACE WATERS; DEPOSITION; LAKES; DROUGHT; SULFUR; WET AB Rates of acidic deposition from the atmosphere ('acid rain') have decreased throughout the 1980s and 1990s across large portions of North America and Europe(1,2). Many recent studies have attributed observed reversals in surface-water acidification at national(3) and regional(4) scales to the declining deposition. To test whether emissions regulations have led to widespread recovery in surface-water chemistry, we analysed regional trends between 1980 and 1995 in indicators of acidification (sulphate, nitrate and base-cation concentrations, and measured (Gran) alkalinity) for 205 lakes and streams in eight regions of North America and Europe. Dramatic differences in trend direction and strength for the two decades are apparent. In concordance with general temporal trends in acidic deposition, lake and stream sulphate concentrations decreased in all regions with the exception of Great Britain; all but one of these regions exhibited stronger downward trends in the 1990s than in the 1980s. In contrast, regional declines in lake and stream nitrate concentrations were rare and, when detected, were very small. Recovery in alkalinity, expected wherever strong regional declines in sulphate concentrations have occurred, was observed in all regions of Europe, especially in the 1990s, but in only one region (of five) in North America. We attribute the lack of recovery in three regions (south/central Ontario, the Adirondack/Catskill mountains and midwestern North America) to strong regional declines in base-cation concentrations that exceed the decreases in sulphate concentrations. C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Environm Canada, Sackville, NB E4L 1G6, Canada. Ontario Minist Environm, Dorset, ON P0A 1E0, Canada. Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Finnish Environm Inst, Helsinki 00251, Finland. Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-0411 Oslo, Norway. Vermont Dept Environm Conservat, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Environm Canada, Montreal, PQ H2Y 2E7, Canada. UCL, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Natl Environm Res Inst, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. Aquasence TEC, NL-1090 Amsterdam, Netherlands. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Umwelstbundesamt, D-13581 Berlin, Germany. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Maine, Sawyer Res Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Stoddard, JL (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM stoddard@mail.cor.epa.gov RI Stoddard, John/H-5594-2013; Monteith, Donald/C-1534-2008; Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Monteith, Donald/0000-0003-3219-1772; Webster, Katherine/0000-0002-6009-0146; Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 30 TC 525 Z9 536 U1 22 U2 121 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 7 PY 1999 VL 401 IS 6753 BP 575 EP 578 DI 10.1038/44114 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 244MG UT WOS:000083054900046 ER PT J AU Wilcox, AJ AF Wilcox, AJ TI The health of our children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Wilcox, AJ (reprint author), NIH, Natl inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. OI Wilcox, Allen/0000-0002-3376-1311 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 150 IS 7 BP 665 EP 666 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 241EV UT WOS:000082870500001 PM 10512419 ER PT J AU Carpenter, CL London, SJ AF Carpenter, CL London, SJ TI Lung cancer risk associated with family histories of smoking and lung cancer. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USC, Norris Compr Cncr, Los Angeles, CA USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 638 BP A120 EP A120 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879800639 ER PT J AU Monks, SA Kaplan, NL AF Monks, SA Kaplan, NL TI Extensions of transmission/disequilibrium tests for correlated data or how to use your entire dataset for a test of linkage and association. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biostat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Dept Biostat, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 449 BP A85 EP A85 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879800451 ER PT J AU Wolbarst, AB AF Wolbarst, AB TI Effective thermal conduction model for estimating global warming SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE MODELS; UNCERTAINTIES; SIMULATIONS; BALANCE AB This paper presents a simple way to approximate the dependence of the global mean air temperature at Earth's surface on the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. It treats the atmosphere as a blanket, the effective thermal conductivity of which is a decreasing function of the amount of CO2 present, and does not involve the details of energy transport. The only data required are the CO2 concentrations at the middle of the nineteenth and the end of the twentieth centuries, and the shift in temperature that has occurred over that time. This elementary, phenomenological energy-balance approach is well suited for undergraduate physics courses to illustrate thermal conduction and radiation, by way of the very interesting and critically important example of greenhouse warming of Earth. (C) 1999 American Association of Physics Teachers. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wolbarst, AB (reprint author), US EPA, 6602J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0002-9505 J9 AM J PHYS JI Am. J. Phys. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 67 IS 10 BP 885 EP 890 DI 10.1119/1.19143 PG 6 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Physics GA 243CU UT WOS:000082980100007 ER PT J AU Becker, S Clapp, WA Quay, J Frees, KL Koren, HS Schwartz, DA AF Becker, S Clapp, WA Quay, J Frees, KL Koren, HS Schwartz, DA TI Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response to inhaled grain dust SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LOWER RESPIRATORY-TRACT; EPITHELIAL-CELL LINE; MESSENGER-RNA; SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; GENE-EXPRESSION; LUNG; ENDOTOXIN; ALPHA AB Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and the secreted form of the IL-l receptor antagonist (sIL-1RA) are involved in the inflammatory response to inhaled grain dust. Previously, we found considerable production of these cytokines in the lower respiratory tract of workers exposed by inhalation to aqueous extracts of corn dust extract. Alveolar macrophages (AM) have long been considered the cell type responsible for producing these cytokines, and only recently has it been realized that airway epithelial cells may also be involved in cytokine production. In order to determine whether airway epithelia are involved in the inflammatory response to inhaled corn dust extract and to compare the magnitude of response of bronchial epithelial cells (BE) and bronchoalveolar ravage (BAL) cells, we used the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) technique in a semiquantitative manner to evaluate the concentration of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and sIL-1RA. Alveolar cells were obtained by BAL, and BE were obtained by endobronchial brush biopsy from 15 grain handlers 6 h after experimental inhalation of saline or an aqueous corn dust extract. After inhalation of saline, BE expressed low but detectable levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 beta (> 1 complementary DNA [cDNA] molecule/cell). After inhalation of corn dust extract, the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for IL-1 beta and IL-8 in the BE were significantly increased, whereas no change was seen in IL-6, sIL-1RA, and TNF-cr mRNA expression. Comparing cytokine mRNA levels in BE and BAL cells from the same subjects after inhalation of corn dust extract, BE and BAL cells expressed equivalent amounts of IL-8 mRNA; IL-1 beta was Ii-fold higher in BAL cells; and TNF-alpha and sIL-1RA were expressed exclusively by BAL cells. Immunostaining for the cytokines in BAL cells showed cytokine protein expression in AMs but not in polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). On the other hand, sIL-1RA was strongly expressed in both AMs and PMNs. Analysis of cytokine protein levels in endobronchial ravage (EBL) fluid demonstrated that only IL-8 was released in detectable amounts into the airway lumen, whereas all the other cytokines of interest were exclusively found in the BAL fluid. Thus, within 6 h after inhalation exposure to corn dust extract, BE appear to contribute to airway inflammation by producing IL-8. AMs are responsible for most of the IL-1b and IL-6 production in the alveolar region, whereas AMs and PMNs both produce sIL-1RA. Our findings suggest that the inflammatory response to inhaled grain dust is compartmentalized, involving specific mediators of inflammation released by macrophages, neutrophils, and airway epithelial cells. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Becker, S (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, MD58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05605, ES07498, ES06537] NR 40 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 160 IS 4 BP 1309 EP 1318 PG 10 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 244VG UT WOS:000083071000033 PM 10508823 ER PT J AU Schowalter, TD Lightfoot, DC Whitford, WG AF Schowalter, TD Lightfoot, DC Whitford, WG TI Diversity of arthropod responses to host-plant water stress in a desert ecosystem in southern New Mexico SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CREOSOTEBUSH FOLIAGE; CANOPY ARTHROPODS; NITROGEN; AVAILABILITY; GRASSHOPPER; HERBIVORY; DROUGHT; BUSH; FOOD AB Previous studies of insect-plant interactions have produced the contradictory Plant Stress Hypothesis (that stressed plants are more suitable hosts for phytophages) and Plant Vigor Hypothesis (that vigorous plants are more suitable hosts for phytophages). How ever, experimental studies of phytophage responses to host stress have involved only one, or a few, related phytophagous species, not whole communities of organisms associated with a particular plant species. We evaluated responses of various arthropods associated with creosotebush Larrea tridentata to manipulated water availability and plant stress in southern New Mexico during 1990-1991. Of 44 arthropod groups (taxa or functional groups) evaluated in our study only two taxa (including a lepidopteran folivore) showed significant negative response to water availability, thereby supporting the Plant Stress Hypothesis. Ten taxa (including eight phytophages) responded positively to water availability, supporting the Plant Vigor Hypothesis. One phytophage showed a nonlinear response, supporting neither hypothesis. Detrended Correspondence Analysis significantly distinguished the arthropod community on water-deprived shrubs from the communities on watered shrubs. The variation in responses among phytophagous insects on creosotebush indicated that the effect of plant water stress likely reflects the choice of phytophage, and perhaps the host plant, being studied. Therefore, neither the Plant Stress Hypothesis nor the Plant Vigor Hypothesis can explain responses of all phytophages on a particular plant species. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87137 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Schowalter, TD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 142 IS 2 BP 281 EP 290 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0281:DOARTH]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243ZN UT WOS:000083027500007 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Apostol, A Madsen, SJ Spencer, CW AF Rogers, KR Apostol, A Madsen, SJ Spencer, CW TI Detection of low dose radiation induced DNA damage using temperature differential fluorescence assay SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE; COMET ASSAY AB A rapid and sensitive fluorescence assay for radiation-induced DNA damage is reported. Changes in temperature-induced strand separation in both calf thymus DNA and plasmid DNA (puc 19 plasmid from Escherichia coli) were measured after exposure to low doses of radiation. Exposures of between 0.004 and 1 Gy were measured with doses as low as 0.008 Gy yielding significant responses. The double-strand, sensitive dye PicoGreen was used as an indicator of DNA denaturation. Calibration plots indicate that fluorescence changes corresponding to amounts as low as 1 ng of double stranded DNA (10(6) copies for plasmid puc 19) are detected by this method. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Hlth Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Nevada Radiat Oncol Ctr, Las Vegas, NV 89106 USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 71 IS 19 BP 4423 EP 4426 DI 10.1021/ac990537z PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 241RM UT WOS:000082896400056 PM 10517153 ER PT J AU Horne, MT Finley, NJ Sprenger, MD AF Horne, MT Finley, NJ Sprenger, MD TI Polychlorinated biphenyl- and mercury-associated alterations on benthic invertebrate community structure in a contaminated salt marsh in southeast Georgia SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHESAPEAKE-BAY; POLLUTION; GRADIENT; HARBOR AB The community structure of a benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage in a contaminated salt marsh was evaluated as part of an ecological characterization of a former chloralkali production facility in Georgia. Sample locations were chosen based on a gradient of the primary contaminants of concern, total mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), primarily Aroclor 1268. Sediment concentrations of Aroclor 1268 ranged from 2.3 to 150 mg/kg dry weight, while mercury concentrations ranged from 15 to 170 mg/kg dry weight in the study area. Mercury and PCBs were determined to be co-located in the sediments. Total organic carbon composition of the sediments was negatively associated with PCB and mercury concentrations. A total of 29 benthic taxa was identified in 49 samples; replicate samples were taken at each of five sampling locations. Mean infaunal density across all sampling locations was estimated at approximately 61,000 to 234,000 organisms m(-2) Overall, polychaetes comprised 57% of the infaunal community with Manayunkia aestuarina as the dominant species. Oligochaetes, nematodes, crustacea, insects, and gastropods comprised 23.0, 18.0, 1.0, 0.7, and 0.2% of the overall benthic community, respectively Density estimates of individual species between sampling locations showed no consistent patterns in response to pollutants. However, an analysis of higher taxonomic levels revealed some general trends. In uncontaminated areas, the benthic community was dominated by nematodes and oligochaetes, whereas moderate to highly contaminated areas were dominated by polychaetes and a smaller percentage of oligochaetes and nematodes. A trophic analysis of the same data set revealed that the community shifted from an evenly distributed percentage of surface and subsurface feeders in the uncontaminated areas to a community dominated by surface feeders in the more contaminated locations. Carnivores comprised from 0.13 to 0.90% of the trophic structure, with the percentage of carnivores generally decreasing with increasing contamination. Mercury and PCBs were bioaccumulating in representative marsh benthic invertebrates, presenting a potential source of contaminants to marsh consumers. Tissue PCB and tissue mercury concentrations were positively related to sediment PCB and mercury concentrations, respectively. A standard 14-day toxicity test using the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus showed no acute toxicity across the sampling locations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Cape Cod Natl Seashore, Wellfleet, MA 02667 USA. US EPA, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Horne, MT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3 BP 317 EP 325 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 235RC UT WOS:000082555500005 PM 10473787 ER PT J AU Lin, S Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ AF Lin, S Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ TI Methylarsenicals and arsinothiols are potent inhibitors of mouse liver thioredoxin reductase SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTI-ENZYME COMPLEX; KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; MAMMALIAN THIOREDOXIN; LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE; RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES; ARSENATE REDUCTASE; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; CANCER-CELLS AB Thioredoxin reductase (TR, EC 1.6.4.5) was purified 5800-fold from the livers of adult male B6C3F1 mice. The estimated molecular mass of the purified protein was about 57 kDa, The activity of the purified enzyme was monitored by the NADPH-dependent reduction of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB); this activity was fully inhibited by 1 mu M aurothioglucose. Arsenicals and arsinothiols, complexes of As-III-containing compounds with L-cysteine or glutathione, were tested as inhibitors of the DTNB reductase activity of the purified enzyme. Pentavalent arsenicals were much less potent inhibitors than trivalent arsenicals. Among all the arsenicals, CH3AsIII was the most potent inhibitor of TR. CH3AsIII was found to be a competitive inhibitor of the reduction of DTNB (K-i similar to 100 nM) and a noncompetitive inhibitor of the oxidation of NADPH. The inhibition of TR by CH3AsIII was time-dependent and could not be reversed by the addition of a dithiol-containing molecule, 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, to the reaction mixture. The inhibition of TR by CH3AsIII required the simultaneous presence of NADPH in the reaction mixture. However, unlike other pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductases, there was no evidence that mouse liver TR was inactivated by exposure to NADPH. Treatment with CH3AsIII did not increase the NADPH oxidase activity of the purified enzyme. Thus, CH3AsIII, a putative intermediate in the pathway for the biomethylation of As, is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of an enzyme involved in the response of the cell to oxidative stress. C1 US EPA, ETD, Pharmacokinet Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC, Canada. RP Thomas, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, ETD, Pharmacokinet Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 64 TC 158 Z9 163 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 10 BP 924 EP 930 DI 10.1021/tx9900775 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 248DF UT WOS:000083259500008 PM 10525267 ER PT J AU Kavlock, RJ AF Kavlock, RJ TI Overview of endocrine in the disruptor research activity United States SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Human Health CY NOV 25-27, 1997 CL ROME, ITALY SP Ist Superiore Sanita ID DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; SCREENING METHODS; FEMALE RAT; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; MORPHOLOGY; CHEMICALS; WORKSHOP; EXPOSURE; TCDD AB The issue of whether environmental contaminants are inducing adverse health effects in humans and wildlife via interaction with endocrine systems has gained increasing interest during the 1990s. Endocrine disruption is one of the highest priority research topics for the US EPA, and a detailed research strategy has been developed to guide the placement of resources over the next several years. To address the deficiency of testing guidelines in detecting and characterizing damage mediated by interaction with the endocrine system, EPA has issued new multi-generation testing guidelines. The new endpoints for monitoring pubertal development, semen quality, and estrous cyclicity will better enable determination of the affected sex, target organ, and life stage following exposure throughout the life cycle. Another major area of effort within EPA is the development of an endocrine disrupter screening program in response to passage of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. The current status of these efforts is described. On the federal level, endocrine disruption is one of the five priority research areas for the Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) within the Executive Office of President. The CENR has developed a framework to assess research needs for endocrine disrupters, inventoried existing efforts of the federal government (nearly 400 projects were identified as active in FY96), and prioritized additional research needs based upon the needs and gaps in current efforts. It is clear that a great deal of research is underway to clarify the validity of the endocrine disrupter hypothesis and to determine the breadth of chemicals that pose a risk to the endocrine system. The degree of forward research planning and coordination across many organizations should ensure that sufficient data will be available within the next few years to allow a rigorous weight of evidence evaluation that is needed to bring together diverse types of information to make informed decisions regarding risks to humans and wildlife. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD71, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kavlock, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD71, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 67 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1227 EP 1236 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00190-3 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 224GQ UT WOS:000081890000002 PM 10467717 ER PT J AU Sabaliunas, D Ellington, J Sabaliuniene, I AF Sabaliunas, D Ellington, J Sabaliuniene, I TI Screening bioavailable hydrophobic toxicants in surface waters with semipermeable membrane devices: Role of inherent oleic acid in toxicity evaluations SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs); toxicity testing; environmental monitoring; screening of aquatic pollutants; bioassay-directed fractionation ID LOWER MISSOURI RIVER; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; VIBRIO-FISCHERI; CONTAMINANTS; POLLUTANTS; SEDIMENTS; EFFLUENTS; MICROTOX; RESIDUES; SULFUR AB Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed for 4 weeks in two rivers in Lithuania, The SPMD dialysates were tested in the Microtox assay and, surprisingly, the sample from the relatively clean (U) over bar la River exhibited three times more toxicity than the sample from the Vilnia River receiving discharge from several industrial enterprises and municipal wastewater, The whole dialysates were subjected to bioassay-directed fractionation on silica gel columns. Toxicity testing of each fraction revealed that most of the toxicity was contained in fraction 10, which,vas eluted with 100% acetone. GC/FID, GC/ECD, and GC/FTIR/MS analysis of the fractions indicated that the major component of this fraction was oleic acid. The oleic acid was most likely the hydrolysis product of methyl oleate, the major impurity of the SPMD triolein. It can be inferred that oleic acid was responsible for the toxicity of this fraction in Microtox, as a threefold difference in the toxicity between the two samples was also marked by a threefold difference in their oleic acid content. Toxicity of unsaturated fatty acids in various tests, including;Microtox, has been demonstrated elsewhere, Vilnia fraction 2, which was eluted with 100% hexane, exhibited the most toxicity of the remainder of silica gel fractions, The spectral analysis demonstrated that other toxic fractions contained a number of halogenated compounds and PAHs. In general, SPMDs have proved to be a useful way to screen for hydrophobic toxicants in water. However, sample clean-up procedures to remove oleic acid may be required prior to toxicity testing for the estimation of the true toxic potential of the accumulated pollutants. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Lund, Dept Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Vilnius State Univ, Fac Nat Sci, LT-2009 Vilnius, Lithuania. RP Sabaliunas, D (reprint author), Univ Lund, Dept Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 44 IS 2 BP 160 EP 167 DI 10.1006/eesa.1999.1802 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 247VY UT WOS:000083242700004 PM 10571462 ER PT J AU Sovocool, GW Brumley, WC Donnelly, JR AF Sovocool, GW Brumley, WC Donnelly, JR TI Capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of organic pollutants SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Review DE capillary electrophoresis; environmental applications; pollutants; review ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AGENT DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; INDIRECT UV DETECTION; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROSPRAY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; FOUNTAIN PEN INKS; ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS AB Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has a unique capability for separation of analytes of environmental concern, particularly those that are more polar and ionic, based on the complementary separation principle of electrophoresis. In the past few years, CE has been selectively used to analyze various classes of compounds having current or potential environmental relevance. This review outlines the current status of CE for the determination of environmental pollutants, based predominantly on research results published from the beginning of 1997 to early 1999. Covered are environmental pollutants of all types except pesticides and inorganics. Certain naturally produced toxins are also covered because of their significant impacts upon human health and the environment. CE methods, as with all methods, must be judged on their ability to provide approaches that are reliable, sensitive, selective, and rapid, while meeting "green chemistry" initiatives for pollution prevention. We also compare CE methods to benchmark environmental techniques involving gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). C1 US EPA, Nat Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Sovocool, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 165 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 15-16 BP 3297 EP 3310 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19991001)20:15/16<3297::AID-ELPS3297>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 279LC UT WOS:000085044400021 PM 10596831 ER PT J AU Lee, CC Huffman, GL Mao, YL AF Lee, CC Huffman, GL Mao, YL TI Multimedia regulated chemicals SO ENERGY SOURCES LA English DT Article DE federal laws/regulations; regulated chemicals AB This article examines those chemicals that are listed in either environmental laws or regulations. Its objective is to help readers determine which laws regulate what types of chemicals and which types of chemicals are regulated by what laws. It is multimedia in scope, describing the various chemicals that are regulated in the different media (i.e., air, water, or land). C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Multimedia Technol Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Soochow Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Huffman, GL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div,Multimedia Technol Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0090-8312 J9 ENERG SOURCE JI Energy Sources PD OCT PY 1999 VL 21 IS 8 BP 733 EP 743 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 237JU UT WOS:000082653200006 ER PT J AU Cooper, GS Germolec, D Heindel, J Selgrade, MJ AF Cooper, GS Germolec, D Heindel, J Selgrade, MJ TI Linking environmental agents and autoimmune diseases - Introduction SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Div Extramural Res & Training, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cooper, GS (reprint author), NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 4 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 107 SU 5 BP 659 EP 660 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 246XP UT WOS:000083190400001 PM 10502527 ER PT J AU Selgrade, MK Cooper, GS Germolec, DR Heindel, JJ AF Selgrade, MK Cooper, GS Germolec, DR Heindel, JJ TI Linking environmental agents and autoimmune disease: An agenda for future research SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Linking Environmental Agents to Autoimmune Diseases CY SEP 01-03, 1998 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA SP NIH, Off Rare Dis, NIH, Off Res Womens Hlth, NIH, NIEHS, NIH, NIAID, NIH, NIDDK, NIH, NIAMS, US EPA, Amer Autoimmune Related Dis Assoc Inc, Juvenile Diaabetes Fdn Int DE autoimmune disease; epidemiology; hazard identification; research needs ID MICE AB Autoimmune diseases are influenced by multiple factors including genetics, age, gender, reproductive status, hormones, and potential environmental contaminants. A workshop, "Linking Environmental Agents and Autoimmune Diseases," was convened at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1-3 September 1998, to review current knowledge about links between environmental exposures and autoimmune disease, to identify and prioritize research needs, and to develop an integrated, multidisciplinary research agenda. Participatants spent the last half-day of the workshop in small group discussions for the purpose of developing consensus on research needs. Research needs identified were a) develop research tools needed to explore links between environmental agents and autoimmune disease; b) establish a disease registry or surveillance system; c) develop and validate strategies for screening chemicals for the potential to induce or exacerbate autoimmune disease; d) develop an emergency response strategy to gain information from accidental exposures; and e) conduct hypothesis-driven research in occupationally exposed groups and/or in experimental animals. There was consensus that meetings like this workshop and projects that facilitate interactions between specialties should be encouraged. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to address this problem. C1 NIEHS, Div Extramural Res & Testing, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Heindel, JJ (reprint author), NIEHS, Div Extramural Res & Testing, POB 12233 EC-23, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 107 SU 5 BP 811 EP 813 DI 10.2307/3434345 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 246XP UT WOS:000083190400024 PM 10502548 ER PT J AU Leibowitz, SG Hyman, JB AF Leibowitz, SG Hyman, JB TI Use of scale invariance in evaluating judgement indicators SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE environmental indices; indicator selection; indirect inference; landscape indicators; measurement theory ID LANDSCAPE PATTERN; ECOSYSTEM HEALTH; CONSERVATION; WETLANDS; CRITIQUE; INDEXES; ECOLOGY; SYSTEM AB Indicators are used to draw conclusions about ecological endpoints when these endpoints cannot be measured directly. In many cases, inferences about an endpoint are only possible because assumptions have been made about the relationship between indicator and endpoint; we refer to such indicators as judgement indicators. The validity of inferences made using a judgement indicator can be gauged by examining the known or assumed form of the general relationship between indicator and endpoint. The rules for this kind of inference are a consequence of scale invariance, which originates from measurement theory. For simple indicators comprised of a single indicator measurement, the inferences allowed - equivalence, rank, equality of intervals, and equality of ratios - depend on whether the data are nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scaled. For composite indicators containing two or more simple indicators, inferences are also affected by the mathematical form of combination; e.g., whether the terms are summed or multiplied. Standardizing simple or composite indicators can allow inferences about the relative importance of observations, based on the natural range of occurrence. Scale invariance is a particularly important consideration in landscape assessments, since these often make use of judgement indicators. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Leibowitz, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 58 IS 3 BP 283 EP 303 DI 10.1023/A:1006029300850 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 235PK UT WOS:000082551100002 ER PT J AU Rust, SW Kumar, P Burgoon, DA Niemuth, NA Schultz, BD AF Rust, SW Kumar, P Burgoon, DA Niemuth, NA Schultz, BD TI Influence of bone-lead stores on the observed effectiveness of lead hazard intervention SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lead hazard intervention; bone-lead mobilization; effectiveness of intervention; compartmental model ID BLOOD LEAD; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN TISSUES; CHILDREN; METABOLISM; KINETICS; SKELETON; ISOTOPE; BODY; END AB Lead hazard interventions have reduced children's blood-lead concentrations, but do not eliminate lead altogether from the bloodstream. Several studies suggest that blood-lead concentrations, measured 6 to 12 months after such interventions, decline by approximately 25%. The Environmental Protection Agency is preparing to promulgate a rule prescribing residential lead levels in paint, dust, and soil that constitute a lead-based paint hazard. Such a rule will prompt interventions of primary prevention character (i.e., precluding exposure before it occurs) rather than the secondary prevention character interventions (i.e., alleviating exposure after it has adversely affected the resident child) documented in the literature. It is important to attempt to estimate the efficacy achieved from the primary prevention interventions prompted by the rule's promulgation. As bone-lead stores represent the principal confounding factor to relating secondary prevention results to primary prevention, this paper addresses the impact of lead stored in bone, which may later be released to the blood and other parts of the child's body. A simple, but thoroughly documented, modeling exercise is presented to estimate the maximum length of time for which bone-lead stares alone could account for continuing elevated blood-lead levels observed in children following an intervention, The approach is based on a two-compartment model for the transfer of lead between blood and bone tissues within the body and the elimination of lead from the body, Modeling results suggest that bone-lead mobilization can impact blood-lead levels of young children for considerably long periods following an intervention, These results may explain the seemingly contradictory fact that low declines in blood-lead concentrations are observed despite the significant reduction in residential dust-, paint-, and soil-lead levels observed following lead hazard interventions. An intervention which reduces a B-year-old child's total lead exposure by 50% might, due to mobilized bone-lead stores, produce only a 25% decline in the child's blood-lead concentrations measured 12 months following the intervention. The results also suggest, however, that those intervention strategies for which less than 25% declines were observed 12 months following the intervention likely eliminated less than 50% of the children's total lead exposure. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Ctr Sci & Environm, New Delhi 110062, India. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rust, SW (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 47 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 81 IS 3 BP 175 EP 184 DI 10.1006/enrs.1999.3972 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 246BF UT WOS:000083142700001 PM 10585013 ER PT J AU Glass, GE Sorensen, JA AF Glass, GE Sorensen, JA TI Six-year trend (1990-1995) of wet mercury deposition in the Upper Midwest. USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES STATES; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; AIRBORNE MERCURY; WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS; FLUE-GAS; PRECIPITATION; ENVIRONMENT; TRANSPORT; CHEMISTRY; REGION AB Total wet mercury deposition was monitored weekly at six Up per Midwest, U.S.A. sites for a period of six ye a rs, 1990-1995, to assess temporal and spatial patterns and contributions to surface waters. Annual wet mercury deposition averaged 7.4 mu g Hg/m(2).yr and showed significant variations between sites and increased trends averaging 0.60 mu g Hg/m(2).yr [8%/yr] over the period (p < 0.0001). Warm (rain) season wet mercury deposition was found to average 77% of total annual wet deposition. Warm train) and cold (snow) season trends showed increases of 0.31 [5.5%/yr] and 0.29 mu g Hg/m(2).yr [17%/yr], respectively (p < 0.01). Average annual precipitation depth showed a nonsignificant increase of 0.25 cm/yr [0.4%/yr] for the period. Differences in precipitation depth, mercury concentrations, and wet mercury deposition among sites were noted. Methylmercury wet deposition, measured in 36 weekly samples, averaged about 0.18 ng/L [1.5% of total mercury] in rain and strongly correlated with total mercury, major ions, and precipitation depth. C1 Univ Minnesota, Archaeometry Lab, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Glass, GE (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Archaeometry Lab, 10 Univ Dr, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. NR 44 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 19 BP 3303 EP 3312 DI 10.1021/es9806736 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241KA UT WOS:000082881100022 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Caughran, TV Chen, PH Collette, TW Floyd, TL Schenck, KM Lykins, BW Sun, GR Majetich, G AF Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Caughran, TV Chen, PH Collette, TW Floyd, TL Schenck, KM Lykins, BW Sun, GR Majetich, G TI Identification of new ozone disinfection byproducts in drinking water SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BY-PRODUCTS; FULVIC-ACID; XAD RESINS; OZONATION; 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE; CHLORINE; MUTAGENICITY; ALDEHYDES; EXTRACTS; RECOVERY AB Using a combination of spectral identification techniques-gas chromatography coupled with low- and high-resolution electron-impact mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS), low- and high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC/CI-MS), and infrared spectroscopy (GC/ IR)-we identified many drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed by ozone and combinations of ozone with chlorine and chloramine. Many of these DBPs have not been previously reported. In addition to conventional XAD resin extraction, both pentafluorobenzyl-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and methylation derivatizations were used to aid in identifying some of the more polar DBPs. Many of the byproducts identified were not present in spectral library databases. The vast majority of the ozone DBPs identified contained oxygen in their structures, with no halogenated DBPs observed except when chlorine or chloramine was applied as a secondary disinfectant. In comparing byproducts formed by secondary treatment of chlorine or chloramine, chloramine appeared to form the same types of halogenated DBPs as chlorine, but they were generally fewer in number and lower in concentration. Most of the halogenated DB Ps that were formed by ozone-chlorine and ozone-chloramine treatments were also observed in samples treated with chlorine or chloramine only. A few DBPs, however, were formed at higher levels in the ozone-chlorine and ozone-chloramine samples, indicating that the combination of ozone and chlorine or chloramine is important in their formation. These DBPs included dichloroacetaldehyde and 1,1-dichloropropanone. C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Chem, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 33 TC 137 Z9 142 U1 8 U2 82 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 19 BP 3368 EP 3377 DI 10.1021/es981218c PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241KA UT WOS:000082881100031 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Caughran, TV Chen, PH Collette, TW Floyd, TL AF Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Caughran, TV Chen, PH Collette, TW Floyd, TL TI Identification of new drinking water disinfection byproducts formed in the presence of bromide SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BY-PRODUCTS; OZONATION; ACID; BROMOHYDRINS; BROMATE AB Using a combination of mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy, disinfection byproducts were identified in ozonated drinking water containing elevated bromide levels and in ozonated water treated with secondary chlorine or chloramine. Only one brominated byproduct-dihromoacetonitrile-was found in the water treated with only ozone. This compound was found only in one of the three treatment rounds and was also present-in the untreated, raw water but at levels 20 times lower than in the ozonated water. Many more byproducts were identified when secondary chlorine or chloramine was applied after ozonation. A number of these byproducts have not been reported previously. When comparing low-bromide water to water with elevated bromide, a tremendous shift in speciation was observed for samples treated with secondary chlorine or chloramine. Without high bromide levels, chlorinated species dominate (e.g., chloroform, trichloroacetaldehyde, tetrachloropropanone, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloronitromethane); with elevated bromide levels (1 mg/L), these shift to brominated species (e.g., bromoform, tribromoacetaldehyde, tetrabromopropanone, dibromoacetonitrile, tribromonitromethane). An entire family of bromo- and mixed chlorobromopropanones was identified that was not present in library databases and has not been reported previously. They were observed mainly in the ozone-chloramine samples but were also present in ozone-chlorine-treated water. These brominated byproducts were also observed in water treated with only chloramine or chlorine. C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Chem, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 22 TC 99 Z9 103 U1 3 U2 50 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 19 BP 3378 EP 3383 DI 10.1021/es9900297 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241KA UT WOS:000082881100032 ER PT J AU Susarla, S Collette, TW Garrison, AW Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC AF Susarla, S Collette, TW Garrison, AW Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC TI Perchlorate identification in fertilizers SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Perchlorate has contaminated groundwater, drinking water, and soils at several locations in the United States. The primary source of contamination at sites that have been investigated to date seems to be from industrial and military operations that use perchlorate as an oxidizing agent, However, recent examination of several fertilizers and fertilizer components showed that perchlorate is present at levels up to 0.84 wt %. These preliminary results suggest that fertilizers could be a source for perchlorate accumulation in the food chain. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Susarla, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 6 TC 80 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 19 BP 3469 EP 3472 DI 10.1021/es990577k PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 241KA UT WOS:000082881100048 ER PT J AU Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV AF Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV TI Comparative toxicity of ammonium and nitrate compounds to Pacific treefrog and African clawed frog tadpoles SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ammonia nitrogen; nitrate nitrogen; tadpoles; Pseudacris; Xenopus ID BUFO-BUFO; FERTILIZER; LETHAL AB The effects of ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and sodium nitrate on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla [Baird and Girard]) and African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis [Daudin]) tadpoles were determined in static-renewal tests. The 10-d ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate LC50s for P. regilla were 55.2 and 89.7 mg/L NH4-N, respectively. The 10-d LC50s for X. laevis for the three ammonium compounds ranged from 45 to 64 mg/L NH4-N. The 10-d sodium nitrate LC50s were 266.2 mg/L NO3-N for P. regilla and 1,236.2 mg/L NO3-N for X. laevis. The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of ammonium compound based on reduced length or weight was 24.6 mg/L NH4-N for P. regilla and 99.5 mg/L NH4-N for X. laevis. The lowest sodium nitrate LOAELs based on reduced length or weight were <30.1 mg/L NO3-N for P. regilla and 126.3 mg/L NO3-N for X. laevis. Calculated un-ionized NH, comprised 0.3 to 1.0% of measured NH4-N concentrations. Potential harm to amphibians could occur if sensitive life stages were impacted by NH4-N and NO3-N in agricultural runoff or drainage for a sufficiently long period. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Schuytema, GS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 31 TC 34 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 18 IS 10 BP 2251 EP 2257 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2251:CTOAAN>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 240FD UT WOS:000082814500019 ER PT J AU Sibley, PK Benoit, DA Balcer, MD Phipps, GL West, CW Hoke, RA Ankley, GT AF Sibley, PK Benoit, DA Balcer, MD Phipps, GL West, CW Hoke, RA Ankley, GT TI In situ bioassay chamber for assessment of sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation using benthic invertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE in situ sediment toxicity; bioaccumulation; Chironomus tentans; Lumbriculus variegatus ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; CHIRONOMUS-TENTANS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; END-POINTS; TESTS; FIELD; MACROINVERTEBRATE; DESIGN; INSITU AB In this study, we describe the construction of a simple, inexpensive bioassay chamber for testing sediment toxicity (survival and growth) and bioaccumulation under field conditions using the midge Chironomus tentans and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. The test chamber is comprised of a Lexan(R) or Plexiglass(TM) core tube containing several screened ports to facilitate water exchange. A rubber stopper, equipped with a small plastic holding vessel to hold organisms, is secured on top of the test chamber before deploying the tube. Once the test chamber is pushed into the sediment to a depth of approximately 20 cm, the bioassay is initiated by releasing the test organisms from the holding chamber into the rest chamber. We evaluated the performance of this in situ bioassay system by conducting 10-d exposures at two contaminated and two reference sites, and in a transplanted control sediment. Performance in the field test was compared to parallel 10-d laboratory tests. Survival of C. tentans was 68 and 72% at the two reference sites. Corresponding survival in these sediments in laboratory tests was 96 and 75%. Survival in the transplanted control sediment was 97%. Although significant differences between sediments in the absolute values of survival and growth were observed in both field and laboratory exposures to contaminated sediments, the relative pattern of response for these endpoints was comparable between the laboratory and the field. Variability (coefficient of variation) associated with both survival and growth was generally greater in field exposures (20-86%) than in laboratory exposures (5-72%). A portion of this variability seemed to reflect the occurrence of predatory species, because we observed a significant relationship between the number of predatory species and survival of C. tentans. In tests with L. variegatus, survival of worms was 85% in the reference sediment and 40 to 76% in two contaminated sediments. At all sites, a sufficient tissue mass of worms was collected after 10 d to facilitate assessment of bioaccumulation. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed in situ bioassay can be used successfully to assess toxicity and bioaccumulation in contaminated sediments. C1 Univ Guelph, Ctr Toxicol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W, Canada. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Lake Superior Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. DuPont Co Inc, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, Newark, DE 19714 USA. RP Sibley, PK (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Ctr Toxicol, Gordon St, Guelph, ON N1G 2W, Canada. EM psibley@tox.uoguelph.ca RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 48 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 18 IS 10 BP 2325 EP 2336 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2325:ISBCFA>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 240FD UT WOS:000082814500029 ER PT J AU Latimer, JS Davis, WR Keith, DJ AF Latimer, JS Davis, WR Keith, DJ TI Mobilization of PAHS and PCBs from in-place contaminated marine resuspension events SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pollution; resuspension; sediment; estuary; organic contaminants; entrainment; benthos ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION; SURFACE SEDIMENTS; NARRAGANSETT BAY; ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; WATER; ESTUARY; ENTRAINMENT; RADIONUCLIDES AB A particle entrainment simulator was used to experimentally produce representative estuarine resuspension conditions to investigate the resulting transport of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the overlying water column. Contaminants were evaluated in bulk sediments, size fractionated sediments, resuspended particulate material and in some cases, dissolved phases during the experiments. The two types of sediments used in the experiments, dredged material and bedded estuarine sediment, represented gradients in contaminant loadings and sediment textural characteristics. For the bedded sediment, resuspension tended to winnow the sediments of finer particles. However, in the case of the more highly contaminated dredge material, non-selective resuspension was most common. Resuspension resulted in up to orders of magnitude higher particle-bound organic contaminant concentrations in the overlying water column. Dissolved phase PAH changes during resuspension were variable and at most, increased by a factor of three. The sifting process resulted in the partitioning of fine and coarse particle contaminant loading. For bedded sediments, accurate predictions of PAH and PCB loadings on resuspended particles were made using the mass of resuspended particles of different sizes and the concentrations of contaminants in the particle pools of the bulk sediment. However, due possibly to contributions from other unmeasured particles (e.g. colloids), predictions were not possible for the dredge material. Thus, knowledge of the redistribution and fate of colloids may be important. The partitioning of PAHs between the dissolved and particulate phases during resuspension events was predicted to within a factor of two from the amount: of organic carbon in each of the resuspended samples. These experiments show that contaminant transport is a function of the chemistry and textural characteristics of the bulk sediment and the winnowing action during resuspension events. Existing relationships of resuspension and settling velocity are probably useful in predicting chemical redistribution. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Latimer, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Latimer, James/C-1632-2009 OI Latimer, James/0000-0002-6722-520X NR 48 TC 50 Z9 65 U1 5 U2 32 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 49 IS 4 BP 577 EP 595 DI 10.1006/ecss.1999.0516 PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 253QF UT WOS:000083566700009 ER PT J AU McDonnell, WF Stewart, PW Smith, MV Pan, WK Pan, J AF McDonnell, WF Stewart, PW Smith, MV Pan, WK Pan, J TI Ozone-induced respiratory symptoms: exposure-response models and association with lung function SO EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE air pollution; exposure-response relationships; models; ozone; respiratory symptoms ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION CHANGES; 0.12 PPM OZONE; EXERCISING CHILDREN; LOW-LEVEL; VENTILATION; POLLUTION; DURATION AB Ozone-induced respiratory symptoms are known to be functions of concentration, minute ventilation, and duration of exposure, The purposes of this study were to identify an exposure-response model for symptoms, to determine whether response was related to age, and to assess the relationships between symptom and lung function responses to ozone. Four hundred and eighty-five healthy male volunteers (ages 18-35 yrs) were exposed to one of sis: ozone concentrations at one of three activity levels for 2 h, Symptoms and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) mere assessed at the end of 1 and 2 h. The exposure and response data were fitted by a nonlinear exposure-response model previously found to describe FEV1 response. The proportion of individuals experiencing moderate or severe cough, shortness of breath, and pain on deep inspiration were accurately described as functions of concentration, minute ventilation, and time. Response was inversely related to age for shortness of breath (p=0.0001), pain on deep inspiration (p=0.0002), and cough (p=0.0013), Controlling for exposure differences, symptom responses were significantly but weakly (correlation coefficient 0.30-0.41) related to the FEV1 response. In conclusion, the exposure-response model did accurately predict symptoms, response was inversely related to age. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. MVS Biomath, Raleigh, NC USA. RP McDonnell, WF (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0903-1936 J9 EUR RESPIR J JI Eur. Resp. J. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 14 IS 4 BP 845 EP 853 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14d21.x PG 9 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA 254MB UT WOS:000083614800021 PM 10573232 ER PT J AU Varma, RS Naicker, KP AF Varma, RS Naicker, KP TI Synthesis of allylbenzenes by cross-coupling of allyl bromide with arylboronic acids using a palladium chloride and tetraphenylphosphonium bromide intercalated clay catalyst SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SURFACTANT PILLARED CLAYS; ORGANIC-REACTIONS; SODIUM-AZIDE; SOLID-PHASE; SUZUKI; CHLOROARENES; BIARYLS; THIOLS AB A facile route for the synthesis of allylbenzenes is described from easily accessible allyl bromide and arylboronic acids using a new reusable catalyst system, palladium chloride and tetraphenylphosphonium bromide intercalated clay. C1 Sam Houston State Univ, Dept Chem, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. Sam Houston State Univ, Texas Res Inst Environm Stud, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 1 IS 5 BP 247 EP 249 DI 10.1039/a905846j PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 252HX UT WOS:000083497000025 ER PT J AU Anastas, P Kirchchoff, M Williamson, T AF Anastas, P Kirchchoff, M Williamson, T TI More 1999 Presidential Green Chemistry Awards SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Anastas, P (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 1 IS 5 BP G124 EP G125 DI 10.1039/a908573d PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 252HX UT WOS:000083497000002 ER PT J AU Kimmel, G Ohanian, E Vu, V AF Kimmel, G Ohanian, E Vu, V TI Framework for human health risk assessment SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Workshop on Evaluation of Default Safety Factors in Health Risk Assessment CY NOV 11, 1998 CL UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, NEW JERSEY MED SCH, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY SP NJIT, Hazardous Subst Management Res Ctr, US EPA, New Jersey Med Sch, Merck Pharmaceut Co, Amer Ind Hlth Council, Publ Serv Elect & Gas Co, Elf Aquitaine, ILSI Hlth & Environm Sci Inst, Hoffmann La Roche Pharmaceut Co HO UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, NEW JERSEY MED SCH AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized the need to develop a framework for human health risk assessment that puts a perspective on the approaches in practice throughout the Agency. In response, the Agency's Risk Assessment Forum has begun the long-term process of developing a framework for human health risk assessment. The framework will be a communication piece that will lay out the scientific basis, principles, and policy choices underlying past and current risk assessment approaches and will provide recommendations for integrating/harmonizing risk assessment methodologies for all human health endpoints. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kimmel, G (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 5 IS 5 BP 997 EP 1001 DI 10.1080/10807039991289284 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 252VK UT WOS:000083522800013 ER PT J AU Makris, SL AF Makris, SL TI The FQPA 10X safety factor: How traditional risk assessment practices play a role in its application SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Workshop on Evaluation of Default Safety Factors in Health Risk Assessment CY NOV 11, 1998 CL UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, NEW JERSEY MED SCH, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY SP NJIT, Hazardous Subst Management Res Ctr, US EPA, New Jersey Med Sch, Merck Pharmaceut Co, Amer Ind Hlth Council, Publ Serv Elect & Gas Co, Elf Aquitaine, ILSI Hlth & Environm Sci Inst, Hoffmann La Roche Pharmaceut Co HO UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, NEW JERSEY MED SCH AB The history and origin of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) 10X Safety Factor for infants and children, descriptions of the policy papers issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Office of Pesticide Programs) in 1996 and 1998, and the Agency's interoffice 10X Task Force are discussed in this paper. There is an overlap of the FQPA 10X Safety Factor with some aspects of traditional risk assessment practices, in particular within the process of RfD calculation, where the use of the database modifying factor and the intraspecies variability factors address uncertainties regarding potential toxicity to children. However, although the RfD process, as described, is entirely hazard-based, the Office of Pesticide Programs has defined the FQPA 10X Safety Factor determination as a process occurring in risk characterization, when both the toxicity and exposure profiles are addressed. It is at this point that other uncertainties or concerns pertaining to the toxicity profile, or that originate in the exposure assessment, may lead to the decision to retain an FQPA Safety Factor, and it is at this juncture that there may be a divergence from traditional risk assessment practices. Additionally, issues regarding expanded application of the database modifying factor are still under consideration by the Agency. Therefore, while maintaining some commonality with traditional risk assessment practice, the FQPA 10X Safety Factor embodies a new and unique opportunity to ensure adequate protection to infants and children. C1 US EPA, OPPTS OPP HED TOX1 7509C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Makris, SL (reprint author), US EPA, OPPTS OPP HED TOX1 7509C, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 5 IS 5 BP 1003 EP 1012 DI 10.1080/10807039991289293 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 252VK UT WOS:000083522800014 ER PT J AU McMillan, LW Henderson, C AF McMillan, LW Henderson, C TI Cost-effectively reduce emissions for natural gas processing SO HYDROCARBON PROCESSING LA English DT Article C1 GPM Gas Corp, Houston, TX USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP McMillan, LW (reprint author), GPM Gas Corp, Houston, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GULF PUBL CO PI HOUSTON PA BOX 2608, HOUSTON, TX 77252-2608 USA SN 0018-8190 J9 HYDROCARB PROCESS JI Hydrocarb. Process. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 78 IS 10 BP 75 EP + PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 292UA UT WOS:000085812400015 ER PT J AU Link, T Marks, D AF Link, T Marks, D TI Distributed simulation of snowcover mass- and energy-balance in the boreal forest SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE snowmelt; forest canopy effects; boreal forest ID SOLAR-RADIATION; SNOW SURFACE; SPECTRAL ALBEDO; ALPINE REGION; SIERRA-NEVADA; EXCHANGE; CLIMATE; COVER; MODEL; SENSITIVITY AB The accurate distributed simulation of snowpack deposition and ablation beneath forest canopies is complicated by the fact that vegetation canopies strongly affect the snow surface energy balance. The canopy alters the radiation balance of the snowcover and reduces the wind speed at the snow surface. Simple canopy adjustment algorithms for solar and thermal radiation and wind speed are used in conjunction with commonly available land cover classifications to spatially distribute sub-canopy solar and thermal radiation, air and soil temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. The distributed climate surfaces are used to drive a two-layer coupled energy- and mass-balance snowmelt model over two areas within the BOREAS study region for the 1994-1995 snow season. Model results are validated using both automatic and manually collected snow depth data. The simulated timing and rate of snowpack development and ablation at both study areas are well represented beneath the canopy types where validation data are present. Rigorous evaluation of model performance beneath the full range of canopy types requires information regarding the spatial distribution of snow covered area during the ablation period. This study demonstrates that given basic landcover parameters, relatively simple canopy adjustments coupled with an energy balance model can be used to estimate climate conditions and snowcover processes across a range of boreal forest covers. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Oregon State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Program, US EPA, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Marks, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RI Link, Timothy/G-5556-2012 NR 31 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 13 IS 14-15 BP 2439 EP + DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2439::AID-HYP866>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 261GZ UT WOS:000084002600024 ER PT J AU Yang, XQ Tahin, Q Hu, YF Russo, IH Balsara, BR Mihaila, D Slater, C Barrett, JC Russo, J AF Yang, XQ Tahin, Q Hu, YF Russo, IH Balsara, BR Mihaila, D Slater, C Barrett, JC Russo, J TI Functional roles of chromosomes 11 and 17 in the transformation of human breast epithelial cells in vitro SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE human breast epithelial cells; cell transformation; microcell-mediated chromosome transfer; chromosome 11; chromosome 17 ID TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; CHEMICAL-CARCINOGENS; CANCER CELLS; NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION; LINE; P53; HETEROZYGOSITY; INSTABILITY; TELOMERASE; FRAGMENTS AB Genomic alterations in primary breast cancer play a role in the initiation and progression of the disease. We have analyzed the molecular events involved in the initiation and progression of the neoplastic process in an in vitro experimental system. Immortalization of human breast epithelial cells (HBEC) is associated with 3:9 translocation, p53 mutation and microsatellite instability (MSI) of chromosomes 11p13, and 17p. BP1-E cells, derived from the immortalized MCF-10F cells transformed by the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BP), express in vitro growth advantage, anchorage independence, enhanced chemoinvasiveness, loss of ductulogenic capabilities and tumorigenesis in a heterologous host. This neoplastic progression is also associated with mutations and/or amplification of c-H-I-ns, int-2, c-neu, c-myc and MDM2, MSI at 11q25 and 13q12-q13 and loss of heterozygosity at 17p. In order to test whether chromosomes 11 or 17 play a functional role in the phenotypic expression of transformation of BP1E cells, we utilized microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) technique for inserting the corresponding normal chromosomes to these transformed cells. BP1E cells were transfected with PsV2neo plasmid and fused with microcells obtained from the mouse cell line A9, containing a normal chromosome II or 17 (A9-11neo and A9-17neo cells, selected in G418 and cloned. Sixteen primary microcell hybrids from each chromosome transfer, designated BP1E-11neo and BP1E-17neo survived selection in G-418 containing medium. A single clone from each group, BP1E-11neo #145 and BP1E-17neo D100, survived subcloning and were utilized for a detailed panel of analyses. The presence of a donor chromosome was confirmed by dual color fluorescence in. situ hybridization (FISH), Southern blot analysis of the marker vector pSV2neo, and microsatellite polymorphism analysis. The transfer of the normal chromosomes II and 17 resulted in a 50% and 90% inhibition of cell growth respectively, and reduced both colony efficiency and colony size. Telomerase activity was significantly reduced only by chromosome 17 insertion, providing a possible explanation for the more significant senescence observed in BP1E-17neo D100 cells. Microsatellite polymorphism analysis revealed that three loci, 11q13-23, 11q23.1, and 11q23.3 (markers D11S911, DRD2, and D11S29) were retained in BP1E-11neo #145 cells, and two, 17q24.2-25.2, 17q25.2 (markers D17S515 and D17S785 were retained in BP1E-17neo D100 cells. We conclude that the specific regions of normal chromosomes 11 and 17 transferred play a functional role in the expression of immortal and transformed phenotypes of HBEC in vitro. C1 Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Breast Canc Res Lab, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA. Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Lab Mol Cytogenet, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Russo, J (reprint author), Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Breast Canc Res Lab, 7701 Burholme Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA67238] NR 39 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU PROFESSOR D A SPANDIDOS PI ATHENS PA 1, S MERKOURI ST, EDITORIAL OFFICE,, ATHENS 116 35, GREECE SN 1019-6439 J9 INT J ONCOL JI Int. J. Oncol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 629 EP 638 PG 10 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 239UC UT WOS:000082787200004 PM 10493942 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Ascorbic acid treatment to reduce residual halogen-based oxidants prior to the determination of halogenated disinfection byproducts in potable water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID CHLORINATION; DESTRUCTION; SULFITE AB Treatment of potable water samples with ascorbic acid has been investigated as a means for reducing residual halogen-based oxidants (disinfectants), i.e. HOCl, Cl-2, Br-2 and BrCl, prior to determination of EPA Method 551.1A and 551.1B analytes. These disinfection byproducts include certain haloalkanes, haloalkenes, haloethanenitriles, halo aldehydes, haloketones and trichloronitromethane. When used as a dehalogenating agent immediately before analysis, only one analyte, 2,2,2-trichloroethanediol (chloral hydrate), is significantly decomposed. Ascorbic acid is superior to thiosulfate and sulfite as it does not destroy trichloroethanenitrile (trichloroacetonitrile), trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) or dibromoethanenitrile (dibromoacetonitrile). Unlike ammonia or amines, it is not nucleophilic and cannot form hemiaminals (carbinolamines) with carboxaldehydes and ketones. Ascorbic acid treatment can rapidly consume (reduce) large amounts of active (oxidizing) halogen compounds, producing only inorganic halides and dehydroascorbic acid and not additional halogenated organic molecules. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Treatment Tech Evaluat Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Treatment Tech Evaluat Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 1 IS 5 BP 471 EP 476 DI 10.1039/a904574k PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 256ZU UT WOS:000083757000012 PM 11534529 ER PT J AU Rosenbaum, AS Axelrad, DA Woodruff, TJ Wei, YH Ligocki, MP Cohen, JP AF Rosenbaum, AS Axelrad, DA Woodruff, TJ Wei, YH Ligocki, MP Cohen, JP TI National estimates of outdoor air toxics concentrations SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; HALOGENATED ALIPHATICS; CONTAMINANTS; EMISSIONS; POLLUTANTS; APPORTIONMENT; TROPOSPHERE; AEROSOL; INDOOR AB The Clean Air Act identifies 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), or "air toxics," associated with a nide range of adverse human health effects. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has conducted a modeling study with the Assessment System for Population Exposure Nationwide (ASPEN) to gain a greater understanding of the spatial distribution of concentrations of these HAPs resulting from contributions of multiple emission sources. The study estimates year 1990 long-term outdoor concentrations of 148 air toxics for each census tract in the continental United States, utilizing a Gaussian air dispersion modeling approach. Ratios of median national modeled concentrations to estimated emissions indicate that emission totals without consideration of emission source type can be a misleading indicator of air quality. The results also indicate priorities for improvements in modeling methodology and emissions identification. Model performance evaluation suggests a tendency for underprediction of observed concentrations, which is likely due, at least in part, to a number of limitations of the Gaussian modeling formulation. Emissions estimates for HAPs have a high degree of uncertainty and contribute to discrepancies between modeled and monitored concentration estimates. The model's ranking of concentrations among monitoring sites is reasonably good for most of the gaseous HAPs evaluated, with ranking accuracy ranging from 66 to 100%. C1 ICF Consulting, San Rafael, CA USA. US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rosenbaum, AS (reprint author), ICF Consulting, San Rafael, CA USA. NR 74 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 49 IS 10 BP 1138 EP 1152 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 251KF UT WOS:000083444300001 PM 10616743 ER PT J AU Nunez, CM Ramsey, GH Bahner, MA Clayton, CA AF Nunez, CM Ramsey, GH Bahner, MA Clayton, CA TI An empirical model to predict styrene emissions from fiber-reinforced plastics fabrication processes SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Styrene is a designated hazardous air pollutant, per the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. It is also a tropospheric ozone precursor. Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) fabrication is the primary source of anthropogenic styrene emissions in the United States. This paper describes an empirical model designed to predict styrene emission factors for selected FRP fabrication processes. The model highlights 10 relevant parameters impacting styrene emission factors for FRP processes, and helps identify future areas of FRP pollution prevention (P2) research. In most cases, the number of these parameters with greatest impact on styrene emission factors can be limited to four or five. Seven different emission studies were evaluated and used as model inputs. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Pollut Prevent Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Div Stat Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Nunez, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, 86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 49 IS 10 BP 1168 EP 1178 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 251KF UT WOS:000083444300003 PM 28060666 ER PT J AU Pritts, JW Neufeld, RD Cobb, JT AF Pritts, JW Neufeld, RD Cobb, JT TI Stabilization of heavy metal containing hazardous wastes with byproducts from advanced clean coal technology systems SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the success of residues from advanced Clean Coal Technology (CCT) systems as stabilization agents for heavy metal containing hazardous wastes. In the context examined here, stabilization refers to techniques that reduce the toxicity of a waste by converting the hazardous constituents to a less soluble, mobile, or toxic form.(1) Three advanced CCT byproducts were used: coal waste-fired circulating fluidized bed combustor residue, pressurized fluidized bed combustor residue, and spray drier residue. Seven metal-laden hazardous wastes were treated: three contaminated soils, two air pollution control dusts, wastewater treatment plant sludge, and sandblast waste. Each of the seven hazardous wastes was treated with each of the three CCT byproducts at dosages of 10, 30, and 50% by weight (byproduct:waste). The treatment effectiveness of each mixture was evaluated by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. Of the 63 mixtures evaluated, 21 produced non-hazardous residues. Treatment effectiveness can likely be attributed to mechanisms such as precipitation and encapsulation due to the formation of hydrated calcium silicates and calcium sulfo-aluminates. Results indicate that these residues have potential. beneficial uses to the hazardous waste treatment community, possibly substituting for costly treatment chemicals. C1 US EPA, Engn & Anal Div 4303, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem & Petr Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. RP Pritts, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Engn & Anal Div 4303, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 49 IS 10 BP 1190 EP 1200 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 251KF UT WOS:000083444300005 PM 28060664 ER PT J AU Ogg, C AF Ogg, C TI Benefits from managing farm produced nutrients SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nonpoint source pollution; nitrogen fertilizer; livestock manure; nitrous oxide; nutrient planning; greenhouse gas; nutrient runoff; water policy/regulation ID NITRATE; STRIPS AB Manures and fertilizers are applied to agricultural lands in excess of recommended amounts, resulting in widespread pollution of surface and ground water and contributing a substantial source of greenhouse gases associated with global warming. By developing policies that exploit the value of farm produced nutrients, input costs can be minimized. Better accounting for or crediting of farm produced nutrients is leading to economically beneficial conservation of fertilizer. In addition, hog producers who own enough land may benefit from properly managing manure nutrients. Poultry litter is valuable as fertilizer and can be marketed by independent dealers to farmers in nutrient deficit areas, with very modest assistance from the government. Dairy producers may modify their past income support programs to finance central compost facilities. Although nutrient problems were neglected in the past, recent Federal initiatives and joint initiatives with states exploit many of these and other opportunities to avoid excessive application of nutrients to the land. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ogg, C (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW,PM 2121, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1015 EP 1021 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04190.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900002 ER PT J AU Durrans, SR Burian, SJ Nix, SJ Hajji, A Pitt, RE Fan, CY Field, R AF Durrans, SR Burian, SJ Nix, SJ Hajji, A Pitt, RE Fan, CY Field, R TI Polynomial-based disaggregation of hourly rainfall for continuous hydrologic simulation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE rainfall; time series; urban watersheds; disaggregation ID MODEL AB Hydrologic modeling of urban watersheds for designs and analyses of stormwater conveyance facilities can be performed in either an event-based or continuous fashion. Continuous simulation requires, among other things, the use of a time series of rainfall amounts. However, for urban drainage basins, which are typically small, the temporal resolution of the rainfall time series must be quite fine, and often on the order of 5 to 15 minutes. This poses a significant challenge because rainfall-gauging records are usually kept only for hourly or longer time steps. The time step sizes in stochastic rainfall generators are usually also too large for application to urban runoff modeling situations. Thus, there is a need for methods by which hourly rainfall amounts can be disaggregated to shorter time intervals. This paper presents and compares a number of approaches to this problem, which are based on the use of polynomial approximating functions. Results of these evaluations indicate that a disaggregation method presented by Ormsbee (1989) is a relatively good performer when storm durations are short (2 hours), and that a quadratic spline-based approach is a good choice for longer-duration storms. Based on these results, the Ormsbee technique is recommended because it provides good performance, and can be applied easily to long time series of precipitation records. The quadratic spline-based approach is recommended as a close second choice because it performed the best most consistently, but remains more difficult to apply than the Ormsbee technique. Results of this study also indicate that, on average, all of the disaggregation methods evaluated introduce a severe negative bias into maximum rainfall intensities. This is cause for some well-justified concern, as the characteristics of runoff hydrographs are quite sensitive to maximum storm intensities. Thus, there is a need to continue the search for simple yet effective hourly rainfall disaggregation methods. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Ecole Natl Genie Rural Eaux & Forets, F-75732 Paris, France. US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Durrans, SR (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 870205, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. OI Burian, Steven/0000-0003-0523-4968 NR 12 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1213 EP 1221 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04208.x PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900020 ER PT J AU Gowda, PH Ward, AD White, DA Baker, DB Lyon, JG AF Gowda, PH Ward, AD White, DA Baker, DB Lyon, JG TI Using field scale models to predict peak flows on agricultural watersheds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE agricultural hydrology; hydrograph analysis and modeling; surface water hydrology; watershed scale; field scale models; stream routing ID AGNPS; WEPP; CROP; TILLAGE; SOIL; LAND AB The goal of this study was to develop a methodology for generating storm hydrographs at a watershed scale based on daily runoff estimates from a field scale model. The methodology was evaluated on a small agricultural watershed using the ADAPT field scale process model. A comparison of observed and predicted peak flows for 11 of the largest events that occurred in a three year period gave r(2) values of 0.84, 0.82, and 0.81 when the watershed was subdivided into 1, 5, and 10 subwatersheds. However, all other statistical measures improved when the watershed was subdivided into at least five subwatersheds. Guidelines need to be developed on the use of the procedure but it first needs to be evaluated on several watersheds that exhibit a range in sizes, land uses, slopes, and soil properties. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Water Resources Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio EPA, Columbus, OH 43215 USA. Heidelberg Coll, Water Qual Lab, Tiffin, OH 44883 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, ORD, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Water Resources Ctr, Twin Cities Campus,1991 Upper Bufford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM ward.2@osu.edu NR 50 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1093-474X EI 1752-1688 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1223 EP 1232 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04209.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 247MQ UT WOS:000083224900021 ER PT J AU Nichols, J Bradbury, S Swartout, J AF Nichols, J Bradbury, S Swartout, J TI Derivation of wildlife values for mercury SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID NORTHERN WISCONSIN LAKES; AMINO-ACID CARRIER; METHYLMERCURY TRANSPORT; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO; CHRONIC TOXICITY; METHYL MERCURY; AQUATIC BIRDS; FOOD-CHAIN; SELENIUM AB A procedure has been developed to estimate surface water concentrations of toxicants ("wildlife values") that will protect the viability of wildlife populations associated with aquatic resources. This procedure was designed primarily to protect piscivorous birds and mammals from compounds that bioaccumulate in fish and was used in the Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative (GLI) to calculate wildlife values (WV) for mercury, DDT/DDE, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD). Published in 1995, and expressed as total mercury in unfiltered water, the final wildlife value (WVf) for mercury derived in the GL1 was 1300 pg Hg/L. This value was selected as the wildlife criterion (WC) for mercury in the Great Lakes basin. A second WV, for mercury was derived in 1997 as part of a Congressionally mandated report on airborne mercury emissions. These calculations were based upon mercury speciation data that were largely unavailable when the GLI was developed. important features of the WV, in the Report to Congress include its calculation on a dissolved methylmercury basis and a reliance on field data to estimate fish bioaccumulation factors. Calculated as methylmercury in filtered water, the WV, derived in the report is 50 pg Hg/L (equivalent to 54 pg MeHg/L). A comparison of WV in the CLI and the Report to Congress requires that average values be specified for mercury speciation in natural systems. Based on this information, the WV, given in the report corresponds to a value of 910 pg Hg/L, as total mercury in unfiltered water, or about 70% of the WV, derived in the GLI. in this article we describe the algorithm used to derive WV in the GLI and the Report to Congress and review its application to mercury. Scientific uncertainties in deriving WV, particularly as they apply to mercury, are critically examined. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MidContinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55616 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MidContinent Ecol Div, 6201 Condgon Nlvd, Duluth, MN 55616 USA. EM nichols.john@epamail.epa.gov RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 82 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-7404 EI 1521-6950 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health-Pt b-Crit. Rev. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 2 IS 4 BP 325 EP 355 DI 10.1080/109374099281160 PG 31 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 251JX UT WOS:000083443500003 PM 10596301 ER PT J AU Thigpen, JE Setchell, KDR Ahlmark, KB Locklear, J Spahr, T Caviness, GF Goelz, MF Haseman, JK Newbold, RR Forsythe, DB AF Thigpen, JE Setchell, KDR Ahlmark, KB Locklear, J Spahr, T Caviness, GF Goelz, MF Haseman, JK Newbold, RR Forsythe, DB TI Phytoestrogen content of purified, open- and closed-formula laboratory animal diets SO LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOY PROTEIN; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; BONE LOSS; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; SOYBEAN ISOFLAVONES; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MAMMARY-CANCER; MOUSE BIOASSAY; RODENT DIETS; RATS AB Background and Purpose: Phytoestrogens exert estrogenic effects on the central nervous system, induce estrus, and stimulate growth of the genital tract of female animals. Over 300 plants and plant products, including some used in laboratory animal diets, contain phytoestrogens. Therefore, the source and concentration of phytoestrogens in rodent diets were determined. Methods: Twelve rodent diets and six major dietary ingredients were assayed for phytoestrogens (daidzein, genistein, formononetin, biochanin A, and coumestrol), using high-performance liquid chromatography, Three rodent diets recently formulated to reduce phytoestrogen content also were assayed. Results: Formononetin, biochanin A, and coumestrol were not detected. Soybean meal was the major source of daidzein and genistein; their concentrations were directly correlated to the percentage of soybean meal in each diet. Conclusions: High, variable concentrations of daidzein and genistein are present in some rodent diets, and dietary phytoestrogens have the potential to alter results of studies of estrogenicity, Careful attention should be given to diet phytoestrogen content, and their concentration should be reported. A standardized, open-formula diet in which estrogenic substances have been reduced to levels that do not alter results of studies that are influenced by exogenous estrogens is recommended. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Comparat Med Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat Gastroenterol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. RP Thigpen, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Comparat Med Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 70 TC 179 Z9 181 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI MEMPHIS PA 9190 CRESTWYN HILLS DR, MEMPHIS, TN 38125 USA SN 0023-6764 J9 LAB ANIM SCI JI Lab. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 49 IS 5 BP 530 EP 536 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 250NE UT WOS:000083393800011 PM 10551455 ER PT J AU Cash, GG Herndon, WC AF Cash, GG Herndon, WC TI Novel approaches to exact coefficients of acyclic polynomials SO MATCH-COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL AND IN COMPUTER CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TOPOLOGICAL RESONANCE ENERGY; MATCHING POLYNOMIALS; FULLERENE CLUSTERS; GRAPHS AB Published methods for computing coefficients for acyclic (matching) polynomials of chemical graphs suffer from various shortcomings, namely, they are too slow for use with many large chemical graphs of theoretical interest, they produce only approximate coefficients of unspecified accuracy, they require computer hardware resources not widely available, or authors have chosen to make only results, not the methods themselves, available. Here, several new methods are presented, programmed in Mathematica(R), all of which produce exact coefficients for acyclic polynomials on readily available computers. These methods also illustrate various algebraic approaches to obtaining the polynomial which may prove useful in other applications. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Chem, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV BAYREUTH, DEPT MATHEMATICS PI BAYREUTH PA C/O PROF DR A KERBER, D-95440 BAYREUTH, GERMANY SN 0340-6253 J9 MATCH-COMMUN MATH CO JI Match-Commun. Math. Chem. PD OCT PY 1999 IS 40 BP 273 EP 278 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Mathematics GA 269XD UT WOS:000084502000009 ER PT J AU Kelley, CA Pakulski, JD Sandvik, SLH Coffin, RB Downer, RC Aas, P Lyons, MM Jeffrey, WH AF Kelley, CA Pakulski, JD Sandvik, SLH Coffin, RB Downer, RC Aas, P Lyons, MM Jeffrey, WH TI Phytoplanktonic and bacterial carbon pools and productivities in the Gerlache Strait, Antarctica, during early austral spring SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARGINAL ICE-ZONE; WESTERN BRANSFIELD STRAIT; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; ORGANIC-CARBON; SURFACE WATERS; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; COASTAL WATERS; CHLOROPHYLL-A; SARGASSO SEA; WEDDELL SEA AB Phytoplankton and bacterial biomass and productivities were investigated at four depths in the upper 500 m of the water column in the Gerlache Strait, Antarctica during the prebloom period of early austral spring, from October 13 to November 4, 1995. The concentrations of all carbon pools were low, with the total particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration averaging 1.9 +/- 0.9 mu M. Bacterial, protozoan, and phytoplankton carbon accounted for 21% of the total POC, indicating that detritus or unenumerated organisms comprised the bulk of the POC during this period. Larger zooplankton or protozoa, such as ciliates, may account for this difference, since microzooplankton can represent a significant fraction of the total microbial biomass. Primary and bacterial secondary production rates were also low, less than 300 and 30 ng C L-1 h(-1), respectively. However, when production was normalized to either chlorophyll or bacterial cell number, rates were similar to those recorded during the spring bloom periods. This indicates that the cells were metabolically active during the prebloom period. Chlorophyll specific primary production averaged over the upper 80 m of the water column was 1.28 +/- 0.84 mu g C mu g chl(-1) h(-1), whereas the mean bacterial specific growth rate over the same depth interval was 0.34 +/- 0.24 d(-1). The overall production rates were low only because of the low abundance of cells during the prebloom period. When the site was reoccupied the following year, all measures of biomass and productivity were higher [36], emphasizing the large interannual variability in the Gerlache Strait. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. RP Kelley, CA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, 101 Geol Sci Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Kelley, Cheryl/K-9392-2015 NR 53 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 38 IS 3 BP 296 EP 305 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 251DB UT WOS:000083428400011 ER PT J AU Haugland, RA Vesper, SJ Wymer, LJ AF Haugland, RA Vesper, SJ Wymer, LJ TI Quantitative measurement of Stachybotrys chartarum conidia using real time detection of PCR products with the TaqMan (TM) fluorogenic probe system SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE Stachybotrys; TaqMan; ABI prism 7700 Sequence Detector; fungal conidia; quantitative PCR ID FUNGI; HEALTH; QUANTIFICATION; ENVIRONMENTS; EXPOSURE AB The occurrence of Stachybotrys chartarum in indoor environments has been associated with a number of human health concerns, including fatal pulmonary haemosiderosis in infants. Currently used culture-based and microscopic methods of fungal species identification are poorly suited to providing quick and accurate estimates of airborne human exposures to the toxin containing conidia of this organism. In this study, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product analysis using the TaqMan(TM) fluorogenic probe system and an Applied Biosystems Prism(R) model 7700 sequence detection instrument (model 7700) was applied to the specific detection of S. chartarum ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences. Based upon this assay and a recently reported comparative cycle threshold method for quantifying target DNA sequences using data from the model 7700, a simple method for the direct quantification of S. chartarum conidia was developed. In analyses of samples containing several different strains and from two to over 2 x 10(5) cells, this method consistently provided quantitative estimates of S. chartarum conidia that were within a one-fold range (50-200%) of those determined on the basis of direct microscopic counts in a haemocytometer. The method showed a similar level of agreement with direct counting in the quantification of S. chartarum conidia in air samples collected from several contaminated homes. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Haugland, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 21 TC 96 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD OCT PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 BP 329 EP 340 DI 10.1006/mcpr.1999.0258 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA 245PN UT WOS:000083117500001 PM 10508554 ER PT J AU King, LC Adams, L Allison, J Kohan, MJ Nelson, G Desai, D Amin, S Ross, JA AF King, LC Adams, L Allison, J Kohan, MJ Nelson, G Desai, D Amin, S Ross, JA TI A quantitative comparison of dibenzo[a,I]pyrene-DNA adduct formation by recombinant human cytochrome P450 microsomes SO MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE dibenzo[a,I]pyrene; metabolic activation; DNA adducts ID TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; POTENT CARCINOGEN DIBENZOPYRENE; DRUG-METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; HUMAN-LIVER; MOUSE SKIN; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MESSENGER-RNA; DNA-ADDUCTS; CELL-LINE; ACTIVATION AB Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), an extremely potent environmental carcinogen, is metabolically activated in mammalian cells and microsomes through the fjord-region dihydrodiol, trans-DB[a,l]P-11, 12-diol, to syn- and anti-DB[a,l]P-11, 12-diol-13, 14-epoxides (syn- and anti-DB[a,l]PDEs). The role of seven individual recombinant human cytochrome P450s (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2B6, 2C9, 2E1, and 3A4) in the metabolic activation of DB[a,l]P and formation of DNA adducts was examined by using P-32 postlabeling, thin-layer chromatography, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. We found that, in the presence of epoxide hydrolase, only P450 1A1 and P450 1B1 catalyzed the formation of DB[a,l]PDE-DNA adducts and several unidentified polar adducts. Human P450 1A1 catalyzed the formation of DB[a,l]PDE-DNA adducts and unidentified polar adducts at rates threefold and 17-fold greater than did human P450 1B1 (256 fmol/h/nmol P450 versus 90 fmol/h/nmol P450 and 132 fmol/h/nmol P450 versus 8 fmol/h/nmol P450, respectively). P450 1A1 DNA adducts were derived from both anti- and syn-DB[a,l]PDE at rates of 73 fmol/h/nmol P450 and 51 fmol/h/nmol P450, respectively. P450 1B1 produced adducts derived from anti-DB[a,l]PDE at a rate of 82 fmol/h/nmol, whereas only a small number of adducts were derived from syn-DB[a,l]PDE (0.4 fmol/h/nmol). These results demonstrated the potential of human P450 1A1 and P450 1B1 to contribute to the metabolic activation and carcinogenicity of DB[a,l]P and provided additional evidence that human P450 1A1 and 1B1 differ in their stereospecific activation of DB[a,l]P. Mol. Carcinog. 26:74-82, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Amer Hlth Fdn, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. RP King, LC (reprint author), US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 44 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-1987 J9 MOL CARCINOGEN JI Mol. Carcinog. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 26 IS 2 BP 74 EP 82 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199910)26:2<74::AID-MC2>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA 243CB UT WOS:000082978600002 PM 10506751 ER PT J AU Rice, DC Hayward, S AF Rice, DC Hayward, S TI Comparison of visual function at adulthood and during aging in monkeys exposed to lead or methylmercury SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lead; methylmercury; vision in monkeys; function at adulthood; function during aging ID SPATIAL CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; METHYL MERCURY; RHESUS-MONKEY; MACACA-FASCICULARIS; MINAMATA DISEASE; INFANT MONKEYS; BLOOD; CHILDREN; AGE; VISION AB Of critical importance is the issue of whether exposure to a neurotoxic agent early in life or over a major portion of the lifespan can result in an age-related accelerated decline in neurological function. There is evidence in humans and animals that exposure to methylmercury may produce delayed neurotoxicity associated with aging. While lead is a ubiquitous pollutant, the potential of long-term lead exposure to accelerate age-related functional decline in nervous system function has apparently not been explored. In the current study, visual function assessed during adulthood was compared to results during aging in monkeys exposed to 500 or 2000 mu g/kg/day of lead from birth onward, 50 mu g/kg/day of methylmercury from birth to seven years, or 10, 25, or 50 mu g/kg/day of methylmercury throughout gestation to four years of age. Spatial contrast sensitivity functions and visual fields were assessed in methylmercury-exposed monkeys, and spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity functions were assessed in monkeys exposed to lead. The frequency and amplitude at peak sensitivity and the high-frequency cut-off were compared at the two assessment periods for the contrast sensitivity functions. Age-related decrements were observed on both spatial and temporal visual function for all parameters. Treatment-related effects were observed in the monkeys exposed to methylmercury in utero and postnatally during the first assessment period but not during aging, whereas lead-exposed monkeys exhibited differences in temporal visual function at the first assessment but not the second. There was no evidence for accelerated decline in contrast sensitivity as a result of exposure to either toxicant. However, four of 10 methylmercury-treated monkeys exhibited slight constriction of visual fields at the second assessment that had not been present earlier. These results extend previous findings of evidence for delayed neurotoxicity in the somatosensory and auditory systems of these methylmercury-exposed groups. (C) 1999 Inter Press, Inc. C1 Hlth Canada, Bur Chem Safety, Toxicol Res Div, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Hlth Canada, Hlth Protect Branch, Food Directorate, Bur Biostat & Comp Applicat, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Rice, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NCEA, 401 M St SW-MC-9623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM rice.deborah@epa.gov NR 69 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 5 BP 767 EP 784 PG 18 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 259XX UT WOS:000083920200011 PM 10591513 ER PT J AU Fricker, G Gutmann, H Droulle, A Drewe, J Miller, DS AF Fricker, G Gutmann, H Droulle, A Drewe, J Miller, DS TI Epithelial transport of anthelmintic ivermectin in a novel model of isolated proximal kidney tubules SO PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ivermectin; p-glycoprotein; kidney; renal secretion; killifish ID MDR1A P-GLYCOPROTEIN; MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE; ORGANIC ANION; CYCLOSPORINE-A; DEFICIENCY; SECRETION; DRUGS AB Purpose. The mechanism of excretion of the anthelmintic drug ivermectin was investigated in a novel experimental model of functionally intact proximal tubules isolated from a teleost fish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Methods. Secretion into the lumens of freshly isolated proximal tubules wits studied by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy and digital image analysis using ivermectin and fluorescent labelled ivermectin (BODIPY-ivermectin; BI) as substrates. Results. The tubular cells rapidly accumulated BI from the medium and attained steady state within 25 minutes. Luminal fluorescence in the steady state was 5-7 times higher as compared to intracellular fluorescence. The secretion of BI into the tubular lumens was inhibited in a dose dependent manner by unlabelled ivermectin and inhibitors of the renal excretory membrane pump p-glycoprotein, namely SDZ PSC-833 and verapamil, but not by leukotriene C-4, a substrate of the renal export protein mrp2. Accumulation inside the tubular cells was not affected by the added inhibitors. Ivermectin inhibited the renal secretion of the fluorescent cyclosporin derivative NBDL-CS, a substrate of p-glycoprotein, but not the secretion of the mrp2-substrate fluorescein-methotrexate, nor the secretion of fluorescein, a substrate of the classical renal organic anion transporter. Conclusions. The data are consistent with BI and ivermectin interacting in teleost kidney tubules exclusively with p-glycoprotein, but not with one of the ether known excretory transport systems. In addition, the studies demonstrate that freshly isolated functionally intact kidney tubules from killifish are a useful tool to differentiate the substrate specificity of renal transport systems with respect to drug elimination. C1 Mt Desert Isl Biol Lab, Salsbury Cove, ME 04672 USA. Univ Heidelberg, Inst Pharmaceut Technol & Biopharm, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Lycee Roosevelt, F-51100 Reims, France. Univ Clin, Kantonsspital, Dept Internal Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Basel, Switzerland. Univ Clin, Kantonsspital, Dept Res, Div Clin Pharmacol, Basel, Switzerland. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Fricker, G (reprint author), Mt Desert Isl Biol Lab, Salsbury Cove, ME 04672 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 03828] NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0724-8741 J9 PHARMACEUT RES JI Pharm. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 16 IS 10 BP 1570 EP 1575 DI 10.1023/A:1018956621376 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 249TY UT WOS:000083350400012 PM 10554099 ER PT J AU Schuft, MJ Moser, TJ Wigington, PJ Stevens, DL McAllister, LS Chapman, SS Ernst, TL AF Schuft, MJ Moser, TJ Wigington, PJ Stevens, DL McAllister, LS Chapman, SS Ernst, TL TI Development of landscape metrics for characterizing riparian-stream networks SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; WOODY DEBRIS; QUALITY AB Sampling methods and functionally related landscape met rics were developed for characterizing riparian-stream networks using aerial photography and Gls. A sample area was empirically derived by using morphological characteristics of increasing portions of the stream network surrounding points selected on streams, GIS functions were used to band stream networks in 10-m increments to a distance of 300 m, within which land cover was interpreted from aerial photographs and digitized. Incremental banding is an effective approach for characterizing the composition and pattern of land cover as a function of distance from the stream network. Structural attributes that capture the linear nature of riparian-stream networks, such as the composition, width, longitudinal extent, and connectivity of woody vegetation, were characterized. The methods developed provide a flexible framework for deriving landscape metrics of functionally important structural attributes of riparian-stream networks for exploring relationships at varying spatial scales with indicators of stream ecological condition. C1 US EPA, NHEERL WED, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Schuft, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL WED, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1157 EP 1167 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 244YU UT WOS:000083079000009 ER PT J AU Teuschler, LK Dourson, ML Stiteler, WM McClure, P Tully, H AF Teuschler, LK Dourson, ML Stiteler, WM McClure, P Tully, H TI Health risk above the reference dose for multiple chemicals SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ILSI Europe Workshop on the Significance of Excursions of Intake above the Acceotable Daily Intake (ADI) CY APR 21-23, 1998 CL MILAN, ITALY SP ILSI Europe Acceptable Daily Intake Task Force ID TOXICITY DATA; CATEGORICAL REGRESSION; RFD AB Recent work indicates that the regression of toxicity data viewed as categories of pathological staging is useful for exploring the likely health risk at doses above a Reference Dose (RfD), which is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Toxic effects, which may include both quantal and continuous data, are classified into ordered categories of total toxic severity (e.g., none, mild, adverse, severe). These severity categories are regressed on explanatory variables, such as dose or exposure duration, to estimate the probability of observing an adverse or severe effect. In this paper, categorical regression has been expanded to compare the likely risks across multiple chemicals when exposures are above their RfDs. Existing health risk data for diazinon, disulfoton, S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate, fenamiphos, and lindane were analyzed. As expected, the estimated risks of adverse effects above the RfD varied among the chemicals. For example, at 10-fold above the RfD these risks were modeled to be 0.002, 0.0001, 0.0007, 0.002, and 0.02, respectively. The results and impacts of this analysis indicate that categorical regression is a useful screening tool to analyze risks above the RfD for specific chemicals and suggest its application in evaluating comparative risks where multiple chemical exposures exist. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Toxicol Excellence Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA. Syracuse Res Corp, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Teuschler, LK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2 SU S BP S19 EP S26 DI 10.1006/rtph.1999.1321 PN 2 PG 8 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 251EJ UT WOS:000083431400003 PM 10597609 ER PT J AU Moskalik, AJ Brei, D AF Moskalik, AJ Brei, D TI Force-deflection behavior of piezoelectric C-block actuator arrays SO SMART MATERIALS & STRUCTURES LA English DT Article ID TRANSDUCER; RAINBOW; DESIGN AB C-blocks are unique piezoelectric building blocks which can be combined in series or parallel to generate tailorable performance and exploit the advantages of bender and stack architectures. This paper presents a complete theoretical model that predicts the force-deflection behavior for any generic C-block actuator array configuration. An experimental investigation with five case studies is described that validates the model over a broad range of actuator prototypes and performance. This study characterizes the sensitivity of this class of actuator array with respect to material, geometric, and configuration parameters. The paper concludes with a comparison of the generic C-block architecture to the current state of art on a basis of absolute measures such as maximum force, deflection, and work and normalized measures such as effective stress, strain, and work per actuator volume. From this, it is concluded that C-blocks are a highly efficient, mid-range actuation technology. C1 US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn & Appl Mech, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0964-1726 J9 SMART MATER STRUCT JI Smart Mater. Struct. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 8 IS 5 BP 531 EP 543 DI 10.1088/0964-1726/8/5/302 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA 251FR UT WOS:000083434400002 ER PT J AU Kappe, CO Kumar, D Varma, RS AF Kappe, CO Kumar, D Varma, RS TI Microwave-assisted high-speed parallel synthesis of 4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones using a solventless Biginelli condensation protocol SO SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART LA English DT Article DE synthetic methods; microwave-enhanced chemistry; heterocycles; combinatorial chemistry; cyclizations ID CALCIUM-CHANNEL BLOCKERS; ACID-ESTERS; DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; FLUOROUS SYNTHESIS; ORGANIC-REACTIONS; POTENT; IRRADIATION; MODULATORS AB 4-Aryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones 4a-o are synthesized by a microwave-promoted, solvent-free modification of the Biginelli three-component cyclocondensation reaction. The novel method employs neat mixtures of beta-ketoesters, aryl aldehydes, and urea derivatives with polyphosphate ester (PPE) being used as a reaction mediator. Irradiation of these mixtures for 90 s in an unmodified household microwave oven provides DHPMs 4a-o in 61-95% yield after aqueous workup. This safe and environmentally benign protocol was performed on a 1-50 mmol scale and can furthermore be extended towards the parallel synthesis of DHPMs compound libraries. C1 Graz Univ, Inst Organ Chem, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Sam Houston State Univ, Dept Chem, Huntsville, TX 77340 USA. Sam Houston State Univ, Texas Res Inst Environm Studies, TRIES, Huntsville, TX 77340 USA. RP Kappe, CO (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Kappe, C. Oliver/C-9771-2011 OI Kappe, C. Oliver/0000-0003-2983-6007 NR 45 TC 297 Z9 302 U1 1 U2 12 PU GEORG THIEME VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA P O BOX 30 11 20, D-70451 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0039-7881 J9 SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART JI Synthesis PD OCT PY 1999 IS 10 BP 1799 EP 1803 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 246CL UT WOS:000083145800016 ER PT J AU Slotkin, TA Andrews, JE AF Slotkin, TA Andrews, JE TI More on chlorpyrifos: Response to the letter of Hanley et al. ([1999] Teratology 59 : 323-324), concerning the article by Roy et al. ([1998] Teratology 58 : 62-68) SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID ADULT-RATS; DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY; CELLULAR MECHANISMS; CHOLINESTERASE; INHIBITION; EXPOSURES; BRAIN C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Div Dev Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Slotkin, TA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD OCT PY 1999 VL 60 IS 4 BP 177 EP 178 PG 2 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 242WJ UT WOS:000082964400001 PM 10508970 ER PT J AU Tiffany-Castiglioni, E Ehrich, M Dees, L Costa, LG Kodavanti, PRS Lasley, SM Oortgiesen, M Durham, HD AF Tiffany-Castiglioni, E Ehrich, M Dees, L Costa, LG Kodavanti, PRS Lasley, SM Oortgiesen, M Durham, HD TI Bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo models for neurotoxicology SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE neurotoxicity; in vitro models; continuous cell lines; heterogeneous cell systems; dosing regimens; nervous system development and maturation ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; STIMULATED PHOSPHOINOSITIDE METABOLISM; CU/ZN-SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; DEVELOPING RAT-BRAIN; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; NEUROBLASTOMA-CELLS; FEMALE PUBERTY; LEAD; ETHANOL; NEURONS AB In vitro systems are widely used for investigation of neurotoxicant-induced perturbations of cellular functions. A variety of systems exist that demonstrate certain similarities to neurotoxicant-induced events in the intact animal are discussed, including single-cell types, systems that consider endpoints relevant in toxicology, and systems that consider heterogeneous cell interactions. Relationships between the in vitro and in vivo systems are examined in which ethanol, lead, polychlorinated biphenyl compounds, and organophosphate insecticides are examples. Situations in which the in vitro systems have been used to advantage are provided, along with cautions associated with their use. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEER, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Tiffany-Castiglioni, E (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. FU NIAAA NIH HHS [AA-07216, AA-08154, AA-00104] NR 45 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 51 IS 2 BP 178 EP 183 DI 10.1093/toxsci/51.2.178 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 262DT UT WOS:000084050900002 PM 10543019 ER PT J AU Keil, D Luebke, RW Ensley, M Gerard, PD Pruett, SB AF Keil, D Luebke, RW Ensley, M Gerard, PD Pruett, SB TI Evaluation of multivariate statistical methods for analysis and modeling of immunotoxicology data SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE dexamethasone; cyclosporin A; immunotoxicology data sets; multivariate analysis; correlation matrices ID DEFICIENT MICE; RISK ASSESSMENT; IMMUNE; MACROPHAGES; RESISTANCE; RESPONSES; CELLS; TESTS AB In immunotoxicology, the critical functions of the immune system (host resistance to infection and neoplasia) cannot be measured directly in humans. It is theoretically possible to predict changes in host resistance based on changes in immunological functions known to mediate host resistance. However, quantitative predictive models of this type have not yet been achieved in humans or in animal models. Multivariate statistical methods were developed for analysis and modeling of the effects of several explanatory variables on a dependent variable, and they seem well suited for attempts to predict host resistance changes caused by changes in immunological parameters. However, these methods were developed with the assumption that all variables can be measured for each experimental subject. For a number of reasons, this generally cannot be done in comprehensive immunotoxicology evaluations. In the present study, the suitability of multivariate methods for analysis of variables measured in different experiments was examined, using a limited data set consisting of immunological parameters that could all be measured for each mouse. Analysis was done on the original data set and test data sets produced by randomizing data within dosage groups. This was done to simulate the random pairing of data that would occur if measurements were obtained from different sets of mice in different experiments. Statistical theory indicates that randomization will disrupt the correlation matrices that are central in multivariate analyses. However, the present results demonstrate empirically that for at least one immunotoxicant (dexamethasone), remarkably similar multivariate models were obtained for the original and 109 randomized data sets. In contrast, the randomized data sets produced substantially different multivariate models when data obtained with a different immunotoxicant (cyclosporin A) were analyzed. The major difference between the two data sets was that dexamethasone strongly and dose-responsively suppressed many more parameters than did cyclosporin A. Additional work is needed to determine whether there are consistent criteria that could be used to identify immunotoxicology data sets, which would be amenable to multivariate analysis. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Mkt Quantitat Anal & Business Law, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pruett, SB (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cellular Biol & Anat, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130 USA. OI Keil, Deborah/0000-0002-5787-8514 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 51 IS 2 BP 245 EP 258 DI 10.1093/toxsci/51.2.245 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 262DT UT WOS:000084050900009 PM 10543026 ER PT J AU Wolf, CJ Ostby, JS Gray, LE AF Wolf, CJ Ostby, JS Gray, LE TI Gestational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) severely alters reproductive function of female hamster offspring SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE dioxin; hamster; fertility; viability; hypospadias; vaginal estrous; transgenerational effects; endocrine disruption ID LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; MALE-RATS; IN-UTERO; ANDROGENIC STATUS; TOXICITY; INUTERO; MORPHOLOGY; BEHAVIOR AB Low doses of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), administered as a single dose to the dam during gestation, alter development of the fetal rodent reproductive system. In male rat and hamster offspring, dosing with TCDD during gestation reduces epididymal and ejaculated sperm counts and delays puberty. In female rats, in utero TCDD-exposure results in reduced ovarian weight and fecundity, and induces cleft phallus and a persistent thread of tissue across the vaginal orifice. Here, we demonstrate that 2-mu g TCDD/kg, administered as a single oral dose prior to sexual differentiation, alters reproductive function in female hamster offspring, a species relatively resistant to the lethal effects of TCDD. In the current study, pregnant hamsters (P-0 generation) were dosed orally with vehicle (corn oil) or 2 mu g TCDD/kg on gestational day (GD) 11.5. P-0 maternal viability, body weight, fertility, and F-1 litter size did not differ between control and treated groups. In the F-1 generation, body weights were permanently reduced by about 30%, vaginal opening was delayed (p < 0.0001), and vaginal estrous cycles were altered by TCDD treatment. In contrast, most treated female offspring displayed regular 4-day behavioral estrous cycles, indicating that in utero TCDD treatment did not markedly disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal hormonal cyclicity. Although both control and TCDD-treated F-1 females mated successfully with a control male (estrous cyclicity was abolished by mating), 20% of the F-1 treated females did not become not pregnant (no implants). In addition, 38% of pregnant F-1 females from the TCDD group died near-term, and the numbers of implants in pregnant animals (treated 5.1 versus 11.3) and pups born live (2.7 treated vs. 8.7 control) were reduced by TCDD-treatment. In the F-2, survival through weaning was drastically reduced (15% treated vs.78% for control) by TCDD treatment of P-0 dams. F-1 female hamster offspring exposed in utero to TCDD displayed external urogenital malformations, with most females having complete clefting of the phallus, an effect previously reported in the rat. Unlike rats exposed to TCDD (0.2-1.0 mu g/kg) on GD 15 or GD 8, hamster offspring did not display vaginal threads. These results demonstrate that in utero administration of TCDD adversely affects growth, reproductive function, and anatomy in female hamster offspring given a dosage level nearly four orders of magnitude below the dosage level toxic to the adult animal. Adverse effects of TCDD persisted through two generations (F-1 and F-2), even though the F-1 was only indirectly exposed during gestation and lactation. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 60 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 51 IS 2 BP 259 EP 264 DI 10.1093/toxsci/51.2.259 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 262DT UT WOS:000084050900010 PM 10543027 ER PT J AU Sjoblom, KL Salo, A Bewers, JM Cooper, J Dyer, RS Lynn, NM Mount, ME Povinec, PP Sazykina, TG Schwarz, J Scott, EM Sivintsev, YV Tanner, JE Warden, JM Woodhead, D AF Sjoblom, KL Salo, A Bewers, JM Cooper, J Dyer, RS Lynn, NM Mount, ME Povinec, PP Sazykina, TG Schwarz, J Scott, EM Sivintsev, YV Tanner, JE Warden, JM Woodhead, D TI International Arctic Seas Assessment Project SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Marine Pollution (IAEAs) CY OCT 05-09, 1998 CL MONACO, MONACO SP Intergovt Oceanographic Comm,UNESCO, United Nations Environm Program, Int Maritime Org, Comm Int Explorat Sci Mer Mediterranee DE Arctic seas; radioactive waste; radiation dose; remedial actions AB The International Atomic Energy Agency responded to the news that the former Soviet Union had dumped radioactive wastes in the shallow waters of the Arctic Seas, by launching the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project in 1993. The project had two objectives: to assess the risks to human health and to the environment associated with the radioactive wastes dumped in the Kara and Parents Seas; and to examine possible remedial actions related to the dumped wastes and to advise on whether they are necessary and justified. The current radiological situation in the Arctic waters was examined to assess whether there is any evidence for releases from the dumped waste. Potential future releases from the dumped wastes were predicted, concentrating on the high-level waste objects containing the major part of the radionuclide inventory of the wastes. Environmental transport of released radionuclides was modelled and the associated radiological impact on humans and the biota was assessed. The feasibility, costs and benefits of possible remedial measures applied to a selected high-level waste object were examined. Releases from identified dumped objects were found to be small and localised to the immediate vicinity of the dumping sites. Projected future annual doses to members of the public in typical local population groups were very small, less than 1 mSv - corresponding to a trivial risk. Projected future doses to a hypothetical group of military personnel patrolling the foreshore of the fjords in which wastes have been dumped were higher, up to 4 mSv/year, which still is of the same order as the average annual natural background dose. Moreover, since any of the proposed remedial actions were estimated to cost several million US$ to implement, remediation was not considered justified on the basis of potentially removing a collective dose of 10 man Sv. Doses calculated to marine fauna were insignificant, orders of magnitude below these at which detrimental effects on fauna populations might be expected to occur. Remediation was thus concluded not to be warranted on radiological grounds. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IAEA, Marine Radiol Div, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. IAEA, Helsinki, Finland. Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS, Canada. Natl Radiol Protect Board, Didcot OX11 0RQ, Oxon, England. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Royal Naval Coll, London, England. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. Marine Environm Lab, IAEA, Monaco, Monaco. SPA Typhoon, Obninsk, Russia. Hamburg Schiffsbau & Versuchsanstalt GMBH, Hamburg, Germany. Univ Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. IV Kurchatov Atom Energy Inst, RRC, Moscow 123182, Russia. Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Ctr Environm Fisheries & Agr Sci, Lowestoft, Suffolk, England. RP Sjoblom, KL (reprint author), IAEA, Marine Radiol Div, POB 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. OI Povinec, Pavel/0000-0003-0275-794X NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD SEP 30 PY 1999 VL 238 SI SI BP 153 EP 166 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248JW UT WOS:000083272200014 ER PT J AU Chiba, AA Bushnell, PJ Oshiro, WM Gallagher, M AF Chiba, AA Bushnell, PJ Oshiro, WM Gallagher, M TI Selective removal of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain alters cued target detection SO NEUROREPORT LA English DT Article DE attention; cholinergic basal forebrain; 192 IgG-saporin; nucleus basalis; orienting; substantia innominata; target detection ID ATTENTIONAL FUNCTION; LESIONS; COMPONENTS; RAT; INFUSIONS; SYSTEM AB A spatial orienting task was used to assess attention in rats with selective cholinergic lesions of the basal forebrain. The task required each rat to press a lever in response to a visual target that could occur in one of two locations. A target could be preceded by a cue that either,accurately predicted the location of the target :(valid)or appeared in the location opposite the target (invalid). Target detection was facilitated by valid cues and degraded by invalid cues in control rats. Performance:of rats with lesions was equivalent to that of control rats for valid cues, but reflected an increased cost of invalid cueing. These data support a modulatory role for the basal forebrain cholinergic system in visuospatial attention. (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cognit Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Psychol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Chiba, AA (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cognit Sci, 9500 Gilman Dr,0515, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [P0-AG09973]; NIMH NIH HHS [KO5-MH01149, F32-MH1099] NR 24 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0959-4965 J9 NEUROREPORT JI Neuroreport PD SEP 29 PY 1999 VL 10 IS 14 BP 3119 EP 3123 DI 10.1097/00001756-199909290-00044 PG 5 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 241CV UT WOS:000082865500047 PM 10549833 ER PT J AU Morisette, JT Khorram, S Mace, T AF Morisette, JT Khorram, S Mace, T TI Land-cover change detection enhanced with generalized linear models SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID LOGISTIC MULTIPLE-REGRESSION; TASSELED CAP; GIS AB This paper explores the use of generalized linear models (GLMs) for enhancing standard methods of satellite-based land-cover change detection. It starts by generalizing satellite-based change-detection algorithms in a modelling context and then gives an overview of GLMs. It goes onto describe how GLMs can fit into the context of existing change-detection methods. By way of example, using a change detection over two locations in North Carolina, USA, using Landsat Thematic Mapper data, it shows how the models provide a quantitative approach to image-based change detection. The application of GLMs requires special consideration of the spatial correlation of geographical data and how this effects the use of GLMs. The paper describes the use of preliminary variogram analysis on the image data for initial sampling considerations. For the binary response (change/no-change) derived from the reference data, a 'joint-count' test is used to assess their independence. Finally, the model error term is checked through the empirical variogram of the residuals. It is concluded that GLMs can be helpful in examining different change metrics and useful by applying the resulting model throughout the image to get a probability of change estimate as well as pixel-specific estimates of the variability of change estimate. However, as presented here, this application should respect the assumption of independent response data used for the modelling. C1 Univ Maryland, NASA, GSFC, Dept Geog, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Earth Observat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Morisette, JT (reprint author), Univ Maryland, NASA, GSFC, Dept Geog, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD SEP 20 PY 1999 VL 20 IS 14 BP 2703 EP 2721 DI 10.1080/014311699211750 PG 19 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 234VN UT WOS:000082505200002 ER PT J AU Hughes, MF Kenyon, EM Edwards, BC Mitchell, CT Thomas, DJ AF Hughes, MF Kenyon, EM Edwards, BC Mitchell, CT Thomas, DJ TI Strain-dependent disposition of inorganic arsenic in the mouse SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE inorganic arsenic; cancer; disposition; methylation; polymorphisms ID AMINOLEVULINATE DEHYDRATASE POLYMORPHISM; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; MONOMETHYLARSONIC ACID; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; MARMOSET MONKEYS; DRINKING-WATER; LEAD LEVELS; MICE; METABOLISM AB Recent studies have suggested that polymorphisms in the methylation of inorganic arsenic (iAs) exist in animals and humans. Methylation of iAs is an important step in the elimination of arsenic. The objective of this study was to examine whether there are differences in iAs disposition, and hence methylation, between three strains of mice. Ninety-day-old female mice (strains: C3H/HeNCrlBR, C57BL/6NCrlBR, and B6C3F1/CrlBR) were administered [As-73]arsenate or [As-73]arsenite orally at dose levels of 0.5 or 5.0 mg As/kg. Another group of mice were administered [As-73]arsenate (5.0 mg As/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.). Disposition of [As-73] was assessed by whole-body counting, and analysis of urine, feces and tissues for radioactivity. Urine was analyzed by chromatography for arsenic metabolites. Several strain- and dose-related effects in the disposition of [As-73] were observed with both arsenicals. After oral administration, the clearance of [As-73]arsenate, measured by whole-body counting, was dependent on the strain. However, because there was no strain dependence on clearance of [As-73]arsenate administered i.p., the effect after oral administration may be due to a difference in absorption of arsenate between the strains. With increased oral dose of arsenate and arsenite, the clearance of [As-73] was slower and there was higher tissue retention of [As-73]. The percentage of metabolites excreted in urine also was affected by the administered dose. With increased dose, the percentage of arsenite and monomethylarsonic acid were significantly increased, and dimethylarsinic acid decreased. However, our results suggest there is no overall difference between these strains of mice with respect to disposition of iAs. A better understanding of the role of phenotype in the disposition and toxicity of iAs would reduce the uncertainty in arsenic risk assessment. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hughes, MF (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 56 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 20 PY 1999 VL 137 IS 2 BP 95 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00068-2 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 240NZ UT WOS:000082833200003 PM 10521146 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ TI Tumor necrosis factor is involved in chlorpyrifos-induced changes in core temperature in the female rat SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE cytokine; endotoxin; fever; organophosphate; tumor necrosis factor ID DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE; UNRESTRAINED RAT; BODY-TEMPERATURE; MOTOR-ACTIVITY; HEART-RATE; FEVER; ALPHA; LPS AB Chlorpyrifos (CHP), an OF-based pesticide, induces hypothermia in the rat followed by a fever that persists for several days. The cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and released during fever and has both pyrogenic and cryogenic (i.e. antipyretic) properties. Administering antibodies to TNF (anti-TNF) is known to disrupt fever from infection. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether anti-TNF also disrupts CHP-induced changes in body temperature of the female Long-Evans rat. A positive effect would suggest a role of TNF in the etiology of OF toxicity. In study one, rats were given either saline or anti-TNF (50 000 units, ip). Three hours later, animals were given corn oil (CO) or 25 mg/kg CHF by oral gavage in the morning. In study two, rats were given anti-TNF followed by CO or 10 mg/kg CHP in the afternoon. Core temperature and motor activity were monitored continuously by telemetry. In study one, anti-TNF (50 000 units) had no effect on the hypothermic response to 25 mg/kg CHP. However, anti-TNF treated animals maintained higher fevers 3 days (48-96 h post-injection) after CHP treatment. In study two, anti-TNF attenuated the hypothermic response induced by 10 mg/kg CHP but had no effect on the magnitude of the delayed fever. Overall, 25 mg/kg CHP elicited a longer period of hypothermia and delayed fever compared to 10 mg/kg CHP. Anti-TNF pretreatment attenuated the hypothermic response at the lower CHP dose and exacerbated the fever at the higher CHF dose. Anti-TNF also attenuated the hypothermic effect of high doses of LPS and exacerbated LPS-induced fever. These data indicate that endogenously produced TNF is involved in the etiology of CHP mediated hypothermia and fever. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rowsey, PJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Carrington Hall,CB 7460, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP 20 PY 1999 VL 109 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00122-8 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 240PL UT WOS:000082834300006 PM 10514030 ER PT J AU Cantor, KP Lynch, CF Hildesheim, ME Dosemeci, M Lubin, J Alavanja, M Craun, G AF Cantor, KP Lynch, CF Hildesheim, ME Dosemeci, M Lubin, J Alavanja, M Craun, G TI Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts in Iowa. III. Risk of brain cancer SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE brain neoplasms; case-control studies; smoking; trihalomethanes; water supply ID BLADDER-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; WASHINGTON COUNTY; TUMORS; GLIOMAS; IDENTIFICATION; MALIGNANCIES; CARCINOGENS; MORTALITY AB The authors conducted a population-based case-control study in lowa of 375 brain cancer patients and 2,434 controls. A postal questionnaire was used to gather information on lifetime residential history, sources of drinking water, beverage intake, and other potential risk factors. Exposure to chlorination byproducts in drinking water was estimated by combining questionnaire data with historical information from water utilities and trihalomethane levels in recent samples. The analysis included 291 cases (77.6%) and 1,983 controls (81.5%), for whom water quality information was available for at least 70% of lifetime years. Proxies represented 74.4% of cases. The mean number and mean duration of places of residence were comparable between direct and proxy respondents, suggesting little contribution to bias. After multivariate adjustment, odds ratios for brain cancer were 1.0, 1.1, 1.6, and 1.3 for exposure to chlorinated surface water of 0, 1-19, 20-39, and greater than or equal to 40 years (p trend = 0.1), Among men, odds ratios were 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, and 2.5 (p trend = 0.04), and among women, 1.0, 1.0, 1.6, and 0.7 (p trend = 0.7)). Similar findings were found with estimates of average lifetime level of trihalomethanes. The association was stronger among men with above-median tap water consumption. These observations deserve further attention, especially in view of increasing glioma rates. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Prevent Med & Genet, Iowa City, IA USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cantor, KP (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, 6120 Execut Blvd,EPS 8106, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [5 KO7 CA01181-05, N01-CP-51026, N01-CP-85614] NR 40 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 150 IS 6 BP 552 EP 560 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 236MA UT WOS:000082602300002 PM 10489993 ER PT J AU Wang, ZD Fingas, M Shu, YY Sigouin, L Landriault, M Lambert, P Turpin, R Campagna, P Mullin, J AF Wang, ZD Fingas, M Shu, YY Sigouin, L Landriault, M Lambert, P Turpin, R Campagna, P Mullin, J TI Quantitative characterization of PAHs in burn residue and soot samples and differentiation of pyrogenic PAHs from petrogenic PAHs - The 1994 Mobile Burn Study SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGHT CRUDE-OIL; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; BIOMARKER COMPOUNDS; GC-MS; SPILL; GC/MS; IDENTIFICATION; HYDROCARBONS; FRACTIONATION; COMBUSTION AB Several mesoscale burns were conducted in 1994 in Mobile Bay, AL, to study various aspects of diesel fuel burning in situ. The target PAHs in the diesel, residue, and soot samples collected during each burn were quantitatively characterized by GC/MS. A simple model based on mass balance of individual petroleum PAHs pre- and postburn was proposed to estimate the destruction efficiencies of the total petroleum PAHs. This study demonstrates the following: (1) Distributions of PAHs in the original diesel and soot were very different. (2) The average destruction efficiencies for the total target diesel PAHs including five alkylated PAH series and other EPA priority unsubstituted PAHs were greater than 99%. (3) Using the model, 27.3 kg of the diesel PAHs were destroyed for each 1000 kg of diesel burned. These were mostly two- and three-ring PAHs and their alkylated homologues. (4) Combustion also generated trace amounts of high molecular weighs five- and six-ring PAHs as well as the four-ring benz[a]anthracene. But the total mass of these pyrogenic PAHs was found to be extremely low: only 0.016, 0.032, and 0.048 kg of the five- and six-ring PAHs were generated by combustion in the three different scenarios for each 1000 kg of diesel burned. From these points, we conclude that in situ burning is an effective measure to minimize the impact of an oil spill on the environment, greatly reducing exposure of ecosystems to the PAHs of spilled oils. A new "pyrogenic index", Sigma(other three- to six-ring PAHs)Sigma(five alkylated PAHs), is proposed (see the text for the definition) as a quantitative indicator for identification of pyrogenic PAHs and for differentiating pyrogenic and petrogenic PAHs. Also, this index is demonstrated to be a useful tool for distinguishing heavy fuels from crude oils and light refined products. This method, combined with other criteria, is expected to be applicable to such situations as oil spill investigations, site assessment; end apportioning of legal responsibility for pollution cleanup. C1 Environm Canada, ETC, Emergencies Sci Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. US EPA, Environm Response Team, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. Minerals Management Serv, US Dept Interior, Herndon, VA 22070 USA. RP Wang, ZD (reprint author), Environm Canada, ETC, Emergencies Sci Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. EM wang.zhendi@etc.ec.gc.ca NR 31 TC 132 Z9 141 U1 1 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 18 BP 3100 EP 3109 DI 10.1021/es990031y PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 236RX UT WOS:000082613300008 ER PT J AU Ford, RG Scheinost, AC Scheckel, KG Sparks, DL AF Ford, RG Scheinost, AC Scheckel, KG Sparks, DL TI The link between clay mineral weathering and the stabilization of Ni surface precipitates SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROUS FERRIC-OXIDE; NICKEL; EDTA; SILICATES; SORPTION; CO(II); POLYMERIZATION; ADSORPTION; HYDROXIDES; COMPLEXES AB The formation of transition-metal surface precipitates may occur during sorption to clay minerals under ambient soil conditions. This process may lead to significant long-term stabilization of the metal within the soil profile. However, the rates and mechanisms controlling surface precipitate formation are poorly understood. We monitored changes in the reversibility of Ni sorbed to a clay mineral, pyrophyllite, in model batch experiments maintained at pH 7.5 for up to 1 year. The macroscopic sorption and dissolution study was complemented by a time-resolved characterization of the sorbed phase via spectroscopic and thermal methods. We found that nickel became increasingly resistant, over time, to extraction with EDTA. Initially, the sorbed phase consisted of a Ni-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH). With time, the anionic species in the interlayer space of the LDH changed from nitrate to silica polymers transforming the LDH gradually into a precursor Ni-Al phyllosilicate. We believe that this phase transformation is responsible for a substantial part of the observed increase in dissolution resistance. Thus, clay mineral weathering and the time-dependent release of Al and Si ions controlled Ni precipitate nucleation and transformation. Our results suggest a potential pathway for long-term Ni stabilization in soil. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Ford, RG (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM ford.robert@epa.gov RI Scheckel, Kirk/C-3082-2009; Scheinost, Andreas/D-2275-2010 OI Scheckel, Kirk/0000-0001-9326-9241; NR 35 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 4 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 18 BP 3140 EP 3144 DI 10.1021/es990271d PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 236RX UT WOS:000082613300013 ER PT J AU Lasley, SM Gilbert, ME AF Lasley, SM Gilbert, ME TI Lead inhibits the rat N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel by binding to a site distinct from the zinc allosteric site SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Toxicology CY MAR 14-18, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Soc Toxicol DE lead; NMDA receptor; zinc; cerebral cortex; MK-801 ID ADRENAL CHROMAFFIN CELLS; LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; H-3 MK-801 BINDING; BRAIN SYNAPTIC-MEMBRANES; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; NMDA-RECEPTORS; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; SUBUNIT COMPOSITION; CORTICAL-NEURONS; DIVALENT-CATIONS AB Due to the importance of the NMDA receptor in cognitive function and in models of synaptic plasticity, the effect of Pb+2 on this receptor has been one focus of attempts to define the bases of Pb-induced cognitive impairments seen in young children, The following study was performed to identify the effects on access to the NMDA receptor channel of acute exposure to free Pb+2 in vitro. Cerebrocortical membranes were prepared from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, and binding was measured in 50 mM Tris-acetate with H-3-MK-801 in the presence of saturating concentrations of glutamate and glycine, The potency of Pb+2 to inhibit access to the receptor channel (IC50 0.55 mu M) was greater than that of Zn+2 (IC50 = 1.30 mu M). Dissociation of MK-801 from its binding site exhibited two-component kinetics, and both rate constants were significantly slowed in the presence of Pb+2 or Zn+2, To directly address the question of whether Pb+2 inhibited the receptor channel by binding to the Zn+2 modulatory site, changes in inhibitory potency for the receptor channel were measured when both metals were present. The results demonstrate that multiple levels of Pb+2 produce a concentration-dependent downward shift of the Zn+2 inhibition curve, indicating a noncompetitive inhibition of MK-801 binding by Pb+2 With respect to that of Zn+2. Moreover, Zn+2 IC50 values significantly decreased as a function of increasing Pb+2 concentrations. Analogous results were obtained when Pb+2 inhibition curves were determined in the presence of multiple levels of Zn+2. These findings indicate that the inhibitory properties of free Pb+2 and Zn+2 on the NMDA receptor channel are similar in nature but are exerted via independent allosteric binding sites. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Lasley, SM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES06253] NR 46 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 BP 224 EP 233 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8743 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 239WW UT WOS:000082793800009 PM 10486309 ER PT J AU Ritchie, SMC Bachas, LG Olin, T Sikdar, SK Bhattacharyya, D AF Ritchie, SMC Bachas, LG Olin, T Sikdar, SK Bhattacharyya, D TI Surface modification of silica- and cellulose-based microfiltration membranes with functional polyamino acids for heavy metal sorption SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; GEL; IONS; ADSORPTION; PRECONCENTRATION; TRANSITION; SEPARATION; COMPLEXES; BEHAVIOR AB Functionalized membranes represent a field with multiple applications. Examination of specific metal macromolecule interactions on these surfaces presents an excellent method for characterization of these materials. These interactions may also be exploited for heavy metal sorption from drinking and industrial water sources. Various low-capacity, silica-based ion-exchange and chelating sorbents (about 0.5 mmol of metal/g of resin) are available for treatment of such waters. Cellulosic membrane-based sorbents, functionalized with polyamino acids, present an excellent approach for high-capacity (3 - 14 mmol of metal/g of sorbent) metal sorption. Silica-based membrane sorbents possess metal sorption capacities approaching those of cellulosic-based membranes, with the added benefits of excellent acid and solvent resistance. Metal sorption capacities of silica-based membrane sorbents with various polyamino acids range from 0.6 mmol to 1.4 mmol of metal/g of sorbent. Ion exchange, chelation, and electrostatic interactions form the basis of metal sorption. Electrostatic interactions are greatly magnified in membrane-based sorbents, and are partly responsible for their high capacities. Regeneration of these sorbents has also been shown, including the possibility for selective desorption of metals. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. USA, Engr CEWES CT, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Bhattacharyya, D (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RI Bachas, Leonidas/G-2479-2015; OI Bachas, Leonidas/0000-0002-3308-6264 NR 39 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 14 PY 1999 VL 15 IS 19 BP 6346 EP 6357 DI 10.1021/la9814438 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 236RY UT WOS:000082618800031 ER PT J AU Veil, JA Daly, JM Johnson, N AF Veil, JA Daly, JM Johnson, N TI EPA speeds regs for offshore synthetic-based mud SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Water Policy Program, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Boston, MA USA. US DOE, Off Fossil Energy, Washington, DC USA. RP Veil, JA (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Water Policy Program, Washington, DC USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD SEP 13 PY 1999 VL 97 IS 37 BP 78 EP + PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 236RR UT WOS:000082612800019 ER PT J AU Varma, RS Kumar, D AF Varma, RS Kumar, D TI Microwave-accelerated solvent-free synthesis of thioketones, thiolactones, thioamides, thionoesters, and thioflavonoids SO ORGANIC LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPPORTED SODIUM PERIODATE; SIMPLE DEPROTECTION METHOD; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; REDUCTIVE DESULFURIZATION; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; ORGANIC-REACTIONS; O-ESTERS; ALUMINA; ROUTE AB [GRAPHICS] An expeditious, solvent free, and high yield conversion of ketones, flavones, isoflavones, lactones, amides, and esters to the corresponding thio analogues is described utilizing Lawesson's reagent in a process that circumvents the use of dry solvents and excess of the reagent. C1 Sam Houston State Univ, Dept Chem, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. Sam Houston State Univ, TRIES, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 69 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1523-7060 J9 ORG LETT JI Org. Lett. PD SEP 9 PY 1999 VL 1 IS 5 BP 697 EP 700 DI 10.1021/ol990629a PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 281QD UT WOS:000085171500003 PM 16118866 ER PT J AU Keane, B Pelikan, S Toth, GP Smith, MK Rogstad, SH AF Keane, B Pelikan, S Toth, GP Smith, MK Rogstad, SH TI Genetic diversity of Typha latifolia (Typhaceae) and the impact of pollutants examined with tandem-repetitive DNA probes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE asexual reproduction; cattails; clonal growth; DNA fingerprinting; population genetics; Typhaceae; variable-number-randem-repeat (VNTR) analysis ID VARIABLE NUMBER; CLONAL GROWTH; UNITED-STATES; POPULATION; FINGERPRINTS; PATTERNS; RUBUS; HETEROZYGOSITY; ROSACEAE; ALLELES AB Genetic diversity at variable-number-tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci was examined in the common cattail, Typha latifolia (Typhaceae), using three synthetic DNA probes composed of tandemly repeated "core" sequences (GACA, GATA, and GCAC). The principal objectives of this investigation were to determine whether: (1) the previously reported almost complete lack of polymorphism at allozyme loci in this species was indicative of a reduced amount of genetic diversity at VNTR loci as well; (2) VNTR markers were informative about possible clonal propagation; and (3) significant differences in genetic structure of sampling sites were associated with differences in environmental levels of pollutants at these sites. Previously, widespread sampling across the eastern United States, surveying across ten allozyme loci, has detected only two genotypes, involving a difference at a single locus, among 104 populations. In this study, the amount of genetic diversity detected at VNTR loci: (1) among ramets (N = 40; 40 genotypes detected) collected at similar to 8-km intervals along a 320-km transect; (2) among ramets (N = 220; 117 genotypes detected) from five study sites separated by 50-3000 m; and (3) even among ramets within each study site [N = 44 per site; from 13 to 34 genotypes detected per site (270 m(2))] exceeds that previously found in those more geographically widespread allozyme surveys. Among the 260 ramets analyzed here, the mean number of bands scored per individual was 48.61 (SD = 2.80). Mean genetic similarity among ramets collected along the 320-km transect was 0.91, which was within the range of mean genetic similarity within the five study sites (range: 0.89-0.95). Among the five study sites, 61% of the samples analyzed appeared to be clonal ramets, with up to 12 clones detected for 44 ramets sampled within a site. Clones grew intermingled and ranged up to 39 m in extent. Permutation tests of genetic similarity revealed significant genetic differentiation between each of the five study sites. Consistent with the previous allozyme studies, T. latifolia was characterized by extremely low genetic variation relative to levels of polymorphism detected at VNTR loci in other plant species. Estimated heterozygosity among ramets along the 320-km transect lan,oed from 0.11 to 0.13, while that within the five study sites ranged from 0.05 to 0.12. Estimates of F(st) (0.32-0.41) also indicated considerable genetic subdivision among these stands. Significantly higher genetic diversity was detected at the two study sites that chemistry and toxicity data indicate to be the most severely impacted by pollutants. Although this correlation does not establish cause and effect, the results of this study indicate that the analysis of genetic diversity at VNTR loci may be a useful tool for monitoring anthropogenic-induced changes in the genetic structure of natural populations of plants. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci ML6, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Sci Engn Educ Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rogstad, SH (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci ML6, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM steven.rogstad@uc.edu NR 61 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO BOX 299, ST LOUIS, MO 63166-0299 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 86 IS 9 BP 1226 EP 1238 DI 10.2307/2656770 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 239PU UT WOS:000082779300003 PM 10487810 ER PT J AU Dye, JA Adler, KB Richards, JH Dreher, KL AF Dye, JA Adler, KB Richards, JH Dreher, KL TI Role of soluble metals in oil fly ash-induced airway epithelial injury and cytokine gene expression SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; airway epithelial cells; gene induction; oxidative stress ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; NF-KAPPA-B; RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; POLLUTION PARTICLE; RAT LUNG; IN-VIVO; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES; IL-6 PRODUCTION AB Particulate matter (PM) metal content and bioavailability have been hypothesized to play a role in the health effects epidemiologically associated with PM exposure, in particular that associated with emission source PM. Using rat tracheal epithelial cells in primary culture, the present study compared and contrasted the acute airway epithelial effects of an emission source particle, residual oil fly ash (ROFA), with that of its principal constitutive transition metals, namely iron, nickel, and vanadium. Over a 24-h period, exposure to ROFA, vanadium, or nickel plus vanadium, but not to iron or nickel, resulted in increased epithelial permeability, decreased cellular glutathione, cell detachment, and lytic cell injury. Treatment of vanadium-exposed cells with buthionine sulfoximine further increased cytotoxicity. Conversely, treatment with the radical scavenger dimethylthiourea inhibited,the effects in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR analysis of RNA isolated from ROFA-exposed rat tracheal epithelial cells demonstrated significant macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and interleukin-6 gene expression as early as 6 h after exposure, whereas gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was maximally increased 24 h postexposure. Again, vanadium (not nickel) appeared to be mediating the effects of ROFA on gene expression. Treatment with dimethylthiourea inhibited both ROFA- and vanadium-induced gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Corresponding effects were observed in interleukin-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 synthesis-In summary, generation of an oxidative stress was critical to induction of the ROFA- or vanadium-induced effects on airway epithelial gene expression, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, ETD, PTB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Dye, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, ETD, PTB, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 63 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 277 IS 3 BP L498 EP L510 PG 13 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 233KB UT WOS:000082425100009 PM 10484457 ER PT J AU Samet, JM Silbajoris, R Wu, WD Graves, LM AF Samet, JM Silbajoris, R Wu, WD Graves, LM TI Tyrosine phosphatases as targets in metal-induced signaling in human airway epithelial cells SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUEL-OIL ASH; EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR; PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; FLY-ASH; KINASES; PHOSPHORYLATION; ACTIVATION; INACTIVATION; TRANSDUCTION; HISTAMINE AB We previously showed that exposure to metal-laden combustion particles disregulates protein tyrosine phosphate homeostasis in human airway epithelial cells (HAEC). More recently, we reported that exposure to certain metal ions activates mitogen-activated protein kinases in HAEC. To study the mechanism responsible, we examined the effects of arsenic (As), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) on tyrosine phosphate catabolism in BEAS S6 cells or cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. Western blots and immunocy-tochemical analyses showed that exposure to noncytotoxic levels of As, V, or Zn resulted in increased levels of protein phosphotyrosines in HAEC. Tyrosine phosphatase activity, measured against [P-32]-labeled PolyGlu:Tyr, was markedly inhibited in cells treated with V or Zn but was unaffected by exposure to As. Fast performance liquid chromatography fractionation and subsequent in-gel phosphatase activity assay of HAEC protein extracts revealed the presence of numerous tyrosine phosphatases, of varying molecular weights, that were effectively inhibited by exposure to V or Zn ions. As had no discernible effect on these enzymes. The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B, immunoprecipitated from HAEC, was similarly inhibited by V and Zn but not by As ions. These data show that V and Zn may induce tyrosine phosphate accumulation by inhibiting dephosphorylation and implicate kinase activation as the mechanism in HAEC exposed to As. These findings suggest that metal exposure can activate signaling pathways through multiple mechanisms. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 40 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3 BP 357 EP 364 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 237UQ UT WOS:000082674800010 PM 10460753 ER PT J AU Feng, ZM Tian, DF Lan, Q Mumford, JL AF Feng, ZM Tian, DF Lan, Q Mumford, JL TI A sensitive immunofluorescence assay for detection of p53 protein accumulation in sputum SO ANTICANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lung cancer; sputum; p53 protein accumulation; immunofluorescence assay ID TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; HUMAN-LUNG-CANCER; CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS; EXPRESSION; DIAGNOSIS; ANTIGEN; CELLS AB p53 mutations are common genetic alterations in lung cancels and usually, result in p53 protein accumulation in tumor cells. Sputum is noninvasive to collect and ideal for screening p53 abnormalities. This study was to determine the feasibility of detecting p53 protein accumulation in sputum cells rising an immunofluorescence assay. Sputum samples were collected from 58 Chinese subjects, including 16 lung cancer cases from Xuan Wei (XW) County exposed to coal smoke, 25 mostly tobacco smoke-related cases from Zhengzhou City and 17 XW controls. The p53 protein accumulation in tumor cells and some atypical cells was detected in 56% (9/16) of the coal smoke-exposed XW cases, 44% (11/25) of the Zhengzhou cases and none (0/17) in controls. The p53+ tumor cells were confirmed morphologically by Papanicolaou staining after the p53 immunofluorescence assay. This is the first leper? of successfully using an immunofluorescence assay to detect p53 protein accumulation in sputum. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Feng, ZM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT INST ANTICANCER RESEARCH PI ATHENS PA EDITORIAL OFFICE 1ST KM KAPANDNTIOU-KALAMOU RD KAPANDRITI, POB 22, ATHENS 19014, GREECE SN 0250-7005 J9 ANTICANCER RES JI Anticancer Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 19 IS 5B BP 3847 EP 3852 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 260VB UT WOS:000083973200006 PM 10628322 ER PT J AU Kleindienst, TE Smith, DF Li, W Edney, EO Driscoll, DJ Speer, RE Weathers, WS AF Kleindienst, TE Smith, DF Li, W Edney, EO Driscoll, DJ Speer, RE Weathers, WS TI Secondary organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE aromatic hydrocarbons; ammonium sulfate aerosol; secondary organic aerosol vield; liquid water concentration ID MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; ABSORPTION-MODEL; GAS-PHASE; PRODUCTS; TOLUENE; NOX; PHOTOOXIDATION AB A laboratory study was conducted to examine formation of secondary organic aerosols. A smog chamber system was developed for studying gas-aerosol interactions in a dynamic flow reactor. These experiments were conducted to investigate the fate of gas and aerosol phase compounds generated from hydrocarbon-nitrogen oxide (HC/NOx) mixtures irradiated in the presence of fine ( < 2.5 mu m) particulate matter. The goal was to determine to what extent photochemical oxidation products of aromatic hydrocarbons contribute to secondary organic aerosol formation through uptake on pre-existing inorganic aerosols in the absence of liquid water films. Irradiations were conducted with toluene, p-xylene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene in the presence of NOx and ammonium sulfate aerosol, with propylene added to enhance the production of radicals in the system. The secondary organic aerosol yields were determined by dividing the mass concentration of organic fraction of the aerosol collected on quartz filters by the mass concentration of the aromatic hydrocarbon removed by reaction. The mass concentration of the organic fraction was obtained by multiplying the measured organic carbon concentration by 2.0, a correction factor that takes into account the presence of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms in the organic species. The mass concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations as well as the total mass of the aerosols were measured. A reasonable mass balance was found for each of the aerosols. The largest secondary organic aerosol yield of 1.59 +/- 0.40% was found for toluene at an organic aerosol concentration of 8.2 mu m(-3), followed by 1.09 +/- 0.27% for p-xylene at 6.4 mu g m(-3), and 0.41 +/- 0.10% for 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene at 2.0 mu g m(-3). In general, these results agree with those reported by Odum et al. and appear to be consistent with the gas-aerosol partitioning theory developed by Pankow. The presence of organic in the aerosol did not affect significantly the hygroscopic properties of the aerosol. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kleindienst, TE (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 26 TC 114 Z9 122 U1 6 U2 43 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 33 IS 22 BP 3669 EP 3681 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00121-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 207ME UT WOS:000080940000009 ER PT J AU Droby, S Lischinski, S Cohen, L Weiss, B Daus, A Chand-Goyal, T Eckert, JW Manulis, S AF Droby, S Lischinski, S Cohen, L Weiss, B Daus, A Chand-Goyal, T Eckert, JW Manulis, S TI Characterization of an epiphytic yeast population of grapefruit capable of suppression of green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE biological control; postharvest diseases; yeasts; citrus; Penicillium digitatum ID POSTHARVEST DISEASES; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; RIBOSOMAL DNA; RNA SEQUENCES; CITRUS-FRUIT; GUILLIERMONDII; POLYMORPHISMS; DEBARYOMYCES; BIOCONTROL AB An epiphytic yeast population of grapefruit able to grow under high osmotic conditions and a wide range of temperatures was isolated and characterized for its biocontrol activity against green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Techniques based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), as well, as homologies between sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene, were used to characterize the composition of the yeast population and to determine the genetic relationships among predominant yeast species. Epiphytic yeasts exhibiting the highest biocontrol activity against P. digitatum on grapefruit were identified as Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, C. sake, and Debaryomyces hansenii, while C. guilliermondii was the most predominant species. RAPD and ap-PCR analyses of the osmotolerant yeast population showed two different, major groups. The sequences of the ITS regions and the 5.8S gene of the yeast isolates, previously identified as belonging to different species, were found to be identical. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Postharvest Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. US EPA, Washington, DC 20406 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Droby, S (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Postharvest Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0725 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 321YZ UT WOS:000087484100004 ER PT J AU Mori, C Allen, JW Dix, DJ Nakamura, N Fujioka, M Toshimori, K Eddy, EM AF Mori, C Allen, JW Dix, DJ Nakamura, N Fujioka, M Toshimori, K Eddy, EM TI Completion of meiosis is not always required for acrosome formation in HSP70-2 null mice SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID GERM-CELL APOPTOSIS; ATM-DEFICIENT MICE; CHROMOSOME SYNAPSIS; DROSOPHILA SPERMATOGENESIS; SPERMATID DIFFERENTIATION; ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA; MEIOTIC PROPHASE; MURINE CYCLIN; MOUSE; GENE AB Hsp70-2 is a unique member of the mouse 70-kDa heat shock protein family that is synthesized during meiosis in spermatogenic cells. Germ cells in male mice homozygous for a targeted mutation in the Hsp70-2 gene (Hsp70-2(-/-)) arrest in development and undergo apoptosis at the end of the pachytene spermatocyte stage of meiotic prophase, However, cells with a putative acrosome were present occasionally in histological sections of the testes of juvenile and adult Hsp70-2(-/-) mice. This study verified that acrosomes were present and investigated the relationship between acrosome formation and the process of meiosis. Histochemistry with the periodic acid-Schiff procedure and immunostaining with monoclonal antibody MN7 verified that acrosomes were present in Hsp70-2(-/-) mice, and electron microscopy showed that some of these cells had condensing nuclei characteristic of step 8-9 spermatids. The frequency of acrosome-containing cells in Hsp70-2(-/-) mice was less than 0.01% of that in wild-type mice. Propidium iodide staining and cytophotometry indicated that the average DNA content of nuclei in MN7-positive cells in Hsp70-2(-/-) mice was usually about twice, or occasionally the same as, that of nuclei in round spermatids of wild-type mice. Meiotic metaphase I and II chromosome spreads were observed in spermatogenic cells from Hsp70-2(-/-) mice but at a much lower frequency than in wild-type mice. These results indicate that not all pachytene spermatocytes in Hsp70-2(-/-) mice arrest in meiosis, but they may divide once or sometimes twice and begin acrosome formation and nuclear condensation. This demonstrates that some aspects of spermatid development can occur without the completion of meiosis in mice, as has been reported recently for Drosophila. C1 Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Cent Lab Electron Microscopy, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. NIEHS, Gamete Biol Sect, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environ Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environ Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Miyazaki Med Coll, Dept Anat, Miyazaki 88916, Japan. RP Mori, C (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. NR 56 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 61 IS 3 BP 813 EP 822 DI 10.1095/biolreprod61.3.813 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 229JE UT WOS:000082190000035 PM 10456862 ER PT J AU Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV AF Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV TI Effects of ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and urea on red-legged frogs, Pacific treefrogs, and African clawed frogs SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FERTILIZER C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Schuytema, GS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 20 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 357 EP 364 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 231PZ UT WOS:000082320100012 PM 10475914 ER PT J AU Luft, JC Dix, DJ AF Luft, JC Dix, DJ TI Hsp70 expression and function during embryogenesis SO CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES LA English DT Review ID HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; POSTIMPLANTATION RAT EMBRYOS; STRESS-INDUCED APOPTOSIS; CELL-CYCLE ARREST; MOUSE EMBRYO; GENE-EXPRESSION; DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE AB This review focuses on the expression and function of 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) during mammalian embryogenesis, though many features of embryogenesis and the developmental expression of Hsp70s are conserved between mammals and other vertebrates. A variety of Hsp70s are expressed from the point of zygotic gene activation in cleavage-stage embryos, through blastulation, implantation, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis, and on throughout fetal maturation. The regulation and patterns of hsp70 gene expression and the known and putative Hsp70 protein functions vary from constitutive and metabolic housekeeping to stress-inducible and embryo-protective roles. Understanding the genetic regulation and molecular function of Hsp70s has been pursued by developmental biologists interested in the control of gene expression in early embryos as well as reproductive toxicologists and teratologists interested in how Hsp70s protect embryos from the adverse effects of environmental exposures. These efforts have also been joined by those interested in the chaperone functions of Hsp70s, and this confluence of effort has yielded many advances in our understanding of Hsp70s during critical phases of embryonic development and cellular differentiation. C1 US EPA, RTP, RTD, NHEERL MD72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, RTP, RTD, NHEERL MD72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 91 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 4 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 1355-8145 J9 CELL STRESS CHAPERON JI Cell Stress Chaperones PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 IS 3 BP 162 EP 170 DI 10.1379/1466-1268(1999)004<0162:HEAFDE>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 245XB UT WOS:000083132500002 PM 10547065 ER PT J AU Lewis, RG Fortune, CR Willis, RD Camann, DE Antley, JT AF Lewis, RG Fortune, CR Willis, RD Camann, DE Antley, JT TI Distribution of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust as a function of particle size SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE dust composition; dust exposure; house dust; PAH; particle size; pesticides; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID LEAD; SOIL; EXPOSURE; CHILDREN; SAMPLES; INDOOR; HOMES AB House dust is a repository for environmental pollutants that may accumulate indoors from both internal and external sources over long periods of time. Dust and tracked-in soil accumulate most efficiently in carpets, and the pollutants associated with dust and soil may present an exposure risk to infants and toddlers, who spend significant portions of their time in contact with or in dose proximity to the floor and who engage in frequent mouthing activities. The availability of carpet dust for exposure by transfer to the skin or by suspension into the air depends on particle size. In this study, a large sample of residential house dust was obtained from a commercial cleaning service whose clients were homeowners residing in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill (Research Triangle) area of North Carolina. The composite dust was separated into seven size fractions ranging from < 4 to 500 pm in diameter, and each fraction was analyzed for 28 pesticide and 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Over 20% of the fractionated dust sample consisted of particles < 25 mu m in diameter. Fourteen pesticides and all 10 of the target PAHs were detected in one or more of the seven size-fractionated samples. Sample concentrations reported range from 0.02 to 22 mu g/g the synthetic pyrethroids cis- and trans-permethrin were the most abundant pesticide residue. The concentrations of nearly all of the target analytes increased gradually with decreasing particle size for the larger particles, then increased dramatically for the two smallest particle sizes (4-25 mu m and < 4 mu m). C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Lewis, RG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 34 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 33 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 107 IS 9 BP 721 EP 726 DI 10.2307/3434657 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 236BT UT WOS:000082578900023 PM 10464072 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, WM AF Vatavuk, WM TI Air pollution control cost indexes: Update #9 SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vatavuk, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP F15 EP F17 DI 10.1002/ep.670180309 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 253PW UT WOS:000083565800003 ER PT J AU Crittenden, JC Sanongraj, S Bulloch, JL Hand, DW Rogers, TN Speth, TF Ulmer, M AF Crittenden, JC Sanongraj, S Bulloch, JL Hand, DW Rogers, TN Speth, TF Ulmer, M TI Correlation of aqueous-phase adsorption isotherms SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLVATION ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS; ACTIVATED CARBON; GAC; WATER AB A correlation was developed to estimate the adsorption equilibrium capacity of various adsorbents and organic compounds using a combination of Polanyi potential theory and linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs). Polanyi theory provided the basic mathematical form for the correlation. LSERs were used to normalize the Polanyi theory based on the fundamental interaction forces between the solvent, adsorbate, and adsorbent expected in aqueous-phase adsorption. The correlation was developed using 56 organic compounds and eight adsorbents. The following classes of organic compounds were used: (i) halogenated aliphatics, (ii) aromatics and halogenated aromatics, (iii) polyfunctional organic compounds and (iv) sulfonated aromatics. The adsorbents were (i) three coal-based activated carbons (F-300, F-400, and APA), (ii) one coconut shell based activated carbon (580-26), (iii) one unspecified activated carbon, and (iv) three synthetic polymeric adsorbents (XAD-4, XAD-7, and XEN-563). The proposed correlation, which considers the fundamental solvent-adsorbate-adsorbent interaction forces, showed a significant improvement in predicting the adsorption capacity over a correlation that considered only van der Waals forces. However, the correlations did not predict the adsorption capacities of highly soluble organic compounds such as polysulfonated aromatics and polyfunctional organic compounds. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Heinrich Sontheimer Lab, DVGW Technol Zentrum Wasser, D-76139 Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Crittenden, JC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 39 TC 119 Z9 123 U1 7 U2 63 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 17 BP 2926 EP 2933 DI 10.1021/es981082i PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 232JK UT WOS:000082367400033 ER PT J AU Engle, VD Summers, JK AF Engle, VD Summers, JK TI Refinement, validation, and application of a benthic condition index for northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID INTEGRITY B-IBI; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; WATER-QUALITY; MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES; FISH COMMUNITIES; RIVERS; TEXAS; INVERTEBRATES; ASSEMBLAGES; LOUISIANA AB By applying discriminant analysis to benthic macroinvertebrate data, we have developed an indicator of benthic condition for northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. The data used were collected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) in the Louisianian Province from 1991 to 1994. This benthic index represents a linear combination oa the following weighted parameters: the proportion of expected species diversity, the mean abundance of tubificid oligochaetes, the percent of total abundance represented by capitellid polychaetes, the percent of total abundance represented by bivalve mollusks, and the percent of total abundance represented by amphipods. We successfully validated and retrospectively applied the benthic index to all of the benthic data collected by EMAP in the Louisianian Province. This benthic index was also calculated for independent data collected from Pensacola Bay, Florida, in order to demonstrate its flexibility and applicability to different estuarine systems within the same biogeographic region. The benthic index is a useful and valid indicator of estuarine condition that is intended to provide environmental managers with a simple tool for assessing the health of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Engle, VD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 47 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 5 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD SEP PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3A BP 624 EP 635 DI 10.2307/1353050 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 246BC UT WOS:000083142400007 ER PT J AU Reilly, FJ Spagnolo, RJ Ambrogio, E AF Reilly, FJ Spagnolo, RJ Ambrogio, E TI Marine and estuarine shallow water science and management: The interrelationship among habitats and their management SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Reilly Grp, Stafford, VA 22554 USA. US EPA, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Reilly, FJ (reprint author), Reilly Grp, 67 Meyer Lane, Stafford, VA 22554 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD SEP PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3B BP 731 EP 734 DI 10.2307/1353105 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 246BE UT WOS:000083142600001 ER PT J AU Wolbarst, AB Blom, PF Chan, D Cherry, RN Doehnert, M Fauver, D Hull, HB MacKinney, JA Mauro, J Richardson, ACB Zaragoza, L AF Wolbarst, AB Blom, PF Chan, D Cherry, RN Doehnert, M Fauver, D Hull, HB MacKinney, JA Mauro, J Richardson, ACB Zaragoza, L TI Sites in the United States contaminated with radioactivity SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Review DE contamination, environmental; environmental assessment; radiation, ionizing; radioactivity, removal of AB Over the century that radioactive materials have been mined, processed, produced, and utilized, many sites across the United States have become contaminated, Such sites include bases and installations of the Department of Defense, weapons production and research facilities of the Department of Energy, properties under the authority of other Federal agencies, privately-owned and governmental facilities that are licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and its Agreement States, and sites licensed by or the responsibility of states. This review reports on aspects of work by the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and others to identify sites contaminated with radioactive materials, It also describes the principal programs that have been instituted to deal with them. C1 US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Dept Energy, Eastern Area Program, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. Cohen & Associates Inc, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. DACS SF, Dept Army, Washington, DC 20310 USA. US Nucl Regulatory Commiss, Washington, DC 20555 USA. US EPA, Off Emergency & Remedial Response, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 3 BP 247 EP 260 DI 10.1097/00004032-199909000-00002 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 226FN UT WOS:000082009800002 PM 10456495 ER PT J AU Hopper, RD Steinhausler, F Ronca-Battista, M AF Hopper, RD Steinhausler, F Ronca-Battista, M TI IAEA/EPA international climatic test program for integrating radon detectors SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE detector, etched-track; Rn-222; instruments; quality assurance ID AIR AB As an element of the joint IAEA-EPA International Radon Metrology Evaluation Program, a climatic test of long-term integrating radon detectors was conducted at the U.S. EPA Radiation and Indoor Environments National Laboratory. The objective of this study was to test the performance of commonly used commercially available long-term Rn-222 detector systems under extreme climatological conditions using filtered polycarbonate CR-39 plastic analyzed by the manufacturer using the track-etch method, unfiltered LR-115 film analyzed by the manufacturer, and Teflon(TM) based electrets analyzed in the field by EPA using the manufacturer's equipment, The EPA environmental radon chambers were used to expose detectors to extreme cold and dry (less than 4.0 degrees C air temperature and 25% relative humidity) and hot and humid (greater than 35 degrees C air temperature and 85% relative humidity) climatic conditions, During phase I detectors were exposed to low temperatures and low humidities, and during phase II detectors were exposed to high temperatures and high humidities, Typical indoor equilibrium fractions (near 50%) and radon concentrations of about 150 Bq m(-3) were maintained for each phase, which lasted 90 d, The results indicated that the optimal detector for extreme climatic conditions is dependent on the relative importance of bias and precision, Overall, however, the filtered track-etch type detector produced the most reliable results under the extreme conditions. C1 US EPA, Radiat & Indoor Environm Natl Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Salzburg Univ, Inst Phys & Biophys, Int Radon Metrol Programme, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 3 BP 303 EP 308 DI 10.1097/00004032-199909000-00009 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 226FN UT WOS:000082009800009 PM 10456502 ER PT J AU Becker, S Soukup, JM AF Becker, S Soukup, JM TI Airway epithelial cell-induced activation of monocytes and eosinophils in respiratory syncytial viral infection SO IMMUNOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN-1-ALPHA; VIRUS-INFECTION; CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1; CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN-1; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; HUMAN BASOPHILS; MESSENGER-RNA; RANTES; EXPRESSION AB The early inflammatory events in respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) infection are likely to be crucial in the development of clinical disease, which is characterized by bronchiolitis with mononuclear cell inflammation, some eosinophil involvement and airway hyperreactivity. Since RSV replication is restricted to airway epithelial cells, our working hypothesis is that inflammatory cell recruitment by the infected cells will set the stage for late immunopathology. We have identified the selective induction and release of mononuclear cell and eosinophil-attracting beta-chemokines MIP-1 alpha and RANTES, but not eotaxin, by RSV-infected airway epithelial cells and herein demonstrated the recruitment of eosinophils and monocytes, but not neurtrophils, in response to chemokines produced by infected epithelial cells during viral replication and dissemination The chemotactic response of both eosinophils and monocytes was inhibited by antibodies to RANTES but not to MIP-1 alpha. Interaction of eosinophils or monocytes with RSV-infected epithelial cells resulted in the production of additional beta-chemokines MCP-I and MIP-1 beta, and increased levels of MIP-1 alpha. The monocyte containing cultures produced >10 fold the amount of these chemokines compared to eosinophil containing cultures. On the other hand, the levels of RANTES and the lack of eotaxin were not altered in the cocultures, RSV-infected monocytes appeared to be the main source of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta, while MCP-I was derived from monocytes as well as epithelial cells following coculture. These data implicate RANTES as the primary chemokine responsible for selectively recruiting eosinophils and monocytes to the site of RSV infection. This inflammatory response results in the production of high levels of additional chemokines capable of setting up a full-fledged inflammatory response including Lymphocytes. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Becker, S (reprint author), EPA Human Studies Bldg,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 51 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0171-2985 J9 IMMUNOBIOLOGY JI Immunobiology PD SEP PY 1999 VL 201 IS 1 BP 88 EP 106 PG 19 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 243GF UT WOS:000082988100007 PM 10532283 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E Gonzalez, M Wang, ZM Biswas, P AF Sahle-Demessie, E Gonzalez, M Wang, ZM Biswas, P TI Synthesizing alcohols and ketones by photoinduced catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons in TiO2 film reactors prepared by three different methods SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION; SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCATALYSIS; TITANIA PARTICLES; CONVERSIONS; GLASS; ACID AB The partial oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone on UV-irradiated titanium dioxide films in the presence of molecular oxygen at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure was studied. Three different coating methodologies (dip coating using titanium isopropoxide and commercially available titanium dioxide particles, sol-gel process, and flame aerosol process) were used to deposit the titanium dioxide films, and their effectiveness in partial oxidation of cyclohexane was compared. Conversions of the cyclohexane in the gas-phase reactor averaged between 1.1 and 8.7% per pass (8-s contact time) for the different film reactors. The yield (formation of ketone and alcohol) exceeded 96% for all the film reactors. No detectable amount of carbon dioxide was generated. The selectivity for ketone formation ranged from 59 to 91%. The films produced by the flame aerosol method resulted in the highest yield per mass of catalyst used and showed no coking and deactivation for a total run time of approximately 10 h (2 cycles). The films were characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM to establish the phase compositions, morphologies, and primary particle sizes, respectively. The flame aerosol coating resulted in the formation of high surface area aggregates consisting of nanometer-sized primary particles with high density (minimal internal porosity), whereas dip coating resulted in the formation of bulk crystallites that were more susceptible to coking and deactivation. The flame-aerosol-deposited titania particles had more surface sites per unit mass for photooxidation and minimal intraparticle diffusion limitations. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Environm Engn & Sci Div, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Biswas, P (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Environm Engn & Sci Div, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM pratim.biswas@uc.edu NR 36 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 38 IS 9 BP 3276 EP 3284 DI 10.1021/ie990054l PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 235DX UT WOS:000082525700012 ER PT J AU Myers, SR Pinorini-Godly, MT Reddy, TV Daniel, FB Reddy, G AF Myers, SR Pinorini-Godly, MT Reddy, TV Daniel, FB Reddy, G TI Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric determination of hemoglobin adducts of 1,3-dinitrobenzene and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene in shrew Cryptotis parva SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hemoglobin; nitroaromatics; biomarkers ID RAT; TOXICITY; BINDING; DINITROBENZENE; METABOLISM; INVIVO; NITRO; TRINITROTOLUENE; NITROBENZENE; MUTAGENICITY AB 1,3-Dinitrobenzene (DNB) and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) are used primarily in explosive compositions and munitions and have been detected as environmental contaminants of surface waters as well as ground waters near production waste disposal sites. Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts have recently been proposed as biological markers of exposure assessment for various environmental compounds, including nitroaromatics. In the present study, we have investigated the formation of DNB and TNB hemoglobin adducts in vivo and in vitro in the blood of shrew (Cryptotis parva). DNB and TNB hemoglobin adducts were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after either basic (0.1 N NaOH) or acid (2 N HCl) hydrolysis followed by organic solvent extraction and derivatization of the corresponding amines. The levels of DNB-Hb adducts detected after basic hydrolysis (238.7 +/- 50.2 pg/mg Hb) are higher than the corresponding levels detected after acid hydrolysis (52.5 +/- 16.2 pg/mg Hb). For the TNB-Hb the levels after acid hydrolysis (132.2 +/- 37.8 pg/mg Hb) are higher than the levels detected after basic hydrolysis (44.7 +/- 15.3 pg/mg Hb). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the hemoglobin adduct model for monitoring exposure to nitroaromatics. C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. US EPA, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA. RP Myers, SR (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1091-5818 J9 INT J TOXICOL JI Int. J. Toxicol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 317 EP 325 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 252HF UT WOS:000083495500004 ER PT J AU Marinas, BJ Rennecker, JL Teefy, S Rice, EW AF Marinas, BJ Rennecker, JL Teefy, S Rice, EW TI Assessing ozone disinfection with nonbiological surrogates SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The authors investigated the use of fluorescent-dyed polystyrene microspheres to assess drinking water disinfection efficiency in full-scale ozone contactors. A demonstration was conducted with one of two parallel full-scale ozone bubble-diffuser contactors at the Alameda County Water District Water Treatment Plant in Fremont, Calif. Microsphere suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine changes in fluorescence distribution. Selection of threshold fluorescence intensities allowed the determination of microsphere "survival" ratios that were correlated with Cryptosporidium parvum inactivation curves. Compared with the concentration times contact time (C x T) concept, use of the surrogate indicators offered a potentially impler and more accurate approach for assessing and optimizing ozone disinfection efficiency achieved in full-scale contactors and for demonstrating compliance with disinfection requirements. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Alameda Cty Water Dist, Fremont, CA 94537 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Marinas, BJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 205 N Mathews Ave,POB 2352, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 91 IS 9 BP 79 EP 89 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 237DV UT WOS:000082640800016 ER PT J AU Atchley, MC de Soyza, AG Whitford, WG AF Atchley, MC de Soyza, AG Whitford, WG TI Arroyo water storage and soil nutrients and their effects on gas-exchange of shrub species in the northern Chihuahuan Desert SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan Desert; Chilopsis linearis; Fallugia paradoxa; photosynthesis; Prosopis glandulosa; soil nutrients; soil water storage; transpiration ID PRODUCTIVITY; ECOSYSTEMS; COMMUNITY AB A variable fraction of the rain falling on desert landscapes runs off and accumulates in ephemeral channels (arroyos), where some of the water is transported downslope. Relatively large amounts of water are stored in arroyo sediments. This water may support high rates of gas-exchange in some riparian species. We examined differences in the timing of flow events, soil water storage, and soil nutrients on gas-exchange rates of shrubs growing on arroyo margins and in adjacent piedmont areas in the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico, USA. The semi-riparian shrub, Fallugia paradoxa (Apache plume), had very different photosynthetic rates between two arroyos, but transpiration rates did not differ. This may result from nutrient limitation differences between arroyos. At one site, the semi-riparian shrub, Prosopis glandulosa (mesquite), on arroyo margins had access to more water and showed higher rates of gas-exchange compared with non-arroyo mesquite located on nearby piedmont areas. The obligate riparian shrub, Chilopsis linearis (desert willow), had intermediate gas-exchange rates when compared with Apache plume and mesquite, and neither soil water nor nutrient concentrations appeared to affect photosynthesis during the growing season. Variation between and within arroyos was high; however, our data suggest that stored water enabled mesquite of arroyo margins to maintain relatively high rates of gas-exchange. When water was relatively abundant, nutrient availability appeared to limit photosynthetic rates of Apache plume. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89113 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1 BP 21 EP 33 DI 10.1006/jare.1999.0530 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243YC UT WOS:000083024200002 ER PT J AU Engle, VD Summers, JK AF Engle, VD Summers, JK TI Latitudinal gradients in benthic community composition in Western Atlantic estuaries SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE benthic; estuarine; latitude; climate; province ID GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES; SIMILARITY ANALYSIS; MARINE; BIOGEOGRAPHY; TEMPERATURE; CO2 AB Aim The community composition of benthic macroinvertebrates from 295 estuarine sires was examined in order to either confirm or challenge established boundaries of zoogeographical provinces. We also investigated the postulate that, while local distributions were determined by natural habitat characteristics such as salinity, sediment type and depth, distributions on a large geographical scale would bt: correlated with temperature. Location The Atlantic coast of the United States (on a latitudinal gradient from 42 degrees to 25 degrees N). Methods Using the descriptive techniques of cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, we determined the similarities in benthic community composition between sites within 1 degrees latitudinal bands and compared the biotic ordinations to natural habitat characteristics such as salinity, sediment type and depth. We then evaluated the overall community composition within each 1 degrees latitudinal band and established whether or not similarities existed between adjacent 1 degrees latitudinal bands. In this manner, we were able to confirm that a latitudinal gradient existed in estuarine benthic community composition along the western Atlantic coast. This latitudinal gradient was demarcated by biogeographical boundaries at (1) Biscayne Bay, Florida, (2) the southern end of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, (3) St John's River, Florida, (4) Cape Island, South Carolina, (5) the mouth of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina. and (6) Caps God, Massachusetts, with 3 subprovince boundary just north of Cape May at Wildwood, New Jersey. Results The major divisions approximated widely recognized biogeographical boundaries. Average summer water temperatures correlated better than sediment type, depth, or salinity with the latitudinal groupings of sites determined by cluster analysis. Conclusions Based on this relationship, we speculate on the potential impacts of current global climate change scenarios on the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates along the western Atlantic coast. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Engle, VD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 41 TC 70 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0305-0270 EI 1365-2699 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1007 EP 1023 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00341.x PG 17 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 278KB UT WOS:000084988000008 ER PT J AU Lugo, AE Brown, SL Dodson, R Smith, TS Shugart, HH AF Lugo, AE Brown, SL Dodson, R Smith, TS Shugart, HH TI The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; frost line; Holdridge; lift zones; United States; vegetation mapping ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; SCALE; STORAGE; MODEL AB Aim Our main goals were to develop a map of the life zones for the conterminous United States, based on the Holdridge Life Zone system, as a tool fur ecosystem mapping, and to compare the may of Holdridge life zones with other global vegetation classification and mapping efforts. Location The area of interest is the forty-eight contiguous states Of the United Starts, Methods We wrote a PERL program for determining lift: zones from climatic data and linked it to the: image processing workbench (IPW). The inputs were annual precipitation (Pann), biotemperature (T-bio), sea-level biotemperature (Tbio), and the frost line. The spatial resolution chosen for this study (Lj are-minute for classification, 4-km for mapping) was driven by the availability of current state-of-the-art, accurate and reliable precipitation data. We used the Precipitation-elevation Regressions on independent Slopes Model, or PRISM, output fur the contiguous United States downloaded from the Internet. The accepted standard data for air temperature surfaces Ir-ere obtained from the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modelling and Analysis Project (VEMAP). This data set along with station data obtained from the National Climatic Data Center for the US, were used to develop all temperature surfaces at the same resolution as the Pann. Results The US contains thirty-eight life zones (34% of the world's life zones and 85% of the temperate ones) including one boreal, twelve cool temperate, twenty warm temperate, four subtropical, and one tropical. Seventy-four percent of the US falls in the 'basal belt', 18% is montane, 8% is subalpine, 1% is alpine, and < 0.1% is nival. The US ranges from superarid to superhumid, and the humid province is the largest (45% of the US). The most extensive life zone is the warm temperate moist forest, which covers 23% of the country. We compared the Holdridge lift: zone map with output from the BIOME model, Bailey's ecoregions, Kuchler potential vegetation, and land sever, all aggregated to four cover classes. Despite differences in the goals and methods for all these classification systems, there was a very good to excellent agreement among their for forests but poor for grasslands, shrublands, and nonvegetated lands. Main conclusions We consider the life zone approach to have many strengths for ecosystem mapping because it is based on climatic driving factors of ecosystem processes and recognizes ecophysiological responses of plants; it is hierarchical and allows fur the use of other mapping criteria at the association and successional levels of analysis; it can be expanded or contracted without losing functional continuity among levels of ecological complexity; it is a relatively simple system based on few empirical data; and it uses objective mapping criteria. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Gen Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Lugo, AE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RI Shugart, Herman/C-5156-2009 NR 61 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 6 U2 35 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1025 EP 1038 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 278KB UT WOS:000084988000009 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI A simple program for computing characteristic polynomials with mathematica SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB This paper presents a program for computing characteristic polynomials written for the commercial software package Mathematica. The program utilizes several features that are relevant to problems encountered in computing characteristic polynomials by other means, especially limitations on problem size due to integer overflow. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 833 EP 834 DI 10.1021/ci9801668 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 240YT UT WOS:000082854900007 ER PT J AU Gavett, SH Madison, SL Chulada, PC Scarborough, PE Qu, W Boyle, JE Tiano, HF Lee, CA Langenbach, R Roggli, VL Zeldin, DC AF Gavett, SH Madison, SL Chulada, PC Scarborough, PE Qu, W Boyle, JE Tiano, HF Lee, CA Langenbach, R Roggli, VL Zeldin, DC TI Allergic lung responses are increased in prostaglandin H synthase-deficient mice SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ARACHIDONIC-ACID; INDUCED BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; AIRWAY RESPONSIVENESS; SELECTIVE-INHIBITION; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; GENE DISRUPTION; IGE PRODUCTION; ASTHMA; INFLAMMATION; CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 AB To investigate the function of prostaglandin H synthase-1 and synthase-2 (PGHS-1 and PGHS-2) in the normal lung and in allergic lung responses, we examined allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in wild-type mice and in PGHS-1(-/-) and PGHS-2(-/-) mice. Among non-immunized saline-exposed groups, we found no significant differences in lung function or histopathology, although PGE(2) was dramatically reduced in bronchoalveolar lava,ae (BAL) fluid from PGHS-1(-/-) mice, relative to wild-type or PGHS-2(-/-) mice. After ovalbumin sensitization and challenge, lung inflammatory indices (BAL cells, proteins, IgE, lung histopathology) were significantly greater in PGHS-1(-/-) mice compared with PGHS-2(-/-) mice, and both were far greater than in wild-type mice, as illustrated by the ratio of eosinophils in BAL fluid (8:5:1, respectively). Both allergic PGHS-1(-/-) and PGHS-2(-/-) mice exhibited decreased baseline respiratory system compliance, whereas only allergic PGHS-1(-/-) mice showed increased baseline resistance and responsiveness to methacholine. Ovalbumin exposure caused a modest increase in lung PGHS-2 protein and a corresponding increase in BAL fluid PGE(2) in wild-type mice. We conclude that (a) PGHS-1 is the predominant enzyme that biosynthesizes PGE(2) in the normal mouse lung; (b) PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 products limit allergic lung inflammation and IgE secretion and promote normal lung function; and (c) airway inflammation can be dissociated from the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in PGHS-2(-/-) mice. C1 NIEHS, Pulm Pathobiol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Lab Expt Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Zeldin, DC (reprint author), NIEHS, Pulm Pathobiol Lab, NIH, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 43 TC 148 Z9 150 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL INVESTIGATION INC PI ANN ARBOR PA ROOM 4570 KRESGE I, 200 ZINA PITCHER PLACE, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-0560 USA SN 0021-9738 J9 J CLIN INVEST JI J. Clin. Invest. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 104 IS 6 BP 721 EP 732 DI 10.1172/JCI6890 PG 12 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 251WG UT WOS:000083468900009 PM 10491407 ER PT J AU Surampalli, RY Ninaroon, S Banerji, SK AF Surampalli, RY Ninaroon, S Banerji, SK TI Performance evaluation of aerated lagoon in summer and winter conditions SO JOURNAL OF COLD REGIONS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB A 1-year study evaluated the performance of a full-scale aerated lagoon, located in a midwest community in the United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the lagoon under varied temperature conditions. The main parameters for evaluation were 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and ammonia-N. In addition, phosphorus and bacteriological qualities of the effluent were investigated. In general, the-facility met 5-day biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids limits required by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. The lagoon reduced the ammonia-N concentration efficiently during late spring, summer, and fall, with values ranging from 0.3 to 4.2 mg/L. In the winter period the activities of the nitrifying bacteria diminished, resulting in a reduced nitrification rate. The ammonia-N during winter ranged from 8.8 to 23 mg/L. During the spring months (March to May) the nitrification rate slowly increased with the rise in temperature. This reflects the time period and environment necessary to reach an effective nitrification population in the system. The adjustment period was reversed in the fall months with a declining population of nitrifiers and decreased nitrification rates. The effluent total phosphate levels ranged from 0.6 to 4.9 mg/L. Effluent fecal coliform values ranged from 10 to 1,110/100 mL. C1 US EPA, Kansas City, KS 66117 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Civil Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Surampalli, RY (reprint author), US EPA, POB 17-2141, Kansas City, KS 66117 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0887-381X J9 J COLD REG ENG JI J. Cold Reg. Eng. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 153 EP 163 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1999)13:3(153) PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 227BZ UT WOS:000082059500004 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG Rapport, DJ deSoyza, AG AF Whitford, WG Rapport, DJ deSoyza, AG TI Using resistance and resilience measurements for 'fitness' tests in ecosystem health SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE disturbance; ecosystem health; grazing; fitness test; resilience; resistance; survivorship; stress ID VEGETATION; DESERT; STRESS AB The resistance and resilience of perennial grasses and a small shrub to a natural disturbance (drought) were measured on stress gradients that were produced by domestic livestock in desert grassland ecosystems in the northern Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico, USA. Both survivorship of grasses and a sub-shrub (Gutierrezia sarothrae) during a drought (a measure of resistance) and re-establishment of plant cover following a drought (a measure of resilience) were reduced in the intensely stressed ecosystems in comparison to the lightly stressed ecosystems. The compromise of the resistance and resilience characteristics of an ecosystem can be used as a 'fitness' test for the health of ecosystems. Fitness tests can provide early warning of ecosystem degeneration and allow intervention to reduce or eliminate anthropogenic stress on the ecosystems. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Univ Guelph, Fac Environm Sci, Ecosyst Hlth Program, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Fac Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, London, ON, Canada. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Expt Range,POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 20 TC 35 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 23 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 1 BP 21 EP 29 DI 10.1006/jema.1999.0287 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 238YQ UT WOS:000082742700003 ER PT J AU Thomas, KW Pellizzari, ED Berry, MR AF Thomas, KW Pellizzari, ED Berry, MR TI Population-based dietary intakes and tap water concentrations for selected elements in the EPA Region V National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; cadmium; dietary intake; duplicate diet; elements; exposure; lead; tap water ID COLLECTIONS; SUPPORT; SAMPLE; LEAD AB A National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) field study was performed in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region V, providing population-based exposure distribution data for selected elements in several personal, environmental, and biological media. Population distributions are reported for the 11 elements that were measured in water and dietary samples. Dietary intakes and home tap water concentrations of lead, arsenic, and cadmium were further examined for intermedia associations, for differences between dietary exposure for adults and children, and to estimate the proportion of the population above health-based reference values (dietary) or regulatory action levels or maximum contaminant levels (water). Water lead and arsenic concentrations were significantly associated with dietary intake. Intake of all elements was higher From solid foods than From liquid foods (including drinking water). Dietary intakes of Pb, As, and Cd were greater than those calculated for intake from home tap water or inhalation on a mu g/day basis. Median dietary intakes for the Region V population for Pb, As, and Cd were 0.10, 0,13, and 0.19 mu g/kg bw/day, respectively. While Pb, As, and Cd concentrations in the foods consumed by 0 to 6-year-old children were similar to or lower than those for adults, dietary intakes calculated on a body weight basis were 1.5 to 2.5 times higher for young children. Intrapersonal intake differences accounted for most of the variance in short-term (daily) dietary intakes for Pb and As, while interpersonal differences accounted for more of the intake variance for Cd. Only small percentages of the population exceeded health-based intake reference values or concentrations equal to regulatory levels in water for Pb, As, and Cd. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Thomas, KW (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, ERC Annex MD-56,79 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 9 IS 5 BP 402 EP 413 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500051 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 297VN UT WOS:000086103500004 PM 10554143 ER PT J AU Robertson, GL Lebowitz, MD O'Rourke, MK Gordon, S Moschandreas, D AF Robertson, GL Lebowitz, MD O'Rourke, MK Gordon, S Moschandreas, D TI The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) study in Arizona - introduction and preliminary results SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDOOR AB The objective of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) in Arizona is to determine the multimedia distribution of total human exposure to environmental pollutants in the classes of metals, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the population of Arizona. This was accomplished by studying a probability-based sample of the total population in Arizona with a nested design for the different stages of sampling (954 Stage I, 505 Stage II, and 179 Stage III participants). This report compares the study population demographics with those fi-om the U.S. Census and provides preliminary data on the distributions of the example pollutant for each class, lead for metals, chlorpyrifos for pesticides, and benzene for metals. The probability-based sample age and gender demographics compare reasonably well with the Census data (1990 Census and 1996 Census Estimate). The race/ethnicity compared less well with 21% Hispanics in the 1996 Census Estimate and 42% Hispanics in the entire NHEXAS-Arizona sample and 30% Hispanics as Stage III participants for this study. The chemical analyses of the various media (yard soil, foundation soil, house dust, indoor air, outdoor air, drinking water, food, and beverage) show generally low levels of the representative pollutants. The 50th percentiles of the distributions are generally near or below the analytical detection limits, and applicable Federal action limits were rarely exceeded. C1 US EPA, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Robertson, GL (reprint author), US EPA, Human Exposure Res Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 17 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 9 IS 5 BP 427 EP 434 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500053 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 297VN UT WOS:000086103500006 PM 10554145 ER PT J AU Yeardley, RB Scarpino, PV Haines, JR AF Yeardley, RB Scarpino, PV Haines, JR TI Effects of acidity on the exo-enzyme and recycling capabilities of a sediment microbial community SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANT LITTER DECOMPOSITION; MINE DRAINAGE; LAKE; PRECIPITATION AB We determined effects of acidification on sediment aerobic heterotrophic exo-amylase and exo-protease producing microbial populations in addition to effects on the total microbial population. Acidification of microcosms to sediment pHs of 6, 5, 4, and 3 followed by plate counts showed that numbers of total aerobic heterotrophic microbes, as well as numbers exo-amylase producers and exo-protease producers, decreased at pH 3. It appears that pH 3 may represent a critical level of damage. Numbers of total aerobic heterotrophs also decreased at pH 4. Numbers of all groups increased at pH 6. An accompanying change in species composition was observed with acidification, in which a type of microbe with little production of exo-amylase or exo-protease became dominant in the microbial. community as pH decreased. Analysis of three metals (Al, Pb, Cu) indicated an increased mobilization of metals from the sediments at low pHs. C1 US EPA, ORISE, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. RP Yeardley, RB (reprint author), US EPA, ORISE, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 301 EP 312 DI 10.1080/02705060.1999.9663685 PG 12 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 235GN UT WOS:000082534100005 ER PT J AU Chen, ASC Stencel, N Ferguson, D AF Chen, ASC Stencel, N Ferguson, D TI Using ceramic membranes to recycle two nonionic alkaline metal-cleaning solutions SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ceramic membranes; metal-cleaning solution recycling; microfiltration; oil and grease; ultrafiltration ID WATER; OZONE; MACT AB One ZrO(2) ultrafilter (0.05 mu m pore size) and two alpha-Al(2)O(3) microfilters (0.2 and 0.8 mu m) were used to remove one synthetic ester oil and two polyalphaolefin-based and two petroleum hydrocarbon-based oils and greases from two nonionic alkaline cleaning solutions (i.e., Turco(R) 4215-NCLT and Daraclean(R) 282). The removal was evaluated using a series of filtration runs on a bench-scale unit equipped with a tubular crossflow filtration element. The system was operated by closely controlling the permeate flux and the process parameters that influence flux, and by monitoring changes in pressure gradient across the membrane. Oil and grease, total alkalinity, and organic additives were measured in the feed, permeate, and retentate samples. The ZrO(2) ultrafilter completely removed the oils and greases, and its permeability could be restored up to 75% of the initial value. While allowing passage of almost all inorganic salts, the filter retained almost all surfactant additives. The alpha-Al(2)O(3) microfilters became fouled progressively during filtration, and therefore, were not recommended for this application. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Battelle Columbus Operat, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. USN, Facil Engn Serv Ctr, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Chen, ASC (reprint author), Battelle Columbus Operat, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. EM chena@battelle.org NR 42 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD SEP 1 PY 1999 VL 162 IS 1-2 BP 219 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00146-5 PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 233UK UT WOS:000082445500022 ER PT J AU Meyer, EL Braverman, TN AF Meyer, EL Braverman, TN TI PM fine standards and implied modeling/analysis needs SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Air-and-Waste-Management-Assoication International Specialty Conference on PM25 - A Fine Particle Standard (A&WMA) CY JAN 28-30, 1998 CL LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc AB New National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) rt ere promulgated for fine particulate matter (FPM) in July 1997. This paper summarizes likely timing for implementing programs to meet these standards, which have a bearing on future modeling/analysis needs. The paper notes technical requirements implied by the nature of the NAAQS, as well as feedback the agency has received concerning modeling/analysis through Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) subcommittee work groups. Conclusions and recommendations drawn from recently completed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)sponsored workshops on modeling and other source attribution techniques are also described. Efforts to respond to needs implied by the NAAQS and feedback are noted by outlining major topics and issues that future guidance on use of modeling and other analyses used for attainment demonstrations will need to address. The paper concludes by highlighting several as yet unmet modeling/analysis needs to support a well-founded strategy for meeting air quality goals for FPM. These are suggested as potential areas for policy-relevant research. C1 US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Air Qual Modeling Grp, Emissions Monitoring & Anal Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Meyer, EL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Air Qual Modeling Grp, Emissions Monitoring & Anal Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 49 SI SI BP 116 EP 124 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 243ZB UT WOS:000083026400014 ER PT J AU Cadle, SH Mulawa, P Hunsanger, EC Nelson, K Ragazzi, RA Barrett, R Gallagher, GL Lawson, DR Knapp, KT Snow, R AF Cadle, SH Mulawa, P Hunsanger, EC Nelson, K Ragazzi, RA Barrett, R Gallagher, GL Lawson, DR Knapp, KT Snow, R TI Light-duty motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter measurement in the Denver, Colorado, area SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Air-and-Waste-Management-Assoication International Specialty Conference on PM25 - A Fine Particle Standard (A&WMA) CY JAN 28-30, 1998 CL LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc AB A study of particulate matter (PM) emissions from in-use, light-duty vehicles was conducted during the summer of 1996 and the winter of 1997 in the Denver, CO, region. Vehicles were tested as received on chassis dynamometers on the Federal Test Procedure Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and the IM240 driving schedule. Both PM10 and regulated emissions were measured for each phase of the UDDS. For the summer portion of the study, 92 gasoline vehicles, 10 diesel vehicles, and 9 gasoline vehicles with visible smoke emissions were tested once. For the winter, 56 gasoline vehicles, 12 diesel vehicles, and 15 gasoline vehicles with visible smoke were tested twice, once indoors at 60 degrees F and once outdoors at the prevailing temperature. Vehicle model year ranged from 1966 to 1996. Impactor particle size distributions were obtained on a subset of vehicles. Continuous estimates of the particle number emissions were obtained with an electrical aerosol analyzer This data set is being provided to the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study program and to the State of Colorado and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use in updating emissions inventories. C1 GM Corp, Ctr Res & Dev, Warren, MI 48090 USA. Roush Ind, Light Duty Emissions Lab, Livonia, MI USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Air Pollut Control Div, Aurora, CO USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Clean Air Vehicle Technol Ctr Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Knapp, KT (reprint author), GM Corp, Ctr Res & Dev, Warren, MI 48090 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 49 SI SI BP 164 EP 174 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 243ZB UT WOS:000083026400019 ER PT J AU Solomon, PA Magliano, KL AF Solomon, PA Magliano, KL TI Objectives and design of central California's 1995 integrated monitoring study of the California regional PM10/PM2.5 air quality study SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Air-and-Waste-Management-Assoication International Specialty Conference on PM25 - A Fine Particle Standard (A&WMA) CY JAN 28-30, 1998 CL LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc AB The 1995 Integrated Monitoring Study (IMS95) is part of the Phase 1 planning efforts for the California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study. Thus, the overall objectives of IMS95 are to (1) fill information gaps needed for planning an effective field program later this decade; (2) develop an improved conceptual model for pollution buildup (PM10, PM2.5, and aerosol precursors) in the San Joaquin Valley; (3) develop a uniform air quality, meteorological, and emissions database that can be used to perform initial evaluations of aerosol and fog air quality models; and (4) provide early products that can be used to help with the development of State Implementation Plans for PM10. Consideration of the new particulate matter standards were also included in the planning and design of IMS95, although they were proposed standards when IMS95 was in the planning process. This paper describes the objectives, components, and measurements obtained during IMS95. Results are presented elsewhere and are referenced within. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27613 USA. Pacific Gas & Elect Co, San Ramon, CA USA. Calif Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Solomon, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-46, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27613 USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 49 SI SI BP 199 EP 215 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 243ZB UT WOS:000083026400023 ER PT J AU Wright, RS Kong, EJ Bahner, MA Clayton, CA Nunez, CM Ramsey, GH AF Wright, RS Kong, EJ Bahner, MA Clayton, CA Nunez, CM Ramsey, GH TI Comparison of analytical techniques for measuring hydrocarbon emissions from the manufacture of fiberglass-reinforced plastics SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Research Triangle Institute and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted several projects to measure hydrocarbon emissions associated with the manufacture of fiberglass-reinforced plastics. The purpose of these projects was to evaluate pollution prevention techniques to reduce emissions by altering raw materials, application equipment, and operator technique. Analytical techniques were developed to reduce the cost of these emission measurements. Emissions from a small test mold in a temporary total enclosure (ITE) correlated with emissions from full-size production molds in a separate TTE. Gravimetric mass balance measurements inside the TTE generally agreed to within +/- 30 % with total hydrocarbon (THC) measurements in the TTE exhaust duct. Pure styrene evaporation tests served as quality control checks for THC measurements and generally agreed to within +/- 5 %. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wright, RS (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 49 IS 9 BP 1110 EP 1115 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 240NW UT WOS:000082832900012 ER PT J AU Landi, S Hanley, NM Warren, SH Pegram, RA DeMarini, DM AF Landi, S Hanley, NM Warren, SH Pegram, RA DeMarini, DM TI Induction of genetic damage in human lymphocytes and mutations in Salmonella by trihalomethanes: role of red blood cells and GSTT1-1 polymorphism SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID S-TRANSFERASE-THETA; CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; DRINKING-WATER; GLUTATHIONE; MUTAGENICITY; TYPHIMURIUM; METABOLISM; DIEPOXYBUTANE; FORMALDEHYDE AB The brominated trihalomethanes (THMs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic disinfection by-products frequently found in chlorinated drinking water. They can be activated to mutagens by the product of the glutathione S-transferase-theta (GSTT1-1) gene in Salmonella RSJ100, which has been transfected with this gene. To evaluate this phenomenon in humans, we have examined the genotoxicity of a brominated THM, bromoform (BF), using the Comet assay in human whole blood cultures exposed in vitro. No differences were found in the comet tail length between cultures from GSTT1-1(+) versus GSTT1-1(-) individuals (1.67 +/- 0.40 and 0.74 +/- 0.54 mu m/mM, respectively, P = 0.28). The high variability was due to the relatively weak induction of comets by BF, Combining the data from both genotypic groups, the genotoxic potency of BF was 1.20 +/- 0.34 mu m/mM (P = 0.003). GSTT1-1 is expressed in red blood cells but not in the target cells (lymphocytes), and expression within the target cell las in Salmonella RSJ100) may be necessary for enhanced mutagenesis in GSTT1-1(+) relative to GSTT1-1(-) cultures. To examine this, we exposed Salmonella RSJ100 and a control strain not expressing the gene (TPT100) to the most mutagenic brominated THM detected in Salmonella, dibromochloromethane (DBCM), either in the presence or absence of S9 or red blood cells from GSTT1-1(+) or GSTT1-1(-) individuals. S9 did not activate DBCM in the non-expressing strain TPT100, and it did not affect the ability of the expressing strain RSJ100 to activate DBCM, As with S9, red cells from either genotypic group were unable to activate DBCM in TPT100, However, red cells (whole or lysed) from both genotypic groups completely repressed the ability of the expressing strain RSJ100 to activate DBCM to a mutagen. Such results suggest a model in which exposure to brominated THMs may pose an excess genotoxic risk in GSTT1-1(+) individuals to those organs and tissues that both express this gene and come into direct contact with the brominated THM, such as the colon. In contrast, those organs to which brominated THMs would be transported via the blood might be protected by erythrocytes, Such a proposal is reasonably consistent with the organ specificity of drinking water-associated cancer in humans, which shows slightly elevated risks for cancer of the colon and bladder but not of the liver. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Landi, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Landi, Stefano/0000-0001-8364-6357 NR 26 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 IS 5 BP 479 EP 482 DI 10.1093/mutage/14.5.479 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 238AH UT WOS:000082688400006 PM 10473651 ER PT J AU Evans, HH DeMarini, DM AF Evans, HH DeMarini, DM TI Ionizing radiation-induced mutagenesis: radiation studies in Neurospora predictive for results in mammalian cells SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ionizing radiation-induced mutagenesis; Neurospora crassa; dose and dose rate effects; LET; repair; target genes ID UV-SENSITIVE STRAINS; DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES; HETEROZYGOUS AUTOSOMAL LOCUS; HUMAN-LYMPHOBLASTOID CELLS; ACCELERATED HEAVY-IONS; GENE POINT MUTATIONS; MOUSE LYMPHOMA-CELLS; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; MULTILOCUS LESIONS; AD-3 REGION AB Ionizing radiation was the first mutagen discovered and was used to develop the first mutagenicity assay. In the ensuing 70 + years, ionizing radiation became a fundamental tool in understanding mutagenesis and is still a subject of intensive research. Frederick de Serres et al. developed and used the Neurospora crassa ad-3 system initially to explore the mutagenic effects of ionizing radiation. Using this system, de Serres et al. demonstrated the dependence of the frequency and spectra of mutations induced by ionizing radiation on the dose, dose rate, radiation quality, repair capabilities of the cells, and the target gene employed. This work in Neurospora predicted the subsequent observations of the mutagenic effects of ionizing radiation in mammalian cells. Modeled originally on the mouse specific-locus system developed by William L. Russell, the N. crassa ad-3 system developed by de Serres has itself served as a model for interpreting the results in subsequent systems in mammalian cells. This review describes the primary findings on the nature of ionizing radiation-induced mutagenesis in the N. crassa ad-3 system and the parallel observations made years later in mammalian cells. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Evans, HH (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 92 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 437 IS 2 BP 135 EP 150 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(99)00080-0 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 250VT UT WOS:000083410400014 PM 10556618 ER PT J AU MacPhail, RC AF MacPhail, RC TI R.W. Russell (1904-1998) - In memoriam SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects, Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP MacPhail, RC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects, Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 21 IS 5 BP 479 EP 479 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 234TG UT WOS:000082500000001 ER PT J AU Arbogast, M Powelson, ML Cappaert, MR Watrud, LS AF Arbogast, M Powelson, ML Cappaert, MR Watrud, LS TI Response of six potato cultivars to amount of applied water and Verticillium dahliae SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE drought tolerance; potato early dying; Solanum tuberosum ID PRATYLENCHUS-PENETRANS; RESISTANCE; GROWTH; WILT; YIELD; SOIL; IRRIGATION; MANAGEMENT; GENOTYPES; DROUGHT AB Six potato cultivars were grown with or without the addition of Verticillium dahliae inoculum and were watered at 50, 75, or 100% estimated consumptive use. The applied water x cultivar interaction was significant (P = 0.009 and P = 0.001 for 1996 and 1997, respectively) for the relative area under the senescence progress curve (RAUSPC). With a decrease in water, there was an increase in RAUSPC. A significant interaction of inoculum density x cultivar also was found, based on RAUSPC (P = 0.0194 and P = 0.0033 for 1996 and 1997, respectively). In V. dahliae infested plots, 'Katahdin' and 'Ranger Russet' were resistant to Verticillium wilt. Population size of V.! dahliae in stem apices was significantly lower in 'Katahdin' in both 1996 and 1997 (P = 0.0001) and in 'Ranger Russet' in 1997 (P = 0.0001) than in the other cultivars. 'Russet Burbank' and 'Shepody' had large apical stem populations of V. dahliae and higher RAUSPC values associated with both R dahliae inoculum and decreased amount of applied water. Marketable tuber yield was unaffected by R dahliae in both years. Cultivar resistance to Verticillium wilt was related to cultivar tolerance to moisture deficit stress. Results suggest that moisture deficit stress response has the potential to be a useful tool in protocols for screening potato for Verticillium resistance. C1 US EPA, Orbiting Astron Observ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Arbogast, M (reprint author), US EPA, Orbiting Astron Observ, 200 SW Western, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1999 VL 89 IS 9 BP 782 EP 788 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.9.782 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 229CT UT WOS:000082176500009 PM 18944706 ER PT J AU Mahaffey, KR AF Mahaffey, KR TI Methylmercury: A new look at the risks SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID 7-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN; MERCURY EXPOSURE; LEAD-EXPOSURE; BLOOD; HAIR; MICE; INTELLIGENCE; COHORT; ALASKA; DIET AB In the US, exposure to methylmercury, a neurotoxin, occurs primarily through consumption of fish. Data from recent studies assessing the health impact of methylmercury exposure due to consumption of fish and other sources in the aquatic food web (shellfish, crustacea, and marine mammals) suggest adverse effects at There is in levels previously considered safe. human methylmercury exposure based on differences in the frequency and amount of fish consumed and in the fish's mercury concentration. Although virtually all fish and other seafood contain at least trace amounts of methylmercury, large predatory fish species have the highest concentrations. Concerns have been expressed about mercury exposure levels in the US, particularly among sensitive populations, and discussions are underway about the standards used by various federal agencies to protect the public. In the 1997 Mercury Study Report to Congress, the US Environmental Protection Agency summarized the current state of knowledge on methylmercury's effects on the health of humans and wildlife; sources of mercury; and how mercury is distributed in the environment. This article summarizes some of the major findings in the Report to Congress and identifies issues of concern to the public health community. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20074 USA. RP Mahaffey, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 808 17th St NW,Rm 500H, Washington, DC 20074 USA. NR 66 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 114 IS 5 BP 397 EP + PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 244AY UT WOS:000083030700009 ER PT J AU Weiss, J Trip, L Mahaffey, KR AF Weiss, J Trip, L Mahaffey, KR TI Human exposures to inorganic mercury SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID AMALGAM FILLINGS; DENTAL AMALGAM; BREAST-MILK; DEPENDENCE; ORGANS; BRAIN; BLOOD C1 US EPA, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Environm Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. RP Weiss, J (reprint author), US EPA, 1 Congress St CME,Suite 1100, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 114 IS 5 BP 400 EP 401 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 244AY UT WOS:000083030700010 PM 10590760 ER PT J AU Trip, L Weiss, J AF Trip, L Weiss, J TI Mercury: A regional problem requires collaborative efforts SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article C1 Environm Canada, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. US EPA, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Trip, L (reprint author), Environm Canada, 351 St Joseph Blvd, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 114 IS 5 BP 414 EP 415 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 244AY UT WOS:000083030700011 PM 10590761 ER PT J AU Bogdanffy, MS Sarangapani, R Plowchalk, DR Jarabek, A Andersen, ME AF Bogdanffy, MS Sarangapani, R Plowchalk, DR Jarabek, A Andersen, ME TI A biologically based risk assessment for vinyl acetate-induced cancer and noncancer inhalation toxicity SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE vinyl acetate toxicity; workplace risk assessment; nasal inhalation; olfactory epithelium degeneration; interspecies dosimetry; rat ID UPPER RESPIRATORY-TRACT; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID-DYNAMICS; SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; CULTURED HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; INTRACELLULAR PH; NASAL CAVITY; HISTOCHEMICAL-LOCALIZATION; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; FISCHER-344 RAT; ACETALDEHYDE AB The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require that health risk from exposure to vinyl acetate be assessed. Vinyl acetate is a nasal carcinogen in rats, but not mice, and induces olfactory degeneration in both species. A biologically based approach to extrapolating risks of inhalation exposure from rats to humans was developed, which incorporates critical determinants of interspecies dosimetry, A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model describing uptake and metabolism of vinyl acetate in rat nose was validated against nasal deposition data collected at three airflow rates. The model was also validated against observations of metabolically derived acetaldehyde, Modifying the rat nose model to reflect human anatomy created a PBPK model of the human nose. Metabolic constants from both rats and humans specific for vinyl acetate and acetaldehyde metabolism enabled predictions of various olfactory tissue dosimeters related to the mode of action, Model predictions of these dosimeters in rats corresponded well with observations of vinyl acetate toxicity. Intracellular pH (pH(i)) of olfactory epithelial cells was predicted to drop significantly at airborne exposure concentrations above the NOAEL of 50 ppm. Benchmark dose methods were used to estimate the ED10 and LED10 for olfactory degeneration, the precursor lesion thought to drive cellular proliferation and eventually tumor development at excess cellular acetaldehyde levels. A concentration x time adjustment was applied to the benchmark dose values. Human-equivalent concentrations were calculated by using the human PBPK model to predict concentrations that yield similar cellular levels of acetic acid, acetaldehyde, and pH(i), After the application of appropriate uncertainty factors, an ambient air value of 0.4 to 1.0 ppm was derived. The biologically based approach supports a workplace standard of 10 ppm. C1 Dupont Co, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, Newark, DE 19714 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Assessment Off, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Bogdanffy, MS (reprint author), Dupont Co, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, POB 50, Newark, DE 19714 USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 62 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 51 IS 1 BP 19 EP 35 DI 10.1093/toxsci/51.1.19 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 251QB UT WOS:000083455400003 PM 10496674 ER PT J AU Whittier, TR Kincaid, TM AF Whittier, TR Kincaid, TM TI Introduced fish in northeastern USA lakes: Regional extent, dominance, and effect on native species richness SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; FRESH-WATER; ASSEMBLAGES; BIODIVERSITY; PATTERNS; IMPACT; SCALE AB We assessed the effects of nonnative fish on native fish biodiversity, using assemblage data collected during 1991-1996 from 203 randomly selected lakes in the northeastern USA by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An estimated 74% (+/-17.6%, 95% confidence interval) of the region's 10,608 lakes between 1 and 10,000 ha contain at least one introduced species. Based on our samples, nonnative individuals outnumbered natives in an estimated 31.5% (+/-11%) of lakes. Regression models indicated that native, introduced, and total species richness were associated with lake surface area, elevation, and lake depth (0.31 less than or equal to R-2 less than or equal to 0.81). The intensity of human disturbance in the watershed was positively associated with introduced species richness but not associated with native species richness. The number of nonnative species was a significant variable in the native-species regression models for the entire Northeast and for only one of five subregions, the Northeast Coastal Zone ecoregion. Of the types of fishes that have been introduced, littoral predators-primarily Micropterus-appeared to have the greatest negative effect on native species richness. Small or soft-finned species appeared to be the least tolerant of these introduced predators. Native brook trout and minnow assemblages, typical of northern lakes in the Northeast but now rare in the Adirondacks, appeared to be at the greatest risk from continued introductions in northeastern New England. Current among-lake (beta) species diversity was associated more with regional diversity of lake types than with extent or dominance of nonnative species. Without quantitative historical data, it was not possible to demonstrate a homogenizing effect of introductions on lake fish assemblages. C1 US EPA, Dynamac Int Inc, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Whittier, TR (reprint author), US EPA, Dynamac Int Inc, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 48 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 769 EP 783 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0769:IFINUL>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900001 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Lee, PY AF Sidle, WC Lee, PY TI Urban stormwater tracing with the naturally occurring deuterium isotope SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE deuterium; isotope; urban hydrology AB Measurements of naturally occurring deuterium isotope (delta D) assist in tracing water components during wet weather flows in an urban watershed. A transect of installations in the vadose and saturated zones was completed in the vicinity of a small stream and storm sewer. High-resolution deuterium mass spectrometry discriminated between storm sewer leaks and other water sources such as direct runoff, bank seepage, and groundwater flow to a stream channel. Isotope hydrograph separation indicates that groundwater or vadose water predominantly contributed to the volume of stream water compared to direct surface runoff during a storm event. Significant differences in delta D in the subsurface suggest that multiple flow components exist beyond the time period of a storm event. Deuterium measurements are helpful for modeling leaks and seepage and refining mass balances of flows in urban watersheds. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Groundwater Res Co, Geol, Oxford, OH USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 71 IS 6 BP 1251 EP 1256 DI 10.2175/106143096X122357 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 241ND UT WOS:000082888700016 ER PT J AU Kohn, MC Melnick, RL AF Kohn, MC Melnick, RL TI A physiological model for ligand-induced accumulation of alpha(2u) globulin in male rat kidney - Roles of protein synthesis and lysosomal degradation in the renal dosimetry of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alpha(2u)-globulin; PBPK modeling; cathepsins; 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol ID MALE FISCHER-344 RATS; ADULT MALE-RATS; ALPHA-2U-GLOBULIN NEPHROPATHY; UNLEADED GASOLINE; CELL-PROLIFERATION; PROXIMAL TUBULE; EXCRETION; CANCER; EXPOSURE; AGENTS AB A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed for the disposition of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol (TMP-2-OH) in male rats and its induction of accumulation of renal alpha(2u)-globulin (alpha 2u). The model included diffusion-restricted delivery of TMP-2-OH to compartments representing liver, lung, fat, kidney, GI tract, aggregated rapidly perfused tissues, and aggregated slowly perfused tissues. Metabolism by oxidation and glucuronidation was included for liver and kidneys. Rates of hepatic alpha 2u production and resorption by renal proximal tubules were taken from the literature. Degradation of liganded alpha 2u by renal lysosomal cathepsins was modeled with a K-m value corresponding to the measured 30% reduction in proteolytic efficiency and with free and bound forms of alpha 2u competing for access to the enzymes. Increased pinocytotic uptake of alpha 2u into the kidney induces cathepsin activity. A model that ascribed renal alpha 2u accumulation solely to reduced lysosomal proteolysis failed to reproduce the observed accumulation. The model could reproduce experimental observations if a transient increase in hepatic synthesis of alpha 2u, stimulated by the presence of liganded alpha 2u in the blood, and accelerated secretion of the protein from the liver were assumed. This model reproduces time course data of blood and kidney TMP-2-OH and renal alpha 2u concentrations, suggesting that renal accumulation of alpha 2u is not simply a consequence of reduced proteolytic degradation but may also involve a transient increase in hepatic alpha 2u production. The model predicts increased delivery of TMP-2-OH to the kidney and consequent increased renal production of potentially toxic TMP-2-OH metabolites than would be the case if no alpha 2u were present. Induced lysosomal activity and increased production of toxic metabolites may both contribute to the nephrotoxicity observed in male rats exposed to an alpha 2u ligand or its precursor. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Anal, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kohn, MC (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Anal, POB 12233,Mail Drip A3-06, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 65 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD AUG 31 PY 1999 VL 136 IS 2-3 BP 89 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00063-3 PG 17 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 240XA UT WOS:000082851300003 PM 10514002 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, AB Yeowell-O'Connell, K Waidyanatha, S McDonald, TA Rappaport, SM AF Lindstrom, AB Yeowell-O'Connell, K Waidyanatha, S McDonald, TA Rappaport, SM TI Investigation of benzene oxide in bone marrow and other tissues of F344 rats following metabolism of benzene in vitro and in vivo SO CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National SOT Meeting CY 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP SOT DE benzene oxide; bone marrow; Zymbal glands ID LIVER-MICROSOMES; S-PHENYLCYSTEINE; GENETIC TOXICITY; RABBIT LIVER; B6C3F1 MICE; HEMOGLOBIN; MOUSE; CYTOCHROME-P450; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION AB This study examines the initial activation of benzene, exploring key aspects of its metabolism by measurement of benzene oxide (BO) and BO-protein adducts in vitro and in vivo. To assess the potential influence of various factors on the production of BO, microsomes were prepared from tissues that were either targets of benzene toxicity, i.e. the bone marrow and Zymbal glands, or not targets, i.e. liver and kidneys, of control and acetone-treated F344 rats. No BO or phenol was detected in microsomal preparations of bone marrow or Zymbal glands (less than 0.007 nmol BO:mg protein and 0.7 nmol phenol/mg protein). On the other hand, BO and phenol were readily detected in preparations of liver and kidney microsomes and acetone pretreatment resulted in a 2-fold (kidney) increase or 3.7-fold (liver) increase in production of these metabolites. Initial rates of BO production in the liver isolates were 30 (control) to 50 (acetone-treated) times higher than in the corresponding kidney tissues. The estimated half-life of BO in bone marrow homogenates was 6.0 min and the second-order reaction rate constant was estimated to be 1.35 x 10(-3) l (g bone marrow)(-1) (h)(-1). These kinetic constants were used with measurements of BO-bone marrow adducts in F344 rats, receiving a single gavage dosage of 50-400 mg benzene (kg body weight)(-1) (McDonald, T.M., et al. (1994), Cancer Res. 54, 4907-4914), to predict the bone marrow dose of BO. Among the rats receiving 400 mg (kg body weight)(-1), a BO dose of 1.13 x 10(3) nM BO-h was estimated for the bone marrow, or roughly 40% of the corresponding blood dose predicted from BO-albumin adducts. Together these data suggest that, although BO is not produced at detectable levels in the bone marrow or Zymbal glands of F344 rats, BO is rapidly distributed via the bloodstream to these tissues where it may play a role in toxicity. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rappaport, SM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42ES05948] NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-2797 J9 CHEM-BIOL INTERACT JI Chem.-Biol. Interact. PD AUG 30 PY 1999 VL 122 IS 1 BP 41 EP 58 DI 10.1016/S0009-2797(99)00104-0 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 229LN UT WOS:000082196200004 PM 10475614 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Jackson, MC Ledbetter, AD Richards, JR Gardner, SY Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Costa, DL AF Kodavanti, UP Jackson, MC Ledbetter, AD Richards, JR Gardner, SY Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Costa, DL TI Lung injury from intratracheal and inhalation exposures to residual oil fly ash in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; PARTICLES; METALS; INFLAMMATION; EXPRESSION; TOXICITY; HEALTH; GENE; RNA; MORTALITY AB A rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary injury/hypertension has been recently used in particulate matter (PM) health effects studies, however, results have been equivocal. Neither the mechanism by which mortality occurs in this model nor the variation in response due to differences in PM exposure protocols (i.e., a bolus dose delivered intratracheally versus a similar cumulative dose inhaled over three days) have been fully investigated. Sprague Dawley rats (SD, 60 d old; 250-300 g) were injected with either saline (healthy) or MCT, 60 mg/kg, i.p. (to induce pulmonary injury/hypertension). Ten days later they were exposed to residual oil fly ash (ROFA), either intratracheally (IT; saline, 0.83 or 3.33 mg/kg) or by nose-only inhalation (15 mg/m(3) x 6 h/d x 3 d). Lung histology, pulmonary cytokine gene expression (0 and 18 h post-inhalation), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of injury were analyzed (24 and 96 h post-IT; or 18 h post-inhalation). Data comparisons examined three primary aspects, 1) ROFA IT versus inhalation effects in healthy rats; 2) pulmonary injury caused by MCT; and 3) exacerbation of ROFA effects in MCT rats. In the first aspect, pulmonary histological lesions following ROFA inhalation in healthy rats were characterized by edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and thickening of alveolar walls. Increases in BALF markers of lung injury and inflammation were apparent in ROFA-IT or nose-only exposed healthy rats. Increased IL-6, and MIP-2 expression were also apparent in healthy rats following ROFA inhalation. In regards to the second aspect, MCT rats exposed to saline or air showed perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates, increased presence of large macrophages, and alveolar thickening. Consistently, BALF protein, and inflammatory markers (macrophage and neutrophil counts) were elevated indicating pulmonary injury. In regards to the third aspect, 58% of MCT rats exposed to ROFA IT died within 96 h regardless of the dose. No mortality was observed using the inhalation protocol. ROFA inhalation in MCT rats caused exacerbation of lung lesions such as increased edema, alveolar wall thickening, and inflammatory cell infiltration. This exacerbation was also evident in terms of additive or more than additive increases in BALF neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils. IL-6 but not MIP-2 expression was more than additive in MCT rats, and persisted over 18 h following ROFA. IL-10 and cellular fibronectin expression was only increased in MCT rats exposed to ROFA. In summary, only the bolus IT ROFA caused mortality in the rat model of lung injury/hypertension. Exacerbation of histological lesions and cytokine mRNA expression were most reflective of increased ROFA susceptibility in this model. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, MD 82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 36 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD AUG 27 PY 1999 VL 57 IS 8 BP 543 EP 563 DI 10.1080/009841099157502 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 232GT UT WOS:000082363400003 PM 10515573 ER PT J AU Adcox, C Berry, MR Akland, G Roberds, M Pellizzari, ED AF Adcox, C Berry, MR Akland, G Roberds, M Pellizzari, ED TI Transfer of pesticides from surfaces to foods for the estimation of dietary exposure of children. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 44-ENVR BP U556 EP U556 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901685 ER PT J AU Allen, RH AF Allen, RH TI Historical reconstruction of childhood exposure to persistent bioaccumulative pesticides and other toxics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 30-ENVR BP U552 EP U552 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901671 ER PT J AU Behl, E Simmons, ND AF Behl, E Simmons, ND TI Regulatory requirements from the March 1994 Conditional Acetochlor Registration Agreement. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, EFED, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Zeneca Ag Prod, Delaware Corp Ctr, Wilmington, DE 19897 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 79-AGRO BP U88 EP U88 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900204 ER PT J AU Berry, MR Adcox, C Melnyk, LJ Akland, GG Hu, YA Clayton, AC Aragon, ED Roberds, JM Pellizzari, ED AF Berry, MR Adcox, C Melnyk, LJ Akland, GG Hu, YA Clayton, AC Aragon, ED Roberds, JM Pellizzari, ED TI Measuring dietary exposure of young children. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 45-ENVR BP U556 EP U556 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901686 ER PT J AU Deschamp, P AF Deschamp, P TI Addressing children's health concerns: An update on implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 41-ENVR BP U555 EP U555 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901682 ER PT J AU Effland, WR Thurman, NC Gangaraju, R Nicholson, I Kroetsch, D AF Effland, WR Thurman, NC Gangaraju, R Nicholson, I Kroetsch, D TI GIS decision support system to identify US and Canada field study areas for pesticides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 41-AGRO BP U77 EP U77 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900168 ER PT J AU Garrison, AW AF Garrison, AW TI Overview of chiral chemistry in the environment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 72-ENVR BP U564 EP U564 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901711 ER PT J AU Hannan, PJ AF Hannan, PJ TI Hurdles in compiling pesticide "incidents.". SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NOWCC, SEE Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 98-AGRO BP U94 EP U94 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900223 ER PT J AU Henry, TR Bradbury, SP AF Henry, TR Bradbury, SP TI Fish tissue residue-based toxicity reference values for chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, hexachlorobenzene, mercury, and PCBs for piscivorous wildlife. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 122-AGRO BP U101 EP U101 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900246 ER PT J AU Hilal, SH Karickhoff, SW Carreira, LA AF Hilal, SH Karickhoff, SW Carreira, LA TI Estimation of chemical reduction potentials. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NEL Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Chem, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 214-COMP BP U538 EP U538 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901641 ER PT J AU Hubal, EAC Sheldon, LS AF Hubal, EAC Sheldon, LS TI Data requirements for assessing children's exposure to pesticides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 32-ENVR BP U553 EP U553 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901673 ER PT J AU Kirchhoff, MM Williamson, TC AF Kirchhoff, MM Williamson, TC TI Green chemistry: Examples in academia, government, and industry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Trinity Coll, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20017 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7406, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 6-SOCED BP U737 EP U737 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226RA UT WOS:000082034002221 ER PT J AU Lewis, SL Susarla, S Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC AF Lewis, SL Susarla, S Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC TI Perchlorate accumulation from fertilizer in leafy vegetation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 12-ENVR BP U547 EP U547 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901654 ER PT J AU Melnyk, LJ Berry, MR Sheldon, LS Freeman, NC Pellizzari, E AF Melnyk, LJ Berry, MR Sheldon, LS Freeman, NC Pellizzari, E TI Dietary exposure of children to lead. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 33-ENVR BP U553 EP U553 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901674 ER PT J AU O'Rourke, MK Lizardi, PS Rogan, SP Aguirre, A Saint, CG AF O'Rourke, MK Lizardi, PS Rogan, SP Aguirre, A Saint, CG TI Young children and first morning voids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Arizona, EOH, Arizona Prevent Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 9-ENVR BP U546 EP U546 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901651 ER PT J AU Peckenpaugh, J AF Peckenpaugh, J TI Acetochlor and its degradates in groundwater: Lessons learned from field-scale studies, observation well networks, and drinking-water surveys following a new pesticide registration. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 105-AGRO BP U96 EP U96 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900230 ER PT J AU Raymer, JH Pellizzari, ED Shoemaker, JA AF Raymer, JH Pellizzari, ED Shoemaker, JA TI Human exposure to water disinfection by-products via foods and beverages. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 18-ENVR BP U548 EP U549 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901660 ER PT J AU Raymer, JH Pellizzari, ED Shoemaker, JA AF Raymer, JH Pellizzari, ED Shoemaker, JA TI Analytical methods for water disinfection by-products in foods and beverages. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 11-ENVR BP U547 EP U547 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901653 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E AF Sahle-Demessie, E TI Synthesizing organic compounds using light-activated TiO2. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, ORD, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 82-IEC BP U698 EP U698 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033902109 ER PT J AU Sexton, K Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, JJ Lioy, PJ Shubat, P Adgate, JL Whitmore, RW Church, TR Stroebel, C Ramachandran, G Clayton, A Fredrickson, A Roberts, M Greaves, IA Freeman, N AF Sexton, K Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, JJ Lioy, PJ Shubat, P Adgate, JL Whitmore, RW Church, TR Stroebel, C Ramachandran, G Clayton, A Fredrickson, A Roberts, M Greaves, IA Freeman, N TI Measuring children's exposure to hazardous environmental mixtures: Two case studies illustrating complexities and challenges. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Environm & Occupat Sci & Hlth Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, St Paul, MN 55101 USA. RI Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 7-ENVR BP U545 EP U546 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901649 ER PT J AU Sheldon, LS Cohen, NAH Berry, MR AF Sheldon, LS Cohen, NAH Berry, MR TI Children's exposure research strategy in support of FQPA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Expos Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 29-ENVR BP U552 EP U552 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901670 ER PT J AU Simon, R Weber, EJ AF Simon, R Weber, EJ TI Reductive transformation of perchlorate in a fresh-water sediment: Laboratory batch studies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 39-ENVR BP U555 EP U555 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901680 ER PT J AU Simonich, MT Graham, DW Lattier, DL AF Simonich, MT Graham, DW Lattier, DL TI Identification of molecular indicators of pesticide exposure in fish using differential display. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Sobran Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 38-AGRO BP U76 EP U76 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900165 ER PT J AU Spann, MF Blondell, J Hunting, K AF Spann, MF Blondell, J Hunting, K TI Hazards to young children from residential pesticide exposures. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 43-ENVR BP U556 EP U556 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901684 ER PT J AU Susarla, S Bacchus, S Wolfe, L Harvey, G McCutcheon, S AF Susarla, S Bacchus, S Wolfe, L Harvey, G McCutcheon, S TI Predicting field performance of herbacous species for phytoremediation of perchlorate. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 38-ENVR BP U554 EP U554 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901679 ER PT J AU Susarla, S Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC AF Susarla, S Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC TI Perchlorate uptake in lettuce seedlings. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 13-ENVR BP U547 EP U547 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901655 ER PT J AU Susarla, S Wood, G Lewis, S Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC AF Susarla, S Wood, G Lewis, S Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC TI Adsorption characteristics of perchlorate in soils. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 4-ENVR BP U544 EP U544 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901646 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML AF Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML TI ESI-MS perchlorate analysis enhanced by organic modifiers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 14-ENVR BP U547 EP U547 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901656 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM AF Van Emon, JM TI Environmental immunochemistry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Human Exposure Res Branch, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89139 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 46-AGRO BP U78 EP U79 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900173 ER PT J AU Villamena, FA de la Cruz, AA AF Villamena, FA de la Cruz, AA TI Caffeine specificity of various nonimprinted polymers in aqueous media. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Villamena, Frederick/E-4248-2011 OI Villamena, Frederick/0000-0002-7330-8431 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 132-POLY BP U436 EP U436 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226RA UT WOS:000082034001274 ER PT J AU Wiese, TE Garrison, AW Nehls, S Bishop, TC AF Wiese, TE Garrison, AW Nehls, S Bishop, TC TI Selective in vitro hormone activity of o,p'-DDT and o,p'-Methoxychlor optical isomers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tulane Univ, Environm Endocrinol Lab, Tulane Xavier Ctr Bioenvironm Res SL3, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Xavier Univ, Environm Endocrinol Lab, Tulane Xavier Ctr Bioenvironm Res SL3, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Environm Hlth Sci SL29, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 76-ENVR BP U565 EP U565 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901715 ER PT J AU Williamson, TC Anatas, PT AF Williamson, TC Anatas, PT TI Green chemistry: A new approach to pollution prevention. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7406, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 5-SOCED BP U737 EP U737 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226RA UT WOS:000082034002220 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Garrison, AW Foreman, WT Capel, PD Nowell, LH AF Wong, CS Garrison, AW Foreman, WT Capel, PD Nowell, LH TI Enantiomeric occurrence and distribution of chiral organochlorine compounds in US river sediment and biota. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, ERD, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USGS, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 86-ENVR BP U568 EP U568 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901725 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, NOG Kroer, N Coffin, RB Hoch, MP AF Jorgensen, NOG Kroer, N Coffin, RB Hoch, MP TI Relations between bacterial nitrogen metabolism and growth efficiency in an estuarine and an open-water ecosystem SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nitrogen metabolism; growth efficiency; amino acids; urea; inorganic nitrogen; enzyme activity; Gulf of Mexico ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; COMBINED AMINO-ACIDS; SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA; MARINE-BACTERIA; UREA PRODUCTION; AMMONIUM UPTAKE; SURFACE WATERS; BACTERIOPLANKTON; TURNOVER AB Bacterial uptake or release of dissolved nitrogen compounds (amino nitrogen, urea, ammonium and nitrate) were examined in 0.8 pm filtered water from an estuary (Santa Rosa Sound [SRS], northwestern Florida) and an open-water location in the Gulf of Mexico (GM). The bacterial nutrient dynamics were related to oxygen consumption and activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation (glutamate dehydrogenase [GDH], glutamine synthetase [GS] and aminopeptidase activity [leu-MCA]). Dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) were the dominant N source to the bacteria, followed by dissolved combined amino acids (DCAA), ammonium and nitrate. Nitrogen budgets of the bacteria (assimilation of N compounds relative to accumulated N biomass) demonstrated that, except for the initial 24 h period in the GM cultures, the assimilated N compounds sustained all of the bacterial N demand. Urea was released in both sets of cultures, but in the SRS cultures the produced urea was reassimilated. Major differences in the bacterial N metabolism between the open-water GM and the estuarine SRS stations were observed. Relative to the GM station, bacteria in the SRS cultures had (1) a 2.4 to 18x higher cell-specific DFAA assimilation, (2) a 2.5x higher cell-specific leu-MCA activity, (3) a 3 to 10x higher GDH:GS activity ratio and (4) a 1.9 to 4.1x lower cell-specific respiration. The larger nutrient availability at the estuarine station probably caused these differences in uptake and metabolism of nitrogen as well as the lower respiratory rate, relative to the open-water station. Therefore, we hypothesize that availability of nitrogen, rather than carbon, controlled the bacterial activity in the cultures. Our results suggest that bacteria in eutrophic conditions can be more important mediators of nitrogen than those in oligotrophic conditions, in which bacteria temporarily may immobilize labile nitrogen. C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Ecol, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol & Microbiol, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Jorgensen, NOG (reprint author), Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Ecol, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. EM nogj@kvl.dk RI Jorgensen, Niels/G-4176-2014; Kroer, NIels/D-3356-2015 OI Jorgensen, Niels/0000-0002-3554-6906; NR 60 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD AUG 20 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 247 EP 261 DI 10.3354/ame018247 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 228EQ UT WOS:000082124500005 ER PT J AU Varma, RS Naicker, KP AF Varma, RS Naicker, KP TI Solvent-free synthesis of amides from non-enolizable eaters and amines using microwave irradiation SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPPORTED SODIUM PERIODATE; SIMPLE DEPROTECTION METHOD; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; ALUMINA; CLAY; ESTERS; SILICA; ALCOHOLS; DEACETYLATION AB An efficient solid state synthesis of amides is described from non-enolizable esters and amines using potassium tert-butoxide under microwave irradiation conditions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sam Houston State Univ, Dept Chem, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. Sam Houston State Univ, Texas Res Inst Environm Studies, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 54 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4039 J9 TETRAHEDRON LETT JI Tetrahedron Lett. PD AUG 20 PY 1999 VL 40 IS 34 BP 6177 EP 6180 DI 10.1016/S0040-4039(99)01209-5 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 225AJ UT WOS:000081932200011 ER PT J AU Meydan, D Nilsson, T Tornblom, M Hagmar, L Hellgren, D Fuscoe, JC Lambert, B AF Meydan, D Nilsson, T Tornblom, M Hagmar, L Hellgren, D Fuscoe, JC Lambert, B TI The frequency of illegitimate TCR beta/gamma gene recombination in human lymphocytes: influence of age, environmental exposure and cytostatic treatment, and correlation with frequencies of t(14;18) and hprt mutation SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE human lymphocyte; illegitimate V(D)J recombination; T-cell receptor (TCR); Inv(7); TCR beta/gamma gene rearrangement; t(14;18); hprt mutant frequency; hprt exon 2/3 deletion; aging; smoking; PAH-exposure ID HUMAN T-LYMPHOCYTES; V(D)J RECOMBINASE; INTERLOCUS RECOMBINATION; ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; BLOOD-LYMPHOCYTES; MUTANT FREQUENCY; ADULT HUMANS; CELLS; QUANTIFICATION AB Chromosome translocations in lymphoid malignancies often involve V(D)J recombinase mediated events giving rise to aberrant T-cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin genes, which have been suggested to be useful as markers of genomic instability, genotoxic exposure and cancer risk. Illegitimate rearrangements involving the TCR beta/gamma loci on chromosome 7 create TCR beta/gamma hybrid genes which occur at low frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of normal healthy individuals. To evaluate the utility of this marker, we studied the possible effects of age and genotoxic exposures on the TCR beta/gamma gene variant frequency (VF), and compared the frequencies of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) mutation, hprt exon 2/3 deletion, t(14;18) and TCR beta/gamma gene rearrangements in cells from the same donors. The TCR beta/gamma VF ranged five-fold among 16 middle aged blood donors with a mean of 0.74 +/- 0.29/10(5) PBLs, which is consistent with our previous estimate in healthy subjects, The TCR beta/gamma VF was found to increase from birth until early adult life, and then to decrease with increasing age. Four testis cancer patients, who 6 years earlier had been treated with etoposide and other cytostatic drugs, showed TCR beta/gamma VF similar to that in healthy controls. No increase of the TCR beta/gamma VF was found among non-smoking PAM-exposed aluminum smelter workers compared to non-smoking controls. Smoking smelter workers showed decreased TCR beta/gamma VF compared to non-smoking workers and controls, but in a follow-up study 2 years later the difference was no longer statistically significant, although the smoking smelter workers still showed a lower TCR beta/gamma VF than the controls. No correlation was obtained between the TCR beta/gamma VF and the t(14;18) or hprt mutant frequency (MF) in a group of healthy individuals. However, there was a statistically significant correlation between the TCR beta/gamma VF and the hprt exon 2/3 deletion frequency in PBL DNA from the same donors. These results show that the TCR beta/gamma VF in healthy individuals changes with age and correlates with the frequency of hprt exon 2/3 deletion, another marker of aberrant V(D)J recombination in T-cells. However, no effect of smoking or present or previous exposure to genotoxic agents on TCR beta/gamma VF was observed in this study. Thus, further studies are needed to prove the utility of TCR beta/gamma gene rearrangement as a marker of genotoxic exposure. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Karolinska Inst, Novum, CNT, Environm Med Unit,Dept Biosci, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden. Sundsvall Hosp, Dept Occupat & Environm Med, SE-85186 Sundsvall, Sweden. Huddinge Univ Hosp, Dept Urol, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden. Univ Lund Hosp, Dept Environm & Occupat Med, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lambert, B (reprint author), Karolinska Inst, Novum, CNT, Environm Med Unit,Dept Biosci, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD AUG 18 PY 1999 VL 444 IS 2 BP 393 EP 403 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00110-2 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 239ZT UT WOS:000082801400013 PM 10521679 ER PT J AU Boufadel, MC Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Boufadel, MC Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI Numerical modeling of water flow below dry salt lakes: effect of capillarity and viscosity SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE salinity; density-dependent; finite element; viscosity; porous media ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; CONVECTION; EVOLUTION; EQUATION; MEDIA AB We investigate numerically the effects of capillarity and viscosity on density-dependent flows below dry salt lakes. The numerical model, MARUN (Boufadel, M.C., Suidan, M.T., Venosa, A.D., 1999a. A numerical model for density-and-viscosity dependent flows in two-dimensional variably-saturated media. J. Contam. Hydrol. 37, 1-20) is used to assess the combined and separate effects of capillarity and concentration-engendered viscosity on the groundwater dynamics of a two-dimensional system simulating a dry lake. We found that accounting for concentration-engendered viscosity effects under saturated water flow conditions gives totally different groundwater dynamics from the case where these effects are neglected. However, concentration-dependent viscosity effects were minor when unsaturated water flow conditions were present. Under variably-saturated flow conditions, capillarity effects gave totally different hydraulics in the porous domain from the saturated flow case; upwelling regions observed under saturated flow conditions were downwelling when capillarity effects were present. A mesh orientation study revealed that density-dependent flows were susceptible to the orientation of the diagonals of the triangular elements. A discussion on the accuracy and the efficiency of the MARUN model in the context of density- and viscosity-dependent flows in two-dimensional variably-saturated media is also provided. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Boufadel, MC (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, 342 Comp Court, Anderson, SC 29625 USA. NR 35 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG 16 PY 1999 VL 221 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00077-3 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 227CY UT WOS:000082061800004 ER PT J AU Diliberto, JJ Burgin, DE Birnbaum, LS AF Diliberto, JJ Burgin, DE Birnbaum, LS TI Effects of CYP1A2 on disposition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, and 2,2 ',4,4 ',5,5 '-hexachlorobiphenyl in CYP1A2 knockout and parental (C57BL/6N and 129/Sv) strains of mice SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; PARA-DIOXINS PCDDS; HUMAN-LIVER; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; AH-RECEPTOR; MESSENGER-RNA; SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE; CYTOCHROME-P450 1A2; DIBENZOFURANS PCDFS AB TCDD is the prototype and most potent member of the highly lipophilic polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), which are persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminants. In both acute and subchronic animal studies, there is a specific accumulation of TCDD in liver greater than in adipose tissue. The inducible hepatic binding protein responsible for this hepatic sequestration of TCDD and its congeners has been shown by our laboratory to be CYP1A2 (J. J. Diliberto, D. Burgin, and L. S. Birnbaum, 1997, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 236, 431-433). The present study was conducted using knockout (KO) mice lacking expression of CYP1A2 (CYP1A2-/-) in order to investigate the role of CYP1A2 gene on the disposition of TCDD, 4-PeCDF (a dioxin-like PHAH), and PCB 153 (a nondiosin-like PCB) in KO (CYP1A2-/-) mice and age-matched parental mice strains (C57BL/6N: CYP1A2+/+, Ah(b/b) and 129/Sv: CYP1A2+/+, Ah(d/d)). Mice were dosed (25 mu g [H-3]TCDD/kg 300 mu g [C-14]4-PeCDF/kg, or 35.8 mg [C-14]PCB 153/kg bw in a corn oil vehicle) orally and terminated after 4 days. Residues of administered compounds in collected tissues and daily excreta were quantitated using H-3 or C-14 activity. Results demonstrated differential effects in disposition for the various treatments within the three genetically different groups of mice. In KO mice, TCDD, 4-PeCDF, and PCB 153 had very little hepatic localization of chemical, and the major depot was adipose tissue. In contrast, parental strains demonstrated hepatic sequestration of TCDD and 4-PeCDF, whereas disposition of PCB 153 in parental strains was similar to that in KO mice. Another difference between KO mice and parental strains was the enhanced urinary excretion of 4-PeCDF. This study demonstrates the importance of CYP1A2 in pharmacokinetic behavior and mechanistic issues for TCDD and related compounds. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, PKB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Birnbaum, LS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, PKB, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 75 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 159 IS 1 BP 52 EP 64 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8720 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 230RV UT WOS:000082264900007 PM 10448125 ER PT J AU Becker, S Soukup, JM AF Becker, S Soukup, JM TI Exposure to urban air particulates alters the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response to respiratory viral infection SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID SYNCYTIAL VIRUS-INFECTION; RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; EXPRESSION; POLLUTION; CHILDREN; PHAGOCYTOSIS AB Epidemiology studies associate increased pulmonary morbidity with episodes of high particulate air pollution (size range 0.1-10 mu m diameter, PM10). Pneumonia, often viral in origin, is increased following episodes of high PM10 pollution. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate how PM10 alters airway inflammatory responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a frequent cause of viral pneumonia in infants and the elderly. Supernatants of unexposed and PM10-exposed alveolar macrophage (AM) cultured with uninfected or RSV-infected airway epithelial cells were assessed for a number of chemokines responsible for inflammatory responses in the lung. AM exposure to PM10 in the absence of infection resulted in a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha production but not in MIP-IP or monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1. AM responded to RSV infection by the production of IL-8, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, and MCP-1, while RANTES was derived solely from the RSV-infected bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. In the presence of PM10, the AM response to RSV was blunted. RSV-induced MCP-1 was significantly decreased, and the levels of MIP-1 and IL-8 were lower than expected from a combined response to PM10 and RSV. Furthermore, AM analyzed for uptake of virus showed a 50% decrease in viral antigen when exposed to PM10. RSV-induced production of RANTES by epithelial cells was decreased in the presence of AM but not affected by PM10 exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that AM-regulated inflammatory responses to viral infection are altered by exposure to PM10 in a manner that may result in increased spread of infection and thus may increase viral pneumonia-related hospital admissions. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Becker, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Human Studies Bldg,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 41 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD AUG 13 PY 1999 VL 57 IS 7 BP 445 EP 457 DI 10.1080/009841099157539 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 225XM UT WOS:000081991300001 PM 10494914 ER PT J AU Luebke, RW Copeland, CB Andrews, DL AF Luebke, RW Copeland, CB Andrews, DL TI Effects of aging on resistance to Trichinella spiralis infection in rodents exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aging; host resistance; immunosuppression; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; Trichinella spiralis ID HOST-RESISTANCE; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; B-CELL; NEWBORN LARVAE; MICE; TCDD; RATS; INVITRO; ADULT; YOUNG AB Immune function, including resistance to infection, decreases as humans and rodents age. We have shown that preinfection exposure of young (9-11 weeks) mice or rats to TCDD decreased resistance to Tsichinella spiralis (Ts) infection, expressed as delayed onset or completion of parasite elimination and as increased muscle burdens of larvae. It has also been shown that aged mice express lower constitutive levels of resistance to Ts infection, compared to young adult animals. This study tested the hypothesis that the age-related decrease in constitutive levels of resistance to Ts infection exacerbates the decreased resistance to infection that follows TCDD exposure. This hypothesis addresses the concern that TCDD may pose a greater threat to the elderly than to the population at large. Animals were given a single oral dose of 1, 10, or 30 mu g TCDD/kg, 7 days before infection. Eleven days later, young(approximate to 10 weeks) control rodents had eliminated a greater proportion of the original parasite burden from the intestine than aged control animals. Nevertheless, parasite elimination was decreased by TCDD exposure only in young rodents. The effect of TCDD exposure on numbers of encysted larvae was evaluated only in rats. Increased larvae burdens occurred in young rats at 30 mu g TCDD/kg and at 10 or 30 mu g TCDD/kg in aged rats. Parasite-specific splenocyte and lymph node cell proliferation was suppressed following dioxin exposure in young mice; cells from aged mice were markedly less responsive to stimulation, yet less sensitive to TCDD exposure. The response to parasite antigens was not affected in aged rats exposed to TCDD, although elevated mitogen-driven B-cell proliferation was observed. These results indicate that age-related constitutive immunosuppression did not exacerbate TCDD-induced suppression of T-cell mediated adult parasite expulsion; rather, advanced age provided some degree of protection. On the other hand, a lower dose of TCDD was required in aged rats to suppress the combined humoral and cellular responses that limit the burden of encysted larvae, compared to young rats. These model-dependent results preclude acceptance or rejection of the tested hypothesis. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Luebke, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD AUG 13 PY 1999 VL 136 IS 1 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00050-5 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 232VV UT WOS:000082391400002 PM 10499847 ER PT J AU Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS AF Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS TI Extracellular calcium is required for the polychlorinated biphenyl-induced increase of intracellular free calcium levels in cerebellar granule cell culture SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PCBs; intracellular free calcium; cerebellar granule cells; neurotoxicity ID INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE RECEPTOR; SUBSTITUTED PCB CONGENERS; 4-YEAR FOLLOW-UP; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; RYANODINE RECEPTORS; ADULT-RATS; EXPOSURE; CA2+; BRAIN; CHILDREN AB Recent studies from the laboratory indicate that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners can alter signal transduction and calcium homeostasis in neuronal preparations. These effects were more pronounced for the ortho-substituted, non-coplanar congeners, although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear. In the present study the time-course and concentration-dependent effects of coplanar and non-coplanar PCBs on intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)) in cerebellar granule cell cultures were compared using the fluorescent probe fura-2. The ortho-substituted congeners 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB) and 2,2',4,6,6'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PeCB) caused a gradual increase of [Ca2+](i) while the non-ortho -substituted congeners 4,4'-DCB and 3,3',4,4',5-PeCB had no effect. The increase of [Ca2+](i) produced by 2,2'-DCB was time- and concentration-dependent. Further studies examined possible mechanisms for this rise in [Ca2+](i). In contrast to the muscarinic agonist carbachol, the effects of 2,2'-DCB on [Ca2+](i) were not blocked by thapsigargin and required the presence of extracellular calcium. The effects of ortho-substituted PCBs may depend on their ability to inhibit calcium sequestration as 2,2'-DCB significantly inhibited Ca-45(2+)-uptake by microsomes and mitochondria while 3,3',4,4',5-PeCB had no effect. In addition, 2,2'-DCB significantly increased the binding of [H-3]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate to receptors on cerebellar microsomes, suggesting another possible mechanism by which ortho-substituted PCBs can mobilize [Ca2+](i). These results show that PCBs increase [Ca2+](i) in vitro via a mechanism that requires extracelluar calcium, and support previous structure-activity studies indicating that ortho-substituted PCBs are more potent than non-ortho -substituted PCBs. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mundy, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 58 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD AUG 13 PY 1999 VL 136 IS 1 BP 27 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00052-9 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 232VV UT WOS:000082391400003 PM 10499848 ER PT J AU Puls, RW Blowes, DW Gillham, RW AF Puls, RW Blowes, DW Gillham, RW TI Long-term performance monitoring for a permeable reactive barrier at the US Coast Guard Support Center, Elizabeth City, North Carolina SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE permeable reactive barrier; cis-dichloroethylene; trichloroethylenc; chromium ID IRON AB A continuous hanging iron wall was installed in June, 1996, at the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Support Center near Elizabeth City, NC, United States, to treat overlapping plumes of chromate and chlorinated solvent compounds. The wall was emplaced using a continuous trenching machine whereby native soil and aquifer sediment was removed and the iron simultaneously emplaced in one continuous excavation and fill operation. To date, there have been seven rounds (November 1996, March 1997, June 1997, September 1997, December 1997, March 1998, and June 1998) of performance monitoring of the wall. At this time, this is the only full-scale continuous 'hanging' wall installed as a permeable reactive barrier to remediate both chlorinated solvent compounds and chromate in groundwater. Performance monitoring entails the following: sampling of 10-5 cm PVC compliance wells and 15 multi-level samplers for the following constituents: TCE, cis-dichloroethylene (c-DCE), vinyl chloride, ethane, ethene, acetylene, methane, major anions, metals, Cr(VI), Fe(II), total sulfides, dissolved H(2), Eh, pH, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, alkalinity, and turbidity. Electrical conductivity profiles have been conducted using a Geoprobe(TM) to verify emplacement of the continuous wall as designed and to locate upgradient and downgradient wall interfaces for coring purposes. Goring has been conducted in November, 1996, in June and September, 1997, and March, 1998, to evaluate the rate of corrosion on the iron surfaces, precipitate buildup (particularly at the upgradient interface), and permeability changes due to wall emplacement. In addition to several continuous vertical cores, angled cores through the 0.6-m thick wall have been collected to capture upgradient and downgradient wall interfaces along approximate horizontal flow paths for mineralogic analyses. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK USA. Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Puls, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK USA. EM puls.robert@epa.gov NR 10 TC 122 Z9 129 U1 2 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD AUG 12 PY 1999 VL 68 IS 1-2 BP 109 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00034-5 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 245QV UT WOS:000083120400007 PM 10518667 ER PT J AU Hilborn, ED Mermin, JH Mshar, PA Hadler, JL Voetsch, A Wojtkunski, C Swartz, M Mshar, R Lambert-Fair, MA Farrar, JA Glynn, MK Slutsker, L AF Hilborn, ED Mermin, JH Mshar, PA Hadler, JL Voetsch, A Wojtkunski, C Swartz, M Mshar, R Lambert-Fair, MA Farrar, JA Glynn, MK Slutsker, L TI A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections associated with consumption of mesclun lettuce SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID MINNESOTA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DIARRHEA; BEEF AB Background: An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in Connecticut and Illinois during May 28 to June 27, 1996, was investigated to determine the source of infections. Methods: Independent case-control studies were performed in both states. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on E coli O157:H7 isolates. A case-patient was defined as a Connecticut or northern Illinois resident with diarrhea whose stool culture yielded E coli O157:H7 of the outbreak-associated PFGE subtype. Controls were town-, age-, and sex-matched to case-patients. We traced implicated lettuce to the farm level and performed environmental investigations to identify unsafe lettuce production practices. Results: In Connecticut and Illinois, infection was associated with consumption of mesclun lettuce (Connecticut matched odds ratio [MOR], undefined; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to infinity; and Illinois MOR, undefined; 95% CI, 1.4 to infinity). We traced implicated lettuce to a single grower-processor. Cattle, a known E coli O157:H7 reservoir, were found near the lettuce fields. Escherichia coli (an indicator of fecal contamination) was cultured from wash water and finished lettuce. A trace-forward investigation identified 3 additional states that received implicated lettuce; E coli O157:H7 isolates from patients in 1 of these states matched the outbreak-associated PFGE subtype. Conclusions: This multistate outbreak off coli O157:H7 infections was associated with consumption of mesclun lettuce from a single producer. Molecular subtyping facilitated the epidemiological investigation. This investigation increased the knowledge about current production practices that may contribute to the contamination of lettuce by microbial pathogens. Lettuce production practices should be monitored for microbiological safety. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Yale Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Hilborn, ED (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Maildrop 58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Mermin, Jonathan/J-9847-2012 NR 35 TC 191 Z9 198 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD AUG 9 PY 1999 VL 159 IS 15 BP 1758 EP 1764 DI 10.1001/archinte.159.15.1758 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 224MR UT WOS:000081903300015 PM 10448779 ER PT J AU Coussons-Read, ME Daniels, M Gilmour, MI AF Coussons-Read, ME Daniels, M Gilmour, MI TI Morphine reduces pulmonary inflammation in response to influenza infection SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE morphine; influenza; pulmonary infection; inflammation; male Lewis rats ID OPIOID BINDING-SITES; KILLER-CELL ACTIVITY; LYMPHOCYTES-T; PERITONEAL-CAVITY; VIRUS INFECTION; BETA-ENDORPHIN; IMMUNE STATUS; RAT LUNG; MICE; NEUTROPHIL AB The present study shows that morphine reduces the pulmonary inflammatory response to intranasal influenza virus infection in rats. Rats were infected with rat-adapted influenza virus (RAIV), which is a unique infectious agent because normal rats develop an acute pulmonary inflammatory response to RAIV and rapidly clear the virus within a few days with no mortality. Male Lewis rats were implanted with 75mg morphine pellets or placebo pellets 72 hours prior to intranasal RAIV infection. Rats were euthanized at 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after infection. Assessment of inflammation included accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lungs, lung weight, and protein and LDH content of bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Placebo-treated rats showed a marked inflammatory response to RAIV infection, and morphine-treated rats mounted less vigorous inflammatory responses to the infection. Taken together, these data suggest that morphine treatment impairs the inflammatory response to RAIV infection in the lungs, which is consistent with prior work demonstrating that morphine is a potent anti-inflammatory agent in other areas of the body. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Psychol, Denver, CO 80217 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Coussons-Read, ME (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Psychol, CB 173,POB 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [DA 10648] NR 54 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD AUG 6 PY 1999 VL 65 IS 11 BP 1141 EP 1152 DI 10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00348-3 PG 12 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 228QU UT WOS:000082147800006 PM 10503930 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S AF Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S TI A comparison of modelling techniques for small mammal diversity SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE arroyo; Chihuahuan Desert; diversity; foothill; gap analysis; modelling; New Mexico; richness; small mammals ID WILDLIFE HABITAT; SENSITIVITY AB Development pressures frequently dictate that managers' need to make decisions about which local sites will be developed and which will be protected. When management for diversity is the goal, it would be helpful if models could aid these decisions. We compared three methods for modelling site-specific small mammal diversity at 48 0.58-ha study sites distributed within six habitats in foothills of the Sacramento Mountains, south-central New Mexico, spring and fall, 1993-1994. Methods included; 1) direct richness prediction with discriminant analysis (classification success rate of 15.1%, mean error = 1.6 species), 2) prediction of richness based upon expected species-specific habitat suitability with discriminant analysis (classification success rate 20.3%, mean error = 1.6 species), and 3) prediction of relative richness thigh vs, low) (classification success rate = 91.1%). The mean error of methods 1 and 2 (1.6 species) exceeds the difference known to distinguish high richness habitats from low (1.3 species) in this ecosystem. Therefore, we conclude that the appropriate conceptual technique for modelling diversity is to proceed by distinguishing high and low diversity habitats. We found this technique preferable when compared to pursuit of error-prone models for actual richness that have mean errors larger than those known to characterize the system. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP US EPA, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74829 USA. EM jorgensen.eric@epa.gov NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD AUG 3 PY 1999 VL 120 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00054-X PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 224CK UT WOS:000081878900001 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Fisher, DM AF Kim, CS Fisher, DM TI Deposition characteristics of aerosol particles in sequentially bifurcating airway models SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INERTIAL DEPOSITION; FLOW; POLLUTION AB Local deposition efficiencies and deposition patterns of aerosol particles were studied experimentally in sequential double bifurcation tube models with two different branching geometries: one with in-plane (model A) and another with 90 degrees out-of-plane bifurcation (model B), The dimensions of the model were similar to those of 3rd-5th generation human bronchial airways, Monodispersed oil particles (2.9-6.7 mu m diameter range) tagged with uranine were generated as test aerosols and were drawn through the model at flow rates in the Reynolds number (Re) of 283-4718, Both symmetric (1:1) and asymmetric (1:2, 1:3, and 1:0) flow patterns were used at the first bifurcation, Results showed that deposition efficiencies (DE) in each bifurcation increased with increasing Stokes number (Stk), ranging from similar to 1% at Stk = 0.02 to similar to 40% at Stk = 0,2, and could be fitted well with modified logistic functions. With symmetric flow conditions, DE was somewhat smaller in the second than the first bifurcation in both models. DE was greater in model B than model A in the second bifurcation, with asymmetric hows, DE was greater in the low-flow side compared to the high-flow side at a given Stk and this was consistent in both model A and model B, However, the average DE, of the combined data for both the high- and lom-flow side was similar to that crith symmetric flows. Deposition pattern analysis showed highly localized deposition on and in the immediate vicinity of each bifurcation ridge at Stokes numbers as low as 0.02, regardless of branching patterns and flow distribution patterns used. These results showing detailed deposition characteristics in the sequential bifurcation geometry may prove useful for estimating local deposition dose in the airways and for developing improved lung dosimetry models. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Lung Biol & Environm Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 85 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD AUG-SEP PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2-3 BP 198 EP 220 DI 10.1080/027868299304255 PG 23 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229GA UT WOS:000082184100007 ER PT J AU Marcus, PM Baird, DD Millikan, RC Moorman, PG Qaqish, B Newman, B AF Marcus, PM Baird, DD Millikan, RC Moorman, PG Qaqish, B Newman, B TI Adolescent reproductive events and subsequent breast cancer risk SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID INDUCED-ABORTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INVOLUTION; APOPTOSIS; PATHWAYS; WOMEN AB Objectives rs. This study investigated the relationship between reproductive events during adolescence and subsequent breast cancer risk. Methods. Logistic regression models used self-reported data from 862 case patients slid 790 controls in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Results. Miscarriage induced abortion, and full-term pregnancy before 20 years of age were not associated with breast cancer. Among premenopausal women breast-feeding before 20 years of age was inversely associated with disease. Oral contraceptive rase before 18 years of age was positively associated with disease risk among African American women only. Conclusions. Pregnancy during adolescence does not appear to influence breast cancer risk, but breast-feeding may. A possible increased breast cancer risk; among Africas American women who used oral contraceptives as adolescents warrants further study. C1 NCI, Div Canc Prevent, Biometry Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Marcus, PM (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Prevent, Biometry Branch, Execut Plaza N,Suite 344,6130 Execut Blvd,MSC 735, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Baird, Donna/0000-0002-5544-2653 FU NCI NIH HHS [P50-CA58223, R25-CA57726, T32-CA09330] NR 23 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD AUG PY 1999 VL 89 IS 8 BP 1244 EP 1247 DI 10.2105/AJPH.89.8.1244 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 220CL UT WOS:000081646900022 PM 10432916 ER PT J AU Brooks, EA AF Brooks, EA TI Probabilistic methods for a linear reaction-hyperbolic system with constant coefficients SO ANNALS OF APPLIED PROBABILITY LA English DT Article DE hyperbolic equations; stochastic processes; traveling waves; renewal theory; central limit theorem ID FAST AXONAL-TRANSPORT; EQUATIONS AB Linear reaction-hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations in one space dimension arise in the study of the physiological process by which materials are transported in nerve cell axons. Probabilistic methods are developed to derive a closed form approximate solution for an initial-boundary value problem of such a system. The approximate solution obtained is a translating solution of a heat equation. An estimate is proved giving the deviation of this approximate traveling wave solution from the exact solution. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Anal, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Brooks, EA (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Anal, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS PI HAYWARD PA IMS BUSINESS OFFICE-SUITE 7, 3401 INVESTMENT BLVD, HAYWARD, CA 94545 USA SN 1050-5164 J9 ANN APPL PROBAB JI Ann. Appl. Probab. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 719 EP 731 PG 13 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 264CJ UT WOS:000084162200008 ER PT J AU Macnaughton, SJ Stephen, JR Venosa, AD Davis, GA Chang, YJ White, DC AF Macnaughton, SJ Stephen, JR Venosa, AD Davis, GA Chang, YJ White, DC TI Microbial population changes during bioremediation of an experimental oil spill SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS ANALYSIS; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; FATTY-ACIDS; ECOLOGY; SUBSURFACE; DIVERSITY; BIOMARKER; TOXICITY; BIOMASS AB Three crude oil bioremediation techniques were applied in a randomized block field experiment simulating a coastal oil spill. Four treatments (no oil control, oil alone, oil plus nutrients, and oil plus nutrients plus an indigenous inoculum) were applied. In situ microbial community structures were monitored by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and 16S rDNA PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to (i) identify the bacterial community members responsible for the decontamination of the site and (ii) define an end point for the removal of the hydrocarbon substrate. The results of PLFA analysis demonstrated a community shift in all plots from primarily eukaryotic biomass to gram-negative bacterial biomass with time. PLFA profiles from the oiled plots suggested increased gram-negative biomass and adaptation to metabolic stress compared to unoiled controls. DGGE analysis of untreated control plots revealed a simple, dynamic dominant population structure throughout the experiment. This banding pattern disappeared in all oiled plots, indicating that the structure and diversity of the dominant bacterial community changed substantially. No consistent differences were detected between nutrient-amended and indigenous inoculum-treated plots, but both differed from the oil-only plots. Prominent bands were excised for sequence analysis and indicated that oil treatment encouraged the growth of gram-negative microorganisms within the alpha-proteobacteria and Flexibacter-Cytophaga-Bacteroides phylum. alpha-Proteobacteria were never detected in unoiled controls. PLFA analysis indicated that by week 14 the microbial community structures of the oiled plots were becoming similar to those of the unoiled controls from the same time point, but DGGE analysis suggested that major differences in the bacterial communities remained. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Environm Biotechnol, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. Microbial Insights Inc, Rockford, TN 37853 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Venosa, AD (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI reddy, indra/C-5363-2011 NR 38 TC 370 Z9 395 U1 10 U2 280 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 65 IS 8 BP 3566 EP 3574 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 223WR UT WOS:000081865000046 PM 10427050 ER PT J AU Manning, CS Lytle, TF Walker, WW Lytle, JS AF Manning, CS Lytle, TF Walker, WW Lytle, JS TI Life-cycle toxicity of bis(tributyltin) oxide to the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCELLA-LAPILLUS; TRIBUTYLTIN; TBT AB The effects of tributyltin (TBT) to the life cycle of the estuarine fish Cyprinodon variegatus were examined in a 180-day flow-through exposure. The study was initiated with embryos less than 24 h postfertilization and monitored through hatch, maturation growth, and reproduction under continuous exposure to mean measured TBT concentrations of 5.4, 3.2, 1.3, 0.66, and 0.41 mu g TBT/L. Progeny isolated at the onset of reproduction by the parental generation (F-0) were monitored for survival as embryos, survival as fry/juveniles, and growth 30 days postisolation. TBT, at a concentration of 5.4 mu g/L, significantly reduced embryo survival of the F-0 generation sheepshead minnows. By day 145 of the exposure, significant effects to the survival of this generation increased and included all test concentrations greater than or equal to 0.66 mu g/L. Survival of 0.66 mu g/L was reduced 59% relative to control survival by termination of the F-0 generation. Growth of F-0 generation organisms as measured by standard length was significantly reduced only on day 90 at 3.2 mu g/L, however no significant reductions of wet or dry weight related to treatment concentration were detected. Due to complete mortality of organisms exposed to 5.4 Clgn by study day 7, effects to fecundity and progeny were monitored at measured concentrations of 3.2, 1.3, 0.66, and 0.41 mu g TBT/L. Fecundity, as measured by the production of viable eggs produced per female per day, was unaffected by any of the test treatments. AU F-1 generation embryos isolated from treatment chambers into 3.2 mu g/L died, Survival, standard length, wet and dry weight of the FI generation at the remaining treatment concentrations were unaffected. The results of this study indicate that exposure to TBT reduced survival of the F-0 generation sheepshead minnow and establishes the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) as 0.66 mu g TBT/L, and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) as 0.41 mu g TBT/L for this species. C1 Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. US EPA, US Environm Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. RP Manning, CS (reprint author), Gulf Coast Res Lab, POB 7000, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 37 IS 2 BP 258 EP 266 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 218YT UT WOS:000081581100015 PM 10398777 ER PT J AU Eatough, DJ Obeidi, F Pang, YB Ding, YM Eatough, NL Wilson, WE AF Eatough, DJ Obeidi, F Pang, YB Ding, YM Eatough, NL Wilson, WE TI Integrated and real-time diffusion denuder sampler for PM2.5 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere CY SEP 22-24, 1997 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA DE fine particulate mass; fine particulate organic material; carbonaceous material; nitrate; sulfate; sampling artifacts; denuder sampler; filter pack sampler; real-time sampler ID PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ANNULAR DENUDER; PARTICLES; AEROSOL; SYSTEM; COLLECTION; ARTIFACT AB Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of stable condensed phases, adsorbed or dissolved gases, and semi-volatile materials, i.e. compounds that transfer between the gas and condensed phases. Fine particles in both rural and urban environments contain substantial quantities of semi-volatile material that can be lost from the particles during sample collection on a filter and during subsequent handling, storage and conditioning (or equilibration). These include ammonium nitrate, semi-volatile organic compounds and particle bound water. In addition, gas phase organic compounds can also be absorbed by a quartz filter. As a result, the concentrations of these species are often significantly in error for results obtained with a conventional single filter sampler. The accurate measurement of the mass and chemical components of fine particles will become more important as a result of the recent promulgation of fine particle standards by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the additional monitoring that will be required for implementation of those standards as well as for additional research on the sources and effects of PM. Past organic compound diffusion denuder samplers developed by us (BOSS, BYU Organic Sampling System) are not amenable to routine field use because of the need to independently determine the gas phase semi-volatile organic material breakthrough of the denuder for each sample. This problem has been eliminated in the Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS) using a combined virtual impactor, particle-concentrator inlet to provide a concentrated stream of 0.1-2.5 mu m particles. This is followed by a BOSS diffusion denuder and filter packs containing particle collecting and sorbent fillers to collect particles, including any semi-volatile organic material or ammonium nitrate lost from the particles during sampling. The PC-BOSS contains a sequential sampler to allow for the routine collection of several samples. A second sampler, the Real-rime Total Ambient Mass Sampler (RAMS), has been developed by combining the PC-BOSS with TEOM technology. In this sampler, a diffusion dryer to remove gas phase water follows the diffusion denuder, The dried aerosol stream is then sampled with a "sandwich" (TX40 and sorbent) filter on the TEOM tapered element to collect particles, including any semi-volatile species. Laboratory and field validation data indicate that the precision of determination of fine particulate material, including ammonium nitrate and semi-volatile organic material is better than +/- 10%. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Chem, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Eatough, DJ (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 25 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 33 IS 17 BP 2835 EP 2844 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00326-4 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 208DU UT WOS:000080975600023 ER PT J AU Norton, BL Lewis, MA Mayer, FL AF Norton, BL Lewis, MA Mayer, FL TI Storage duration and temperature and the acute toxicities of estuarine sediments to Mysidopsis bahia and Leptocheirus plumulosus SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE; TIME C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, NHEERL, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ W Florida, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, NHEERL, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 157 EP 166 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 220MZ UT WOS:000081670900003 PM 10441631 ER PT J AU Okada, Y Fukumizu, A Takahashi, M Yokoi, T Tsuda, Y Bryant, SD Lazarus, LH AF Okada, Y Fukumizu, A Takahashi, M Yokoi, T Tsuda, Y Bryant, SD Lazarus, LH TI Synthesis of pyrazinone ring-containing opioid mimetics and examination of their opioid receptor-binding activity SO CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Letter DE peptide mimetic; opioid mimetic; pyrazinone ring; enkephalin sequence; receptor-binding activity; mu-selective ID AMINO-ACIDS; PEPTIDES; ENKEPHALIN; ANALOGS; BRAIN AB Cyclization of dipeptidyl chloromethyl ketones gave 6-(4-aminobutyl)3-carboxyethyl-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone, 3-(4-aminobutyl)-6-carboxyethyl-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone, and 3,6-bis(4-aminobutyl)-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone, which were inserted into the enkephalin sequence to give opioid mimetics, Thus, it was confirmed that a pyrazinone ring can be easily inserted into a peptide sequence in order to evaluate structural components required for biologically active peptides. C1 Kobe Gakuin Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Nishi Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6512180, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, LCBRA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Okada, Y (reprint author), Kobe Gakuin Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Nishi Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6512180, Japan. EM okada@pharm.kobegakuin.ac.jp NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PHARMACEUTICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 2-12-15 SHIBUYA, SHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO, 150-0002, JAPAN SN 0009-2363 J9 CHEM PHARM BULL JI Chem. Pharm. Bull. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 8 BP 1193 EP 1195 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA 228XY UT WOS:000082163800030 PM 10478476 ER PT J AU Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Ho, KT AF Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Ho, KT TI Removal of organic contaminant toxicity from sediments - Early work toward development of a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; BEDFORD HARBOR; BIOAVAILABILITY; MODEL AB Work was performed to determine the feasibility of selectively detoxifying organic contaminants in sediments. The results of this research will be used to aid in the development of a scheme for whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs). The context in which the method will be used inherently restricts the treatments to which the sediments can be subjected: Sediments cannot be significantly altered physically or chemically and the presence and bioavailabilities of other toxicants must not be changed. The methodological problem is daunting because of the requirement that the detoxification method be relatively fast and convenient together with the stipulation that only innocuous and minimally invasive treatments be used. Some of the experiments described here dealt with degrees of decontamination (i.e., detoxification as predicted from instrumental measurements) of spiked sediments rather than with degrees of detoxification as gauged by toxicity tests (e.g., 48-h toxicity tests with amphipods). Although the larger TIE scheme itself is mostly outside the scope of this paper, theoretical aspects of bioavailability and of the desorption of organic contaminants from sediments are discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, CERC, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, NHEERL, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Lebo, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, CERC, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 389 EP 406 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00003-X PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 204JD UT WOS:000080760000001 ER PT J AU Tsiros, IX Ambrose, RB AF Tsiros, IX Ambrose, RB TI An environmental simulation model for transport and fate of mercury in small rural catchments SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; FLOODED SOILS; DEPOSITION; FLORIDA; METHYLMERCURY; EVERGLADES; EMISSION; NETWORK; FOREST; TRENDS AB The development of an extensively modified version of the environmental model GLEAMS to simulate fate and transport of mercury in small catchments is presented. Methods for parameter estimation are proposed and in some cases simple relationships for mercury processes are derived. An application is presented for the agricultural organic soils in the South Florida Everglades (USA). Model results compare well with the limited available field observations. Mass balance and sensitivity analyses indicate that atmospheric deposition and reduction leading to evasion are the most important parameters controlling concentrations of total mercury in the upper soil. For methyl mercury, the methylation and demethylation rates are also important. Because of the special characteristics of the soils examined here, results should be interpreted in a relative sense. Limitations and potential uses of the current status of model are discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Tsiros, IX (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 44 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 477 EP 492 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00601-8 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 204JD UT WOS:000080760000008 ER PT J AU Kahl, MD Russom, CL DeFoe, DL Hammermeister, DE AF Kahl, MD Russom, CL DeFoe, DL Hammermeister, DE TI Saturation units for use in aquatic bioassays SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article AB Methods were developed for preparing liquid/liquid and glass wool column saturators for generating chemical stock solutions for conducting aquatic bioassays. Exposures have been conducted using several species of fish, invertebrate, and mollusks in static and flow-through conditions using these methods. Stock solutions for 82 organic chemicals were prepared using these saturation units. The primary purpose of stock generation was to provide a continuous and consistent amount of toxicant laden solution at a measured analytical level which would be available to test organisms for the test duration. In the present study, the glass wool column and liquid/liquid saturators were used to provide consistent stock concentrations, at times approaching saturation, for fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) acute exposures. Attempts were made to achieve the maximum solubility of these compounds for comparison purposes to water solubility values available in the literature. Literature solubility values from a database by Yalkowsky et al. [1] provided information on temperatures and data quality which allowed comparison to values obtained from the present study. Twenty four compounds were identified and analyzed for the comparison of maximum obtainable solubility levels. Maximum saturator stock water concentrations were generally lower (R=0.98) but were in close agreement with published water solubility values. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div Duluth, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Kahl, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div Duluth, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 539 EP 551 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00604-3 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 204JD UT WOS:000080760000014 PM 10399850 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM AF Nash, MS Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM TI Livestock activity and Chihuahuan Desert annual-plant communities: Boundary analysis of disturbance gradients SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE boundary locations; Chihuahuan Desert; desert plant communities; livestock grazing; multivariate analysis; semivariogram ID SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; MESQUITE DUNELANDS; FORMER GRASSLANDS; VEGETATION; SOIL; PIOSPHERE; DIVERSITY; NITROGEN; SHEEP; WATER AB The impact of domestic livestock on soil properties and perennial vegetation is greatest close to water points and generally decreases exponentially with distance from water. We hypothesized that the impact of livestock on annual-plant communities would be similar to that on perennial vegetation. We used multivariate analysis and semivariograms to locate boundaries and to determine the number and width of different annual-plant zones (referred as biotic zones) on long-term livestock disturbance gradients in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico. We estimated abundance of annuals in 0.5-m(2) quadrats placed at 30-m intervals on 10 livestock disturbance gradients originating at water points. Tansy mustard, Descurainia pinnata, was abundant in severely disturbed areas and also in area:; that art: known to have high soil nitrogen content. Amaranthus palmeri was abundant in half of the transects in the zones nearest the water points. The relationships of annual-plan; abundance and species richness with distance from water points and with perennial-plan: cover were not significant (R-2 < 0.1). The number of boundaries and sizes of zones varied with distance from water points, with seasons, and with duration of grazing. The first biotic zone (most severely impacted by cattle) ranged from 75 to 795 m radius for winter-spring annuals and from 165 to 1065 m radius for the summer annuals. Variability in the number and size of biotic zones along grazing gradients was spatially correlated with the frequency and intensity of disturbance, with landscape position, and with patchiness of soil features. There were fewer and larger zones of summer annuals than of winter-spring annuals. Boundary analysis of livestock disturbance gradients provided a method with replication for assessing the impact of long-term livestock grazing on annual-plant communities. Livestock create nutrient-rich patches near water points by mixing dung with soil by hoof action. These nutrient-rich patches support species of annuals that are rare or absent in areas where soils are subjected to low-intensity disturbance. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89196 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89196 USA. NR 36 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 814 EP 823 DI 10.2307/2641331 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600006 ER PT J AU Brown, SL Schroeder, PE AF Brown, SL Schroeder, PE TI Spatial patterns of aboveground production and mortality of woody biomass for eastern US forests SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE aboveground net primary production; biomass; biomass expansion factors; carbon budgets; forest inventories; hardwood forests; mortality; spruce-fir forests; United States ID TROPICAL MOIST; TREE MORTALITY; MODEL; DENSITY; DEBRIS; DEATH AB We developed maps of aboveground production and mortality of woody biomass for forests of the eastern United States based on data collected from an extensive network of permanent plots remeasured by the U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis units (FIA). Forest volume inventory data for growth and mortality were converted to units of aboveground biomass at the county level for hardwood and softwood forest types. Aboveground production of woody biomass (APWB) for hardwood forests ranged from 0.6 to 28 Mg.ha(-1).yr(-1) and averaged 5.2 Mg.ha(-1).yr(-1). For softwood forests, APWB ranged from 0.2 to 31 Mg.ha(-1).yr(-1) and averaged 4.9 Mg.ha(-1).yr(-1). Aboveground production of woody biomass was generally highest in southeastern and southern counties, mostly along an are from southern Virginia to Louisiana and eastern Texas. Although this pattern is generally the result we would expect from the general climatic gradients of the region, it was confounded by the effects of different forest management intensities. No clear spatial pattern of mortality of woody biomass (MWB) existed, except for a distinct area of high mortality in South Carolina due to Hurricane Hugo in 1989, For hardwood forests, MWB ranged from 0 to 15 Mg.ha(-1).yr(-1) and averaged 1.1 Mg.ha(-1).yr(-1). The average MWB for softwood forests was 0.6 Mg.ha(-1).yr(-1) with a range of 0-10 Mg.ha(-1).yr(-1). The rate of MWB on an aboveground biomass basis averaged <1%/yr for both hardwood and softwood forests. A first-order carbon budget (the sum of the net change in carbon storage in all live trees, dead wood, and long-lived wood products) shows that eastern U.S, forests accumulated similar to 174 Tg C/yr during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Although the root and soil pools are not included in this budget, it is likely that the forests are accumulating carbon in these components too, because the eastern forests are for the most part in various stages of regrowth and recovery from past human land uses and active forest management. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Brown, SL (reprint author), Winrock Int, 831 NW Sundance Circle, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 50 TC 141 Z9 166 U1 6 U2 45 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 968 EP 980 DI 10.2307/2641343 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600018 ER PT J AU Perez, KT Davey, EW Moore, RH Bunn, PR Rosol, MS Cardin, JA Johnson, RL Kopans, DN AF Perez, KT Davey, EW Moore, RH Bunn, PR Rosol, MS Cardin, JA Johnson, RL Kopans, DN TI Application of computer-aided tomography (CT) to the study of estuarine benthic communities SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE benthic community; computer-aided tomography; CT scanning; macrofaunal tubes and tunnels; marine sediments; Narragansett Bay; sediment; technology transfer ID LOWER CHESAPEAKE-BAY; BIOGENIC STRUCTURES; SEDIMENT CORES; MACROBENTHOS AB Sediment cores were imaged using a Computer-Aided Tomography (CT) scanner at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Procedures were developed, using the attenuation of X-rays, to differentiate between sediment and the water contained in macrobenthic tubes and tunnels. The effects of sediment type on the ability to discriminate tubes as small as 1.5 mm were examined. Soft sediments with mean X-ray attenuations (SXA) from 450 to 576 CT numbers were successfully scanned in cores of 15.2 cm diameter by 30 cm depth. We demonstrated the accessibility and availability of CT technology to ecological studies by negotiating a reduced research rate ($200 per core) for sediment scanning at a nearby small hospital. Additionally, we were able to transfer these image data from the local hospital environment to a personal computer, by developing specialized computer software. These steps allowed greater opportunity for data exploration, manipulation, and statistical evaluation than would be available in a medical facility. CT analysis was applied to intact sediment cores from five stations along a 31-km pollution gradient in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, United States. The percentage of tube and tunnel area (PTTA) within the top 18 cm of sediment from each Station was measured and ranged from 0.07% to 1.13%. PTTA increased along this gradient with distance from the pollution sources (r(2) = 0.81, P < 0.01). The mean X-ray attenuation for sediment (excluding animals, their tubes and tunnels, and shells) was determined at each station. It also showed a highly significant relationship along this gradient (r(2) = 0.98, P < 0.01) and ranged from 271 to 576 CT numbers. The measurement of PTTA may be an effective management tool to assess and monitor the effects of organic carbon loading on benthic communities in Narragansett Bay and similarly impacted estuaries. C1 US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Radiol, Div Nucl Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Suffolk Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Perez, KT (reprint author), US EPA, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 1050 EP 1058 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1050:AOCATC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600025 ER PT J AU Lawrence, GB David, MB Lovett, GM Murdoch, PS Burns, DA Stoddard, JL Baldigo, BP Porter, JH Thompson, AW AF Lawrence, GB David, MB Lovett, GM Murdoch, PS Burns, DA Stoddard, JL Baldigo, BP Porter, JH Thompson, AW TI Soil calcium status and the response of stream chemistry to changing acidic deposition rates SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE acidic deposition; acid-neutralizing capacity; atmospheric deposition; base cations; calcium; elevational gradient of stream chemistry; leaching of soil bases; nitrate; soil acidification; soil calcium depletion; stream acidification; stream chemistry and elevational gradient; sulfate ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; LONG-TERM TRENDS; RED SPRUCE; NEW-YORK; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; WHITEFACE MOUNTAIN; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; ACIDIFICATION; WATER; VARIABILITY AB Despite a decreasing trend in acidic deposition rates over the past two to three decades, acidified surface waters in the northeastern United States have shown minimal changes. Depletion of soil Ca pools has been suggested as a cause, although changes in soil Ca pools have not been directly related to long-term records of stream chemistry. To investigate this problem, a comprehensive watershed study was conducted in the Neversink River Basin, in the Catskill Mountains of New York, during 1991-1996. Spatial variations of atmospheric deposition, soil chemistry, and stream chemistry were evaluated over an elevation range of 817-1234 m to determine whether these factors exhibited elevational patterns, An increase in atmospheric deposition of SO4 with increasing elevation corresponded with upslope decreases of exchangeable soil base concentrations and acid-neutralizing capacity of stream water. Exchangeable base concentrations in homogeneous soil incubated within the soil profile for one year also decreased with increasing elevation. An elevational gradient in precipitation was not observed, and effects of a temperature gradient on soil properties were not detected, Laboratory leaching experiments with soils from this watershed showed that (1) concentrations of Ca in leachate increased as the concentrations of acid anions in added solution increased, and (2) the slope of this relationship was positively correlated with base saturation, Field and laboratory soil analyses are consistent with the interpretation that decreasing trends in acid-neutralizing capacity in stream water in the Neversink Basin, dating back to 1984, are the result of decreases in soil base saturation caused by acidic deposition. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. New York City Dept Environm Protect, Grahamsville, NY 12740 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lawrence, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; Lovett, Gary/H-3800-2013; OI Lovett, Gary/0000-0002-8411-8027; Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 58 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 1059 EP 1072 DI 10.2307/2641351 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600026 ER PT J AU Spiegel, RJ Preston, JL Trocciola, JC AF Spiegel, RJ Preston, JL Trocciola, JC TI Fuel cell operation on landfill gas at Penrose Power Station SO ENERGY LA English DT Article AB This demonstration test successfully demonstrated the operation of a commercial phosphoric acid fuel cell (FC) on landfill gas (LG) at the Penrose Power Station in Sun Valley, CA. Demonstration output included operation up to 137 kW; 37.1% efficiency at 120 kW; exceptionally low secondary emissions (dry gas, 15% O-2) of 0.77 ppmV CO, 0.12 ppmV NOx, and undetectable SO2; no forced outages with an adjusted availability of 98.5%; and a total of 707 h of operation on LG. The LG pretreatment unit (GPU) operated for a total of 2297 h, including the 707 h with the FC, and documented total sulfur and halide removal to much lower than the specified < 3 ppmV for the FC. The GPU flare safely disposed of the removed LG contaminants by achieving destruction efficiencies greater than 99%. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Int Fuel Cells Corp, S Windsor, CT 06074 USA. RP Spiegel, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-5442 J9 ENERGY JI Energy PD AUG PY 1999 VL 24 IS 8 BP 723 EP 742 DI 10.1016/S0360-5442(99)00022-5 PG 20 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels GA 231FJ UT WOS:000082297200006 ER PT J AU Melnick, RL AF Melnick, RL TI Introduction - Workshop on characterizing the effects of endocrine disrupters on human health at environmental exposure levels SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Melnick, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 107 SU 4 BP 603 EP 604 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 227RU UT WOS:000082094400002 PM 10421769 ER PT J AU Ben-Jonathan, N Cooper, RL Foster, P Hughes, CL Hoyer, PB Klotz, D Kohn, M Lamb, DJ Stancel, GM AF Ben-Jonathan, N Cooper, RL Foster, P Hughes, CL Hoyer, PB Klotz, D Kohn, M Lamb, DJ Stancel, GM TI An approach to the development of quantitative models to assess the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant levels of endocrine disrupters on homeostasis in adults SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE androgen; estrogens; endocrine disrupters; homeostasis; spermatogenesis; testicular steroidogenesis; thyroid hormones ID ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; BREAST-CANCER; BISPHENOL; OVULATION; GROWTH; RAT AB The workshop "Characterizing the Effects of Endocrine Disrupters on Human Health at Environmental Exposure Levels" was held to provide a forum for discussions and recommendations of methods and data needed to improve risk assessments of endocrine disrupters. This article was produced by a working group charged with determining the basic mechanistic information that should be considered when designing models to quantitatively assess potential risks of environmental endocrine disrupters in adults. To reach this goal, we initially identified a set of potential organ system toxicities in males and females on the basis of known and/or suspected effects of endocrine disrupters on estrogen, androgen. and thryoid hormone systems. We used this integrated, systems-level approach because endocrine disrupters have the potential to exert toxicities at many levels and by many molecular mechanisms. Because a detailed analysis of all these untoward effects was beyond the scope of this workshop, we selected the specific end point of testicular function for a more detailed analysis. The goal was to identify the information required to develop a quantitative model(s) of the effects of endocrine disrupters on this system while focusing on spermatogenesis, sperm characteristics, and testicular steroidogenesis as specific markers. Testicular function was selected because it is a prototypical integrated end point that can be affected adversely by individual endocrine disruptors or chemical mixtures acting at one specific site or at multiple sites. Our specific objective was to gather the information needed to develop models in the adult organism containing functional homeostatic mechanisms, and for this reason we did not consider possible developmental toxicities. Homeostatic mechanisms have the potential to ameliorate or lessen the effects of endocrine disrupters, but these pathways are also potential target sites for the actions of these chemicals. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol Pharmacol & Physiol, Houston, TX 77225 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Cell Biol, Cincinnati, OH USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Ctr Womens Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. Univ Arizona, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Physiol, Tucson, AZ USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Urol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Stancel, GM (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol Pharmacol & Physiol, POB 20708, Houston, TX 77225 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 107 SU 4 BP 605 EP 611 DI 10.2307/3434552 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 227RU UT WOS:000082094400003 PM 10421770 ER PT J AU Bigsby, R Chapin, RE Daston, GP Davis, BJ Gorski, J Gray, LE Howdeshell, KL Zoeller, RT vom Saal, FS AF Bigsby, R Chapin, RE Daston, GP Davis, BJ Gorski, J Gray, LE Howdeshell, KL Zoeller, RT vom Saal, FS TI Evaluating the effects of endocrine disrupters on endocrine function during development SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Characterizing the Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Human Health at Environmental Exposure Levels CY MAY 11-13, 1998 CL RALEIGH, NC DE androgen; development; embryo; endocrine disrupters; estrogens; fetus; thyroid ID MALE REPRODUCTIVE-ORGANS; RECEPTOR EXPRESSION; ANDROGEN-BINDING; ESTROGEN; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; ESTRADIOL; MOUSE; SERUM; MICE; MECHANISMS AB The major concerns with endocrine disrupters in the environment are based mostly on effects that have been observed on the developing embryo and fetus. The focus of the present manuscript is on disruption of three hormonal systems: estrogens, androgens, and thyroid hormones. These three hormonal systems have been well characterized with regard to their roles in normal development, and their actions during development are known to be perturbed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals. During development, organs are especially sensitive to low concentrations of the sex steroids and thyroid hormones. Changes induced by exposure to these hormones during development are often irreversible, in contrast with the reversible changes induced by transient hormone exposure in the adult. Although it is known that there are differences in embryonic/fetal/neonatal versus adult endocrine responses, minimal experimental information is available to aid in characterizing the risk of endocrine disrupters with regard to a number of issues. Issues discussed here include the hypothesis of greater sensitivity of embryos/fetuses to endocrine disrupters, irreversible consequences of exposure before maturation of homeostatic systems and during periods of genetic imprinting, and quantitative information related to the shape of the dose-response curve for specific developmental phenomena. C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP vom Saal, FS (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, 114 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM vomsaai@missouri.edu OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261; gray jr, leon earl/0000-0002-1111-4754 NR 49 TC 111 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 8 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 107 SU 4 BP 613 EP 618 DI 10.2307/3434553 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 227RU UT WOS:000082094400004 PM 10421771 ER PT J AU Walker, C Ahmed, SA Brown, T Ho, SM Hodges, L Lucier, G Russo, J Weigel, N Weise, T Vandenbergh, J AF Walker, C Ahmed, SA Brown, T Ho, SM Hodges, L Lucier, G Russo, J Weigel, N Weise, T Vandenbergh, J TI Species, interindividual, and tissue specificity in endocrine signaling SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Characterizing the Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Human Health at Environmental Exposure Levels CY MAY 11-13, 1998 CL RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA DE animal models; endocrine disruptor; metabolizing enzymes; p450; polymorphisms; reproductive tract; steroid hormone receptors; susceptibility ID REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT LEIOMYOMATA; PROSTATE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN; BREAST-CANCER; RODENT MODEL; IN-VITRO; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY; INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION; PROGESTERONE-RECEPTOR; STEROID-RECEPTORS AB The activity of endocrine-active agents exhibits specificity at many levels. Differential responsiveness to these agents has been observed between different species and extends to interindividual differences within a species and between different tissues as well. In cases where they have been identified, the biologic and molecular mechanisms underlying this specificity are quite diverse. Determinants of species specificity include differences that exist in receptor binding, gene transcription, and cellular responses to endocrine-active compounds between species. Interindividual differences in responsiveness may be determined at the level of genetic polymorphisms in hormone-metabolizing enzymes, hormone receptors, and in those genes that are transactivated by these receptors, as well as during changing windows of susceptibility that occur as a function of age, such as prenatal and postmenopausal exposures. Extrinsic factors such as diet can also impact individual susceptibility to endocrine-active agents. Tissue-specific determinants of susceptibility are well documented, but little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying these different responses. Differences in the expression of accessory proteins for steroid hormone receptors and different patterns of receptor expression, estrogen receptor a and estrogen receptor beta for example, may contribute to tissue specificity as may differences in the pattern of expression of other genes such as hormone-metabolizing enzymes. The use of animal model systems and development of appropriate mathematical models has the potential to yield additional valuable information for elucidating the role of these determinants of specificity at low-dose exposures and for improved risk assessments for the adverse health effects of endocrine-active compounds. C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Div Sci Pk Res, Smithville, TX 78957 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. Tufts Univ, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA USA. Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Walker, C (reprint author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Div Sci Pk Res, Pk Rd 1C, Smithville, TX 78957 USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 107 SU 4 BP 619 EP 624 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 227RU UT WOS:000082094400005 PM 10421772 ER PT J AU Cunha, GR Forsberg, JG Golden, R Haney, A Iguchi, T Newbold, R Swan, S Welshons, W AF Cunha, GR Forsberg, JG Golden, R Haney, A Iguchi, T Newbold, R Swan, S Welshons, W TI New approaches for estimating risk from exposure to diethylstilbestrol SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Characterizing the Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Human Health at Environmental Exposure Levels CY MAY 11-13, 1998 CL RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA DE carcinogenesis; clear cell carcinoma; diethylstilbestrol (DES); genital tract; human; teratogenesis ID REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; MOUSE UTERUS; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; MESSENGER-RNA; IN-UTERO; EXPRESSION; PROSTATE; WOMEN; DES AB subgroup from a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, workshop concerned with characterizing the effects of endocrine disrupters on human health at environmental exposure levels considered the question, If diethylstilbestrol (DES) were introduced into the market for human use today and likely to result in low-dose exposure of the human fetus, what would be required to assess risk! On the basis of an analysis of the quality of data on human DES exposure, the critical times and doses for inducing genital tract malformations and cancer must be determined. This would be facilitated through analysis of the ontogeny of estrogen receptor expression in the developing human genital tract. Models of low-dose estrogenic effects will have to be developed for human and rodent genital tract development. Mouse models offer many advantages over other potential animal models because of the wealth of the earlier literature, the availability of sensitive end points, the availability of mutant lines, and the possibility of generating genetically engineered model systems. Through multidisciplinary approaches, it should be possible to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of endocrine disruption elicited by estrogens during development and facilitate an assessment of risk to humans. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Reprod Endocrinol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Tornblad Inst, Lund, Sweden. ToxLog, Potomac, MD USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Yokohama City Univ, Dept Biol, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236, Japan. Yokohama City Univ, Grad Sch Integrated Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Toxicol Lab, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Family & Community Med, Columbia, MO USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Columbia, MO USA. RP Cunha, GR (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK02397, DK45861, DK51101] NR 53 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 107 SU 4 BP 625 EP 630 DI 10.2307/3434555 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 227RU UT WOS:000082094400006 PM 10421773 ER PT J AU Andersen, ME Conolly, RB Faustman, EM Kavlock, RJ Portier, CJ Sheehan, DM Wier, PJ Ziese, L AF Andersen, ME Conolly, RB Faustman, EM Kavlock, RJ Portier, CJ Sheehan, DM Wier, PJ Ziese, L TI Quantitative mechanistically based dose-response modeling with endocrine-active compounds SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Characterizing the Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Human Health at Environmental Exposure Levels CY MAY 11-13, 1998 CL RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA DE endocrine-active compounds; endocrine disruptors; linkage models mechanistic dose-response modeling; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics; risk assessment extrapolations ID DEPENDENT SEX DETERMINATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; STRUCTURAL INFORMATION; PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; GENE-TRANSCRIPTION; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; EXPOSURE AB A wide range of toxicity lest methods is used or is being developed for assessing the impact of endocrine-active compounds (EACs) on human hearth. Interpretation of these data and their quantitative use in human and ecologic risk assessment will be enhanced by the availability of mechanistically based dose-response (MBDR) models to assist tow-dose, interspecies, and in vitro to in vivo extrapolations. A quantitative dose-response modeling work group examined the state of the art for developing MBDR models for EACs and the near-term needs to develop, validate, and apply these models for risk assessments. Major aspects of this report relate to current status of these models, the objectives/goals in MBDR model development for EACs, low-dose extrapolation issues, regulatory inertia impeding acceptance of these approaches, and resource/data needs to accelerate model development and model acceptance by the research and the regulatory community. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA. Calif Protect Agcy, RCHAS, Off Environm Hlth Hazard Assoc, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Andersen, ME (reprint author), KS Crump Grp Inc, 3200 Chapel Hill,Nelson Highway,Suite 101,POB 143, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Portier, Christopher/A-3160-2010; OI Portier, Christopher/0000-0002-0954-0279; Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 55 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 107 SU 4 BP 631 EP 638 DI 10.2307/3434556 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 227RU UT WOS:000082094400007 PM 10421774 ER PT J AU Brouwer, A Longnecker, MP Birnbaum, LS Cogliano, J Kostyniak, P Moore, J Schantz, S Winneke, G AF Brouwer, A Longnecker, MP Birnbaum, LS Cogliano, J Kostyniak, P Moore, J Schantz, S Winneke, G TI Characterization of potential endocrine-related health effects at low-dose levels of exposure to PCBs SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Characterizing the Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Human Health at Environmental Exposure Levels CY MAY 11-13, 1998 CL RALEIGH, NC DE endocrine; estrogen; health; human; low dose; PCBs; risk; thyroid ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; CROSS-SPECIES COMPARISONS; IN-VITRO INHIBITION; BREAST-CANCER; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHENE; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE RATS; GREAT-LAKES AB This article addresses issues related to the characterization of endocrine-related health effects resulting from low-level exposures to polychlorinated biphenyis (PCBs). it is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the literature but reflects workshop discussions. "The Characterizing the Effects of Endocrine Disrupters on Human Health at Environmental Exposure Levels," workshop provided a forum to discuss the methods and data needed to improve risk assessments of endocrine disrupters. This article contains an overview of endocrine-related (estrogen and thyroid system) interactions and other low-dose effects of PCBs. The data set on endocrine effects includes results obtained from mechanistic methods/ and models (receptor based, metabolism based, and transport protein based), as well as from in vivo models, including studies with experimental animals and wildlife species. Other low-dose effects induced by PCBs, such as neurodevelopmental and reproductive effects and endocrine-sensitive tumors, have been evaluated with respect to a possible causative linkage with PCB-induced alterations in endocrine systems. In addition. studies of low-dose exposure and effects in human populations are presented and critically evaluated. A list of conclusions and recommendations is included. C1 Wageningen Univ Agr & Res Ctr, Div Toxicol, Dept Food Technol & Nutr Sci, NL-6700 EA Wageningen, Netherlands. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Buffalo, Toxicol Res Ctr, Sch Med & Biomed Sci, Buffalo, NY USA. Inst Evaluating Hlth Risks, Washington, DC USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Dusseldorf, D-4000 Dusseldorf, Germany. RP Wageningen Univ Agr & Res Ctr, Div Toxicol, Dept Food Technol & Nutr Sci, POB 8000, NL-6700 EA Wageningen, Netherlands. EM bram.brouwer@algemeen.tox.wau.nl OI Longnecker, Matthew/0000-0001-6073-5322 NR 128 TC 200 Z9 212 U1 6 U2 43 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 107 SU 4 BP 639 EP 649 DI 10.2307/3434557 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 227RU UT WOS:000082094400008 PM 10421775 ER PT J AU Calderon, RL Hudgens, E Le, XC Schreinemachers, D Thomas, DJ AF Calderon, RL Hudgens, E Le, XC Schreinemachers, D Thomas, DJ TI Excretion of arsenic in urine as a function of exposure to arsenic in drinking water SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE arsenic; biomarker; drinking water; exposure; interindividual variability; intraindividual variability; United States ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; DIABETES-MELLITUS; PREVALENCE; CHILDREN; DISEASE; TAIWAN; ADULTS; SPECIATION; MORTALITY AB Urinary arsenic (As) concentrations were evaluated as a biomarker of exposure in a U.S. population chronically exposed to inorganic As (InAs) in their drinking water. Ninety-six individuals who consumed drinking water with As concentrations of 8-620 mu g/L provided first morning urine voids for up to 5 consecutive days. The study population was 56% male, and 44% was younger than 18 years of age. On one day of the study period, all voided urines were collected over a 24-hr period. Arsenic intake from drinking water was estimated from daily food diaries. Comparison between the concentration of As in individual urine voids with that in the 24-hr urine collection indicated that the concentration of As in urine was stable throughout the day. Comparison of the concentration of As in each first morning urine void over the 5-day study period indicated that there was little day-to-day variation in the concentration of As in urine. The concentration of As in drinking water was a better predictor of the concentration of As in urine than was the estimated intake of As from drinking water. The concentration of As in urine did not vary by gender. An age-dependent difference in the concentration of As in urine may be attributed to the higher As dosage rate per unit body weight in children than in adults. These findings suggest that the analysis of a small number of urine samples may be adequate to estimate an individual's exposure to InAs from drinking water and that the determination of the concentration of InAs in a drinking water supply may be a useful surrogate for estimating exposure to this metalloid. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Calderon, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Le, X. Chris/O-4947-2015 OI Le, X. Chris/0000-0002-7690-6701 NR 24 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 3 U2 15 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 107 IS 8 BP 663 EP 667 DI 10.2307/3434459 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 258MM UT WOS:000083843000027 PM 10417365 ER PT J AU Rockett, JC Dix, DJ AF Rockett, JC Dix, DJ TI Application of DNA arrays to toxicology SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE DNA arrays; gene arrays; microarrays; toxicology AB DNA array technology makes it possible to rapidly genotype individuals or quantify the expression of thousands of genes on a single filter or glass slide, and holds enormous potential in toxicologic applications. This potential led to a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-sponsored workshop titled "Application of Microarrays to Toxicology" on 7-8 January 1999 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. In addition to providing state-of-the-art information on the application of DNA or gene microarrays, the workshop catalyzed the formation of several collaborations, committees, and user's groups throughout the Research Triangle Park area and beyond. Potential application of microarrays to toxicologic research and risk assessment include genome-wide expression analyses to identify gene-expression networks and toxicant-specific signatures that can be used to define mode of action, for exposure assessment, and for environmental monitoring. Arrays may also prove useful for monitoring genetic variability and its relationship to toxicant susceptibility in human populations. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reproduct Toxicol Div MD72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rockett, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reproduct Toxicol Div MD72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 14 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 107 IS 8 BP 681 EP 685 DI 10.2307/3434462 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 258MM UT WOS:000083843000030 PM 10417368 ER PT J AU Sterling, DA Roegner, KC Lewis, RD Luke, DA Wilder, LC Burchette, SM AF Sterling, DA Roegner, KC Lewis, RD Luke, DA Wilder, LC Burchette, SM TI Evaluation of four sampling methods for determining exposure of children to lead-contaminated household dust SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lead; dust sampling methods; exposure assessment; wipe sampling; vacuum sampling; blood lead; sample location ID BLOOD LEAD; URBAN CHILDREN; HAND DUST; ENVIRONMENT; CHILDHOOD; VACUUM AB Childhood exposure to lead has been demonstrated to result in health effects and lead-contaminated household dust is a primary exposure source. There is a need to establish reliable methods for sampling surfaces to determine levels of lead contamination, Three vacuums (HVS3, GS80, and MVM) and one wipe method were evaluated for the collection of household floor dust under field sampling conditions within a Superfund site and demographically similar control area, Side-by-side floor samples were taken from three locations within 41 randomly selected households between August and September 1995: a child's bedroom, primary play area, and primary entrance. Analysis was pel formed to assess the relative collection performance of each sampler, spatial distribution of lead within a household, and correlation of lead loading with observed blood lead level, and to determine if discrete- or composites samples were more predictive of blood lead levels, Approximately 90% of the floor surfaces were carpeted, The rank order of sampling methods from greatest to lowest collection efficiency was HVS3 > GS80 > wipe > MVM, The HVS3 had the highest level of precision (CV = 0.05), with the GS80 and wipe precisions 0.48 and 0.053, respectively, Lead loadings for samples collected in bedrooms and living areas and composite samples using the HVS3 and wipe methods were significantly correlated with blood lead levels. Correlations between blood lead levels and composite samples were stronger for the HVS3 (R-2 = 0.33, P = 0.003) and wipe (R-2 = 0.25, P = 0.002) methods than the respective discrete samples. Regression analysis indicated that a blood lead level of 10 mu g/dl corresponds to a carpet wipe sample geometric mean of 68 mu g/ft(2). For ongoing public health purposes, such as screening and clearance testing, use of the wipe sampling method is the most appropriate. This investigation supports findings by others that the present HUD risk levels for lead in floor wipe samples may not be adequate for reducing children's blood lead levels below 10 mu g/dl. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm & Occupat Hlth, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Assessment & Consultat, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Environm Response Team, Edison, NJ USA. RP Sterling, DA (reprint author), St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm & Occupat Hlth, 3663 Lindell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. OI Luke, Douglas/0000-0003-1332-8569 NR 42 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 81 IS 2 BP 130 EP 141 DI 10.1006/enrs.1999.3962 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 221QQ UT WOS:000081738100006 PM 10433844 ER PT J AU Becker, S Soukup, JM AF Becker, S Soukup, JM TI Effect of nitrogen dioxide on respiratory viral infection in airway epithelial cells SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SYNCYTIAL VIRUS-INFECTION; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; EXPOSURE; CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MACROPHAGES; NONSMOKERS; SMOKING; SMOKERS; ILLNESS AB Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a common air pollutant outdoors and indoors in homes with unvented combustion sources. It is also a constituent of tobacco smoke. Epidemiological studies suggest that children exposed to NO2, or living with smoking parents, have an increased incidence of respiratory viral infections. The most common virus causing severe respiratory symptoms in infants and young children is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), In the present study we investigated whether NO2 exposure affects RSV infection in airway epithelial cells, the host cells for viral replication and virus-induced cytokine production. Cultures of the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B exposed to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm NO2 for 60 min were infected with RSV Viral replication, as well as RSV-induced interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, was assessed at various times postinfection, The NO2 doses used were not toxic to the BEAS-2B cells as measured by release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). The internalization of RSV was increased by exposure to 0.5 ppm NO2 and decreased by exposure to 1.5 ppm NO2, On the other hand, the release of infectious virus 48 h postexposure was not affected by the two lower doses of NO2, but was significantly reduced in cells exposed to 1.5 ppm NO2, Virus-induced cytokine production was also significantly reduced in cells exposed to 1.5 ppm NO2, and not affected by 0.5 and 1.0 ppm. It is likely that the decrease in cytokine production is related to the decrease in viral burden. These data suggest that possible increases in viral clinical symptoms associated with NO2 may not be caused by increased susceptibility of the epithelial cells to infection but may result from effects of NO2 on host defenses that prevent the spread of virus. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Becker, S (reprint author), US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 81 IS 2 BP 159 EP 166 DI 10.1006/enrs.1999.3963 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 221QQ UT WOS:000081738100010 PM 10433848 ER PT J AU Elovitz, MS Weber, EJ AF Elovitz, MS Weber, EJ TI Sediment mediated reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and fate of the resulting aromatic (poly)amines SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COVALENT BINDING; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; NUCLEOPHILIC-ADDITION; N-15 NMR; TNT; SOIL; TRANSFORMATION; ANILINE; 4-CHLOROANILINE; SUSPENSIONS AB 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene is a major surface and subsurface contaminant found at numerous munitions production and storage facilities. The reductive transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) to aromatic (poly)amines and the consequent fate of these products were studied in anaerobic and aerobic sediment-water systems. Reduction of TNT was rapid under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Nitroreduction was regioselective, leading to the preferential formation of 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT). Subsequent sorption of 2,4-DANT was rapid under aerobic conditions and resulted in nearly complete, irreversible retention by the sediment phase. Under anaerobic conditions, the rapidly formed 2,4-DANT displayed little affinity for the sediment phase. Instead, 2,4-DANT was further transformed to products that remained in the aqueous phase. Sorption studies in nontransforming sediments indicated increased irreversible sorption with replacement of nitro groups with amino groups. Covalent binding of the DANTs was partially inhibited under anoxic conditions, but sorption of TNT and the ADNTs was unaffected by changes in redox conditions. C1 US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Weber, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM weber.eric@epa.gov NR 35 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 15 BP 2617 EP 2625 DI 10.1021/es980980b PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 222XT UT WOS:000081811200038 ER PT J AU White, PA Robitaille, S Rasmussen, JB AF White, PA Robitaille, S Rasmussen, JB TI Heritable reproductive effects of benzo[a]pyrene on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mechanisms and Effects of Resistant Sorption Processes of Organic Compounds in Natural Particles, at the 214th National Meeting of the ACS CY 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA SP Amer Chem Soc, Environm Chem Div DE reproduction; survival; generational effects; benzo[a]pyrene; fathead minnow ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; MUTATION; SEDIMENT; HARBOR; WATERS; RIVER AB Environmental toxicologists rarely investigate multigeneration effects of aquatic contaminants. In this study we investigated the survivorship of fathead minnow larvae two generations removed from an exposure to the potent mutagen benzo[a]pyrene. The F2 broods with a grandparental exposure history showed a marked decrease in survival. In the highest-exposure group, reproductive capacity and larval survivorship were significantly lower than the solvent control. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. RP White, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI white, paul/0000-0001-5853-4759 NR 21 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 18 IS 8 BP 1843 EP 1847 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1843:HREOBA>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 221DZ UT WOS:000081709900035 ER PT J AU Anastas, P Kirchchoff, M Williamson, T AF Anastas, P Kirchchoff, M Williamson, T TI SPINOSAD - a new natural product for insect control SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Anastas, P (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 1 IS 4 BP G88 EP G88 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 236EM UT WOS:000082585400003 ER PT J AU Anastas, PT AF Anastas, PT TI Joe Breen - Heart and soul of green chemistry - Obituary SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US EPA, Ind Chem Branch, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Anastas, PT (reprint author), US EPA, Ind Chem Branch, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 1 IS 4 BP G87 EP G87 DI 10.1039/a906793k PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 236EM UT WOS:000082585400002 ER PT J AU Efroymson, RA Suter, GW AF Efroymson, RA Suter, GW TI Finding a niche for soil microbial toxicity tests in ecological risk assessment SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE assessment endpoint; microorganism; soil; soil contamination ID FATTY-ACID PROFILES; HEAVY-METALS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; MICROORGANISMS; COMMUNITIES; TOLUENE AB Soil microbial toxicity tests are seldom used in ecological risk assessments or in the development of regulatory criteria in the U.S. The primary reason is the lack of an explicit connection between these tests and assessment endpoints. Soil microorganisms have three potential roles with respect to ecological assessment endpoints: properties of microbial communities may be endpoints; microbial responses may be used to estimate effects on plant production; and microbial responses may be used as surrogates for responses of higher organisms. Rates of microbial processes are important to ecosystem function, and thus should be valued by regulatory agencies. However, the definition of the microbial assessment endpoint is often an impediment to its use in risk assessment. Decreases in rates are not always undesirable. Processes in a nutrient cycle are particularly difficult to define as endpoints, because what constitutes an adverse effect on a process is dependent on the rates of others. Microbial tests may be used as evidence in an assessment of plant production, but the dependence of plants on microbial processes is rarely considered. As assessment endpoints are better defined in the future, microbial ecologists and toxicologists should be provided with more direction for developing appropriate microbial tests. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Efroymson, RA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Efroymson, Rebecca/0000-0002-3190-880X NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 715 EP 727 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 233BD UT WOS:000082404900010 ER PT J AU Chang, SS AF Chang, SS TI Implementing probabilistic risk assessment in USEPA superfund program SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Monte Carlo Analysis (MCA); probabilistic risk assessment (PRA); probability density function (PDF); random variable; reasonable maximum exposure (RME); risk assessment; sensitivity analysis; variability; uncertainty AB Application of probabilistic risk analysis to human health and ecological risk assessment is a young science. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), as exemplified by Monte Carlo Analysis (MCA), is more suitable to quantify the confidence or level of uncertainty in risk estimates compared with the traditional point estimate approach. Within the United States Environmental protection Agency (USEPA) the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR) is implementing PRA as part of the Superfund administrative reform activities. The OERR is completing a guidance document accompanied by a workbook. OERR is continuing its outreach effort to present PRA to the public and USEPA staff, and is organizing a training course. This paper presents an overview of the OERR's PRA implementation effort to date. C1 US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, Off Emergency & Remedial Response, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chang, SS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, Off Emergency & Remedial Response, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 737 EP 754 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 233BD UT WOS:000082404900012 ER PT J AU Simon, TW AF Simon, TW TI Two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation and beyond: A comparison of several probabilistic risk assessment methods applied to a superfund site SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE variability; uncertainty; two-dimensional Monte Carlo; microexposure event analysis; fish consumption; Superfund AB Four different probabilistic risk assessment methods were compared using the data from the Sangamo Weston/Lake Hartwell Superfund site. These were one-dimensional Monte Carlo, two-dimensional Monte Carlo considering uncertainty in the concentration term, two-dimensional Monte Carlo considering uncertainty in ingestion rate, and microexposure event analysis. Estimated high-end risks ranged from 2.0 x 10(-4) to 3.3 x 10(-3). Microexposure event analysis produced a lower risk estimate than any of the other methods due to incorporation of time-dependent changes in the concentration term. C1 US EPA, Atlanta Fed Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Simon, TW (reprint author), US EPA, Atlanta Fed Ctr, Reg 4,61 Forsyth St SW, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 25 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 823 EP 843 DI 10.1080/10807039991289680 PG 21 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 233BD UT WOS:000082404900016 ER PT J AU Griffin, S Goodrum, PE Diamond, GL Meylan, W Brattin, WJ Hassett, JM AF Griffin, S Goodrum, PE Diamond, GL Meylan, W Brattin, WJ Hassett, JM TI Application of a probabilistic risk assessment methodology to a lead smelter site SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE IEUBK; ISE; blood lead; Monte Carlo; uncertainty; variability ID SOIL; CHILDREN; EXPOSURE AB Exposure of children to lead in the environment was assessed at the Murray Smelter Superfund site using both a deterministic risk assessment approach, the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK) model, and a probabilistic approach, the Integrated Stochastic Exposure (ISE) model. When site-specific data on lead in environmental media were input as point estimates into the IEUBK model, unacceptable risks were predicted for children living within five of eight study zones. The predicted soil cleanup goal was 550 ppm. Concentration and exposure data were then input into the ISE model as probability distribution functions and a one-dimensional Monte Carlo analysis (1-D MCA) was run to predict the expected distribution of exposures and blood lead values. Uncertainty surrounding these predictions was examined in a two-dimensional Monte Carlo analysis (2-D MCA). The ISE model predicted risks that were in the same rank order as those predicted by the IEUBK model, although the probability estimates of exceeding a blood lead level of 10 mu g/dl (referred to as the P10) from the ISE model were uniformly lower than those predicted by the IEUBK model. The 2-D MCA allowed evaluation of the confidence around each P10 level, and identified the main sources of both uncertainty and variability in exposure estimates. The ISE model suggested cleanup goals ranging from 1300 to 1500 ppm might be protective at this site. C1 US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm Resource & Forest Engn, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Syracuse Res Corp, N Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. ISSI Consulting Grp Inc, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Griffin, S (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 8,999 18th St,Suite 500 Mail Code EPR PS, Denver, CO 80202 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 845 EP 868 DI 10.1080/10807039991289699 PG 24 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 233BD UT WOS:000082404900017 ER PT J AU Sorg, TJ Schock, MR Lytle, DA AF Sorg, TJ Schock, MR Lytle, DA TI Ion exchange softening: effects on metal concentrations SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CORROSION CONTROL; PLUMBING SYSTEMS; LEAD SOLUBILITY; COPPER; WATER; CARBONATE; PRODUCTS; PH AB A corrosion control pipe loop study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ion exchange water softening on metal leaching from had different pH values and hardness levels. Results showed that removing hardness ions with a household water softener did not lead to a pattern of higher metal leaching from various home plumbing materials containing lead, copper, and zinc. Furthermore, the water softener did not have a detrimental effect on several significant water quality parameters that influence metallic solubility and the rate of corrosion, i.e., pH, total inorganic carbon, dissolved oxygen, chlorine, temperature, and orthophosphate. C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sorg, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 8 BP 85 EP 97 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 224WE UT WOS:000081922300018 ER PT J AU Rodgers, MR Blackstone, BJ Reyes, A Covert, TC AF Rodgers, MR Blackstone, BJ Reyes, A Covert, TC TI Colonisation of point of use mater filters by silver resistant non-tuberculous mycobacteria SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID WATER; COLONIZATION C1 US EPA, Natl Expos Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rodgers, MR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Expos Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 4 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0021-9746 J9 J CLIN PATHOL JI J. Clin. Pathol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 52 IS 8 BP 629 EP 629 PG 1 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 224MQ UT WOS:000081903200015 PM 10645237 ER PT J AU Rossman, LA Grayman, WM AF Rossman, LA Grayman, WM TI Scale-model studies of mixing in drinking water storage tanks SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID QUALITY AB Storage tanks and reservoirs are commonly used in drinking water distribution systems to equalize pumping requirements and operating pressures, and to provide emergency water for fire-fighting and pumping outages. Poor mixing in these structures can create pockets of older water that could have negative aesthetic and public health impacts. Experiments were conducted on cylindrical scale-model tanks to determine the effect of various factors on mixing. The time taken to mix the contents of a tank with new water introduced during the fill period was found to be proportional to the initial volume to the two-thirds power divided by the square root of the inflow momentum flux (the product of flow rate and velocity). This time is insensitive to whether the inlet is vertically or horizontally oriented. Whether or not complete mixing occurs depends on the ratio of the momentum to buoyancy fluxes of the inlet jet, similar to past findings for jet discharges to unconfined bodies of water. However, the confined geometry of the tank results in a narrower range of conditions that produce stratification. Finally, a formula is derived to estimate the minimum volume exchange required for a fill-and-draw cycle to ensure complete mixing before the end of the filling period C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rossman, LA (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 11 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1999 VL 125 IS 8 BP 755 EP 761 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:8(755) PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 217QV UT WOS:000081511200010 ER PT J AU Haugland, RA Heckman, JL Wymer, LJ AF Haugland, RA Heckman, JL Wymer, LJ TI Evaluation of different methods for the extraction of DNA from fungal conidia by quantitative competitive PCR analysis SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE DNA extraction; fungal conidia; quantitative competitive PCR; ribosomal DNA ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; GENOMIC DNA; FILAMENTOUS FUNGI; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION; ENVIRONMENTS; ORGANIZATION; SPORES; PROBE AB Five different DNA extraction methods were evaluated for their effectiveness in recovering PCR templates from the conidia of a series of fungal species often encountered in indoor air. The test organisms were Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum, Stachybotrys chartarum, Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata. The extraction methods differed in their use of different cell lysis procedures. These included grinding in liquid nitrogen, grinding at ambient temperature, sonication, glass bead milling and freeze-thawing. DNA purification and recovery from the lysates were performed using a commercially available system based on the selective binding of nucleic acids to glass milk. A simple quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) assay was developed for use in determining copy numbers of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal RNA operon (rDNA) in the total DNA extracts. These quantitative analyses demonstrated that the method using glass bead milling was most effective in recovering PCR templates from each of the different types of conidia both in terms of absolute copy numbers recovered and also in terms of lowest extract to extract variability. Calculations of average template copy yield per conidium in this study indicate that the bead milling method is sufficient to support the detection of less than ten conidia of each of the different organisms in a PCR assay. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. IT Corp, Test & Evaluat Facil, Cincinnati, OH 45204 USA. RP Haugland, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 36 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD AUG PY 1999 VL 37 IS 2 BP 165 EP 176 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00061-5 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 220VB UT WOS:000081687200006 PM 10445315 ER PT J AU Sickles, JE AF Sickles, JE TI A summary of airborne concentrations of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing pollutants in the northeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DRY DEPOSITION; TRENDS AB Airborne concentrations of SO2, SO42-, HNO3, NO3-, NH4+, and O-3 were monitored over the six-year period from September 1, 1989, through August 31, 1995, at 10 largely rural Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) sites in the northeastern United States, Each of the sulfur- and nitrogen-containing air pollutants monitored by CASTNet displays regular, seasonal cyclical behavior and also exhibits a relatively strong high-to-low spatial concentration gradient from southwest to northeast. On average, more than 70% of the measured airborne sulfur is present as SO2, except during the summer, when the figure drops to about 50%. During the summer, the SO2 concentration is the lowest, SO42- is the highest, and the fraction of airborne sulfur present as SO42- varies considerably with location, ranging from an average of 42% at five sites in Pennsylvania to 70% at two sites in New England. Studywide, more than 70% of the measured, oxidized, airborne nitrogen (N) is present as HNO3, except during the winter, when the figure drops to about 60%. The concentrations of gaseous SO2 and HNO3, are usually comparable but not always larger than the corresponding concentrations of measured sulfur and nitrogen aerosols. Nevertheless, the relatively faster deposition velocities for gases are sufficient to ensure that SO2 and HNO3 are usually the dominant contributors to dry sulfur and nitrogen deposition. Observed changes of 1990-1995 annual average airborne sulfur and N concentrations at 10 CASTNet sites in the Northeast are generally consistent with changes in emissions estimated to have occurred in the Northeast over the same period. C1 US EPA, NERL, LCB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Sickles, JE (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, LCB, Mail Drop 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 49 IS 8 BP 882 EP 893 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 230WD UT WOS:000082273900001 PM 28060621 ER PT J AU Whipple, W DuBois, D Grigg, N Herricks, E Holme, H Jones, J Keyes, C Ports, M Rogers, J Strecker, E Tucker, S Urbonas, B Viessman, B Vonnahme, D AF Whipple, W DuBois, D Grigg, N Herricks, E Holme, H Jones, J Keyes, C Ports, M Rogers, J Strecker, E Tucker, S Urbonas, B Viessman, B Vonnahme, D TI A proposed approach to coordination of water resource development and environmental regulations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water resources planning; environmental regulations; dams; salmon; endangered species; coordination; interagency cooperation AB The planning and developing of water resources to meet the country's needs for water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power, irrigation, and navigation now needs to take more account of environmental needs and regulations. Water resource development is often beneficial to the environment, but may also be harmful, as in cases involving salmon and various other endangered species. As a national objective, the environment must be preserved and in some cases restored; but how can this be done consistent with other national objectives, relating to life and welfare of human beings? This problem has aroused the concern of many engineers and water scientists. As a result, a national conference on this subject was held in Chicago in June 1998, as an integral part of ASCE's Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management and the Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering. At the conclusion of that conference, a post-conference meeting was held by a group of prominent water resource practitioners. It was concluded at this meeting that action should be taken by our government to establish a new form of interagency approach, involving the states, as a means of coordination in cases of national importance. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Champaign, IL 61821 USA. Fairfield & Woods PC, Denver, CO 80203 USA. Wright Water Engn Inc, Denver, CO 80211 USA. Rio Grande Compact Commiss State Texas, El Paso, TX USA. Parsons Brinkerhoff Quade & Douglas, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Civil Environm Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Woodward Clyde Consultants, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Urban Drainage & Flood Control Dist, Denver, CO 80211 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Illinois DNR, Springfield, IL 62703 USA. US EPA, Aurora, CO 80015 USA. RP Whipple, W (reprint author), 395 Mercer Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NR 2 TC 11 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 4 BP 713 EP 716 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04168.x PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 228GR UT WOS:000082129200001 ER PT J AU Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Callaway, JM Winnett, SM AF Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Callaway, JM Winnett, SM TI Minimum cost strategies for sequestering carbon in forests SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID SUBSIDIES AB This paper examines the costs of meeting explicit targets for increments of carbon sequestered in forests when both forest management decisions and the area of forests can be varied Costs are estimated as welfare losses in markets for forest and agricultural products. Results show greatest change in management actions when targets require large near-term flux increments, while land area change is largest when long-term increments are needed. Marginal costs per tonne of carbon flux do not vary greatly with the form of the target and are similar ro findings of earlier studies for comparable size of average carbon flux increment. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. US EPA, NE Reg Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Adams, DM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 26 TC 79 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 10 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 75 IS 3 BP 360 EP 374 DI 10.2307/3147183 PG 15 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 242FJ UT WOS:000082928000002 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI The rise and fall of the American teenager. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Tech Res Ctr, OAO Corp, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, Tech Res Ctr, OAO Corp, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 124 IS 13 BP 123 EP 123 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 225NZ UT WOS:000081968800275 ER PT J AU Zucker, RM Price, OT AF Zucker, RM Price, OT TI Practical confocal microscopy and the evaluation of system performance SO METHODS-A COMPANION TO METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The laser scanning confocal microscope has enormous potential in many fields of biology. Currently there is a subjective nature in the assessment of a confocal microscope's performance by primarily evaluating the system with a specific test slide provided by the user's laboratory. To achieve better performance from the equipment, it is necessary to run a series of tests to ensure that the optical machine is functioning properly. We have devised these methods on the Leica TCS-SP and TCS-4D systems. Tests measuring field illumination, lens clarity, laser power output, dichroic functioning, spectral alignment, axial resolution, laser power stability, machine performance, and system noise were derived to test the Leica laser scanning confocal microscopy system. These tests should be applicable to other manufacturers' systems as well. The relationship between photomultiplier tube (PMT) voltage, laser power, and averaging using a 10-mu m-diameter test bead has shown that the noise (coefficient of variation of bead intensity, CV) in an image increases as the PMT increases. Therefore increasing the PMT setting results in increased noise. For ideal image quality, it appears that it is better to decrease the PMT setting and increase laser power, as noise generated by high PMT settings will reduce the image quality far more than the bleaching caused by higher laser power. Averaging can be used to improve the image at high PMT values, provided the sample is not bleached by repeated passes of the laser. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zucker, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1046-2023 J9 METHODS JI Methods PD AUG PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 447 EP 458 DI 10.1006/meth.1999.0812 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 242MV UT WOS:000082945600003 PM 10491274 ER PT J AU Zucker, RM Hunter, ES Rogers, JM AF Zucker, RM Hunter, ES Rogers, JM TI Apoptosis and morphology in mouse embryos by confocal laser scanning microscopy SO METHODS-A COMPANION TO METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-DEATH; WHOLE-MOUNT; EMBRYOGENESIS; ORGANOGENESIS; LIMB AB Confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with a vital stain was used to study apoptosis in organogenesis-stage mouse embryos. Apoptosis has previously been visualized in whole embryos using the vital dyes acridine orange, Nile blue sulfate, and neutral red. In the present study, mouse embryos were harvested on Gestation Day 9 and stained with the vital lysosomal dye Lyso-Tracker Red. Following incubation in the stain, embryos were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated in a graded methanol series, and cleared in benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate. The resulting embryo is almost transparent and retains specific LysoTracker Red staining. To achieve optical sectioning through embryos, it was necessary to use tow-power objectives. With this procedure, the entire embryo can be optically sectioned and reconstructed in three dimensions to reveal areas of dye staining. Our results demonstrate specific regions undergoing programmed cell death in normal development and increased LysoTracker staining in embryos exposed to hydroxyurea. This procedure allows for the optical imaging of whole Day 9 (similar to 22 somites) embryos that were greater than 700 mu m thick in the z axis and can be applied to studies involving. neural tube formation or other aspects of organogenesis. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zucker, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1046-2023 J9 METHODS JI Methods PD AUG PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 473 EP 480 DI 10.1006/meth.1999.0815 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 242MV UT WOS:000082945600006 PM 10491277 ER PT J AU Lasley, SM Green, MC Gilbert, ME AF Lasley, SM Green, MC Gilbert, ME TI Influence of exposure period on in vivo hippocampal glutamate and GABA release in rats chronically exposed to lead SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lead; glutamate release; GABA release; hippocampus; developmental period ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; INDUCED BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; GYRUS IN-VIVO; INORGANIC LEAD; ACETYLCHOLINE-RELEASE; ASTROCYTE CULTURES; CALCIUM; BRAIN AB Previous work has demonstrated that continual exposure to 0.2% lead (Pb) beginning at birth diminishes depolarization-induced hippocampal glutamate (GLU) and GABA release in vivo. The present study sought to extend these findings by examining Pb-induced changes as a function of exposure period. Rats were continually exposed to 0.2% Pb in the drinking water beginning at conception (Gestational-Life, GL) or two weeks after weaning (Wean-Life, WL), while exposure in a third group was begun at conception but terminated at weaning (Gestational-Wean, GW). Hippocampal transmitter release was induced in adult animals by perfusion of 150 mM K+ in the presence of Ca+2 (total release) through a microdialysis probe in one test session, followed by perfusion through a contralateral probe in the absence of Ca+2 (Ca+2-independent release) in the second session. Decreases in total GLU and GABA release were observed in the GL and WL groups compared to controls over the first 20-min after initiation of high K+, decrements that could be attributed to exposure-induced reductions in Ca+2-dependent release. The pattern of Pb-induced changes in the GL group is similar to that observed previously in a group continuously exposed from birth, indicating that gestational exposure did not further enhance the impact of Pb beginning at birth when exposure in both groups extends into adulthood. Similar responses were also found in the WL group, indicating that exposure during early development is not a requirement to induce changes in GLU and GABA release. Pb-induced decreases in response were also seen in the GW group: a decrease in Ca+2-dependent GLU release was observed, while decrements in total and Ca+2-dependent GABA release were similar to those in the GL and WL groups. Thus, exposure limited to early development is also sufficient to produce deficits in evoked transmitter release. In addition, the exposure-induced decreases in GLU responses correspond to Pb-induced impairments in long-term potentiation (LTP) observed in similarly exposed groups (Gilbert et al., 1999), providing further evidence that Pb effects on GLU release are a critical factor in the alterations found in LTP. (C)1999 Intox Press, Inc. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Lasley, SM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Box 1649, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES06253] NR 35 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD AUG PY 1999 VL 20 IS 4 BP 619 EP 629 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 233PT UT WOS:000082435800008 PM 10499360 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EA Macko, SA Shugart, HH AF Hobbie, EA Macko, SA Shugart, HH TI Interpretation of nitrogen isotope signatures using the NIFTE model SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Applications of Stable Isotope Techniques to Ecological Studies CY APR 20-22, 1998 CL SASKATOON, CANADA SP Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Natl Water Res Inst, Saskatoon, Micromass, Europa Sci, Finnigan MAT DE nitrogen dynamics; nitrogen isotope ratio; computer modeling; mycorrhizal fungi; plant succession ID N-15 NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; NATIONAL-PARK; SOIL-NITROGEN; GLACIER-BAY; FRACTIONATION; DYNAMICS; ALASKA; CARBON; AVAILABILITY AB Nitrogen cycling in forest soils has been intensively studied for many years because nitrogen is often the limiting nutrient for forest growth. Complex interactions between soil, microbes, and plants and the consequent inability to correlate delta(15)N changes with biologic processes have limited the use of natural abundances of nitrogen isotopes to study nitrogen (N) dynamics. During an investigation of N dynamics along the 250-year-old successional sequence in Glacier Bay, Alaska, United States, we observed several puzzling isotopic patterns, including a consistent decline in delta(15)N of the late successional dominant Picea at older sites, a lack of agreement between mineral N delta(15)N and foliar delta(15)N, and high isotopic signatures for mycorrhizal fungi. In order to understand the mechanisms creating these patterns, we developed a model of N dynamics and N isotopes (Nitrogen Isotope Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, NIFTE), which simulated the major transformations of the N cycle and predicted isotopic signatures of different plant species and soil pools. Comparisons with field data from five sites along the successional sequence indicated that NIFTE can duplicate observed patterns in delta(15)N Of soil, foliage, and mineral N over time. Different scenarios that could account for the observed isotopic patterns were tested in model simulations. Possible mechanisms included increased isotopic fractionation on mineralization, fractionation during the transfer of nitrogen from mycorrhizal fungi to plants, variable fractionation on uptake by mycorrhizal fungi compared to plants, no fractionation on mycorrhizal transfer, and elimination of mycorrhizal fungi as a pool in the model. The model results suggest that fractionation during mineralization must be small (similar to 2 parts per thousand), and that no fractionation occurs during plant or mycorrhizal uptake. A net fractionation during mycorrhizal transfer of nitrogen to vegetation provided the best fit to isotopic data on mineral N, plants, soils, and mycorrhizal fungi. The model and field results indicate that the importance of mycorrhizal fungi to N uptake is probably less under conditions of high N availability. Use of this model should encourage a more rigorous assessment of isotopic signatures in ecosystem studies and provide insights into the biologic transformations which affect those signatures. This should lead to an enhanced understanding of some of the fundamental controls on nitrogen dynamics. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Hobbie, EA (reprint author), US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Shugart, Herman/C-5156-2009 NR 58 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 1999 VL 120 IS 3 BP 405 EP 415 DI 10.1007/s004420050873 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 233PU UT WOS:000082435900010 PM 28308017 ER PT J AU Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shannon, MW Shea, KM Falk, H Goldman, LR Miller, RW Rogan, W Coven, B AF Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shannon, MW Shea, KM Falk, H Goldman, LR Miller, RW Rogan, W Coven, B CA Comm Environm Hlth TI Ultraviolet light: A hazard to children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT-MELANOMA; SUN EXPOSURE; SKIN-CANCER; FASHION MAGAZINES; SUNSCREEN USE; PROTECTION; TRENDS; NEVI; PHOTOPROTECTION; MORTALITY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Etzel, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012; OI Miller, Mark/0000-0002-9301-0093 NR 45 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 1999 VL 104 IS 2 BP 328 EP 333 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 222EP UT WOS:000081770700041 ER PT J AU DeVito, SC AF DeVito, SC TI Present and future regulatory trends of the United States Environmental Protection Agency SO PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference in Organic Coatings - Waterborne, High Solids and Powder Coating CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL ATHENS, GREECE DE environmental statutes; pollution; air quality; health factors; children AB This paper provides an overview of factors that lead to the formation of environmental statutes. Specifically, this paper describes how societal values play a role in the development of environmental regulations, such as those pertaining to pollution prevention, air quality, and protection of children's health. This paper also provides a general discussion of current environmental regulations, their impact on industrial research and development, and the types of environmental regulations that may be in effect within the next 10 years. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP DeVito, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Mail Code 7509C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9440 J9 PROG ORG COAT JI Prog. Org. Coat. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1-4 BP 55 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0300-9440(98)00055-1 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 245GW UT WOS:000083099000007 ER PT J AU McKibbin, WJ Shackleton, R Wilcoxen, PJ AF McKibbin, WJ Shackleton, R Wilcoxen, PJ TI What to expect from an international system of tradable permits for carbon emissions SO RESOURCE AND ENERGY ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE climate change; greenhouse gas emissions control; internationally tradable permits ID PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS; CONSUMPTION AB We use an econometrically-estimated multi-region, multi-sector general equilibrium model of the world economy to examine the effects of using a system of internationally-tradable emissions permits to control world carbon dioxide emissions. We focus, in particular, on the effects of the system on flows of trade and international capital. Our results show that international trade and capital flows significantly alter projections of the domestic effects of emissions mitigation policy, compared with analyses that ignore international capital flows, and that under some systems of international permit trading the United States is likely to become a significant permit seller, the opposite of the conventional wisdom. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Brookings Inst, Austin, TX USA. RP Shackleton, R (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-7655 J9 RESOUR ENERGY ECON JI Resour. Energy Econ. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3-4 BP 319 EP 346 DI 10.1016/S0928-7655(99)00007-X PG 28 WC Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 210JK UT WOS:000081101200005 ER PT J AU Schulz, TW Griffin, S AF Schulz, TW Griffin, S TI Estimating risk assessment exposure point concentrations when the data are not normal or lognormal SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; exposure point concentration; bootstrapping; gamma distribution; lognormal AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends the use of the one-sided 95% upper confidence limit of the arithmetic mean based on either a normal or lognormal distribution for the contaminant (or exposure point) concentration term in the Superfund risk assessment process. When the data are not normal or lognormal this recommended approach may overestimate the exposure point concentration (EPC) and may lead to unecessary cleanup at a hazardous waste site. The EPA concentration term only seems to perform like alternative EPC methods when the data are well fit by a lognormal distribution. Several alternative methods for calculating the EPC are investigated and compared using soil data collected from three hazardous waste sites in Montana, Utah, and Colorado. For data sets that are well fit by a lognormal distribution, values for the Chebychev inequality or the EPA concentration term may be appropriate EPCs. For data sets where the soil concentration data are well fit by gamma distributions, Wong's method may be used for calculating EPCs. The studentized bootstrap-t and Hall's bootstrap-t transformation are recommended for EPC calculation when all distribution fits are poor. If a data set is well fit by a distribution, parametric bootstrap may provide a suitable EPC. C1 US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Schulz, TW (reprint author), 1218 Pomegranate Lane, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 577 EP 584 DI 10.1023/A:1007021217080 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 248DX UT WOS:000083261000004 PM 10765423 ER PT J AU Weller, E Long, N Smith, A Williams, P Ravi, S Gill, J Henessey, R Skornik, W Brain, J Kimmel, C Kimmel, G Holmes, L Ryan, L AF Weller, E Long, N Smith, A Williams, P Ravi, S Gill, J Henessey, R Skornik, W Brain, J Kimmel, C Kimmel, G Holmes, L Ryan, L TI Dose-rate effects of ethylene oxide exposure on developmental toxicity SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ethylene oxide (EtO); inhalation exposure; developmental toxicity; Haber's Law; mouse ID MOUSE FETUSES; LONG-TERM; DURATION; OZONE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; NEUROTOXICITY; INHALATION; CANCER; DESIGN; BEANS AB In risk assessment, evaluating a health effect at a duration of exposure that is untested involves assuming that equivalent multiples of concentration (C) and duration (T) of exposure have: the same effect. The limitations of this approach (attributed to F. Haber, Zur Geschichte des Gaskrieges [On the history of gas warfare], in Funf Vortrage aus den Jahren 1920-1923 [Five lectures from the years 1920-1923], 1924, Springer, Berlin, pp. 76-92), have been noted in several studies. The study presented in this paper was designed to specifically look at dose-rate (C x T) effects, and it forms an ideal case study to implement statistical models and to examine the statistical issues in risk assessment. Pregnant female C57BL/6J mice were exposed, on gestational day 7, to ethylene oxide (EtO) via inhalation for 1.5, 3;, or 6 h at exposures that result in C x T multiples of 2100 or 2700 ppm-hi EtO was selected because of its short half-life, documented developmental toxicity, and relevance to exposures that occur in occupational settings. Concurrent experiments were run with animals exposed to air for similar periods. Statistical analysis using models developed to assess dose-rate effects revealed significant effects with respect to fetal death and resorptions, malformations, crown-to-rump length, and fetal weight. Animals exposed to short, high exposures of EtO on day 7 of gestation were found to have more adverse effects than animals exposed to the same C x T multiple but at longer, lower exposures. The implication for risk assessment is that applying Haber's Law could potentially lead to an underestimation of risk at a shorter duration of exposure and an overestimation of risk at a longer duration of exposure. Further research, toxicological and statistical, are required to understand the mechanism of the dose-rate effects, and how to incorporate the mechanistic information into the risk assessment decision process. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Genet & Teratol Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Weller, E (reprint author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Biostat Sci, 44 Binney St,Mayer 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Ryan, Louise/A-4562-2009 OI Ryan, Louise/0000-0001-5957-2490 NR 37 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 50 IS 2 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1093/toxsci/50.2.259 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 251QA UT WOS:000083455300013 PM 10478863 ER PT J AU Lambert, AL Dong, WM Winsett, DW Selgrade, MK Gilmour, MI AF Lambert, AL Dong, WM Winsett, DW Selgrade, MK Gilmour, MI TI Residual oil fly ash exposure enhances allergic sensitization to house dust mite SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; house dust mite; allergy; rat; lung; IgE; adjuvant; IL-10 ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; EMERGENCY ROOM VISITS; DIESEL-EXHAUST; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; RESPIRATORY DISORDER; ADJUVANT ACTIVITY; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; IGE PRODUCTION; GUINEA PIGS; IN-VIVO AB Epidemiological studies have shown an association between elevated levels of particulate matter air pollution and increased morbidity and hospital visits in asthmatics. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a primary combustion particle containing sulfate and metals such as vanadium, nickel, and iron. In this study the effect of ROFA on sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) was examined in a Brown Norway rat model of pulmonary allergy. Rats were instilled via the trachea with 200 or 1000 mu g ROFA 3 days prior to local sensitization with 10 mu g HDM and were challenged with 10 mu g HDM 14 days later. Immunological endpoints were examined at 2, 7, and 14 days after sensitization and at 2 and 7 days after challenge (16 and 21 days post-sensitization, respectively). Antigen-specific immunoglobulin E and associated immediate bronchoconstriction responses to antigen challenge were increased in the ROFA-treated groups compared with the HDM control group. Lymphocyte proliferation to antigen was enhanced at Days 7 and 21 in the bronchial lymphocytes of ROFA-treated groups, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophil numbers and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly increased in the 1000 mu g ROFA group at Days 2 and 16, BALE total proteins were elevated at Days 2 and 7 in both ROFA-treated groups, and BALF interleukin (IL)-10 was elevated in the 1000 mu g ROFA group at Day 2. These results suggest that ROFA has an adjuvant effect on sensitization to HDM. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lambert, AL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 50 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD AUG 1 PY 1999 VL 158 IS 3 BP 269 EP 277 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8709 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 227VX UT WOS:000082101600008 PM 10438660 ER PT J AU Holder, JW AF Holder, JW TI Nitrobenzene carcinogenicity in animals and human hazard evaluation SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Review DE aniline; carcinogenicity; free radicals; nitrosobenzene; nitroxides; phenylhydroxylamine ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; NITRO-COMPOUNDS; CELL-PROLIFERATION; HEPATIC MICROSOMES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RAT-LIVER; SUPEROXIDE FORMATION; CIGARETTE-SMOKE; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOBACCO-SMOKE AB Nitrobenzene (NB) human cancer studies have not been reported, but animals studies have. Three rodent strains inhaling NE produce cancer at eight sites. B6C3F1 mice respond with mammary gland malignant tumors and male lung and thyroid benign tumors, F344/N male rats respond with liver malignant tumors and thyroid and kidney benign tumors, while females respond with endometrial polyps. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (CD strain) respond with liver benign tumors. NE is oxidized to various phenolic metabolites, while also being reduced in the cecum and systemically in the microsomes to nitrosobenzene (NOB), phenylhydroxylamine (PH), related free radicals, and aniline (AN). Based on structural and mechanistic similarities, NE compares with other animal and human carcinogenic nitroarenes and aromatic amines. Reduced NE first forms the nitroanion free radical, which can react with O-2 to form superoxide O-2(radical anion). Repeated NE dosing produces a persistent redox couple NOB reversible arrow PH in red blood cells (RBCs) that generates met-Hb and expends NAD(P)H. NOB forms activated glutathione (GSH) conjugates. These biochemical effects may lead to critical redox imbalances and macromolecular binding. Known NE effects are hemosiderosis, methemoglobinemia, and anemia-and now dispersed cancer in rodents. On the basis of animal, metabolic and structure-activity studies, NE is determined to be a probable human carcinogen by any route of exposure. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Holder, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St SW,8623-D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 117 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD AUG PY 1999 VL 15 IS 5 BP 445 EP 457 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BL UT WOS:000085946000001 PM 10487355 ER PT J AU Holder, JW AF Holder, JW TI Nitrobenzene potential human cancer risk based on animal studies SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE cancer slope factor; free radicals; nitrobenzene; nitroxides; risk assessment ID CARCINOGENICITY; TOXICITY AB Inhaled nitrobenzene (NB) in animals produces cancer at eight sites in three rodent strains. B6C3F1 mice respond with mammary gland malignant tumors and male lung and thyroid benign tumors, and F344/N male rats respond with liver malignant tumors and thyroid and kidney benign tumors, while females respond with endometrial polyps. Male Sprague-Dawley male rats (CD strain) respond with liver benign tumors. NE is oxidized to various phenolic metabolites, while also being reduced to nitrosobenzene (NOB), phenylhydroxylamine (PH), related fi ee radicals, and aniline (AN) in the cecum by bacteria and in the body by the microsomes. In reduction, NE first forms the nitroanion free radical, which can react with O-2 to form O-2(radical anion). Repeated NE dosing produces a persistent redox couple NOB reversible arrow PH in red blood cells that generates met-Hb and expends NAD(P)H. NOB forms activated glutathione conjugates. These biochemical effects may lead to critical redox imbalances and macromolecular binding. Known effects are hemosiderosis, methemoglobinemia, and anemia-and now dispersed cancer in rodents. Based on structural and mechanistic similarities, NE compares with other animal and human carcinogenic nitroarenes and aromatic amines. The cancer hazard evaluation of NE is that it is a probable human carcinogen by any route of exposure. The maximum response is in F344/N male rats which is used for dose-response modelling. The model to estimate the upper 95% confidence limit (UCL95%) of NE human carcinogenicity is a no-threshold, linear low-dose, and multistaged animal model (LMS). The UCL95% of cancer slope is estimated to be 0.11(6) mg/kg/day (mkd). At de minimus risk (1:10(6)), the virtually safe dose (VSD) is estimated to be 9.1 ng/kg/day (nkd). C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Holder, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St SW,8623-D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD AUG PY 1999 VL 15 IS 5 BP 458 EP 463 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BL UT WOS:000085946000002 PM 10487356 ER PT J AU Eskes, C Honegger, P Jones-Lepp, T Varner, K Matthieu, JM Monnet-Tschudi, F AF Eskes, C Honegger, P Jones-Lepp, T Varner, K Matthieu, JM Monnet-Tschudi, F TI Neurotoxicity of dibutyltin in aggregating brain cell cultures SO TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on In Vitro Toxicology (INVITOX 98) CY SEP 14-18, 1998 CL SPARSHOLT, ENGLAND SP AgrEvo Ltd, BAT Int, European Ctr Validat Alternat Methods, Glaxo Wellcome R&D, Johnson & Johnson, Minist Agr Fisheries & Food, Procter & Gamble Co, Roche Prod, Sanofi Res, Unilever Res, Zeneca Pharmaceut DE aggregating brain cell culture; dibutyltin; neurotoxicity ID ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS; TRIETHYL TIN; RAT-BRAIN; TRIMETHYLTIN; TRIBUTYLTIN; TOXICITY; SYSTEM AB Dibutyltin (DBT) compounds are used primarily as stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. Small quantities can be released from PVC containers into stored liquids. The neurotoxicological potential of DBT was tested in aggregating brain cell cultures after a 10-day treatment with concentrations ranging from 10(-10) to 10(-6) M, either during an early developmental period, or during a phase of advanced maturation. Changes in protein content, DNA labelling and cell type-specific enzyme activities were measured as end points. DBT caused general cytotoxicity at 10(-6) M in both immature and differentiated cultures. At 10(-7) M, it affected the myelin content and the cholinergic neurons in both states of maturation, while GABAergic neurons remained unchanged. Astrocyte and oligodendrocyte markers were diminished at 10(-7) M of DBT exclusively in immature cultures. DBT uptake by undifferentiated and differentiated cells was similar at this concentration. Whereas trimethyltin (TMT) is known to induce gliosis and triethyltin (TET) to cause demyelination and affect GABAergic neurons, DBT appeared to be more toxic than TMT, and to present a distinct toxicological pattern. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Lausanne, Inst Physiol, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. CHU Vaudois, Dept Pediat, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Eskes, C (reprint author), Univ Lausanne, Inst Physiol, Bugnon 7, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0887-2333 J9 TOXICOL IN VITRO JI Toxicol. Vitro PD AUG-OCT PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4-5 BP 555 EP 560 DI 10.1016/S0887-2333(99)00018-1 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 228PD UT WOS:000082144100008 PM 20654515 ER PT J AU Ghorishi, B Gullett, BK AF Ghorishi, B Gullett, BK TI Sorption of mercury species by activated carbons and calcium-based sorbents: effect of temperature, mercury concentration and acid gases (vol 16, pg 582, 1998) SO WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH LA English DT Correction C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div MD65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghorishi, B (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Durham, NC USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0734-242X J9 WASTE MANAGE RES JI Waste Manage. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 17 IS 4 BP 324 EP 324 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 228BH UT WOS:000082115400009 ER PT J AU O'Connor, TP Field, R Fischer, D Rovansek, R Pitt, R Clark, S Lama, M AF O'Connor, TP Field, R Fischer, D Rovansek, R Pitt, R Clark, S Lama, M TI Urban wet-weather flow SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SURFACE-WATER QUALITY; RELATIVE IMPORTANCE; PRECIPITATION DATA; HIGHWAY RUNOFF; HEAVY-METALS; GOLF-COURSES; WASTE-WATER; ROOF RUNOFF; RIVER SEINE C1 Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ Postgrad, US EPA,Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Wet Weather Flow Res Program,Water Supply & Water, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Cincinnati, OH USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Birmingham, AL USA. RP O'Connor, TP (reprint author), US EPA, MS-104,2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. OI O'Connor, Thomas/0000-0002-5643-644X NR 373 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 71 IS 5 BP 559 EP 583 DI 10.2175/106143099X133659 PG 25 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 230HZ UT WOS:000082246900006 ER PT J AU Hess, TF Buyuksonmez, F Watts, RJ Teel, AL AF Hess, TF Buyuksonmez, F Watts, RJ Teel, AL TI Assessment, management, and minimization SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; POLYMERIC WELL CASINGS; CEMENT KILN DUST; GROUND-WATER; HEAVY-METALS; FLY-ASH; RISK ASSESSMENT; INCINERATION CONDITIONS; PARTITIONING TRACERS; INDUSTRIAL-ACCIDENTS C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US EPA, Remediat & Containment Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hess, TF (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. OI Teel, Amy/0000-0002-0882-4413 NR 134 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 71 IS 5 BP 861 EP 869 DI 10.2175/106143099X133875 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 230HZ UT WOS:000082246900028 ER PT J AU Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buchman, M AF Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buchman, M TI Effects of pollution on marine organisms SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS LINNAEUS; DIGESTIVE FLUID EXTRACTION; TRACE-METAL CONCENTRATIONS; LUGWORM ARENICOLA-MARINA; MUSSELS MYTILUS-EDULIS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY C1 Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. PTI Environm Serv, Bellevue, WA USA. RP Reish, DJ (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. NR 181 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 10 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 71 IS 5 BP 1100 EP 1115 DI 10.2175/106143099X134009 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 230HZ UT WOS:000082246900039 ER PT J AU Rennecker, JL Marinas, BJ Owens, JH Rice, EW AF Rennecker, JL Marinas, BJ Owens, JH Rice, EW TI Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE C-parvum strains; Cryptosporidium parvum; inactivation kinetics; in vitro excystation; ozone disinfection; semi-batch reactor; temperature dependence ID CHLORINE DIOXIDE; WATER; EXCYSTATION; DISINFECTION; INFECTIVITY AB Ozone inactivation rates for Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) oocysts were determined with an in vitro excystation method based on excysted sporozoite counts. Results were consistent with published animal infectivity data for the same C. parvum strain. The inactivation kinetics for C. parvum were characterized by a lag phase followed by pseudo-first order kinetics. Both the magnitudes of the lag phase and the pseudo-first order rate constant were found to be different for C. parvum oocysts from two different sources, and to obey Arrhenius law for the experimental temperature range of 5-30 degrees C. CT requirements for C. parvum inactivation were found to increase by an average Factor of approximately three for every 10 degrees C decrease in temperature. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Civil Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Marinas, BJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Civil Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 21 TC 124 Z9 132 U1 1 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 33 IS 11 BP 2481 EP 2488 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00116-5 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 211VW UT WOS:000081183400002 ER PT J AU Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ AF Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ TI Analysis of 500-ng/1 levels of bromate in drinking water by direct-injection suppressed ion chromatography coupled with a single, pneumatically delivered post-column reagent SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Ion Chromatography Symposium 1998 CY SEP 28-OCT 01, 1998 CL OSAKA, JAPAN DE water analysis; derivatization; LC; bromate; inorganic anions; dianisidine ID SUB-PPB LEVELS; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION; BOTTLED WATER; OXYHALIDES; ACID AB In July 1997, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began sampling and analyzing drinking water matrices from US municipalities serving populations greater than 100 000 for low-level bromate (>0.20 mu g/l) in support of the Information Collection Rule (ICR) using the selective anion concentration (SAC) method. In September 1997, EPA published Method 300.1 which lowered the Method 300.0 bromate method detection limit (MDL) from 20.0 to 1.4 mu g/l This paper describes the research conducted at the EPA's Technical Support Center laboratory investigating a single post-column reagent, o-dianisidine (ODA), which has been successfully coupled to EPA Method 300.1 to extend the MDL for bromate, Initial studies indicate that this method offers a MDL which approaches the EPA's SAC method with the added benefit of increased specificity, shortened analysis time and reduced sample preparation. The method provides excellent ruggedness and acceptable precision and accuracy with a bromate MDL in reagent water of 0.1 mu g/l, and a method reporting limit of 0.50 mu g/l. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ICF Kaiser Environm & Facil Management Grp, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wagner, HP (reprint author), ICF Kaiser Environm & Facil Management Grp, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. NR 34 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 30 PY 1999 VL 850 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00031-X PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 221LF UT WOS:000081728000014 PM 10457472 ER PT J AU Kligerman, AD Doerr, CL Tennant, AH AF Kligerman, AD Doerr, CL Tennant, AH TI Cell cycle specificity of cytogenetic damage induced by 3,4-epoxy-1-butene SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE 3,4-epoxy-1-butene; sister chromatid exchanges; cytosine arabinoside ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGE; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; CULTURED HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; BUTADIENE METABOLITES; CYTOSINE-ARABINOSIDE; CHROMOSOME-TYPE; EPOXIDE METABOLITES; MOUSE SPLENOCYTES; DNA LESIONS; IN-VITRO AB 3,4-Epoxy-1-butene (EB), a primary metabolite of butadiene, is a direct-acting "S-dependent" genotoxicant that can induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations (CAs) in cycling cells in vitro. However, EB is almost inactive when splenic or peripheral blood lymphocytes are exposed at the G(0) stage of the cell cycle. To investigate whether repair of DNA lesions is responsible for the lack of cytogenetic responses seen after G(0) treatments, we used cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) to inhibit DNA polymerization during DNA repair. If enough repairable lesions are present, double-strand breaks should accumulate and form chromosome-type ("S-independent") deletions and exchanges. This is exactly what occurred. EB induced chromosome deletions and dicentrics at the first division following treatment, when the EB exposure was followed by ara-C. Without ara-C treatment, there was no induction of CAs. These experiments indicate that the relatively low levels of damage induced by EB in G(0) lymphocytes are removed by DNA repair prior to DNA synthesis and thus, before the production of SCEs or chromatid-type aberrations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 46 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JUL 21 PY 1999 VL 444 IS 1 BP 151 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00077-7 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 224PQ UT WOS:000081907800016 PM 10477349 ER PT J AU Au, WW Chulasiri, M Waters, MD AF Au, WW Chulasiri, M Waters, MD TI The Third International Conference on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material DE environmental mutagen; genetic susceptibility; health risk assessment; population study C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Mahidol Univ, Fac Pharm, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Au, WW (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD JUL 16 PY 1999 VL 428 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 234RU UT WOS:000082498800001 PM 10577071 ER PT J AU Norwood, CB AF Norwood, CB TI Purification and recovery of bulky hydrophobic DNA adducts SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ELECTROSPRAY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; P-32 POSTLABELING ASSAY; MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; IN-VITRO; CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RISK ASSESSMENT; EXPOSURE; BENZOPYRENE; BIOMARKERS AB For many years P-32 postlabeling has detected DNA adducts at very low levels and yet has not been able to identify unknown adducts. Mass spectrometry offers substantially improved identification powers, albeit at some loss in detection limits, With this ultimate utilization of mass spectrometry in mind, the current research presents a new method to quantitatively purify bulky hydrophobic DNA adducts at levels that are pertinent to ongoing DNA adduct research in human health and environmental fields. This method was demonstrated with benzo[a]pyrene adducts. Purification was accomplished with the use of small columns (7.5-mm frits) with an 11 mg bed of polystyrene-divinlybenzene beads which retained the adducts while permitting the nonadducted nucleotides to be washed out with water. Subsequently, the adducts were eluted with 50% MeOH and the sample was reduced in volume in an evacuated centrifuge. Purification was demonstrated at adduct levels ranging from 4 adducts in 10(6) nonadducted nucleotides to 4 in 10(8). For these levels, analyses by capillary electrophoresis with sample stacking and UV detection determined that recoveries ranged from 91 to 54%, respectively. The adduct quantities isolated should be sufficient to allow the use of current MS capabilities that are linked on-line to separation methodologies such as capillary electrophoresis, capillary electrochromatography, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. C1 US EPA, Atlant Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Norwood, CB (reprint author), US EPA, Atlant Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 272 IS 1 BP 100 EP 106 DI 10.1006/abio.1999.4161 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 219PX UT WOS:000081616600014 PM 10405299 ER PT J AU Moya, J Howard-Reed, C Corsi, RL AF Moya, J Howard-Reed, C Corsi, RL TI Volatilization of chemicals from tap water to indoor air from contaminated water used for showering SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE AB Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may enter indoor air during the use of contaminated tap water. When this occurs, occupants can become exposed to potentially toxic VOCs via the inhalation route. The propensity for VOCs to volatilize into indoor air during the routine use of showers was investigated. A series of mass transfer experiments were conducted while a shower was operated within an enclosed chamber. Acetone, ethyl acetate, toluene, ethylbenzene, and cyclohexane were used as volatile tracers. Chemical-specific stripping efficiencies and mass transfer coefficients were determined. An assessment of the importance of gas-phase resistance to mass transfer from water to air was also completed. Chemical-specific stripping efficiencies ranged from 6.3% (for acetone) to 80% (for cyclohexane) for household showers used under normal conditions. As described in this paper, data resulting from this study allow for the determination of overall mass transfer coefficients, and corresponding volatilization rates, for any showering event and chemical of interest. As such, the information presented herein should lead to improved estimates of human inhalation exposure to toxic chemicals that volatilize from water to indoor air. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Civil Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Moya, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009 NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 14 BP 2321 EP 2327 DI 10.1021/es980876u PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 217CA UT WOS:000081480900003 ER PT J AU Cadle, SH Mulawa, PA Hunsanger, EC Nelson, K Ragazzi, RA Barrett, R Gallagher, GL Lawson, DR Knapp, KT Snow, R AF Cadle, SH Mulawa, PA Hunsanger, EC Nelson, K Ragazzi, RA Barrett, R Gallagher, GL Lawson, DR Knapp, KT Snow, R TI Composition of light-duty motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter in the Denver, Colorado area SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROAD; EMISSION; AEROSOL; CARBON; TUNNEL AB A study to characterize particulate matter emissions from 195 in-use gasoline and diesel passenger vehicles was conducted during the summer of 1996 and the winter of 1997 in the Denver, Colorado region. Vehicles were tested as received on chassis dynamometers using the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS). Both PM-10 and regulated emissions were measured for each phase of the UDDS. Approximately 88% of the PM-10 collected was carbonaceous material, of which the average organic fraction was 0.7 for gasoline vehicles and 0.4 for diesel vehicles. This suggests that the organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) split may be useful in separating light-duty gasoline from diesel PM emissions. Sulfate emission rates averaged 0.45 and 3.51 mg/mi for gasoline and diesel vehicles, indicating that the EPA's mobile emissions model overpredicts sulfate emission rates. Elements identified by X-ray fluorescence averaged between 3 and 9% of the PM-10 mass. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) profiles developed may help distinguish between gasoline and diesel vehicles in source apportionment studies. Total PAH emissions, however, were not a good candidate as a tracer of gasoline PM emissions. Hopane and sterane emissions were very similar across the fleet and may be useful tracers for mobile source PM emissions. Overall, emission rates varied significantly with vehicle classification and driving condition, suggesting that a single profile representing the entire fleet will need to carefully reflect the local fleet composition and the local weighting of cold, hot, and hot-stabilized emissions. C1 GM Corp, R&D Ctr, Warren, MI 48090 USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Air Pollut Control Div, Aurora, CO 80011 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Clean Air Vehicle Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cadle, SH (reprint author), GM Corp, R&D Ctr, MD 480-106-269, Warren, MI 48090 USA. NR 26 TC 140 Z9 146 U1 8 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 14 BP 2328 EP 2339 DI 10.1021/es9810843 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 217CA UT WOS:000081480900004 ER PT J AU Dearfield, KL McCarroll, NE Protzel, A Stack, HF Jackson, MA Waters, MD AF Dearfield, KL McCarroll, NE Protzel, A Stack, HF Jackson, MA Waters, MD TI A survey of EPA/OPP and open literature on selected pesticide chemicals - II. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of selected chloroacetanilides and related compounds SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE pesticide chemical; chloroacetanilide; mutagenicity; carcinogenicity ID ALACHLOR MANUFACTURING WORKERS; DNA ADDUCT FORMATION; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; ACTIVITY PROFILES; CANCER INCIDENCE; METABOLITES; ACETOCHLOR; LIVER; 2-CHLORO-N-(2,6-DIETHYLPHENYL)ACETAMIDE AB With this effort, we continue our examination of data on selected pesticide chemicals and their related analogues that have been presented to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP). This report focuses on a group of selected chloroacetanilides and a few related compounds. As part of the registration process for pesticidal chemicals, interested parties (registrants) must submit toxicity information to support the registration including both mutagenicity and carcinogenicity data. Although this information is available to the public via Freedom of Information (FOI) requests to the OPP, publication in the scientific literature allows greater dissemination and examination of the data. For this Special Issue, graphic profiles have been prepared of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity data available in the submissions to OPP. Also, a discussion is presented about how toxicity data are used to help establish tolerances (limits of pesticide residues in foods). The mutagenicity results submitted by registrants are supplemented by data on these chemicals from the open literature to provide a full perspective of their genetic toxicology. The group of chloroacetanilides reviewed here display a consistent pattern of mutagenic activity, probably mediated via metabolites. This mutagenic activity is a mechanistically plausible factor in the development of tumors seen in experimental animals exposed to this class of chemicals. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev 8103R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Hlth Effects Div 7509C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Integrated Lab Syst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab MD 51 A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dearfield, KL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev 8103R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 58 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 443 IS 1-2 BP 183 EP 221 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(99)00019-8 PG 39 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 221XP UT WOS:000081753100013 PM 10415440 ER PT J AU Prahalad, AK Soukup, JM Inmon, J Willis, R Ghio, AJ Becker, S Gallagher, JE AF Prahalad, AK Soukup, JM Inmon, J Willis, R Ghio, AJ Becker, S Gallagher, JE TI Ambient air particles: Effects on cellular oxidant radical generation in relation to particulate elemental chemistry SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE human leukocytes; chemiluminescence; oxidant generation; air particles; metals ID LUMINOL-ENHANCED CHEMILUMINESCENCE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITES; RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; OIL FLY-ASH; LUNG INJURY; POLLUTION; SIZE; LEUKOCYTES; METAL; PHAGOCYTOSIS AB Epidemiologic studies have reported causal relationships between exposures to high concentrations of ambient air particles (AAP) and increased morbidity in individuals with underlying respiratory problems. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are frequently present in the airways of individuals exposed to particles. Upon particulate stimulation the PMN may release reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in tissue damage and injury. In this study a wide range of AAP samples from divergent sources (1, natural dust; 2, oil fly ash; 2, coal fly ash; 5, ambient air, and 1, carbon black) were analyzed for elemental content and solubility in relation to their ability to generate ROS. Elemental analyses were carried out in AAP and dH(2)O-washed AAP using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Percent of sample mass accounted for by XRF-detectable elements was 1.2% (carbon black); 22-29% (natural dust and ambient air particles); 13-22% (oil fly ash particles); 28-49% (coal fly ash particles). The major proportion of elements in most of these particles were aluminosilicates and insoluble iron, except oil-derived fly ash particles in which soluble vanadium and nickel were in highest concentrations, consistent with particle acidity as measured in the supernatants. Human blood-derived monocytes and PMN were exposed to AAP and dH(2)O-washed particles, and generation of ROS was determined using luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (LCL) assay. All the particles induced chemiluminescence response in the cells, except carbon black. The oxidant response of monocytes induced by AAP (with the exception of oil fly ash particles) was less than the response elicited by PMN. The LCL response of PMN in general increased with all washed particles, with oil fly ash (OFA) and one urban air particle showing statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between dH(2)O-washed and unwashed par tides. The LCL activity in PMN induced by both particles and dH(2)O-washed particles was significantly correlated with the insoluble Si, Fe, Mn, Ti, and Co content of particles (p < 0.05). No relationship between LCL activity in PMN and soluble transition metals such as V, Cr, Ni, and Cu was noted. Pretreatment of the particles with a metal ion-chelator, deferoxamine, did not affect LCL in PMN, suggesting that metal ions are not related to the induction of LCL in PMN. Particulate S content and acidity of the particles as measured in the supernatants did not relate to LCL activity in PMN. These results point to the possibility that the insoluble constituents of the particles are related to LCL in PMN. Since some of these dusts are capable of depositing in the lungs and can cause infiltration of PMN, the ability to activate those cells may contribute to particulate toxicity. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Prahalad, AK (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 41 TC 118 Z9 123 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 158 IS 2 BP 81 EP 91 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8701 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 220JJ UT WOS:000081661600001 PM 10406923 ER PT J AU Mehler, L Shannon, J Baum, L AF Mehler, L Shannon, J Baum, L TI Illnesses associated with occupational use of flea-control products - California, Texas, and Washington, 1989-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 443, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Dept Pesticide Regulat, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Environm & Occupat Epidemiol Program, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Washington Dept Hlth, Off Tox Subst, Olympia, WA USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, CDC, Cincinnati, OH USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC USA. RP Mehler, L (reprint author), Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Dept Pesticide Regulat, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 14 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 2 BP 125 EP 126 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 215HT UT WOS:000081376800012 ER PT J AU Merdink, JL Stenner, RD Stevens, DK Parker, JC Bull, RJ AF Merdink, JL Stenner, RD Stevens, DK Parker, JC Bull, RJ TI Effect of enterohepatic circulation on the pharmacokinetics of chloral hydrate and its metabolites in F344 rats SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID DICHLOROACETIC ACID; B6C3F1 MICE; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; MOUSE-LIVER; MONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS; RAS PROTOONCOGENE; PROXIMAL TUBULE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY AB Chloral hydrate (CH) is a commonly found disinfection by-product in water purification, a metabolite of trichloroethylene, arid a sedative/hypnotic drug. CH and two of its reported metabolites, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA), are hepatocarcinogenic in mice. Another metabolite of CH, trichloroethanol (TCE), is also metabolized into TCA, and the enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of TCE maintains a pool of metabolite for the eventual production of TCA. To gain insight on the effects of EHC on the kinetics of CH and on the formation of TCA and DCA, dual cannulated F344 rats were infused with 12, 48, or 192 mg/kg of CH and the blood, bile, urine, and feces were collected over a 48-h period. CH was cleared rapidly (>3000 ml/h/kg) and displayed biphasic elimination kinetics, with the first phase being elimination of the dose and the second phase exhibiting formation rate-limited kinetics relative to its TCE metabolite. The effects of EHC on metabolite kinetics were only significant at the highest dose, resulting in a 44% and 17% decease in the area under the curve (AUC) of TCA and TCE, respectively. The renal clearance of CH, free TCE (f-TCE), and TCA of 2, 2.7, and 38 ml/h/kg, respectively, indicates an efficient reabsorption mechanism for all of these small chlorinated compounds. DCA was detected at only trace levels (<2 mu M) as a metabolite of CH, TCA, or TCE. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Washington State Univ, Grad Program Pharmacol Toxicol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Coll Pharm, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Merdink, JL (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999 P7-56, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JUL 9 PY 1999 VL 57 IS 5 BP 357 EP 368 DI 10.1080/009841099157665 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 210TK UT WOS:000081120600004 PM 10405189 ER PT J AU Schmehl, RL Cox, DC Dewalt, FG Haugen, MM Koyak, RA Schwemberger, JG Scalera, JV AF Schmehl, RL Cox, DC Dewalt, FG Haugen, MM Koyak, RA Schwemberger, JG Scalera, JV TI Lead based paint testing technologies: Summary of an EPA/HUD field study SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE lead-based paint; chemical test kits; X-ray fluorescence AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development sponsored a field study of portable technologies for testing for lead in paint in three U.S, cities in 1993. Six chemical test kits and six X-ray fluorescence instruments, which represented the two main types of portable technologies available for residential lead testing at that time, were evaluated. Painted building components in single-family and multifamily housing units were selected to assess the performance of these products under real-world conditions. The study found that the chemical test kits were not effective in distinguishing lead-based paint, as defined by federal standards, from nonlead based paint. The X-ray fluorescence instruments were, under certain circumstances, found to be effective. The study filled an informational gap about the accuracy and precision of the portable lead-testing technologies. This article describes the design of the study and its major findings. C1 QuanTech, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. US EPA, Tech Branch, Natl Program Chem Div, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox,Off Prevent Pesticides &, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schmehl, RL (reprint author), QuanTech, 1911 N Ft Myer Dr,Suite 1000, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 60 IS 4 BP 444 EP 451 DI 10.1080/00028899908984463 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 227XL UT WOS:000082105200005 PM 10462778 ER PT J AU Telliard, WA AF Telliard, WA TI Estimating the impact of pollution on a water body and controlling pollution using technology- and water-quality-based pollution controls SO ANNALI DI CHIMICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Water in the Mediterranean Area CY OCT 11-18, 1998 CL CHIA LAGUNA, ITALY SP Italian Chem Soc, Joint Res Ctr Commissio European Union AB This paper provides an overview of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) approach to technology-based and water-quality-based pollution controls and describes EPA's approach to assessment of the impact of pollution on a water body. Much of the information presented has potential application to assessment of the impact of pollution on the quality of water and to the control of water pollution in Mediterranean area. C1 US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Telliard, WA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC CHIMICA ITALIANA PI ROME PA VIALE LIEGI 48, I-00198 ROME, ITALY SN 0003-4592 J9 ANN CHIM-ROME JI Ann. Chim. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 89 IS 7-8 BP 463 EP 469 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 210MM UT WOS:000081109300002 ER PT J AU Genthner, FJ Volety, AK Oliver, LM Fisher, WS AF Genthner, FJ Volety, AK Oliver, LM Fisher, WS TI Factors influencing in vitro killing of bacteria by hemocytes of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SWARMER CELL-DIFFERENTIATION; VIBRIO-VULNIFICUS BIOTYPE-2; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; PERKINSUS-MARINUS; FLAGELLAR MOTOR; COAST OYSTERS; PARAHAEMOLYTICUS; VIRULENCE; ASSOCIATION; CAPSULE AB A tetrazolium dye reduction assay was used to study factors governing the killing of bacteria by oyster hemocytes, In vitro tests were performed on bacterial strains by using hemocytes from oysters collected from the same location in winter and summer. Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains, altered in motility or colonial morphology (opaque and translucent), and Listeria monocytogenes mutants lacking catalase, superoxide dismutase, hemolysin, and phospholipase activities were examined in winter and summer. Vibrio vulnificus strains, opaque and translucent (with and without capsules), were examined only in summer. Among V. parahaemolyticus and L. monocytogenes, significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of killing by hemocytes were observed in summer than in winter. L. monocytogenes was more resistant than V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus to the bactericidal activity of hemocytes. In winter, both translucent strains of V. parahaemolyticus showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher susceptibility to killing by hemocytes than did the wild-type opaque strain. In summer, only one of the V. parahaemolyticus translucent strains showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher susceptibility to killing by hemocytes than did the wild-type opaque strain. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in killing by hemocytes were observed between opaque (encapsulated) and translucent (nonencapsulated) pairs of V. vulnificus. Activities of 19 hydrolytic enzymes were measured in oyster hemolymph collected in winter and summer. Only one enzyme, esterase (C4), showed a seasonal difference in activity (higher in winter than in summer). These results suggest that differences existed between bacterial genera in their ability to evade killing by oyster hemocytes, that a trait(s) associated with the opaque phenotype may have enabled V. parahaemolyticus to evade killing by the oyster's cellular defense, and that bactericidal activity of hemocytes was greater in summer than in winter. C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. CNR, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. CNR, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Genthner, FJ (reprint author), US EPA, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM genthner.fred@epamail.epa.gov NR 47 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 65 IS 7 BP 3015 EP 3020 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 212CP UT WOS:000081199000030 PM 10388697 ER PT J AU Vesper, SJ Dearborn, DG Yike, I Sorenson, WG Haugland, RA AF Vesper, SJ Dearborn, DG Yike, I Sorenson, WG Haugland, RA TI Hemolysis, toxicity, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Stachybotrys chartarum strains SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACUTE PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE; FUNGI; INFANCY; IRON; INFECTION; ATRA AB Stachybotrys chartarum is an indoor air, toxigenic fungus that has been associated with a number of human and veterinary health problems. Most notable among these has been a cluster of idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage cases that were observed in the Cleveland, Ohio, area. In this study, 16 strains of S, chartarum isolated from case (n = 8) or control (n = 8) homes in Cleveland and 12 non-Cleveland strains from diverse geographic locations were analyzed for hemolytic activity, conidial toxicity, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA banding patterns, In tests for hemolytic activity, strains were grown at 23 degrees C on wet wallboard pieces for an 8-week test period. Conidia from these wallboard pieces were subcultured on sheep's blood agar once a week over this period and examined for growth and clearing of the medium at 37 or 23 degrees C. Five of the Cleveland strains (all from case homes) showed hemolytic activity at 37 degrees C throughout the 8-week test compared to 3 of the non-Cleveland strains. Five of the Cleveland strains, compared to two of the non-Cleveland strains, produced highly toxic conidia (>90 mu g of T2 toxin equivalents per g [wet weight] of conidia) after 10 and 30 days of growth on wet wallboard. Only 3 of the 28 strains examined both were consistently hemolytic and produced highly toxic conidia, Each of these strains was isolated from a house in Cleveland where an infant had idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NIOSH, Div Resp Dis Studies, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Vesper, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W ML King Dr,ML 314, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Vesper.Stephen@EPA.gov NR 29 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 65 IS 7 BP 3175 EP 3181 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 212CP UT WOS:000081199000052 PM 10388719 ER PT J AU Lytle, DA Rice, EW Johnson, CH Fox, KR AF Lytle, DA Rice, EW Johnson, CH Fox, KR TI Electrophoretic mobilities of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and wild-type Escherichia coli strains SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; WATERBORNE OUTBREAK; INFECTION; MISSOURI AB The electrophoretic mobilities (EPMs) of a number of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and wild-type E. coli strains were measured. The effects of pH and ionic strength on the EPMs were investigated. The EPMs of E. coli O157:H7 strains differed from those of wild-type strains. As the suspension pH decreased, the EPMs of both types of strains increased. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, WSWRD, TTEB, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lytle, DA (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, WSWRD, TTEB, Mail Stop B19,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 16 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 65 IS 7 BP 3222 EP 3225 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 212CP UT WOS:000081199000057 PM 10388724 ER PT J AU Sickles, JE Hodson, LL AF Sickles, JE Hodson, LL TI Retention of sulfur dioxide by nylon filters SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE sulfur dioxide; nylon filter; filter pack; ambient air sampling ID DRY DEPOSITION; SO2; AIR AB Based on laboratory studies, recovery efficiencies of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were determined for nylon filters. The nylon filters used in these experiments were found to retain SO2. A relatively uniform amount (1.7%) was recoverable from each nylon filter, independent of relative humidity. An appreciable portion of SO2 was unrecoverable, and this increased from 5 to 16% as the RH increased from 28 to 49%. This unrecoverable SO2 may account for previous reports of a low bias for SO2 determinations employing filter packs using nylon filters. Additional characterization of nylon filters is recommended prior to their future deployment as an integrative sampling medium for ambient air. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Sickles, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Hodson, Laura/F-4585-2011 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 33 IS 15 BP 2423 EP 2426 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 189BE UT WOS:000079883600013 ER PT J AU Isebrands, JG Guenther, AB Harley, P Helmig, D Klinger, L Vierling, L Zimmerman, P Geron, C AF Isebrands, JG Guenther, AB Harley, P Helmig, D Klinger, L Vierling, L Zimmerman, P Geron, C TI Volatile organic compound emission rates from mixed deciduous and coniferous forests in Northern Wisconsin, USA SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE tropospheric ozone; Quercus; Populus; Picea; Salix; isoprene; monoterpene; VOC ID ISOPRENE EMISSION; UNITED-STATES; RATE VARIABILITY; OZONE POLLUTION; SENSITIVITY; FLUXES; LEAVES; MODEL; LEAF AB Biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from forests play an important role in regulating the atmospheric trace gas composition including global tropospheric ozone concentrations. However, more information is needed on VOC emission rates from different forest regions of the world to understand regional and global impacts and to implement possible mitigation strategies. The mixed deciduous and coniferous forests of northern Wisconsin, USA, were predicted to have significant VOC emission rates because they are comprised of many genera (i.e. Picea, Populus, Quercus, Salix) known to be high VOC emitters. In July 1993, a study was conducted on the Chequamegon National Forest near Rhinelander, WI, to identify and quantify VOC emitted from major trees, shrubs, and understory herbs in the mixed northern forests of this region, Emission rates were measured at various scales - at the leaf level with cuvettes, the branch level with branch enclosures, the canopy level with a tower based system, and the landscape level with a tethered balloon air sampling system. Area-average emission rates were estimated by scaling, using biomass densities and species composition along transects representative of the study site. Isoprene (C5H8) was the primary VOC emitted, although significant quantities of monoterpenes (C10H16) were also emitted. The highest emission rates of isoprene (at 30 degrees C and photosynthetically active radiation of 1000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) were from northern red oak (Quercus rubra, > 110 mu g(C)g(-1) h(-1)); aspen (Populus tremuloides, > 77); willow (Salix spp., > 54); and black spruce (Picea mariana, > 10). Emission rates of hybrid poplar clones ranged from 40 to 90 mu g(C)g(-1) h(-1) at 25 degrees C; those of Picea provenances were generally <10, and emission rates of a hybrid between North American and European spruces were intermediate to parental rates. More than 30 species of plants were surveyed from the sites, including several from previously unstudied genera such as Alnus, Chamaedaphne, Ledum, Tilia, Rubus, and Sphagnum. Based on the measured isoprene concentrations in the daytime atmospheric surface layer and mixed layer, area-averaged fluxes of isoprene were estimated to be about 1 mg(C)m(-2) h(-1). This estimate agrees reasonably well with model predictions. Our results indicate that mixed forests in the Lake States region of the USA are a significant source of reactive VOC to the atmosphere. Accurate estimates of these emissions are required for determining appropriate regulatory air pollution control strategies. Future studies are needed to extrapolate these estimates to other landscapes and to better understand the factors controlling observed variations in VOC emissions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. US EPA, Air Energy Engn Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Guenther, AB (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Harley, Peter/E-1856-2014; Vierling, Lee/E-6428-2010; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Harley, Peter/0000-0002-2647-1973; Vierling, Lee/0000-0001-5344-1983; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 36 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 33 IS 16 BP 2527 EP 2536 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00250-7 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 191MW UT WOS:000080027000007 ER PT J AU Fondahl, L AF Fondahl, L TI Biosolids management in the western region SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Region 9, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fondahl, L (reprint author), US EPA, Region 9, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD JUL PY 1999 VL 40 IS 7 BP 70 EP + PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 218LH UT WOS:000081553700044 ER PT J AU Ananyeva, ND Demkina, TS Jones, WJ Cabrera, ML Steen, WC AF Ananyeva, ND Demkina, TS Jones, WJ Cabrera, ML Steen, WC TI Microbial biomass in soils of Russia under long-term management practices SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE microbial biomass; microbial activity; substrate-induced respiration; fungi length; long-term soil management ID BACTERIAL BIOMASS; HYPHAL LENGTHS; FUNGAL BIOMASS; GRASSLAND; RESPIRATION; ERGOSTEROL; RATIOS AB Non-tilled and tilled plots on a spodosol (C-org 0.65-1.70%; pH 4.1-4.5) and a mollisol (C-org 3.02-3.13%, pH 4.9-5.3), located in the European region of Russia, were investigated to determine variances in soil microbial biomass and microbial community composition. Continuous, long-term management practices, including tillage and treatment with inorganic fertilizers or manure, were used on the spodosol (39 years) and mollisol (22 years). Total microbial biomass (C-mic), estimated by the substrate-induced respiration (SIR) method, and total fungal hyphae length (membrane filter technique) were determined seasonally over a 3-year period. Long-term soil management practices (primarily tillage and fertilizer application) led to decreases in total microbial biomass (80-85% lower in spodosol and 20-55% lower in mollisol), decreases in the contribution of C-mic to C-org (2.3- to 3.5-fold lower in spodosol and 1.2- to 2.3-fold lower in mollisol), and 50-87% decreases in total fungal hyphae length compared to non-tilled control plots. The contribution of fungi to total SIR in virgin mollisol and fallow spodosol plots was approximately 30%. However, the contribution of fungi to SIR was approximately two times greater in tilled spodosol plots compared to a fallow plot. In contrast, the contribution of fungi to SIR in tilled plots of mollisol was less (1.4-4.7 times) than for a virgin plot. In summary, long-term soil management practices such as tillage and treatment with organic or inorganic fertilizers are important determinants of soil microbial biomass and the contribution of fungi to total SIR. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci & Photosynth, Pushchino 14229, Moscow Region, Russia. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Jones, WJ (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 23 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 291 EP 299 DI 10.1007/s003740050555 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 219XN UT WOS:000081633900008 ER PT J AU Kuehl, DW Christensen, J AF Kuehl, DW Christensen, J TI Determination of Kow values for a series of aryl glucuronides SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RAINBOW-TROUT; RETENTION; OCTANOL; WATER C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Kuehl, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1 BP 109 EP 116 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 211AQ UT WOS:000081138100016 PM 10423491 ER PT J AU Styblo, M Del Razo, LM LeCluyse, EL Hamilton, GA Wang, CQ Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ AF Styblo, M Del Razo, LM LeCluyse, EL Hamilton, GA Wang, CQ Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ TI Metabolism of arsenic in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; URINARY-EXCRETION; IN-VITRO; LIVER; PURIFICATION; INGESTION; TOXICITY; ASSAY AB The liver is considered a major site for methylation of inorganic arsenic (iAs). However, there is Little data on the capacity of human liver to methylate iAs. This work examined the metabolism of arsenite (iAs(III)), arsenate (iAs(v)), methylarsine oxide ((MAsO)-O-III), methylarsonic acid (MAsv), dimethylarsinous acid (DMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) in primary cultures of normal human hepatocytes. Primary rat hepatocytes were used as methylating controls, iAs(III) and (MAsO)-O-III were metabolized more extensively than iAs(v) and MAsv by either cell type. Neither human nor rat hepatocytes metabolized DMAsIII or DMAsV. Methylation of iAs(III) by human hepatocytes yielded methylarsenic (MAs) and dimethylarsenic (DMAs) species; (MAsO)-O-III was converted to DMAs. The total methylation yield (MAs and DMAs) increased over the range of 0.1 to 4 mu M iAs(III). However, DMAs production was inhibited by iAs(III) in a concentration-dependent manner, and the DMAs/MAs ratio decreased. iAs(III) (10 and 20 mu M) inhibited both methylation reactions. Inhibition of DMAs synthesis resulted in accumulation of iAs and MAs in human hepatocytes, suggesting that dimethylation is required for iAs clearance from cells. Methylation capacities of human hepatocytes obtained from four donors ranged from 3.1 to 35.7 pmol of iAs(III) per 10(6) cells per hour and were substantially lower than the methylation capacity of rat hepatocytes (387 pmol of iAs(III) per 10(6) cells per hour). The maximal methylation rates for either rat or human hepatocytes were attained between 0.4 and 4 mu M iAs(III). In summary, (i) human hepatocytes methylate iAs, (ii) the capacities for iAs methylation vary among individuals and are saturable, and (iii) moderate concentrations of iAs inhibit DMAs synthesis, resulting in an accumulation of iAs and MAs in cells. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Div Drug Delivery & Disposit, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. IPN, CINVESTAV, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Environm Toxicol Sect, Mexico City 07738, DF, Mexico. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Styblo, M (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, CB 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. OI LeCluyse, Edward/0000-0002-2149-8990 NR 26 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 12 IS 7 BP 560 EP 565 DI 10.1021/tx990050l PG 6 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 219JC UT WOS:000081603300003 PM 10409394 ER PT J AU Liao, DP Creason, J Shy, C Williams, R Watts, R Zweidinger, R AF Liao, DP Creason, J Shy, C Williams, R Watts, R Zweidinger, R TI Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE ambient air pollution; autonomic system; cardiovascular disease; elderly; heart rate variability; particulate matter; PM2.5 ID HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; TIME-SERIES; DISEASE; PARTICLES; MORTALITY; ASSOCIATION; FAILURE AB Particulate matter air pollution (PM) has been related to cardiovascular disease mortality in a number of recent studies. The pathophysiologic mechanisms for this association are under study. Low heart rate variability, a marker of poor cardiac autonomic control, is associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. To address the possible mechanisms for PM-cardiovascular disease mortality, we examined the cardiac autonomic response to daily variations in PM in 26 elderly (mean age 81) individuals for 3 consecutive weeks. Several standardized methods were used to measure 24-hr average PM concentrations prior to the clinical test inside (indoor PM2.5) and immediately outside (outdoor PM2.5 and PM2.5-10) of participants' residences. Resting, supine, 6-min R wave to R wave (R-R) interval data were collected to estimate high frequency (0.15-0.40 Hz) and low frequency (0.04-0.15 Hz) powers and standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN) as cardiac autonomic control indices. Participant-specific lower heart rate variability days were defined as days for which the high-frequency indices fell below the first tertile of the individual's high-frequency distribution over the study period. Indoor PM2.5 > 15 mu g/m(3) was used to define high pollution days. Results show that the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of low heart rate variability high frequency for high (vs. not high) pollution days was 3.08 (1.43, 6.59). The beta-coefficients (standard error) from mixed models to assess the quantitative relationship between variations in indoor PM2.5 and the log-transformed high frequency, low frequency, and SDNN were: -0.029 (0.010), -0.027 (0.009), and -0.004 (0.003), respectively. This first study of cardiac autonomic control response to daily variations of PM2.5 indicates that increased levels of PM2.5 are associated with lower cardiac autonomic control, suggesting a possible mechanistic link between PM and cardiovascular disease mortality. C1 US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Human Exposure & Atmospher, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Div Human Studies, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Creason, J (reprint author), US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Human Exposure & Atmospher, Mail Drop 58C, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM creason.john@epamail.epa.gov NR 38 TC 293 Z9 303 U1 1 U2 32 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 107 IS 7 BP 521 EP 525 DI 10.2307/3434393 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 216DX UT WOS:000081426900021 PM 10378998 ER PT J AU Bernstein, IL Bernstein, JA Miller, M Tierzieva, S Bernstein, DI Lummus, Z Selgrade, MK Doerfler, DL Seligy, VL AF Bernstein, IL Bernstein, JA Miller, M Tierzieva, S Bernstein, DI Lummus, Z Selgrade, MK Doerfler, DL Seligy, VL TI Immune responses in farm workers after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis pesticides SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; Bt genes; farm workers; IgE sensitization; IgG antibodies; nasal lavage; pesticides ID INSECTICIDES; ALLERGENS; SUBTILIS; ASTHMA; IGE AB Although health risks to pesticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been minimal, the potential allergenicity of these organisms has not been evaluated. Therefore, a health survey was conducted in farm workers before and after exposure to Bt pesticides. Farm workers who picked vegetables that required Bt pesticide spraying were evaluated before the initial spraying operation (n = 48) and 1 and 4 months after (n = 32 and 20, respectively). Two groups of low- (n = 44) and medium- (n = 34) exposure workers not directly exposed to Bt spraying were also assessed. The investigation included questionnaires, nasal/mouth lavages, ventilatory function assessment, and skin tests to indigenous aeroallergens and to a variety of Bt spore and vegetative preparations. To authenticate exposure to the organism present in the commercial preparation, isolates from lavage specimens were tested for Bt genes by DNA-DNA hybridization. Humoral immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody responses to spore and vegetative Bt extracts were assayed. There was no evidence of occupationally related respiratory symptoms. Positive skin-prick tests to several spore extracts were seen chiefly in exposed workers. In particular, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the number of positive skin tests to spore extracts 1 and 4 months after exposure to Bt spray. The number of positive skin test responses was also significantly higher in high (p < 0.05) than in low- or medium-exposure workers. The majority of nasal lavage cultures from exposed workers was positive for the commercial Bt organism, as demonstrated by specific molecular genetic probes. Specific IgE antibodies were present in more high-exposure workers (p < 0.05) than in the low and medium groups. Specific IgG antibodies occurred more in the high (p < 0.05) than in the low-exposure group. Specific IgG and IgE antibodies to vegetative organisms were present in all groups of workers. Exposure to Bt sprays may lead to allergic skin sensitization and induction of IgE and IgG antibodies, or both. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Div Immunol, Dept Internal Med, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Dept Hlth Canada, Hlth Protect Branch, Ctr Environm Hlth, Environm & Occupat Toxicol Div, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Bernstein, IL (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Div Immunol, Dept Internal Med, 231 Bethesda Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. EM bernstil@email.uc.edu NR 26 TC 65 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 16 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 107 IS 7 BP 575 EP 582 DI 10.2307/3434400 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 216DX UT WOS:000081426900028 PM 10379004 ER PT J AU Abernathy, CO Liu, YP Longfellow, D Aposhian, HV Beck, B Fowler, B Goyer, R Menzer, R Rossman, T Thompson, C Waalkes, M AF Abernathy, CO Liu, YP Longfellow, D Aposhian, HV Beck, B Fowler, B Goyer, R Menzer, R Rossman, T Thompson, C Waalkes, M TI Arsenic: Health effects, mechanisms of actions, and research issues SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE S-adenosylmethionine; arsenic; arsenate; arsenite; dimethylarsinic acid; heat shock proteins; heme oxygenase; monomethylarsonic acid ID ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; DRINKING-WATER; WEST-BENGAL; PREVALENCE; EXPOSURE; HUMANS; INDIA; MODEL AB A meeting on the health effects of arsenic (As), its modes of action, and areas in need of future research was held in Hunt Valley, Maryland, on 22-24 September 1997. Exposure to As in drinking water has been associated with the development of skin and internal cancers and noncarcinogenic effects such as diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. There is little data on specific mechanism(s) of action for As, but a great deal of information on possible modes of action. Although arsenite [As(III)] can inhibit more than 200 enzymes, events underlying the induction of the noncarcinogenic effects of As are not understood. With respect to carcinogenicity, As can affect DNA repair, methylation of DNA, and increase radical formation and activation of the protooncogene c-myc, but none of these potential pathways have widespread acceptance as the principal etiologic event. In addition, there are no accepted models for the study of As-induced carcinogenesis. At the final meeting session we considered research needs. Among the most important areas cited were a) As metabolism and its interaction with cellular constituents; b) possible bioaccumulation of As; c) interactions with other metals; d) effects of As on genetic material; e) development of animal models and cell systems to study effects of As; and f) a better characterization of human exposures as related to health risks. Some of the barriers to the advancement of As research included an apparent lack of interest in the United States on As research; lack of relevant animal models; difficulty with adoption of uniform methodologies; lack of accepted biomarkers; and the need for a central storage repository for stored specimens. C1 US EPA, Off Water & Res & Dev, Washington, DC USA. NCI, Div Canc Biol, Bethesda, MD USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Gradient Corp, Cambridge, MA USA. Univ Maryland, Catonsville, MD USA. NYU, Med Ctr, Tuxedo Pk, NY USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NIEHS, NCI, Inorgan Carcinogenesis Sect, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Abernathy, CO (reprint author), Off Sci & Technol 4304, Room 1037 E Tower,401 M St, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM abernathy.charles@epa.gov NR 30 TC 360 Z9 374 U1 7 U2 82 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 107 IS 7 BP 593 EP 597 DI 10.2307/3434403 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 216DX UT WOS:000081426900033 PM 10379007 ER PT J AU Macauley, JM Summers, JK Engle, VD AF Macauley, JM Summers, JK Engle, VD TI Estimating the ecological condition of the estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE environmental assessment; environmental monitoring; Gulf of Mexico estuaries; probability based design ID OF-MEXICO; SEDIMENTS; ABNORMALITIES; DISEASES; FISH AB Monitoring of estuaries in the Louisianian Province was performed annually from 1991-1994 to assess ecological conditions on a regional scale. We found over the four years of monitoring, 25 +/- 6% of Gulf of Mexico estuarine sediments in the Louisianian Province displayed poor biological conditions, as measured by benthic community structure, and 14 +/- 7% of the area was characterized by poor water clarity, the presence of marine debris, and elevated levels of fish tissue contaminants. Using statistical associations to discern relationships between ecological condition and exposure or stressor data has shown that much of this `degraded' condition co-occurs with sediment contamination. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Macauley, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 57 IS 1 BP 59 EP 83 DI 10.1023/A:1005944829407 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 203ZX UT WOS:000080739400004 ER PT J AU Howard-Reed, C Corsi, RL Moya, J AF Howard-Reed, C Corsi, RL Moya, J TI Mass transfer of volatile organic compounds from drinking water to indoor air: The role of residential dishwashers SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TAP WATER; VOLATILIZATION; CHLOROFORM; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; EXPOSURE; SHOWERS; CHEMICALS; MODEL; SIZE AB Contaminated tap water may be a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residential indoor air. To better understand the extent and impact of chemical emissions from this source, a two-phase mass balance model was developed based on mass transfer kinetics between each phase. Twenty-nine experiments were completed using a residential dishwasher to determine model parameters. During each experiment, inflow water was spiked with a cocktail of chemical tracers with a wide range of physicochemical properties. In each case, the effects of water temperature, detergent, and dish-loading pattern on chemical stripping efficiencies and mass transfer coefficients were determined. Dishwasher headspace ventilation rates were also measured using an isobutylene tracer gas. Chemical stripping efficiencies for a single cycle ranged from 18% to 55% for acetone, from 96% to 98% for toluene, and from 97% to 98% for ethylbenzene and were consistently 100% for cyclohexane. Experimental results indicate that dishwashers have a relatively low but continuous ventilation rate (similar to 5.7 L/min) that results in significant chemical storage within the headspace of the dishwasher. In conjunction with relatively high mass transfer coefficients, low ventilation rates generally lead to emissions that are limited by equilibrium conditions after approximately 1-2 min of dishwasher operation. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Civil Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Howard-Reed, C (reprint author), US EPA, 12201 Sunrise Valley Rd,555 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009 NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 13 BP 2266 EP 2272 DI 10.1021/es981354h PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 213RD UT WOS:000081286300042 ER PT J AU Ross, P Burton, GA Greene, M Ho, K Meier, P Sweet, L Auwarter, A Bispo, A Doe, K Erstfeld, K Goudey, S Goyvaerts, M Henderson, D Jourdain, M Lenon, M Pandard, P Qureshi, A Rowland, C Schipper, C Schreurs, W Trottier, S Van Aggelen, G AF Ross, P Burton, GA Greene, M Ho, K Meier, P Sweet, L Auwarter, A Bispo, A Doe, K Erstfeld, K Goudey, S Goyvaerts, M Henderson, D Jourdain, M Lenon, M Pandard, P Qureshi, A Rowland, C Schipper, C Schreurs, W Trottier, S Van Aggelen, G TI Interlaboratory precision study of a whole sediment toxicity test with the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sediments; Microtox; toxicity; solid-phase; precision; interlaboratory ID BIOASSESSMENT; BIOASSAY AB The reproducibility of sediment toxicity bioassays using the Microtox(R) solid-phase test (SPT) with the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri was estimated in an interlaboratory precision study. A preliminary study, with five labs testing six solid-phase samples, was used to evaluate proposed method modifications. As a result, it was recommended that the SPT protocol be revised to include whole sample testing with subsequent wet-weight to dry-weight correction, and the use of NaNO3, rather than NaCl, as the diluent for freshwater sediment samples. The revised protocol was then examined in a definitive precision study, with 18 laboratories each testing eight samples. Coefficients of variation for the eight samples ranged from 35.8 to 78.0%. One possible source of error is the separate moisture content determination performed by each laboratory in order to calculate the wet-weight to dry-weight correction. Out of a total of 143 bioassays performed by the 18 labs, only two results (1.4%) exceeded the critical value of the interlaboratory consistency statistic h. With coefficients of variation comparable to other interlaboratory precision studies, and an extremely low number of results exceeding the critical value of h, it is concluded that the V. fischeri SPT has an acceptable level of precision and can be developed as a standardized test method. (C) 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Wright State Univ, Inst Environm Qual, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Instrumentat Technol Consultants, Vista, CA 92084 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Ind Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Ross, P (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Burton, Glenn/Q-9714-2016 OI Burton, Glenn/0000-0002-8660-6294 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1520-4081 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL JI Environ. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 339 EP 345 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 210FH UT WOS:000081094100007 ER PT J AU Axelrad, D Woodruff, D Panyacosit, L Reinert, J Dougherty, C Holtz, S AF Axelrad, D Woodruff, D Panyacosit, L Reinert, J Dougherty, C Holtz, S TI Cumulative exposure to food contaminants in the united states SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 486P BP S161 EP S161 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100516 ER PT J AU Burke, J McCurdy, T Ozkaynak, H Sheldon, L AF Burke, J McCurdy, T Ozkaynak, H Sheldon, L TI Analysis of human activity data for use in modeling environmental exposures. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 284O BP S104 EP S104 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100313 ER PT J AU Conomos, MG Doyle, BD Case, HA AF Conomos, MG Doyle, BD Case, HA TI Overview of the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) risk information available via the internet SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Ctr Environm Informat & Stat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 232O BP S90 EP S90 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100262 ER PT J AU Dejmek, J Selevan, SG Solansk, I Bene, I Lenicek, J Sram, RJ AF Dejmek, J Selevan, SG Solansk, I Bene, I Lenicek, J Sram, RJ TI Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in utero and fetal growth SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Expt Med, Prague, Czech Republic. Reg Inst Hyg Cent Bohemia, LGE, Prague, Czech Republic. US EPA, Human Hlth Assessment Grp, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Reg Inst Hyg, Usti NL, Czech Republic. RI Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 364O BP S126 EP S126 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100394 ER PT J AU Hruba, F Fabianova, E Koppova, K Vandenberg, J AF Hruba, F Fabianova, E Koppova, K Vandenberg, J TI Spatial analyses of respiratory health and air pollution in Slovakia SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 State Inst Publ Hlth, Bystrica, Slovakia. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 396P BP S135 EP S135 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100426 ER PT J AU Hubal, EC Burke, J Zufall, MJ Ozkaynak, H Sheldon, LS AF Hubal, EC Burke, J Zufall, MJ Ozkaynak, H Sheldon, LS TI Important pathways and factors for assessing children residential exposure to pesticides SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 308O BP S111 EP S111 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100338 ER PT J AU Kamel, F Boyes, WK Gladen, BC Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP AF Kamel, F Boyes, WK Gladen, BC Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP TI Visual dysfunction and pesticide use SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 353O BP S123 EP S123 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100383 ER PT J AU Kleindorfer, PR Makris, JL Conomos, MG AF Kleindorfer, PR Makris, JL Conomos, MG TI Accident epidemiology: Understanding the major drivers of major accident risk SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Penn, Wharton Sch, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 327P BP S115 EP S115 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100357 ER PT J AU Korrick, SA Neas, LM Schwartz, J AF Korrick, SA Neas, LM Schwartz, J TI Lead and respiratory function in NHANES III. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, HSD, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 221P BP S87 EP S87 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100252 ER PT J AU Lebowitz, MD O'Rourke, MK Needham, LL Robertson, G Rogan, SR Reses, J Pirkle, JL Ashley, DA Paschal, DC AF Lebowitz, MD O'Rourke, MK Needham, LL Robertson, G Rogan, SR Reses, J Pirkle, JL Ashley, DA Paschal, DC TI Distributions of biomarkers and concentrations of metals, pesticides & vocs on the US-Mexico border. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 357O BP S124 EP S124 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100387 ER PT J AU Lewis, DR Calderon, RL AF Lewis, DR Calderon, RL TI Drinking water arsenic in the United States: New findings and future directions SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Div Human Studies, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 25O BP S35 EP S35 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100056 ER PT J AU Mage, D Wilson, W AF Mage, D Wilson, W TI Reinventing personal exposure to particulate matter SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 142O BP S65 EP S65 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100171 ER PT J AU Mendola, P Robinson, LK Buck, G Fitzgerald, E Druschel, LE Sever, CM Vena, J AF Mendola, P Robinson, LK Buck, G Fitzgerald, E Druschel, LE Sever, CM Vena, J TI Sport fish consumption during pregnancy may be associated with birth defects in male children. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 479O BP S159 EP S159 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100510 ER PT J AU Morello-Frosch, RA Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Caldwell, J AF Morello-Frosch, RA Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Caldwell, J TI Air toxics and health risks in California. The public health implications of outdoor concentrations SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 316O BP S113 EP S113 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100346 ER PT J AU Norman, CA Bergeron, V Kent, R Ross, J AF Norman, CA Bergeron, V Kent, R Ross, J TI Pesticide exposure assessment under North American Free Trade Agreement SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Pest Management Regulatory Agcy, Ottawa, ON, Canada. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Calif Dept Pesticide Regulat, Sacramento, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 362P BP S125 EP S125 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100393 ER PT J AU Ozkaynak, H Buck, R Xue, J Zartarian, V Burke, J Zufall, M Hubal, EC Sheldon, L AF Ozkaynak, H Buck, R Xue, J Zartarian, V Burke, J Zufall, M Hubal, EC Sheldon, L TI Modeling multipathway exposures of children and adults to pesticides. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 309O BP S111 EP S111 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100340 ER PT J AU Reed, CH Wallace, LA Ott, WR AF Reed, CH Wallace, LA Ott, WR TI Factors affecting air exchange in two houses SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reston, VA USA. RI Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 343O BP S120 EP S120 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100374 ER PT J AU Rodes, CE Lawless, PA Williams, RW Creason, JP AF Rodes, CE Lawless, PA Williams, RW Creason, JP TI The utility of an a priori assessment to predict the representativeness of a single sampling location to estimate personal PM exposures in a high-rise facility SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 152P BP S68 EP S68 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100182 ER PT J AU Saldiva, P Coreira, J Deck, L Ahmed, AK Schwela, D Von Schirnding, Y Schwengels, P Davis, DL AF Saldiva, P Coreira, J Deck, L Ahmed, AK Schwela, D Von Schirnding, Y Schwengels, P Davis, DL TI Public health impacts of fossil fuels in Sao Paulo - A preliminary assessment SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ABT Associates Inc, Washington, DC USA. World Resources Inst, Washington, DC USA. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Saldiva, Paulo/D-7385-2012 OI Saldiva, Paulo/0000-0003-2005-8253 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 377O BP S129 EP S129 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100407 ER PT J AU Selevan, S Rubes, J Perreault, S AF Selevan, S Rubes, J Perreault, S TI Controlling for varying abstinence intervals in human semen studies. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. VRI, Brno, Czech Republic. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 372P BP S128 EP S128 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100402 ER PT J AU Sheldon, L Berry, M Vallero, D AF Sheldon, L Berry, M Vallero, D TI Bioaccumulation of POPs in fish and estimation of human dietary exposure and dose SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 508SO BP S169 EP S169 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100538 ER PT J AU Tabacova, S Little, R Balabaeva, L AF Tabacova, S Little, R Balabaeva, L TI Maternal exposure to phthalates and complications of pregnancy SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Ctr Hyg, Sofia, Bulgaria. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 368O BP S127 EP S127 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100398 ER PT J AU Vandenberg, J Brauer, M Cullen, A Fabianova, E Hruba, F Lendacka, M Mihalikova, E Miskovic, P Plzikova, A AF Vandenberg, J Brauer, M Cullen, A Fabianova, E Hruba, F Lendacka, M Mihalikova, E Miskovic, P Plzikova, A TI Measuring human exposures to priority air pollutants in Slovakia SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 141O BP S65 EP S65 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100172 ER PT J AU Wallace, LA Ott, WR Reed, CH Zartarian, VG AF Wallace, LA Ott, WR Reed, CH Zartarian, VG TI Clothes as source of particles contributing to the "personal cloud" SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reston, VA USA. RI Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 143O BP S65 EP S65 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100173 ER PT J AU Woodruff, T Axelrad, D AF Woodruff, T Axelrad, D TI From data to policy: New perspectives on air toxics from the cumulative exposure project SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 469O BP S156 EP S156 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100500 ER PT J AU Woodruff, T AF Woodruff, T TI Science pushing the policy process: Particulate epidemiology, infant mortality, and the new particulate standard SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 426O BP S143 EP S143 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100455 ER PT J AU Zartarian, V Ozkaynak, H Burke, J Zufall, M Furtaw, E AF Zartarian, V Ozkaynak, H Burke, J Zufall, M Furtaw, E TI Modeled residential chlorpyrifos exposure and dose to children via dermal surface residue contact and non-dietary ingestion SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Reston, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 307O BP S110 EP S110 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100337 ER PT J AU Zufall, MJ Ozkaynak, H Brauer, M Ott, WR Ryan, L Spengler, J AF Zufall, MJ Ozkaynak, H Brauer, M Ott, WR Ryan, L Spengler, J TI Particulate matter concentrations in non-residential microenvironments SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 MA 344O BP S120 EP S120 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 208JK UT WOS:000080987100373 ER PT J AU Adali, O Carver, GC Philpot, RM AF Adali, O Carver, GC Philpot, RM TI The effect of arginine-428 mutation on modulation of activity of human liver flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) by imipramine and chlorpromazine SO EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th European Workshop on Drug Metabolism CY JUN 21-26, 1998 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP European Soc Biochem Pharmacol DE flavin-containing monooxygenases; FMO3; liver; human; imipramine; chlorpromazine ID KIDNEY MICROSOMES; N-OXIDATION; GENE FAMILY; METABOLISM; RABBIT; METHIONINE; FORM AB This study was carried out to investigate the molecular basis for modulation of recombinant FMO3-catalyzed activity by the tricyclicantidepressants, imipramine and chlorpromazine. A mutant of human liver FMO3 (T428R) was formed by site-directed mutagenesis and characterized along with the native enzyme in order to elucidate a possible structure-function relationship. Functional properties of native and T428R human FMO3s were studied with methimazole as substrate. Both enzymes catalyzed the S-oxidation of methimazole with the same Km value. Imipramine modulated the activities of the native and T428R human FMO3s differently; the activity of the native FMO3 was increased at all concentrations, whereas the activity of the mutant enzyme was inhibited at concentrations above 300 mu M. Chlorpromazine activated the native enzyme at all concentrations of methimazole but activated the mutant enzyme only at high substrate concentrations. The direction (activation or inhibition) and extend of modulation of FMO3 activity is not only dependent on the concentration of the modulator, it is also dependent on the substrate concentration. This study confirms our previous findings with FMO1 that position 428 is important in the interaction of the FMO with modulators. C1 Middle E Tech Univ, Dept Biol, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Signal Transduct, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Adali, O (reprint author), Middle E Tech Univ, Dept Biol, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0940-2993 J9 EXP TOXICOL PATHOL JI Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 51 IS 4-5 BP 271 EP 276 PG 6 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 233AH UT WOS:000082403000002 PM 10445381 ER PT J AU Cizdziel, J Hodge, V Faller, S AF Cizdziel, J Hodge, V Faller, S TI Resolving Nevada Test Site and global fallout plutonium in attic dust and soils using Cs-137/Pu239+240 activity ratios SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE fallout; soil; plutonium; Cs-137 ID SAMPLES AB A simple equation using only Cs-137/Pu239+240 activity ratios was developed and evaluated as a means of resolving the plutonium in attic dust and soil from Nevada and Utah that came from Nevada Test Site fallout from that which came from global fallout. Applied to an historical data set of Cs-137 and Pu239+240 activity concentrations in soils from Nevada and Utah, the activity ratio method gives results similar to the traditional Pu-240/Pu-239 isotope mass ratio method, Considering the difficulty and expense of determining the Pu-240/Pu-239 atom ratios, this activity ratio method is simpler, faster, and less costly, and may be useful for detecting and/or monitoring plutonium contamination in soils. Applied to samples of attic dust and soil collected from throughout southern Nevada and Utah during 1996 and 1997, it was found that all sites surveyed showed the presence of Nevada Test Site plutonium, Over 90% of the plutonium found in the samples from Beatty, Tonopah, and Queen City Summit, Nevada, can be attributed to the Nevada Test Site. C1 Univ Nevada, Environm Sci & Hlth Grad Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US EPA, Radiat & Indoor Environm Natl Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1097/00004032-199907000-00012 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 205TN UT WOS:000080836800011 PM 10376544 ER PT J AU Reed, BM Smith, MAL AF Reed, BM Smith, MAL TI Designing a Micropropagation System: Workshop presentations from the 1998 SIVB Congress on In Vitro Biology - Preface SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Illinois, Plant Sci Lab 1021, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Reed, BM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 4 BP 275 EP 275 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 230HM UT WOS:000082245800001 ER PT J AU Krynitsky, AJ Stout, SJ Nejad, H Cavalier, TC AF Krynitsky, AJ Stout, SJ Nejad, H Cavalier, TC TI Multiresidue determination and confirmation of imidazolinone herbicides in soil by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID PERSISTENCE; EXTRACTION; IMAZAQUIN; LEVEL AB A new multiresidue method was developed to determine 6 imidazolinone herbicides in 5 different soil types, using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESMS), Good recoveries and sensitivity were obtained for the compounds investigated at the 2.0 ppb limit of quantitation. A 50 g portion of soil was extracted with 0.5N NaOH. A portion of the extract was acidified to precipitate humic acids, and the supernatant was loaded onto a preconditioned tC-18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and eluted with ethyl acetate. Further cleanup was achieved by using a tandem strong-anion-exchange SPE/strong-cation-exchange (SCX) SPE. Analytes were eluted from the SCX SPE with saturated KCl in methanol. After cleanup, the sample was desalted with an RP-102 SPE cartridge. Quantitation was achieved by monitoring the [M + H](+) ions for each compound, with a time-scheduled selective-ion-monitoring program (positive mode). The extraction and cleanup procedure produced a purified extract for MS confirmation using 3 ions with "in-source" collision-induced dissociation. C1 US EPA, Analyt Chem Branch, EPA Environ Sci Ctr, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. Amer Cyanamid Co, Div Agr Res, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Krynitsky, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Analyt Chem Branch, EPA Environ Sci Ctr, 701 Mapes Rd, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 82 IS 4 BP 956 EP 962 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 219GT UT WOS:000081600100024 ER PT J AU Montgomery, CA Pollak, RA Freemark, K White, D AF Montgomery, CA Pollak, RA Freemark, K White, D TI Pricing biodiversity SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL; CONSERVATION; DIVERSITY; COST AB In this paper, we propose a management price framework to inform decision making directed at the land-management unit level when biodiversity is one of several land-management objectives. The management prices synthesize information about the production relationships that link the public goods aspects of biodiversity to land-management activities. High management prices indicate high marginal returns to conservation effort and, thus, suggest a basis for prioritizing conservation effort. We construct a case study for Monroe County, Pennsylvania, to illustrate the concept of biodiversity management prices, to examine information needs, and to trace out a marginal cost curve for biodiversity. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Econ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Environm Canada, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Montgomery, CA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1006/jeem.1999.1073 PG 19 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 217BJ UT WOS:000081479200001 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW AF Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW TI Recovery and survival of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in reconditioned pork-processing wastewater SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; GROWTH; BACTERIAL; RECLAMATION; SALMONELLA; COLIFORMS; PATHOGENS; REUSE AB The pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been recovered from various water sources and food samples. The growth potential of this bacterium in nutrient-limited, reconditioned wastewater from a pork-processing plant was determined over a temperature range of 4 to 46 degrees C. Even though the biological oxygen demand of the wastewater was <2 mg/liter, results of bioassays for assimilable organic carbon and the coliform growth response of the water suggested that sufficient nutrients were present to support limited bacterial growth. A three-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7 grew over the temperature range of 10.2 to 29.4 degrees C. Bioassays appear to be a good indicator of the ability of this wastewater to support growth of this pathogen. Statistically higher levels of bacterial growth (P < 0.05) were detected on a nonselective medium (tryptic soy agar) than on a selective medium (sorbitol-MacConkey agar), suggesting that stress or injury of the bacterium occurs when the organism is exposed to the nutrient-limited conditions of the wastewater. These results indicate that E. coli O157:H7 can survive and grow in this particular nutrient-limited wastewater suggesting a potential hazard if this water becomes contaminated with this pathogen. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 62 IS 7 BP 731 EP 734 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 215CT UT WOS:000081364900004 PM 10419263 ER PT J AU Lindquist, HDA Dufour, AP Wymer, LJ Schaefer, FW AF Lindquist, HDA Dufour, AP Wymer, LJ Schaefer, FW TI Criteria for evaluation of proposed protozoan detection methods SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE criteria; evaluation; methods; protozoa; water AB There has been a proliferation of techniques and methods reported for analysis of water samples to determine the presence of the protozoan pathogens Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Many of the proposed methods are presented as complete procedures, which include sampling, processing, staining, or detection steps while other methods are not complete. Some proposed methods have been extensively tested in multi-laboratory settings, however, others are still in the developmental stage. A set of evaluation criteria has been developed to evaluate the many proposed methods. These criteria have been applied as an example, to an existing method. These criteria should be useful to individuals attempting to evaluate methods developed for detecting protozoa in water, and conversely, they should serve as a guideline for individuals interested in developing methods, allowing them to gather data with and about their methods, and present this data in a manner that is both logical and easily evaluated. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Res Div, Natl Environm Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lindquist, HDA (reprint author), US EPA, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Res Div, Natl Environm Res Lab, 26 WML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD JUL PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 33 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00039-1 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 206KK UT WOS:000080878100005 PM 10395462 ER PT J AU Serwint, JR Damokosh, AI Berger, OG Chisolm, JJ Gunter, EW Jones, RL Rhoads, GG Rogan, W AF Serwint, JR Damokosh, AI Berger, OG Chisolm, JJ Gunter, EW Jones, RL Rhoads, GG Rogan, W CA Treatment Lead-Exposed Children Trial TI No difference in iron status between children with low and moderate lead exposure SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National American-Pediatric-Society/Society-for-Pediatric-Research/Ambulatory-Ped iatric-Association Meeting CY MAY 03-04, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Pediat Soc, Soc Pediat Res, Ambulatory Pediat Assoc ID DEFICIENCY AB We compared the iron status between children 11 to 33 months old with confirmed blood lead levels of 20 to 44 mu g/dL and demographically similar children with blood lead levels of <10 mu g/dL. There were no differences. Laboratory investigation or empirical treatment for iron deficiency is not justified on the basis of moderately elevated blood lead levels alone. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Serwint, JR (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Hosp, 600 N Wolfe St CMSC 143, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. RI Rogan, Walter/I-6034-2012 OI Rogan, Walter/0000-0002-9302-0160 NR 12 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 135 IS 1 BP 108 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70338-0 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 215JQ UT WOS:000081378900023 PM 10393615 ER PT J AU Vukovich, FM Wayland, R Sherwell, J AF Vukovich, FM Wayland, R Sherwell, J TI Characteristics of ozone in the Baltimore-Washington area as established from one-hour average concentrations SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID EASTERN-UNITED-STATES AB A 15-year (1981-95) climatology for the diurnal maximum ozone concentration (DMOC) was developed using I-hr average ozone concentrations in the Baltimore-Washington area, which was made up of four regions: Baltimore, Washington, non-urban Maryland, and non-urban northern Virginia. The DMOC time series for each of these regions were divided into four terms representing different behavioral time scales: the long-term mean; the mean intra-annual perturbation; the interannual perturbation; and the synoptic perturbation. The urban regions had smaller values of the long-term mean ozone, but the annual range was larger. The values of the interannual perturbation were largest in the summer, when ozone production is significant, and smallest in the late winter and early spring. The interannual perturbation in the summer in the four regions consistently had positive departures in 1983, 1988, and 1991, and it had negative departures in 1981, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990, and 1992. Summers with large positive interannual departures experienced a large number of ozone exceedances (i.e., relative to the l-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 125 parts per billion [ppb]), and summers with large negative departures experienced few or no exceedances. About 50% of the exceedances had concentrations ranging in value from 125-135 ppb, and about 75% had concentrations from 125-145 ppb. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, Raleigh, NC USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Power Plant Res Program, Annapolis, MD USA. RP Vukovich, FM (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, Raleigh, NC USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 49 IS 7 BP 794 EP 803 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 218ZR UT WOS:000081582900005 PM 28060655 ER PT J AU Dimitriades, B AF Dimitriades, B TI Scientific basis of an improved EPA policy on control of organic emissions for ambient ozone reduction SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID REACTIVITY; POTENTIALS AB This article describes an effort to re-examine the scientific bases of the existing, more than two decades-old U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) policy on volatile organic compound reactivity in light of recent scientific knowledge and understanding. The existing policy allows "negligibly reactive" organic emissions, that is, emissions with ambient ozone production potential lower than that of ethane, to be exempted from all ozone regulations. It relies on use of k(OH) and incremental reactivity data for determining whether an organic compound is negligibly reactive. Recent scientific evidence suggests that (1) exempting the negligibly reactive organic emissions from all regulations is unjustifiable, (2) the choice of ethane as the benchmark organic species for distinguishing reactive from negligibly reactive organics may be inappropriate, (3) the assumptions and methods used for classifying organic compounds as "reactive" and "negligibly reactive" should be reconsidered, and (4) the volatility factor should be considered, more appropriately, in much the same way as the reactivity factor. C1 US EPA, Atmospher Chem & Phys Branch, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dimitriades, B (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Chem & Phys Branch, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 49 IS 7 BP 831 EP 838 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 218ZR UT WOS:000081582900009 PM 28060654 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Superpredators: The demonization of our children by the law. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, OAO Corp, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, OAO Corp, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 124 IS 12 BP 118 EP 118 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 216WH UT WOS:000081467100263 ER PT J AU Richmond, CE Woodin, SA AF Richmond, CE Woodin, SA TI Effect of salinity reduction on oxygen consumption by larval estuarine invertebrates SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-CAROLINA; TEMPERATURE; EMBRYOS; LIFE; URBANIZATION; PERFORMANCE; RESPIRATION; GASTROPOD; EXPOSURE; HYPOXIA AB Unpredictable events can cause rapid sizable changes in environmental conditions. Storm events are an example of an unpredictable event; in estuarine habitats, storms can bring about drastic changes in salinity levels within several hours. This study focused on the effect of salinity reduction on larval oxygen consumption. Two species of larval invertebrates were exposed to salinity reduction, the marine polychaete Arenicola cristata Stimpson and the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say). In experimental treatments, salinity was reduced to 10 or 15 parts per thousand; control individuals were maintained at 30 parts per thousand. Salinity was reduced for 3 d when larvae were between the ages of 1 and 4 d, post-hatch. Oxygen consumption was the same among treatments during salinity reduction for I. obsoleta larvae. The oxygen consumption of A. cristata larvae was significantly lower at 10 parts per thousand S compared with controls and with salinity reduction to 15 parts per thousand; larvae eventually died at 10 parts per thousand. After salinity reduction ceased, larvae exposed to a salinity reduction to 15 parts per thousand consumed more (A. cristata) or the same (I. obsoleta) amount of oxygen as individuals maintained at 30 parts per thousand. We have shown in previous experiments that salinity reduction results in significant reductions in larval growth in A. cristata and I. obsoleta larvae as well as in changes in developmental rates of A. cristata (but not I. obsoleta) larvae. Taken in conjunction with the results of our present study on larval oxygen consumption, the results suggest that salinity reduction has a large impact on estuarine invertebrates. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Richmond, CE (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM Richmond.Courtney@epamail.epa.gov RI Woodin, Sarah/K-8481-2014 OI Woodin, Sarah/0000-0001-5615-2212 NR 58 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0025-3162 EI 1432-1793 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 134 IS 2 BP 259 EP 267 DI 10.1007/s002270050544 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 220CM UT WOS:000081647000005 ER PT J AU Woodall, GM Dauterman, WC Hagler, WM DeMarini, D AF Woodall, GM Dauterman, WC Hagler, WM DeMarini, D TI Cytosol is required for the modulation by dietary casein of the hepatic microsomal activation of aflatoxin B1 to mutagenic metabolites detectable in Salmonella SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC RENAL-DISEASE; NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES; PROTEIN; B-1; ASSAY; BIOTRANSFORMATIONS; GLUTATHIONE; PROGRESSION; PROMUTAGENS; TOXICITY AB We have shown previously that dietary protein (casein) levels can affect the ability of rat liver S9 to metabolize aflatoxin B1 (AFB) as well as other promutagens detectable in Salmonella strain TA98 [Mutat. Res. (1997), 360, 115-126 and 127-143]. The mutagenic potency of AFB was greatest when metabolized by the Aroclor 1254-induced hepatic S9 prepared from F344 male rats that consumed an isocaloric, semisynthetic diet for 6 weeks that contained an adequate (12%) level of methionine-supplemented casein as the sole protein source, compared with S9s from rats fed diets that contained nominally deficient (8%) or high (22%) levels of casein. Here we have extended this observation by performing (i) mutagenicity studies with microsomes, cytosols and reconstituted S9s (recombinations of microsomes and cytosols across dietary groups), and (ii) in vitro incubations followed by analysis of metabolites by fluorescence high-pressure liquid chromatography. Microsomes, but not cytosols, activated AFB; however, activation to the level observed with S9 occurred only when microsomes from the rats fed 12% casein were combined with cytosols from any dietary group. Consistent with the mutagenicity results, the greatest metabolism of the AFB parent compound and the highest level of the glutathione conjugate of the presumptively identified AFB-exo-8,9-epoxide (the ultimate mutagenic form of AFB) were produced by sos from the rats fed the 12% casein diet. The levels of these metabolites and the mutagenicity of AFB changed in parallel with changes in dietary casein levels. In summary, cytosolic elements, which are not affected by dietary casein levels, interact with microsomal enzymes, which are modulated by dietary casein levels, to influence the ability of hepatic S9 to activate AFB to a mutagen. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Woodall, GM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Woodall, George/M-5658-2014 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-00044, ES-07046] NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD JUL PY 1999 VL 14 IS 4 BP 365 EP 373 DI 10.1093/mutage/14.4.365 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 221BJ UT WOS:000081704100003 PM 10390503 ER PT J AU Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA AF Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA TI Genetic toxicology data in the evaluation of potential human environmental carcinogens SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE carcinogenic risk; chemicals; humans; short-term test; mutagenicity; carcinogenicity; gene mutation; chromosomal aberrations; aneuploidy; mechanisms of carcinogenesis; ethylene oxide ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; CELL GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; ETHYLENE-OXIDE; DNA-DAMAGE; CURRENT ISSUES; CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; BRAIN-TUMORS AB In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated the Monographs Programme to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, Results from short-term mutagenicity tests were first included in the IARC Monographs in the mid-1970s based on the observation that most carcinogens are also mutagens, although not all mutagens are carcinogens. Experimental evidence at that time showed a strong correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity and indicated that short-term mutagenicity tests are useful for predicting carcinogenicity. Although the strength of these correlations has diminished over the past 20 years with the identification of putative nongenotoxic carcinogens, such tests provide vital information for identifying potential human carcinogens and understanding mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The short-term test results for agents compiled in the EPA/IARC Genetic Activity Profile (GAP) database over nearly 15 years are summarized and reviewed here with regard to their IARC carcinogenicity classifications. The evidence of mutagenicity or nonmutagenicity based on a 'defining set' of test results from three genetic endpoints (gene mutation, chromosomal aberrations, and aneuploidy) is examined. Recommendations are made for assessing chemicals based on the strength of evidence from short-term tests, and the implications of this approach in identifying mutational mechanisms of carcinogenesis are discussed. The role of short-term test data in influencing the overall classification of specific compounds in recent Monograph volumes is discussed, particularly with reference to studies in human populations. Ethylene oxide is cited as an example. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Integrated Syst Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Waters, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 99 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 437 IS 1 BP 21 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(99)00037-X PG 29 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 227WE UT WOS:000082102300003 PM 10425388 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ Rice, DC AF Bushnell, PJ Rice, DC TI Behavioral assessments of learning and attention in rats exposed perinatally to 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PCB; perinatal exposure; rat; sustained attention; visual discrimination; visuospatial attention ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; INTERVAL-FIXED-RATIO; BASAL FOREBRAIN; VISUOSPATIAL ATTENTION; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; DISCRIMINATION REVERSAL; RECEPTOR LIGANDS AB Evidence from humans suggests that cognitive dysfunction may result from perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and the results of some animal research with PCBs have been interpreted in terms of possible impairment of attention. Long-Evens rats were fed 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), a coplanar congener, at doses of 0.25 or 1 mg/kg/day throughout gestation and nursing. Male offspring of these rats were trained as adults to perform 2 tests of attention for food reward. First, a cued target-detection task, modeled after Posner's covert orienting method for humans, was used to assess visuospatial attention. In this task, a visual target stimulus was presented in 1 visual hemifield on each trial, preceded either by a valid cue, an invalid cue, or no cue. A valid cue appeared in the same hemifield as the target, and an invalid cue appeared in the opposite hemifield. As expected, valid cues increased accuracy and speed of target detection and invalid cues decreased accuracy and speed; moreover, these effects were systematically related to changes in cue intensity and target duration. However, perinatal exposure to PCB 126 did not affect acquisition or performance of this task. The second task assessed sustained attention by means of a signal detection method in which a brief, spatially-constant but temporally unpredictable, Visual signal indicated which of 2 responses would yield food. Varying the intensity of the signal greatly affected the probability of correctly reporting the signal. Perinatal exposure to PCB 126 did not affect acquisition of the response rule or performance of the task. Finally, all rats were challenged with chlordiazepoxide (CDP) at doses of 0, 3, 5, 8, or 12 mg/kg SC, 20 min before testing in the sustained attention task. In control rats, low doses (3, 5, and 8 mg/kg) of CDP reduced accuracy at low signal intensities only, suggesting an increase in visual threshold. The high dose of CDP reduced accuracy at all signal intensities and increased the false-alarm rate as well, suggesting an impairment of attention. The rats exposed perinatally to PCB 126 at 0.25 mg/kg were unaffected by CDP, and those exposed to PCB 126 at 1 mg/kg showed a smaller decrement in performance after CDP than did the controls. Taken together, these data provide little support for the possibility that perinatal exposure to PCB 126 causes deficits in attention, but suggest that PCB 126 may alter GABA-mediated pathways in the CNS during development. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Hlth Canada, Hlth Protect Branch, Food Directorate, Bur Chem Safety,Toxicol Res Div, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 70 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 21 IS 4 BP 381 EP 392 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00006-9 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 219VD UT WOS:000081627100006 PM 10440482 ER PT J AU Hunter, DL Lassiter, TL Padilla, S AF Hunter, DL Lassiter, TL Padilla, S TI Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: Comparative distribution of trichloropyridinol in the fetus and dam SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fetus; chlorpyrifos; chlorpyrifos-oxon; trichloropyridinol; pregnancy ID RAT-BRAIN; CHOLINESTERASE; INSECTICIDES; FETAL; 3,5,6-TRICHLORO-2-PYRIDINOL; PHARMACOKINETICS; GLUCURONIDATION; METABOLITES; MICROSOMES; INHIBITION AB Chlorpyrifos (O,O'-diethyl O-[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl] phosphorothionate) is a commonly used anticholinesterase insecticide, and therefore the potential for human exposure is high. The present time course and dose response studies were conducted to delineate the toxicokinetics of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites in the pregnant rat and fetus. Time-pregnant, Long-Evans rats were treated orally with chlorpyrifos during late gestation (Gestational Days 14-18). Following euthanasia the level of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites, chlorpyrifos-oxon and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), were measured in both fetal and maternal brain and liver (limits of quantitation: 59.2, 28.8, and 14.0 ng/g tissue, respectively). In addition, cholinesterase inhibition was also measured in the same tissues for comparison. TCP was the only component detected. The highest level of TCP and the lowest level of cholinesterase activity showed the same time of peak effect: 5 h after the last dose. The concentration of TCP in the maternal liver was approximately fivefold higher than the TCP concentration in fetal liver, but, paradoxically, the concentration of TCP in the fetal brain was two- to fourfold higher than the TCP concentration in the maternal brain. The half-life of the TCP was identical in all tissues examined (12-15 h). These toxicokinetic results suggest that the fetal nervous system may be exposed to a higher concentration of chlorpyrifos than the maternal nervous system when the dam is orally exposed to chlorpyrifos during late gestation. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Ecol Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Hunter, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Ecol Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T3 ES07126] NR 51 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 158 IS 1 BP 16 EP 23 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8689 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 216QC UT WOS:000081452500003 PM 10387928 ER PT J AU Hunter, DL Padilla, S AF Hunter, DL Padilla, S TI Influence of storage conditions on the stability of cholinesterase activity in plasma and brain tissue taken from carbamate or organophosphorus pesticide-treated rats SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE carbaryl; chlorpyrifos; cholinesterase; reactivation; storage conditions ID ANIMALS AB Cholinesterase (ChE) activity in tissues front carbamate-treated animals is especially difficult to analyze because the inhibited ChE tends to decarbamylate, leading to an underestimation of ChE inhibition. Given this instability during analysis, reactivation of the carbamylated ChE may occur during storage. The present study was designed to investigate the degree of reactivation of ChE in plasma and brain tissue taken from carbamate-treated animals. Plasma and brain were taken from carbaryl-treated (50 mg/kg, po) made, Long-Evans rats and stored at either -20 or -80 degrees C and analyzed for ChE activity after 31, 46, and 138 days of storage. A "control" group of tissues was taken from rats treated (20 mg/kg, po) with chlorpyrifos (considered a stable inhibitor of ChE; not prone to reactivation) and handled and analyzed in exactly the same manner. Plasma ChE activity from carbaryl- or chlorpyrifos-treated animals remained stable when stored at -80 degrees C; in the -20 degrees C storage condition, the chlorpyrifos-inhibited plasma ChE levels also remained stable, but the carbaryl-inhibited plasma ChE levels increased sharply. Brain tissue was stored as either a homogenate (one half of brain) or as intact tissue (other half of brain). The stability of brain homogenate ChE from carbaryl-treated animals was similar to that of carbaryl-inhibited plasma ChE; it was constant at -80 degrees C, but reactivation occurred when the brain was stored at -20 degrees C (though the degree of reactivation of ChE was less in brain). Interestingly chlorpyrifos-inhibited brain homogenate ChE reactivated whether stored at -80 or -20 degrees C. Intact brain tissue from animals treated with either carbaryl ol chlorpyrifos showed no reactivation even if kept for up to 207 days at -80 degrees C. In conclusion, tissues taken from antiChE-treated animals should be stored at -80 degrees C (-20 degrees C is inappropriate) and brain samples should be stored as intact tissue. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hunter, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 189 EP 199 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 231AG UT WOS:000082283400006 ER PT J AU Manning, CS Schesny, AL Hawkins, WE Barnes, DH Barnes, CS Walker, WW AF Manning, CS Schesny, AL Hawkins, WE Barnes, DH Barnes, CS Walker, WW TI Exposure methodologies and systems for long-term chemical carcinogenicity studies with small fish species SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE aquatic; carcinogenisis; exposure methods; guppy; medaka AB Testing waterborne chemical carcinogens in, fish models requires accurate, reliable, and reproducible exposures Because carcinogenesis is a chronic toxicological process and is often associated with prolonged latency periods, systems must accommodate lengthy in-life test periods in which compound concentrations and environmental conditions must be carefully maintained Here, systems and approaches are described for continuous long-term exposures with small fish species. The exposure system employed has enclosed chambers with internal walls of water-resistant materials, sliding doors for easy access, a water bath to maintain. temperature, and exterior venting for air. Timer-controlled, overhead fluorescent lights provide a controlled photoperiod with dusk and dawn. Test aquaria sit within water baths that maintain temperature in, the exposure tanks. Exhaust vents in the exposure chambers maintain a slightly negative air pressure in each system. Treatment media are provided by multicompartmented water partitioners and a series of liquid-dispensing injectors activated independently for each treatment to ensure accurate dosing. The exposure systems utilized are designed to allow for continuous exposure to constant concentrations of a test material with safeguards incorporated that limit the effect of events that may compromise the continuous operation of the system. This system has been used to date on two 28-day preliminary studies, a 13-month chronic carcinogenicity study with the medaka (Oryzias latipes) and a 16-month study with the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) with trichloropropane (TCP). Measured TCP concentrations from routine analyses conducted three times weekly during these studies resulted in accurate and consistent treatment concentrations. The system described is a state-of-the art system for prolonged chronic aquatic exposures and has utility in investigating carcinogens and other types of aquatic toxicants that require a high level of hazard containment and dosing control. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. RP Manning, CS (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 201 EP 217 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 231AG UT WOS:000082283400007 ER PT J AU Falta, RW Lee, CM Brame, SE Roeder, E Coates, JT Wright, C Wood, AL Enfield, CG AF Falta, RW Lee, CM Brame, SE Roeder, E Coates, JT Wright, C Wood, AL Enfield, CG TI Field test of high molecular weight alcohol flushing for subsurface nonaqueous phase liquid remediation SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WATER-MISCIBLE SOLVENTS; COAL-TAR DISSOLUTION; POROUS-MEDIA; REMOVAL; PERFORMANCE; FLOODS; SCALE AB A pilot scale field test of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) removal using high molecular weight alcohols was conducted at Operable Unit 1, Hill Air Force Base, Utah. Petroleum hydrocarbons and spent solvents were disposed of in chemical disposal pits at this site, and these materials are now present in the subsurface in the form of a light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). This LNAPL is a complex mixture of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, and other compounds. The field experiment was Performed in a 5 m by 3 m confined test cell, formed by driving interlocking sheet pile walls through the contaminated zone into an underlying clay. The test involved the injection and extraction of about four pore volumes (1 pore volume = 7000 L) of a mixture of 80% tert-butanol and 15% n-hexanol. The contaminants were removed by a combination of NAPL mobilization and enhanced dissolution, and the results of postflood soil coring indicate better than 90% removal of the more soluble contaminants (trichloroethane, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, trimethylbenzene, naphthalene) and 70-80% removal of less soluble compounds (decane and undecane). The results of preflood and postflood NAPL partitioning tracer tests show nearly 80% removal of the total NAPL content from the test cell. The field data suggest that a somewhat higher level of removal could be achieved with a longer alcohol injection. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Clemson, SC USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Falta, RW (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Brackett Hall,Room 340C, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RI Lee, Cindy/A-4615-2008; OI Lee, Cindy/0000-0003-4058-8251 NR 24 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 7 BP 2095 EP 2108 DI 10.1029/1999WR900097 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 211DV UT WOS:000081145400012 ER PT J AU Church, MR Van Sickle, J AF Church, MR Van Sickle, J TI Potential relative future effects of sulfur and nitrogen deposition on lake chemistry in the Adirondack Mountains, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATE FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; SURFACE-WATER ACIDIFICATION; ACID DEPOSITION; NEW-YORK; EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; COUPLED SULFUR; SMALL STREAMS; SATURATION AB Leaching of atmospherically deposited nitrogen from forested watersheds can acidify lakes and streams. Using a modified version of the Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments, we made computer simulations of such effects for 36 lake catchments in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. Our simulations bound the potential changes in regional-scale surface water acidification that might occur there over the next 50 years across broad scenarios of both nitrogen and sulfur deposition as well as ranges of times to watershed nitrogen saturation. Model projections indicated that nitrogen deposition may play a more important role in future acidification than has been previously considered and may rival or exceed potential effects of sulfur deposition, depending on how rapidly watersheds might become saturated with atmospherically deposited nitrogen. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Inc, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Church, MR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 75 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 7 BP 2199 EP 2211 DI 10.1029/1999WR900091 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 211DV UT WOS:000081145400020 ER PT J AU Murphy, E Cross, H Steenbergen, C AF Murphy, E Cross, H Steenbergen, C TI Sodium regulation during ischemia versus reperfusion and its role in injury SO CIRCULATION RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material ID NA+-H+ EXCHANGE; RAT HEARTS; CALCIUM; MYOCARDIUM; MECHANISM; RECOVERY; OVERLOAD; PH C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Murphy, E (reprint author), 111 Alexander Dr,Room E216,Mail Drop D2-03,Box 12, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27707 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL039752] NR 15 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7330 J9 CIRC RES JI Circ.Res. PD JUN 25 PY 1999 VL 84 IS 12 BP 1469 EP 1470 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Hematology GA 211DU UT WOS:000081145300014 PM 10381900 ER PT J AU Ursin, G London, S Stanczyk, FZ Gentzschein, E Paganini-Hill, A Ross, RK Pike, MC AF Ursin, G London, S Stanczyk, FZ Gentzschein, E Paganini-Hill, A Ross, RK Pike, MC TI Urinary 2-hydroxyestrone/16 alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID ESTROGEN METABOLISM; OXIDATIVE-METABOLISM; LOS-ANGELES; ESTRADIOL; CELLS; EXCRETION; ESTRIOL; DIET; 16-ALPHA-HYDROXYLATION; PROLIFERATION AB Background: It has been suggested that women who metabolize a larger proportion of their endogenous estrogen via the 16 alpha-hydroxylation pathway may be at elevated risk of breast cancer compared with women who metabolize proportionally more estrogen via the 2-hydroxylation pathway. However, the supporting epidemiologic data are scant. Consequently, we compared the ratio of urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) to 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16 alpha-OHE1) in postmenopausal women with breast cancer and in healthy control subjects. Methods: Estrogen metabolites were measured in urine samples obtained from white women who had participated in a previous population-based, breast cancer case-control study at our institution. All P values are from two-sided tests. Results: All of the urinary estrogens measured, with the exception of estriol, were higher in the 66 case patients than in the 76 control subjects, The mean value of urinary 2-OHE1 in case patients was 13.8% (P = .20) higher than that in control subjects, 16 alpha-OHE1, was 12.1% (P = .23) higher, estrone was 20.9% higher (P = .14), and 17 beta-estradiol was 12.0% higher (P = .36), The ratio of 2-OHE1 to 16 alpha-OHE1 was 1.1% higher in the patients (P = .84), contrary to the hypothesis. Compared with women in the lowest third of the values for the ratio of urinary 2-OHE1 to 16 alpha-OHE1, women in the highest third were at a nonstatistically significantly increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.13; 95% confidence interval = 0.46-2.78), again contrary to the hypothesis. Conclusion: This study does not support the hypothesis that the ratio of the two hydroxylated metabolites (2-OHE1/16 alpha-OHE1) is an important risk factor for breast cancer. C1 Univ So Calif, Kenneth Norris Jr Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles Cty Womens Hosp, Dept Gynecol & Obstet, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Ursin, G (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Kenneth Norris Jr Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Prevent Med, 1441 Eastlake Ave,MS 44,Suite 4407, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [P01CA17054] NR 53 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD JUN 16 PY 1999 VL 91 IS 12 BP 1067 EP 1072 DI 10.1093/jnci/91.12.1067 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 206AC UT WOS:000080853000017 PM 10379970 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD AF Richardson, SD TI Water analysis SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS; QUASIMEME LABORATORY PERFORMANCE; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MODIFIED ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOW C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 614 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 EI 1520-6882 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 15 PY 1999 VL 71 IS 12 BP 181R EP 215R PG 35 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 206XW UT WOS:000080906600008 PM 10384783 ER PT J AU Teomim, D Nyska, A Domb, AJ AF Teomim, D Nyska, A Domb, AJ TI Ricinoleic acid-based biopolymers SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biodegradable polymers; polyanhydride; fatty acid ester; ricinoleic acid; biocompatibility ID BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; CONTROLLED-RELEASE; FATTY-ACIDS; POLYANHYDRIDES; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; IMPLANTATION; INVIVO; DIMER; DELIVERY; RATS AB Polyanhydrides synthesized from pure ricinoleic acid half-esters with maleic and succinic anhydrides possess desired physicochemical and mechanical properties for use as drug carriers. Ricinoleic acid maleate or succinate diacid half-esters were prepared from the reaction of crude ricinoleic acid (85% content) with succinic or maleic anhydride. The pure diacid monomers were obtained by chromatography purification through silica gel using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/acetic acid (80/30/1 v/v/v) mixture as eluent. The pure diacid monomers (>99%) were polymerized by melt condensation to yield film-forming polymers with molecular weights exceeding 40,000 with a polydispersity of 2. Extensive biocompatibility study demonstrated their toxicological inertness and biodegradability. Their rate of elimination from rats in the course of about 4-6 weeks was faster than that found for similar fatty acid-based polyanhydrides previously tested. In vitro studies showed that these polymers underwent rapid hydrolytic degradation in 10 days. Methotrexate release from the polymers was not affected by the initial polymer molecular weight in the range of 10,000-35,000. The in vitro drug release correlated with the degradation of the polymers. The fatty acid ester monomers were further degraded to its counterparts, ricinoleic acid and succinic or maleic acid. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Sch Pharm, Fac Med, Dept Med Chem,David R Bloom Ctr Pharm, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Domb, AJ (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Sch Pharm, Fac Med, Dept Med Chem,David R Bloom Ctr Pharm, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 28 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. PD JUN 5 PY 1999 VL 45 IS 3 BP 258 EP 267 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19990605)45:3<258::AID-JBM14>3.0.CO;2-W PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 183QX UT WOS:000079565900014 PM 10397984 ER PT J AU Cooper, GS Ephross, SA Sandler, DP AF Cooper, GS Ephross, SA Sandler, DP TI Menstrual periods and risk of adult-onset diabetes mellitus. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 149 IS 11 SU S MA 5 BP S2 EP S2 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 200EK UT WOS:000080526500006 ER PT J AU Lewis, DR Calderon, RL AF Lewis, DR Calderon, RL TI Drinking water arsenic in the United States: Evidence and planning for future studies. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERI, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 149 IS 11 SU S MA 18 BP S5 EP S5 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 200EK UT WOS:000080526500020 ER PT J AU Murphy, PA Poole, C Harvey, T Greenland, S AF Murphy, PA Poole, C Harvey, T Greenland, S TI Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of chlorinated drinking water and cancer: Contraindications to summary aggregation. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 149 IS 11 SU S MA 19 BP S5 EP S5 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 200EK UT WOS:000080526500019 ER PT J AU Geradts, J Maynard, R Birrer, MJ Hendricks, D Abbondanzo, SL Fong, KM Barrett, JC Lombardi, DP AF Geradts, J Maynard, R Birrer, MJ Hendricks, D Abbondanzo, SL Fong, KM Barrett, JC Lombardi, DP TI Frequent loss of KAI1 expression in squamous and lymphoid neoplasms - An immunohistochemical study of archival tissues SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METASTASIS-SUPPRESSOR GENE; PROSTATE-CANCER; KAI1/CD82 EXPRESSION; SYNCYTIUM FORMATION; PANCREATIC-CANCER; DOWN-REGULATION; BREAST-CANCER; ALLELIC LOSS; CELL-LINES; HIGH-GRADE AB The metastasis suppressor gene KAI1 was identified by its ability to inhibit the formation of pulmonary metastases in experimental models for prostatic carcinoma. Down-regulation of this gene may be correlated with the invasive phenotype in melanomas and colon and bladder carcinomas and with the metastatic phenotype in carcinomas of the lung, breast, prostate, and pancreas. The goal of our study was to establish an immunohistochemical method to detect KAI1 expression in archival tissues. Using cell lines with known KAI1 levels and paraffin-embedded KAI1 positive tissues as controls,we observed strong membrane staining in lymphoid follicular centers and squamous epithelia. We then demonstrated the utility of our assay by studying KAI1 expression in 34 lymphoid and 57 squamous lesions. All eight reactive lymph nodes were KAI1 positive. In contrast, three of 13 follicular small cleaved and five of 13 diffuse large cell lymphomas were KAI1 negative. Seventy-nine percent (37 of 47) of invasive squamous cell carcinomas from the lung (n = 15), head and neck (n = 18), and cervix (n = 14) showed extensive KAI1 down-regulation. Loss of KAI1 expression was also found in a subset of 10 high-grade cervical dysplasias. Our data show that (i) immunohistochemistry is a suitable technique for evaluating KAI1 expression in archival tissues; (ii) KAI1 was not expressed in a subset of both low-grade and high-grade lymphomas; and (iii) there was extensive down-regulation of KAI1 in squamous cell carcinomas, suggestive of an important role of the gene in the suppression of invasion in these malignancies. C1 Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Pathol & Bacteriol, Oxford, England. Univ N Carolina Hosp, Dept Hosp Labs, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NCI, Biomarkers & Prevent Res Branch, Rockville, MD USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Hematol & Lymphat Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Prince Charles Hosp, Dept Thorac Med, Chermside, Qld, Australia. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Geradts, J (reprint author), Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Pathol & Bacteriol, Oxford OX3 9DU, England. RI Fong, Kwun/G-6369-2010 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR000046, MO1 RR00046-38S2] NR 31 TC 35 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC INVESTIGATIVE PATHOLOGY, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-3993 USA SN 0002-9440 J9 AM J PATHOL JI Am. J. Pathol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 154 IS 6 BP 1665 EP 1671 DI 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65422-3 PG 7 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 202YB UT WOS:000080678800008 PM 10362791 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Dailey, LA Devlin, RB Samet, JM AF Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Dailey, LA Devlin, RB Samet, JM TI Respiratory epithelial cells demonstrate lactoferrin receptors that increase after metal exposure SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE iron; air pollution; oxidants; free radicals ID ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES; INTESTINAL BRUSH-BORDER; AIR-POLLUTION PARTICLE; RADICAL FORMATION; HOLO-LACTOFERRIN; APO-LACTOFERRIN; BINDING-SITES; IRON; ENDOCYTOSIS; TRANSFERRIN AB Human airway epithelial cells can increase expression of both lactoferrin and ferritin after exposure to catalytically active metal. These proteins transport and store metal, with coordination sites fully complexed, and therefore can diminish the oxidative stress. The intracellular transport of lactoferrin results in a transfer of complexed metal to ferritin, where it is stored in a less reactive form. This effort to control the injurious properties of metals would be facilitated by lactoferrin receptors (LfRs) on airway epithelial cells. We tested the hypotheses that 1) LfRs exist on respiratory epithelial cells and 2) exposure to both an air pollution particle, which has abundant concentrations of metals, and individual metal salts increase the expression of LfRs. Before exposure to either the particle or metals, incubation of BEAS-2B cells with varying concentrations of (125)I-labeled lactoferrin demonstrated lactoferrin binding that was saturable. Measurement of (125)I-lactoferrin binding after the inclusion of 100 mu g/ml of oil fly ash in the incubation medium demonstrated increased binding within 5 min of exposure, which reached a maximal value at 45 min. Inclusion of 1.0 mM deferoxamine in the incubation of BEAS-2B cells with 100 mu g/ml of oil fly ash decreased lactoferrin binding. Comparable to the particle, exposure of BEAS-2B cells to either 1.0 mM vanadyl sulfate or 1.0 mM iron (III) sulfate, but not to nickel sulfate, for 45 min elevated LfR activity. We conclude that LfRs on respiratory epithelial cells increased after exposure to metal. LfRs could participate in decreasing the oxidative stress presented to the lower respiratory tract by complexing catalytically active metals. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM ghio.andy@epamail.epa.gov NR 29 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 276 IS 6 BP L933 EP L940 PG 8 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 205LL UT WOS:000080822700006 PM 10362717 ER PT J AU Schmitt-Kopplin, P Freitag, D Kettrup, A Hertkorn, N Schoen, U Klocking, R Helbig, B Andreux, F Garrison, AW AF Schmitt-Kopplin, P Freitag, D Kettrup, A Hertkorn, N Schoen, U Klocking, R Helbig, B Andreux, F Garrison, AW TI Analysis of synthetic humic substances for medical and environmental applications by capillary zone electrophoresis SO ANALUSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Analyse et Diversite des Substances Humiques Naturelles Meeting CY NOV, 1997 CL DIJON, FRANCE ID S-TRIAZINES; LIGNIN; ACID; SEPARATION AB Capillary electrophoretic methods (CZE, CIEF) have been found to be useful tools for the analysis of the electrophoretic behaviour of anionic I polyelectrolytes like humic substances. The humic substances give an homogeneous signal in CZE with a Gaussian distribution of the detection signals around an average electrophoretic mobility (AEM) corresponding to the charge density distribution of the humic substances governed by their molecular size and their acidities. Natural humic substances as well as phenolic polymerisates are only present as anions and the presented electrophoretic methods can be used ab a tool for the rapid evaluation of their relative charge densities, an important parameter when studying their reactivity towards organic and metallic species. C1 GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Inst Okol Chem, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Katholische Univ Eichstatt, D-85072 Eichstatt, Germany. Univ Jena, Inst Antivirale Chemotherapie, D-99089 Erfurt, Germany. Univ Bourgogne, Ctr Sci Terre, Equipe Geosol, F-21000 Dijon, France. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Schmitt-Kopplin, P (reprint author), GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Inst Okol Chem, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0365-4877 J9 ANALUSIS JI Analusis PD JUN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 5 BP 390 EP 396 DI 10.1051/analusis:1999270390 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 242RA UT WOS:000082954400004 ER PT J AU Covert, TC Rodgers, MR Reyes, AL Stelma, GN AF Covert, TC Rodgers, MR Reyes, AL Stelma, GN TI Occurrence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in environmental samples SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; CHELONAE-LIKE ORGANISM; AVIUM COMPLEX; COMPARATIVE RESISTANCE; GROWING MYCOBACTERIA; WATER; INFECTION; AIDS; IDENTIFICATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a major cause of opportunistic Infection in immunocompromised hosts. Because there is no evidence of person-to-person transmission and NTM have been found in drinking water, the environment is considered a likely source of infection. In this study the widespread occurrence of NTM, was examined in drinking water, bottled water, and ice samples. A total of 139 samples were examined for NTM by a membrane filtration culture technique followed by PCR amplification and 16S rRNA sequence determination to identify the isolates. NTM were not detected in bottled water or cisterns but were detected in 54% of the ice samples and 35% of the public drinking-water samples from 21 states. The most frequently occurring isolate was M. mucogenicum (formerly referred to as an M. chelonae-like organism). C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Covert, TC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 30 TC 195 Z9 203 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 6 BP 2492 EP 2496 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 201YF UT WOS:000080624300031 PM 10347032 ER PT J AU Yoder, S Argueta, C Holtzman, A Aronson, T Berlin, OGW Tomasek, P Glover, N Froman, S Stelma, G AF Yoder, S Argueta, C Holtzman, A Aronson, T Berlin, OGW Tomasek, P Glover, N Froman, S Stelma, G TI PCR comparison of Mycobacterium avium isolates obtained from patients and foods SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTION; AIDS; IDENTIFICATION; INTRACELLULARE; RELATEDNESS; STRAINS; COMPLEX AB Mycobacterium avium is a cause of disseminated disease in AIDS patients. A need for a better understanding of possible sources and routes of transmission of this organism has arisen. This study utilized a PCR typing method designed to amplify DNA segments located between the insertion sequences ISI245 and IS1311 to compare levels of relatedness of M. avium isolates found in patients and foods. Twenty-five of 121 food samples yielded 29 mycobacterial isolates, of which 12 were M. avium. Twelve food and 103 clinical M. avium isolates were tested. A clinical isolate was found to be identical to a food isolate, and close relationships were found between two patient isolates and two food isolates. Relatedness between food isolates and patient isolates suggests the possibility that food is a potential source of M. avian infection. This study demonstrates a rapid, inexpensive method for typing M. avium, possibly replacing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. C1 Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Educ & Res Inst, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Biol, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Yoder, S (reprint author), Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Educ & Res Inst, Old Lab Room 218,14445 Olive View Dr, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. NR 19 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 6 BP 2650 EP 2653 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 201YF UT WOS:000080624300055 PM 10347056 ER PT J AU Sickles, JE Hodson, LL Vorburger, LM AF Sickles, JE Hodson, LL Vorburger, LM TI Evaluation of the filter pack for long-duration sampling of ambient air SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE filter pack; annular denuders; sulfur dioxide; sulfate; nitric acid; nitrate; ammonium; sampling duration; comparison; CASTNet ID ANNULAR DENUDER SYSTEM; NITRIC-ACID; NITROUS-ACID; DRY DEPOSITION; PEROXYACETYL NITRATE; FIELD; POLLUTANTS; AEROSOLS; AMMONIA; ATMOSPHERE AB A 14-week filter pack (FP) sampler evaluation field study was conducted at a site near Bondville, IL to investigate the impact of weekly sampling duration. Simultaneous samples were collected using collocated filter packs (FP) from two independent air quality monitoring networks (CASTNet and Acid-MODES) and using duplicate annular denuder systems (ADS). Precision estimates for most of the measured species are similar for weekly ADS and composited FPs. There is generally good agreement between the weekly CASTNet FP results aggregated from weekly daytime and weekly nighttime samples and those aggregated from daily 24 h Acid-MODES samples, although SO2 is the exception, and CASTNet concentrations are higher than Acid-MODES. Comparison of weekly ADS results with composited weekly FP results from CASTNet shows good agreement for SO42-. With the exception of the two weeks where the FP exceeded the ADS, both HNO3 and the sum of particulate and gaseous NO3- show good agreement. The FP often provides good estimates of HNO3, but when used to sample atmospheres that have experienced substantial photochemical reactivity, FP HNO3 determinations using nylon filters may be biased high. It is suggested that HNO2 or some other oxidized nitrogen compound can accumulate on a regional scale and may interfere with the FP determination of HNO3. FP particulate NO3- results are in fair agreement with the ADS. Since FP SO2 results are biased low by 12-20%, SO2 concentration in the CASTNet data archive should be adjusted upward. Nylon presents problems as a sampling medium in terms of SO2 recovery and specificity for HNO3. Additional comparative sampler evaluation studies are recommended at several sites over each season to permit comprehensive assessment of the concentrations of atmospheric trace constituents archived by CASTNet. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Sickles, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Hodson, Laura/F-4585-2011 NR 51 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 14 BP 2187 EP 2202 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 187GL UT WOS:000079778700005 ER PT J AU Pleim, JE Finkelstein, PL Clarke, JF Ellestad, TG AF Pleim, JE Finkelstein, PL Clarke, JF Ellestad, TG TI A technique for estimating dry deposition velocities based on similarity with latent heat flux SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE dry deposition; ozone; stomatal resistance; soybeans; trace gas fluxes; latent heat flux ID OZONE DEPOSITION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; SURFACE; CANOPY; RESISTANCE; FIFE; CONDUCTANCE; VEGETATION; MODEL; SCALE AB Field measurements of chemical dry deposition are needed to assess impacts and trends of airborne contaminants on the exposure of crops and unmanaged ecosystems as well as for the development and evaluation of air quality models. However, accurate measurements of dry deposition velocities require expensive eddy correlation measurements and can only be practically made for a few chemical species such as O-3 and CO2. On the other hand, operational dry deposition measurements such as those used in large area networks involve relatively inexpensive standard meteorological and chemical measurements but rely on less accurate deposition velocity models. This paper describes an intermediate technique which can give accurate estimates of dry deposition velocity for chemical species which are dominated by stomatal uptake such as O-3 and SO2. This method can give results that are nearly the quality of eddy correlation measurements of trace gas fluxes at much lower cost. The concept is that bulk stomatal conductance can be accurately estimated from measurements of latent heat flux combined with standard meteorological measurements of humidity, temperature, and wind speed. The technique is tested using data from a field experiment where high quality eddy correlation measurements were made over soybeans, Over a four month period, which covered the entire growth cycle, this technique showed very good agreement with eddy correlation measurements for O-3 deposition velocity. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pleim, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 14 BP 2257 EP 2268 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00162-9 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 187GL UT WOS:000079778700010 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ AF Bushnell, PJ TI Detection of visual signals by rats: effects of signal intensity, event rate, and task type SO BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE attention; human; rat; vigilance; sustained attention; vigilance decrement ID SUSTAINED ATTENTION; BEHAVIORAL VIGILANCE; RECEPTOR LIGANDS; BASAL FOREBRAIN; INFUSIONS AB Animal models of human cognitive processes are being developed for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms of these processes and for identifying potential therapies for intoxication and neurodegenerative diseases. One promising method involves assessment of sustained attention in rats by use of a discrete-trial signal detection task. Several psychophysical and procedural factors have been identified in the literature that affect sustained attention in normal human subjects. Three key parameters that affect the level of performance, and whether that performance level deteriorates over time, include the quality of the signal, the event rate, and the type of task employed (simultaneous or successive discrimination). These three parameters were manipulated in this study to assess the degree of similarity in the behavior patterns engendered in rats by this signal detection task, in relation to the behavior observed in humans performing a variety of sustained attention tasks. Signal quality was manipulated by varying the increment in the intensity of a lamp (duration = 300 ms), and event rate was varied among values of 4, 7, and 10 trials/min. The 'standard' detection task was used as a simultaneous discrimination and a successive discrimination task was designed in which a dim light flash was defined as a non-signal event and any of three brighter hashes were signal events. Accuracy of signal detection was quantified by the proportion of correct detections of the signal [P(hit)] and the proportion of false alarms [P(fa), i.e., incorrect responses on non-signal trials]. P(hit) fell with decreasing signal intensity, increasing event rate, and was lower in the discrimination task compared to the detection task. P(fa) increased with increasing event rate, but only in the detection task. A decrement in P(hit) across trial blocks was observed in the discrimination task primarily, and was most evident with a high event rate and dim signals. These data confirm that these tasks assess process(es) in rats that are very similar to those considered as sustained attention in humans. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-6357 J9 BEHAV PROCESS JI Behav. Processes PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 46 IS 2 BP 141 EP 150 DI 10.1016/S0376-6357(99)00030-3 PG 10 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 207HT UT WOS:000080932000004 PM 24895846 ER PT J AU Brobst, RB AF Brobst, RB TI National databases on biosolids quality SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Reg 8, Denver, CO USA. RP Brobst, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Reg 8, Denver, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD JUN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 6 BP 75 EP + PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 207MC UT WOS:000080939800053 ER PT J AU Dunson, DB Weinberg, CR Perreault, SD Chapin, RE AF Dunson, DB Weinberg, CR Perreault, SD Chapin, RE TI Summarizing the motion of self-propelled cells: Applications to sperm motility SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE CASA; complexity theory; fractal random walk ID UTEROTUBAL JUNCTION; ALPHA-CHLOROHYDRIN; IN-VIVO; FERTILITY; PARAMETERS AB Proper characterization of the motion of spermatozoa is an important prerequisite for interpreting differences in sperm motility that might arise from exposure to toxicants. Patterns of sperm movement can be extremely complex. On the basis of an exponential model that relates the discretely approximated curvilinear velocity to the tracking rate, we develop a statistic that indexes the predictability of the path for individual sperm. We summarize the path of each sperm using this and two other statistics: (1) the path displacement velocity and (2) linearity of movement. We apply the method to a set of rat sperm tracks representative of both normal and abnormal motion characteristics. C1 NIEHS, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Environm Toxicol Program, Reprod Toxicol Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Dunson, DB (reprint author), NIEHS, Biostat Branch, MD A3-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1441 I ST, NW, SUITE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-2210 USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD JUN PY 1999 VL 55 IS 2 BP 537 EP 543 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00537.x PG 7 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 214GT UT WOS:000081320800028 PM 11318211 ER PT J AU Li, LP Darden, TA Bartolotti, L Kominos, D Pedersen, LG AF Li, LP Darden, TA Bartolotti, L Kominos, D Pedersen, LG TI An atomic model for the pleated beta-sheet structure of A beta amyloid protofilaments SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; SYNCHROTRON X-RAY; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; CONGO-RED; FIBRIL FORMATION; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; IN-VITRO; PROTEIN; PEPTIDE; AGGREGATION AB Synchrotron x-ray studies on amyloid fibrils have suggested that the stacked pleated beta-sheets are twisted so that a repeating unit of 24 beta-strands forms a helical turn around the fibril axis (Sunde et al,, 1997. J. Mol. Biol. 273:729-739). Based on this morphological study, we have constructed an atomic model for the twisted pleated beta-sheet of human A beta amyloid protofilament. In the model, A beta monomers of A beta 12-42 stack (four per layer) to form a helical turn of beta-sheet, Each monomer is in an antiparallel beta-sheet conformation with a turn located at residues 25-28. Residues 17-21 and 31-36 form a hydrophobic core along the fibril axis. The hydrophobic core should play a critical role in initializing A beta aggregation and in stabilizing the aggregates. The model was tested using molecular dynamics simulations in explicit aqueous solution, with the particle mesh Ewald (PME) method employed to accommodate long-range electrostatic forces. Based on the molecular dynamics simulations, we hypothesize that an isolated protofilament, if it exists, may not be twisted, as it appears to be when in the fibril environment. The twisted nature of the protofilaments in amyloid fibrils is likely the result of stabilizing packing interactions of the protofilaments, The model also provides a binding mode for Congo red on A beta amyloid fibrils. The model may be useful for the design of A beta aggregation inhibitors. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina Supercomp Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Hoechst Marion Roussel, Somerville, NJ 08876 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Pedersen, LG (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Pedersen, Lee/E-3405-2013 OI Pedersen, Lee/0000-0003-1262-9861 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-06350] NR 52 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 19 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 2871 EP 2878 DI 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77442-4 PG 8 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 200TT UT WOS:000080556700001 PM 10354415 ER PT J AU Molina, M Araujo, R Hodson, RE AF Molina, M Araujo, R Hodson, RE TI Cross-induction of pyrene and phenanthrene in a Mycobacterium sp isolated from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated river sediments SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pyrene; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); biodegradation; Mycobacterium sp. ID MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; FRESH-WATER; BIODEGRADATION; FLUORANTHENE; METABOLISM; PERSISTENCE; NAPHTHALENE; DISSOLUTION; INHIBITION; SOLUBILITY AB A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading culture enriched from contaminated river sediments and a Mycobacterium sp. isolated from the enrichment were tested to investigate the possible synergistic and antagonistic interactions affecting the degradation of pyrene in the presence of low molecular weight PAHs. The Mycobacterium sp. was able to mineralize 63% of the added pyrene when it was present as a sole source of carbon and energy. When the enrichment culture and the isolated bacterium were exposed to phenanthrene, de novo protein synthesis was not required for the rapid mineralization of pyrene, which reached 52% in chloramphenicol-treated cultures and 44% in the absence of the protein inhibitor. In the presence of chloramphenicol, <1% of the added pyrene was mineralized by the mixed culture after exposure to anthracene and naphthalene. These compounds did not inhibit pyrene utilization when present at the same time as pyrene. Concurrent mineralization of pyrene and phenanthrene after exposure to either compound was observed. Cross-acclimation between ring classes of PAHs may be a potentially important interaction influencing the biodegradation of aromatic compounds in contaminated environments. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Molina, M (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 37 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 45 IS 6 BP 520 EP 529 DI 10.1139/cjm-45-6-520 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 222MF UT WOS:000081788800010 PM 10453479 ER PT J AU Kawanishi, CY Zucker, R Andrews, J Martin, P AF Kawanishi, CY Zucker, R Andrews, J Martin, P TI Branchial arch outgrowth and triadimefon-induced cranial nerve defects SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 210 IS 1 MA 335 BP 236 EP 236 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 207CN UT WOS:000080918000337 ER PT J AU Rapport, DJ Bohm, G Buckingham, D Cairns, J Costanza, R Karr, JR de Kruijf, HAM Levins, R McMichael, AJ Nielsen, NO Whitford, WG AF Rapport, DJ Bohm, G Buckingham, D Cairns, J Costanza, R Karr, JR de Kruijf, HAM Levins, R McMichael, AJ Nielsen, NO Whitford, WG TI Ecosystem health: The concept, the ISEH, and the important tasks ahead SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID NATURAL SYSTEMS; DISEASES; WORLD; DISCONTINUITIES; SUSTAINABILITY; MANAGEMENT; SERVICES; STRESS; GOALS C1 Univ Guelph, Coll Fac Environm Design & Rural Dev, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Fac Med & Dent, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Pathol, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Saskatchewan, Coll Law, Ctr Studies Agr Law & Environm, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Ctr Environm & Hazardous Studies, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm & Estuarine Studies, Solomons, MD USA. Maryland Int Inst Ecol Econ, Solomons, MD USA. Univ Washington, Fisheries & Zool Dept, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm Protect, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1, England. Univ Guelph, Dept Pathobiol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Rapport, DJ (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Coll Fac Environm Design & Rural Dev, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RI Costanza, Robert/A-4912-2008 OI Costanza, Robert/0000-0001-6348-8734 NR 70 TC 63 Z9 111 U1 10 U2 36 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD JUN PY 1999 VL 5 IS 2 BP 82 EP 90 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09913.x PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 213JT UT WOS:000081269500005 ER PT J AU Freitag, D Schmitt-Kopplin, P Simon, R Kaune, A Kettrup, A AF Freitag, D Schmitt-Kopplin, P Simon, R Kaune, A Kettrup, A TI Interactions of hydroxy-s-triazines with sodium dodecyl sulfate-micelles investigated by micellar capillary electrophoresis SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE MCE; log K-ow; binding; hydroxy-s-triazines; keto enol tautomerism ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ATRAZINE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; OCTANOL-WATER; ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; NATURAL-WATERS; N-OCTANOL AB The electrophoretic behavior of fourteen 4,6-diamino-s-triazines was investigated in the presence of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) using micellar capillary electrophoresis (MCE). The measurements were performed at the pH of zero charge of the hydroxytriazines and the existence of strong ionic and H-bond interactions of hydroxy-s-triazine species with the anionic micelles could be shown. Their migration behavior was compared to the n-octanol-water partition coefficients (log K-ow) measured with reverse-phase HPLC and calculated with different fragment contribution methods. A partition model was proposed to understand the interactions of the three major hydroxy-s-triazine species: cationic, anionic and neutral (presenting enol and keto forms) with the charged SDS micelles taken as model for charged natural polyelectrolytes like humic substances. These results strongly indicate that hydroxy-s-triazines are polarized in the presence of the charged micelles and that they are essentially present in their keto form in the micellar phase (and enol form in the water phase), confirming previous studies suggesting the presence of zwitterionic resonance structures at a neutral pH around their isoelectric point. C1 GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Ecol Chem, Neuherberg, Germany. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Schmitt-Kopplin, P (reprint author), GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Ecol Chem, Schulstr 10, D-85356 Freising, Germany. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 57 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1568 EP 1577 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19990601)20:7<1568::AID-ELPS1568>3.3.CO;2-N PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 210PB UT WOS:000081112900032 PM 10424482 ER PT J AU Pfleeger, TG da Luz, MA Mundt, CC AF Pfleeger, TG da Luz, MA Mundt, CC TI Lack of a synergistic interaction between ozone and wheat leaf rust in wheat swards SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE ozone; wheat; Triticum aestivum; Puccinia recondita; wheat leaf rust ID WINTER-WHEAT; YIELD; GROWTH; AIR; COMMUNITIES; IMPACT; LEAVES AB Ozone is an air pollutant regulated in the USA under the Clean Air Act. Increasingly, concerns have been raised regarding the interactions between ozone and pests, pathogens, and plant competition. This study was conducted to improve our understanding of plant responses to ozone in the presence of pathogens, and specifically to determine the effect that wheat leaf rust and ozone exposure had on wheat productivity. The study was conducted in open-top ozone exposure chambers in Corvallis, OR, using two cultivars of spring wheat (Twin and Yecora Rojo). Twin was grown at two densities. Two levels of ozone and three levels of disease were applied in all combinations, for a total of six treatments. The treatments were replicated twice and repeated over 2 years. Disease severity readings were taken three of four times during each growing season. At the completion of grain-fill, the plants were removed from the chambers and harvested. Wheat height and above-ground biomass generally decreased with ozone exposure and with increasing disease severity in both years, while total grain weight decreased significantly only with disease in 1997. There was no interaction between ozone and disease, regardless of cultivar, density, or the plant response variable measured. There was little evidence that ozone exposure affected the severity of wheat leaf rust. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pfleeger, TG (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 195 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00012-X PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 206GX UT WOS:000080869900001 ER PT J AU Dearry, AD Collman, GW Saint, C Fields, N Redd, S AF Dearry, AD Collman, GW Saint, C Fields, N Redd, S TI Building a network of research in children's environmental health - Introduction SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIEHS, Div Extramural Res & Training, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res & Qual Assurance, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Washington, DC USA. RP Dearry, AD (reprint author), NIEHS, Div Extramural Res & Training, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 107 SU 3 BP 391 EP 392 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 206JJ UT WOS:000080874400001 PM 10346987 ER PT J AU Landrigan, PJ Suk, WA Amler, RW AF Landrigan, PJ Suk, WA Amler, RW TI Chemical wastes, children's health, and the Superfund basic research program SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material DE environmental health; pediatric environmental disease; Superfund ID PUBLIC-HEALTH; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CELLULAR MECHANISMS; CHILDHOOD CANCERS; CHLORPYRIFOS; EXPOSURE; TRENDS; LEAD AB Three to 4 million children and adolescents in the United States live within 1 mile of a federally designated Superfund hazardous waste disposal site and are at risk of exposure to chemical toxicants released from these sites into air, groundwater, surface water, and surrounding communities. Because of their patterns of exposure and their biological vulnerability, children are uniquely susceptible to health injury resulting from exposures to chemical toxicants in the environment. The Superfund Basic Research Program, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and directed by the National institute of Environmental Health Sciences, is extremely well positioned to organize multidisciplinary research that will assess patterns of children's exposures to hazardous chemicals from hazardous waste disposal sites; quantify children's vulnerability to environmental toxicants; assess causal associations between environmental exposures and pediatric disease; and eluciudate the mechanisms of environmetal disease in children at the cellular and molecular level. C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Div Environm Res & Training, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Agcy Tox Substance & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Landrigan, PJ (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, 1 Gustave L Levy Pl,Box 1057, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 43 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 8 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 107 IS 6 BP 423 EP 427 DI 10.2307/3434621 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 205QJ UT WOS:000080831800017 PM 10339440 ER PT J AU Hooper, K Chuvakova, T Kazbekova, G Hayward, D Tulenova, A Petreas, MX Wade, TJ Benedict, K Cheng, YY Grassman, J AF Hooper, K Chuvakova, T Kazbekova, G Hayward, D Tulenova, A Petreas, MX Wade, TJ Benedict, K Cheng, YY Grassman, J TI Analysis of breast milk to assess exposure to chlorinated contaminants in Kazakhstan: Sources of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposures in an agricultural region of southern Kazakhstan SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE breast milk; coplanar PCBs; dioxins; exposure assessment; furans; Kazakhstan; TCDD ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PHENOXY HERBICIDES; CANCER MORTALITY; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; BODY BURDEN; PCDF LEVELS AB High levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; up to 208 pg/g fat) were measured in samples of breast milk collected in 1997 from 64 donors [41 first-time mothers (primiparae)] living on state farms in southern Kazakhstan. TCDD was the major contributor (70%) to the toxic equivalents, matching the congener patterns found in breast milk and serum samples collected in 1994 and 1996 from donors in nearby villages. The highest TCDD levels were found in state farms adjacent to a reservoir (zone A), which receives agricultural runoff from cotton fields. TCDD levels in zone A were significantly higher than levels in a region more distant (zone B; > 10 miles) from the reservoir (zone A: mean 53 pg/g, n = 17; zone B: mean 21 pg/g, n = 24; p = 0.0017). Levels of TCDD in breast milk and animal-derived foodstuffs were 10 times U.S. levels. Body burden and dietary data suggest that exposures to TCDD are chronic, environmental, and long term and may be related to the use of chemicals in cotton agriculture. The data suggest that the most likely source is the use of cotton defoliants contaminated with TCDD, and the most likely pathway for human exposure is via the consumption of contaminated foodstuffs. C1 Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Hazardous Mat Lab, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Kazakhstan Minist Hlth, Phys Inst Postgrad Training, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. United Nations High Commissioner Refugees, Astana, Kazakhstan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Hooper, K (reprint author), Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Hazardous Mat Lab, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NR 63 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 107 IS 6 BP 447 EP 457 DI 10.2307/3434626 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 205QJ UT WOS:000080831800022 PM 10515712 ER PT J AU Gladen, BC Monaghan, SC Lukyanova, EM Hulchiy, OP Shkyryak-Nyzhnyk, ZA Sericano, JL Little, RE AF Gladen, BC Monaghan, SC Lukyanova, EM Hulchiy, OP Shkyryak-Nyzhnyk, ZA Sericano, JL Little, RE TI Organochlorines in breast milk from two cities in Ukraine SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE DDE; DDT; dieldrin; endrin; heptachlor epoxide; hexachlorobenzene; hexachlorocyclohexane; milk; oxychlordane; polychlorinated biphenyls; trans-nonachlor ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PESTICIDES; PCBS; RESIDUES; MOTHERS; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; CONTAMINANTS; EXPOSURE; SPAIN; WOMEN AB Reports of environmental problems in the former Soviet Union, including excess use of pesticides, have led to concerns about high levels of contamination in humans, but little information is available to assess whether these concerns are warranted. Samples of breast milk from 197 women from two cities in Ukraine were analyzed for p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, hexachlorobenzene, P-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and 18 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, and results were compared to previous reports from Europe. The median beta-HCH concentration was 731 ng/g milk fat, which is higher than other reports from Europe but lower than reports from other parts of the world. The median DDE concentration was 2,457 ng/g milk fat, which is higher than most but not all other reports from Europe. Concentrations of other chemicals were comparable to or lower than other reports from Europe. Concentrations from the city of Kyiv were generally lower than those from Dniprodzerzhinsk, but the magnitudes of these differences were modest. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. Inst Pediat Obstet & Gynecol, Kyiv, Ukraine. Natl Med Univ, Kyiv, Ukraine. Texas A&M Univ, Geochem & Environm Res Grp, College Stn, TX USA. RP Gladen, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Mail Drop A3-03,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 36 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 107 IS 6 BP 459 EP 462 DI 10.2307/3434627 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 205QJ UT WOS:000080831800023 PM 10339445 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Lian, WW Zhang, YJ Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Osnaya, N Villarreal-Calderon, A Santella, RM AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Lian, WW Zhang, YJ Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Osnaya, N Villarreal-Calderon, A Santella, RM TI 8-hydroxy-2 '-deoxyguanosine, a major mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion, and DNA strand breaks in nasal respiratory epithelium of children exposed to urban pollution SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; biomarker; children; DNA damage; DNA strand breaks; 8-hydroxy-2 '-deoxyguanosine; Mexico City; nasal epithelium; oxidative DNA damage; reactive nitrogen species; reactive oxygen species ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; MEXICO-CITY; LUNG-CELLS; AIRWAY EPITHELIUM; REACTIVE OXYGEN; FREE-RADICALS; BASE DAMAGE; RAT-LIVER; IN-VITRO; CANCER AB Southwest metropolitan Mexico City children are repeatedly exposed to high levels of a complex mixture of air pollutants, including ozone, particulate matter, aldehydes, metals, and nitrogen oxides. We explored nasal cell 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a major mutagenic lesion producing G-->T transversion mutations, using an immunohistochemical method, and DNA single strand breaks (ssb) using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay as biomarkers of oxidant exposure. Nasal biopsies from the posterior inferior turbinate were examined in children in grades one through five, including 12 controls from a low-polluted coastal town and 87 Mexico City children. Each biopsy was divided for the 8-OHdG and DNA ssb assays. There was an age-dependent increase in the percentage of nasal cells with DNA tails > 10 mu m in Mexico City children: 19 +/- 9% for control cells, and 43 +/- 4, 50 +/- 16, 56 +/- 17, 60 +/- 17 and 73 +/- 14%, respectively, for first through fifth graders (p < 0.05). Nasal ssb were significantly higher in fifth graders than in first graders (p < 0.05). Higher levels (2.3- to 3-fold) of specific nuclear staining for 8-OHdG were observed in exposed children as compared to controls (p < 0.05). These results suggest that DNA damage is present in nasal epithelial cells in Mexico City children. Persistent oxidative DNA damage may ultimately result in a selective growth of preneoplastic nasal initiated cells in this population and the potential for nasal neoplasms may increase with age. The combination of 8-OHdG and DNA ssb should be useful for monitoring oxidative damage in people exposed to polluted atmospheres. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Inst Nacl Pediatria, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Columbia Univ, Div Environm Hlth Sci, New York, NY USA. Soc Mex ORL & CCC, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Calderon-Garciduenas, L (reprint author), US EPA, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 73330]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05116, T32 ES07126] NR 72 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 107 IS 6 BP 469 EP 474 DI 10.2307/3434629 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 205QJ UT WOS:000080831800025 PM 10339447 ER PT J AU Dejmek, J Selevan, SG Benes, I Solansky, I Sram, RJ AF Dejmek, J Selevan, SG Benes, I Solansky, I Sram, RJ TI Fetal growth and maternal exposure to particulate matter during pregnancy SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; environmental exposure; fetal growth; intrauterine growth retardation; particulate matter; PM2.5; PM10; reproductive effects ID GESTATIONAL-AGE BIRTH; AIR-POLLUTION; PRETERM DELIVERY; INFANT-MORTALITY; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; NUTRITION; WEIGHT; ASSOCIATION; RETARDATION AB Prior studies reported an association between ambient air concentrations of total suspended particles and SO2 during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We examined the possible impact of particulate matter up to 10 mu m (PM10) and up to 2.5 mu m (PM2.5) in size on intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) risk in a highly polluted area of Northern Bohemia (Teplice District). The study group includes all singleton full-term births of European origin over a 2-year period in the Teplice District. Information on reproductive history, health, and lifestyle was obtained from maternal questionnaires. The mean concentrations of pollutants for each month of gestation were calculated using continuous monitoring data. Three intervals (low, medium, and high) were constructed for each pollutant (tertiles). Odds ratios (ORs) for IUGR for PM10 and PM2.5 levels were generated using logistic regression for each month of gestation after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Adjusted ORs for IUGR related to ambient PM10 levels in the first gestational month increased along the concentration intervals: medium 1.62 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-2.46], high 2.64 (CI, 1.48-4.71). ORs for PM2.5 were 1.26 (CI, 0.81-1.95) and 2.11 (CI, 1.20-3.70), respectively. No other associations of IUGR risk with particulate matter were found. Influence of particles or other associated air pollutants on fetal growth in early gestation is one of several possible explanations of these results. Timing of this effect is compatible with a current hypothesis of IUGR pathogenesis. Seasonal factors, one of the other possible explanations, is less probable. More investigation is required to examine these findings and alternative explanations. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Expt Med, Lab Genet Ecotoxicol, Prague 14220 4, Czech Republic. Reg Inst Hyg Cent Bohemia, Lab Genet Ecotoxicol, Prague 14220 4, Czech Republic. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Dist Inst Hyg, Teplice, Czech Republic. RP Dejmek, J (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Expt Med, Lab Genet Ecotoxicol, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220 4, Czech Republic. RI Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 41 TC 199 Z9 212 U1 2 U2 22 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 107 IS 6 BP 475 EP 480 DI 10.2307/3434630 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 205QJ UT WOS:000080831800026 PM 10339448 ER PT J AU Griffin, S Marcus, A Schulz, T Walker, S AF Griffin, S Marcus, A Schulz, T Walker, S TI Calculating the interindividual geometric standard deviation for use in the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE blood lead variability; integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model; interindividual geometric standard deviation; lead exposure; risk analysis ID BLOOD AB The integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (IEUBK) model, recommended for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency at residential Superfund sites to predict potential risks to children from lead exposure and to establish lead remediation levels, requires an interindividual geometric standard deviation (GSD(i)) as an essential input parameter. The GSD(i) quantifies the variability of blood lead concentrations for children exposed to similar environmental concentrations of lead. Estimates of potential risks are directly related to the GSDi, and therefore the GSD(i) directly impacts the scope of remediation at Superfund sites. site-specific GSD(i) can be calculated for sites where blood lead and environmental lead have been measured. This paper uses data front blood and environmental lead studies conducted at the Bingham Creek and Sandy, Utah, Superfund sites to calculate GSD(i) using regression modeling, box modeling, and structural equation modeling. GSD(i)s were calculated using various methods for treating values below the analytical method detection and quantitation limits. Treatment of nonquantifiable blood lead concentrations affected the GSD(i) more than the statistical method used to calculate the GSD(i). For any given treatment, the different statistical methods produced similar GSD(i)s. Because of the uncertainties associated with data in the blood lead studies, we recommend that a range of GSD(i)s be used when analyzing site-specific risks associated with exposure to environmental lead instead of a single estimate. Because the different statistical methods produce similar GSD(i)s, we recommend a simple procedure to calculate site-specific GSD(i) from a scientifically sound blood and environmental lead study. C1 AGEISS Environm Inc, Denver, CO 80202 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO USA. US EPA, Environm Criteria & Assessment Off, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Walker, S (reprint author), AGEISS Environm Inc, 1900 Grant St,Suite 1130, Denver, CO 80202 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 107 IS 6 BP 481 EP 487 DI 10.2307/3434631 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 205QJ UT WOS:000080831800027 PM 10339449 ER PT J AU Woodruff, T AF Woodruff, T TI DEHP correction SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Woodruff, T (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 107 IS 6 BP A292 EP A293 DI 10.2307/3434609 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 205QJ UT WOS:000080831800005 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, WM AF Vatavuk, WM TI Air pollution control cost indexes - Update #8 SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vatavuk, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP S17 EP S19 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 220PT UT WOS:000081674900003 ER PT J AU Suk, WA Anderson, BE Thompson, CL Bennett, DA Vandermeer, DC AF Suk, WA Anderson, BE Thompson, CL Bennett, DA Vandermeer, DC TI Creating multidisciplinary research opportunities SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BENZENE; SEQUESTRATION; SOIL C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Div Extramural Res & Training, Off Program Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Off Emergency & Remedial Response, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Suk, WA (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Div Extramural Res & Training, Off Program Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 11 BP 241A EP 244A PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 202MC UT WOS:000080655400020 PM 21657308 ER PT J AU Kravitz, MJ Lamberson, JO Ferraro, SP Swartz, RC Boese, BL Specht, DT AF Kravitz, MJ Lamberson, JO Ferraro, SP Swartz, RC Boese, BL Specht, DT TI Avoidance response of the estuarine amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated, field-collected sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE amphipod; Eohaustorius estuarius; avoidance; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; sediment toxicity ID INFAUNAL AMPHIPOD; TOXICITY TEST; BIOASSAY AB Amphipods (Eohaustorius estuarius) were placed in two-chamber containers with different combinations of three contaminated sediments and a control sediment, and their distribution was determined after 2 or 3 d. Amphipods avoided the sediment with the highest PAH contamination and one of two sediments with moderate PAH concentrations. In the moderately contaminated sediment avoided by amphipods, the (avoidance) response was more sensitive than mortality as a biological indicator of unacceptable sediment contamination (over the 2-3-d exposure). The avoidance response in this case likely represents an early indication of potential mortality from sediment exposure. Population levels of amphipods in moderately to heavily PAH-contaminated sediments may be influenced by a combination of avoidance behavior and toxicity/lethality. C1 US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Kravitz, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 13 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1232 EP 1235 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1232:AROTEA>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 197YG UT WOS:000080393500023 ER PT J AU Mount, DR Dawson, TD Burkhard, LP AF Mount, DR Dawson, TD Burkhard, LP TI Implications of gut purging for tissue residues determined in bioaccumulation testing of sediment with Lumbriculus variegatus SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Lumbriculus variegatus; bioaccumulation test; depuration; purging; sediment ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; OLIGOCHAETE WORMS; TOXICITY; WATER; BIOCONCENTRATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; CHEMICALS AB Bioaccumulation test procedures using the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus have been developed as a means of evaluating the accumulation of chemicals from freshwater sediments. To avoid including chemicals associated with gut contents as part of the measured tissue residue, a 24-h period of purging in clean water after the uptake phase of the test has been recommended. While purging acts to reduce bias from gut contents, it also has the potential to introduce bias caused by depuration of chemicals from tissues. In this paper, a series of model calculations are used to assess the expected sensitivity of measured residues of nonionic organic chemicals to the presence of sediment in the gut and to varying lengths of purging. If organisms an not purged, the predicted influence of gut contents on measured residue is not large (generally <20%) when a biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of one is assumed. However, if BSAFs substantially less than one apply, projected errors increase to 30-fold or more. To derive a better estimate of the time required for L. variegatus to clear the gut of sediment, a sediment purging experiment was conducted; results indicate that >98% of sediment had cleared the gut in 6 h (half-life = 0.98 h). Based on these results and model analyses, a much shorter purging period of 6 h, rather than 24 h, is suggested as a reasonable guideline for many test applications. C1 US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Integrated Syst Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Mount, DR (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 27 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 15 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1244 EP 1249 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1244:IOGPFT>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 197YG UT WOS:000080393500025 ER PT J AU Field, LJ MacDonald, DD Norton, SB Severn, CG Ingersoll, CG AF Field, LJ MacDonald, DD Norton, SB Severn, CG Ingersoll, CG TI Evaluating sediment chemistry and toxicity data using logistic regression modeling SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment toxicity; logistic regression; sediment-quality guidelines ID QUALITY GUIDELINES; MARINE AB This paper describes the use of logistic-regression modeling for evaluating matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data. Contaminant-specific logistic models were used to estimate the percentage of samples expected to be toxic at a given concentration. These models enable users to select the probability of effects of concern corresponding to their specific assessment or management objective or to estimate the probability of observing specific biological effects at any contaminant concentration. The models were developed using a large database (n = 2,524) of matching saltwater sediment chemistry and toxicity data for field-collected samples compiled from a number of different sources and geographic areas. The models for seven chemicals selected as examples showed a wide range in goodness of fit, reflecting high variability in toxicity at low concentrations and limited data on toxicity at higher concentrations for some chemicals. The models for individual test endpoints (e.g., amphipod mortality) provided a better fit to the data than the models based on all endpoints combined. A comparison of the relative sensitivity of two amphipod species to specific contaminants illustrated an important application of the logistic model approach. C1 NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Ladysmith, BC V0R 2E0, Canada. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Evs Consultants Ltd, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Field, LJ (reprint author), NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 22 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1311 EP 1322 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1311:ESCATD>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 197YG UT WOS:000080393500034 ER PT J AU Sin, YS Wetzel, RL Anderson, IC AF Sin, YS Wetzel, RL Anderson, IC TI Spatial and temporal characteristics of nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics in the York River Estuary, Virginia: Analyses of long-term data SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID PARTIALLY STRATIFIED ESTUARY; COASTAL-PLAIN ESTUARY; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; NEAP TIDAL CYCLE; CHESAPEAKE BAY; FRESH-WATER; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; LIGHT-LIMITATION AB Ten years (1985-1994) of data were analyzed to investigate general patterns of phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics, and to identify major factors controlling those dynamics in the York River Estuary, Virginia. Algal blooms were observed during winter-spring followed by smaller summer blooms. Peak phytoplankton biomass during the winter-spring blooms occurred in the mid reach of the mesohaline zone whereas peak phytoplankton biomass during the summer bloom occurred in the tidal fresh-mesohaline transition zone. River discharge appears to be the major factor controlling the location and timing of the winter-spring blooms and the relative degree of potential N and P limitation. Phytoplankton biomass in tidal fresh water regions was limited by high flushing rates. Water residence time was less than cell doubling time during high flow seasons. Positive correlations between PAR at 1 m depth and chlorophyll a suggested light limitation of phytoplankton in the tidal fresh-mesohaline transition zone. Relationships of salinity difference between surface and bottom water with chlorophyll a distribution suggested the importance of tidal mixing for phytoplankton dynamics in the mesohaline zone. Accumulation of phytoplankton biomass in the mesohaline zone was generally controlled by N with the nutrient supply provided by benthic or bottom water remineralization. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Sin, YS (reprint author), US EPA, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 70 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 10 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 2A BP 260 EP 275 DI 10.2307/1352982 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 236BN UT WOS:000082578500009 ER PT J AU Madden, MC Thomas, MJ Ghio, AJ AF Madden, MC Thomas, MJ Ghio, AJ TI Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) production in rodent lung after exposure to metal-rich particles SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE oxidants; metals; acetaldehyde; air pollution; free radicals ID AIR-POLLUTION PARTICLE; OXIDANT GENERATION; RAT LUNG; ETHANOL; CHROMATOGRAPHY; HISTAMINE; ALDEHYDES; PROTEINS; INCREASE; CELLS AB Epidemiological reports demonstrate an association between increased human morbidity and mortality with exposure to air pollution particulate matter (PM). Metal-catalyzed oxidative stress has been postulated to contribute to lung injury in response to PM exposure. We studied the effects of residual oil fly ash (ROFA), a component of ambient air PM, on the formation of lung carbonyls that are indicators of lipid peroxidation. Rats were instilled intratracheally with ROFA (62.5-1000 mu g) and underwent lung lavage. Lavage fluid carbonyls were derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and measured by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Dose-dependent increases in a peak that eluted with the same retention time as the acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) derivative was observed in rats treated with ROFA 15 min after instillation (up to 25-fold greater than saline treated controls). The identification of CH3CHO was confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. ROFA-induced increases in other lavage fluid carbonyls were not seen, Increased CH3CHO in lavage fluid was observed as late as 8 h later. No increase in CH3CHO was observed in plasma from ROFA-treated rats. An increased formation of CH3CHO was observed in a human airway epithelial cell line incubated with ROFA suggesting a pulmonary source of CH3CHO production. Instillation of solutions of metals (iron, vanadium, nickel) contained in ROFA, or instillation of another ROFA-type particle containing primarily iron, also induced a specific increase in CH3CHO, These data support the hypothesis that metals were involved in the increased CH3CHO formation. Thus metals on PM may mediate lung responses through induction of lipid peroxidation and carbonyl formation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. RP Madden, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd,MD 58D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA12107] NR 27 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 26 IS 11-12 BP 1569 EP 1577 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00027-1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 210VY UT WOS:000081126400026 PM 10401623 ER PT J AU Job, C AF Job, C TI EPA establishes national drinking water contaminant occurrence database SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 51 EP 53 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1999.tb00222.x PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 228YG UT WOS:000082164700002 ER PT J AU Carlson-Lynch, H Price, PS Swartout, JC Dourson, ML Keenan, RE AF Carlson-Lynch, H Price, PS Swartout, JC Dourson, ML Keenan, RE TI Application of quantitative information on the uncertainty in the RfD to noncarcinogenic risk assessments SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE noncancer risk assessment; Monte Carlo; uncertainty; variability; mixtures; reference dose; exposure ID VARIABILITY; EXPOSURE AB Recent efforts to improve risk assessment methodologies have sought to provide a fuller representation of the variability and uncertainty in risk estimates in order to provide risk managers with a more complete description of risks. Recently, we and others (Swartout et al., 1998; Price et at, 1997; Slob and Pieters, 1997; Baird et al., 1996) have proposed approaches to characterize the uncertainty in the reference dose, (RfD) a key component of the non-carcinogenic risk estimation process. The operational definition of the RfD as the "lower-bound" estimate of the NOAEL in a sensitive human subpopulation (NOAEL(HS)) is used along with information on the inter-chemical variation in ratios associated with the uncertainty factors used in setting the RfD to characterize the uncertainty in the NOAEL(HS) (Swartout et al., 1998). This paper presents a description of how information on the uncertainty in the NOAEL(HS) can be used to characterize the uncertainty and variability in estimates of noncarcinogenic risks for individuals and populations. The paper also explores the impact of using alternative estimates of the inter-chemical variation in the ratios. The analysis suggests the following findings. First, the current method of estimating risks from mixtures of chemicals may overestimate the risks when two or more compounds contribute significantly to the estimate of the hazard index. Second, the uncertainty in the NOAEL(HS) of a mixture is affected by the number and size of the uncertainty factors used in setting the RfDs of the mixture's components. Third,jointly assessing both the uncertainty and variability in exposure and the uncertainty in the estimate of the NOAEL(HS) can have a significant impact on the characterization of noncarcinogenic risks for individuals and populations. Finally, these findings are independent of the choice of distributions for interchemical variation in ratios. C1 Ogden Environm & Energy Serv, Portland, ME 04101 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Toxicol Excellence Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA. RP Carlson-Lynch, H (reprint author), 65 Groveside Rd, Portland, ME 04102 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 5 IS 3 BP 527 EP 546 DI 10.1080/10807039991289518 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 213RL UT WOS:000081287000009 ER PT J AU MacIntosh, DL Hammerstrom, K Ryan, PB AF MacIntosh, DL Hammerstrom, K Ryan, PB TI Longitudinal exposure to selected pesticides in drinking water SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; SURFACE WATERS; MIDWESTERN; METABOLITES; HERBICIDES; PATTERNS AB The presence and temporal fluctuations of concentrations of insecticides and herbicides in natural waters has been well documented. Little, however, is known about exposure to pesticides through drinking water for the general population. Concentrations of ten pesticides, including 4,4'-DDE and atrazine, were measured up to six times at equally spaced intervals over a 1-year period in drinking water of 80 randomly selected residences in Maryland. Atrazine was detected in 228 (57.9%) of the drinking water samples with a mean of 0.15 mu g/L, with standard deviation 0.12 mu g/L, median 0.17 mu g/L, and range <0.037 to 0.46 mu g/L. 4,4'-DDE was found in 22 (5.6%) water samples; no other target analytes were detected. Concentrations of atrazine in drinking water were found to vary over a 12-month period with the greatest concentrations in the late summer and fall and the lowest in the early spring. Atrazine concentrations in drinking water were influenced more by differences in levels among residences than by time of year. Seven-day average exposures and exposures per unit body weight to atrazine in drinking water exhibited a similar temporal pattern. Among individuals, drinking water consumption rate was a more important determinant of atrazine exposure (mu g/d) and exposure per unit body weight (mu g/kg/d) than atrazine concentration in drinking water or body weight. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP MacIntosh, DL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Ryan, P. Barry/A-7662-2009 NR 13 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 5 IS 3 BP 575 EP 588 DI 10.1080/10807039991289545 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 213RL UT WOS:000081287000012 ER PT J AU Young, RA Opresko, DM Watson, AP Ross, RH King, J Choudhury, H AF Young, RA Opresko, DM Watson, AP Ross, RH King, J Choudhury, H TI Deriving toxicity values for organophosphate nerve agents: A position paper in support of the procedures and rationale for deriving oral RfDs for chemical warfare nerve agents SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Review DE sarin; soman; tabun; VX; cholinesterase inhibitor; anticholinesterase ID ORGANO-PHOSPHATE; CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; SOMAN TOXICITY; ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; REPETITIVE INJECTION; BEHAVIORAL TOXICITY; 4 STEREOISOMERS; RAT; SARIN AB During the process of deriving oral Reference Dose (RfDs) values for chemical warfare agents, several issues arose regarding the identification of adverse effect levels and the application of uncertainty factors. For those agents that function as cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., agents VX, GA, GB, and GD), these issues included the following: (1) Is the endpoint of blood cholinesterase inhibition an indicator of toxicity or a biomarker of exposure? (2) Can an experimental animal species be more sensitive than humans, thereby eliminating the need for an animal-to-human uncertainty factor? (3) Can the uncertainty factor that is used to extrapolate from a lowest-observed adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) to a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) be less than the default value of 10? (4) Can an oral RfD be derived from non-oral toxicity data? (5) Can an uncertainty factor of less than 10 be used to extrapolate from subchronic to chronic exposure (i.e., is the critical effect adequately described by the subchronic exposure data)? (6) What constitutes an adequate data base for organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors, and what uncertainty factor should be used for an incomplete data base? Analysis of relevant data resulted in the following selection and justifications of uncertainty factors. For uncertainty associated with intraspecies extrapolation (UFH), physiologic and pathologic conditions affecting cholinesterase activity levels justified maintaining a UFH of 10 for all of the nerve agents. Because available data indicated that humans tended to be more sensitive than rats regarding anticholinesterase effects, an interspecies variability (UFA) factor of 10 was retained for agents GA, GB, and GD. For agent VX, however, the available data revealed that the domestic sheep test species exhibited sensitivity equivalent to or greater than that of humans thereby justifying a UFA of 1. For uncertainties regarding extrapolation from subchronic-to-chronic exposure data, consideration of information on the physiology of cholinergic systems and the available toxicity data for the nerve agents and other cholinesterase inhibitors indicated that a UFS of 3 was justified for all four of the nerve agents. For uncertainties regarding LOAEL-to-NOAEL extrapolation (UFL), the selection of agent GB, GD, and VX doses resulting in cholinesterase inhibition in the absence of clinical signs of toxicity (biomarker of exposure) justified this endpoint as a minimal LOAEL and a UFL of 3. For agent GA, a NOAEL was used, and therefore no UFL was required. The uncertainty factor for data base completeness (UFD),was based upon several considerations. Of primary concern was the fact that chronic toxicity studies are not considered an essential component of the data base requirements for cholinesterase inhibitors because of the unlikelihood that the endpoint will change with an increase in exposure time beyond that defined as a subchronic exposure. Additionally, limited data regarding reproductive and developmental toxicity were not considered to represent critical toxicity endpoints for the nerve agents or cholinesterase inhibitors in general. Although the data base for agents GA, GB, and GD were lacking reproductive and developmental toxicity data to some extent, a UFD of 3 was justified for the aforementioned reasons. The data base for agent VX was considered complete and a UFD of 1 was selected for development of the RfD for this agent. A modifying factor (MF) to reflect qualitative assessment of additional uncertainties in the critical study or data base that are not addressed by uncertainty factors was limited to agent GA due to the route-to-route (i.e., intraperitoneal to oral) extrapolation and to insure the equivalent oral NOAEL was not overestimated. This article provides a brief overview of the nerve agents, information on cholinergic systems that is pertinent to deriving toxicity values for nerve agents and other organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors, and a discussion of key issues regarding the use of uncertainty factors in RfD derivations. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. USA, Ctr Environm, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Young, RA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NR 142 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 5 IS 3 BP 589 EP 634 DI 10.1080/10807039991289554 PG 46 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 213RL UT WOS:000081287000013 ER PT J AU MacPhail, RC AF MacPhail, RC TI Recent developments in neurotoxicology SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RISK ASSESSMENT C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP MacPhail, RC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUN-JUL PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6-7 BP 519 EP 521 DI 10.1080/089583799196899 PG 3 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 212UX UT WOS:000081236900004 PM 11202991 ER PT J AU Rhyne, TM AF Rhyne, TM TI A commentary on GeoVRML: a tool for 3D representation of georeferenced data on the web SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the International-Cartographic-Association Commission-on-Visualization CY 1997 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP Int Cartog Assoc, Commiss Visualizat AB GeoVRML techniques have the potential to provide functional and transparent communication between geographical information and 3D Web visualization tools. This report outlines recommended practices and modifications to the VRML97 standard to consider pre-existing cartographic projections and georeferenced data. The concepts outlined for incorporating georeferenced coordinate systems in VRML worlds have generic applicability to 3D Web technologies like MPEG-4, Java3D and Chrome. C1 US EPA, Sci Visualizat Ctr, Lockheed Martin Tech Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rhyne, TM (reprint author), US EPA, Sci Visualizat Ctr, Lockheed Martin Tech Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 439 EP 443 DI 10.1080/136588199241300 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA 207WK UT WOS:000080958600011 ER PT J AU Matsui, M Breau, WC Iwasaki, S Hagiwara, S Tamai, Y Mori, C Bloom, ML Jerry, MB Eddy, EM Taketo, MM AF Matsui, M Breau, WC Iwasaki, S Hagiwara, S Tamai, Y Mori, C Bloom, ML Jerry, MB Eddy, EM Taketo, MM TI Retrovirus integration site Mintb encoding the mouse homolog of hnRNP U SO JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE embryonal carcinoma cell; retrovirus; ribonucleoprotein; spermatogenesis; testis ID EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA-CELLS; DNA-BINDING-PROTEIN; BIDIRECTIONAL PROMOTER; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; TRANSCRIPTION UNITS; SAF-A; INVITRO; VIRUS; ACID AB Retroviral genes are not usually expressed in mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, but they are readily expressed upon differentiation of these cells. We previously reported the isolation of EC cell lines that express a neomycin resistance (neo) gene introduced by a recombinant transducing Moloney murine leukemia virus from specific integration sites, Minta, Mintb, Mintc, or Mintd, In some of these clones, the entire 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) was deleted, and the neo gene was expressed by read-through transcription from upstream cellular promoters in a "promoter-trap" fashion, One such promoter ("promoter B" at the Mintb locus) was found in a CPG island, associated with an upstream enhancer ("enhancer B"), Although enhancer B caused expression of the neo gene in the transductant EC cell line, no endogenous transcription from promoter B was detected in the parental EC or NIH3T3 cells. In contrast, we found a strong counter-flow endogenous transcription unit ("R" for reverse), which apparently interfered with transcription from promoter B, Promoter R turned out to have a bidirectional activity in transfection assays. In normal tissues, promoter R activates gene R, which encodes an 800-residue protein that is highly homologous to the rat and human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNP U), Northern and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that gene R was abundantly expressed in the testis, especially in the pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. C1 Univ Tokyo, Lab Biomed Genet, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA. Banyu Tsukuba Res Inst Merck, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3002611, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Inst Hlth, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Taketo, MM (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Lab Biomed Genet, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA39652] NR 46 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU JAPANESE BIOCHEMICAL SOC PI TOKYO PA ISHIKAWA BLDG-3F, 25-16 HONGO-5-CHOME, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN SN 0021-924X J9 J BIOCHEM-TOKYO JI J. Biochem. (Tokyo) PD JUN PY 1999 VL 125 IS 6 BP 1104 EP 1114 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 205GZ UT WOS:000080814100018 PM 10348913 ER PT J AU Walker, KR Welter, SC AF Walker, KR Welter, SC TI Effects of lure dose on efficacy of pheromone traps for monitoring Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in California apple orchards SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Argyrotaenia citrana; monitoring; pheromone traps ID BAITED TRAPS; BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; SPRUCE BUDWORM; PATTERNS; DENSITY; CATCHES; MOTHS AB This study tested lowering the lure dose of Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald) pheromone to improve the accuracy of the traps as indicators of larval density land subsequent fruit damage) within coastal California apple orchards. Different doses of pheromone ranging from 1 to 0.001 mg were tested in commercial apple orchards in 1994 and 1995. Mean weekly trap catches were significantly higher in higher dose traps. However, the proportion of moths caught in higher dose traps versus lower dose traps remained fairly constant within each orchard, suggesting that lower dose traps were attracting moths from the same regional pool of moths as the higher close traps. No statistically significant relationships were detected between average weekly moth catches using each of the 4 lure doses and A citrana larval counts in 1995. These results suggest that lowering lure dose will not improve the accuracy of pheromone traps as predictors of A. citrana larval density. The lack of correlations between larval densities and male moth counts is discussed relative to the need to monitor female night activity. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Insect Biol, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Walker, KR (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW,Mail Code 8601-D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 574 EP 582 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100013 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Schock, MR AF Urbansky, ET Schock, MR TI Issues in managing the risks associated with perchlorate in drinking water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE perchlorate; risk management; risk assessment; drinking water; potable water; biodegradation; electroreduction; anion exchange; electrodialysis; membrane filtration; water treatment; regulatory impact; infrastructure; water utility ID AMIODARONE AB Perchlorate (ClO4-) contamination of ground and surface waters has placed drinking water supplies at risk in communities throughout the US, especially in the West. Several major assessment studies of that risk in terms of health and environmental impact are expected to be released by the US Environmental Protection Agency in early 1999, and preparations for how best to manage and minimize that risk are underway Perchlorate salts are used in rocket and missile propulsion; therefore, it is believed that the pollution is derived primarily from defense and supporting industry. Due to the perchlorate anion Is fundamental physical and chemical nature, the contamination is difficult to treat or remediate. The current work describes the evolution of the unique team-based governmental response to the problem and the rapidity of its development. Technologies under consideration that may prove feasible for treating contaminated water supplies are discussed and evaluated. The impact of these treatment technologies on other regulatory compliance matters and limitations of space, cost, and other resources are considered. Practical guidelines for approaching the problem are outlined, and current research needs are identified. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 45 TC 164 Z9 173 U1 6 U2 24 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 56 IS 2 BP 79 EP 95 DI 10.1006/jema.1999.0274 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 210HW UT WOS:000081099900001 ER PT J AU Ventresca, JJ Rouleau, WT AF Ventresca, JJ Rouleau, WT TI The effects of secondary flow and passive injection on the motion of solid particles entrained in flow through a curved converging channel SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article AB The three-dimensional effects of secondary flow, passive injection, and particle size on the motion of solid particles entrained in a laminar, incompressible flow through a curved, converging, rectangular passage were numerically investigated. Emphasis was placed on observing the physical mechanisms that cause particles 5 mu m and smaller in diameter to deposit on passage surfaces and to concentrate near the endwalls and mid-span at the passage exit. Particle trajectories were calculated for 5, 30, and 300 mu m diameter solid particles. It was observed that the paths of 5 mu m particles were similar to the streamlines of the three-dimensional flow in the channel until the particles encountered the boundary layers on the blade surfaces and endwalls, where they would graze the surfaces (contributing to particle deposition) and concentrate at the exit of the channel. Particles of 30 mu m diameter, however, were only slightly affected by secondary flows, but were affected enough to be made to concentrate at the exit near the endwall and mid-span surfaces. Particles of 300 Ccm diameter were not affected by secondary flows at all. The particle trajectories showed that the passage secondary flow convected particles across endwalls toward the pressure and suction surface boundary layers of the blades. it was observed that small particles were made to decelerate and/or concentrate in the boundary layers near the passage exit. It was found that this concentration of particles along the suction surface and endwalls could be significantly reduced by means of passive injection: (Passive injection is a method of inducing the flow of jets in the curved portion of an airfoil shaped surface due to the pressure difference on opposing sides. This is accomplished by means of holes or slots that have been drilled through the surface at strategic locations.). C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89118 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Ventresca, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89118 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0098-2202 J9 J FLUID ENG-T ASME JI J. Fluids Eng.-Trans. ASME PD JUN PY 1999 VL 121 IS 2 BP 359 EP 364 DI 10.1115/1.2822214 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 210ZT UT WOS:000081136000020 ER PT J AU Pan, YD Stevenson, RJ Hill, BH Kaufmann, PR Herlihy, AT AF Pan, YD Stevenson, RJ Hill, BH Kaufmann, PR Herlihy, AT TI Spatial patterns and ecological determinants of benthic algal assemblages in Mid-Atlantic streams, USA SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ecoregion; gradient; nutrients; periphyton; regression tree model ID LANDSCAPE INFLUENCES; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; FUNCTIONAL-GROUP; LAND-USE; ECOREGIONS; GEOLOGY; CLASSIFICATION; HETEROGENEITY; PERIPHYTON; ECOSYSTEMS AB We attempted to identify spatial patterns and determinants for benthic algal assemblages in Mid-Atlantic streams, Periphyton, water chemistry, stream physical habitat, riparian conditions, and land cover/use in watersheds were characterized at 89 randomly selected stream sites in the Mid-Atlantic region. Cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) partitioned all sites into six groups on the basis of diatom species composition, Stepwise discriminant function analysis indicated that these diatom groups can be best separated by watershed land cover/use (percentage forest cover), water temperature, and riparian conditions (riparian agricultural activities). However, the diatom-based stream classification did not correspond to Omernik's ecoregional classification, Algal biomass measured as chi a can be related to nutrients in habitats where other factors do not constrain accumulation. A regression tree model indicated that chi a concentrations in the Mid-Atlantic streams can be best predicted by conductivity, stream slope, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and riparian canopy coverage. Our data suggest that broad spatial patterns of benthic diatom assemblages can be predicted both by coarse-scale factors, such as land cover/use in watersheds, and by site-specific factors, such as riparian conditions, However, algal biomass measured as chi a was less predictable using a simple regression approach, The regression tree model was effective for showing that ecological determinants of chi a were hierarchical in the Mid-Atlantic streams. C1 Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Biol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45244 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Pan, YD (reprint author), Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 49 TC 89 Z9 96 U1 5 U2 25 PU PHYCOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 460 EP 468 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3530460.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 212RD UT WOS:000081229300005 ER PT J AU Lee, EH Hogsett, WE AF Lee, EH Hogsett, WE TI Role of concentration and time of day in developing ozone exposure indices for a secondary standard SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SOIL-MOISTURE DEFICIT; ADVERSE CROP RESPONSE; AMBIENT OZONE; PROTECT VEGETATION; YIELD RESPONSE; WINTER-WHEAT; PLANT; TOBACCO; INDEXES; IMPACT AB Evidence from exposure-response studies and a turbulent transfer model demonstrate that plant response is differential to concentration, duration, temporal pattern, and time of day of exposure. Reductions in productivity of crops and trees as seedlings are greater when plants are exposed to higher daytime ozone (O-3) concentrations (0800-2000 hr standard time) or for longer durations. Primary evidence on the greater role of concentration comes from exposure-response experiments where plants are exposed to a series of pollutant concentrations in open-top chambers under field conditions. These studies demonstrate that the integrated exposure indices that give preferential weight to higher concentrations are better predictors of response than mean or peak indices. Evidence suggesting that midrange O-3 concentrations (0.05-0.09 parts per million, ppm) play a greater role than higher concentrations (>0.09 ppm) in biological response could not be justified. The time of day when O-3 concentrations and atmospheric and stomatal conductances of gas exchange are optimal is a key to understanding plant response because plants respond only to O-3 entering the leaf via stomata. A turbulent transfer model that describes the resistance of pollutant gas exchange from the atmosphere to the boundary layer of a forest canopy, as a function of micrometeorological variables, is developed to determine when flux of O-3 is optimal. Based on meteorological and ambient air quality monitoring data at remote forest sites in the United States, it appears that O-3 flux densities to the forest boundary layer are optimal during the 0800-2000 hr window. It is concluded that descriptors of ambient air quality for use in setting a federal standard should (1) cumulate hourly O-3 concentrations, (2) give preferential weight to daytime concentrations between 0800 and 2000 hr, and (3) give preferential weight to higher O-3 concentrations. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL WED, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lee, EH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL WED, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 53 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 6 BP 669 EP 681 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 203ZA UT WOS:000080737000005 PM 26355372 ER PT J AU Alvarez, FR Shaul, GM Krishnan, ER Perrin, DL Rahman, M AF Alvarez, FR Shaul, GM Krishnan, ER Perrin, DL Rahman, M TI Fate of terpene compounds in activated sludge wastewater treatment systems SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Terpene-based cleaners are being widely used in industrial cleaning formulations because of their ability to replace suspected ozone-depleting chemicals such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113). Substitution of chlorinated solvents with terpene-based cleaners, however, is expected to result in increased discharges to wastewater from industrial operations. A pilot-scale study was conducted at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Test & Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati, OH, to quantify the fate of specific terpene compounds in the activated sludge wastewater treatment process. Biodegradation rates of terpenes were estimated from the difference between the influent terpene mass flow rates and the amounts volatilized to air, partitioned to waste sludge, and passed through the treatment process unchanged. Any chemical transformation of the terpene compounds studied was attributed to biodegradation. Analytical methods were developed to determine terpene concentrations in aqueous and gaseous media. The fate of two common terpene compounds (d-limonene and terpinolene) were evaluated in three identical pilot-scale systems: (1) a system with a high target spike range (2-10 mg/L), (2) a system with a low target spike range (0.5-2 mg/L), and (3) a control system (no spike). The study showed that the primary removal mechanism for the terpene compounds in the activated sludge process is biodegradation. Typically, greater than 90% of the mass of terpenes entering the aeration basin of the activated sludge process biodegrades to other compounds; volatilization from the reaction basin accounts for less than 10%, while loss to waste activated sludge and the secondary clarifier effluent accounts for less than 1%. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. IT Corp, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Alvarez, FR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 6 BP 734 EP 739 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 203ZA UT WOS:000080737000011 PM 26355376 ER PT J AU Clark, RM Rizzo, GS Belknap, JA Cochrane, C AF Clark, RM Rizzo, GS Belknap, JA Cochrane, C TI Water quality and the replacement and repair of drinking water infrastructure the Washington, DC case study SO JOURNAL OF WATER SERVICES RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINANT PROPAGATION; OUTBREAK; MISSOURI AB a major challenge for society in the 31st century will he replacement, design and optimal management of urban infrastructure. It is estimated that the current world wide demand fur infrastructure investment is approximately three trillion US dollars annually. Many developing countries are experiencing rapid growth, and developed countries are facing the need to replace old and obsolete infrastructure to meet existing and Future requirements. Sustaining and expanding infrastructure has traditionally been viewed as related to the need for maintaining economic stability or for providing the basis for sustaining economic growth. However, infrastructure also has a major role in enhancing environmental quality and protecting public health. There is a need to reassess some of our assumptions concerning the way infrastructure is designed, built, utilised, maintained and renewed if we are to satisfy both the economic needs of communities while fulfilling environmental and public health objectives. Problems associated with ageing drinking water systems in the USA and their difficulty in complying with the increasingly stringent requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act provide an excellent example of this difficulty. Starting in September 1993 and lasting through to July 1996, the Washington, DC water supply system experienced a series of microbial violations under the Total Coliform Rule, which is part of the US Safe Drinking Water Act. The US Environmental Protection Agency assigned a team of Agency experts to work with the Washington, DC system to assess the problem and to make recommendations to bring it into compliance. The team suggested 26 major changes, including a US$200m capital investment nt programme, the development of a hydraulic and water quality model for the system, and a systematic flushing and valve turning programme. In addition, the DC government established a semi-autonomous water utility to operate the system. No new problems were experienced after the: programme was initiated. C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Dist Columba Water & Sewer Author, Planning Design & Engn Div, Washington, DC 20032 USA. Dist Columbia Water & Sewer Author, Distribut Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SERV RES TEC JI J. Water Serv. Res. Technol.-Aqua PD JUN PY 1999 VL 48 IS 3 BP 106 EP 114 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 220KD UT WOS:000081663400005 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Fathers' fair share: Helping poor men manage child support and fatherhood. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, OAO Corp, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, OAO Corp, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 124 IS 10 BP 144 EP 144 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 201GY UT WOS:000080588100155 ER PT J AU Nacci, D Coiro, L Champlin, D Jayaraman, S McKinney, R Gleason, TR Munns, WR Specker, JL Cooper, KR AF Nacci, D Coiro, L Champlin, D Jayaraman, S McKinney, R Gleason, TR Munns, WR Specker, JL Cooper, KR TI Adaptations of wild populations of the estuarine fish Fundulus heteroclitus to persistent environmental contaminants SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALLOZYME GENOTYPE; NONIMPACTED SUBPOPULATIONS; GAMBUSIA-HOLBROOKI; INORGANIC MERCURY; GENETIC-VARIATION; MOSQUITOFISH; EXPOSURE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; RESISTANCE; TOLERANCE AB Many aquatic species, including the estuarine fish Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichogs), adapt to local environmental conditions. We conducted studies to evaluate whether highly exposed populations of mummichogs adapt to toxic environmental contaminants. These fish populations are indigenous to an urban estuary contaminated with persistent and bioaccumulative contaminants (dioxin-like compounds, or DLCs) that are particularly toxic to the early development of fish. We conducted laboratory challenge experiments to compare mummichog embryos and larvae from reference sites and this highly contaminated site [New Bedford Harbor (NBH), Massachusetts, USA] for their sensitivity to DLCs. While there was variation in DLC-responsiveness within each group, fish from NBH were profoundly less sensitive to DLCs than reference fish. Specifically, concentrations of DLCs similar to those measured in NBH-collected mummichog eggs were lethal to reference embryos. Further, DLC-responsiveness was inherited and independent of maternal contaminant contributions. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that DLC contamination in NBH has contributed to the selection of fish that are resistant to the short-term toxic effects of these environmental-contaminant exposures. This adaptation may be a critical mechanism by which fish populations persist in this highly contaminated site. Further evaluation of this ecosystem may provide important information concerning the direct and indirect consequences of this "unnatural" selection. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02992 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Nacci, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 45 TC 119 Z9 122 U1 5 U2 43 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 134 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1007/s002270050520 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 210QZ UT WOS:000081117300002 ER PT J AU Elovitz, MS von Gunten, U AF Elovitz, MS von Gunten, U TI Hydroxyl radical ozone ratios during ozonation processes. I-The R-ct concept SO OZONE-SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ozone; ozonation; ozone-exposure; hydroxyl radical; natural waters; hydroxyl radical-exposure; hydroxyl radical probe; R-ct value; model systems; disinfection byproducts; DBPs; drinking water treatment; atrazine removal ID DISSOCIATING ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DRINKING-WATER CONTAMINANTS; RATE CONSTANTS; INORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BROMATE FORMATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; DECOMPOSITION; OXIDATION; OH AB The ozonation of model systems and several natural waters was examined in bench-scale batch experiments. In addition to measuring the concentration of ozone (O-3), the rate of depletion of an in situ hydroxyl radical probe compound was monitored, thus providing information on the transient steady-state concentration of hydroxyl radicals (. OH). A new parameter, R-ct, representing the ratio of the . OH-exposure to the O-3-exposure was calculated as a function of reaction time. For most waters tested, including pH-buffered model systems and natural waters, R-ct was a constant value for the majority of the reaction. Therefore, R-ct corresponds to the ratio of the . OH concentration to the O-3 concentration in a given water (i.e. R-ct = [. OH]/[O-3]). For a given water source, the degradation of a micropollutant (e.g. atrazine) via O-3 and . OH reaction pathways can be predicted by the O-3 reaction kinetics and R-ct. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. RP Elovitz, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 30 TC 349 Z9 380 U1 20 U2 177 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 0191-9512 J9 OZONE-SCI ENG JI Ozone-Sci. Eng. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3 BP 239 EP 260 DI 10.1080/01919519908547239 PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214KT UT WOS:000081327700003 ER PT J AU Walton, BT Coats, JR AF Walton, BT Coats, JR TI Robert Lee Metcalf - In memoriam SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Walton, BT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 64 IS 2 BP 63 EP 65 DI 10.1006/pest.1999.2411 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 221NW UT WOS:000081734000001 ER PT J AU Katoh, T Inatomi, H Yang, MH Kawamoto, T Matsumoto, T Bell, DA AF Katoh, T Inatomi, H Yang, MH Kawamoto, T Matsumoto, T Bell, DA TI Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and 2 (NAT2) genes and risk of urothelial transitional cell carcinoma among Japanese SO PHARMACOGENETICS LA English DT Article DE N-acetyltransferase 1; N-acetyltransferase 2; polymorphism; urothelial cancer ID BLADDER-CANCER; N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE-1 NAT1; POLYMORPHISMS; ACETYLATION; ASSOCIATION; EXPRESSION; EXPOSURE; SMOKING; ALLELE C1 Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Hlth Sci, Dept Hlth Informat Sci, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Med, Dept Environm Hlth, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Katoh, T (reprint author), Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Hlth Sci, Dept Hlth Informat Sci, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. NR 17 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0960-314X J9 PHARMACOGENETICS JI Pharmacogenetics PD JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 401 EP 404 DI 10.1097/00008571-199906000-00017 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 222AU UT WOS:000081760700017 PM 10471074 ER PT J AU Mekenyan, O Nikolova, N Karabunarliev, S Bradbury, SP Ankley, GT Hansen, B AF Mekenyan, O Nikolova, N Karabunarliev, S Bradbury, SP Ankley, GT Hansen, B TI New developments in a hazard identification algorithm for hormone receptor ligands SO QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS LA English DT Article DE structure activity relationships; active analogues; conformational flexibility; androgen receptor binding affinity ID ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; BINDING-AFFINITY; QSAR EVALUATION; DYNAMIC QSAR; FLEXIBILITY; CONFORMATIONS; SYSTEM; MODEL AB Recently we described the Common REactivity PAttern (COREPA) technique to screen data sets of diverse structures for their ability to serve as ligands for steroid hormone receptors [1]. The approach identifies and quantifies similar global and local stereoelectronic characteristics associated with active ligands through a comparison of energetically-reasonable conformer distributions for selected descriptors. For each stereoelectronic descriptor selected, discrete conformer distributions from a training set of ligands are evaluated and parameter ranges common for conformers from all the chemicals in the training set are identified. The use of discrete partitions of parameter ranges to define common reactivity patterns can, however, influence the outcome of the algorithm. To address this limitation, the original method has been extended by approximating continuous conformer distributions as probability distributions. The COREPA-Continuous (COREPA-C) algorithm assesses the common reactivity pattern of biologically similar molecules in terms of a product of probability distributions, rather than a collection of common population ranges determined by examination of discrete partitions of a distribution. To illustrate the algorithm, common reactivity patterns based on interatomic distance and charge on heteroatoms were developed and evaluated using a set of 28 androgen receptor ligands. Notable attributes of the COREPA-C algorithm include flexibility in establishing stereoelectronic descriptor criteria for identifying active and nonactive compounds and the ability to quantify three-dimensional chemical similarity without the need to predetermine a toxicophore or align compounds(s) to a lead ligand. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Bourgas Univ As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Bourgas 8010, Bulgaria. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Ctr Lab Parallel & Distributed Proc, BU-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm, European Chem Bur, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy. RP Bradbury, SP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RI Jeliazkova, Nina/D-2499-2010 NR 23 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-8771 J9 QUANT STRUCT-ACT REL JI Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 139 EP 153 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3838(199906)18:2<139::AID-QSAR139>3.0.CO;2-K PG 15 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 214ZC UT WOS:000081356600004 ER PT J AU Mills, WB Lew, CS Hung, CY AF Mills, WB Lew, CS Hung, CY TI Sensitivity of concentration and risk predictions in the PRESTO and MMSOILS multimedia models: Regression technique assessment SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE PRESTO; MMSOILS; multimedia modeling; regression technique assessment; risk predictions; sensitivity analysis ID BENCHMARKING ANALYSIS; RESRAD; MEPAS AB This paper describes the application of two multimedia models, PRESTO and MMSOILS, to predict contaminant migration from a landfill that contains an organic chemical (methylene chloride) and a radionuclide (uranium-238). Exposure point concentrations and human health risks are predicted, and distributions of those predictions are generated using Monte Carlo techniques. Analysis of exposure point concentrations shows that predictions of uranium-238 in groundwater differ by more than one order of magnitude between models. These differences occur mainly because PRESTO simulates uranium-238 transport through the groundwater using a one-dimensional algorithm and vertically mixes the plume over an effective mixing depth, whereas MMSOILS uses a three-dimensional algorithm and simulates a plume that resides near the surface of the aquifer. A sensitivity analysis, using stepwise multiple linear regression, is performed to evaluate which of the random variables are most important in producing the predicted distributions of exposure point concentrations and health risks. The sensitivity analysis shows that the predicted distributions can be accurately reproduced using a small subset of the random variables. Simple regression techniques are applied, for comparison, to the same scenarios, and results are similar. The practical implication of this analysis is the ability to distinguish between important versus unimportant random variables in terms of their sensitivity to selected endpoints. C1 Tetra Tech Inc, Lafayette, CA 94549 USA. US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mills, WB (reprint author), Tetra Tech Inc, 3746 Mt Diablo Blvd,Suite 300, Lafayette, CA 94549 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 511 EP 525 DI 10.1023/A:1007013015263 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 231JA UT WOS:000082303800017 PM 10765419 ER PT J AU Moser, VC AF Moser, VC TI Comparison of aldicarb and methamidophos neurotoxicity at different ages in the rat: Behavioral and biochemical parameters SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aldicarb; methamidophos; age; sensitive populations; neurobehavior; cholinesterase; rat ID NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCREENING BATTERY; FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; ORGANO-PHOSPHATE; CHOLINESTERASE-INHIBITORS; CARBAMATE INSECTICIDE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; ESTERASE-ACTIVITIES; ORAL CHLORPYRIFOS AB Young organisms are often more sensitive to the toxic effects of pesticides, and this finding has spurred research on further characterization of this susceptibility. The neurotoxic effects of cholinesterase (ChE)-inhibiting pesticides are of particular concern for human health risk assessment due to the widespread exposure potential in children. This study evaluated age-related differences in susceptibility for a carbamate (aldicarb) and an organophosphorus pesticide (methamidophos). Comparisons were made between preweanling (Postnatal Day 17, PND17), postweanling (PND27), and adult (similar to PND70) male and female rats. All were acute studies using oral administration. Sensitivity was quantified by (1) determination of maximally-tolerated doses (MTDs); (2) measurement of brain and blood ChE inhibition; and (3) neurobehavioral evaluation using end points known to be sensitive indicators of exposure to anticholinesterases. MTD data showed that preweanling rats were twice as sensitive as adults to aldicarb, but there was no differential sensitivity to methamidophos. The dose- response data for brain ChE inhibition followed a similar pattern of age-related differences, and similar levels of inhibition were measured at the MTD regardless of age. Dose-response and time course studies of neurobehavioral end points indicated that differential effects due to age depend on the behavioral end point examined. Following aldicarb administration, the dose-response curves for a few end points overlapped; however, the young rats otherwise showed fewer signs of toxicity than did the adults despite similar levels of brain ChE inhibition. Motor activity assessment showed that aldicarb did not produce any activity depression in PND17 rats, whereas the data for the PND27 and adult rats overlapped. With methamidophos, the dose-response curves for most end points for preweanling and adult rats were quite similar. Aldicarb-induced ChE inhibition was readily reversible in all age groups, whereas with methamidophos, enzyme activity recovered more rapidly in the young. Most behavioral alterations had recovered by 24 h with either pesticide. The results of these studies indicate that (1) ChE-inhibiting pesticides are not all the same regarding relative sensitivity of the young; (2) age-related differences were reflected in both the MTDs and degree of ChE inhibition; and (3) age-related differences in neurobehavioral measures depended on the pesticide and on the end points examined. C1 NIEHS, Div Neurotoxicol, US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), NIEHS, Div Neurotoxicol, US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 71 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 157 IS 2 BP 94 EP 106 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8675 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 207AC UT WOS:000080912300002 PM 10366542 ER PT J AU Shi, XL Ding, M Ye, JP Wang, SW Leonard, SS Zang, LY Castranova, V Vallyathan, V Chiu, A Dalal, N Liu, KJ AF Shi, XL Ding, M Ye, JP Wang, SW Leonard, SS Zang, LY Castranova, V Vallyathan, V Chiu, A Dalal, N Liu, KJ TI Cr(IV) causes activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B, DNA strand breaks and dG hydroxylation via free radical reactions SO JOURNAL OF INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Cr(IV); free radical reactions; DNA damage; nuclear transcription factor; Cr(VI) carcinogenesis ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CHROMIUM(V) FORMATION; CARCINOGEN CHROMATE; SINGLET OXYGEN; LIVE MICE; GENERATION; REDUCTION; 8-HYDROXYGUANINE; SUPEROXIDE; RESONANCE AB Electrophoretic mobility shift, DNA strand breakage assays and electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping were used to investigate the activation of nuclear transcription factor (NF)-kappa B, DNA strand breakage and 2'-deoxyguanosine hydroxylation induced by Cr(IV), as well the role of free radical reactions in these processes. Incubation of synthesized Cr(IV)-glutathione complex with cultured Jurkat cells resulted in activation of DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B. Cr(VI) is also able to induce NF-kappa B activation through Cr(V) and Cr(IV) intermediates generated during the reduction of Cr(VI) by the cells. Cr(III) did not cause observable NF-kappa B activation due to its inability to cross cell membranes. Cr(IV)-induced NF-kappa B activation is dose-dependent. Catalase inhibited the activation while superoxide dismutase enhanced it. The metal chelator, deferoxamine, and hydroxyl ((OH)-O-.) radical scavengers, sodium formate and aspirin, also inhibited the NF-KB activation. Electrophoretic assays using lambda Hind III linear DNA showed that, in the presence of H2O2, Cr(IV) is capable of causing DNA strand breaks. Deferoxamine, sodium formate and aspirin inhibited the DNA strand breaks. HPLC measurements also show that (OH)-O-. radical generated by the Cr(IV)-mediated reaction with H2O2 was capable of causing 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) hydroxylation to generate 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG). The relative magnitude of 8-OHdG formation correlated with the generation of (OH)-O-. radicals. ESR spin trapping measurements showed that reaction of Cr(IV) with H2O2 generated (OH)-O-. radicals, which were inhibited by deferoxamine, sodium formate and aspirin. The results show that Cr(IV) can cause NF-kappa B activation, DNA strand breaks and dG hydroxylation through (OH)-O-. radical-initiated reactions. This reactive chromium intermediate may play an important role in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis. The results also suggest that the Cr(IV)-glutathione complex may be used as a model compound to study the role of Cr(IV) in Cr(VI) carcinogenicity. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20210 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Chem, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Radiol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Shi, XL (reprint author), NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Shi, Xianglin/B-8588-2012 NR 35 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0162-0134 J9 J INORG BIOCHEM JI J. Inorg. Biochem. PD MAY 30 PY 1999 VL 75 IS 1 BP 37 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0162-0134(99)00030-6 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 211TY UT WOS:000081179000005 PM 10402675 ER PT J AU Liu, SM Pleil, JD AF Liu, SM Pleil, JD TI Method for liquid-liquid extraction of blood surrogates for assessing human exposure to jet fuel SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B LA English DT Article DE JP-8 jet fuel; volatile organic compounds ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FISCHER-344 RATS; EXHALED BREATH; WATER; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY; RECOVERY; BENZENE AB A baseline method of liquid-liquid extraction for assessing human exposure to JP-8 jet fuel was established by extracting several representative compounds ranging From very volatile to semi-volatile organic compounds, including benzene, toluene, nonane, decane, undecane, tridecane, tetradecane and pentadecane, from PBS buffer. Some specific techniques for solvent selection, solvent evaporation, and GC analysis were developed to accommodate this wide range of constituents of JP-8. The application of the established method to the extraction and quantitative analysis of JP-8 from PBS and bovine plasma was demonstrated. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pleil, JD (reprint author), ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD MAY 28 PY 1999 VL 728 IS 2 BP 193 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00109-7 PG 15 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 205GQ UT WOS:000080813300005 PM 10406205 ER PT J AU Ahmad, S Rao, GS AF Ahmad, S Rao, GS TI Complexation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol with inorganic and ferritin-released iron in vitro SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE 1,2,4-benzenetriol; iron; ferritin; iron-1,2,4-benzenetriol complex ID BENZENE TOXICITY; BONE-MARROW; ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES; RATS; HEMATOTOXICITY; HYDROQUINONE; DISPOSITION; METABOLITES; PROOXIDANT; EXPOSURE AB The reactive metabolite(s) responsible for the expression of benzene toxicity is not clearly known despite extensive information on the metabolism and hematotoxicity of benzene. It is now widely believed that hematotoxicity of benzene is due to the concerted action of several metabolites which arise from multiple pathways of benzene. In our earlier study, we proposed iron polyphenol chelates as possible toxic metabolites of benzene due to their prooxidant activity. In continuation, we demonstrate the formation of an iron and 1,2,4-benzenetriol (BT) complex, when added together in an acetate buffer, 0.1 M, pH 5.6, by sephadex G-10 column chromatography, It was also observed that iron released from ferritin in the presence of BT formed a complex with BT. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ind Toxicol Res Ctr, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Ahmad, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD MAY 27 PY 1999 VL 259 IS 1 BP 169 EP 171 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0741 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 201KG UT WOS:000080593500029 PM 10334934 ER PT J AU Ahmad, S Anderson, WL Kitchin, KT AF Ahmad, S Anderson, WL Kitchin, KT TI Dimethylarsinic acid effects on DNA damage and oxidative stress related biochemical parameters in B6C3F1 mice SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE dimethylarsinic acid; DNA damage; oxidative stress; B6C3F1 mice ID PROTEIN CROSS-LINKS; STRAND BREAKS; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; INORGANIC ARSENICS; L-132 CELLS; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; MAIN METABOLITE; EXPOSURE; RAT AB Adult female B6C3F1 mice were given 720 mg/kg of DMA by oral gavage at one of three times (2 h, 15 h, or at both 21 and 4 h) before sacrifice. Significant (P < 0.05) decreases in liver GSH and GSSG contents (15-37%) were observed. Some evidence of DMA-induced hepatic DNA damage (at the P < 0.10 level only) was observed. Pulmonary and hepatic ODC activities were reduced (19-59%) by DMA treatment. Overall, these biochemical studies show that mice are much less responsive to DMA than rats. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD MAY 24 PY 1999 VL 139 IS 2 BP 129 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00022-1 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 203FP UT WOS:000080697800002 PM 10395169 ER PT J AU Green, BN Kuchumov, AR Klemm, DJ Vinogradov, SN AF Green, BN Kuchumov, AR Klemm, DJ Vinogradov, SN TI An electrospray ionization mass spectrometric study of the giant, extracellular, hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin of the leech Haemopis grandis provides a complete enumeration of its subunits SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; leech; hemoglobin; subunits ID LUMBRICUS-TERRESTRIS HEMOGLOBIN; POLYPEPTIDE-CHAIN COMPOSITION; WORM RIFTIA-PACHYPTILA; QUATERNARY STRUCTURE; 3-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION; MACROBDELLA-DECORA; MAXIMUM-ENTROPY; CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-MASS; GLOBIN CHAINS AB The complex, multiply charged electrospray ionization mass spectra of the extracellular, similar to 3500 kDa, hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin from the leech Haemopis grandis and its carbamidomethylated, reduced and reduced/carbamidomethylated forms were deconvoluted using a maximum entropy approach to provide the corresponding zero-charge spectra. Three groups of peaks were observed: monomeric globin chains a1-a4 at similar to 17 kDa (16 634.1, 17 013.4, 17 592.9, and 17 573.3 Da with relative intensities of 16:4:12:1, respectively), linker chains L1-L3 at similar to 24 kDa (24 004.2, 24 449.2 and 24 548.3 Da, with relative intensities of 5:1:2.5, respectively) and subunits D1 and D2 at 32 501.1 and 32 629.6 Da, respectively, with equal intensities. Reduction of the native hemoglobin with dithiothreitol resulted in a decrease in the mass of Linker L2 by 115.1 Da, indicating cysteinylation, the disappearance of subunits D1 and D2 and the concomitant appearance of globin chains b (16 098.8 Da), c1 (16 403.9 Da), and c2 (16 532.5 Da), suggesting that subunits D1 and D2 are disulfide-bonded dimers b + c1 and b + c2, respectively. All the globin chains appear to have one intrachain disulfide bond, and globins b, c1, and c2 have an additional Cys which forms the interchain disulfide bond in D1 and D2. The Linkers L1-L3 contain 10, 9, and 10 Cys residues, respectively, all forming intrachain disulfide bonds, except for the odd residue in L2 which is proposed to be the site of cysteinylation. The relative intensities of the three groups of peaks al + a2 + a3 + a4:L1 + L2 + L3:D1 + D2 are 1.65:1.7:0.8 in native hemoglobin. All the subunits in a second sample evinced substantial glycosylation, with up to five hexoses per subunit. A model of the quaternary structure of Haemopis hemoglobin is proposed, consisting of 72 monomeric globins and 36 globin dimers for a total of 144 globin chains and 42 linkers with a calculated total mass of 3506 kDa. (Int J Mass Spectrom 188 (1999) 105-112) (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Micromass UK Ltd, Altrincham WA14 5RZ, Cheshire, England. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. US EPA, Environm Monitoring Syst Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45244 USA. RP Green, BN (reprint author), Micromass UK Ltd, Tudor Rd, Altrincham WA14 5RZ, Cheshire, England. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD MAY 17 PY 1999 VL 188 IS 1-2 BP 105 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S1387-3806(98)14285-9 PG 8 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 194LJ UT WOS:000080194700013 ER PT J AU Peterson, SA Urquhart, NS Welch, EB AF Peterson, SA Urquhart, NS Welch, EB TI Sample representativeness: A must for reliable regional lake condition estimates SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Reliable environmental resource estimates are essential to informed regional scale decisions regarding protection, restoration, and enhancement of natural resources. Reliable estimates depend on objective and representative sampling. Probability-based sampling meets these requirements and provides accuracy estimates (confidence limits). Non-probability-based (judgment or convenience) sampling often is biased, thus less reliable (no accuracy estimates), and potentially misleading. We compare results from a probability- and a non-probability-based Secchi transparency sampling of lakes in the northeastern geographic region of the United States and its three primary ecoregions. Results from these samplings are compared on the basis of sample representativeness relative to the regional lake population and subsequent reliability of lake condition estimates. Statistically derived sampling indicates the northeast lake population median lake size to be about 9.5 (+/- 2.3) ha and the Secchi disk transparency (SDT) to be about 2.4 (+/- 0.4) m. On the basis of judgment sampling estimates, the median SDT for lakes in the same area would be 4.2 m. However, only about 15% of the regional lake population based on statistically designed sampling estimates has a SDT greater than or equal to 4.2 m. Estimate unreliability of this magnitude can have profound effects on lake management decisions. Thus, regional extrapolation of non-probability-based sampling results should be avoided. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Peterson, SA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 29 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1559 EP 1565 DI 10.1021/es980711l PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196MD UT WOS:000080311400003 ER PT J AU Dutta, BK Sikdar, SK AF Dutta, BK Sikdar, SK TI Separation of volatile organic compounds from aqueous solutions by pervaporation using S-B-S block copolymer membranes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER; REMOVAL; MIXTURES AB Composite membranes of a block copolymer of styrene and butadiene (S-B-S) were cast on highly porous, hydrophobic thin films of PTFE and used for the separation and recovery of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from aqueous solutions by pervaporation. Trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and toluene were the VOCs selected for testing the efficacy of these membranes. An analysis of the pervaporation data showed that the liquid film boundary layer offered the main mass transfer resistance to permeation. The separation factor for the VOCs was as high as 5000 at near-ambient temperatures but decreased substantially at higher temperatures. The water flux was practically independent of the solute concentration. But it increased more rapidly with an increase in temperature as compared to the organic flux, thereby reducing the separation factor. Also, the separation of a multicomponent mixture from the aqueous feed could be predicted well from single-component data. C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sikdar, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1709 EP 1716 DI 10.1021/es980689w PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196MD UT WOS:000080311400023 ER PT J AU Potter, CL Glaser, JA Chang, LW Meier, JR Dosani, MA Herrmann, RF AF Potter, CL Glaser, JA Chang, LW Meier, JR Dosani, MA Herrmann, RF TI Degradation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons under bench-scale compost conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EVALUATE REMEDIATION; EARTHWORM BIOASSAYS; SOIL; CHEMICALS; SUBSTRATE; PLANT AB The relationship between biomass growth and degradation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, and subsequent toxicity reduction, was evaluated in 10 in-vessel, bench-scale compost units. Field soil was acquired from the Reilly Tar and Chemical Company Superfund site in St. Louis Park, MN (Reilly soil) and brought to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Test and Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati, OH for a 12-week composting study. Five separate amendment conditions were applied in duplicate to Reilly soil to stimulate varying degrees of biomass growth. Amendments included standard nutrients (SN) adjusted to C:N:P = 100.5.1, based on total organic carbon, plus 1% cow manure, modified OECD nutrients adjusted to C:N:P = 100:5:1 plus 1% cow manure, SN plus 1% activated sludge, SN plus 5% activated sludge, and SN plus 5% autoclaved sludge. All reactors contained 30% (w/w) corn cobs. All amendment conditions resulted in decreased concentrations of PAHs with two to four rings in their molecular structure. No reduction in concentrations of five- or six-ring PAHs occurred during the 12-week study. No significant differences resulted between the final concentrations achieved through any of the amendment conditions. Starting concentrations of total PAHs ranged from 1606 to 4445 mg/kg, and final concentrations ranged from 888 to 1556 mg/kg in the reactors. Contaminant concentration plateaus appeared in all treatment curves by the eighth week. Once a concentration plateau was attained, little further PAH removal occurred during the remaining treatment, and all treatments moved closer to a similar concentration plateau value. Therefore, percent removal of PAHs from Reilly soil correlated with starting PAH concentrations but not with final concentrations. Rates of removal of PAHs during the first 4 weeks of compost treatment correlated strongly with starting PAH concentration but did not correlate with reactor biomass concentration. Several toxicity bioassays in earthworms and plants were used to evaluate the efficacy of compost biomass to reduce toxicity of PAH-contaminated soil. Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida andrei) were exposed to contaminated soil mixed with artificial soil in 6% to 100% dilutions (w/w), and survival was assessed after 14 days. Seed germination and root elongation tests were evaluated in lettuce and oats, and genotoxicity (mitotic aberrations) testing was performed on Allium cepa (onion). Composting of PAH contaminated soil decreased toxicity to earthworms and oat roots but had no significant effect on lettuce root toxicity. Untreated soil evoked genotoxicity in the Allium assay. After composting, no significant genotoxicity was observed in Reilly soil. Two challenges for future research on compost treatment of soils contaminated with PAHs involve increasing the removal of five- and six-ring compounds and achieving total removal that plateaus at a lower level. Whether this can be achieved by optimizing compost biomass development is uncertain. Continued evaluation of the amount and physiological status of compost biomass may provide information on the long-term ability of composting to destroy large PAHs. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. IT Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45264 USA. RP Potter, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 34 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1717 EP 1725 DI 10.1021/es9810336 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196MD UT WOS:000080311400024 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ AF Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ TI Are circulating cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha involved in chlorpyrifos-induced fever? SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fever; cytokines; temperature regulation; organophosphate; pesticide ID ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE; METAL FUME FEVER; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION; RAT; HYPERTHERMIA; TEMPERATURE; HYPOTHERMIA; CARBAMATE; TOLERANCE; ENDOTOXIN AB Oral exposure to chlorpyrifos (CHP) in the rat results in an initial hypothermic response followed by a delayed fever. Fever from infection is mediated by the release of cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha). This study determined if the CHP-induced fever involves cytokine-mediated mechanisms similar to that of infectious fevers. Long-Evans rats were gavaged with the corn oil vehicle or CHP (10-50 mg/kg). The rats were euthanized and blood collected at various times that corresponded with the hypothermic and febrile effects of CHP. Plasma IL-6, TNF alpha, cholinesterase activity (ChE), total iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), and zinc were measured. ChE activity was reduced by similar to 50% 4 h after CHP. There was no effect of CHP on IL-6 when measured during the period of CHP-induced hypothermia or fever. TNF alpha levels nearly doubled in female rats 48 h after 25 mg/kg CHP. The changes in plasma cytokine levels following CHP were relatively small when compared to > 1000-fold increase in IL-6 and > 10-fold rise in TNF alpha following lipopolysaccharide (E. coli; 50 mu g/kg; i.p.)-induced fever. This does not preclude a role of cytokines in CHP-induced fever. Nonetheless, the data suggest that the delayed fever from CHP is unique, involving mechanisms other than TNF alpha and IL-6 release into the circulation characteristic of infectious fevers. Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAY 3 PY 1999 VL 134 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00010-4 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 212ZX UT WOS:000081248500002 PM 10413184 ER PT J AU Gehrs, BC Smialowicz, RJ AF Gehrs, BC Smialowicz, RJ TI Persistent suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in adult F344 rats after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE delayed-type hypersensitivity; adult F344 rats; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ID CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; SYSTEM; MORTALITY; MULTITEST; DIOXIN; TCDD; MICE AB Recently we observed a suppressed delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the 4-5-month-old offspring of F344 rat dams receiving as little as 1.0 mu g 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)/kg on gestational day (GD) 14. This study was designed to characterize better this suppression of the DTH response. First, the persistence of the DTH suppression was determined by measuring the DTH response to BSA in the offspring of dams dosed orally with 3.0 mu g TCDD/kg on GD14 as well as in age-matched controls at 4, 8, 12 and 19 months of age. TCDD significantly suppressed the males' DTH response through 19 months of age. While the females' DTH response was reduced at 8, 12 and 19 months, significant suppression was observed only at 4 months of age. Secondly, the lowest maternal dose of TCDD that produced DTH suppression was determined by measuring the DTH response to BSA in the 4- and 14-month-old offspring of dams dosed orally with 0, 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mu g TCDD/kg on GD14. In the males, suppression was observed at a maternal dose as low as 0.1 mu g TCDD/kg at 14 months of age, while a maternal dose of 0.3 mu g TCDD/kg was necessary to cause suppression in the 14-month-old females. Both males and females were more sensitive to the suppression at 14 months of age than at 4 months of age. Lastly, the DTH response to a second antigen was examined by measuring the DTH response to either BSA or keyhole limper hemocyanin (KLH) in the 5- or 4-month-old male offspring, respectively, of dams dosed orally with either 0 or 3.0 mu g TCDD/kg on GD14. The DTH response to both antigens was suppressed significantly. Phenotypic analysis was performed on thymus and lymph node suspensions. Significant effects in the thymus included an increased percentage of gamma delta TCR+ cells and a decreased percentage of gamma delta TCR+/CD4(-)CD8(-) and MHCI-MHCII- cells. In the popliteal lymph node draining the BSA-injected footpad, there was a decreased percentage of gamma delta TCR+ and MHCI-MHCII- cells and an increased percentage of MHCI+ cells. In conclusion, the suppression of the DTH response associated with perinatal TCDD exposure is persistent through late adulthood, occurs at a low dose (i.e. 0.1 mu g TCDD/kg) to the dam, and is more pronounced in males than females. While phenotypic analysis identified differences in subsets of thymocytes and lymph node cells between control and TCDD exposed offspring, no clear correlations were established between altered subpopulations and suppressed DTH responses. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Smialowicz, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5 T32 ES07126] NR 27 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAY 3 PY 1999 VL 134 IS 1 BP 79 EP 88 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00024-4 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 212ZX UT WOS:000081248500008 PM 10413190 ER PT J AU Friederich, NJ Bauer, KM Schultz, BD Holderman, TS AF Friederich, NJ Bauer, KM Schultz, BD Holderman, TS TI The use of composite dust wipe samples as a means of assessing lead exposure SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE children; composite samples; dust; laboratory analysis; lead; wipes AB This study investigated two methods for analyzing composite dust wipes for lead. The term composite means two or more wipes collected from common components in a dwelling that are combined in the field and analyzed as a single sample, Two methods-a modified Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 3050A and a Wisconsin Occupational Health Laboratory (WOHL) method-were selected based on their anticipated ability to handle the added mass of materials and dust expected in a composite, The study used off-the-shelf wipes to prepare single-, two-, and four-wipe samples. Wipes were spiked with a standard reference material at either a low dust loading level or a high level, and three laboratories analyzed the samples using both methods and both flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry techniques (ICP). Good agreement with known spiked levels was possible using either method; the modified EPA 3050A showed particular promise. When up to four wipes were combined, all three laboratories found that modified EPA Method 3050A resulted in recoveries between 89 and 101% of the known standard. Although it was possible to achieve good agreement with spiked levels using the WOHL method, some difficulties were encountered, particularly when followed by ICP analysis and when using four wipes, The increased time required to digest the multiwipe composites was not proportional to the number of wipes in a composite: the two- and four-wipe composites did not take two to four times as long as a single-wipe sample. Laboratory analysis of a four-wipe sample cost an average of 65% less than analysis of four single-wipe samples for each method. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Midwest Res Inst, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Prevent Med, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Schultz, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 3 BP 326 EP 333 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 206YT UT WOS:000080908700008 PM 10386353 ER PT J AU Vinegar, A Jepson, GW Hammann, SJ Harper, G Dierdorf, DS Overton, JH AF Vinegar, A Jepson, GW Hammann, SJ Harper, G Dierdorf, DS Overton, JH TI Simulated blood levels of CF3I in personnel exposed during its release from an F-15 jet engine nacelle and during intentional inhalation SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Halon Optical Technical Working Conference CY MAY 06-08, 1997 CL NEW MEXICO RES INST, NEW MEXICO HO NEW MEXICO RES INST DE cardiac sensitization; CF3I; fire suppression; physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; egress time; humans AB Of the agents under consideration for protecting unoccupied areas from fire, CF3I (trifluoroiodomethane) has physicochemical properties that give it potential as a "drop-in" replacement for halon 1301. One of the issues concerning the use of CF3I is the potential hazard to ground crews should an inadvertent discharge occur while workers are in or near an engine nacelle. A discharge test of CF3I was conducted on an F-15A jet to record CF3I concentration time histories at locations near the aircraft. The conditions of the discharges simulated an inadvertent ground discharge with the engine nacelle doors open and also with the doors closed. The use of three types of gas analysis instrumentation allowed gas sampling from several locations during the discharge tests. Concentrations measured at selected sensor locations were used as the input to a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to simulate blood levels that would be attained by individuals inhaling CF3I at sensor locations. Blood levels reached during these exposures were compared with the blood level associated with the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) for cardiac sensitization to evaluate the possibility of safe egress. The highest blood concentrations simulated were twice the target blood concentration associated with cardiac sensitization. However, simulated blood concentrations of subjects who actually inhaled CF3I reached levels that were 100 times the target level without reported adverse effect. Thus, actual human data may supersede the use of the cardiac sensitization LOAEL obtained from animal studies. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Dayton, OH 45437 USA. McDonnell Douglas Corp, St Louis, MO 63166 USA. Universal Tech Serv Inc, Albuquerque, NM 87111 USA. US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vinegar, A (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, POB 31009, Dayton, OH 45437 USA. OI Dierdorf, Doug/0000-0002-1754-2186 NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 3 BP 403 EP 408 DI 10.1080/00028899908984460 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 206YT UT WOS:000080908700019 PM 10386362 ER PT J AU Shi, Y Zwolinski, MD Schreiber, ME Bahr, JM Sewell, GW Hickey, WJ AF Shi, Y Zwolinski, MD Schreiber, ME Bahr, JM Sewell, GW Hickey, WJ TI Molecular analysis of microbial community structures in pristine and contaminated aquifers: Field and laboratory microcosm experiments SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TARGETED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; GEOBACTER-METALLIREDUCENS; DENITRIFYING CONDITIONS; ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; BACTERIA; TOLUENE; DNA; IRON; BIODEGRADATION AB This study used phylogenetic probes in hybridization analysis Ito (i) determine in situ microbial community structures in regions of a shallow sand aquifer that were oxygen depleted and fuel contaminated (FC) or aerobic and noncontaminated (NC) and (ii) examine alterations in microbial community structures resulting from exposure to toluene and/or electron acceptor supplementation (nitrate). The latter objective was addressed by using the NC and FC aquifer materials for anaerobic microcosm studies in which phylogenetic probe analysis was complemented by microbial activity assays. Domain probe analysis of the aquifer samples showed that the communities were predominantly Bacteria; Eucarya and Archaea were not detectable. At the phylum and subclass levels, the FC and NC aquifer material had similar relative abundance distributions of 43 to 65% beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria (B+G), 31 to 35% alpha-Proteobacteria (ALF), 15 to 18% sulfate-reducing bacteria, and 5 to 10% high G+C gram positive bacteria. Compared to that of the NC region, the community structure of the FC material differed mainly in an increased abundance of B+G relative to that of ALF. The microcosm communities were like those of the field samples in that they were predominantly Bacteria (83 to 101%) and lacked detectable Archaea but differed in that a small fraction (2 to 8%) of Eucarya was detected regardless of the treatment applied. The latter result was hypothesized to reflect enrichment of anaerobic protozoa. Addition of nitrate and/or toluene stimulated microbial activity in the microcosms, but only supplementation of toluene alone significantly altered community structures. For the NC material, the dominant subclass shifted from B+G to ALF, while in the FC microcosms 55 to 65% of the Bacteria community was no longer identifiable by the phylum or subclass probes used. The latter result suggested that toluene exposure fostered the proliferation of phylotype(s) that were otherwise minor constituents of the FC aquifer community. These studies demonstrated that alterations in aquifer microbial communities resulting from specific anthropogenic perturbances can be inferred from microcosm studies integrating chemical and phylogenetic probe analysis and in the case of hydrocarbon contamination may facilitate the identification of organisms important for in situ biodegradation processes. Further work integrating and coordinating microcosm and field experiments is needed to explore how differences in scale, substrate complexity, and other hydrogeological conditions may affect patterns observed in these systems. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Environm Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Ada, OK USA. RP Hickey, WJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM wjhickey@facstaff.wisc.edu RI Schreiber, Madeline/A-5356-2009 OI Schreiber, Madeline/0000-0002-1858-7730 NR 44 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 65 IS 5 BP 2143 EP 2150 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 191RC UT WOS:000080034500050 PM 10224013 ER PT J AU Hines, ME Evans, RS Genthner, BRS Willis, SG Friedman, S Rooney-Varga, JN Devereux, R AF Hines, ME Evans, RS Genthner, BRS Willis, SG Friedman, S Rooney-Varga, JN Devereux, R TI Molecular phylogenetic and biogeochemical studies of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the rhizosphere of Spartina alterniflora SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALT-MARSH SEDIMENTS; COASTAL MARINE-SEDIMENTS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; REDUCTION RATES; FATTY-ACIDS; SP-NOV; OXYGEN; SULFUR; OXIDATION AB The population composition and biogeochemistry of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the rhizosphere of the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora was investigated over two growing seasons by molecular probing, enumerations of culturable SRB, and measurements of SO42- reduction rates and geochemical parameters. SO42- reduction was rapid in marsh sediments with rates up to 3.5 mu mol ml(-1) day(-1). Rates increased greatly when plant growth began in April and decreased again when plants flowered in late July. Results with nucleic acid probes revealed that SRB rRNA accounted for up to 43% of the rRNA from members of the domain Bacteria in marsh sediments, with the highest percentages occurring in bacteria physically associated with root surfaces. The relative abundance (RA) of SRB rRNA in whole-sediment samples compared to that of Bacteria rRNA did not vary greatly throughout the year, despite Targe temporal changes in SO42- reduction activity. However, the RA of root-associated SRB did increase from <10 to >30% when plants were actively growing. rRNA from members of the family Desulfobacteriaceae comprised the majority of the SRB rRNA at 3 to 34% of Bacteria rRNA, with Desulfobulbus spp. accounting for 1 to 16%. The RA of Desulfovibrio rRNA generally comprised from <1 to 3% of the Bacteria rRNA. The highest Desulfobacteriaceae RA in whole sediments was 26% and was found in the deepest sediment samples (6 to 8 cm). Culturable SRB abundance, determined by most-probable-number analyses, was high at >10(7) ml(-1). Ethanol utilizers were most abundant, followed by acetate utilizers. The high numbers of culturable SRB and the high RA of SRB rRNA compared to that of Bacteria rRNA may be due to the release of SRB substrates in plant root exudates, creating a microbial food web that circumvents fermentation. C1 Univ Alaska, Dept Sci Biol, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Hines, ME (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Sci Biol, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK 99577 USA. NR 65 TC 106 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 65 IS 5 BP 2209 EP 2216 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 191RC UT WOS:000080034500058 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Anderson, JP Whitford, WG AF Nash, MS Anderson, JP Whitford, WG TI Spatial and temporal variability in relative abundance and foraging behavior of subterranean termites in desertified and relatively intact Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE desertification; desert grassland; dunes; shrub-lands; subterranean termites ID ISOPTERA AB The annual feeding activity on paper baits of subterranean termites in desertified (degraded-shrub dominated ecosystems) and relatively undegraded black-grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grasslands was measured over six years on 12 sites. There were no significant differences in mass losses from termite baits among the desertified and undesertified sites. Mass of paper consumed by termites on two sites dominated by creosotebush, Larea tridentata, was higher than on the other 10 sites. These sites were characterized by shallow, coarse soils and shrubs that did not retain a below-canopy litter layer. The spatial locations of the highest termite bait removal remained relatively constant over the duration of the study. Interannual variations in mass losses from termite baits were highly correlated with winter-spring rainfall (r(2) between 0.60 and 0.95) except at one site on shallow soils. The relationship between annual rainfall and termite activity was less significant (r(2) between 0.48 and 0.83). Frequency of attack as measured by percent of bait rolls "hit" were not different among sites indicating no differences in densities of subterranean termites. Degradation of Chihuahuan desert grasslands and associated vegetation change has had minimal effect on the activity of subterranean termites. Subterranean termites continue to affect soil properties and processes in both degraded (desertified) and undesertified ecosystems. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NERL, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 149 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00164-4 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 199TZ UT WOS:000080500600005 ER PT J AU Roberts, JW Clifford, WS Glass, G Hummer, PC AF Roberts, JW Clifford, WS Glass, G Hummer, PC TI Reducing dust, lead, dust mites, bacteria, and fungi in carpets by vacuuming SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-HOUSE DUST; BLOOD LEAD; EXPOSURE; CHILDREN; PESTICIDES; POLLUTANTS; AIRBORNE; CADMIUM; CITIES; SOIL AB Old carpets may be reservoirs of dust, lead (Pb), and dust mite allergen. The purpose of this study was to determine if the dust, Pb, dust mite allergen, bacteria, and fungi on the surface of carpets could be reduced by 90% in 1 week with the use of a Hoover Self Propelled Vacuum with Embedded Dirt Finder (HSPF). A high-volume surface sampler (HVS3) was used to measure surface dust and pollutants before and after the use of the HSPF to remove deep dust in carpets 12 to 20 years old in nine middle-class homes and two small offices. The minimum, median, and maximum surface loading for the first and final samples are as follows: first fine dust loading: min 0.32 g/m(2), max 14.4 g/m(2), median 1.30 g/m(2); final fine dust loading: min 0.019 g/m(2), max 0.289 g/m(2), median 0.102 g/m(2); first Pb loading: min 38 mu g/m(2), max 3,871 mu g/m(2), median 471 mu g/m(2); final Pb loading: min 13 mu g/m(2), max 2,023 mu g/m(2), median 86 mu g/m(2); first mite loading: min 0.11 mu g/m(2), max 12.88 mu g/m(2), median 2.82 mu g/m(2); final mite loading: min 0.06 mu g/m(2), max 3.67 mu g/m(2), median 0.28 mu g/m(2). Data were insufficient to determine if the loadings of bacteria and fungi were reduced a similar amount. Six to 45 min/m(2) of vacuuming with the HSPF removed deep dust from these carpets. The median surface loadings of fine dust, Pb, and dust mite allergen in these 11 carpets were reduced by 91, 82, and 94%, respectively, in I to 15 h of vacuuming. The loading of the deep dust collected with the HSPF ranged from 8 to 171 g/m(2) with a median of 66 g/m(2). C1 Engn Plus Inc, Redmond, WA 98053 USA. US EPA, Lexington, MA 02173 USA. RP Roberts, JW (reprint author), Engn Plus Inc, 818 207th Ave NE, Redmond, WA 98053 USA. NR 54 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 477 EP 484 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 189XL UT WOS:000079931400015 ER PT J AU Tonnesen, GS AF Tonnesen, GS TI Effects of uncertainty in the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with nitrogen dioxide on model-simulated ozone control strategies SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE sensitivity study; EKMA; photochemistry; mechanisms; atmosphere; air quality ID PHASE CHEMICAL MECHANISM; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; HYDROCARBONS; SENSITIVITY AB We evaluated the effect of a 20% reduction in the rate constant of the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with nitrogen dioxide to produce nitric acid (OH + NO2 --> HNO3) on model predictions of ozone mixing ratios ([O-3]) and the effectiveness of reductions in emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for reducing [O-3]. By comparing a model simulation with the new rate constant to a base case scenario, we found that the [O-3] increase was between 2 and 6% for typical rural conditions and between 6 and 16% for typical urban conditions. The increases in [O-3] were less than proportional to the reduction in the OH + NO2 rate constant because of negative feedbacks in the photochemical mechanism. Next, we used two different approaches to evaluate how the new OH + NO2 rate constant changed the effectiveness of reductions in emissions of VOC and NOx: first, we evaluated the effect on [O-3] sensitivity to small changes in emissions of VOC (d[O-3]/dE(VOC)) and NOx (d[O-3]/dE(NOx)); and secondly, we used the empirical kinetic modeling approach to evaluate the effect on the level of emissions reduction necessary to reduce [O-3] to a specified level. Both methods showed that reducing the OH + NO2 rate constant caused control strategies for VOC to become less effective relative to NOx control strategies. We found, however, that d[O-3]/dE(VOC) and d[O-3]/dE(NOx) did not quantitatively predict the magnitude of the change in the control strategy because the [O-3] response was nonlinear with respect to the size of the emissions reduction. We conclude that model sensitivity analyses calculated using small emissions changes do not accurately characterize the effect of uncertainty in model inputs (in this case, the OH + NO, rate constant) on O-3 attainment strategies. Instead, the effects of changes in model inputs should be studied using large changes in precursor emissions to approximate realistic attainment scenarios. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tonnesen, GS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD 84, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1587 EP 1598 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00375-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173LC UT WOS:000078981200010 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Wang, Y Mulchandani, A Mulchandani, P Chen, W AF Rogers, KR Wang, Y Mulchandani, A Mulchandani, P Chen, W TI Organophosphorus hydrolase-based assay for organophosphate pesticides SO BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID INSECTICIDE COUMAPHOS; PSEUDOMONAS-DIMINUTA; DEGRADATION; PHOSPHOTRIESTERASE; CHOLINESTERASE; BIOSENSORS; WASTES AB We report a rapid and versatile organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH)-based method for measurement of organophosphates. This assay is based on a substrate-dependent change in pH at the local vicinity of the enzyme. The pH change is monitored using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), which is covalently immobilized to the enzyme. This method employs the use of poly(methyl methacrylate) beads to which the FITC-labeled enzyme is adsorbed. Analytes were then measured using a microbead fluorescence analyzer. The dynamic concentration range for the assay extends from 25 to 400 mu M for paraoxon with a detection limit of 8 mu M. Organophosphorus insecticides measured using this technique included ethylparathion, methylparathion, dursban, fensulfothion, crotoxyphos, diazinon, mevinphos, dichlorvos, and coumaphos. This technique was used to measure coumaphos in biodegradation samples of cattle dip wastes and showed a high correlation (r(2) = 0.998) to an HPLC method. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP US EPA, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM rogers.kim@epamail.epa.gov RI Chen, Wilfred/H-4335-2013; Mulchandani, Ashok/B-9692-2016 OI Mulchandani, Ashok/0000-0002-2831-4154 NR 19 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 8756-7938 EI 1520-6033 J9 BIOTECHNOL PROGR JI Biotechnol. Prog. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 517 EP 521 DI 10.1021/bp990034e PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 203NH UT WOS:000080713400029 ER PT J AU Allen, AP Whittier, TR Kaufmann, PR Larsen, DP O'Connor, RJ Hughes, RM Stemberger, RS Dixit, SS Brinkhurst, RO Herlihy, AT Paulsen, SG AF Allen, AP Whittier, TR Kaufmann, PR Larsen, DP O'Connor, RJ Hughes, RM Stemberger, RS Dixit, SS Brinkhurst, RO Herlihy, AT Paulsen, SG TI Concordance of taxonomic richness patterns across multiple assemblages in lakes of the northeastern United States SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISH SPECIES RICHNESS; DIVERSITY; AREA; RESPONSES AB We investigated the concordance of taxonomic richness patterns and their environmental correlates for assemblages of benthic macroinvertebrates, riparian birds, sedimentary diatoms, fish, planktonic crustaceans, and planktonic rotifers in 186 northeastern U.S. lakes. Taxon counts were standardized with respect to sampling effort using rarefaction. The degree of concordance among assemblage richness measures was low, but this was at least partly attributable to measurement precision. Aspects of lake morphology (area, depth) superseded other environmental features (climate, human development, water chemistry, nearshore physical habitat) as correlates of assemblage richness and were the strongest source of concordance. The benthic macroinvertebrates, birds, fish, and zooplankton all showed positive associations between richness and lake area. The diatoms showed negligible associations between richness and area and negative associations between richness and depth. Associations with human development were much weaker than with lake morphology and varied from positive (fish, planktonic crustaceans) to negative (diatoms). We conclude that taxonomic richness alone may be of ambiguous value as an indicator of biological integrity in lakes and that its natural drivers must be controlled for prior to assessing anthropogenic effects. C1 US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Dynamac Int Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Queens Univ, Dept Biol, PEARL, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Aquat Resources Ctr, Franklin, TN 37068 USA. RP Allen, AP (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, 167 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RI Allen, Andrew/B-8045-2011 OI Allen, Andrew/0000-0003-0304-7544 NR 32 TC 71 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 56 IS 5 BP 739 EP 747 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-5-739 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 212UG UT WOS:000081235400001 ER PT J AU Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Acheson, CM Brenner, RC AF Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Acheson, CM Brenner, RC TI Solvent extraction of pentachlorophenol from contaminated soils using water-ethanol mixtures SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE aged; ethanol; PCP; soil; solvent extraction; sonication; Soxhlet ID SYSTEMS; SITE AB Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a wood preserving agent that is commonly found in contaminated soils at wood treatment sites. The extraction of PCP from contaminated soils was evaluated using water-ethanol mixtures as solvents. A mixed solvent containing equal proportions of water and ethanol, a water-miscibie mixture, proved effective in extracting PCP from both spiked and field contaminated soils. Maximum PCP recovery from soil occurred within the first hour of contact between soil and the mixed solvent. PCP extraction with the 50% water-ethanol mixture was comparable to extraction using Soxhlet and sonication procedures. In batch extraction experiments, 50% ethanol was effective in recovering PCP from soils spiked with up to 99 mg/kg PCP. This water-ethanol mixture was as effective as richer ethanol solutions in removing PCP from field soils found at a wood preserving site, extracting approximately 720 mg/kg PCP from one soil along with hydrocarbons (alkanes and PAHs) present in the field soil. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 16 TC 45 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY PY 1999 VL 38 IS 11 BP 2681 EP 2693 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00458-5 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 178NT UT WOS:000079273200023 ER PT J AU McKim, JM Lien, GJ Hoffman, AD Jenson, CT AF McKim, JM Lien, GJ Hoffman, AD Jenson, CT TI Respiratory-cardiovascular physiology and xenobiotic gill flux in the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular; chemical gill uptake; chloroethanes; hematology; hypoxia; lake trout; respiration; Salvelinus namaycush ID ACUTE TOXICITY SYNDROMES; 3 WATERBORNE CHLOROETHANES; MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; TOXICOKINETIC MODEL; CHANNEL CATFISH AB An in vivo respirometer-metabolism chamber was used to obtain respiratory-cardiovascular physiology under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and xenobiotic gill absorption (flux) data on adult lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) over a 48-h exposure period at 11 +/- 1 degrees C. An oral membrane was used to separate inspired and expired water flows, providing the first direct measurements of chemical flux across the gills of lake trout. Overall mean values ( +/- S.D.) for normoxic respiratory function were: ventilation rate (V-R) = 53 +/- 9 # min(-1), ventilation volume (Q(V)) = 7 +/- 2 l kg(-1) h(-1), respiratory stroke volume (SV,)= 2 +/- 1 mi, oxygen consumption (VO2) = 39 +/- 8 mg kg(-1) h(-1), oxygen utilization (U) = 53 +/- 14%, and effective respiratory volume (Q(W)) = 4 +/- 1 l kg(-1) h(-1). The resting Q(V), Q(W), and VO2 seen in these lake trout were lower than seen previously in other salmonids. No significant differences (P greater than or equal to 0.05) in respiratory function were detected between males and females. Trout subjected to hypoxia (30% of saturation) showed no changes in U or VO2, while V-R decreased (42 +/- 6 # min(-1)), Q(V) increased (22 +/- 6 1 kg(-1) h(-1)) and SV, increased (8 +/- 3 ml). Cardiovascular and blood gas measurements determined under normoxic conditions were heart rate (H-R)= 73 +/- 8 # min(-1), cardiac output (Q(C))= 15 +/- 2 ml kg(-1) min(-1), cardiac stroke volume (SVH) = 0.2 mi kg(-1) min(-1), dorsal aortic blood pressure (D-BP) = 34 +/- 1 mm Hg, ventral aortic blood pressure (V-BP) = 45 +/- 1 mm Hg, and venous oxygen partial pressure (PVO2) = 26 +/- 2 mm Hg. Initial 1-h mean +/- S.D. chemical gill extraction efficiencies (EE) for tetrachloroethane (TCE), pentachloroethane (PCE), and hexachloroethane (HCE) were 42 +/- 8, 58 +/- 16, and 68 +/- 17%, respectively. Forty-eight hour EE of 9 +/- 1% for TCE (log K-OW = 2.39) and 21 +/- 4% for PCE (log K-OW = 3.06) indicated they were approaching steady-state, in contrast to 54 +/- 13% for HCE (log K-OW = 4.04) which was not near steady-state. The EE for all three chloroethanes were significantly (P < 0.05) different from each other from 24 h to 48 h. Forty-eight hour lake trout mean cumulative chemical clearance (Cl-X) values for waterborne TCE, PCE, and HCE were 64 +/- 11, 120 +/- 14, and 226 +/- 29 l kg(-1) respectively. Lake trout Cl-X and Q(W) for TCE, PCE, and HCE demonstrated an approximate 1:1 relationship indicative ol water-flow limited gill absorption. Chemical gill absorption observed for the lake trout and chloroethanes was similar to the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from previous investigations and provided further support for the water-flow limited model of chemical flux across fish gills for mid-hydrophobic chemicals (log K-OW = 3.0-6.0). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP McKim, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 59 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 123 IS 1 BP 69 EP 81 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(99)00041-0 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 211LW UT WOS:000081163400009 ER PT J AU Cabezas, H Bare, JC Mallick, SK AF Cabezas, H Bare, JC Mallick, SK TI Pollution prevention with chemical process simulators: the generalized waste reduction (WAR) algorithm - full version SO COMPUTERS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID METHODOLOGY AB A general theory for the flow and the generation of potential environmental impact through a chemical process has been developed. The theory defines six potential environmental impact indexes that characterize the generation of potential impact within a process, and the output of potential impact from a process. The indexes are used to quantify pollution reduction and to develop pollution reducing changes to process flow sheets using process simulators. The potential environmental impacts are calculated from stream mass flow rates, stream composition, and a relative potential environmental impact score for each chemical present. The chemical impact scores include a comprehensive set of nine effects ranging from ozone depletion potential to human toxicity and ecotoxicity. The resulting waste reduction methodology or WAR algorithm is illustrated with two case studies using the chemical process simulator Chemcad III (Use does not imply USEPA endorsement or approval of Chemcad III). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cabezas, H (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM cabezas.herberto@epamail.epa.gov NR 18 TC 123 Z9 133 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-1354 J9 COMPUT CHEM ENG JI Comput. Chem. Eng. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 23 IS 4-5 BP 623 EP 634 DI 10.1016/S0098-1354(98)00298-1 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Chemical SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 190WG UT WOS:000079987800015 ER PT J AU Sadd, JL Pastor, M Boer, JT Synder, LD AF Sadd, JL Pastor, M Boer, JT Synder, LD TI "Every breath you take ...": The demographics of toxic releases in southern California SO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY LA English DT Article ID HAZARDOUS-WASTE LANDFILL; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; CONGENITAL-MALFORMATIONS; METROPOLITAN TEXAS; SITING PATTERNS; EQUITY; RACISM; FACILITIES; EXPOSURE AB In this article, the authors investigate the relationship between ethnicity and potential environmental hazards in the metropolitan Los Angeles area. Using a variety of techniques, including geographic information systems (GIS) mapping, univariate comparisons, and legit, ordered legit, and tobit regression analysis, the authors find that, even controlling for other factors such as income and the extent of manufacturing employment and land use, minority residents tend to be disproportionately located in neighborhoods surrounding toxic air emissions. The results generally support the propositions of the proponents of "environmental justice "; in the conclusion, they consider what this might mean for urban land use and environmental policy. C1 Occidental Coll, Los Angeles, CA 90041 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Chair Latin Amer & Latino Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US EPA, Off Gen Counseling, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Sadd, JL (reprint author), Occidental Coll, Los Angeles, CA 90041 USA. NR 51 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 3 U2 11 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0891-2424 J9 ECON DEV Q JI Econ. Dev. Q. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 13 IS 2 BP 107 EP 123 DI 10.1177/089124249901300201 PG 17 WC Economics; Planning & Development; Urban Studies SC Business & Economics; Public Administration; Urban Studies GA 194ZZ UT WOS:000080225800001 ER PT J AU Rice, EW Clark, RM Johnson, CH AF Rice, EW Clark, RM Johnson, CH TI Chlorine inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; OUTBREAK; WATER AB We analyzed isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (which has recently caused waterborne outbreaks) and wild-type E. coli to determine their sensitivity to chlorination. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains were significantly reduced within 1 minute of exposure to free chlorine. Results indicate that chlorine levels typically maintained in water systems are sufficient to inactivate these organisms. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rice, EW (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 11 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 6 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 5 IS 3 BP 461 EP 463 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 205NN UT WOS:000080827600022 PM 10341188 ER PT J AU Lewis, DR Southwick, JW Ouellet-Hellstrom, R Rench, J Calderon, RL AF Lewis, DR Southwick, JW Ouellet-Hellstrom, R Rench, J Calderon, RL TI Drinking water arsenic in Utah: A cohort mortality study SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE arsenic; cancer; cohort studies; drinking water; epidemiologic studies; mortality; noncancer; standardized mortality ratio; United States; Utah ID DISEASE ENDEMIC AREA; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; ARTESIAN WELL WATER; MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS; BLACKFOOT DISEASE; BLADDER-CANCER; SKIN-CANCER; DIABETES-MELLITUS; HEART-DISEASE; UNITED-STATES AB The association of drinking water arsenic and mortality outcome was investigated in a cohort of residents from Millard County, Utah. Median drinking water arsenic concentrations for selected study towns ranged from 14 to 166 ppb and were from public and private samples collected and analyzed under the auspices of the State of Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Drinking Mater. Cohort members were assembled using historical documents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Standard mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated. Using residence history and median drinking water arsenic concentration, a matrix for cumulative arsenic exposure was created. Without regard to specific exposure levels, statistically significant findings include increased mortality from hypertensive heart disease [SMR = 2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.36-3.36], nephritis and nephrosis (SMR = 1.72; CI, 1.13-2.50), and prostate cancer (SMR = 1.45; CI, 1.07-1.91) among cohort males. Among cohort females, statistically significant increased mortality was found for hypertensive heart disease (SMR = 1.73; CI, 1.11-2.58) and for the category of all other heart disease, which includes pulmonary heart disease, pericarditis, and other diseases of the pericardium (SMR = 1.43; CI, 1.11-1.80). SMR analysis by low, medium, and high arsenic exposure groups hinted at a dose relationship for prostate cancer. Although the SMRs by exposure category were elevated for hypertensive heart disease for both males and females, the increases were not sequential from low to high groups. Because the relationship between health effects and exposure to drinking water arsenic is not well established in U.S. populations, further evaluation of effects in low-exposure populations is warranted. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SRA Technol Inc, Falls Church, VA 22042 USA. RP Lewis, DR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, MD-58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 64 TC 232 Z9 239 U1 3 U2 19 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 107 IS 5 BP 359 EP 365 DI 10.2307/3434539 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 195BF UT WOS:000080228700019 PM 10210691 ER PT J AU DeVito, M Biegel, L Brouwer, A Brown, S Brucker-Davis, F Cheek, AO Christensen, R Colborn, T Cooke, P Crissman, J Crofton, K Doerge, D Gray, E Hauser, P Hurley, P Kohn, M Lazar, J McMaster, S McClain, M McConnell, E Meier, C Miller, R Tietge, J Tyl, R AF DeVito, M Biegel, L Brouwer, A Brown, S Brucker-Davis, F Cheek, AO Christensen, R Colborn, T Cooke, P Crissman, J Crofton, K Doerge, D Gray, E Hauser, P Hurley, P Kohn, M Lazar, J McMaster, S McClain, M McConnell, E Meier, C Miller, R Tietge, J Tyl, R TI Screening methods for thyroid hormone disruptors SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE developmental toxicity; endocrine disruptors; neurobehavioral toxicity; screens; thyroid hormone; thyroid hormone receptors ID RETINOID-X-RECEPTOR; SPERM PRODUCTION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; NEONATAL-HYPOTHYROIDISM; BRAIN-DEVELOPMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; HEPATIC NUCLEI; RAT FETUS; THYROXINE; BINDING AB The U.S. Congress has passed legislation requiring the EPA to implement screening tests for identifying endocrine-disrupting chemicals. A series of workshops was sponsored by the EPA, the Chemical Manufacturers Association, and the World Wildlife Fund; one workshop focused on screens for chemicals that alter thyroid hormone function and homeostasis. participants at this meeting identified and examined methods to detect alterations in thyroid hormone synthesis, transport, and catabolism. In addition, some methods to detect chemicals that bind to the thyroid hormone receptors acting as either agonists or antagonists were also identified. Screening methods used in mammals as well as other vertebrate classes were examined. There was a general consensus that all known chemicals which interfere with thyroid hormone function and homeostasis act by either inhibiting synthesis, altering serum transport proteins, or by increasing catabolism of thyroid hormones. There are no direct data to support the assertion that certain environmental chemicals bind and activate the thyroid hormone receptors; further research is indicated. In light of this, screening methods should reflect known mechanisms of action. Most methods examined, albeit useful for mechanistic studies, were thought to be too specific and therefore would not be applicable for broad-based screening. Determination of serum thyroid hormone concentrations following chemical exposure in rodents was thought to be a reasonable initial screen. Concurrent histologic evaluation of the thyroid would strengthen this screen. Similar methods in teleosts may be useful as screens, but would require indicators of tissue production of thyroid hormones. The use of tadpole metamorphosis as a screen may also be useful; however, this method requires validation and standardization prior to use as a broad-based screen. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Haskell Lab Ind Med, Newark, DE 19714 USA. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Toxicol, Wageningen, Netherlands. Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON, Canada. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037 USA. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Bioenvironm Res, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Bayer Corp, Agr Div Toxicol, Stillwell, KS 66085 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Dow Chem Co, Midland, MI 48674 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Psychiat Serv, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Prevent & Tox Res, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Hoffmann La Roche Inc, Preclin Dev Adm, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA. Hoffmann La Roche Inc, Preclin Dev Adm, Raleigh, NC 27613 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP DeVito, M (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015; OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971; gray jr, leon earl/0000-0002-1111-4754 NR 107 TC 125 Z9 131 U1 0 U2 11 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 107 IS 5 BP 407 EP 415 DI 10.2307/3434545 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 195BF UT WOS:000080228700025 PM 10210697 ER PT J AU Strobel, CJ Buffum, HW Benyi, SJ Paul, JF AF Strobel, CJ Buffum, HW Benyi, SJ Paul, JF TI Environmental monitoring and assessment program: Current status of Virginian Province (US) estuaries SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological assessment; EMAP; environmental monitoring; estuaries ID SEDIMENTS; MARINE AB Monitoring of indicators of the ecological condition of bays, tidal rivers, and estuaries within the Virginian Biogeographic Province (Cape God, Massachusetts to Cape Henry, Virginia) was conducted annually by the U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) during the summer months of 1990 to 1993. Data were collected at 425 probability-based stations within the Province. Indicators monitored included water quality (temperature, salinity, water clarity, and dissolved oxygen concentration), sediment contamination, sediment toxicity, benthic community structure, fish community structure, and fish gross external pathology. Data were used to estimate the current status of the ecological condition of Virginian Province estuarine resources, and provide a baseline for identifying possible future changes. Estimates, with 95% confidence limits, of the areal extent of impacted resources within the Province are provided. Data are also presented by estuarine class (large estuaries, small estuarine systems, and large tidal rivers). Results show that, overall, approximately half of the estuarine waters of the Virginian Province can be classified as impacted based on multiple indicators, with hypoxia being the major stressor. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Strobel, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 56 IS 1 BP 1 EP 25 DI 10.1023/A:1005911822444 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 195BC UT WOS:000080228400001 ER PT J AU Schimmel, SC Benyi, SJ Strobel, CJ AF Schimmel, SC Benyi, SJ Strobel, CJ TI An assessment of the ecological condition of Long Island Sound, 1990-1993 SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological conditions; Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program; hypoxia; Long Island Sound AB Data from the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) from 1990 to 1993 were used to assess the condition of the Long Island Sound (LIS) estuary. Ambient water, sediment and biota were collected during the summer months from 53 LIS stations using an unbiased sampling design. The design consists of two LIS subunits, LIS proper, and small estuaries (>2.6 km(2)) at the margins of the Sound. Selected indicators of condition included: benthic species composition, abundance and biomass; fish species composition and gross external pathology; sediment physical and chemical characterization and sediment toxicity; and water clarity and quality. Results of the four-year sampling indicated that 28(+/-11)% of the areal extent of LIS proper had a benthic index < zero (impacted) and 51(+/-12)% of the area of small estuaries was impacted. Analysis of the results of other indicators also shows that small estuaries were particularly affected. For example, 42(+/-10)% of the areal extent of small estuaries exhibited sediment toxicity, and significant chemical contamination was evident in 22% of the area of small estuaries. Low dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations (<5 ppm), however, appeared to affect only the deeper open waters of western LIS. Approximately 48(+/-12)% of the areal extent of LIS proper documented exposure to at least moderate D.O. stress (<5 ppm). The overall results of this monitoring study indicate that significant anthropogenic impacts have occurred in LIS and that if remediation was to take place, specific localized sediment problems would need attention. Point source and non-point source nutrient inputs to the Sound, which are believed to be the primary causative factor for the observed hypoxic conditions, would also need attention. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Schimmel, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 56 IS 1 BP 27 EP 49 DI 10.1023/A:1005967923353 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 195BC UT WOS:000080228400002 ER PT J AU Schultz, B Pawel, D Murphy, A AF Schultz, B Pawel, D Murphy, A TI A retrospective examination of in-home educational visits to reduce childhood lead levels SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE children; lead poisoning; risk reduction; lead abatement; education ID BLOOD AB A number of human health effects from lead are well known. However, the means for reducing lead exposure in children has been a subject of uncertainty. This paper presents results of a retrospective study of educational lead reduction interventions in Milwaukee, Wisconsin for children who had elevated blood lead levels between 20 and 24 mu g/dl. The study examined Milwaukee Health Department (MHD) records of baseline and follow-up blood lead measurements. A study group of children received an in-home educational visit by an MHD paraprofessional. The educational visits last about an hour and the importance of reducing lead exposure, nutritional suggestions, and dust clean-up practices and behavioral changes that can reduce lead exposure are discussed. After the intervention, the average observed blood lead level (n = 187) declined by 4.2 mu g/dl or by about 21%. A decline of 1.2 mu g/dl (6%) was also observed in a reference group of 226 children who did not receive an MHD in-home visit. The decline in the reference group may be partially due to education at the clinics taking the blood samples. The study group had a decline in blood lead levels 3.1 mu g/dl (15%) greater than the reference group, with the difference between groups being statistically significant with a P value of less than 0.001. Although significant exposures remained in most of the children studied, important lead reductions were observed with this relatively inexpensive and simple intervention. Education in the homes of families at risk for lead poisoning may be an effective component of programs to reduce blood lead levels. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Prevent Med, Madison, WI 53705 USA. QuanTech, Rosslyn, VA USA. Milwaukee Hlth Dept, Milwaukee, WI USA. RP Schultz, B (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7404, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 80 IS 4 BP 364 EP 368 DI 10.1006/enrs.1998.3922 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 192YV UT WOS:000080108100008 PM 10330310 ER PT J AU Nishioka, MG Burkholder, HM Brinkman, MC Lewis, RG AF Nishioka, MG Burkholder, HM Brinkman, MC Lewis, RG TI Distribution of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in floor dust throughout homes following homeowner and commercial lawn applications: Quantitative effects of children, pets, and shoes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDOOR AIR; PESTICIDES AB Transport of lawn-applied 2,4-D into 13 actual homes was measured following both homeowner and commercial application of this herbicide to residential lawns. Collection of floor dust in five rooms of each house, corresponding to an entryway, living room, dining room, kitchen, and a child's bedroom, both prior to and after application, indicated that turf residues are transported indoors and that the gradient in 2,4-D dust loading (mu g/m(2)) through the house follows the traffic pattern from the entryway. Removal of shoes at the door and the activity level of the children and pets were the most significant factors affecting residue levels indoors after application. Spray drift and fine particle intrusion accounted for relatively little of the residues on floors. Prior to application, the median 2,4-D bulk floor dust loading was 0.5 mu g/m(2); one week after application, the median 2,4-D floor dust level in the living room was 6 mu g/m(2), with a range of 1-228 mu g/m(2) on all carpeted floors in occupied homes, and 0.5-2 mu g/m(2) in unoccupied homes. The 2,4-D loadings on the carpet surface (dislodgeable residue/dust) were highly correlated with the 2,4-D bulk dust loadings. From these data we estimate that approximately 1% of the bulk dust is on the carpet surface, and it is this surface dust that may be readily available for dermal contact. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nishioka, MG (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 17 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 9 BP 1359 EP 1365 DI 10.1021/es980580o PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 192YH UT WOS:000080107000022 ER PT J AU Ravichandran, M Aiken, GR Ryan, JN Reddy, MM AF Ravichandran, M Aiken, GR Ryan, JN Reddy, MM TI Inhibition of precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by dissolved organic matter isolated from the Florida Everglades SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; WATERS; SPECIATION; ADSORPTION; SULFUR; SOIL; ACID; LAKE AB Precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (black HgS) was inhibited in the presence of low concentrations (greater than or equal to 3 mg C/L) of humic fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolated from the Florida Everglades. At low Hg concentrations (less than or equal to 5 x 10(-8) M), DOM prevented the precipitation of metacinnabar. At moderate Hg concentrations (5 x 10(-5) M), DOM inhibited the aggregation of colloidal metacinnabar (Hg passed through a 0.1 mu m filter but was removed by centrifugation). At Hg concentrations greater than 5 x 10(-4) M, mercury formed solid metacinnabar particles that were removed from solution by a 0.1 mu m filter. Organic matter rich in aromatic moieties was preferentially removed with the solid. Hydrophobic organic acids (humic and fulvic acids) inhibited aggregation better than hydrophilic organic acids. The presence of chloride, acetate, salicylate, EDTA, and cysteine did not inhibit the precipitation or aggregation of metacinnabar. Calcium enhanced metacinnabar aggregation even in the presence of DOM, but the magnitude of the effect was dependent on the concentrations of DOM, Hg, and Ca. Inhibition of metacinnabar precipitation appears to be a result of strong DOM-Hg binding. Prevention of aggregation of colloidal particles appears to be caused by adsorption of DOM and electrostatic repulsion. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ravichandran, M (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab ERD, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012 NR 30 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 7 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 9 BP 1418 EP 1423 DI 10.1021/es9811187 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 192YH UT WOS:000080107000030 ER PT J AU Ho, KT Kuhn, A Pelletier, MC Hendricks, TL Helmstetter, A AF Ho, KT Kuhn, A Pelletier, MC Hendricks, TL Helmstetter, A TI pH dependent toxicity of five metals to three marine organisms SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE metals; pH dependent; toxicity identification and evaluation; marine ID LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS; AMMONIA; CADMIUM; COPPER; ZINC AB The pH of natural marine systems is relatively stable; this may explain why metal toxicity changes with pH have not been well documented. However, changes in metal toxicity with pH in marine waters are of concern in toxicity testing. During porewater toxicity testing pH can change 1-2 units as porewater is transferred from in situ to a test container. These changes in pH may alter metal toxicity, Also, deliberately altering the sample pH is an important toxicity identification and evaluations (TIE) manipulation designed to detect changes in ammonia toxicity. If altering pH also changes metal toxicity, this may confound interpretation of TIE manipulation results. This study demonstrates that alteration of pH can also change the toxicity of Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn to Mysidopsis bahia (mysid), Ampelisca abdita (amphipod) and Vibrio fischerii [Microtox solid phase test (MSP)]. Changes in toxicity with respect to pH were metal and organism specific with the following trends. For the MSP assay, as pH decreased there was a decrease in toxicity for Pb, Ni, Cd, and Zn and an increase in toxicity for Cu. For mysids, as pH decreased, there was a decrease in toxicity for Pb and an increase in toxicity for Cu and Ni. For amphipods, Cu was the only metal that showed decreased toxicity with decreasing pH; the toxicity of all other metals for amphipods remained constant. Results of this study indicate changes in metal toxicity with respect to pH must be considered for porewater testing and TIE interpretation. (C) 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Hampton Univ, Dept Biol, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Ho, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 20 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1520-4081 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL JI Environ. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 235 EP 240 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(199905)14:2<235::AID-TOX4>3.0.CO;2-J PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 189ZU UT WOS:000079937700004 ER PT J AU Leonard, EN Mount, DR Ankley, GT AF Leonard, EN Mount, DR Ankley, GT TI Modification of metal partitioning by supplementing acid volatile sulfide in freshwater sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acid volatile sulfide; metal; sediment; pore water; freshwater ID SIMULTANEOUSLY EXTRACTED METALS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; ACUTE TOXICITY; WATER; CADMIUM; COPPER; NICKEL AB Acid volatile sulfide (AVS) is a component of sediments that complexes some cationic metals and thereby influences the toxicity of these metals to benthic organisms. Experimental manipulation of AVS in metal-contaminated sediments may provide a means to neutralize toxicity due to metals and thereby help assess the cause of sediment toxicity. This study evaluated the effect of spiking FeS, Na2S, and Na2S/FeSO4 combined on the concentration of AVS, simultaneously extracted metals (SEM), and porewater metals in uncontaminated and metal-enriched sediments, Experiments with solid FeS showed comparatively low effectiveness in increasing AVS. Spiking with either Na2S or Na-2 S/FeSO4 combined increased AVS and/or reduced SEM metal in Cd-, Zn-, and Ni-spiked sediments and in a Cu-contaminated sediment collected from the held. Spiking with Na2S/FeSO4 caused marked reductions in dissolved metal concentrations in the pore waters of these sediments; spiking with Na2S alone caused an apparent elevation in pore-water (Cu) metal that we believe is an artifact of metal sulfide formation in the filtered pore water, When the Na2S/FeSO4 treatment was evaluated under conditions simulating those in sediment toxicity tests. alterations of AVS/SEM were nearly quantitative, except for Ni-spiked sediment, which showed lower efficiency than the Cd, Zn, or Cu sediments. It appears that AVS spiking holds promise for the experimental manipulation of metal toxicity in sediments. C1 US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Leonard, EN (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 858 EP 864 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0858:MOMPBS>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 187RQ UT WOS:000079801300007 ER PT J AU Lussier, SM Boothman, WS Poucher, S Champlin, D Helmstetten, A AF Lussier, SM Boothman, WS Poucher, S Champlin, D Helmstetten, A TI Comparison of dissolved and total metals concentrations from acute tests with saltwater organisms SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE metals; water quality criteria; dissolved metals; total metals ID HEAVY-METALS; MYSIDACEA; EMBRYOS AB Aquatic life criteria (ALC) have traditionally been expressed for metals in terms of total-recoverable or acid-soluble concentrations. Recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy recommended use of dissolved metal concentrations for setting water quality standards. Criteria derived from previous tests could be expressed in terms of dissolved metals if ratios of dissolved-to-total concentrations in those tests were consistent. Using those metals with insufficient dissolved metals data to directly derive criteria (arsenic (III), cadmium, chromium (VI), lead, nickel, selenium (IV), and zinc), we measured both total and dissolved metal concentrations in acute saltwater static and how-through tests. Exposure conditions simulated those of original tests used to derive ALC. Partitioning of metals between dissolved and particulate forms was very consistent. Dissolved metal concentrations were greater than 90% of total concentrations in all tests, exceeding 95% in 10 of 13 tests. Dissolved-to-total metal ratios did not vary significantly with concentration, time, or type of test. Biological responses were consistent with historical data. Results implied that in acute saltwater toxicity tests used to establish ALC, metals were primarily dissolved. Thus criteria developed for metals based on total concentrations should be equally valid when expressed in terms of dissolved concentrations. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Lussier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 889 EP 898 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0889:CODATM>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 187RQ UT WOS:000079801300011 ER PT J AU Rayburn, JR Fisher, WS AF Rayburn, JR Fisher, WS TI Developmental toxicity of copper chloride, methylene chloride, and 6-aminonicotinamide to embryos of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE developmental toxicology; teratogenesis; grass shrimp ID 3 CARRIER SOLVENTS; FUEL-OIL; FETAX; COAT AB Embryos of estuarine grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio have demonstrated sensitivity to various solvents and petroleum products, indicating utility for evaluating estuarine contamination. Testing was performed to establish concentration-response curves for methylene chloride, copper chloride, and 6-aminonicotinamide, three known teratogenic chemicals. Two exposure periods were used, 4 d and 12 d, and both periods extended through hatching. The average 4-d LC50 values for methylene chloride, copper chloride, and 6-aminonicotinamide were 0.071% v/v, 1.82 mg/L, and 0.21 mg/ml, respectively, The average 12-d LC50 values for methylene chloride, copper chloride. and 6-aminonicotinamide were 0.031% v/v, 1.44 mg/L, and 0.057 mg/ml, respectively. Eye malformations were observed with embryos exposed to concentrations greater than 3 mg/L copper chloride or greater than 0.07% v/v methylene chloride. Very few abnormalities were observed in embryos exposed to 6-aminnnicotinamide. Abnormal larval development was found with exposure to copper chloride at concentrations greater than 1 mg/L. The sensitivity and low variability found here further supports the development of these relatively simple methods using grass shrimp embryos. Establishment of sublethal developmental endpoints warrants further investigation because of their potential correspondence to mechanisms of toxic action. C1 Jacksonville State Univ, Dept Biol, Jacksonville, AL 36265 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Rayburn, JR (reprint author), Jacksonville State Univ, Dept Biol, 700 Pelham Rd, Jacksonville, AL 36265 USA. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 950 EP 957 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 187RQ UT WOS:000079801300020 ER PT J AU DeWitt, TH Hickey, CW Morrisey, DJ Nipper, MG Roper, DS Williamson, RB Van Dam, L Williams, EK AF DeWitt, TH Hickey, CW Morrisey, DJ Nipper, MG Roper, DS Williamson, RB Van Dam, L Williams, EK TI Do amphipods have the same concentration-response to contaminated sediment in situ as in vitro? SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE amphipods; cadmium; acute toxicity; in situ; sediment ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; HYALELLA-AZTECA; NEW-ZEALAND; CADMIUM; FIELD; MODEL AB An underlying assumption of laboratory-based toxicity tests is that the sensitivity of organisms in the laboratory (in vitro) is comparable to that in the held (in situ). We tested this assumption by exposing estuarine amphipods (Chaetocorophium cf. lucasi) to a concentration series of cadmium-spiked sediments in vitro and in situ for 10 d, fn situ exposures were conducted within plastic-mesh cages on an intertidal mudflat. To characterize exposure, we measured interstitial water cadmium concentrations (IWCd), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and simultaneously extracted Cd (SEMCd) at the beginning and end of the exposures. Between day 0 and day 10, AVS decreased in both in vitro and in situ exposures, while IWCd levels declined less in vitro (median 27%) than in situ (median 76%). Despite more extreme conditions of temperature( 10-36 degrees C) and salinity (18-22 parts per thousand) in situ, in vitro and in situ exposures showed comparable survival responses based on SEMCd/AVS (LC50 [95% CI]: 1.6 [1.46-1.78] and 1.8 [1.76-1.83], respectively), with the onset of marked mortality above a SEMCd/AVS value of about one and minimal survival (<5%) above a value of two. Based on IWCd concentrations, however, sensitivity was significantly greater in vitro (LC50 = 0.41 mg Cd/L [0.171-0.959], in situ LC50 = 1.6 mg Cd/L [1.15-2.16]). We concluded that, in our tests, amphipod sensitivity in vitro was equal to or greater than its sensitivity in situ. C1 Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, Nat Resources Ctr, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Elect Corp New Zealand, Hamilton, New Zealand. RP Hickey, CW (reprint author), Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, POB 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand. EM c.hickey@niwa.cri.nz RI Hickey, Christopher/E-9931-2013 NR 41 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 1026 EP 1037 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1026:DAHTSC>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 187RQ UT WOS:000079801300030 ER PT J AU Ormrod, DP Lesser, VM Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT AF Ormrod, DP Lesser, VM Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT TI Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide affect chlorophylls and carotenoids in douglas-fir seedlings SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Pseudotsuga menziesii; Douglas-fir; temperature; carbon dioxide; photosynthetic pigments; chlorophyll; carotenoid; physiology ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; PLANT-GROWTH; B RADIATION; SCOTS PINE; UV-B; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; LIGHT; LEAVES; AVAILABILITY AB The objective of this study was to determine whether increased temperature and CO2 concentration would decrease or increase the concentrations of foliar pigments in S-yr-old seedlings of Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb,] France var, menziesii). Seedlings were grown for 3 yr in sunlit, controlled environment chambers under ambient conditions or with a 179 mu L L-1 elevation of CO2 and/or a 3.5 degrees C elevation of temperature. Current- and previous-year needles were extracted with methanol for determination of chlorophylls and b, total carotenoids, and UV-absorbing compounds. Interactive effects of elevated temperature and CO2 on the measured responses were not significant. Current-year needles from the elevated CO2 treatment had the lowest chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, whereas needles of both age classes in the elevated temperature treatment had the highest concentrations of chlorophylls; current-year needles had the highest carotenoid concentration at elevated temperature. Neither temperature nor CO2 affected the concentrations of UV-absorbing compounds or needle fresh mass significantly. Chlorophyll a was correlated with carotenoids across all treatments (r = 0.75-0.89) in both needle age classes and with chlorophyll b in most treatments. C1 Univ Victoria, Ctr Forest Biol, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Ormrod, DP (reprint author), Univ Victoria, Ctr Forest Biol, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada. NR 39 TC 28 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 15 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 160 IS 3 BP 529 EP 534 DI 10.1086/314140 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 211YT UT WOS:000081190000009 ER PT J AU Edwards, M Jacobs, S Dodrill, D AF Edwards, M Jacobs, S Dodrill, D TI Desktop guidance for mitigating Pb and Cu corrosion by-products SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID COPPER CORROSION; PLUMBING SYSTEMS; LEAD; SOLUBILITY; PH AB Utility experiences were examined to assess the reliability of solubility models and decision trees in forecasting control of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) corrosion by-products. Such approaches cannot quantitatively predict effectiveness of corrosion control. For example, even the best-fit solubility models explain only about 35 and 18 percent of the quantitative variation in 90th percentile Cu and Pb release, respectively. However, the decision trees and solubility models are qualitatively consistent with utility experience and are thus useful when promising water quality changes are identified to mitigate corrosion by-product release. Utility experiences confirm that an optimal alkalinity range (20-40 mg/L as CaCO3) exists for Pb corrosion control above pH 8.5, a higher mass ratio of chloride to sulfate tends to worsen Pb by-product release, and detectable color can signal a natural organic material content that may adversely affect compliance with the Cu action limit. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Rothberg Tamburini Winsor Engineers & Consultants, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Edwards, M (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Edwards, Marc/J-3557-2012 NR 35 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 66 EP 77 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 198WD UT WOS:000080446500010 ER PT J AU Shan, GM Stoutamire, DW Wengatz, I Gee, SJ Hammock, BD AF Shan, GM Stoutamire, DW Wengatz, I Gee, SJ Hammock, BD TI Development of an immunoassay for the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE immunoassay; esfenvalerate; pyrethroids; solid-phase extraction; residue analysis ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; LITTORAL ENCLOSURES; S-BIOALLETHRIN; POND WATER; FENVALERATE; PERMETHRIN; SAMPLES AB A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate. Two haptens containing amine or propanoic acid groups on the terminal aromatic ring of the fenvalerate molecule were synthesized and coupled to carrier proteins as immunogens. Five antisera were produced and screened against eight different coating antigens. The assay that had the least interference and was the most sensitive for esfenvalerate was optimized and characterized. The I-50 for esfenvalerate was 30 +/- 6.2 mu g/L, and the lower detection limit (LDL) was 3.0 +/- 1.8 mu g/L. The assay was very selective. Other pyrethroid analogues and esfenvalerate metabolites tested did not cross-react significantly in this assay. To increase the sensitivity of the overall method, a C-18 sorbent-based. solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for water matrix. With this SPE step, the LDL of the overall method for esfenvalerate was 0.1 mu g/L in water samples. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, NERL, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Hammock, BD (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5P42 ES04699-08] NR 43 TC 69 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 2145 EP 2155 DI 10.1021/jf981210m PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 198MD UT WOS:000080427200060 PM 10552511 ER PT J AU Piasek, M Laskey, JW AF Piasek, M Laskey, JW TI Effects of in vitro cadmium exposure on ovarian steroidogenesis in rats SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cadmium; estrus cycle; ovarian culture; pregnancy; rat; specific radioimmunoassay; steroid hormone production ID CYCLING RATS; OVULATION; CHLORIDE; PROGESTERONE; SECRETION; GRANULOSA; PITUITARY; ADRENALS; CULTURE; INVITRO AB The purpose of this study was to evaluate the direct effect(s) of in vitro cadmium (Cd) exposure on steroidogenesis in rat ovaries during different reproductive states. Sprague-Dawley rats were killed on the day of proestrus, or on gestation day 6 or 16, Ovaries were removed, placed in medium and minced, Culture from each ovary was incubated with Cd2+ ions in concentrations of 0, 100, 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000 mu M. One-hour whole-ovary production of progesterone (P-4), testosterone and estradiol (E-2) in culture medium was evaluated in the absence and presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or hCG plus pregnenolone by specific radioimmunoassay, Under in vitro Cd exposure the most affected were productions of P-4 and testosterone in proestrus rats and less in pregnant dams, whereas E-2 was not affected at all. Cadmium appears to interfere with the ovarian steroidogenic pathway in rats at more than one site. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Inst Med Res & Occupat Hlth, Mineral Metab Unit, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Piasek, M (reprint author), Inst Med Res & Occupat Hlth, Mineral Metab Unit, 2 Ksaverska St,POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia. NR 41 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 211 EP 217 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199905/06)19:3<211::AID-JAT568>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 198XQ UT WOS:000080450000011 PM 10362273 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, JA Munch, JW Behymer, TD AF Shoemaker, JA Munch, JW Behymer, TD TI Evaluation of solid phase microextraction for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disinfection by-products; drinking water; gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; solid phase microextraction ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; MUTAGENIC EXTRACTS; FULVIC-ACID; HUMIC-ACID; IDENTIFICATION; OPTIMIZATION; CHLORINATION; SPECTROSCOPY; OZONATION AB Two commercially available solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers, polyacrylate and carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), were evaluated for their ability to extract hydrophilic compounds from drinking water. Conditions, such as desorption time, desorption temperature, sample temperature, sample stirring, methanol concentration in the sample, and ionic strength of the sample, were optimized for 12 hydrophilic compounds (e.g., amines and alcohols) with both fibers. Accuracy, precision, and method detection limits (MDLs) were determined for the target analytes with both fibers. In general, both fibers exhibited excellent accuracy and precision in the range of 91-110% and 1.0-13%, respectively. The carboxen/PDMS fiber extracted these hydrophilic compounds from water with 10 to 100 times lower MDLs (0.10 to 15 mu g/l) than the polyacrylate fiber (1.5 to 80 mu g/l). The MDLs of the carboxen/PDMS fiber demonstrate that SPME is a feasible approach for extracting hydrophilic compounds from drinking water. C1 US EPA, NERL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Shoemaker, JA (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, MS 564,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 181 EP 191 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500018 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 297VK UT WOS:000086103200002 PM 10412667 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Collette, TW Price, PC Genicola, FA Jenks, JW Thruston, AD Ellington, JJ AF Richardson, SD Collette, TW Price, PC Genicola, FA Jenks, JW Thruston, AD Ellington, JJ TI Identification of drinking water contaminants in the course of a childhood cancer investigation in Toms River, New Jersey SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical identification; childhood cancer; drinking water; industrial pollutants; Toms River; New Jersey ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; ACRYLONITRILE AB Using a combination of gas chromatogmphy/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy (GC/IR) spectroscopic techniques, chemical contaminants and their hydrolysis products were identified in well water sampled in connection with a suspected childhood cancer cluster located in Dover Township, Ocean County, New Jersey. The drinking water contamination resulted from the teaching of industrial waste chemicals from drums that were disposed of at the site known as Reich Farm. Contaminants identified include dinitrile-tetralin compounds, known as 'trimers,' that are by-products of a polymerization process widely used by several polymer manufacturers during the 1970s and 1980s (and still used today). Also identified were 'trimer' hydrolysis products, formed by the hydrolysis of their nitrile groups to amides. These industrial contaminants were not present in any of the mass or IR spectral library databases, and their identification required unconventional spectroscopic methods (including high resolution mass spectrometry, chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy), along with scientific reasoning and interpretation. It is currently not known whether these chemical contaminants are responsible for the childhood cancers observed in this area. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 14 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 200 EP 216 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500020 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 297VK UT WOS:000086103200004 PM 10412669 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S AF Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S TI Spatial scale dependence of rodent habitat use SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE small mammals; Chihuahuan desert; New Mexico; microhabitat; macrohabitat; spatial scale ID EATING DESERT RODENTS; SAND DUNE HABITATS; 2 TEMPERATE-ZONE; HETEROMYID RODENTS; MICROHABITAT USE; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; OWL PREDATION; SMALL MAMMALS; SEPARATION; COEXISTENCE AB Many insights into community ecology over the past 3 decades were derived from investigations of associations of rodent species with microhabitats. Nonetheless, studies of microhabitat use of rodents are inconsistent, suggesting spatially dependent interacting factors. We investigated the relative ability of microhabitat and macrohabitat to predict rodent captures in traps placed in 48 trapping grids of 90 traps each during spring and autumn of 1993 and 1994 (17,280 data points). Trapping grids represented eight replications of six discrete macrohabitats. We used discriminant function analysis and random null models to compare the ability of microhabitat and macrohabitat to predict use of individual traps by 13 rodent species. Classification rates for presence at a trap by dummy variables of macrohabitats exceeded those obtained with principle components of microhabitats for nine of 13 species. In seven of those cases, classification rate exceeded that expected from a random distribution of dummy variables. Of the four cases where principle components of microhabitats out-classified dummy variables of macrohabitats, only two exceeded rates expected from a random distribution of dummy variables. Thus, microhabitat partitioning for many species is constrained by local macrohabitat conditions. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 49 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 421 EP 429 DI 10.2307/1383290 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 202EP UT WOS:000080639400009 ER PT J AU Mitra, S Feng, CH Zhang, LZ Ho, WP McAllister, G AF Mitra, S Feng, CH Zhang, LZ Ho, WP McAllister, G TI Microtrap interface for on-line mass spectrometric monitoring of air emissions SO JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE microtrap interface; on-line monitoring; air emissions; continuous emission monitor; process mass spectrometry ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AMBIENT AIR; ONLINE; SYSTEM; MS AB One of the problems in on-line mass spectrometric monitoring of air emissions is that whereas organic pollutants are present at trace concentrations (ppm to ppt levels), background gases such as H2O and CO2 may be present at per cent levels. Moisture in particular is a source of serious interference. A sampling interface that eliminates these interferences but allows the continuous introduction of organics into the mass spectrometer is presented. The interface consists of a micro-sorbent trap (referred to as the microtrap) that selectively traps the organics, and then injects them into the mass spectrometer via rapid thermal desorption with an electric pulse of similar to 1 s duration. Continuous (or near-continuous) monitoring is achieved by making a series of desorptions while the air Bows continuously through the system. The applicability of this approach is demonstrated by monitoring the emissions from a catalytic incinerator. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mitra, S (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1076-5174 J9 J MASS SPECTROM JI J. Mass Spectrom. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 478 EP 485 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199905)34:5<478::AID-JMS788>3.3.CO;2-U PG 8 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Organic; Spectroscopy SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 198FU UT WOS:000080413100004 ER EF