FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Tanner, DK Leonard, EN Brazner, JC AF Tanner, DK Leonard, EN Brazner, JC TI Microwave digestion method for phosphorus determination of fish tissue SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ECOSYSTEMS; OVEN AB A simple time-saving method is described for the digestion of fish tissue for spectrophotometric determination of phosphorus. Microwave digestion of fish tissue was compared to the commonly used method of ashing tissue in a muffle furnace. Microwave digestion produced significantly higher phosphorus recoveries and took only half the time to run the same number of samples compared to ashing. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Tanner, DK (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 44 IS 3 BP 708 EP 709 PG 2 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 196UQ UT WOS:000080326300024 ER PT J AU Moore, MM Collard, DD Harrington-Brock, K AF Moore, MM Collard, DD Harrington-Brock, K TI Failure to adequately use positive control data leads to poor quality mouse lymphoma data assessments SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material ID RESISTANT TFT MUTANTS; MUTATION ASSAY; PROTOCOL ISSUES; CODED CHEMICALS; CELLS; RESPONSES; TK; QUANTITATION; WORKSHOP C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moore, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD MAY PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 261 EP 263 DI 10.1093/mutage/14.3.261 PG 3 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 198LZ UT WOS:000080426800003 PM 10374992 ER PT J AU Cole, J Harrington-Brock, K Moore, MM AF Cole, J Harrington-Brock, K Moore, MM TI The mouse lymphoma assay in the wake of ICH4 - where are we now? SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material ID TK-/ MUTANTS; THYMIDINE KINASE LOCUS; RESISTANT TFT MUTANTS; L5178Y/TK+/ MOUSE; METHYL METHANESULFONATE; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS; MICROWELL METHOD; PROTOCOL ISSUES; GENE-MUTATIONS C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Sussex, MRC, Cell Mutat Unit, Brighton BN1 9RR, E Sussex, England. RP Moore, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD MAY PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 265 EP 270 DI 10.1093/mutage/14.3.265 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 198LZ UT WOS:000080426800004 PM 10374993 ER PT J AU Moore, MM Harrington-Brock, K Cole, J AF Moore, MM Harrington-Brock, K Cole, J TI Issues for conducting the microtiter version of the mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase (tk) assay and a critical review of data generated in a collaborative trial using the microtiter method SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Review ID CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CELLS; VALIDATION; MUTATIONS; DAMAGE; GENE C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Sussex, MRC, Cell Mutat Unit, Brighton BN1 9RR, E Sussex, England. RP Moore, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD MAY PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 271 EP 281 DI 10.1093/mutage/14.3.271 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 198LZ UT WOS:000080426800005 PM 10374994 ER PT J AU Levin, ED Simon, BB Schmechel, DE Glasgow, HB Deamer-Melia, NJ Burkholder, JM Moser, VC Jensen, K Harry, GJ AF Levin, ED Simon, BB Schmechel, DE Glasgow, HB Deamer-Melia, NJ Burkholder, JM Moser, VC Jensen, K Harry, GJ TI Pfiesteria toxin and learning performance SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 01-05, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Soc Toxicol DE Pfiesteria piscicida; learning; radial-arm maze; activity; figure-8 maze ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; ESTUARINE DINOFLAGELLATE; PISCICIDA; EXPOSURE AB Pfiesteria piscicida is an estuarine dinoflagellate involved with fish kills along the east coast of the United States. We previously documented a radial-arm maze learning deficit in rats exposed to Pfiesteria that may be related to cognitive deficits seen in humans after accidental Pfiesteria exposure. The current study elucidated important behavioral parameters of this deficit. There were six dose groups. Forty (10/group) adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected (SC) with a single dose of Pfiesteria taken from aquarium-cultured Pfiesteria (35,600, 106,800, or 320,400 Pfiesteria cells/kg of rat body weight or a cell-free filtrate of the 106,800 cells/kg dose). One control group (N = 10) was injected with saline and one (N = 10) with aquarium water not containing Pfiesteria. Half of the rats in each group were tested on an 8-arm radial maze in a standard test room, and the other half were tested on the radial maze in a sound-attenuating chamber. In the standard maze room, there was a significant effect of Pfiesteria (p < 0.05) impairing choice accuracy improvement over the first six sessions of training among rats administered 106,800, 320,400, and the 106,800 cells/kg filtered sample. In contrast, there was no indication of an effect of Pfiesteria when the rats were tested-on the same configuration radial maze in the sound-attenuating chamber. After 18 sessions of training in one room, the rats were switched for six sessions of testing in the other room and finally were switched back to their original room for three sessions. There was a significant Pfiesteria-induced deficit when the rats were tested in the standard test room but not when they were tested in the sound-attenuating chamber. When the Pfiesteria-exposed rats were initially switched from the sound-attenuating chamber to the standard test room they performed significantly worse than controls, whereas Pfiesteria-treated rats switched from the standard test room to the sound-attenuating chamber did not perform differently from controls. These results suggest that the Pfiesteria-induced learning impairment may result from the negative impact of distracting stimuli. At the time of the learning impairment, no overt Pfiesteria-related effects were seen using a functional observational battery and no overall response latency effects were seen, indicating that the Pfiesteria-induced choice accuracy deficit was not due to generalized debilitation. In the initial use of the figure-8 maze in this line of research, the rats in the same Pfiesteria treatment groups that showed significant deficits in the radial-arm maze showed greater declines in activity rates in a 1-h figure-8 locomotor activity test. Both the 106,800 and 320,400 Pfiesteria cells/kg groups showed significantly greater linear trends of activity decline relative to tank water-treated controls. This reflected an initial slight hyperactivity in the Pfiesteria-treated animals followed by a decrease to control levels, Pfiesteria effects in the figure-8 maze and in early radial-arm maze training may be useful in a rapid screen for identifying the critical toxin(s) of Pfiesteria in future studies. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Durham VA Med Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Levin, ED (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, 341 Bell Bldg,Box 3412, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 13 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3 BP 215 EP 221 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(98)00041-5 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 202XP UT WOS:000080677700001 PM 10386824 ER PT J AU Crofton, KM Rice, DC AF Crofton, KM Rice, DC TI Low-frequency hearing loss following perinatal exposure to 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) in rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; PCB126; ototoxicity, developmental ID THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AROCLOR-1254; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; CONGENERS; DEFICITS AB Previous research has demonstrated the sensitivity of the developing rat to the ototoxic effects of exposure to Aroclor 1254. In this study we assessed the effects of developmental exposure to an individual PCB congener (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; PCB 126) on auditory function. Nulliparous Long Evans rats received either 0, 0.25, or 1.0 mu g/kg/day (5 days/week) for 35 days prior to breeding and throughout gestation and lactation. Auditory thresholds for 0.5-, 1-, 4-, 8-, 16-, 32-, and 40-kHz tones were assessed in offspring on postnatal days (PND) 76-90. Perinatal maternal PCB 126 exposure caused low-frequency hearing deficits. Elevated auditory thresh olds occurred in the 1.0 mu g/kg/day treated group for 0.5- and 1-kHz tones, whereas thresholds were not significantly affected at any higher frequencies. These results are important in that the data implicate, at least partially, the coplanar PCBs in the developmental ototoxicity induced by Aroclor 1254. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Hlth Canada, Toxicol Res Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 18 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3 BP 299 EP 301 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(98)00065-8 PG 3 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 202XP UT WOS:000080677700011 PM 10386834 ER PT J AU Podolsky, MJ Spiegel, M AF Podolsky, MJ Spiegel, M TI When does interstate transportation of municipal solid waste make sense and when does it not? SO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Econ & Environm, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Univ Haifa, IL-31999 Haifa, Israel. RP Podolsky, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Econ & Environm, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PUBLIC ADMIN PI WASHINGTON PA 1120 G STREET NW SUITE 500, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3352 J9 PUBLIC ADMIN REV JI Public Adm. Rev. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 59 IS 3 BP 250 EP 255 DI 10.2307/3109953 PG 6 WC Public Administration SC Public Administration GA 208AA UT WOS:000080967000007 ER PT J AU Lemasters, GK Olsen, DM Yiin, JH Lockey, JE Shukla, R Selevan, SG Schrader, SM Toth, GP Evenson, DP Huszar, GB AF Lemasters, GK Olsen, DM Yiin, JH Lockey, JE Shukla, R Selevan, SG Schrader, SM Toth, GP Evenson, DP Huszar, GB TI Male reproductive effects of solvent and fuel exposure during aircraft maintenance SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mixtures; fuels; solvents; male reproduction; sperm; painters; aircraft maintenance; breath analysis ID ETHYLENE-GLYCOL ETHERS; SEMEN QUALITY; SEX-RATIO; SPERM MOTILITY; LUNG-CANCER; MULTIPLE COMPARISONS; DECREASING QUALITY; UNEXPOSED WORKERS; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; FLOW-CYTOMETRY AB Few studies have addressed the effects of mixed, low-level exposures to complex mixtures on a man's reproductive potential. In this prospective study, each subject was evaluated before first exposure and at 15 and 30 weeks after exposures had begun. A total of 50 men working on aircraft maintenance at an Air Force installation were included in the study. In addition, eight unexposed men were concurrently sampled. Industrial hygiene (IH) sampling and expired breath samples were collected for jet fuel as measured by total napthas, benzene-a component of jet fuel, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methyl ethyl ketone, xylenes, toluene, and methylene chloride. Sperm production, structure, and function (sperm concentration, sperm motion, viability, morphology, morphometrics, and stability of sperm chromatin) were evaluated, Exposures were low. All mean IH measures were below 6 ppm, which is less than 10% of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard for all chemicals except benzene. Sheet metal workers had the highest mean breath levels for both total solvents (24 ppb) and fuels (28.3 ppb), For most sperm measures, mean values remained in the normal range throughout the 30 weeks of exposure, When jobs were analyzed by exposure groups, some adverse changes were observed. The paint shop group had a significant decline in motility of 19.5 % at 30 weeks. Internal dose measures, however, did not show a significant association with spermatogenic changes, (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Kettering Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ S Dakota, Brookings, SD USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Olsen, DM (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Kettering Labs, Room G-8,POB 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES06096, R01ES06597] NR 88 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(99)00012-X PG 12 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 202BK UT WOS:000080632100001 PM 10378465 ER PT J AU Goering, PL Aposhian, HV Mass, MJ Cebrian, M Beck, BD Waalkes, MP AF Goering, PL Aposhian, HV Mass, MJ Cebrian, M Beck, BD Waalkes, MP TI The enigma of arsenic carcinogenesis: Role of metabolism SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 01-05, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Soc Toxicol ID TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; IN-VITRO; MONOMETHYLARSONIC ACID; DRINKING-WATER; URINARY CONCENTRATIONS; MARMOSET MONKEYS; DNA METHYLATION; RABBIT LIVER; RAT-LIVER AB Inorganic arsenic is considered a high-priority hazard, particularly because of its potential to be a human carcinogen. In exposed human populations, arsenic is associated with tumors of the lung, skin, bladder, and liver. While it is known to be a human carcinogen, carcinogenesis in laboratory animals by this metalloid has never been convincingly demonstrated. Therefore, no animal models exist for studying molecular mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis, The apparent human sensitivity, combined with our incomplete understanding about mechanisms of carcinogenic action, create important public health concerns and challenges in risk assessment, which could be met by understanding the role of metabolism in arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. This symposium summary covers three critical major areas involving arsenic metabolism: its biodiversity, the role of arsenic metabolism in molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and the impact of arsenic metabolism on human risk assessment. In mammals, arsenic is metabolized to mono- and dimethylated species by methyltransferase enzymes in reactions that require S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) as the methyl donating cofactor. A remarkable species diversity in arsenic methyltransferase activity may account for the wide variability in sensitivity of humans and animals to arsenic toxicity. Arsenic interferes with DNA methyltransferases, resulting in inactivation of tumor suppressor genes through DNA hypermethylation, Other studies suggest that arsenic-induced malignant transformation is linked to DNA hypomethylation subsequent to depletion of SAM, which results in aberrant gene activation, including oncogenes, Urinary profiles of arsenic metabolites may be a valuable tool for assessing human susceptibility to arsenic carcinogenesis. While controversial, the idea that unique arsenic metabolic properties may explain the apparent non-linear threshold response for arsenic carcinogenesis in humans. In order to address these outstanding issues, further efforts are required to identify an appropriate animal model to elucidate carcinogenic mechanisms of action, and to define dose-response relationships. C1 US FDA, Div Life Sci, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, HFZ 112, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Toxicol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. CINVESTAV, Secc Toxicol Ambiental, Mexico City 14000, DF, Mexico. Gradient Corp, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NIEHS, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, NCI, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Goering, PL (reprint author), US FDA, Div Life Sci, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, HFZ 112, 12709 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 58 TC 186 Z9 198 U1 2 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 49 IS 1 BP 5 EP 14 DI 10.1093/toxsci/49.1.5 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 251PX UT WOS:000083455000002 PM 10367337 ER PT J AU Ciereszko, A Dabrowski, K Lin, F Christ, SA Toth, GP AF Ciereszko, A Dabrowski, K Lin, F Christ, SA Toth, GP TI Effects of extenders and time of storage before freezing on motility and fertilization of cryopreserved muskellunge spermatozoa SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; SPERM MOTILITY; ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; CLUPEA-PALLASI; LAKE STURGEON; EGGS; FISH; PRESERVATION; INITIATION; WHITEFISH AB The usefulness of five extenders for cryopreservation of muskellunge semen was studied in fertilization trials and computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) of postthaw sperm motility. The effect of pre freezing storage time before cryopreservation on success of cryopreservation was also analyzed. A 50% fertilization rate (compared with fresh semen) of the extender containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in seminal-plasma-mimicking medium (SPMM) supplemented by 10% egg yolk was significantly higher than in extenders consisting of 10% DMSO, 0.6 M sucrose, and 10% egg yolk or 20% glycerol and 0.3 M glucose. Spermatozoa cryopreserved with DMSO-SPMM-egg yolk extender had the highest values of straight-line velocity and linearity of movement. Significantly lower fertilizing ability and curvilinear velocity were found for semen specimens stored on ice for 5 h before freezing compared with specimens stored for 1 h. Although spermatozoa cryopreserved with extender containing 10% methanol had only traces of motility or no motility at all after thawing, fertilization trials indicated that their fertilizing ability was preserved. Despite a lack of motility after thawing, these spermatozoa could have been activated by egg components, thus indicating that they could have been motile during fertilization. This possibility suggests that the motility pattern of muskellunge spermatozoa may be influenced during fertilization by egg components. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Anim Reprod & Food Sci, Dept Mol Androl, PL-10718 Olsztyn Kortowo, Poland. US EPA, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Ciereszko, A (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 210 Kottman Hall,2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. OI CIERESZKO, Andrzej/0000-0002-1103-624X NR 34 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 128 IS 3 BP 542 EP 548 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0542:EOEATO>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351WZ UT WOS:000089183600016 ER PT J AU Matlock, MD Storm, DE Smolen, MD Matlock, ME McFarland, AMS Hauck, LM AF Matlock, MD Storm, DE Smolen, MD Matlock, ME McFarland, AMS Hauck, LM TI Development and application of a lotic ecosystem trophic status index SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE nutrient enrichment; periphyton; lotic ecosystem trophic status index; nitrogen; phosphorus ID NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; PERIPHYTON; STREAM AB We used the Matlock Periphytometer (Matlock et al., 1998) to measure in situ nutrient limitations and trophic status at five stream sires in the Bosque River Watershed in north-central Texas during July 1997. Periphytic chlorophyll a production from the Matlock Periphytometer was also used as an indicator of baseline primary productivity and of maximum primary productivity (MPP) in response to nutrient enrichment (nitrogen and phosphorus). The measured MPP was interpreted to represent the rate of periphytic growth when nutrients are plot limiting. We developed a lotic ecosystem trophic status index (LETSI) using the ratio of baseline primary productivity to MPP. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations were evaluated using a modified LETSI as the ratio of either N or P enriched growth to MPP. The LETSI is by definition a functional index, and may provide a classification tool for lotic ecosystem trophic status. Using the LETSI indices, we observed differences in nutrient limitations in the streams and detected co-limitations of nitrogen and phosphorus at two of the stream sites. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US EPA, Pawnee Nat, Pawnee, OK USA. Tarleton State Univ, Texas Inst Appl Environm Res, Stephenville, TX USA. RP Matlock, MD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Engn, 303 D Scoates Hall, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 42 IS 3 BP 651 EP 656 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 213AV UT WOS:000081250600012 ER PT J AU Elmund, GK Allen, MJ Rice, EW AF Elmund, GK Allen, MJ Rice, EW TI Comparison of Escherichia coli, total coliform, and fecal coliform populations as indicators of wastewater treatment efficiency SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli; total coliform; fecal coliform; waste-water; disinfection ID DEFINED-SUBSTRATE TECHNOLOGY; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; DRINKING-WATER; ENUMERATION; ASSAY AB Escherichia coli, total coliform, and fecal coliform population data were collected from two wastewater treatment facilities, a subsurface flow artificial wetlands, and a receiving stream. Results are presented from individual wastewater treatment process streams, final effluent, and river sites upstream and downstream of the treatment facilities. The QuantiTray technique with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucuronide-based Colilert media was an effective method for quantifying E. coli and total coliform populations in these waters. Thermotolerant Klebsiella pneumoniae present in the effluent from one treatment facility interfered with recovery of fecal coliforms on m-FC media using the delayed-incubation membrane filtration technique; Klebsiella interference was not observed in the enumeration of E. coli by the QuantiTray technique. Both stream standards and discharge permits can be revised to apply E. coli as the indicator of fecal contamination. The results support development of E. coli-based effluent and stream standards to protect public health. C1 Environm Serv, Util Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Amer Water Works Assoc, Res Fdn, Denver, CO USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Elmund, GK (reprint author), Environm Serv, Util Serv, 4316 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 33 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 20 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 71 IS 3 BP 332 EP 339 DI 10.2175/106143098X121752 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 201JN UT WOS:000080591800011 ER PT J AU Kligerman, AD Erexson, GL AF Kligerman, AD Erexson, GL TI An evaluation of the feasibility of using cytogenetic damage as a biomarker for alachlor exposure SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE alachlor; herbicide; blood lymphocyte ID COMMERCIAL PESTICIDE APPLICATORS; CULTURED HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; DNA ADDUCT FORMATION; HERBICIDES ALACHLOR; X-RADIATION; METABOLITES; MICRONUCLEI; 2-CHLORO-N-(2,6-DIETHYLPHENYL)ACETAMIDE; GENOTOXICITY; CELLS AB Alachlor is a widely used herbicide for which there is significant human exposure, principally through groundwater contamination and inhalation. Because alachlor is purported to be carcinogenic and mutagenic, we initiated studies to determine if induced cytogenetic damage could be used as a biomarker for exposure to this herbicide. Both isolated and whole blood human lymphocytes were exposed to alachlor using several protocols. The lymphocytes were cultured for analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosome aberrations (CAs), micronuclei (MN) in cytochalasin B-induced binucleated cells, and proliferation kinetics using the replicative index (RT). In addition, CD rats were injected with either 10 or 50 mg kg(-1) of alachlor, 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl) acetamide (CDEPA) or 2,6-diethylanaline (DEA). After 24 h, the peripheral blood lymphocytes were removed and cultured for SCE and RI analysis. Alachlor did induce a concentration-related increase in SCE in vitro, but neither it nor its metabolites (CDEPA or DEA) induced a significant increase in SCEs or an alteration of RI in vivo. At the highest in vitro concentration tested, alachlor induced a statistically-significant increase in MN, but no concomitant increase in CAs was seen. From analyses of our data and the literature on alachlor clastogenicity and exposure levels, we concluded that cytogenetic damage may not be an adequately sensitive marker for evaluating human exposure to alachlor. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Lab Environm Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD APR 26 PY 1999 VL 441 IS 1 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00031-5 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 194WL UT WOS:000080217700010 PM 10224326 ER PT J AU Lin, S Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ AF Lin, S Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ TI Methylarsenicals and arsinothiols are potent inhibitors of mouse liver thioredoxin reductase SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC, Canada. US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 23 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 7 SU S BP A1351 EP A1351 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 226QX UT WOS:000082033400174 ER PT J AU Richardson, WS Phillips, CR Luttrell, J Hicks, R Cox, C AF Richardson, WS Phillips, CR Luttrell, J Hicks, R Cox, C TI Application of remedy studies to the development of a soil washing pilot plant that uses mineral processing technology: a practical experience SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE radionuclide; mineral processing; mineral technology; soil washing; physical separation; treatment technology; pilot plant; economic analysis; radium; review AB Soil washing employing mineral processing technology to treat radionuclide-contaminated soils has been examined as a remedy alternative to the exclusive excavation, transportation, and disposal of the soil. Successful application depends on a thorough remedy study, employing a systematic tiered approach that is efficient, self-limiting, and cost effective. The study includes: (1) site and soil characterization to determine the basic mineral and physical properties of both the soil and contaminants and to identify their relative associations; (2) treatment studies to evaluate the performance of process units for contaminant separation; (3) conceptual process design to develop a treatment pilot plant; and (4) engineering design to construct, test, and optimize the actual full-scale plant. A pilot plant using soil washing technology for the treatment of radium-contaminated soil was developed, tested, and demonstrated. The plant used particle-size separation to produced a remediated product that represented approximately 50% of the contaminated soil. Subsequently, it was modified for more effective performance and application to soil with alternate characteristics; it awaits further testing. The economic analysis of soil washing using the pilot plant as a model indicates that a remedy plan based on mineral processing technology is very competitive with the traditional alternative employing excavation, transportation, and disposal exclusively, even when disposal costs are modest or when recovery of remediated soil during treatment is low. This paper reviews the tiered approach as it applies to mineral processing technology to treat radionuclide-contaminated soils and a pilot plant developed to test the soil washing process. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Sanford Cohen & Associates, Montgomery, AL 36117 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Montgomery, AL 36117 USA. Virginia Technol Inst, Dept Min & Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Natl Air & Radiat Environm Lab, Montgomery, AL 36115 USA. RP Phillips, CR (reprint author), Sanford Cohen & Associates, 1000 Monticello Dr, Montgomery, AL 36117 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD APR 23 PY 1999 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 47 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(98)00211-8 PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 202QJ UT WOS:000080663400005 PM 10379030 ER PT J AU Serrano, J Palmeira, CM Kuehl, DW Wallace, KB AF Serrano, J Palmeira, CM Kuehl, DW Wallace, KB TI Cardioselective and cumulative oxidation of mitochondrial DNA following subchronic doxorubicin administration SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS LA English DT Article DE adriamycin; doxorubicin; mitochondrial DNA; 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine ID HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; NUCLEAR-DNA; DAMAGE; REPAIR; ADRIAMYCIN; 8-HYDROXYDEOXYGUANOSINE; MUTATIONS; ACCUMULATION; BINDING; CANCER AB We recently reported the preferential accumulation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) adducts in cardiac mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) following acute intoxication of rats with doxorubicin (C.M. Palmeira et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1321 (1997) 101-106). The concentration of 8OHdG adducts decreased to control values within 2 weeks. Since conventional antineoplastic therapy entails repeated administration of small doses of doxorubicin, it was of interest to characterize the kinetics for the accumulation and repair of 8OHdG adducts in the various DNA fractions. Weekly injections of doxorubicin (2 mg/kg, i.p.) to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats caused a cumulative dose-dependent increase in the concentration of 8OHdG adducts in both mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nDNA) from heart and liver. Following six weekly injections, the concentration of 8OHdG in cardiac mtDNA was 50% higher than liver mtDNA and twice that of cardiac nDNA, In contrast to the rapid repair of 8OHdG observed during the first days following an acute intoxicating dose of doxorubicin, the concentration of 8OHdG adducts remained constant between 1 and 5 weeks following the last injection. This was true for all DNA fractions examined. The cardioselective accumulation and persistence of 8OHdG adducts to mtDNB is consistent with the implication of mitochondrial dysfunction in the cumulative and irreversible cardiotoxicity observed clinically in patients receiving doxorubicin cancer chemotherapy. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, NHEERL, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Coimbra, Dept Zool, Ctr Neurosci, P-3000 Coimbra, Portugal. RP Wallace, KB (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RI Palmeira, Carlos/L-3390-2014 OI Palmeira, Carlos/0000-0002-2639-7697 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL58016] NR 37 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0005-2728 J9 BBA-BIOENERGETICS JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg. PD APR 21 PY 1999 VL 1411 IS 1 BP 201 EP 205 DI 10.1016/S0005-2728(99)00011-0 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 191CN UT WOS:000080003900015 PM 10216166 ER PT J AU Simpson, D Winiwarter, W Borjesson, G Cinderby, S Ferreiro, A Guenther, A Hewitt, CN Janson, R Khalil, MAK Owen, S Pierce, TE Puxbaum, H Shearer, M Skiba, U Steinbrecher, R Tarrason, L Oquist, MG AF Simpson, D Winiwarter, W Borjesson, G Cinderby, S Ferreiro, A Guenther, A Hewitt, CN Janson, R Khalil, MAK Owen, S Pierce, TE Puxbaum, H Shearer, M Skiba, U Steinbrecher, R Tarrason, L Oquist, MG TI Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; NITRIC-OXIDE EMISSIONS; TEMPERATE FOREST SOILS; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE CONSUMPTION; CALIFORNIA CENTRAL VALLEY; QUERCUS-ILEX L.; PINUS-PINEA L.; DIMETHYL SULFIDE; BIOGENIC EMISSIONS; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION AB As part of the work of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations Task Force on Emission Inventories, a new set of guidelines has been developed for assessing the emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, NH,, CH,, and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) from biogenic and other natural sources in Europe. This paper gives the background to these guidelines, describes the sources, and gives our recommended methodologies for estimating emissions. We have assembled land use and other statistics from European or national compilations and present emission estimates for the various natural/biogenic source categories based on these. Total emissions from nature derived here amount to similar to 1.1 Tg S yr(-1), 6-8 Tg CH4 yr(-1), 70 Gg NH3 (as N) yr(-1), and 13 Tg NMVOC yr(-1). Estimates of biogenic NOx emissions cover a wide range, from 140 to 1500 Gg NOx (as N) yr(-1). In terms of relative contribution to total European emissions for different pollutants, then NMVOC from forests and vegetation are clearly the most important emissions source. Biogenic NOx emissions (although heavily influenced by nitrogen inputs from anthropogenic activities) are very important if the higher estimates are reliable. CH, from wetlands and sulphur from volcanoes are also significant emissions in the European budgets. On a global scale, European biogenic emissions are not significant, a consequence of the climate and size (7% of global land area) of Europe and of the destruction of natural ecosystems since prehistoric times. However, for assessing local budgets and for photochemical oxidant modeling, natural/biogenic emissions can play an important role. The most important contributor in this regard is undoubtedly forest VOC emissions, although this paper also indicates that NMVOC emissions from nonforested areas also need to be further evaluated. This paper was originally conceived as a contribution to the collection of papers arising as a result of the Workshop on Biogenic Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, August 24-27, 1997. (Several papers arising from this workshop have been published in Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D19) 1998.). C1 Norwegian Meteorol Inst, N-0313 Oslo, Norway. Austrian Res Ctr Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria. SLU, Dept Microbiol, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ York, Stockholm Environm Inst, York YO1 5YW, N Yorkshire, England. AED, Madrid, Spain. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Nat Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. Stockholm Univ, Dept Meteorol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Portland State Univ, Dept Phys, Portland, OR 97207 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Analyt Chem, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. Fraunhofer Inst Atmosphar Umweltforsch, D-8100 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Linkoping Univ, Dept Water & Environm Studies, S-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. RP Simpson, D (reprint author), Norwegian Meteorol Inst, PB 43,Blindern, N-0313 Oslo, Norway. RI Simpson, David/A-3313-2009; Hewitt, Charles Nicholas/B-1219-2009; Owen, Susan/A-5051-2009; Skiba, Ute/I-6441-2012; Steinbrecher, Rainer/A-7414-2013; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Simpson, David/0000-0001-9538-3208; Hewitt, Charles Nicholas/0000-0001-7973-2666; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 272 TC 304 Z9 321 U1 10 U2 79 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D7 BP 8113 EP 8152 DI 10.1029/98JD02747 PG 40 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 187NV UT WOS:000079793600008 ER PT J AU Burke, RA Meyer, JL Cruse, JM Birkhead, KM Paul, MJ AF Burke, RA Meyer, JL Cruse, JM Birkhead, KM Paul, MJ TI Soil-atmosphere exchange of methane in adjacent cultivated and floodplain forest soils SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; NITROUS-OXIDE; CONSUMPTION; TEMPERATE; OXIDATION; FLUXES; WATER; FRACTIONS; MOISTURE; SITES AB The soil-atmosphere exchange of methane was measured in adjacent cultivated (corn) and forest (upper floodplain, mixed hardwood) habitats of the southeastern U.S. piedmont for a period of 3 years using closed chambers. We have evaluated the effect of the following factors on soil-atmosphere methane exchange: (1) interannual variability of climatic conditions, (2) landscape position (i.e., river levee versus terrace), and (3) disturbance ranging from intense (cultivation) through moderate (approximately annual flooding events that last from weeks to months) to subtle (approximately annual flooding of a few days duration). We found that mean methane consumption in the cultivated and forested terrace sites was <0.3 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1), whereas the mean consumption rate in forested levee sites was about 1.4 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1) over the course of the 3 years. Moisture levels in the upper soil (0-5 cm) appear to exert little control of methane exchange in any of the habitats. We observed little seasonal variation in methane flux in the levee sites, in contrast to results observed by others in higher-latitude and tropical forests, Our results suggest that very subtle differences in landscape position and disturbance impact the strength of the soil methane sink. We cannot conclude that agricultural development destroyed the methane sink capacity of these floodplain terrace soils because it was probably already quite low due to periodic disturbance by flooding. Limited measurements of nitrogen cycling suggest that methane flux differences observed among the different habitats are not obviously related to differences in N mineralization or nitrification as in other ecosystems. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Burke, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D7 BP 8161 EP 8171 DI 10.1029/1999JD900015 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 187NV UT WOS:000079793600010 ER PT J AU Kahn, HD Telliard, WA White, CE AF Kahn, HD Telliard, WA White, CE TI Response to comment on "Comment on 'An alternative minimum level definition for analytical quantification'" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Water, Off Sci & Technol, Engn & Anal Div 4303, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kahn, HD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Off Sci & Technol, Engn & Anal Div 4303, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 8 BP 1315 EP 1315 DI 10.1021/es9920011 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 190QC UT WOS:000079974600029 ER PT J AU Lundquist, C Frieder, O Holmes, DO Grossman, D AF Lundquist, C Frieder, O Holmes, DO Grossman, D TI A parallel relational database management system approach to relevance feedback in information retrieval SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DOCUMENT-RETRIEVAL AB A scalable, parallel, relational database-driven information retrieval engine is described. To support portability across a wide-range of execution environments, including parallel machines, all algorithms strictly adhere to the SQL-92 standard. By incorporating relevance feedback algorithms, accuracy is enhanced over prior database-driven information retrieval efforts. Algorithmic modifications to our earlier prototype resulted in significantly enhanced scalability, Currently our information retrieval engine sustains near-linear speedups using a 24-node parallel database machine. Experiments using the TIPSTER data collections are presented to validate the described approaches. C1 George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. IIT, Dept Comp Sci, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. NCR Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lundquist, C (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0002-8231 J9 J AM SOC INFORM SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. PD APR 15 PY 1999 VL 50 IS 5 BP 413 EP 426 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 181TF UT WOS:000079457900004 ER PT J AU Schoeffner, DJ Warren, DA Muralidhara, S Bruckner, JV Simmons, JE AF Schoeffner, DJ Warren, DA Muralidhara, S Bruckner, JV Simmons, JE TI Organ weights and fat volume in rats as a function of strain and age SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID FISCHER 344 RATS; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; DERMAL ABSORPTION; BODY-COMPOSITION; SENESCENT RATS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AB The Fischer 344 (F344) rat and the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat are used commonly to evaluate potential adverse health effects resulting from environmental exposure to chemicals. They are also the most common rat strain/stock used in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Accurate characterization of model input parameters will improve the usefulness of PBPK model predictions. Thus, organ (i.e., liver, kidneys, spleen, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, heart, lungs, brain) weights and body fat were measured in male SD rats of different ages (4 to 40 wk) and in young (9 to 10 wk) and old (22 to 23 mo) male F344 rats. Comparison of age-matched (9 to 10 wk) F344 and SD rats revealed that the SD rats weighed significantly more and had significantly higher absolute organ weights. These significant differences usually disappeared when organ weights were expressed as a percentage of body weight (relative organ weight). Percent body fat was significantly lower in the age-matched SD rats (6.48%) than in their F344 counterparts (8.67%). As expected, both body weight and absolute organ weights were significantly higher in old than in young F344 rats. However, these differences were largely reversed when relative organ weights were considered, with most relative organ weights significantly lower in the old F344 rats. Body fat as a percentage of body weight was 14.02% in the old F344 rats. When SD rats of various ages were examined, relative organ weights declined between the ages of 4 and 14 wk. In contrast, significant differences in percent body fat were not detected among the SD rats of different ages and weights examined in this study (4 to 40 wk, similar to 75 to similar to 450 g). In summary, values for physiological input parameters are provided that should prove useful in development and implementation of more accurate PBPK models. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut & Biomed Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Simmons, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD APR 9 PY 1999 VL 56 IS 7 BP 449 EP 462 DI 10.1080/009841099157917 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 183HT UT WOS:000079548700001 PM 10201633 ER PT J AU Noonan, NE AF Noonan, NE TI Interdisciplinary research at EPA SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Noonan, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 9 PY 1999 VL 284 IS 5412 BP 261 EP 261 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 184WH UT WOS:000079636400017 ER PT J AU Bartolotti, L Kakuta, Y Pedersen, L Negishi, M Pedersen, L AF Bartolotti, L Kakuta, Y Pedersen, L Negishi, M Pedersen, L TI A quantum mechanical study of the transfer of biological sulfate SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE sulfuryl transfer; transition state; DFT; enzyme mechanism; sulfotransferases ID 3'-PHOSPHOADENOSINE 5'-PHOSPHOSULFATE; SULFOTRANSFERASES; HYDROLYSIS AB The biological process of enzymatic sulfuryl group transfer has been studied by ab initio (density-functional and Hartree-Fock) and semiempirical quantum mechanical methods. The active site of estrogen sulfotransferase in ternary complex with a sulfate donor(PAPS) and sulfate acceptor (estradiol) is modeled. The mechanism proposed in a recent X-ray crystal structure paper (Kakuta et al., Nat. Struct. Biol. 4 (1997) 904) serves as the basis for the calculations. We find that the mechanism proposed in the crystallographic paper is reasonable. The sulfonation takes place in several key steps: neutralization of the charge on PAPS, lengthening of the bridging S-O bond with no cost in energy, activation of the attacking oxygen and proton transfer from estradiol to histidine and then to the sulfuryl group. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, N Carolina Supercomp Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Pedersen, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, N Carolina Supercomp Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Pedersen, Lee/E-3405-2013 OI Pedersen, Lee/0000-0003-1262-9861 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD APR 2 PY 1999 VL 461 BP 105 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0166-1280(98)00424-2 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 178KR UT WOS:000079265300011 ER PT J AU Lay, JC Bennett, WD Ghio, AJ Bromberg, PA Costa, DL Kim, CS Koren, HS Devlin, RB AF Lay, JC Bennett, WD Ghio, AJ Bromberg, PA Costa, DL Kim, CS Koren, HS Devlin, RB TI Cellular and biochemical response of the human lung after intrapulmonary instillation of ferric oxide particles SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; PULMONARY MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; INHALED PARTICLES; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; PM(10) POLLUTION; DAILY MORTALITY; UTAH VALLEY; IN-VIVO AB Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was used to sample lung cells and biochemical components in the lung air spaces at various times from 1 to 91 d after intrapulmonary instillation of 2.6 mu m-diameter iron oxide particles in human subjects. The instillation of particles induced transient acute inflammation during the first day post instillation (PI), characterized by increased numbers of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages as well as increased amounts of protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and interleukin-8 in BAL fluids. This response was subclinical and was resolved within 4 d PI. A similar dose-dependent response was seen in rats 1 d after intratracheal instillation of the same particles. The particles contained small amounts of soluble iron (240 ng/mg) and possessed the capacity to catalyze oxidant generation in vitro. Our findings indicate that the acute inflammation after particle exposure may, at least partially, be the result of oxidant generation catalyzed by the presence of residual amounts of ferric ion, ferric hydroxides, or oxyhydroxides associated with the particles. These findings may have relevance to the acute health effects associated with increased levels of ambient particulate air pollutants. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Clin Res Branch, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lay, JC (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, US EPA, CB 7310,Human Studies Facil, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Lay, John/A-6380-2012 NR 61 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 20 IS 4 BP 631 EP 642 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 186YF UT WOS:000079758200011 PM 10100994 ER PT J AU Edgcomb, VP McDonald, JH Devereux, R Smith, DW AF Edgcomb, VP McDonald, JH Devereux, R Smith, DW TI Estimation of bacterial cell numbers in humic acid-rich salt marsh sediments with probes directed to 16S ribosomal DNA SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; TARGETED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; RAPID METHOD; DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SOIL BACTERIA; IDENTIFICATION; MICROORGANISMS AB The feasibility of using probes directed towards ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs) as a quantitative approach to estimating; cell numbers was examined and applied to study the structure of a bacterial community in humic acid-rich salt marsh sediments. Hybridizations were performed with membrane-bound nucleic acids by using seven group-specific DNA oligonucleotide probes complementary to 16S rRNA coding regions. These included a general eubacterial probe and probes encompassing most members of the gram-negative, mesophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), DNA was extracted from sediment samples, and contaminating materials were removed by a series of steps. Efficiency of DNA extraction was 48% based on the recovery of tritiated plasmid DNA added to samples prior to extraction. Reproducibility of the extraction procedure was demonstrated by hybridizations to replicate samples. Numbers of target cells in samples were estimated by comparing the amount of hybridization to extracted DNA obtained with each probe to that obtained with a standard curve of genomic DNA for reference strains included on the same membrane. In June, numbers of SRB detected with an SRB-specific probe ranged from 6.0 x 10(7) to 2.5 x 10(9) (average, 1.1 x 10(9) +/- 5.2 x 10(8)) cells g of sediment(-1). In September, numbers of SRB detected ranged from 5.4 x 10(8) to 7.3 x 10(9) (average, 2.5 x 10(9) +/- 1.5 x 10(9)) cells g of sediment(-1). The capability of using rDNA probes to estimate cell numbers by hybridization to DNA extracted from complex matrices permits initiation of detailed studies on community composition and changes in communities based on cell numbers in formerly intractable environments. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Edgcomb, VP (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, 7 MBL St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM edgcomb@evol5.mbl.edu NR 43 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 BP 1516 EP 1523 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 183AE UT WOS:000079530000023 ER PT J AU Nielsen, SL Thingstrup, I Wigand, C AF Nielsen, SL Thingstrup, I Wigand, C TI Apparent lack of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) in the seagrasses Zostera marina L. and Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE seagrasses; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza; VAM; Zostera marina; Thalassia testudinum ID ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE; GROWTH; DYNAMICS; PLANTS; AVAILABILITY; ENVIRONMENT; PHOSPHORUS; PATTERNS; BIOMASS; ROOTS AB We examined two populations of Zostera marina L, and one of thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig for the presence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM), None of these plants showed any VAM colonization. In addition, we were unable to find any literature references on the presence of VAM in seagrasses, although VAM has been found in a wide variety of submerged and emergent freshwater angiosperms as well as in salt marsh plants. if the lack of data on VAM in seagrasses in the literature can be attributed to an absence of VAM in seagrasses, it can be hypothesized to be due to the effect of low oxygen levels in marine sediments and high salinities as joint stressors, These factors have been found to reduce VAM colonization in other plant types. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Roskilde Univ, Dept Chem & Life Sci, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Riso Natl Lab, Plant Biol & Biogeochem Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Nielsen, SL (reprint author), Roskilde Univ, Dept Chem & Life Sci, POB 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. EM nielsen@virgil.ruc.dk; wiang.cathleen@epamail.epa.gov OI Nielsen, Soren Laurentius/0000-0003-4309-5153 NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 261 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00123-5 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 185HV UT WOS:000079663700007 ER PT J AU Kovacs, DA Kampbell, DH AF Kovacs, DA Kampbell, DH TI Improved method for the storage of groundwater samples containing volatile organic analytes SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) AB The sorption of volatile organic analytes from water samples by the Teflon septum surface used with standard glass 40-ml sample collection vials was investigated. Analytes tested included alkanes, isoalkanes, olefins, cycloalkanes, a cycloalkene, monoaromatics, a polynuclear aromatic, and two chloroethenes. Both laboratory prepared test mix solutions and petroleum contaminated groundwater from three field sites were tested. A rapid loss of n-alkane and isoalkane concentrations (>10%) was observed within 24 h when stored at room temperature. Aliphatic losses were also observed (>10%) over a 21-day holding period when samples were held at 4 degrees C. Loss of the less sorptive analytes was demonstrated by exposing analyte solutions to greater Teflon surface areas. The demonstrated sorption of aliphatics from water samples by Teflon-lined septa indicates that the accuracy of volatile petroleum hydrocarbon determinations may be reduced by the traditional storage method. An alternative storage protocol is reported combining a lead foil septum surface and 1% (w/w) tribasic sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na3PO4 . 12H(2)O) preservative. This method prevented loss of the test analytes, including alkanes and isoalkanes for at least 21 days at room temperature. C1 ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK USA. RP Kovacs, DA (reprint author), ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 242 EP 247 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 175GG UT WOS:000079084600002 ER PT J AU Boese, BL Ozretich, RJ Lamberson, JO Swartz, RC Cole, FA Pelletier, J Jones, J AF Boese, BL Ozretich, RJ Lamberson, JO Swartz, RC Cole, FA Pelletier, J Jones, J TI Toxicity and phototoxicity of mixtures of highly lipophilic PAH compounds in marine sediment: Can the Sigma PAH model be extrapolated? SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PHOTOINDUCED ACUTE TOXICITY; ACCUMULATION FACTORS; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; BIOCONCENTRATION; CHEMICALS; FLUORANTHENE; BIOASSAYS; AMPHIPODS; FISH AB The additivity of toxic units was tested using sediments contaminated with mixtures of highly Lipophilic (log K-OW > 4.5) parent and alkylated PAHs. The direct toxicity and photoinduced toxicity of these mixtures were examined in standard 10-day sediment toxicity tests using the infaunal amphipod Rhepoxinius abronius, with mortality and the survivors' ability to rebury as endpoints. Survivors of the initial 10-day tests were then exposed for 1 h to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the results compared to initial (10-day) endpoints. Tissue residues and lipids were measured and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values determined. The results indicated that the bioaccumulated contaminants were not initially toxic, however, they were highly phototoxic. Although the summed toxic units of these contaminants appeared to be nonadditive, additivity was not disproved as inaccuracies in extrapolating the K-OW-LC50 QSAR or insufficient exposure duration might also have accounted for the observed results. Critical body residue (CBR) estimates for R. abronius were similar while BSAF values were much larger(10X) in comparison to other studies, which used amphipods and PAHs. The phototoxicity of mixtures of contaminants were similar to the phototoxicity of single contaminants when expressed on a molar basis, which suggests that phototoxicities may be roughly additive. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Dyncorp, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Boese, BL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 45 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 20 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 270 EP 280 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 175GG UT WOS:000079084600006 ER PT J AU Guo, ZS Chang, JCS Sparks, LE Fortmann, RC AF Guo, ZS Chang, JCS Sparks, LE Fortmann, RC TI Estimation of the rate of VOC emissions from solvent-based indoor coating materials based on product formulation SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE indoor air; emissions; volatile organic compounds; model; coating materials AB Two computational methods are proposed for estimation of the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from solvent-based indoor coating materials based on the knowledge of product formulation. The first method utilizes two previously developed mass transfer models with two key parameters - the total vapor pressure and the average molecular weight for total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) - being estimated based on the VOC contents in the product. The second method is based on a simple, first-order decay model with its parameters being estimated from the properties of both the source and the environment. All the model parameters can be readily obtained. Detailed procedures for computing the key parameters are described by using examples. The predictive errors were evaluated with small chamber data, and the results were satisfactory. Thus, the proposed methods provide a way to predict the VOC emissions in the indoor environment without having to conduct costly chamber testing. The two proposed methods work for both TVOCs and individual VOCs. Pros and cons for each method are discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, Indoor Environm Management Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Co, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Guo, ZS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, Indoor Environm Management Branch, MD-54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 1999 VL 33 IS 8 BP 1205 EP 1215 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00280-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169RY UT WOS:000078763400003 ER PT J AU Shim, JY Boone, PF Richard, AM AF Shim, JY Boone, PF Richard, AM TI Theoretical study of the SNV reaction of trichloroethylene (TCE) and CH3S- as a model for glutathione conjugation of TCE SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOPHILIC VINYLIC SUBSTITUTION; REGIOISOMERIC MERCAPTURIC ACIDS; S-TRANSFERASES; GAS-PHASE; CYSTEINE; TOXICITY; CARBON; S-(1,2-DICHLOROVINYL)-L-CYSTEINE; CONFIGURATION; ELIMINATION AB Trichloroethylene (TCE), a major environmental pollutant, is activated to mutagenic and nephrotoxic intermediates through a glutathione (GSH) conjugation pathway. Three product isomers of GSH-TCE conjugation, having potentially different toxicities, are theoretically possible: cis- or trans-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (cis- or trans-1,2-DCVG, respectively) or 2,2-DCVG. This study involved application of ab initio molecular orbital theory to computing potential energy profiles (PEPs) and predicting product outcome of the reaction of CH3S- with TCE as a model for GSH-TCE conjugation in biological systems. A goal of this study was to determine the extent to which a body of chemical knowledge pertaining to nucleophilic vinylic substitution (SNV) reactions, of which the GSH-TCE conjugation is a representative example, is relevant to this biological conjugation problem. PEPs were computed fur all studied species at the HF/6-31+G* level of theory; electron correlation effects were estimated at the MP2/6-31SG* and MP4/6-31+G* levels, and the influence of solvation was estimated using the PS-GVB solvation model, Multiple proposed reaction pathways were considered, including conjugation at the C-1 or C-2 site on TCE, by in-plane (sigma) or out-of-plane (pi) approach of the nucleophile. Some aspects of the MP2 and HF PEPs were found to differ significantly. However, on the basis of comparison of activation barriers, calculations at all levels of theory predict preference for Ca conjugation over C1 conjugation and formation of the trans-1,2-DCVM product over the cis-1,2-DCVM product. These predictions are consistent with GSH-TCE conjugation results from in vivo experiments. In contrast, relative product energies appear to be a poor indicator of the product outcome for this system. Hence, theoretical consideration of the reaction chemistry in the vicinity of the site of nucleophilic addition appears to be necessary and sufficient to predict the outcome of the enzyme-mediated GSH-TCE conjugation. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Richard, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 12 IS 4 BP 308 EP 316 DI 10.1021/tx9802419 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 188KQ UT WOS:000079845900002 PM 10207118 ER PT J AU Helmig, D Klinger, LF Guenther, A Vierling, L Geron, C Zimmerman, P AF Helmig, D Klinger, LF Guenther, A Vierling, L Geron, C Zimmerman, P TI Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (BVOCs) I. Identifications from three continental sites in the US SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; TRACE GASES; OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS; RATE VARIABILITY; ISOPRENE; OZONE; AIR; CIS-3-HEXEN-1-OL AB Vegetation composition and biomass were surveyed for three specific sites in Atlanta, GA; near Rhinelander, WI; and near Hayden, CO. At each research site emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from the dominant vegetation species were sampled by enclosing branches in bag enclosure systems and sampling the equilibrium head space onto multi-stage solid adsorbent cartridges. Analysis was performed using a thermal desorption technique with gas chromatography (GC) separation and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Identification of BVOCs covering the GC retention index range (stationary phase DB-1) from approximately 400 to 1400 was achieved (volatilities C-4 - C-14). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Helmig, D (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Vierling, Lee/E-6428-2010; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; OI Vierling, Lee/0000-0001-5344-1983; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Geron, Chris/0000-0002-4266-2155 NR 71 TC 82 Z9 85 U1 4 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 1999 VL 38 IS 9 BP 2163 EP 2187 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00425-1 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 173LU UT WOS:000078982700019 PM 10101861 ER PT J AU Helmig, D Klinger, LF Guenther, A Vierling, L Geron, C Zimmerman, P AF Helmig, D Klinger, LF Guenther, A Vierling, L Geron, C Zimmerman, P TI Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (BVOCs) II. Landscape flux potentials from three continental sites in the US SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID STATES; FOREST AB Landscape nux potentials for biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) were derived for three ecosystems in the continental U.S. (Fembank Forest, Atlanta, GA; Willow Creek, Rhinelander, WI; Temple Ridge, CO). Analytical data from branch enclosure measurements were combined with ecological survey data for plant species composition and biomass. Other quantitative flux measurements at the leaf and landscape lever were incorporated to scale the results from the enclosure measurements to the landscape level. Flux estimates were derived by using a one week ambient temperature and light record (30 min time resolution) and adjusting all emission rates to these conditions with temperature and light correction algorithms. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd All nights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Dept Environm Populat & Organ Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Helmig, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Vierling, Lee/E-6428-2010; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; OI Vierling, Lee/0000-0001-5344-1983; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Geron, Chris/0000-0002-4266-2155 NR 11 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 1999 VL 38 IS 9 BP 2189 EP 2204 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00424-X PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 173LU UT WOS:000078982700020 PM 10101862 ER PT J AU McKinney, RA Pruell, RJ Burgess, RM AF McKinney, RA Pruell, RJ Burgess, RM TI Ratio of the concentration of anthraquinone to anthracene in coastal marine sediments SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; FLY-ASH; TRANSFORMATIONS; PHOTOOXIDATION; PHOTOLYSIS AB The ratio of the concentration of the oxidation product anthraquinone to that of its parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene is reported for several coastal marine sediments. The ratio ranges from 0.317 in a highly contaminated industrialized harbor to 2.81 in a remote, less contaminated site. We hypothesize that differences in this ratio result from the input source of PAHs, with input from atmospheric deposition at remote sites resulting in a predominance of anthraquinone (ratio > 1), and direct discharge to highly contaminated industrialized harbors resulting in a predominance of anthracene (ratio < 1). To support this hypothesis, the fate of anthracene in the marine environment was investigated with respect to conversion to its oxidation product, anthraquinone. Once associated with sediments, anthracene is believed to be relatively persistent; however, it can potentially be subjected to oxidation via biological (microbial degradation) and chemical (chemical oxidation and photooxidation) processes. An assessment of the extent of oxidation of anthracene associated with sediments was conducted both under conditions simulating those found in the marine environment and under rigorous conditions by exposure to UV radiation. Results of this study show that while anthracene associated with marine sediments does not readily undergo oxidation to anthraquinone under conditions normally encountered in the marine environment, under extreme conditions anthracene is photooxidized by exposure to UV radiation. The extent of oxidation is influenced by sediment characteristics such as percent organic carbon, humic acid content and sediment surface area. The relative stability of anthracene under normal conditions may help to validate the use of the anthraquinone to anthracene ratio in marine sediments as an environmental marker of contaminant source. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP McKinney, RA (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 1999 VL 38 IS 10 BP 2415 EP 2430 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00435-4 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 173LW UT WOS:000078982900018 PM 10101869 ER PT J AU Koerner, GR Carson, DA AF Koerner, GR Carson, DA TI The cover trials SO CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Geosynthet Inst, Folsom, PA 19033 USA. Drexel Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Koerner, GR (reprint author), Geosynthet Inst, Folsom, PA 19033 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0885-7024 J9 CIVIL ENG JI Civil Eng. PD APR PY 1999 VL 69 IS 4 BP 42 EP 45 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 183VP UT WOS:000079575000038 ER PT J AU Santavy, DL Peters, EC Quirolo, C Porter, JW Bianchi, CN AF Santavy, DL Peters, EC Quirolo, C Porter, JW Bianchi, CN TI Yellow-blotch disease outbreak on reefs of the San Blas Islands, Panama SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Santavy, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 4 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD APR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1 BP 97 EP 97 DI 10.1007/s003380050162 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 196EE UT WOS:000080295400015 ER PT J AU Di Giovanni, GD Watrud, LS Seidler, RJ Widmer, F AF Di Giovanni, GD Watrud, LS Seidler, RJ Widmer, F TI Fingerprinting of mixed bacterial strains and BIOLOG gram-negative (GN) substrate communities by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR (ERIC-PCR) SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CARBON-SOURCE UTILIZATION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; DNA; GENOMES; PATTERNS; ELEMENTS AB PCR-based genomic fingerprinting by use of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus primers (ERIC-PCR) was evaluated for its use in fingerprinting DNA of mixed Gram-negative bacterial strains and BIOLOG Gram-negative (GN) microplate substrate communities. ERIC-PCR fingerprints of six different pure bacterial strains and a combined mixture of the strains were compared with fingerprints obtained by two more established methods: amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD-PCR). The ERIC-PCR fingerprint of the mixed strains was highly reproducible and was more species-specific and representative of the individual strain fingerprints than the ARDRA and RAPD-PCR fingerprints, respectively. ERIC-PCR fingerprinting of model and rhizosphere BIOLOG GN substrate communities also provided clearly distinguishable fingerprints. Results of this study suggest that ERIC-PCR represents a rapid and highly discriminating method for fingerprinting DNA of mixed Gram-negative bacterial strains and BIOLOG GN substrate communities. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Di Giovanni, GD (reprint author), Amer Water Works Serv Co Inc, Qual Control & Res Lab, 1115 S Illinois St, Belleville, IL 62220 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0343-8651 EI 1432-0991 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 38 IS 4 BP 217 EP 223 DI 10.1007/PL00006790 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 177ZW UT WOS:000079241800004 PM 10069857 ER PT J AU Yount, JD AF Yount, JD TI Biophysical assessments: who cares? SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Yount, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 19 EP 21 PG 3 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 202BY UT WOS:000080633300007 ER PT J AU Ross, NP Stokes, L AF Ross, NP Stokes, L TI Special issue on statistical design and analysis with ranked set samples SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Ctr Environm Informat & Stat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Texas, Management Sci & Informat Syst Dept, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Ross, NP (reprint author), US EPA, Ctr Environm Informat & Stat, 401 M St, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD APR PY 1999 VL 6 IS 1 BP 5 EP 9 DI 10.1023/A:1009627431759 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 209MW UT WOS:000081052700001 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Mahaffey, KR Jameson, CW Patison, N Law, AJ Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Pederson, D AF Gulson, BL Mahaffey, KR Jameson, CW Patison, N Law, AJ Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Pederson, D TI Impact of diet on lead in blood and urine in female adults and relevance to mobilization of lead from bone stores SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE adult females; bone; diet; lead isotopes; pregnancy ID PRIMATE MACACA-FASCICULARIS; PETROL LEAD; CHILDREN; ISOTOPES; PREGNANCY; SKELETON; IDENTIFICATION; ABSORPTION; EXPOSURE; INFANT AB We measured high precision lead isotope ratios and lead concentrations in blood, urine, and environmental samples to assess the significance of diet as a contributing factor to blood and urine lead levels in a cohort of 23 migrant women and 5 Australian-born women. We evaluated possible correlations between levels of dietary lead intake and changes observed in blood and urine lead levels and isotopic composition during pregnancy and postpartum. Mean blood lead concentrations for both groups were approximately 3 mu g/dl. The concentration of lead in the diet was 5.8 +/- 3 mu g Pb/kg [geometric mean (GM) 5.2] and mean daily dietary intake was 8.5 mu g/kg/day (GM 7.4), with a range of 2-39 mu g/kg/day. Analysis of 6-day duplicate dietary samples for individual subjects commonly showed major spikes in lead concentration and isotopic composition that were not reflected by associated changes in either blood lead concentration or isotopic composition Changes in blood lead levels and isotopic composition observed during and after pregnancy could not be solely explained by dietary lead. These data are consistent with earlier conclusions that, in cases where levels of environmental lead exposure and dietary lead intake are low, skeletal contribution is the dominant contributor to blood lead, especially during pregnancy and postpartum. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. CSIRO, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Canberra, Fac Informat Sci & Engn, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 34 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1999 VL 107 IS 4 BP 257 EP 263 DI 10.2307/3434591 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 187HZ UT WOS:000079782400015 PM 10090703 ER PT J AU van der Schalie, WH Gardner, HS Bantle, JA De Rosa, CT Finch, RA Reif, JS Reuter, RH Backer, LC Burger, J Folmar, LC Stokes, WS AF van der Schalie, WH Gardner, HS Bantle, JA De Rosa, CT Finch, RA Reif, JS Reuter, RH Backer, LC Burger, J Folmar, LC Stokes, WS TI Animals as sentinels of human health hazards of environmental chemicals SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE environmental chemicals; FETAX; health hazards; public health; risk assessment; sentinel species ID MILITARY WORKING DOGS; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; VIETNAM SERVICE; PET DOGS; EXPOSURE; RISK; LYMPHOMA; OWNERS; CANCER AB A workshop titled "Using Sentinel Species Data to Address the potential Human Health Effects of Chemicals in the Environment," sponsored by the U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, the National Center for Environmental Assessment of the EPA, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, was held to consider the use of sentinel and surrogate animal species data for evaluating the potential human health effects of chemicals in the environment. The workshop took a broad view of the sentinel species concept, and included mammalian and nonmammalian species, companion animals, food animals, fish, amphibians, and other wildlife. Sentinel species data included observations of wild animals in field situations as well as experimental animal data. Workshop participants identified potential applications for sentinel species data derived from monitoring programs or serendipitous observations and explored the potential use of such information in human health hazard and risk assessments and for evaluating causes or mechanisms of effect. Although it is unlikely that sentinel species data will be used as the sole determinative factor in evaluating human health concerns, such data can be useful as for additional weight of evidence in a risk assessment, for providing early warning of situations requiring further study, or for monitoring the course of remedial activities. Attention was given to the factors impeding the application of sentinel species approaches and their acceptance in the scientific and regulatory communities. Workshop participants identified a number of critical research needs and opportunities for interagency collaboration that could help advance the use of sentinel species approaches. C1 USA, Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Life Syst Inc, Cleveland, OH 44122 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NIEHS, Natl Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP van der Schalie, WH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 8623D,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 55 TC 93 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 16 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1999 VL 107 IS 4 BP 309 EP 315 DI 10.2307/3434599 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 187HZ UT WOS:000079782400023 PM 10090711 ER PT J AU De Jong, BHJ Cairns, MA Haggerty, PK Ramirez-Marcial, N Ochoa-Gaona, S Mendoza-Vega, J Gonzalez-Espinosa, M March-Mifsut, I AF De Jong, BHJ Cairns, MA Haggerty, PK Ramirez-Marcial, N Ochoa-Gaona, S Mendoza-Vega, J Gonzalez-Espinosa, M March-Mifsut, I TI Land-use change and carbon flux between 1970s and 1990s in central highlands of Chiapas, Mexico SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE land use; land cover; carbon flux; forests; Chiapas highlands; Mexico ID TROPICAL FORESTS; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; BIOMASS; CYCLE; SUCCESSION; LANDSCAPE; SOILS AB We present results of a study in an intensively impacted and highly fragmented landscape in which we apply field-measured carbon (C) density values to land-use/land-cover (LU/LC) statistics to estimate the flux of C between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere from the 1970s and 1990s. Carbon densities were assigned to common LU/LC classes on vegetation maps produced by Mexican governmental organizations and, by differencing areas and C pools, net C flux was calculated from the central highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, during a 16-year period. The total area of closed forests was reduced by half while degraded and fragmented forests expanded 56% and cultivated land and pasture areas increased by 8% and 30%, respectively. Total mean C densities ranged from a high of 504 tons C/ha in the oak and evergreen cloud forests class to a low of 147 tons C/ha in the pasture class. The differences in total C densities among the various LU/LC classes were due to changes in biomass while soil organic matter C remained similar. We estimate that a total of 19.99 x 10(6) tons C were released to the atmosphere during the period of time covered by our study, equal to approximately 34% of the 1975 vegetation C pool. The Chiapas highlands, while comprising just 0.3% of Mexico's surface area, contributed 3% of the net national C emissions. C1 Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristobal Casas 29200, Chiapas, Mexico. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP De Jong, BHJ (reprint author), Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado Postal 63, San Cristobal Casas 29200, Chiapas, Mexico. RI Mendoza Vega, Jorge/B-1661-2013; de Jong, Ben/A-1996-2016; Gonzalez-Espinosa, Mario/A-2499-2016; RAMIREZ-MARCIAL, NEPTALI/D-8711-2013 OI de Jong, Ben/0000-0002-3264-2759; Gonzalez-Espinosa, Mario/0000-0002-9766-5230; RAMIREZ-MARCIAL, NEPTALI/0000-0003-1793-0178 NR 57 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 23 IS 3 BP 373 EP 385 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 171HU UT WOS:000078858200008 ER PT J AU Suter, GW AF Suter, GW TI Lessons for small sites from assessments of large sites SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID VEGETATION COMMUNITIES; SMELTER EMISSIONS; WILDLIFE HABITAT; ARSENIC IMPACTS; ECOLOGICAL RISK; METAL; SOILS C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suter, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 579 EP 580 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 178CJ UT WOS:000079222000001 ER PT J AU Meylan, WM Howard, PH Boethling, RS Aronson, D Printup, H Gouchie, S AF Meylan, WM Howard, PH Boethling, RS Aronson, D Printup, H Gouchie, S TI Improved method for estimating bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factor from octanol/water partition coefficient SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bioconcentration factor; bioconcentration; octanol/water partition coefficient; estimation ID FISH; BIOTRANSFORMATION; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY AB A compound's bioconcenuation factor (BCF) is the most commonly used indicator of its tendency to accumulate in aquatic organisms from the surrounding medium. Because it is expensive to measure. the BCF is generally estimated from the octanol/water partition coefficient (K-ow), but currently used regression equations were developed from small data sets that do not adequately represent the wide range of chemical substances now subject to review. To develop an improved method, we collected BCF data in a file that contained information on measured BCFs and other key experimental details For 694 chemicals. Log BCF was then regressed against log K-ow and chemicals with significant deviations from the line of best fit were analyzed by chemical structure. The resulting algorithm classifies a substance as either nonionic or ionic, the latter group including carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and their salts, and quaternary N compounds. Log BCF for nonionics is estimated from log K-ow and a series of correction factors if applicable; different equations apply for log K-ow 1.0 to 7.0 and >7.0. For ionics, chemicals are categorized by log K-ow and a log BCF in the range 0.5 to 1.75 is assigned. Organometallics, nonionics with long alkyl chains, and aromatic azo compounds receive special treatment. The correlation coefficient (r(2) = 0.73) and mean error (0.48) for log BCF (n = 694) indicate that the new method is a significantly better fit to existing data than other methods. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Syracuse Res Corp, Ctr Environm Sci, N Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. RP Boethling, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 51 TC 223 Z9 236 U1 9 U2 71 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 664 EP 672 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0664:IMFEBB>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 178CJ UT WOS:000079222000012 ER PT J AU Herbrandson, C Bradbury, SP Swackhamer, DL AF Herbrandson, C Bradbury, SP Swackhamer, DL TI New testing apparatus for assessing interactive effects of suspended solids and chemical stressors on plankton invertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE suspended solids; carbofuran; Daphnia magna; acute toxicity; mixture effects ID ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; 12 INSECTICIDES; DAPHNIA-PULEX; WATER; KINETICS; SORPTION; SOIL; PERSISTENCE; CARBOFURAN; SEDIMENTS AB To better predict and interpret the responses of aquatic organisms to environmentally relevant chemical exposures, it is necessary to investigate the combined effects of physical (e.g., suspended solids) and chemical stressors. One of the limitations in investigating suspended solids-chemical interactions has been the lack of an appropriate testing system. The specific objective of the current study was to develop and assess a suspended solids testing apparatus (SSTA) for studies on the combined effects of suspended solids and chemicals on aquatic invertebrates. The SSTA was designed to permit the assessment of varying suspended solids concentrations on Daphnia magna at a constant freely dissolved concentration of a compound. The system was also designed to facilitate the control of exposure variables without the need for large numbers of replicates and chemical analyses. The experiments reported here demonstrate that the SSTA is effective for assessing the combined or interactive effects of suspended solids and a chemical stressor on aquatic organisms. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm & Occupat Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Natl Biol Serv, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Swackhamer, DL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm & Occupat Hlth, Box 807 UMHC, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 679 EP 684 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 178CJ UT WOS:000079222000014 ER PT J AU Gutjahr-Gobell, RE Black, DE Mills, LJ Pruell, RJ Taplin, BK Jayaraman, S AF Gutjahr-Gobell, RE Black, DE Mills, LJ Pruell, RJ Taplin, BK Jayaraman, S TI Feeding the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) a diet spiked with non-ortho- and mono-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls: Accumulation and effects SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; contaminated diet; Fundulus heteroclitus; accumulation; biological effects ID NONIMPACTED SUBPOPULATIONS; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALT-MARSH; TOXICITY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; CONGENERS; DIOXIN; FISH; PCBS AB A laboratory model was developed to predict exposure effects in the field. Accumulation of non-ortho- and mono-ortho-substituted PCBs in liver tissue and their effects on mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) were investigated. An artificial diet spiked with a mixture of eight PCB congeners was fed to mummichogs in the laboratory. Ratios of the congeners were similar to those measured in livers of mummichogs indigenous to the PCB Superfund site, New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, USA. Nominal dietary concentrations were high (54.3 mu g/g wet body weight), medium (10.9 mu g/g), low (2.2 mu g/g), and a control. Accumulation of PCBs was consistent with exposure; however, lower levels of congener 77 were detected in liver tissue (0.2-0.8% of total PCBs) than in the spiked diets (3.3-4.6%). Significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) mortality occurred in mummichogs fed high and medium doses relative to the control. Mortality was higher and growth was lower with increasing toxic equivalent concentration of dietary PCB concentration and accumulation of PCBs in liver tissue. Mummichogs exhibited an exposure response in congener accumulation and biological effects with increasing dietary PCB concentration. Unlike fish from New Bedford Harbor, clean fish exposed to PCBs appear to have either slower uptake or higher metabolism of congener 77, indicating possible adaptation of mummichogs inhabiting polluted environments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Gutjahr-Gobell, RE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 699 EP 707 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0699:FTMFHA>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 178CJ UT WOS:000079222000016 ER PT J AU Swartz, RC AF Swartz, RC TI Consensus sediment quality guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; mixtures; sediment quality guideline; sediment toxicity ID NONIONIC CHEMICALS; BENTHIC ECOLOGY; TOXICITY; CRITERIA; MARINE; CONTAMINANTS; INSIGHTS; AMPHIPOD; TRIAD AB Sediment duality guidelines (SQGs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been derived from a variety of laboratory, field, and theoretical foundations. They include the screening level concentration, effects ranges-low and-median, equilibrium partitioning concentrations, apparent effects threshold, Sigma PAH model, and threshold and probable effects levels. The resolution of controversial differences among the PAH SQGs lies in an understanding of the effects of mixtures. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons virtually always occur in field-collected sediment as a complex mixture of covarying compounds. When expressed as a mixture concentration. that is, total PAH (TPAH), the guidelines form three clusters that were intended in their original derivations to represent threshold (TEC = 290 mu g/g organic carbon [OC]), median (MEC = 1.800 mu g/g OC). and extreme (EEC = 10.000 mu g/g OC) effects concentrations. The TEC/MEC/EEC consensus guidelines provide a unifying synthesis of other SQGs, reflect causal rather than correlative effects. account for mixtures, and predict sediment toxicity and benthic community perturbations at sites of PAH contamination. The TEC offers the most useful SQG because PAW mixtures are unlikely to cause adverse effects on benthic ecosystems below the TEC. C1 US EPA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Swartz, RC (reprint author), POB 397, Placida, FL 33946 USA. EM swartz@ewol.com NR 38 TC 132 Z9 147 U1 3 U2 24 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 780 EP 787 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0780:CSQGFP>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 178CJ UT WOS:000079222000026 ER PT J AU Suter, GW AF Suter, GW TI Developing conceptual models for complex ecological risk assessments SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE problem formulation; multi-stressor; causality AB Conceptual models are representations of the assumed relationship between sources and effects. They serve three important purposes. (1) Their creation compels assessors to think through and clarify their assumptions concerning the activities being assessed. (2) They serve as a communication tool for conveying those assumptions to risk managers and stakeholders. (3) They provide a basis for organizing and conducting the risk assessment. Conceptual models for risk assessments off chemical contaminants have not been problematical because they simply portray the flow of the contaminant from a source to a receptor that experiences toxic effects. However, ecological risk assessments must increasingly deal with direct and indirect effects on multiple endpoint receptors and with multiple complex activities including both physical effects and toxic effects. This complexity may result in conceptual models that are incomplete, ambiguous, or simply too complex to be understood. This paper presents a strategy for creating conceptual models for complex ecological risk assessments that are not only complete but also clear and comprehensible. The strategy also promotes efficiency by creating modular component models for activities, sites, and receptors that can be reused in different combinations in different assessments. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Suter, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MS-117,26 W Martin Luthr King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 9 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD APR PY 1999 VL 5 IS 2 BP 375 EP 396 PG 22 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194WE UT WOS:000080217100014 ER PT J AU Suter, GW AF Suter, GW TI A framework for assessment of ecological risks from multiple activities SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE programmatic assessment; framework; integrated assessment; multistressor ID LIFE AB The standard framework for ecological risk assessment does not explicitly address multiple activities. Although this has not prevented its use for assessments of risks from multiple agents, the routine assessment of complex programs or of multiple agents acting on a site, watershed or region would be aided by use of a framework that is designed for that purpose. The framework proposed in this paper is modular with respect to the individual activities which makes the assessment more manageable and more efficient when the same activities are addressed in multiple programs or at multiple sites. It explicitly allows for analysis of indirect effects in terms of causal chains. It includes links to other risk assessments for which changes in ecological conditions are the hazardous agent. For example, changes in ecological condition may create risks to agricultural economies or to the cultural resource values of a site. Finally, the framework includes a standard approach to estimating the combined effects of the multiple agents acting on a receptor. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Suter, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MS-117,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD APR PY 1999 VL 5 IS 2 BP 397 EP 413 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194WE UT WOS:000080217100015 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Stoneheurner, J McGee, JK Kinsey, JS AF Ghio, AJ Stoneheurner, J McGee, JK Kinsey, JS TI Sulfate content correlates with iron concentrations in ambient air pollution particles SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; METAL IONS; AEROSOLS; CHEMISTRY; EXPOSURE; ATMOSPHERE; MORTALITY; IRON(III); DROPLETS AB Current levels of air pollution particles in American cities can increase human mortality. Both the mechanism of injury and the responsible components are nor known. We have postulated that injury following air pollution particle exposure is produced through a generation of oxygen-based free radicals catalyzed by metals present in the particles. As a result of its abundance in the atmosphere, sulfate appears to potentially be the most successful ligand to complex metal cations. We tested the hypothesis that iii some portion of iron in ambient air pollution particles is present as sulfate and (2) this relationship between iron and sulfate results from the capacity of the latter to function as a ligand to mobilize the metal from the oxide. Concentrations of sulfate and iron in acid extracts of 20 filters (total suspended particles) from Utah were measured using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. In vitro oxidant generation was also measured using thiobarbituric acid-reactive products of deoxyribose. There were significant correlations between sulfate content iron concentrations, and oxidant generation. Agitation of calcium sulfate with iron(III) oxide produced concentrations of water-soluble, catalytically active iron. We conclude that some portion of iron in the atmosphere is present as a sulfate. This relationship between sulfate and iron concentrations is likely the product of SO42- functioning as a ligand for the meal after its mobilization from an oxide by photoreduction. There were also associations between sulfate content, iron concentrations, and oxidant generation. However, sulfates had no capacity to support electron transport unless they were present with iron. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Clin Res Branch, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Clin Res Branch, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Kinsey, John/A-8335-2009 NR 39 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 293 EP 307 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 189MH UT WOS:000079908500002 PM 10380171 ER PT J AU Stanton, ME AF Stanton, ME TI Pavlovian conditioning of the eyeblink reflex in the developing rat: A multiple memory systems perspective SO INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI PISCATAWAY PA DEPT 4010, RUTGERS UNIV, 35 BERRUE CIRCLE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854-8042 USA SN 1053-881X J9 INTEGR PHYS BEH SCI JI Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci. PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 34 IS 2 BP 136 EP 136 PG 1 WC Psychology, Biological; Neurosciences SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 230BA UT WOS:000082230200045 ER PT J AU Odom, R Regli, S Messner, M Cromwell, J Javdan, M AF Odom, R Regli, S Messner, M Cromwell, J Javdan, M TI Benefit-cost analysis of the stage 1D/DBP rule SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; BLADDER-CANCER; DRINKING-WATER; RISK AB In 1992-93, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Advisory Committee Act (FACA)to develops consensus convened a negotiated rulemaking process under the Federal approach to simultaneously addressing potential health risks posed by disinfection by-products (DBPs) and waterborne pathogens. The fact that inadvertent risk-risk tradeoffs might be made between protection from DBPs and protection from microbial pathogens complicates the process. It is further complicated by uncertainties that affect the assessment of both risks. The regulatory-negotiations committee devised a staged approach to regulation that a second FACA committee finalized in 1996-97. This article summarizes the DBPs side of the benefit-cost analysis that was developed during these processes and later refined by USEPA to more fully address uncertainties regarding the rule's benefits. C1 Cadmus Grp Inc, Alexandria, VA 22311 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Hagler Bailly Serv Inc, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. RP Odom, R (reprint author), Cadmus Grp Inc, 4900 Seminary Rd,Suite 600, Alexandria, VA 22311 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD APR PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 137 EP 147 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 190GP UT WOS:000079954700017 ER PT J AU Regli, S Odom, R Cromwell, J Lustic, M Blank, V AF Regli, S Odom, R Cromwell, J Lustic, M Blank, V TI Benefits and costs of the IESWTR SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; WATER; OUTBREAK; GIARDIA AB Like the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rule, the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) grew out of the negotiated rulemaking the US Environmental Protection Agency convened in 1992-93 under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA). The rulemaking sought to develop a consensus approach to simultaneously addressing potential health risks posed by disinfection by-products (DBPs) and waterborne pathogens. Even though the process was complicated by (1) the possibility of malting inadvertent risk-risk tradeoffs between protection from DBPs and protection from pathogens and (2) uncertainties affecting the assessment of both risks, the regulatory-negotiations committee was able to devise a well-balanced, staged approach to regulation. A second FACA committee finalized the approach in 1996-97. This article summarizes the microbial side of the benefit-cost analysis and the explicit uncertainty analysis that was used to inform the shareholders and the negotiators. C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Hagler Bailly Serv Inc, Alexandria, VA 22311 USA. SAIC Inc, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. RP Regli, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 401 M St SW,Mail Code 4607, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD APR PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 148 EP 158 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 190GP UT WOS:000079954700018 ER PT J AU McKiernan, JW Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA Caruso, JA Lorenzana, RM AF McKiernan, JW Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA Caruso, JA Lorenzana, RM TI A comparison of automated and traditional methods for the extraction of arsenicals from fish SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; MARINE ORGANISMS; HYDRIDE GENERATION; SEAFOOD PRODUCTS; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; SPECIATION; SEPARATOR; ELEMENTS AB An automated extractor employing accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) has been compared with a traditional sonication method of extraction for the extraction of arsenicals from fish tissue. Four different species of fish and a standard reference material, DORM-2, were subjected to both extraction methods. Arsenicals that were extracted with 50% (m/m) methanol-18 M Omega water were speciated with chromatographic separation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) detection. Both extraction methods produced extraction efficiencies of greater than 71% with RSDs on replicates of less than 5.5%. The chromatographic separation employed a PRP-X100 anion exchange column. An ammonium nitrate and ammonium carbonate buffer at pH 9.0 was used to resolve five arsenicals. The speciation data indicates that the predominant species were arsenobetaine and arsenocholine. Two unknown arsenic species were present in most of the samples. The two extraction techniques produce similar relative distribution of arsenobetaine-arsenocholine (AsB-AsC) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) with relative area distributions of > 95% and <2%, respectively. C1 US EPA, Natl Expos Res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP McKiernan, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Expos Res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 29 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD APR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 4 BP 607 EP 613 DI 10.1039/a808824a PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 188GY UT WOS:000079839500015 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, MA Howell, SG Sikdar, SK AF Gonzalez, MA Howell, SG Sikdar, SK TI Photocatalytic selective oxidation of hydrocarbons in the aqueous phase SO JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE green chemistry; photocatalysis; hydrocarbon oxidation; selective oxidation; TiO2; aqueous ID TIO2; PHOTOOXIDATION; DEGRADATION; OXIDE AB The sustainable transformation of an inert alkane into its corresponding oxygenates has been the subject of intense chemical research. These oxygenates typically produced from processes using stringent conditions and materials offer disadvantages that include decreased selectivities to the partial oxygenates and by-product formation. As environmental concerns and regulations become more rigorous, the need for alternative catalytic oxidation processes that use mild or ambient conditions is increased. In this Note, the authors have investigated the use of photocatalysis as a low-temperature and "green" alternative for the direct and selective oxidation of alkanes with molecular oxygen. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Clean Proc & Prod Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Gonzalez, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Clean Proc & Prod Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,Mail Stop 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM gonzalez.michael@epamail.epa.gov NR 13 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9517 J9 J CATAL JI J. Catal. PD APR 1 PY 1999 VL 183 IS 1 BP 159 EP 162 DI 10.1006/jcat.1999.2395 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 184PD UT WOS:000079620200019 ER PT J AU Aronson, T Holtzman, A Glover, N Boian, M Froman, S Berlin, OGW Hill, H Stelma, G AF Aronson, T Holtzman, A Glover, N Boian, M Froman, S Berlin, OGW Hill, H Stelma, G TI Comparison of large restriction fragments of Mycobacterium avium isolates recovered from AIDS and non-AIDS patients with those of isolates from potable water SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; COMPLEX INFECTION; INTRACELLULARE; LYMPHADENITIS AB We examined potable water in Los Angeles, California, as a possible source of infection in AIDS and non-AIDS patients. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were recovered from 12 (92%) of 13 reservoirs, 45 (82%) of 55 homes, 31 (100%) of 31 commercial buildings, and 15 (100%) of 15 hospitals. Large-restriction-fragment (LRF) pattern analyses were done with AseI. The LRF patterns of Mycobacterium avium isolates recovered from potable water in three homes, two commercial buildings, one reservoir, and eight hospitals had varying degrees of relatedness to 19 clinical isolates recovered from 17 patients. The high number of M. avium isolates recovered from hospital water and their close relationship with clinical isolates suggests the potential threat of nosocomial spread. This study supports the possibility that potable water is a source for the acquisition of M. avium infections. C1 Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Olive View UCLA Educ & Res Inst, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Aronson, T (reprint author), Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Olive View UCLA Educ & Res Inst, 14445 Olive View Dr, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. EM twa@west.net NR 30 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1008 EP 1012 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 175QF UT WOS:000079105500023 PM 10074518 ER PT J AU Boufadel, MC Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Boufadel, MC Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI A numerical model for density-and-viscosity-dependent flows in two-dimensional variably saturated porous media SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE beaches; interface; freshwater; saltwater; bioremediation ID EVAPORATING SALT LAKE; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SALTWATER INTRUSION; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; MASS BALANCE; BIOREMEDIATION; INSTABILITIES; SIMULATION; CONVECTION; EQUATION AB We present a formulation for water flow and solute transport in two-dimensional variably saturated media that accounts for the effects of the solute on water density and viscosity. The governing equations are cast in a dimensionless form that depends on six dimensionless groups of parameters. These equations are discretized in space using the Galerkin finite element formulation and integrated in time using the backward Euler scheme with mass lumping. The modified Picard method is used to linearize the water flow equation. The resulting numerical model, the MARUN model, is verified by comparison to published numerical results. It is then used to investigate beach hydraulics at seawater concentration (about 30 g l(-1)) in the context of nutrients delivery for bioremediation of oil spills on beaches. Numerical simulations that we conducted in a rectangular section of a hypothetical beach revealed that buoyancy in the unsaturated zone is significant in soils that are fine textured, with low anisotropy ratio, and/or exhibiting low physical dispersion. In such situations, application of dissolved nutrients to a contaminated beach in a freshwater solution is superior to their application in a seawater solution. Concentration-engendered viscosity effects were negligible with respect to concentration-engendered density effects for the cases that we considered. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45269 USA. RP Boufadel, MC (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Environm Engn & Sci Dept, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 47 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 42 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00164-8 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 180QN UT WOS:000079396800001 ER PT J AU Atwood, DW Kring, TJ Young, SY AF Atwood, DW Kring, TJ Young, SY TI Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) development in tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae treated with Bacillus thuringiensis and thiodicarb SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Microplitis croceipes; Heliothis virescens; Bacillus thuringiensis; thiodicarb; parasitization; insecticide ID COTESIA-MARGINIVENTRIS HYMENOPTERA; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS LEPIDOPTERA; VAR KURSTAKI; MORTALITY; EXPOSURE AB Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki and thiodicarb were evaluated in laboratory and field assays to determine the effect on tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.), and the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes Cresson. Laboratory trials were conducted using B. thuringiensis concentrations of 0, 10, 50 and 250 ppm and thiodicarb concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 ppm in the diet. The test using field-treated cotton squares was conducted using B. thuringiensis and thiodicarb, independently and in combination, at rates recommended for resistance management in Arkansas. Laboratory tests indicated that tobacco budworm mortality was directly related to B. thuringiensis and thiodicarb concentrations, although B. thuringiensis only significantly increased tobacco budworm mortality at the highest concentration of exposure in the absence of parasitization. Parasitization increased host mortality at all B. thuringiensis experimental rates after 6 and 14 days. Although host mortality increased linearly with increasing thiodicarb concentration, parasitization did not significantly increase host mortality over thiodicarb alone until day 14. Emergence of M. croceipes was inversely related to B. thuringiensis and thiodicarb concentration. In assays using squares from field-sprayed cotton, thiodicarb, and thiodicarb/B. thuringiensis mixtures provided significantly greater tobacco budworm mortality than did B. thuringiensis application alone. In addition, no significant advantage was determined for tank mixtures with B. thuringiensis as compared to thiodicarb application alone. However, neither B. thuringiensis nor thiodicarb, alone or in combination, caused a high mortality of early third instar tobacco budworm in the absence of parasitization by M. croceipes. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Entomol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Atwood, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, BEAD, HIB, 401 M St SW,7503C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD APR PY 1999 VL 34 IS 2 BP 249 EP 259 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 191PG UT WOS:000080030300010 ER PT J AU Murphy, JJ Delucchi, MA McCubbin, DR Kim, HJ AF Murphy, JJ Delucchi, MA McCubbin, DR Kim, HJ TI The cost of crop damage caused by ozone air pollution from motor vehicles SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE economics; air pollution; environmental policy; motor-vehicle emissions; agricultural production ID UNITED-STATES AGRICULTURE; ECONOMIC-ASSESSMENT; CALIFORNIA; BENEFITS AB The effects of ozone air pollution on the agricultural sector are an important environmental challenge facing policy makers. Most studies of the economic impact of air pollution on agriculture have found that a 25% reduction in ambient ozone would provide benefits of at least $1-2 billion annually in the United States. This paper extends existing research by estimating the benefits of a reduction in emissions from a major source of ozone formation: motor-vehicle emissions. An agricultural production model is combined with an analysis of motor-vehicle emissions and air quality to estimate the impacts of emissions from six different motor-vehicle classes, at both the regional and national level. The benefits to the agricultural sector from completely eliminating ozone precursor emissions from motor vehicles ranges between $3.5 and $6.1 billion annually. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Arizona, Econ Sci Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Inst Transportat Studies, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Econ, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US EPA, Environm Econ Div, Off policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Murphy, JJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Econ Sci Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 44 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 55 IS 4 BP 273 EP 289 DI 10.1006/jema.1999.0256 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 192RQ UT WOS:000080093100005 ER PT J AU Walsh, MP AF Walsh, MP TI Assessing transportation-related air pollution in major cities SO JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Mobile Source Advisory Subcomm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 1063-0732 J9 J URBAN TECHNOL JI J. Urban Technol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 6 IS 1 BP 1 EP 24 DI 10.1080/10630739983713 PG 24 WC Urban Studies SC Urban Studies GA 205JL UT WOS:000080817500002 ER PT J AU Walsh, MP AF Walsh, MP TI The Tehran Transport Emissions Reduction Project SO JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Mobile Source Advisory Subcomm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 1063-0732 J9 J URBAN TECHNOL JI J. Urban Technol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 6 IS 1 BP 47 EP 61 DI 10.1080/10630739983731 PG 15 WC Urban Studies SC Urban Studies GA 205JL UT WOS:000080817500004 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Jones, KB Riitters, KH Wade, TG O'Neill, RV AF Wickham, JD Jones, KB Riitters, KH Wade, TG O'Neill, RV TI Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GIS; hierarchy; land-cover; percolation theory; scale; threshold ID SPATIAL SCALES; ECOTONES; USA AB Where the potential natural vegetation is continuous forest (e.g., eastern US), a region can be divided into smaller units (e.g., counties, watersheds), and a graph of the proportion of forest in the largest patch versus the proportion in anthropogenic cover can be used as an index of forest fragmentation. If forests are not fragmented beyond that converted to anthropogenic cover, there would be only one patch in the unit and its proportional size would equal 1 minus the percentage of anthropogenic cover. For a set of 130 watersheds in the mid-Atlantic region, there was a transition in forest fragmentation between 15 and 20% anthropogenic cover. The potential for mitigating fragmentation by connecting two or more disjunct forest patches was low when percent anthropogenic cover was law, highest at moderate proportions of anthropogenic cover, and again low as the proportion of anthropogenic cover increased toward 100%. This fragmentation index could be used to prioritize locations for restoration by targeting watersheds where there would be the greatest increase in the size of the largest forest patch. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 137 EP 145 DI 10.1023/A:1008026129712 PG 9 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 187RV UT WOS:000079802500004 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI No shame in my game: Working poor in the inner city. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD APR 1 PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 120 EP 120 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 180RB UT WOS:000079398000192 ER PT J AU Ho, K Patton, L Latimer, JS Pruell, RJ Pelletier, M McKinney, R Jayaraman, S AF Ho, K Patton, L Latimer, JS Pruell, RJ Pelletier, M McKinney, R Jayaraman, S TI The chemistry and toxicity of sediment affected by oil from the North Cape spilled into Rhode Island Sound SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE oil spills; No. 2 fuel oil; phototoxicity; toxicity; oil degradation; amphipods ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; 2 FUEL-OIL; NARRAGANSETT BAY; PETROLEUM; GEOCHEMISTRY; INPUTS; CRUDE AB On 19 January 1996, the barge Nor tk Cape spilled more than three million liters of No. 2 fuel oil into Rhode Island Sound near Matunuck, Rhode Island. The toxicity and chemistry of this oil in two subtidal sediments were followed for more than 9 months. Maximum concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments reached 730 mu g/g dry weight (DW), Water samples taken immediately after the spill were phototoxic to embryos of the bivalve Mulinia lateralis. Total PAHs and toxicity to the amphipod Ampelisca abdita were high immediately after the spill, decreasing to background values (10 mu g/g DW and <20% mortality, respectively) after 6 months. Changes in toxicity to A. abdita related closely to changes of PAH concentrations in sediments. Weathering and degradation of the oil were followed by using ratios of PAHs, and alkanes as indicators. To distinguish effects of local boat traffic from spill effects, these ratios plus distributions of PAHs in sediments from a nearby marina were used. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Latimer, James/C-1632-2009 OI Latimer, James/0000-0002-6722-520X NR 34 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 1999 VL 38 IS 4 BP 314 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00151-9 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 205XX UT WOS:000080847100021 ER PT J AU Simon, TP Stewart, PM AF Simon, TP Stewart, PM TI Structure and function of fish communities in the southern Lake Michigan basin with emphasis on restoration of native fish communities SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE biological integrity; exotic species; fish communities; national park; refugia ID STREAM; ASSEMBLAGES; PREDATION; HEADWATER; ABUNDANCE; HISTORY; ONTARIO AB The southern Lake Michigan basin in northwest Indiana possesses a variety of aquatic habitats including riverine, palustrine, and lacustrine systems. The watershed draining this area is a remnant of glacial Lake Chicago and supports fish communities that are typically low in species richness. Composition of the presettlement Lake Michigan fish community near the Indiana Dunes has been difficult to reconstruct. Existing data indicate that the number of native species in the Lake Michigan watershed, including nearshore Lake Michigan, has declined by 22% since the onset of European settlement. Few remnants of natural fish communities exist, and those occur principally in the ponds of Miller Woods, the Grand Calumet Lagoons, and the Little Calumet River. These communities have maintained a relatively diverse assemblage of fishes despite large-scale anthropogenic disturbances in the area, including channelization, massive river redirection, fragmentation, habitat alteration, exotic species invasions, and the introduction of toxic chemicals. Data that we collected from 1985 to 1996 suggested that the Grand Calumet River has the highest proportion of exotic fish species of any inland wetland in northwest Indiana. Along the Lake Michigan shoreline, another group of exotics (e.g., round goby, alewife, and sea lamprey) have affected the structure of native fish communities, thereby altering lake ecosystem function. Stocking programs contribute to the impairment of native communities. Nonindigenous species have restructured the function of Lake Michigan tributaries, causing disruptions in trophic dynamics, guild structure, and species diversity. Several fish communities have been reduced or eliminated by the alteration and destruction of spawning and nursery areas. Degradation of habitats has caused an increase in numbers and populations of species able to tolerate and flourish when confronted with hydrologic alteration. Fish communities found on public lands in northwest Indiana generally are of lower biological integrity, in terms of structure and function, than those on private lands and are not acting as refugia for native fish populations. Stocking of nonindigenous species should be evaluated to enable the restoration of native fish communities on public lands. Habitat quality will need to be improved and land-use modifications decreased or reversed in order to restore or slow the decline in native fish communities. C1 US EPA, Water Div, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Simon, TP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 620 S Walker St, Bloomington, IN 47403 USA. RI Simon, Thomas/B-4075-2012; OI Simon, Thomas/0000-0003-4393-4703 NR 68 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 16 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 142 EP 154 PG 13 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 188HA UT WOS:000079839700007 ER PT J AU Mergler, D Baldwin, M Belanger, S Larribe, F Beuter, A Bowler, R Panisset, M Edwards, R de Geoffroy, A Sassine, MP Hudnell, K AF Mergler, D Baldwin, M Belanger, S Larribe, F Beuter, A Bowler, R Panisset, M Edwards, R de Geoffroy, A Sassine, MP Hudnell, K TI Manganese neurotoxicity, a continuum of dysfunction: Results from a community based study SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 26-29, 1997 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Human & Environm Effects Res Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Ferroalloys Assoc, Int Manganese Inst, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Ethyl Corp, NINDS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE manganese; neurotoxicity; environment; neurobehavioral; motor functions; gender; aging ID LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; FUNGICIDE MANEB; WORKERS; PARKINSONISM; LEVEL; ENCEPHALOPATHY; CONTAMINATION; INTOXICATION; SENSITIVITY AB Excessive manganese (Mn) has been associated with neurobehavioral deficits and neurological and/or neuropsychiatric illness, but the level at which this metal can cause adverse neurotoxic effects, particularly with long-term exposure, is still unknown. The objective of the present study was to assess nervous system functions in residents exposed to manganese from a variety of environmental sources. A random stratified sampling procedure was used to select participants; persons with a history of workplace exposure to Mn and other neurotoxic substances were excluded. A self-administered questionnaire provided data on socio-demographic variables. Blood samples were analyzed for total manganese (MnB) lead, mercury and serum iron. Nervous system assessment included computer and hand-administered neurobehavioral tests, computerized neuromotor tests, sensory evaluation and a neurological examination. The present analyses include 273 persons (151 women and 122 men); MnB range: 2.5 mu g/L - 15.9 mu g/L (median: 7.3 mu g/L). Multivariate analyses were used and neuro-outcomes were examined with respect to MnB, laking into account potential confounders and covariables. Results were grouped according to neurofunctional areas and MANOVA analyses revealed that higher MnB ( 7.5 mu g/L) was significantly associated with changes in coordinated upper limb movements (Wilks' lambda = 0.92; p = 0.04) and poorer learning and recall (men: Wilks' lambda = 0.77; p = 0.002; women: Wilks' lambda = 0.86; p = 0.04). Further analyses revealed that with increasing log MnB (Simple regression : p<0.05) performance on a pointing task was poorer, frequency dispersion of hand-arm tremor decreased, while harmonic index increased, and the velocity of a pronation/supination arm movement was slower. An Mn-age interaction was observed for certain motor tasks, with the poorest performance observed among chose _50 y and in the higher MnB category. Differences between genders suggest that men may be at greater risk than women, although effects were also observed in women. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that Mn neurotoxicity can be viewed on a continuum of dysfunction, with early, subtle changes at lower exposure levels. (C) 1999 Inter Press, Inc. C1 Univ Quebec, Ctr Etud Interact Biol Entre Sante & Environm, WHO, PAHO Collaborating Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Univ Quebec, Cognit Neurosci Lab, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. San Francisco State Univ, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. McGill Univ, Ctr Studies Aging, Montreal, PQ, Canada. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mergler, D (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Ctr Etud Interact Biol Entre Sante & Environm, WHO, PAHO Collaborating Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. RI Edwards, Roderick/N-7378-2014 OI Edwards, Roderick/0000-0002-8239-5987 NR 71 TC 152 Z9 154 U1 1 U2 10 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2-3 BP 327 EP 342 PG 16 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 205ZE UT WOS:000080850400018 PM 10385894 ER PT J AU Baldwin, M Mergler, D Larribe, F Belanger, S Tardif, R Bilodeau, L Hudnell, K AF Baldwin, M Mergler, D Larribe, F Belanger, S Tardif, R Bilodeau, L Hudnell, K TI Bioindicator and exposure data for a population based study of manganese SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 26-29, 1997 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Human & Environm Effects Res Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Ferroalloys Assoc, Int Manganese Inst, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Ethyl Corp, NINDS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE manganese; bioindicators; exposure; gender; environment ID LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; DRINKING-WATER; WORKERS; BLOOD; NEUROTOXICITY; FISH AB Exposure data and bioindicators were obtained for a study whose objective was detection of early manifestations of manganese (Mn) neurotoxicity in a population with potential environmental exposure. The study included persons with no history of neurotoxic workplace exposure in Southwest Quebec, drawn from seven postal code regions, defining a set of geographically contiguous zones. Blood samples were analyzed for total Mn (MnB) lead (PbB) total mercury (HgT) and serum iron (FeS). Drinking water samples from participants' residences were analyzed for manganese (MnW). At 4 sites, limited 24-hour high volume air samples for total particulates (TP) and PM10, were analyzed for Mn and Pb. Sociodemographic and dietary information was obtained by self-administered questionnaire. The geometric mean (GM) for MnB values (n=297) was 7.14 mu g/L. Levels of MnB in women (n=156); GM 7.50 mu g/L) were significantly higher than in men (n=141; GM 6.75 mu g/L). No relationship was found between MnB and PbB or HgT: FeS was significantly higher in men (GM 18.38 mu mol/L) than women (GM 15.0 mu mol/L). For women, MnB was correlated to FeS, with a tendency to decrease with increasing age. For men, no relationship was found between MnB levels and either FeS or age, although FeS showed a strong inverse relationship with age. The 24-hour mean levels of MnTP at the 4 sites varied between 0.009 mu g/m(3) and 0.035 mu g/m(3); intersite differences were not significant. For Mn in PM10 (MnPM10) mean values ranged from 0.007 mu g/m(3) to 0.019 mu g/m(3); intersite differences were significant. A total of 278 MnW samples were obtained, 16 from residences served by wells. The GM for MnW was 4.11 mu g/L (range: 0.50-71.1 mu g/L, excluding wells; MnW for wells ranged from non-detectable to 158.9 mu g/L. Individually, there was no relation between MnW and MnB. Geographic analysis of the MnB and MnW data by an algorithm grouping contiguous postal code zones, combined with air data, lead to definition of a geographic parameter, distinguishing two regions relative to a former manganese alloy plant, which contributed significantly to MnB. A multiple regression model was developed, explaining 6.7% of the variability in MnB (F=5.12; p<0.001); when controlling for gender, geographic region with higher levels of airborne manganese and the frequency of consumption of cereals and leaf vegetables contributed positively to MnB levels, while serum iron was negatively related. (C) 1999 Inter Press, Inc. C1 Univ Quebec, CINBIOSE, Ctr Etud Interact Biol Entre Sante & Environm, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Univ Montreal, TOXHUM, Grp Rech Toxicol Humaine, Montreal, PQ, Canada. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Baldwin, M (reprint author), Univ Quebec, CINBIOSE, Ctr Etud Interact Biol Entre Sante & Environm, CP 8888,Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. NR 26 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 6 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2-3 BP 343 EP 353 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 205ZE UT WOS:000080850400019 PM 10385895 ER PT J AU Beuter, A Edwards, R de Geoffroy, A Mergler, D Hudnell, K AF Beuter, A Edwards, R de Geoffroy, A Mergler, D Hudnell, K TI Quantification of neuromotor function for detection of the effects of manganese SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 26-29, 1997 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Human & Environm Effects Res Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Ferroalloys Assoc, Int Manganese Inst, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Ethyl Corp, NINDS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE neuromotor function; early detection; manganese; quantitative measures AB The effect of low level exposure to manganese (Mn) was examined in 297 subjects from southwest Quebec. Blood manganese (MnB) levels as well as other possibly relevant variables were obtained. We tested equipment and analysis procedures that we have developed to quantify aspects of motor function thought to be affected by exposure to toxins, in particular, rapid alternating movements, rapid and precise pointing movements, and tremor. (1) The eurythmokinesimeter measures timing and precision of contacts between a hand-held stylus and a pair of metal targets (proximal/distal). This roughly approximates the finger-to-nose test of the UPDRS. Characteristics quantifying speed, precision and regularity of the movements were calculated, as well as multiple contacts due to tremor and an index based on Fitts' Law eliminating the effect of the trade-off between speed and precision. (2) The diadochokinesimeter accurately measures rapid rotation of the forearms (pronation/supination). Characteristics quantifying the range, speed, period, shape and regularity of the oscillatory movements were calculated, as well as the smoothness of the movement on a fine scale and the coordination between the two hands. (3) Postural tremor of the arm and hand was measured using the accelerometry-based "TREMOR" system of Danish Product Development. We used the amplitude and frequency characteristics provided by the TREMOR system: intensity, center frequency, dispersion and harmonic index. Previous studies have shown that these tests are sufficiently sensitive to detect sma II differences in performance of different groups of subjects, with indications that some characteristics are also specific to particular conditions. In this study, significant though small effects related to age and gender were found in many of the characteristics. When effects of other variables are removed, low-level exposure to Mn was found to be associated with a decrease in ability to perform regular, rapid and precise pointing movements, a decrease in ability to attain high maximum rotation speeds in rapid alternating movements, and an increase in regularity of tremor oscillations. Moreover, the effects are age-related for levels of MnB 7.5 mu g/L. (C) 1999 Inter Press, Inc. C1 Univ Quebec, Neurosci Cognit Lab, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Univ Quebec, CINBIOSE, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Beuter, A (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Neurosci Cognit Lab, DS-5749,Case Postale 8888,Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. RI Edwards, Roderick/N-7378-2014 OI Edwards, Roderick/0000-0002-8239-5987 NR 12 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2-3 BP 355 EP 366 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 205ZE UT WOS:000080850400020 PM 10385896 ER PT J AU Bowler, RM Mergler, D Sassine, MP Larribe, F Hudnell, K AF Bowler, RM Mergler, D Sassine, MP Larribe, F Hudnell, K TI Neuropsychiatric effects of manganese on mood SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 26-29, 1997 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Human & Environm Effects Res Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Ferroalloys Assoc, Int Manganese Inst, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Ethyl Corp, NINDS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE manganese; neuropsychiatric; mood; BSI; POMS ID NERVOUS-SYSTEM; EXPOSURE; WORKERS; SYMPTOMS AB Adverse mood effects of overexposure to Manganese (Mn) have been described in 15 studies which frequently report an association of Mn exposure with adverse effects in six dimensions of mood: 1) anxiety, nervousness, irritability; 2) psychotic experiences; 3) emotional disturbance; 4) fatigue lack of vigor, sleep disturbance; 5) impulsive/compulsive behavior; 6) aggression hostility. Only 1.15 studies used a standardized psychological measure of mood, while the current study of environmental Mn exposure used two standardized mood scales in evaluating low levels of Mn exposure and mood sequelae. The Profile of Moods State (POMS) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were used, and results indicate that men who are older and have higher Mn levels show significant disturbances on four of the six mood dimensions. Increased scores were seen in the anxiety, nervousness, irritability; emotional disturbance; and aggression, hostility dimensions relative to those who had lower levels of Mn. The BSI and POMS are useful adjuncts in the assessment of mood/Mn effects. (C) 1999 Inter Press, Inc. C1 San Francisco State Univ, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. Univ Quebec, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bowler, RM (reprint author), 8371 Kent Dr, El Cerrito, CA 94530 USA. NR 21 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2-3 BP 367 EP 378 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 205ZE UT WOS:000080850400021 PM 10385897 ER PT J AU Hudnell, HK AF Hudnell, HK TI Effects from environmental Mn exposures: A review of the evidence from non-occupational exposure studies SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 26-29, 1997 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Human & Environm Effects Res Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Ferroalloys Assoc, Int Manganese Inst, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Ethyl Corp, NINDS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE manganese; environmental exposure; Parkinson's disease; postural stability; biologically-based dose-response model; human-health risk assessment ID IDIOPATHIC PARKINSONS-DISEASE; TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; BLOOD MANGANESE LEVELS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; CLINICAL-DIAGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; DRINKING-WATER; LIVER-DISEASE; BASAL GANGLIA AB Objective: The risk posed to human health by environmental manganese exposure is unknown. Occupational-exposure outcomes may not extrapolate to environmental exposures due to the healthy worker effect and differences in dosage parameters which may affect the biological response. This paper attempts to combine the existing literature on non-occupational Mn exposures with results from our current study in SW Quebec on environmental Mn exposure (Mergler et al., this issue) within the framework of a biologically-based, dose-response (BBDR) model. BBDR Model: The basic BBDR model consists of seven stages relating exposure to health effects. The stages are: 1) sources, 2) applied dose, 3) absorbed dose, 4) target-site dose, 5) toxic event, 6) measurable change, and 7) health outcome. Results: Several air monitoring programs, such as the PTEAM study (Riverside, CA, 1990, mean PM10 Mn outdoor-airborne 24h average=0.045 mu g/m(3)) provided data relevant to the estimation of Mn applied dose, but did not include measures of body burden. Data from the SW Quebec study showed a mean total particulate airborne Mn concentration of 0.022 mu g/m(3) with a range of 0.009 to 0.035 mu g/m(3) across four sampling sites, whereas the EPA reference concentration (RfC) is 0.05 mu g/m(3). EPA has considered tap water levels to be safe below 200 mu g/l Mn, and mean Mn tap-water (MnW) level in the participants' homes was 6.38+/-11.95 mu g/l with a range from 0.1 to 158.9 mu g/l Mn. A previous study of MnW exposure in Greece reported Mn levels in areas with low, medium and high MnW ranging from 4 to 2,300 mu g/l and a significant association with Mn in hair but not Mn in blood (MnB). The mean absorbed dose of the SW Quebec study participants, as indicated by MnB, was 7.5+/-2.3 mu g/l with a range of 2.5 to 15.9 mu g/l. Our study and others on environmental Mn exposure did not provide an estimate of target-site dose. However, a significant correlation (r=0.65) between MnB and signal intensify in TI-weighted MRI images has been reported in liver-disease patients with Parkinson-like signs who had MnB levels as low as 6.6 mu g/l. Only animal and in vitro studies ha ve provided evidence on the mechanisms of toxicity caused by Mn in the CNS. Several studies reported measurable changes in endpoints suggestive of a Parkinson-like syndrome in subjects with MnB levels ranging from 7.5 to 25.0 mu g/l. Among other effects on neurobehavioral function observed in the current study was a significant relationship between MnB and the direction and speed of body-sway in men. The effects observed in these participants are sub-clinical and no health outcomes have been diagnosed. However, the Parkinson's disease incidence in the study area was previously reported to be 2-5 times higher than in the rest of Quebec, and several studies indicate that 25-35% of idiopathic Parkinson disease diagnoses are incorrect. Our study, the Greek study, and some clinical studies suggest that the risk of a Parkinson-like syndrome diagnosis may increase with continued Mn exposure and aging. Conclusion: The limited data available for the BBDR model point to the need for evidence, particularly on relationships between Mn species, exposure route, MnB with chronic environmental exposure, ageing, and susceptibility factors, to improve human-health risk assessments for chronic, environmental Mn exposure. (C) 1999 Inter Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hudnell, HK (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 117 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 13 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2-3 BP 379 EP 397 PG 19 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 205ZE UT WOS:000080850400022 PM 10385898 ER PT J AU Davis, JM AF Davis, JM TI Inhalation health risks of manganese: An EPA perspective SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 26-29, 1997 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Human & Environm Effects Res Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Ferroalloys Assoc, Int Manganese Inst, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Ethyl Corp, NINDS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent DE manganese; MMT; inhalation reference concentration; exposure assessment; health risk characterization; research needs ID NERVOUS-SYSTEM; RAT-BRAIN; WORKERS; DOPAMINE; EXPOSURE; TRICARBONYL; REGIONS; DUST AB In 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) denied a petition by Ethyl Corporation to allow the use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in unleaded gasoline, because of health concerns related to the inhalation of manganese (Mn) particulate emissions from combusted MMT: Although Ethyl successfully challenged EPA's denial of the petition on legal grounds, issues raised in EPA's health risk assessment have not been resolved to date. This paper summarizes features of the EPA health risk characterization, which included the use of various statistical techniques to derive several estimates of inhalation reference concentration (RfC) values for Mn as alternatives to the established value of 0.05 mu g Mn/m(3). An exposure assessment projected distributions of personal exposure levels to particulate Mn if MMT were used in all unleaded gasoline. If was estimated that exposure levels of 5-10% of the modeled population might exceed a possible alternative RfC value of 0.1 mu g Mn/m(3). However, due to data limitations, the risk characterization for Mn/MMT could raise only qualitative concerns about potential public health impacts and was unable to provide a quantitative estimate of risk. To improve the risk characterization, better information on Mn/MMT population exposures and health effects is needed. Much of this information is expected to be obtained under provisions of Section 211 of the Clean Air Act. Among the specific issues that remain to be resolved are the form or forms of Mn emitted from the combustion of MMT in gasoline and the potentially different toxic properties of Mn in different forms. (C) 1999 Inter Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment RTP MD52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Davis, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment RTP MD52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Davis, J Michael/B-3337-2009 NR 36 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2-3 BP 511 EP 518 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 205ZE UT WOS:000080850400033 PM 10385909 ER PT J AU Katoh, T Kaneko, S Takasawa, S Nagata, N Inatomi, H Ikemura, K Itoh, H Matsumoto, T Kawamoto, T Bell, DA AF Katoh, T Kaneko, S Takasawa, S Nagata, N Inatomi, H Ikemura, K Itoh, H Matsumoto, T Kawamoto, T Bell, DA TI Human glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism and susceptibility to smoking related epithelial cancer; oral, lung, gastric, colorectal and urothelial cancer SO PHARMACOGENETICS LA English DT Article DE cancer susceptibility; glutathione S-transferase P1-1; polymorphism; oral cancer ID SUPERGENE FAMILY; RISK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXPRESSION; GENOTYPES; JAPANESE; TOBACCO; TISSUE; MEN AB The A/G polymorphism at nucleotide 313 in the glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1) gene was examined in patients with different types of smoking-related cancers (oral, lung, gastric, colorectal and urothelial cancers) and healthy control individuals. This polymorphism results in an amino acid substitution from isoleucine to valine at residue 105, which reduces catalytic activity of the enzyme. In control individuals, 23.8% of individuals had GSTP1 AG or GG genotype. This rose to 37.3% [n = 83, odds ratio = 1.93 (1.05-3.58), P = 0.035] in oral cancer patients. No increase in the frequency of the GSTP1 AG or GG genotype was obtained in lung, gastric, colorectal or urothelial cancers in this Japanese population. After grouping by smoking status, no consistent difference was observed between smoking patients and corresponding control individuals for the frequency of the GSTP1 A/G polymorphism for any cancer. However, a moderate risk (odds ratio = 2.78; 95% confidence interval 1.06-7.51) was associated with this polymorphism in the non-smoking group of oral cancer patients. The results suggest the GSTP1 polymorphism at nucleotide 313 may be associated with susceptibility to oral squamous cell carcinoma in the Japanese population. Pharmacogenetics 9:165-169 (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Hlth Sci, Dept Hlth Informat Sci, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Med, Dept Oral Surg, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Med, Dept Surg 1, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Med, Dept Environm Hlth, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. RP Katoh, T (reprint author), Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Hlth Sci, Dept Hlth Informat Sci, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807, Japan. NR 19 TC 95 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0960-314X J9 PHARMACOGENETICS JI Pharmacogenetics PD APR PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 165 EP 169 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 216CB UT WOS:000081422000004 PM 10376763 ER PT J AU Lewis, JD Olszyk, D Tingey, DT AF Lewis, JD Olszyk, D Tingey, DT TI Seasonal patterns of photosynthetic light response in Douglas-fir seedlings subjected to elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Critical Assessment of the Response of Forest Ecosystems to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide CY OCT 10-13, 1997 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA DE climate change; light compensation point; photosynthesis; Pseudotsuga menziesii; quantum yield; respiration ID PINUS-TAEDA SEEDLINGS; CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION; DIFFERENT IRRADIANCE LEVELS; GAS-EXCHANGE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; DECIDUOUS-FOREST; WATER-STRESS; LIQUIDAMBAR-STYRACIFLUA; COMPENSATORY RESPONSES; GROWTH-RESPONSES AB Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature are predicted to increase the light response of photosynthesis by increasing light-saturated photosynthetic rates and apparent quantum yields. We examined the interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the light response of photosynthesis in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) seedlings. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers controlled to track either ambient (similar to 400 ppm) CO2 or ambient + 200 ppm CO2, at ambient temperature or ambient +4 degrees C. Photosynthetic light response curves were measured over an 18-month period beginning 32 months after treatments were initiated. Light-response curves were measured at the growth CO2 concentration, and were used to calculate the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis, light compensation point, quantum yield and respiration rate. Elevated CO2 increased apparent quantum yields during two of five measurement periods, but did not significantly affect light-saturated net photosynthetic rates, light compensation points or respiration rates. Elevated temperature increased all parameters. There were no significant interactions between CO2 concentration and temperature. We conclude that down-regulation of photosynthesis occurred in the elevated CO2 treatments such that carbon uptake at a given irradiance was similar across CO2 treatments. In contrast, increasing temperature may substantially increase carbon uptake rates in Douglas-fir, assuming other environmental factors do not limit photosynthesis; however, it is not clear whether the increased carbon uptake will increase growth rates or be offset by increased carbon efflux through respiration. C1 Natl Res Council, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lewis, JD (reprint author), Fordham Univ, Louis Calder Ctr, Biol Field Stn, 53 Whippoorwill Rd,POB K, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. NR 74 TC 61 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 14 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4-5 BP 243 EP 252 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 181NB UT WOS:000079446400006 ER PT J AU George, SE Nelson, GM Kohan, MJ Brooks, LR Boyd, C AF George, SE Nelson, GM Kohan, MJ Brooks, LR Boyd, C TI Colonization and clearance of environmental microbial agents upon intranasal exposure of strain C3H/HeJ mice SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; BIODEGRADATION; TOXICITY; MOUSE; SOIL; MICROORGANISMS; DEGRADATION; BEHAVIOR; BACTERIA AB Environmental dissemination of biotechnology agents is becoming a common practice. Most applications use historically innocuous species; however, potential health effects of individual products are not scrutinized unless they contain genetically engineered microorganisms. In order to investigate possible health concerns, four surrogate microbial agents were studied in vivo. Male C3H/HeJ (endotoxin-resistant) mice were administered intranasally (i.n.) with similar to 10(7) Pseudomonas aureofaciens, Burkholderia cepacia, P. fluorescens, or P. putida. To determine clearance of the dosed bacterial strains, lungs, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, and liver were homogenized individually, plated, and dilutions inoculated onto selective media. Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida were eliminated from the lungs by 2 d posttreatment, and P, aureofaciens was not detected in the lungs by 5 d posttreatment. Burkholderia cepacia was reisolated from the lungs and cecum for the experimental duration (14 d). Translocation to extraintestinal sites (MLN, spleen, and liver) also occurred. Burkholderia cepacia was recovered from the MLN for 10 d after treatment of mice. Pulmonary exposure to several bacterial strains resulted in unexpected mortality. Pseudomonas aureofaciens was lethal at the lowest dose (8.26 x 10(6) CFU/mouse), while P. fluorescens and B. cepacia were fatal at higher doses (6.15 x 10(6) CFU/mouse and 1.34 x 10(8) CFU/mouse, respectively). By using the model described in this study, human safety issues can be more easily addressed and evaluated. C1 Shaw Univ, Raleigh, NC USA. RP George, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 68,86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD MAR 26 PY 1999 VL 56 IS 6 BP 419 EP 431 DI 10.1080/009841099158006 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 177XQ UT WOS:000079236700005 PM 10096364 ER PT J AU Bradbury, SP Veith, GD AF Bradbury, SP Veith, GD TI Development of structure activity relationships for assessing ecological risks. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 108-COMP BP U673 EP U673 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102083 ER PT J AU Burkhard, LP AF Burkhard, LP TI Design of field studies for the measurement of BAFs and BSAFs. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Human & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 171-ENVR BP U765 EP U765 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102382 ER PT J AU Caughran, TV Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Chen, PH Collette, TW Floyd, TL AF Caughran, TV Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Chen, PH Collette, TW Floyd, TL TI Identification of new drinking water disinfection by-products formed in the presence of bromide. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 096-ENVR BP U743 EP U743 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102307 ER PT J AU Cheplick, JM Williams, WM Balu, K Carsel, RF Mangels, G AF Cheplick, JM Williams, WM Balu, K Carsel, RF Mangels, G TI Recent improvements to the pesticide root zone model. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Amer Cyanamid Co, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Waterbourne Environm Inc, Leesburg, VA 20175 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 008-AGRO BP U61 EP U61 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148100111 ER PT J AU Cleverly, D Schaum, J Winters, D Schweer, G AF Cleverly, D Schaum, J Winters, D Schweer, G TI Sources of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the United States. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 150-ENVR BP U759 EP U759 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102364 ER PT J AU Cowan-Ellsberry, CE Boethling, RS Graham, DG Hansen, B Klecka, G AF Cowan-Ellsberry, CE Boethling, RS Graham, DG Hansen, B Klecka, G TI Framework and criteria for evaluation of persistence and long range transport of chemicals in the environment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Procter & Gamble Co, Policy Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45217 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Regulatory Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45217 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Zeneca Ag Prod, Perry, OH 44081 USA. European Chem Bur, Inst Environm, Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy. Dow Chem Co, Midland, MI 48674 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 109-ENVR BP U747 EP U747 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102322 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, AM Fredkin, L AF Ehrlich, AM Fredkin, L TI Cooperative technology development and licensing with the government SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 015-CHAL BP U287 EP U287 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148100794 ER PT J AU Elovitz, MS von Gunten, U AF Elovitz, MS von Gunten, U TI The effect of DNOM properties on the kinetics of ozone decomposition and hydroxyl radical scavenging. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 049-ENVR BP U729 EP U729 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102260 ER PT J AU Glass, GE Sorensen, JA Rapp, GR AF Glass, GE Sorensen, JA Rapp, GR TI Mercury deposition and lake quality trends in the Upper Midwest, USA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Archaeol Lab, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 146-ENVR BP U757 EP U758 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102355 ER PT J AU Lee, H Young, DR Echols, SF AF Lee, H Young, DR Echols, SF TI Predicting the trophic transport of sediment-associated DDT to fish-eating birds. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. CH2M Hill, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 042-ENVR BP U727 EP U727 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102253 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Lee, CW Kilgroe, JD Ryan, JV AF Lemieux, PM Lee, CW Kilgroe, JD Ryan, JV TI Emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls from combustion sources. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, APPCD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 007-ENVR BP U717 EP U717 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102218 ER PT J AU Lin, ZX Puls, RW AF Lin, ZX Puls, RW TI Arsenic adsorption on kaolin group minerals SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management & Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 094-GEOC BP U851 EP U851 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102663 ER PT J AU Liu, SM Pleil, JD AF Liu, SM Pleil, JD TI Blood extraction experiments for measuring human exposure to JP-8 jet fuel. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 143-ENVR BP U756 EP U757 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102352 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI Charging contributions to bound-site activity coefficients with the entropic balanced surface potential model. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, ERD, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 197-ENVR BP U773 EP U773 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102408 ER PT J AU Mathur, SB McCall, D Stubbs, D AF Mathur, SB McCall, D Stubbs, D TI Experimental use permit for the new and potential agrochemicals SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Registrat Div, Tech Review Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Registrat Div, Herbicide Branch 7505C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 057-AGRO BP U75 EP U75 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148100158 ER PT J AU Matzner, RA Barrett, MR Libelo, EL Peckenpaugh, JM Pisigan, RA Wolf, JK AF Matzner, RA Barrett, MR Libelo, EL Peckenpaugh, JM Pisigan, RA Wolf, JK TI The role of input parameters and model choice in predicting the rate of leaching of pesticides in the vadose zone. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 065-AGRO BP U77 EP U78 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148100166 ER PT J AU Moss, KT Boethling, RS AF Moss, KT Boethling, RS TI EPA's new chemicals program PBT chemical category. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 127-ENVR BP U752 EP U752 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102337 ER PT J AU Rabinowitz, JR Little, SB AF Rabinowitz, JR Little, SB TI Modeling interaction potentials as tools for understanding ligand binding processes in chemical toxicity. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 070-COMP BP U661 EP U662 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102045 ER PT J AU Ralston, MD Fort, DL Jon, JH Kwiat, JK AF Ralston, MD Fort, DL Jon, JH Kwiat, JK TI The waste minimization prioritization tool: A computerized system for prioritizing chemicals based on PBT characteristics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 180-ENVR BP U767 EP U767 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102387 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Caughran, TV Poiger, T Guo, YB Crumley, FG AF Richardson, SD Caughran, TV Poiger, T Guo, YB Crumley, FG TI Identification of polar drinking water disinfection by-products using LC/MS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 094-ENVR BP U742 EP U742 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102305 ER PT J AU Sasnett, S Murray, T Alter, J Canavan, S Davey, K AF Sasnett, S Murray, T Alter, J Canavan, S Davey, K TI An Environmental Protection Agency multimedia strategy for priority persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) pollutants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 125-ENVR BP U751 EP U751 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102335 ER PT J AU She, JW McKinney, M Winkler, J Kong, E Petreas, M AF She, JW McKinney, M Winkler, J Kong, E Petreas, M TI Problems with congener-specific PCB analysis: Background contamination and calibration. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Cal, Hazardous Mat Lab, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 182-ENVR BP U768 EP U768 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102391 ER PT J AU Shim, JY Boon, PF Richard, AM AF Shim, JY Boon, PF Richard, AM TI Theoretical study of the SNV reaction of trichloroethylene (TCE)+CH3S- as a model for glutathione conjugation of TCE. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 036-COMP BP U651 EP U652 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102011 ER PT J AU Shukairy, HM AF Shukairy, HM TI Impact of treatment technologies and DBP chemistry on rule development SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, TSC, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 011-ENVR BP U718 EP U718 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102222 ER PT J AU Tropsha, A Zheng, W McKinney, JD AF Tropsha, A Zheng, W McKinney, JD TI A combined application of QSAR and database mining in search of environmental estrogens. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Lab Mol Modelling, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Tropsha, Alexander/G-6245-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 055-COMP BP U657 EP U657 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102030 ER PT J AU Valoppi, L Petreas, M Donohoe, R Sullivan, L Callahan, C AF Valoppi, L Petreas, M Donohoe, R Sullivan, L Callahan, C TI Use of PCB congener analysis in ecological risk assessments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. US EPA, Cal, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NOAA, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 183-ENVR BP U768 EP U768 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102390 ER PT J AU Ware, SA Breen, JJ Williamson, TC Anastas, PT AF Ware, SA Breen, JJ Williamson, TC Anastas, PT TI The ACS/EPA green chemistry educational outreach project. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Amer Chem Soc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 264-ENVR BP U792 EP U792 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102474 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Capel, PD Rindal, DA AF Wong, CS Capel, PD Rindal, DA TI Multivariate comparison of chlorinated hydrocarbons in riverine fish with land use land cover characteristics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 163-ENVR BP U762 EP U763 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102372 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Garrison, AW Richardson, SD AF Wong, CS Garrison, AW Richardson, SD TI Enantiomeric composition of chiral haloacetic acid and haloacetonitrile disinfection byproducts in drinking water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 048-ENVR BP U729 EP U729 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102259 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Garrison, AW AF Wong, CS Garrison, AW TI Enantioselectivity in the aerobic and anaerobic biotransformation of chiral polychlorinated biphenyl atropisomers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 019-ENVR BP U720 EP U720 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102230 ER PT J AU Young, DR Ozretich, RJ Echols, SF Frazier, JD AF Young, DR Ozretich, RJ Echols, SF Frazier, JD TI Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of DDTs and Dieldrin near a pesticide superfund site in San Francisco Bay. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CH2M, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 027-ENVR BP U723 EP U723 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102238 ER PT J AU Lambert, GR Padgett, WT George, MH Kitchin, KT Nesnow, S AF Lambert, GR Padgett, WT George, MH Kitchin, KT Nesnow, S TI Quantitative analysis of alachlor protein adducts by gas chromatography mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HEMOGLOBIN ADDUCTS; ALBUMIN; METABOLITES; HERBICIDE; OXIDE AB This study examined the potential use of hemoglobin (Hb)- and serum-protein adducts of alachlor as potential biomarkers of alachlor exposure, a genotoxic and carcinogenic herbicide. The method developed was based on the observation that cleavage of S-cysteinyl alachlor-protein adducts by methanesulfonic acid gave the rearrangement product 3-(2',6'-diethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-one (TZO). The structure of TZO was confirmed by mass spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and independent synthesis. In the assay, treatment of alachlor-cysteinyl protein adducts by methanesulfonic acid was followed by extraction and analysis. TZO was detected and quantitated by electron-impact GC/MS in the single ion-monitoring mode. [ring-C-13(6)]Alachlor-N-acetylcysteine was added as an internal standard prior to treatment and was converted to [ring-C-13(6)]TZO, allowing response factors to be used to quantitate TZO concentrations. Incubations of alachlor (0-1000 mu M) with human albumin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) resulted in linear adduct formation with both proteins. Maximal adduction levels of 613-1130 pmol alachlor-albumin adducts/mg protein were observed, with BSA binding close to twice that of human albumin. A linear concentration response of alachlor-Hb adducts was observed when whole blood from female CD rats was incubated with alachlor in vitro at concentrations up to 300 mu M. Maximal binding was 1860 pmol alachlor-Hb adducts/mg globin. Male CD rats treated with alachlor at 150 mg/kg body wt/day ip for 0, 1, 2, and 3 days were sacrificed 4 days after final dosing. A maximal binding of 2250 pmol alachlor-Hb adducts/mg globin was observed. This assay provides a new approach for biomonitoring alachlor levels in experimental animals and has the potential for use in humans. C1 US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch MD68, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch MD68, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM nesnow.stephen@epamail.epa.gov NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 268 IS 2 BP 289 EP 296 DI 10.1006/abio.1998.3060 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 182PV UT WOS:000079508100016 PM 10075819 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Grantham, TA AF Gordon, CJ Grantham, TA TI Modulation of chlorpyrifos-induced fever by peripheral and central cholinergic antagonists. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 SU S BP A1058 EP A1058 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 228JG UT WOS:000082132902378 ER PT J AU Patterson, RM Stachlewitz, R Garofolo, M Germolec, DR AF Patterson, RM Stachlewitz, R Garofolo, M Germolec, DR TI Induction of apoptosis in TCDD-induced endotoxin hypersensitivity SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Inotek Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 SU S BP A976 EP A976 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 228JG UT WOS:000082132901901 ER PT J AU Rezvani, AH Padnos, B Becker, P Gordon, CJ AF Rezvani, AH Padnos, B Becker, P Gordon, CJ TI Genetic selection of rats with high and low body temperatures. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 SU S BP A741 EP A741 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 228JG UT WOS:000082132900542 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ TI Role of circulating cytokines in chlorpyrifos-induced fever. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 SU S BP A1060 EP A1060 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 228JG UT WOS:000082132902386 ER PT J AU Steck, S Madden, M Samet, J Kohlmeier, L AF Steck, S Madden, M Samet, J Kohlmeier, L TI Effect of ozone exposure and antioxidant supplementation on DNA damage in human blood leukocytes. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 SU S BP A934 EP A934 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 228JG UT WOS:000082132901657 ER PT J AU Monn, C Becker, S AF Monn, C Becker, S TI Cytotoxicity and induction of proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes exposed to fine (PM2.5) and coarse particles (PM10-2.5) in outdoor and indoor air SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PM10; PM2.5; monocytes; IL-6; IL-8; endotoxin; lipopolysaccharide; indoor air pollution; outdoor air pollution; fine particles; coarse particles ID RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; TRANSITION-METALS; AEROSOL; POLLUTION; INJURY; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; GENERATION; CALIFORNIA; MORTALITY; ALLERGENS AB Increased incidence of mortality and morbidity due to cardiopulmonary complications has been found to associate with elevated levels of particulate air pollution (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 mu m, PM10 and <2.5 mu m, PM2.5). Lung injury and an imbalance of inflammatory mediators are proposed causative mechanisms, while the toxic constituents may be acidity, transition metals, organic, and biogenic materials. To compare the ability of inhalable fine particles (PM2.5), and coarse particles (PM10-2.5) to cause cell injury and cytokine production in monocytes, dichotomous Andersen samplers were used to collect size-fractionated PM10 for in vitro testing of the particle extracts, Particles from both outdoor and indoor air were collected onto Teflon filters, on nine separate occasions, Each filter was water extracted and each extract assessed for ability to cause cell death, as well as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production in human monocytes, Significant toxicity and cytokine production was induced by outdoor PM10-2.5, but not by outdoor PM2.5 or the particles collected indoors. Outdoor PM10-2.5 induced 20 times the amounts of IL-6 and IL-8 than the fine particles. Cytotoxicity was inhibited by deferoxamine, a chelator of transition metals, while cytokine production was not, On the other hand, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) completely inhibited cytokine induction by PM10-2.5, suggesting that gram-negative bacteria and/or endotoxins are components of PM10-2.5. The effective proinflammatory effects of endotoxin on macrophages may upset lung homeostasis while metals-induced cytotoxicity/necrosis may set up inflammation independent of macrophage-derived cytokines. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Hyg & Appl Physiol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Monn, C (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Hyg & Appl Physiol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 34 TC 230 Z9 238 U1 8 U2 65 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 155 IS 3 BP 245 EP 252 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8591 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 183AY UT WOS:000079532100005 PM 10079210 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS Richardson, VM Alcasey, SK Blanton, J Walker, NJ Lucier, GW Lindros, KO Santostefano, MJ AF Birnbaum, LS Richardson, VM Alcasey, SK Blanton, J Walker, NJ Lucier, GW Lindros, KO Santostefano, MJ TI Localization of tcdd and effects on gene expression in isolated hepatocytes SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Helsinki, Finland. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 SU S BP A154 EP A154 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 226QW UT WOS:000082033300887 ER PT J AU Blood-Siegfried, J Patterson, R Dougherty, J Germolec, D AF Blood-Siegfried, J Patterson, R Dougherty, J Germolec, D TI A rodent model to study sudden infant death syndrome. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Duke Univ, Sch Nursing, Durham, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 SU S BP A631 EP A631 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 226QW UT WOS:000082033303638 ER PT J AU Burgin, DE Kodavanti, PS Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS AF Burgin, DE Kodavanti, PS Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS TI Differential toxicities of two lots of aroclor 1254 SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 SU S BP A154 EP A154 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 226QW UT WOS:000082033300891 ER PT J AU Jankowski-Hennig, MA Clegg, MS Daston, GP Rogers, JM Keen, CL AF Jankowski-Hennig, MA Clegg, MS Daston, GP Rogers, JM Keen, CL TI Zinc deficiency-induced cell death in rat embryos is associated with increased caspase 3-like activity. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH 45239 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 SU S BP A570 EP A570 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 226QW UT WOS:000082033303288 ER PT J AU Longphre, MV Matovinovic, E Li, D Li, JD Samet, JM Basbaum, CB AF Longphre, MV Matovinovic, E Li, D Li, JD Samet, JM Basbaum, CB TI Lung mucosal defense genes (mucin and lysozyme) are transcriptionally activated by a particulate air polluant SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 SU S BP A175 EP A175 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 226QW UT WOS:000082033301011 ER PT J AU Martin, KR Kari, FW Barrett, JC French, JE AF Martin, KR Kari, FW Barrett, JC French, JE TI Dietary N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) protects against tumorigenesis in p53 haploinsufficient Tg.AC (v-Ha-ras) mice. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 SU S BP A586 EP A586 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 226QW UT WOS:000082033303379 ER PT J AU Slezak, BP Crissman, K Slade, R Hatch, GE Devito, M Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS AF Slezak, BP Crissman, K Slade, R Hatch, GE Devito, M Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS TI Tcdd mediated oxidative stress in female B6C3F1 mouse liver and brain following acute and subchronic exposure SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 SU S BP A154 EP A154 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 226QW UT WOS:000082033300890 ER PT J AU Steck, SE Samet, J Craft, N Kohlmeier, L AF Steck, SE Samet, J Craft, N Kohlmeier, L TI Correlation between lung macrophage and plasma carotenoid levels in humans SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Craft Technol Inc, Wilson, NC 27893 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Wilson, NC 27893 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 SU S BP A553 EP A553 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 226QW UT WOS:000082033303191 ER PT J AU French, AS Copeland, CB Andrews, D Wiliams, WC Riddle, MM Luebke, RW AF French, AS Copeland, CB Andrews, D Wiliams, WC Riddle, MM Luebke, RW TI Evaluation of the potential immunotoxicity of bromodichloromethane in rats and mice SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS; HOST-RESISTANCE; BY-PRODUCTS; WATER; TRIHALOMETHANES; CHLOROFORM; INFECTION; TOXICITY; CANCER AB In the past two decades, concern has been expressed over the potential carcinogenicity of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in chlorinated drinking water. More recently, research efforts have expanded to include noncancer endpoints as well. The objective of the present studies war to evaluate the potential of bromodichloromethane (BDCM), one of the most prevalent DBPs, to adversely affect immune function in mice and rats following drinking water or gavage exposure. Antigen-specific immunity was assessed as the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes; responses to T- and B-cell mitogens were evaluated as a non-antigen-specific measure of the proliferative potential of splenic and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes. In consideration of an exposure route relevant to humans, C57BL/6 mice received 0.05, 0.25, or 0.5 g BDCM/L and F344 rats received 0.07 or 0.7 g BDCM/L via drinking water. In order to evaluate the effects of higher doses, animals were administered 50, 125, or 250 mg BDCM/kg/d (mice) or 75, 150, or 300 mg BDCM/kg/d (rats) via gavage. Under the conditions of these studies, no significant adverse effects on immune function were observed in mice. Despite some changes that were observed in non-antigen-specific immunity in rats, these experiments suggest that the immune system is not a sensitive target organ for BDCM toxicity. C1 US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Bur Environm Hlth Assessment, Environm Toxicol Unit, Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. RP Luebke, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 56 IS 5 BP 297 EP 310 DI 10.1080/009841099158024 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 171PU UT WOS:000078873200001 PM 10094244 ER PT J AU Ross, JA Nesnow, S AF Ross, JA Nesnow, S TI Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: correlations between DNA adducts and ras oncogene mutations SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; DNA adduct; oncogene; tumor ID A/J MOUSE LUNG; C-HA-RAS; KI-RAS; STRAIN A/J; LIVER-TUMORS; TRANSPLACENTAL EXPOSURE; ACTIVATING MUTATIONS; APURINIC SITES; DIOL EPOXIDE; SENCAR MICE AB This review describes a series of studies on the tumorigenic activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in various experimental animal model systems, their abilities to form PAH-DNA adducts in target tissues, and their abilities to mutate ms oncogenes in PAM-induced tumors. The review is limited to those PAHs that do not contain nitrogen, for which ras mutations have been detected in induced tumors, and for which some information is available about the structures of the DNA adducts induced in the target tissue. in general, PAHs that form DNA adducts at deoxyadenosine induce mutations at codon 61, whereas those PAHs that form DNA adducts at deoxyguanosine primarily induce mutations at codons 12 or 13. Those PAHs that induce adducts at both bases induce both types of mutations. These correlations provide evidence for the involvement of adduct-directed mutations in ms in the etiology of these tumors. The induced mutation spectra in ras may in fact point back to the identity of the type of adduct formed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 58 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD MAR 8 PY 1999 VL 424 IS 1-2 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00016-0 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 175VU UT WOS:000079117000014 PM 10064858 ER PT J AU Peters, JM Avol, E Navidi, W London, SJ Gauderman, WJ Lurmann, F Linn, WS Margolis, H Rappaport, E Gong, H Thomas, DC AF Peters, JM Avol, E Navidi, W London, SJ Gauderman, WJ Lurmann, F Linn, WS Margolis, H Rappaport, E Gong, H Thomas, DC TI A study of twelve southern California communities with differing levels and types of air pollution - I. Prevalence of respiratory morbidity SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN CHILDREN; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; UCLA POPULATION; HOME DAMPNESS; ACID AEROSOLS; SULFURIC-ACID; LUNG-FUNCTION; SYMPTOMS AB To study possible chronic respiratory effects of air pollutants, we Initiated a 10-yr prospective cohort study of Southern California children, with a study design focused on four pollutants: ozone, particulate matter, acids, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Twelve demographically similar communities were selected on the basis of historic monitoring information to represent extremes of exposure to one or more pollutants, in each community, about 150 public school students in grade 4, 75 in grade 7, and 75 in grade 10 were enrolled through their classrooms. informed consent and written responses to surveys about students' lifetime residential histories, historic and current health status, residential characteristics, and physical activity were obtained with the help of the parents. In the first testing season, 3,676 students returned questionnaires. We confirmed associations previously reported between respiratory morbidity prevalence and the presence of personal, demographic, and residential risk factors. Rates of respiratory illness were higher for males, those living in houses with pets, pests, mildew, and water damage, those whose parents had asthma, and those living in houses with smokers. Wheeze prevalence was positively associated with levels of both acid (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.83) and NO2 (OR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.08-2.19) in boys. We conclude, based on this cross-sectional assessment: of questionnaire responses, that current levels of ambient air pollution in Southern California may be associated with effects on schoolchildren's respiratory morbidity as assessed by questionnaire. C1 Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. State Calif, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA USA. Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Peters, JM (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, 1540 Alcazar St,CHP 236, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. EM jpeters@hsc.usc.edu RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015; OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284; London, Stephanie/0000-0003-4911-5290 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5P30ES07048-02] NR 36 TC 253 Z9 263 U1 6 U2 20 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 BP 760 EP 767 PG 8 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 175QQ UT WOS:000079106600011 PM 10051248 ER PT J AU Peters, JM Avol, E Gauderman, WJ Linn, WS Navidi, W London, SJ Margolis, H Rappaport, E Vora, H Gong, H Thomas, DC AF Peters, JM Avol, E Gauderman, WJ Linn, WS Navidi, W London, SJ Margolis, H Rappaport, E Vora, H Gong, H Thomas, DC TI A study of twelve southern California communities with differing levels and types of air pollution - II. Effects on pulmonary function SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS; NORTH-AMERICAN CHILDREN; SULFURIC-ACID AEROSOLS; LUNG-FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; ASTHMATIC VOLUNTEERS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; UCLA POPULATION AB To study the possible chronic respiratory effects of air pollutants, we designed and initiated a 10-yr prospective study of Southern California public schoolchildren living in 12 communities with different levels and profiles of air pollution. The design of the study, exposure assessment methods, and survey methods and results related to respiratory symptoms and conditions are described Tn the accompanying paper. Pulmonary function tests were completed on 3,293 subjects. We evaluated cross-sectionally the effects of air pollution exposures based on data collected in 1986-1990 by existing monitoring stations and data collected by our study ham in 1994. Expected relationships were seen between demographic, physical, and other environmental factors and pulmonary function values. When the data were stratified by sex, an association was seen between pollution levels and lower pulmonary function in female subjects, with the associations being stronger for the 1994 exposure data than the 1986-1990 data. After adjustment, PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 were each significantly associated with lower FVC, FEV1, and maximal midexpiratoyy flow (MMEF); acid vapor with lower FVC, FEV1, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and MMEF; and O-3 With lower PEFR and MMEF. Effects were generally larger In those girls spending more time outdoors. Stepwise regression of adjusted pulmonary function values for girls in the 12 communities showed that NO2 was most strongly associated with lower FVC (r = -0.74, p < 0.01), PM2.5 with FEV1 (r = -0.72, p < (8.04), O-3 with PEFR (r = -0.75, p < 0.005), and PM2.5 with MMEF (r = -0.80, p < 0.005). There was a statistically significant association between ozone exposure and decreased FVC and FEV1 in girls with asthma. For boys, significant associations were seen between peak O-3 exposures and lower FVC and FEV1, but only in those spending more time outdoors. These findings underline the importance of follow-up of this cohort. C1 Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. State Calif, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Peters, JM (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, 1540 Alcazar St,CHP 236, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. EM jpeters@hsc.usc.edu RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015; OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284; London, Stephanie/0000-0003-4911-5290 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5P30ES07048-02] NR 41 TC 253 Z9 258 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 BP 768 EP 775 PG 8 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 175QQ UT WOS:000079106600012 PM 10051249 ER PT J AU Alexia, N Soukup, J Ghio, A Becker, S AF Alexia, N Soukup, J Ghio, A Becker, S TI Phenotypic and functional characterization of induced sputum derived macrophages in asthmatics and normals: A comparison with BAL derived macrophages SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, CEMLB, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A513 EP A513 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237102827 ER PT J AU Alexis, N Becker, S AF Alexis, N Becker, S TI Can airway cell phenotype and function predict disease severity? Use of sputum macrophages and neutrophils to evaluate surface marker expression and phagocytosis as predictors of asthma severity SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNC CH, CEMLB, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A100 EP A100 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100504 ER PT J AU Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Piantadosi, CA AF Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Piantadosi, CA TI Lung heme oxygenase-1 in chronic hypoxia. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A219 EP A219 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237101186 ER PT J AU Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Piantadosi, CA AF Carraway, MS Ghio, AJ Piantadosi, CA TI GM-CSF in alveolar macrophages in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A706 EP A706 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237103929 ER PT J AU Carter, JD Ghio, AJ Samet, JM Devlin, RB AF Carter, JD Ghio, AJ Samet, JM Devlin, RB TI Particulate matter induces heat shock protein 70 gene expression. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A27 EP A27 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100078 ER PT J AU Chapman, RS Lan, Q He, XZ AF Chapman, RS Lan, Q He, XZ TI Household stove improvements and long-term reduction of chronic obstructive lung disease risk in Xuanwei, China. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Inst Environm Hlth & Engn, Beijing 100050, Peoples R China. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A501 EP A501 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237102764 ER PT J AU Crissman, KM Norwood, J Slade, R Hatch, GE AF Crissman, KM Norwood, J Slade, R Hatch, GE TI Does high dose supplementation with vitamin C protect against ozone effects? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PTB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A491 EP A491 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237102720 ER PT J AU Gavett, SH Hoyle, GW Madison, SL Walsh, LC Hilliard, HG Lappi, ER Evansky, PE Costa, DL AF Gavett, SH Hoyle, GW Madison, SL Walsh, LC Hilliard, HG Lappi, ER Evansky, PE Costa, DL TI Pulmonary responses to concentrated air particles in allergen challenged hyperinnervated transgenic mice. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A29 EP A29 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100085 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB AF Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB TI Healthy volunteers demonstrate no lung inflammation after exposure to fine particles concentrated from Chapel Hill ambient air. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A318 EP A318 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237101727 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Richards, JH Crissman, KM Bobb, HH Yang, F AF Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Richards, JH Crissman, KM Bobb, HH Yang, F TI Diminished injury in hypotransferrinemic mice after exposure to a metal-rich particle. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78285 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 25 BROADWAY, 18 FL, NEW YORK, NY 10004 USA SN 1073-449X EI 1535-4970 J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A889 EP A889 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237104978 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Grayck, EN Piantadosi, CA AF Ghio, AJ Grayck, EN Piantadosi, CA TI Iron transport in bronchial epithelial cells requires superoxide and anion exchange activity. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A889 EP A889 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237104975 ER PT J AU Gilmour, MI Daniels, M Becker, S AF Gilmour, MI Daniels, M Becker, S TI Effects of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 samples and water-soluble extracts on pulmonary inflammation and streptococcal infection in mice. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A699 EP A699 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237103891 ER PT J AU Harder, S Ghio, A Becker, S AF Harder, S Ghio, A Becker, S TI Characterization of the inflammatory response to soluble components of Utah Valley particulate pollution. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A316 EP A316 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237101716 ER PT J AU Harewood, A Jackson, MC Ledbetter, A Evansky, P Costa, DL Hauser, R Christiani, DC Kodavanti, UP AF Harewood, A Jackson, MC Ledbetter, A Evansky, P Costa, DL Hauser, R Christiani, DC Kodavanti, UP TI Pulmonary injury and inflammation caused by fuel oil-ash particle exposure in two rat strains with preexistent COPD. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Durham, NC USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A29 EP A29 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100087 ER PT J AU Hatch, GE Jin, X McKee, J Harris, L Crissman, K Norwood, J Slade, R AF Hatch, GE Jin, X McKee, J Harris, L Crissman, K Norwood, J Slade, R TI Does an imbalance in extracellular lining fluid antioxidants predispose to oxidative effects of inhaled particulate matter? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PTB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A27 EP A27 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100073 ER PT J AU Jackson, MC Ledbetter, A Evansky, P Harewood, A Winsett, D Starcher, B Costa, DL Kodavanti, UP AF Jackson, MC Ledbetter, A Evansky, P Harewood, A Winsett, D Starcher, B Costa, DL Kodavanti, UP TI A rat model of COPD-like disease caused by combination of elastase and sulfur dioxide exposure. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Durham, NC USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Hlth, Tyler, TX 75710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A806 EP A806 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237104487 ER PT J AU Jaspers, I Samet, JM Reed, W AF Jaspers, I Samet, JM Reed, W TI Arsenite induced IL-8 gene transcription in airway epithelial cells is NF-kappa B-dependent, but occurs without mobilization of cytoplasmic NF-kappa B. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, CEMLB, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A441 EP A441 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237102444 ER PT J AU Jaspers, I Samet, JM Reed, W Devlin, RB AF Jaspers, I Samet, JM Reed, W Devlin, RB TI Metal-induced gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells: Role of ROI-dependent activation of NF-kappa B. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNCCH, CEMLB, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A287 EP A287 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237101552 ER PT J AU Jiang, NF Dreher, KL Li, Y Martin, LD Adler, KB AF Jiang, NF Dreher, KL Li, Y Martin, LD Adler, KB TI Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) increases mucin secretion and mucin gene expression in guinea pig airway epithelial cells in vitro. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A888 EP A888 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237104973 ER PT J AU Kim, CS DeWitt, P AF Kim, CS DeWitt, P TI Variation of total lung deposition dose of inhaled particles with breathing pattern at rest and moderate exercise. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, CEMLB, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A615 EP A615 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237103412 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Jackson, MC Harewood, A Ledbetter, A Hauser, R Christiani, DC Gardner, SY Richards, J Costa, DL AF Kodavanti, UP Jackson, MC Harewood, A Ledbetter, A Hauser, R Christiani, DC Gardner, SY Richards, J Costa, DL TI Kinetics of pulmonary injury and systemic alterations in normo- and hypertensive rats exposed to fuel oil ash particles. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Durham, NC USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A29 EP A29 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100088 ER PT J AU Korrick, SA Neas, LM Schwartz, J AF Korrick, SA Neas, LM Schwartz, J TI Blood lead and decrements in adult pulmonary function. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, HSD, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A319 EP A319 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237101735 ER PT J AU Lambert, AL Selgrade, MJ Dong, W Winsett, DW Gilmour, MI AF Lambert, AL Selgrade, MJ Dong, W Winsett, DW Gilmour, MI TI Enhanced allergic sensitization by residual oil fly ash particles is mediated by soluble metal constituents. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A26 EP A26 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100070 ER PT J AU Ledbetter, A Mebane, R Krantz, T Jackson, MC Walsh, L Hilliard, H Richards, J Chen, B Costa, DL Kodavanti, UP AF Ledbetter, A Mebane, R Krantz, T Jackson, MC Walsh, L Hilliard, H Richards, J Chen, B Costa, DL Kodavanti, UP TI Variable pulmonary responses from exposure to concentrated ambient particles in a rat model of bronchitis. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. E Carolina Univ, Greenville, NC USA. China Med Univ, Shenyang, Peoples R China. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A29 EP A29 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100086 ER PT J AU Madison, SL Hilliard, HG Lappi, ER Walsh, LC Evansky, PE Winsett, DW Costa, DL Gavett, SH AF Madison, SL Hilliard, HG Lappi, ER Walsh, LC Evansky, PE Winsett, DW Costa, DL Gavett, SH TI Exposure to concentrated ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) alters allergen specific eosinophil recruitment in mast cell deficient mice. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A24 EP A24 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100061 ER PT J AU Mortimer, KM Tager, IB Neas, LM Dockery, D Redline, S AF Mortimer, KM Tager, IB Neas, LM Dockery, D Redline, S TI The effect of summer ozone on inner-city children with asthma - Identification of sensitive subgroups. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Publ Hlth Biol & Epidemiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, NHEERL, HSD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Div Clin Epidemiol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A773 EP A773 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237104293 ER PT J AU Silbajoris, R Graves, LM Wu, WD Samet, JM AF Silbajoris, R Graves, LM Wu, WD Samet, JM TI Tyrosine phosphatases as targets in metal-induced signaling in human airway epithelial cells (HAEC) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A25 EP A25 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100066 ER PT J AU Slade, R Crissman, K Norwood, J Hatch, G AF Slade, R Crissman, K Norwood, J Hatch, G TI Detection of O-18-labeled oxidation products in urine of rats exposed to O-18-ozone. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, PTB, ETD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A492 EP A492 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237102725 ER PT J AU Soukup, JM Ghio, A Becker, S AF Soukup, JM Ghio, A Becker, S TI Soluble components of Utah valley particulate pollution alters alveolar macrophage function SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Human Studies Facil NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A26 EP A26 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100068 ER PT J AU Steck, SE Madden, MC Samet, JM Kohlmeier, L AF Steck, SE Madden, MC Samet, JM Kohlmeier, L TI Effects of ozone exposure on DNA single strand breaks in peripheral blood leukocytes. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A492 EP A492 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237102726 ER PT J AU Stonehuerner, JG Jaspers, I Ghio, A Dreher, K Devlin, RB AF Stonehuerner, JG Jaspers, I Ghio, A Dreher, K Devlin, RB TI Iron-induced injury in airway epithelial cells: Comparison of ferrous and ferric iron compounds. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. UNC CH, CEMLB, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A25 EP A25 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100065 ER PT J AU Su, WY Jaskot, RH Kodavanti, U Stetler-Stevenson, W Costa, DL Dreher, KL AF Su, WY Jaskot, RH Kodavanti, U Stetler-Stevenson, W Costa, DL Dreher, KL TI Air particulate-induction of pulmonary gelatinase A and B gene expression SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Stetler-Stevenson, William/H-6956-2012 OI Stetler-Stevenson, William/0000-0002-5500-5808 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A28 EP A28 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100079 ER PT J AU Suliman, HB Ryan, LK Bishop, L Folz, RJ AF Suliman, HB Ryan, LK Bishop, L Folz, RJ TI Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) in the airways of transgenic mice reduce lung injury induced by influenza virus. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A273 EP A273 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237101472 ER PT J AU Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Dreher, KL Winsett, DW Kodavanti, UP Jackson, MC Highfill, JW AF Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Dreher, KL Winsett, DW Kodavanti, UP Jackson, MC Highfill, JW TI Effects of exposure to metallic constituents of residual oil fly ash particles in healthy and cardiopulmonary-compromised rats. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A29 EP A29 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237100089 ER PT J AU Wiester, MJ Enhorning, G Fonteh, AN Winsett, DW Jackson, MC Richards, JR Costa, DL AF Wiester, MJ Enhorning, G Fonteh, AN Winsett, DW Jackson, MC Richards, JR Costa, DL TI An examination of phospholipid and phospholipase A(2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at the onset of antigen-induced airway response in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized guinea pigs. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. WFUSM, Winston Salem, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A872 EP A872 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237104878 ER PT J AU Wu, W Graves, L Jaspers, I Devlin, R Samet, J AF Wu, W Graves, L Jaspers, I Devlin, R Samet, J TI Raf-1 independent activation of MEK1/2 in human airway epithelial cells exposed to combustion-derived metals SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A464 EP A464 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237102569 ER PT J AU Yang, F Coalson, JJ Bobb, HH Banu, J Carter, JD Ghio, AJ AF Yang, F Coalson, JJ Bobb, HH Banu, J Carter, JD Ghio, AJ TI Resistance of hypotransferrinemic mice to hyperoxia. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 159 IS 3 SU S BP A889 EP A889 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 230DT UT WOS:000082237104979 ER PT J AU Mumford, JL Tian, DF Younes, M Hu, FD Lan, Q Ostrowski, ML He, YZ Feng, ZM AF Mumford, JL Tian, DF Younes, M Hu, FD Lan, Q Ostrowski, ML He, YZ Feng, ZM TI Detection of p53 protein accumulation in sputum and lung adenocarcinoma associated with indoor exposure to unvented coal smoke in China SO ANTICANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lng adenocarcinoma; sputum; p53 protein accumulation; coal combustion emissions ID TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS; CANCER DETECTION; XUAN-WEI; EXPRESSION; MUTATIONS; LESIONS AB Lung cancer in Xuan Wei (XW), China has been linked to exposure to unvented coal smoke and adenocarcinoma, especially bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is most common, p53 mutations occur commonly in lung cancers and usually generate detectable levels of p53 protein accumulation. Sputum is noninvasive to collect and ideal for screening p53 abnormalities, p53 protein accumulation was detected by immunohistochemistry in lung tumors and sputa from XW lung cancer patients to determine (1) the role of p53 in lung pathogenesis, and (2) feasibility of detecting p53 protein accumulation in sputum. p53 protein accumulation was detected in 73% (22/30) of lung adenocarcinomas from XW females exposed to coal emissions and significantly higher than the control cases (33%, p<0.05). In sputum, we detected p53 overexpression in tumor cells in 54% (13/24) of XW cases and also in dysplastic cells (50% or 4/8). These findings suggest that p53 abnormalities is important in XW lung cancer etiology. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Yunnan Prov First Peoples Hosp, Kunming, Peoples R China. Inst Environm Hlth & Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Mumford, JL (reprint author), US EPA, MD 58C, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT INST ANTICANCER RESEARCH PI ATHENS PA EDITORIAL OFFICE 1ST KM KAPANDNTIOU-KALAMOU RD KAPANDRITI, POB 22, ATHENS 19014, GREECE SN 0250-7005 J9 ANTICANCER RES JI Anticancer Res. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2A BP 951 EP 958 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 202JQ UT WOS:000080649100008 PM 10368638 ER PT J AU Volety, AK Oliver, LM Genthner, FJ Fisher, WS AF Volety, AK Oliver, LM Genthner, FJ Fisher, WS TI A rapid tetrazolium dye reduction assay to assess the bactericidal activity of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocytes against Vibrio parahaemolyticus SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE bactericidal activity; oyster; defense capabilities of oysters ID PERKINSUS-MARINUS; CELL-PROLIFERATION; EASTERN OYSTER; VIABILITY; AGGLUTINATION; MACROPHAGES; SERUM; FISH AB An assay was developed to assess the ability of oyster, Crassostrea virginica, hemocytes to kill the human pathogenic bacterium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802). Bacterial killing was estimated colorimetrically by the enzymatic reduction of a tetrazolium dye, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS), and phenyl-methasulfazone (PMS). The assay proposed here provides an indicator of immunocompetence of oysters against V. parahaemolyticus. The assay involved: (1) exposure of plasma-free oyster hemocytes to a streptomycin (SM)-resistant mutant strain of V. parahaemolyticus in a 96-well plate for 3 h at 17 degrees C in SM-augmented sea water; (2) growout of surviving bacteria in nutrient broth for 2 h at 37 degrees C; (3) addition of MTS and PMS; and (4) measurement of MTS/PMS reduction product (formazan) at 490 nm using a microplate reader. Advantages of this assay include the absence of radio-isotopes used in some killing assays and requirement of low volumes of plasma and numbers of hemocytes. In addition, we demonstrated greater precision than traditional, plate counting methods for bacterial estimation. This technique has the potential to evaluate oyster capacity to eliminate microbial agents and to assess effects of environmental changes and pollutant stress on defense capabilities of oysters. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Volety, AK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM volety.aswani@epamail.epa.gov NR 41 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 EI 1873-5622 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAR 1 PY 1999 VL 172 IS 1-2 BP 205 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00438-4 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 170AX UT WOS:000078783900012 ER PT J AU Kolanczyk, R Schmieder, P Bradbury, S Spizzo, T AF Kolanczyk, R Schmieder, P Bradbury, S Spizzo, T TI Biotransformation of 4-methoxyphenol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatic microsomes SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 4-hydroxyanisole; bioactivation; electrochemical detection; hydrodynamic voltammograms; metabolism ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; LIVER CYTOCHROME-P-450; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; ACUTE TOXICITY; TEMPERATURE; ENZYMES; 4-HYDROXYANISOLE; 4-CHLOROANILINE; MICRODIALYSIS; CYTOTOXICITY AB Rainbow trout liver microsomes were used to study the O-demethylation and ring hydroxylation of 4-methoxyphenol (4-MP) (4-hydroxyanisole) at 11 and 25 degrees C by directly measuring the production of the primary metabolite hydroquinone (HQ), 4-methoxycatechol (I-MCAT), and additional metabolites. An HPLC method with integrated ultraviolet (UV) and electrochemical detection (ECD) was developed for metabolite identification and quantification at low concentrations. Sample handling with appropriate buffers, solvents, low temperature and light prevented loss of extremely labile metabolites. Saturation kinetics for the production of HQ via O-demethylation of 4-MP (0.66-40 mM) was never achieved, with substrate solubility being the limiting factor. The linear rate of HQ formation at 11 degrees C was 22.0 +/- 2.2 (coefficient +/- S.E., r(2) = 0.91) pmol min (-1) per mg protein per mM substrate, and at 25 degrees C was 34.0 +/- 1.3 (r(2) = 0.99) pmol min (-1) per mg protein per mM substrate. The second major microsomal metabolite 4-MCAT was also identified, with linear rates of ring hydroxylation determined to be 19.0 +/- 1.6 (r(2) = 0.94) and 17.2 +/- 0.5 (r(2) = 0.99) pmol min (-1) per mg protein per mM substrate at 11 and 25 degrees C, respectively. Unlike HQ production,. the rate of 4-MCAT production was found to be similar at the two temperatures when linear formation rates were corrected for the effect of temperature on substrate and product solubility at 11 degrees C. Measurement of 'freely dissolved ed fraction was essential to the accurate determination of ring hydroxylation and O-demethylation reaction rates in rainbow trout microsomes incubated at physiological temperature. Experimental conditions were shown to affect dissolved 4-MP and HQ at 11 degrees C (verified using microdialysis) while not altering substrate and product levels at 25 degrees C. Small but detectable levels of 1,4-benzoquinone were observed in 4-MP microsomal incubations. 1,2, 4 -Trihydroxybenzene was also detected, with possible routes of production through hydroxylation of HQ or O-demethylation of 4-MCAT. A metabolic scheme for bioactivation of 4-MP is proposed and the significance of observed metabolic conversions in rainbow trout microsomes discussed in relation to aquatic toxicity of 4-MP. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Solvay Pharmaceut, Baudette, MN 56623 USA. RP Kolanczyk, R (reprint author), US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 45 IS 1 BP 47 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00088-5 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 168CW UT WOS:000078674300005 ER PT J AU Hempel-Jorgensen, A Kjaergaard, SK Molhave, L Hudnell, HK AF Hempel-Jorgensen, A Kjaergaard, SK Molhave, L Hudnell, HK TI Time course of sensory eye irritation in humans exposed to n-butanol and 1-octene SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB In this study, we investigated the time course effect of sensory eye irritation in 16 subjects exposed (i.e., eye only) to n-butanol and 1-octene. Half the subjects were exposed to n-butanol, and the remaining subjects were exposed to 1-octene. Each subject was studied on 5 different days; during each day each subject was exposed in three runs (i.e., run 1, run 2, and run 3) to a constant concentration of either n-butanol or 1-octene. We performed run 1 and run 3, both of which lasted 15 min each, to evaluate persistence in "sensitization." We performed run 2, which lasted 60 min, to study the time course of sensory irritation. Ratings of ocular irritation intensity were obtained continuously during all three runs. The exposure concentrations for n-butanol were 0 mg/m(3), 300 mg/m(3), 900 mg/m(3), and 3 000 mg/m(3), and the exposure concentrations for 1-octene were 0 mg/m(3), 6 000 mg/m(3), In 400 mg/m(3), and 18 000 mg/m(3). During run 2, we observed a slight increase in perceived eye irritation intensity for the lower concentrations of 1-octene and for all exposure concentrations of n-butanol. However, the threshold for irritation was clearly exceeded for only the 1-octene 10 400-mg/m(3) and 18 000-mg/m(3) exposures. During these two exposures, the response increased In-fold following 20-40 min of exposure during run 2, after which the response remained constant. We investigated the existence of persistence in "sensitization" by comparing intensity of responses between run 1 and run 3. Persistence in "sensitization" was apparent for only the 1-octene exposure. C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Environm & Occupat Med, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hempel-Jorgensen, A (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Environm & Occupat Med, Ole Worms Alle,Bldg 180,Univ Parken, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. NR 21 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 54 IS 2 BP 86 EP 94 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 175UW UT WOS:000079114800003 PM 10094285 ER PT J AU Greenberg, JP Guenther, A Zimmerman, P Baugh, W Geron, C Davis, K Helmig, D Klinger, LF AF Greenberg, JP Guenther, A Zimmerman, P Baugh, W Geron, C Davis, K Helmig, D Klinger, LF TI Tethered balloon measurements of biogenic VOCs in the atmospheric boundary layer SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE biogenic emissions; isoprene; terpenes; tethered balloon; atmospheric boundary layer ID NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPH; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; UNITED-STATES; ISOPRENE; EMISSIONS; FLUXES; FOREST; DETECTOR AB Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) were measured on tethered balloon platforms in 11 deployments between 1985 and 1996. A series of balloon sampling packages have been used to describe boundary layer dynamics, BVOC distribution, chemical transformations of BVOCs, and to estimate BVOC emission rates from terrestrial vegetation. Measurements indicated a slow decrease of concentration for BVOCs with altitude in the mixed layer when sampling times were greater than average convective turnover time; surface layer concentrations were more variable because of proximity to various emission sources in the smaller surface layer footprint. Mixed layer concentrations of isoprene remained fairly constant in the middle of the day, in contrast to canopy-level isoprene concentrations, which continued to increase until early evening. Daytime emissions, which increase with temperature and light, appear to be balanced by changes in entrainment and oxidation. Daytime measurements of methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, reaction products of the atmospheric oxidation of isoprene, showed fairly constant ratio to each other with altitude throughout the mixed layer. BVOC emission flux estimates using balloon measurements and from the extrapolation of leaf level emissions to the landscape scale were in good agreement. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Rapid City, SD USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Greenberg, JP (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 31 TC 74 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 33 IS 6 BP 855 EP 867 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00302-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164PM UT WOS:000078472800002 ER PT J AU Luecken, DJ Tonnesen, GS Sickles, JE AF Luecken, DJ Tonnesen, GS Sickles, JE TI Differences in NOy speciation predicted by three photochemical mechanisms SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE reactive nitrogen; ozone; photochemical models ID ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; OXIDANT MECHANISMS; NITRATE; URBAN; MODEL; SMOG AB We describe the production and speciation of NOy in current chemical mechanisms using model simulations with three different chemical mechanisms run under three different chemical scenarios representative of a low-emission rural, a high-emission rural, and a heavily polluted urban scenario. In this study we examine predictions from the Carbon Bond 4 mechanism, the Regional Acid Deposition Model 2 mechanism, and an explicit mechanism used in global modeling. Several reactions are identified which influence the concentrations of important NOy species. The most important reaction under rural conditions is the oxidation of isoprene, which influences the production of PAN and organic nitrate. Differences among mechanisms cause large differences in the NOy concentrations, which propagate throughout the entire mechanism, affecting the chemistry of all species. The largest differences in NOy species among the mechanisms occur in the rural simulations, while predictions are the most similar under urban conditions, for which photochemical mechanisms have been studied and evaluated. The differences in NOy speciation cause uncertainties in the use of these mechanisms for predicting oxidant chemistry over long distances and multi-day episodes under non-urban conditions. Predictions from all mechanisms should be regarded with caution under rural conditions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Luecken, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD 84, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1073 EP 1084 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00319-7 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165AA UT WOS:000078495000006 ER PT J AU Rapport, DJ Whitford, WG AF Rapport, DJ Whitford, WG TI How ecosystems respond to stress - Common properties of arid and aquatic systems SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES; DESERTIFICATION; ARIZONA; USA C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM drapport@oac.uoguelph.ca; wawhitfo@nmsu.edu NR 53 TC 109 Z9 129 U1 7 U2 33 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 1999 VL 49 IS 3 BP 193 EP 203 DI 10.2307/1313509 PG 11 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 169PQ UT WOS:000078758100006 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Garcia, R Barragan, G Villarreal-Calderon, A Madden, MC AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Garcia, R Barragan, G Villarreal-Calderon, A Madden, MC TI Cell proliferation in nasal respiratory epithelium of people exposed to urban pollution SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM INHALATION; MEXICO-CITY; F344 RATS; RISK ASSESSMENT; OZONE EXPOSURE; PPM OZONE; FORMALDEHYDE; CARCINOGENESIS; MUCOSA; CANCER AB The nasal passages are a common portal of entry and are a prime site for toxicant-induced pathology. Sustained increases in regenerative cell proliferation can be a significant driving force in chemical carcinogenesis. The atmosphere in Mexico City contains a complex mixture of air pollutants and its residents are exposed chronically and sequentially to numerous toxicants and potential carcinogens. We were concerned that exposure to Mexico City's atmosphere might induce cytotoxicity and increase nasal respiratory epithelial cell proliferation. Nasal biopsies were obtained for DNA cell cycle analysis from 195 volunteers. The control population consisted of 16 adults and 27 children that were residents in a Caribbean island with low pollution, The exposed Mexico City population consisted of 109 adults and 43 children. Sixty-one of the adult subjects mere newly arrived in Mexico City and were followed for 25 days from their arrival. Control children, control adult and exposed Mexico City children all had similar percentages of cells in the replicative DNA synthesis phase (S phase) of the cell cycle (%S). A significant increase in %S in nasal epithelial cells was seen in exposed adult residents in Mexico City biopsied at three different dates compared with control adults. Newly arrived adults exhibited a control level of cell turnover at day 2 after coming to the city. However, at days 7, 14 and 25 they exhibited significant increases in %S. These data demonstrate an increased and sustained nasal cell turnover rate in the adult population observable in as little as 1 week of residence in Mexico City, This increase in cell proliferation is in agreement with other reports of induced pathological changes in the nasal passages of Mexico City dwellers. These observations suggest an increased potential risk factor of developing nasal neoplasms for residents of large cities with heavy pollution. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Inst Nacl Pediat, Mexico City 14410, DF, Mexico. Soc Mex ORL, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. CCC, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Calderon-Garciduenas, L (reprint author), US EPA, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM calderon.lilian@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32 ES07126] NR 72 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD MAR PY 1999 VL 20 IS 3 BP 383 EP 389 DI 10.1093/carcin/20.3.383 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 174ZL UT WOS:000079066400004 PM 10190550 ER PT J AU Cabezas, H Young, D AF Cabezas, H Young, D TI Using simulation for pollution prevention SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Simulat & Design Team, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cabezas, H (reprint author), US EPA, Simulat & Design Team, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHEMICAL WEEK ASSOCIATES PI NEW YORK PA 888 SEVENTH AVE, 26TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10106 USA SN 0009-2460 J9 CHEM ENG-NEW YORK JI Chem. Eng. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 106 IS 3 BP 117 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 175YV UT WOS:000079124400029 ER PT J AU Dennis, RL Arnold, JR Tonnesen, GS Li, YH AF Dennis, RL Arnold, JR Tonnesen, GS Li, YH TI A new response surface approach for interpreting Eulerian air quality model sensitivities SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Sensitivity Analysis of Model Output (SAMO 98) CY APR 19-22, 1998 CL VENICE, ITALY DE sensitivity analysis; ozone (O-3); nitrogen oxides (NOx); RADM; input uncertainties; emissions reductions ID PHASE CHEMICAL MECHANISM; ACID DEPOSITION MODEL; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; OZONE AB The Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) was used in a sensitivity study at 80 km and 20 km grid resolutions to simulate urban and regional tropospheric conditions in the eastern U.S. for the time period 19 July to 12 August 1988. Using one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity perturbations and a mini-global analysis we varied three model inputs in the range of their known uncertainties: mixing height; emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO,) and volatile organic compounds (VOC); and the rate constant for the reaction OH + NO2 --> HNO3. Two measures, ozone concentration ([O-3]) and the ratio [O-3]/[NOx], were used to assess the photochemical system's sensitivity response on an O-3 response surface. We find that: (1) these input uncertainties change the system's state in different ways, altering either the [O-3] or the system's response to emissions reductions, or changing both responses together; (2) the [O-3]/[NOx] measure successfully predicts the direction and relative degree of change in the system state while [O-3] does not; and (3) for most of the days and locations we have examined, the system's responses to uncertainties simulated OAT are nearly additive when compared with the mini-global case, and that both of the sensitivity measures we assessed correctly tracked this additivity. We conclude that incorporating the [O-3]/[NOx] ratio is a significant first step in constructing a useful sensitivity "vector" for understanding systems-level changes in the model. However, additional measures that can successfully track the change of shape of the response surface are still needed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Dennis, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Modeling Div, MD-80,79 TW Alexander Dr,Bldg 4201, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 117 IS 1-2 BP 99 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0010-4655(98)00167-2 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 179TB UT WOS:000079344200011 ER PT J AU Lash, LH Lipscomb, JC Putt, DA Parker, JC AF Lash, LH Lipscomb, JC Putt, DA Parker, JC TI Glutathione conjugation of trichloroethylene in human liver and kidney: Kinetics and individual variation SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article ID BASAL-LATERAL MEMBRANE; PROXIMAL TUBULAR CELLS; HUMAN HEPATOCYTES; METABOLISM; RATS; TOXICITY; TUMORS; BIOTRANSFORMATION; CARCINOGENICITY; INHALATION AB Isolated human hepatocytes exhibited time-, trichloroethylene (Tri) concentration-, and cell concentration-dependent formation of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG) in incubations in sealed flasks with 25 to 10,000 ppm Tri in the headspace, corresponding to 0.011 to 4.4 mM in hepatocytes, Maximal formation of DCVG (22.5 +/- 8.3 nmol/120 min per 10(6) cells) occurred with 500 ppm Tri, Time-, protein concentration-, and both Tri and GSH concentration-dependent formation of DCVG were observed in liver and kidney subcellular fractions. Two kinetically distinct systems were observed in both cytosol and microsomes from pooled liver samples, whereas only one system was observed in subcellular fractions from pooled kidney samples. Liver cytosol exhibited apparent K-m values (mu M Tri) of 333 and 22.7 and V-max values (nmol DCVG formed/min per mg protein) of 8.77 and 4.27; liver microsomes exhibited apparent K-m values of 250 and 29.4 and V-max values of 3.10 and 1.42; kidney cytosol and microsomes exhibited apparent K-m values of 26.3 and 167, respectively, and V-max values of 0.81 and 6.29, respectively. DCVG formation in samples of liver cytosol and microsomes from 20 individual donors exhibited a 6.5-fold variation in microsomes but only a 2.4-fold variation in cytosol. In coincubations of pooled liver cytosol and microsomes, addition of an NADPH-regenerating system produced marked inhibition of DCVG formation, but addition of GSH had no effect on cytochrome P-450-catalyzed formation of chloral hydrate. These results indicate that both human kidney and liver have significant capacity to catalyze DCVG formation, indicating that the initial step of the GSH-dependent pathway is not limiting in the formation of nephrotoxic and nephrocarcinogenic metabolites. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Toxicol Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [K04-DK02090] NR 38 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 351 EP 359 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 172DT UT WOS:000078908500006 PM 10064565 ER PT J AU Orlando, EF Denslow, ND Folmar, LC Guillette, LJ AF Orlando, EF Denslow, ND Folmar, LC Guillette, LJ TI A comparison of the reproductive physiology of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, collected from the Escambia and Blackwater Rivers in Florida SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE endocrine disrupting chemicals; hepatic detoxification enzymes; hepatosomatic index; steroidogenesis; vitellogenin ID PLASMA STEROID-LEVELS; KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT; RAINBOW-TROUT; WHITE SUCKER; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; FISH; VITELLOGENIN; GROWTH; BIOMARKER; CONTAMINANTS AB Largemouth bass (LMB), Micropterus salmoides, were taken from the Escambia River (contaminated site) and the Blackwater River (reference site) near Pensacola, Florida. The Escambia River collection occurred downstream of the effluent from two identified point sources of pollution. These point sources included a coal-fired electric power plant and a chemical company. Conversely, the Blackwater River's headwaters and most of its length flow within a stare park Although there is some development on the lower part of the Blackwater River, fish were collected in the more pristine upper regions. Fish were captured by electroshocking and were maintained in aerated coolers. Physical measurements were obtained, blood was taken, and liver and gonads were removed. LMB plasma was assayed for the concentration of 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)) and testosterone using validated radioimmunoassays. The presence of vitellogenin was determined by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting using a monoclonal antibody validated for largemouth bass vitellogenin. No differences in plasma concentrations of E(2) or testosterone were observed in females from the two sites. Similarly, males exhibited no difference in plasma E(2). However, plasma testosterone was lower in the males from the contaminated site, as compared to the reference site. Vitellogenic males occurred only at the contaminated site. Additionally, liver mass was proportionately higher in males from the contaminated site, as compared to males from the reference site. These data suggest that reproductive steroid levels may have been altered by increased hepatic enzyme activity, and the presence of vitellogenic males indicates that an exogenous source of estrogen was present in the Escambia River. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Orlando, EF (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Zool, 223 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 47 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 9 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 107 IS 3 BP 199 EP 204 DI 10.2307/3434509 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 179UJ UT WOS:000079347600022 PM 10064549 ER PT J AU Schreinemachers, DM Creason, JP Garry, VF AF Schreinemachers, DM Creason, JP Garry, VF TI Cancer mortality in agricultural regions of Minnesota SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE agriculture; cancer mortality; fungicides; herbicides; human; pesticides; rural population ID RISK-FACTORS; PESTICIDES; WOMEN AB Because of its unique geology Minnesota can be divided into four agricultural regions: southcentral region one (corn, soybeans); west-central region two (wheat, corn, soybeans); northwest region three (wheat, sugar beets, potatoes); and northeast region four (forested and urban in character). Cancer mortality (1980-1989) in agricultural regions one, two, and three was compared to region four. Using data compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics, cancer mortality was summarized by 5-year age groups, sex, race, and county. Age-standardized mortality rate ratios were calculated for white males and females for all ages combined, and for children aged 0-14. Increased mortality rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were observed for the following cancer sires: region one-lip (men), standardized rate ratio (SRR) = 2.70 (CI, 1.08-6.71); nasopharynx (women), SRR = 3.35 (CI, 1.20-9.31); region two-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (women), SRR = 1.35 (CI, 1.09-1.66); and region three-prostate (men), SRR = 1.12 (CT, 1.00-1.26); thyroid (men), SRR = 2.95 (CI, 1.35-6.44); bone (men), SRR = 2.09 (CI, 1.00-4.34); eye (women), SRR = 5.77 (CI, 1.90-17.50). Deficits of smoking-related cancers were noted. Excess cancers reported are consistent with earlier reports of agriculturally related cancers in the midwestern United States. However, reports on thyroid and bone cancer in association with agricultural pesticides are few in number. The highest use of fungicides occurs in region three. Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates, whose metabolite is a known cause of thyroid cancer in rats, are frequently applied. This report provides a rationale for evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of this suspect agent in humans. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Epidemiol & Biomarker Branch, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Minnesota, Lab Environm Med & Pathol, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. RP Schreinemachers, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Epidemiol & Biomarker Branch, Human Studies Div, MD 58-A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 36 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 107 IS 3 BP 205 EP 211 DI 10.2307/3434510 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 179UJ UT WOS:000079347600023 PM 10064550 ER PT J AU Church, MR AF Church, MR TI The Bear Brook Watershed Manipulation Project: Watershed science in a policy perspective SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN SATURATION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MAINE; USA; ACIDIFICATION; SOIL; CATCHMENTS; SPECIATION; RECOVERY; SULFATE AB The Bear Brook Watershed Manipulation in Maine is a paired watershed experiment Monitoring of the paired catchments (East Bear Brook-reference; West Bear Brook-experimental) began in early 1987. Chemical manipulation of West Bear Brook catchment began in November 1989. Process studies on the watershed, outflow observation and monitoring and modeling simulations of predicted versus observed response, are yielding a wealth of information about the behavior of the paired catchments and their responses to the deposition of acidifying substances. Results from the studies are providing important information relevant to national policies on emissions, controls. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Church, MR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 55 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1023/A:1006167028220 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 195NR UT WOS:000080258500001 ER PT J AU Alexander, SA Palmer, CJ AF Alexander, SA Palmer, CJ TI Forest health monitoring in the United States: First four years SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE bird community; crown dieback; ecological monitoring; indicator development; ozone bioindicator plants; soil chemistry ID ALUMINUM; SOILS; SOLUBILITY; PROGRAM AB To address the need for more effective methods for evaluating and assessing forest ecosystem health, the USDA-Forest Service and the US Environmental Protection Agency through its Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program developed the Forest Health Monitoring program. The program was initiated in 1990 and by 1994 was present in the major areas of the United States. This paper presents an overview of the program, the indicators and methods developed for the program, and some of the results after four years of monitoring and research. C1 US EPA, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program Forest H, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Alexander, SA (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Agr Res Extens Ctr, Painter, VA 23420 USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 55 IS 2 BP 267 EP 277 DI 10.1023/A:1005905310299 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 195NT UT WOS:000080258600002 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, WM AF Vatavuk, WM TI Air pollution control cost indexes: Update #7 SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vatavuk, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1 BP A16 EP A18 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 190KE UT WOS:000079961100003 ER PT J AU Anastas, PT Williamson, TC Hjeresen, D Breen, JJ AF Anastas, PT Williamson, TC Hjeresen, D Breen, JJ TI Promoting green chemistry initiatives SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Ind Chem Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Envrionm Management Programs, Los Alamos, NM USA. Green Chem Inst, Rockville, MD USA. RP Anastas, PT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Ind Chem Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 5 BP 116A EP 119A PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 172MU UT WOS:000078929000011 PM 21657757 ER PT J AU Liber, K Knuth, ML Stay, FS AF Liber, K Knuth, ML Stay, FS TI An integrated evaluation of the persistence and effects of 4-nonylphenol in an experimental littoral ecosystem SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE nonylphenol; littoral enclosures; chemical persistence; biological effects ID ACCUMULATION; CHEMICALS AB A comprehensive littoral enclosure study was conducted to assess the persistence and distribution of 4-nonylphenol (NP) in a littoral ecosystem, and to evaluate the compound's effects on resident aquatic biota. Enclosures with a mean (+/-SD) surface area and volume of 31.4 +/- 3.3 m(2) and 32.0 +/- 6.4 m(3), respectively, received eleven applications at 48-h intervals with one of four different rates of NP. This created a 20-d application period which was followed by a three to fourteen month observation period, depending on the endpoint measured. Mean +/- SD NP concentrations in the water column measured 2 h after each application averaged 5 +/- 4, 23 +/- 11, 76 +/- 21, and 243 +/- 41 mu g/L at nominal treatments of 3, 30, 100, and 300 mu g/L, respectively. Persistence in the water column was relatively short, with a dissipation half-life estimated at less than or equal to 1.2 d. Persistence of NP in sediment and on macrophytes was substantially longer, with estimated half-lives of 28 to 104 d and 8 to 13 d, respectively. Zooplankton was the most sensitive group of organisms evaluated, with significant reductions in population abundances of some copepod taxa observed at the 23 +/- 11-mu g/L treatment. Fish survival was affected at 243 +/- 41 mu g/L. The most sensitive benthic macroinvertebrate taxon, Pisidium (Bivalvia) was affected at 76 +/- 21 mu g/L, but most taxa were only affected at the 243 +/- 41-mu g/L treatment. None of the assessed populations were affected at the 5 +/- 4-mu g/L treatment. Macrophytes and periphyton were not adversely affected by any of the treatments. Overall community composition, assessed at the family level or higher, was not affected at or below the 23 +/- 11-mu g/L treatment, but did exhibit substantial changes at the 243 +/- 41-mu g/L treatment. Some minor changes were observed at the 76 +/- 21-mu g/L treatment. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration in the water column, based on protection of the most sensitive taxa in the test system, was estimated at similar to 10 mu g/L. Details on NP persistence and distribution within the enclosures, and detailed effects on zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish are described in four separate papers immediately following this overview. C1 Univ Wisconsin Super, Lake Super Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Liber, K (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Toxicol Ctr, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada. NR 23 TC 42 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 357 EP 362 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0357:AIEOTP>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 167WX UT WOS:000078658100001 ER PT J AU Heinis, LJ Knuth, ML Liber, K Sheedy, BR Tunell, RL Ankley, GT AF Heinis, LJ Knuth, ML Liber, K Sheedy, BR Tunell, RL Ankley, GT TI Persistence and distribution of 4-nonylphenol following repeated application to littoral enclosures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 4-nonylphenol; persistence; sediment; littoral enclosures ID ALKYLPHENOL POLYETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; XENOBIOTIC COMPOUNDS; NONYL-PHENOL; TEST SYSTEMS; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION; BEHAVIOR; TRANSFORMATION AB The persistence and distribution of Lt-nonylphenol (NP) were monitored for 440 d, following application to 18 littoral enclosures (4 x 7-8 m), situated in a 2-ha mesotrophic pond near Duluth, Minnesota. Application was accomplished by subsurface, gravity-fed injection over a 20-d period, with a 2-d frequency, to achieve nominal aqueous concentrations of 0, 3, 30, 100, and 300 mu g/L. Mean maximum concentrations in the water over the 20-d application period ranged from 75.7 to 81.0% of nominal for the three highest treatment levels and was 181% of nominal at the lowest treatment level. Water was the major compartment, on a mass balance basis, for NP until 2 to 4 d after the application period, with a mean time to 50% dissipation (DT50) of 0.74 d and a mean time to 95% dissipation (DT95) of 13.8 d. 4-Nonylphenol partitioned to enclosure wall material, macrophytes, and sediment within 2 d of initial application. Macrophytes accumulated maximum NP concentrations of 11.5 and 139 mg/kg 1 to 2 d after the application period at the 30- and 300-mu g/L treatment levels, respectively. Mean DT50 and DT95 estimates of NP persistence in/on the macrophytes were 10.3 and 189 d, respectively. Sediment from the 30- and 300-mu g/L treatments accumulated maximum dry weight NP concentrations of 2.74 and 27.4 mg/kg, respectively within 20 to 48 d of the first application. The mean sediment porewater NP concentration was 18.6 mu g/L for the period 2 to 34 d after application 1 at the 300-mu g/L treatment. The sediment was the primary sink for NP 440 d after the initial application with a concentration of 1.97 mg/kg at the 300-mu g/L treatment. Mean sediment DT50 and DT95 values were 66.0 and 401 d, respectively, indicating a long-term persistence of NP. Ecocores collected 1 d after the final NP application did not show significant decreases in sediment NP concentration during a 55-d incubation period, corroborating the NP persistence observed in the littoral enclosures. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Wisconsin Super, Lake Super Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. RP Heinis, LJ (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 39 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 363 EP 375 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0363:PADONF>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 167WX UT WOS:000078658100002 ER PT J AU O'Halloran, SL Liber, K Gangl, JA Knuth, ML AF O'Halloran, SL Liber, K Gangl, JA Knuth, ML TI Effects of repeated exposure to 4-nonylphenol on the zooplankton community in littoral enclosures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE zooplankton; nonylphenol; toxicity; mesocosms; abundance AB The effects of 4-nonylphenol (NP) on freshwater zooplankton were evaluated in 18 littoral enclosure mesocosms in northeastern Minnesota. The 18 enclosures were allocated to three blocks of six units with each block including two untreated control enclosures and one enclosure for each of four NP treatments (3, 30, 100, and 300 mu g/L). Treated enclosures received 11 applications of NP over a 20-d period between July 8 and 28, 1993. Maximum NP concentrations measured in the water column 2 h after each application averaged (+/-SD) 5 +/- 4, 23 +/- 11, 76 +/- 21, and 243 +/- 41 mu g/L over the 11 applications. Nonylphenol dissipated rapidly from the water column but was more persistent in sediments and in/on macrophytes. All cladoceran and copepod taxa were significantly reduced in abundance at 243 +/- 41 mu g/L; some sensitive taxa were also affected at 76 +/- 21 and 23 +/- 11 mu g/L. While many rotifer taxa were unaffected at any of the test concentrations, several were affected at greater than or equal to 76 +/- 21 mu g/L. Ostracods were only affected at 243 +/- 41 IJ-gn No zooplankton taxon was affected at 5 +/- 4 mu g/L. The period of maximum impact usually occurred within 1 to 7 d of the last NP application, and recovery to control abundance levels generally occurred within 7 to 28 d of the last NP application. Two sensitive taxa, Acroperus and Calanoida, did not recover at greater than or equal to 76 +/- 21 mu g/L by the end of the study. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for protection of all zooplankton taxa was estimated at similar to 10 mu g/L, although overall community diversity was unaffected at 23 +/- 11. The water was the most probable route of NP exposure, but the greater persistence of NP residues in/on macropyhtes may have contributed to the lack of recovery of some macrophyte-associated taxa. C1 Univ Wisconsin Super, Laker Super Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Liber, K (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Toxicol Ctr, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 376 EP 385 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0376:EORETN>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 167WX UT WOS:000078658100003 ER PT J AU Schmude, KL Liber, K Corry, TD Stay, FS AF Schmude, KL Liber, K Corry, TD Stay, FS TI Effects of 4-nonylphenol on benthic macroinvertebrates and insect emergence in littoral enclosures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aquatic macroinvertebrates; 4-nonylphenol; impacts; littoral enclosures ID DIFLUBENZURON; PERSISTENCE; ESFENVALERATE; WATER AB The effect of 4-nonylphenol (NP) on benthic, freshwater macroinvertebrates in littoral enclosures was evaluated over a 2-year period. Enclosures received 11 NP applications, 48 h apart, with nominal rates of 3, 30, 100, and 300 mu g/L. Mean measured peak concentrations in integrated water column samples over the 20-d application period were 5 +/- 4, 23 +/- 11, 76 +/- 21, and 243 +/- 41 mu g/L NP. Concentrations of NP in the water column decreased rapidly after the last application. Maximum NP concentrations measured in sediments, pore water, and macrophytes of a 300-mu g/L enclosure were 27.4 mg/kg, 29.9 mu g/L, and 89.6 mg/kg, respectively. The most abundant macroinvertebrate groups, Chironomidae, Oligochaeta, and Mollusca, decreased in abundance after application. Effects on Mollusca were thr most severe. Their numbers were significantly reduced at the highest treatment (243 +/- 41 mu g/L NP) throughout most of the study. Oligochaetes (Naididae, Tubificidae) and chironomids (Tanytarsini, Chironomini) were also significantly reduced at the highest treatment, but populations recovered within 6 weeks. Snails and naidid oligochaetes were slightly affected at the second highest treatment (76 +/- 21 mu g/L NP). Insect emergence was reduced during and immediately post application, but the effects were likely caused or compounded by a surfactant sheen on the surface of the water that interfered with emergence and/or oviposition. The observed effects on the benthic community were most likely due to exposure from the water, although more persistent macrophyte-associated residues may have contributed to effects on Gastropoda, Naididae, and Tanytarsini. Macrophyte-associated NP residues may pose a small risk to benthic organisms, but it is probably minor compared to water exposures. The no-observed and lowest-observed-effect concentration for the benthic community was 23 +/- 11 and 76 +/- 21 mu g/L NP, respectively. C1 Univ Wisconsin Super, Lake Super Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Liber, K (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin Super, Lake Super Res Inst, 1800 Grand Ave, Superior, WI 54880 USA. NR 35 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 386 EP 393 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0386:EONOBM>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 167WX UT WOS:000078658100004 ER PT J AU Liber, K Gangl, JA Corry, TD Heinis, LJ Stay, FS AF Liber, K Gangl, JA Corry, TD Heinis, LJ Stay, FS TI Lethality and bioaccumulation of 4-nonylphenol in bluegill sunfish in littoral enclosures SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE nonylphenol; bluegill sunfish; mesocosms; toxicity; bioaccumulation ID NONYL-PHENOL; TOXICITY; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ALKYLPHENOLS; ACCUMULATION; SURFACTANTS; ETHOXYLATES; CHEMICALS AB Toxicity and bioaccumulation in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) of 4-nonylphenol (NP), a common precursor and degradation intermediate of certain nonionic surfactants, were evaluated in a set of 18 aquatic mesocosms (littoral enclosures) in northeastern Minnesota. Nonylphenol was applied to enclosures every 48 h over a 20-d period (11 applications) at rates of 3, 30, 100, and 300 mu g/L. Additional enclosures served as untreated controls. Maximum NP levels in the integrated water column 2 h after each application averaged 5 +/- 4, 23 +/- 11, 76 +/- 21, and 243 +/- 41 mu g/L over the 11 applications at the 3-, 30-, 100-, and 300-mu g/L treatments, respectively. Sixty-one percent of the NP dissipated from the water column within similar to 39 h of each application. Estimated survival of stocked juvenile bluegills was significantly reduced at the 300-mu g/L NP treatment. No significant effects were noted at the other NP treatments; however, the 100-mu g/L enclosure with the highest mean NP concentration (93 +/- 39 mu g/L) within that treatment had four to nine times more dead bluegills and four to six times fewer bluegills captured at the end of the season than the other two 100-mu g/L enclosures (64 +/- 23 and 71 +/- 32 mu g/L) and the controls, suggesting increased mortality in this enclosure, Nonylphenol tissue concentrations in juvenile bluegills collected from enclosures treated with 3 and 30 mu g/L NP ranged from 0.01 to 2.94 mu g/g wet weight and showed a significant positive relationship with the average measured NP concentration in the water. The mean wet weight nonequilibrium NP bioaccumulation factor was 87 +/- 124. There was no relationship between fish lipid content and NP tissue concentration. C1 Univ Wisconsin Super, Lake Super Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Liber, K (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Toxicol Ctr, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 13 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 394 EP 400 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0394:LABONI>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 167WX UT WOS:000078658100005 ER PT J AU Pillard, DA DuFresne, DL Tietge, JE Evans, JM AF Pillard, DA DuFresne, DL Tietge, JE Evans, JM TI Response of mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and inland silverside minnow (Menidia beryllina) to changes in artificial seawater salinity SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE salinity; toxicity; Mysidopsis bahia; Cyprinodon variegatus; Menidia beryllina ID DAPHNIA-MAGNA; TOXICITY; ACCLIMATION; WATERS; MODELS; IONS AB Although marine organisms are adapted to naturally high concentrations of total dissolved solids (salinity) in their environment, abnormally high or low concentrations of ions can be toxic. Toxicity can result from aberrant levels of a single ion or from shifts in the entire spectrum of salts that comprise saltwater. To determine how marine organisms will respond to drastic swings in solution salinity and to provide a predictive tool to assess toxicity attributable to salinity, three common marine test organisms were exposed to balanced solutions ranging in salinity from near zero to more than 80 parts per thousand. The organisms tested were mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and inland silverside minnow (Menidia beryllina). Logistic regression was used to relate salinity to survival for each of the three rest species. Survival of all three species was reduced at low and high salinities, although impacts to mysid shrimp at salinities of 4 parts per thousand or less were more pronounced than to either fish species. In high-salinity studies, mysid shrimp and inland silverside minnows had 48-h LC50s of approx. 45 parts per thousand; a 48-h LC50 of nearly 70 parts per thousand was calculated for the sheepshead minnow. Mysid shrimp and sheepshead minnows were relatively consistent in their response to saline solutions, whereas silverside minnows were more variable in their response. C1 ENSR, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Gas Res Inst, Chicago, IL 60631 USA. RP Pillard, DA (reprint author), ENSR, 4303 W LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM dpillard@ensr.com NR 30 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 430 EP 435 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0430:ROMSMB>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 167WX UT WOS:000078658100010 ER PT J AU Loomis, D Castillejos, M Gold, DR McDonnell, W Borja-Aburto, VH AF Loomis, D Castillejos, M Gold, DR McDonnell, W Borja-Aburto, VH TI Air pollution and infant mortality in Mexico City SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; fine particles; dust; ozone; infant mortality; Mexico; developing countries ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY-FUNCTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; AMBIENT OZONE; SCHOOLCHILDREN; ASSOCIATION; HEALTH; PARTICLES; CHILDREN; URBAN AB Historic air pollution episodes of the 1950s led to acute increases in infant mortality, and some recent epidemiologic studies suggest that infant or child mortality may still result from air pollution at current levels. To investigate the evidence for such an association, we conducted a time-series study of infant mortality in the southwestern part of Mexico City in the years 1993 to 1995 using mortality data from death registrations and air pollution measurements from a monitoring station we operated. Excess infant mortality was associated with the level of fine particles in the days before death, with the strongest association observed for the average concentration of fine particles during the period 3 to 5 days previously: a 10-mu g m(-3) increase in the mean level of fine particles during these 3 days was associated with a 6.9% excess of infant deaths (95% confidence interval 2.-11.3%), Infant mortality was also associated with the levels of nitrogen dioxide and ozone 3 to 5 days before death, hut not as consistently as with particles. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Univ Autonoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Cambridge, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Mexico City 07000, DF, Mexico. RP Loomis, D (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, CB-7400 UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Alejandro Martin, Serguei/A-6593-2012 NR 32 TC 143 Z9 149 U1 1 U2 19 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD MAR PY 1999 VL 10 IS 2 BP 118 EP 123 DI 10.1097/00001648-199903000-00006 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 169KC UT WOS:000078746100006 PM 10069245 ER PT J AU Roelke, DL Eldridge, PM Cifuentes, LA AF Roelke, DL Eldridge, PM Cifuentes, LA TI A model of phytoplankton competition for limiting and nonlimiting nutrients: Implications for development of estuarine and nearshore management schemes SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID RESOURCE COMPETITION; NITRATE UPTAKE; PSEUDONITZSCHIA-AUSTRALIS; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; SPECIES COMPOSITION; POPULATION-GROWTH; PLANKTONIC ALGAE; PHOSPHATE-UPTAKE; UPTAKE KINETICS; FRESH-WATER AB The global increase of noxious bloom occurrences has increased the need for phytoplankton management schemes. Such schemes require the ability to predict phytoplankton succession. Equilibrium Resource Competition theory, which is popular for predicting succession in lake systems, may not be useful in more dynamic environments, such as estuaries and coastal waters. We developed a mathematical model better suited to nonsteady state conditions. Our model incorporated luxury consumption of nonlimiting nutrients and cell starvation processes into a cell-quota-based nutrient-phytoplankton scheme. Nutrient pools described included nitrogen and phosphorus. Phytoplankton groups characterized in the model were a phosphorus-specialist, a nitrogen-specialist, and an intermediate group. We emphasized competition for nutrients under conditions of continuous and pulsing nutrient supply, as well as different nutrient loading ratios. Our results suggest that delivering nutrients in a pulsing fashion produces dramatic differences in phytoplankton community composition over a given period, that is, reduction of accumulated biomass of slower growing algae. Coastal managers may be able to inhibit initiation of slow-growing noxious blooms in estuaries and coastal waters by pulsing nutrient inputs from point sources, such as sewage treatment plants. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, WED, NHEERL, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Roelke, DL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM droelke@wfscgate.tamu.edu RI Roelke, Daniel/B-5766-2008 NR 79 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 23 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD MAR PY 1999 VL 22 IS 1 BP 92 EP 104 DI 10.2307/1352930 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 188MJ UT WOS:000079850600011 ER PT J AU Anzzolin, AR Siedlecki, M Lloyd, J AF Anzzolin, AR Siedlecki, M Lloyd, J TI The challenge of ground water quality monitoring SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Anzzolin, AR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 57 EP 60 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1999.tb00204.x PG 4 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 199CU UT WOS:000080462500002 ER PT J AU McCaulou, DR Huling, SG AF McCaulou, DR Huling, SG TI Compatibility of bentonite and DNAPLs SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; ORGANIC LIQUIDS; COMPACTED CLAY; SOILS; WATER; SOLVENTS AB The compatibility of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), trichloroethylene (TCE), methylene chloride (MC), and creosote with commercially available sodium bentonite pellets was evaluated using stainless steel, double ring, falling head permeameters. The hydraulic conductivity (K) of the bentonite clay was measured under three experimental conditions: (1) water soluble constituents of the DNAPLs were used to hydrate and permeate the bentonite; (2) bentonite pellets were submersed in DNAPL prior to hydration and permeation with water; and (3) DNAPLs were pooled on water-hydrated bentonite. Further, the effect of hydraulic head (2.5, 145, and 710 cm) on water-hydrated bentonite permeated with TCE and the effects of TCE exposure time to mixtures of bentonite grout and sand were measured. Solubility concentrations of DNAPL constituents did not effect the hydraulic conductivity of the bentonite pellets relative to baseline (water only) measurements; a competent hydraulic barrier was formed (K < 5 x 10(-9) cm/s). Bentonite pellets submersed in DNAPLs retained their rigid shape, did not swell, and did not perform as a hydraulic barrier. However, when the DNAPL was removed and replaced with water, the DNAPL-wetted pellets imbibed water to swell and form an adequate hydraulic barrier (K < 6 X 10(-9) cm/s). Competent hydraulic barriers constructed with bentonite pellets and hydrated with water were subsequently permeated with TCE, MC, or creosote DNAPLs developing desiccation cracks up to 5 mm wide. The intrinsic permeability of water-hydrated bentonite was 46 to 2640 times greater to DNAPLs relative to water, indicating that the desiccation cracks predominantly facilitated preferential DNAPL transport. The propagation rate of cracks was positively correlated to the hydraulic gradient, but the formation of cracks is chemically dependent on the contact time of DNAPL. Silica sand is expansively inert, yet 95, 90, 83, 75, and 50% (wt sand/wt bentonite) mixtures with bentonite grout were insufficient to prevent desiccation cracks and hydraulic failure. The incompatibility between DNAPLs and bentonite observed in this study is important due to the numerous exploratory borings in DNAPL zones, the increasing dependency on hydraulic containment as a remedial alternative, and the fact that such remedial systems are often designed to be functional for many years. C1 Hydro Geo Chem Inc, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Ada, OK USA. RP McCaulou, DR (reprint author), Hydro Geo Chem Inc, 51 W Wetmore, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 78 EP 86 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1999.tb00208.x PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 199CU UT WOS:000080462500006 ER PT J AU DiGiulio, DC Ravi, V Brusseau, ML AF DiGiulio, DC Ravi, V Brusseau, ML TI Evaluation of mass flux to and from ground water using a vertical flux model (VFLUX): Application to the soil vacuum extraction closure problem SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID PARTITIONING TRACER AB Site closure for soil vacuum extraction (SVE) application typically requires attainment of specified soil concentration standards based on the premise that mass flux from the vadose zone to ground water not result in levels exceeding maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). Unfortunately, realization of MCLs in ground water may not be attainable at many sites. This results in soil remediation efforts that may be in excess of what is necessary for future protection of ground water and soil remediation goals which often cannot be achieved within a reasonable time period. Soil venting practitioners have attempted to circumvent these problems by basing closure on some predefined percent total mass removal, or an approach to a vapor concentration asymptote. These approaches, however, are subjective and influenced by venting design. We propose an alternative strategy based on evaluation of five components: (1) site characterization, (2) design, (3) performance monitoring, (4) rate-limited vapor transport, and (5) mass flux to and from ground water. Demonstration of closure is dependent on satisfactory assessment of all five components. The focus of this paper is to support mass flux evaluation. We present a plan based on monitoring of three subsurface zones and develop an analytical one-dimensional vertical flux model we term VFLUX. VFLUX is a significant improvement over the well-known numerical one-dimensional model, VLEACH, which is often used for estimation of mass flux to ground water, because it allows for the presence of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in soil, degradation, and a time-dependent boundary condition at the water table interface. The time-dependent boundary condition is the centerpiece of our mass flux approach because it dynamically links performance of ground water remediation to SVE closure. Progress or lack of progress in ground water remediation results in either increasingly or decreasingly stringent closure requirements, respectively. C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Dynam Corp, Ada, OK USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP DiGiulio, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 96 EP 104 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1999.tb00210.x PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 199CU UT WOS:000080462500008 ER PT J AU Sparks, LE Guo, Z Chang, JC Tichenor, BA AF Sparks, LE Guo, Z Chang, JC Tichenor, BA TI Volatile organic compound emissions from latex paint - Part 1. Chamber experiments and source model development SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE indoor air quality; latex paint; emission models; VOCs; chamber studies ID INDOOR AB Latex paints are widely used in residential and commercial indoor environments. The surface areas covered by the paints in these environments are relatively large. Thus, latex paints have the potential for having a major impact on indoor air quality (IAQ). A study was undertaken to develop methods for evaluating the impact of latex paint emission on IAQ. Small chamber experiments using stainless steel and Fainted and unpainted gypsum board substrates were conducted to determine the emission characteristics of latex paint. The emissions from the stainless steel were relatively short lived (3 to 4 days), whereas the emissions from gypsum board lasted for over 200 days. Because gypsum board is a common substrate for latex paint, all emission models were developed for the gypsum board substrates. The data from the small chamber tests led to the development of two empirical and two mass-transfer-based source emission models. Approximately 100 to 200 days of data were required to estimate the parameters required for the empirical models. Only 8 days of data were required to estimate the parameters for the mass-transfer-based models. The final models use paint formulation and mass transfer correlations to predict the emissions of the major individual volatile organic compounds emitted by latex paint. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Indoor Environm Management Branch MD 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sparks, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Indoor Environm Management Branch MD 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 12 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 10 EP 17 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-3-00003.x PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 177VQ UT WOS:000079232100002 PM 10195271 ER PT J AU Sparks, LE Guo, Z Chang, JC Tichenor, BA AF Sparks, LE Guo, Z Chang, JC Tichenor, BA TI Volatile organic compound emissions from latex paint - Part 2. Test house studies and indoor air quality (IAQ) modeling SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE indoor air quality model; latex paint; test house; emission models; sinks AB Emission models developed using small chamber data were combined with an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) model to analyze the impact of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from latex paint on indoor environments. Test house experiments were conducted to verify the IAQ model's predictions. The agreement between model predictions and experimental measurements met the American Society for Testing and Materials criteria for model verification in the room with the source and met most of the requirements in other rooms. The major cause of disagreement between the model predictions and the experimental data in the test house appears to be an inadequate sink model. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Indoor Environm Management Branch MD 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sparks, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Indoor Environm Management Branch MD 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 12 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 18 EP 25 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-3-00004.x PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 177VQ UT WOS:000079232100003 PM 10195272 ER PT J AU Reddy, TV Olson, GR Wiechman, B Reddy, G Torsella, J Daniel, FB Leach, GJ AF Reddy, TV Olson, GR Wiechman, B Reddy, G Torsella, J Daniel, FB Leach, GJ TI Toxicity of tetryl (N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline) in F344 rats SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alpha-2-MicroGlobulin; F344 rats; methemoglobin; subchronic toxicity; tetryl (N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline) ID 1,3,5-TRINITROBENZENE TNB; FISCHER-344 RATS; ALPHA-2U-GLOBULIN; TRINITROTOLUENE AB The toxicity of tetryl (N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline) in male and female F344 rats was evaluated after adminstration in the diet for 14 or 90 days. The 14 day study diet concentrations used were 0, 500, 1250, 2000, 2500, and 5000 ppm; the 90-day study diet concentrations were 0, 200, 1000, and 3000 ppm tetryl in the diet. The calculated average daily tetryl intake was 32.1, 82.5, 130.3, 178.9, and 374.4 mg/kg body weight (BW) for females and 31.8, 80.0, 121.0, 170.5, and 349.7 mg/kg BW for males in the 14-day study. For the 90-day studies, the daily tetryl intake was 14.2, 68.8, and 199.0 mg/kg BW for females and 13.0, 62.4, and 179.6 mg/kg BW for males. In the 14-day study, there was a significant decrease in body weights (males), whereas relative (organ/body weight) liver and spleen (females), and kidney (males) weights were significantly increased in the 5000-ppm dose group. Hematological effects observed were decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit and an increased number of reticulocyts in females (2000 to 5000 ppm). Methemoglobin levels in males (2000 to 5000 ppm) and females (5000 ppm) and total blood protein and albumin levels in all groups of males and females (except 500 ppm) were significantly increased. Histopathological changes were observed in kidneys (deposition of cytoplasmic droplets) of ail dose groups of male rats. In the subchronic (90-day) study feed intake was reduced in all dose groups, but a significant decrease in terminal body weights was observed in females (1000 and 3000 ppm) and males (3000 ppm). An increase in the relative liver, kidney (1000-3000 ppm), and spleen (3000 ppm) weights mere noted in both sexes. The hemoglobin content and red blood cell count were decreased whereas the reticulocyte count was elevated (3000 ppm) in both sexes at 45 and 90 days. Methemoglobin levels were increased in both sexes (1000 and 3000 ppm). Histopathological changes were noted in the spleen (pigment deposition and erythroid cell hyperplasia) of both sexes (3000 ppm) and kidneys (tubular degeneration and cytoplasmic droplets containing alpha-2-micro globulin) of male rats (1000 to 3000 ppm). A no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for both sexes was 13 mg/kg BW/day was determined. C1 USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Pathol Associates Inc, W Chester, OH USA. RP Reddy, TV (reprint author), USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Bldg E-2100, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1091-5818 J9 INT J TOXICOL JI Int. J. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 97 EP 107 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 171QT UT WOS:000078875600002 ER PT J AU Sarnoff, JD AF Sarnoff, JD TI Equality as uncertainty SO IOWA LAW REVIEW LA English DT Review ID STARE-DECISIS; LAW; EMPTY; RULES; POWER; IDEA C1 Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Covington & Burling Associates, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 142 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV IOWA PI IOWA CITY PA IOWA LAW REVIEW COLLEGE OF LAW, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA SN 0021-0552 J9 IOWA LAW REV JI Iowa Law Rev. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 84 IS 3 BP 377 EP 411 PG 35 WC Law SC Government & Law GA 220RL UT WOS:000081681200001 ER PT J AU Pontius, FW Symons, J Leiby, V McInerney, J Means, E Siburg, D Dougherty, C AF Pontius, FW Symons, J Leiby, V McInerney, J Means, E Siburg, D Dougherty, C TI The past, present, and future SDWA SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 AWWA, Denver, CO 80235 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Assoc State Drinking Water Administrators, Washington, DC 20036 USA. BHC Co, Bridgeport, CT 06610 USA. Kitsap Publ Util Dist, Poulsbo, WA 98370 USA. Univ Houston, Bradenton, FL 34202 USA. RP Pontius, FW (reprint author), AWWA, 6666 W Quincy Ave, Denver, CO 80235 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 91 IS 3 BP 36 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 179GB UT WOS:000079317000008 ER PT J AU Islam, MR Chaudhry, MH Clark, RM AF Islam, MR Chaudhry, MH Clark, RM TI Inverse modeling of chlorine concentration in pipe networks under dynamic condition - Closure SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, Water Supply & Water Resour Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Islam, MR (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1999 VL 125 IS 3 BP 297 EP 298 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:3(297) PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 168GE UT WOS:000078682700014 ER PT J AU Zacharias, S Heatwole, CD Persaud, N Bruggeman, AC Kumar, D Smith, CN AF Zacharias, S Heatwole, CD Persaud, N Bruggeman, AC Kumar, D Smith, CN TI Stochastic simulation of field-scale pesticide transport using opus and GLEAMS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint AGU Chapman/SSSA Outreach Conference on Applications of GIS, Remote Sensing, Geostatistics, and Solute Transport Modeling to the Assessment of Nonpoint Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone CY OCT 19-24, 1997 CL RIVERSIDE, CA SP AGU Chapman, SSSA ID ZONE SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; HETEROGENEOUS SOIL; MODEL; GROUNDWATER; DEGRADATION; CROP; FLOW AB Incorporating variability in soil and chemical properties into root zone leaching models should provide a better representation of pollutant distribution in natural field conditions. Our objective was to determine if a more mechanistic rate-based model (Opus) would predict soil water and pesticide mass in the soil profile more accurately than a rapacity-based model (GLEAMS) when spatial variability and uncertainty in parameters are considered. Predictions of spatial variations of soil water content and movement of aldicarb [2-methyl-2-(methylthio)-propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] in the root zone were compared using 3 yr of observed data from a 3.9-ha agricultural field in southwest Georgia. Spatial variability of soil physical properties, pesticide properties, and pesticide application were described using probability distributions fitted to measured field data, after removing spatial trends that were physically meaningful. There were significant differences in mean soil water content predicted by the two models, although variations around the mean were comparable. Pesticide mass predictions were different on most post-application dates in both mean and spatial variation. The less rigorous GLEAMS predicted mean depth-averaged soil water content and pesticide mass in the 1.2-m profile at least as good as the more mechanistic Opus, although it did not simulate depth distributions of water or pesticide mass as well as Opus. GLEAMS simulated spatial variations of depth-averaged soil water content and pesticide mass in the field with reasonable accuracy while employing fewer parameters that exhibit lower spatial variability. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. PBS&J, Bowie, MD 20716 USA. RP Heatwole, CD (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM heatwole@vt.edu RI Bruggeman, Adriana/J-6345-2013 NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 28 IS 2 BP 411 EP 423 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 175VN UT WOS:000079116500007 ER PT J AU Williams, RW Watts, RR Stevens, RK Stone, CL Lewtas, J AF Williams, RW Watts, RR Stevens, RK Stone, CL Lewtas, J TI Evaluation of a personal air sampler for twenty-four hour collection of fine particles and semivolatile organics SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air exposures; fine particulate matter; personal exposure monitor; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID INDOOR; EXPOSURE; DESIGN; NICOTINE; AEROSOLS; PAH AB The U.S. EPA has conducted an evaluation of a commercially available lightweight fine particle personal sampler for use in human exposure and biomarker studies involving 24-h collections of particulate matter, particle-bound organics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and semivolatile organics (PAHs). Independent laboratory evaluation of the prototype design. intended to produce a 2.5-mu m aerodynamic diameter cut-point at a now between 1.5 and 1.7 Ipm (liters per minute). indicated that at a challenge flow Fate of 1.5 Ipm, the sampler provided an aerodynamic cut-point (dp(50)) of only 1.7 mu m. The variance between expected size selection resulted from the prototype's jet diameter dimension being inadvertently based upon a flow rate of 2.0 mu m rather than an intended 1.5-1.7 Ipm. Other aerodynamic factors not presently accounted for may also have played an influence. Extrapolated cut-points for now rates at 1 and 3 Ipm for the prototype were determined to be 2.1 and 1.2 mu m, respectively. Total losses attributed to unwanted particle retention within the sampler ranged from 10% for 0.91 mu m size particles to essentially zero approaching diameters greater than 2.0 mu m. The ambient concentration of particles(< 1.7 mu m) needed for acceptable gravimetric filter measurements involving 24-h sample collection was determined to be 10 mu g/m(3). Investigation of the sampler to retain and recover PAHs using XAD-2 resin, often of importance in human exposure biomarker studies, indicated that corrected recoveries between 94% and 108% could be obtained for 16 priority pollutant PAH species. Overall evaluation of the personal monitor indicates that it has research utility due to its modular features and size but reconfiguration should be performed that would permit true PM2.5 size selection. The current configuration collects particles less than 2.5 mu m at approximately 95% collection efficiency. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Williams, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 158 EP 166 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500028 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 297VJ UT WOS:000086103100008 PM 10321355 ER PT J AU Boufadel, MC Suidan, MT Venosa, AD Bowers, MT AF Boufadel, MC Suidan, MT Venosa, AD Bowers, MT TI Steady seepage in trenches and dams: Effect of capillary flow SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL-SOLUTION; UNSATURATED FLOW; INFILTRATION; TRANSIENT; EQUATION; DRAINAGE; SURFACE; MODEL AB Steady seepage from two-dimensional domains is investigated using a dimensionless formulation for variably saturated media that depends on three dimensionless parameters, M, n, and alpha. The parameter M is the product of the anisotropy ratio and the squared ratio of the vertical length scale to the horizontal length scale. The parameter n increases with the uniformity of the pore sizes, and alpha represents the ratio of the domain height to the height of the capillary fringe. Our modeling results show that the seepage face height in rectangular domains is always larger than the seepage face height computed from saturated flow models. The results also show that the seepage face height increases with increasing M, increasing n, and/or decreasing alpha. The outflows computed from the present model are always larger than the outflows computed by the Dupuit assumption. Nomographs for rectangular and trapezoidal domains simulating trenches and dams are presented. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45269 USA. RP Boufadel, MC (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, POB 340919, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM mboufad@ces.clemson.edu NR 40 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1999 VL 125 IS 3 BP 286 EP 294 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:3(286) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 166LC UT WOS:000078577000009 ER PT J AU Mineau, P Fletcher, MR Glaser, LC Thomas, NJ Brassard, C Wilson, LK Elliott, JE Lyon, LA Henny, CJ Bollinger, T Porter, SL AF Mineau, P Fletcher, MR Glaser, LC Thomas, NJ Brassard, C Wilson, LK Elliott, JE Lyon, LA Henny, CJ Bollinger, T Porter, SL TI Poisoning of raptors with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides with emphasis on Canada, US and UK SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE pesticides; anticholinesterases; poisoning; raptors; agriculture ID ORGANO-PHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE; RED-TAILED HAWKS; AMERICAN KESTRELS; BALD EAGLES; CONSERVATION STATUS; FENTHION TOXICITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CASE-HISTORIES; WILD BIRDS; CARBOFURAN AB We reviewed cases of raptor mortality resulting from cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. We compiled records from the U.S., U.K. and Canada for the period 1985-95 (520 incidents) and surveyed the relevant literature to identify the main routes of exposure and those products that led to the greatest number of poisoning cases. A high proportion of cases in the U.K. resulted from abusive uses of pesticides (willful poisoning). The proportion was smaller in North America where problems with labeled uses of pesticides were as frequent as abuse cases. Poisoning resulting from labeled use was possible with a large number of granular pesticides and some seed treatments through secondary poisoning or through the ingestion of contaminated invertebrates, notably earthworms. With the more toxic products, residue levels in freshly-sprayed insects were high enough to cause mortality. The use of organophosphorus products as avicides and for the topical treatment of livestock appeared to be common routes of intoxication. The use of insecticides in dormant oils also gave rise to exposure that can be lethal or which can debilitate birds and increase their vulnerability. A few pesticides of high toxicity were responsible for the bulk of poisoning cases. Based on limited information, raptors appeared to be more sensitive than other bird species to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Some of the more significant risk factors that resulted in raptor poisonings were: insectivory and vermivory, opportunistic taking of debilitated prey; scavenging, especially if the gastrointestinal tracts are consumed; presence in agricultural areas; perceived status as pest species; and flocking or other gregarious behavior at some part of their life cycle. Lethal or sublethal poisoning should always be considered in the diagnosis of dead or debilitated raptors even when another diagnosis (e.g., electrocution, car or building strike) is apparent. Many cases of poisoning are not currently diagnosed as such and, even when diagnosed, the information is often not made available to regulatory authorities. The importance of pesticide intoxications relative to other sources of mortality is highly variable in time and place; on a regional level, the increased mortality of raptors resulting from cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides can be significant, especially in the case of rare species. C1 Canadian Wildlife Serv, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. MAFF, Cent Sci Lab, Surrey GU3 3LQ, England. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US EPA, Off Sci Policy 8104R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, RRl Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refuges, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Canadian Cooperat Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. Blue Ridge Community Coll, Weyers Cave, VA 24486 USA. RP Mineau, P (reprint author), Canadian Wildlife Serv, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. NR 143 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 4 U2 37 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 1 EP 37 PG 37 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 190RQ UT WOS:000079978800001 ER PT J AU Nunez, CM Ramsey, GH Kong, EJ Bahner, MA Wright, RS Clayton, CA Baskir, JN AF Nunez, CM Ramsey, GH Kong, EJ Bahner, MA Wright, RS Clayton, CA Baskir, JN TI Evaluation of pollution prevention options to reduce styrene emissions from fiber-reinforced plastic open molding processes SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Pollution prevention (P2) options to reduce styrene emissions, such as new materials and application equipment, are commercially available to the operators of open molding processes. However, information is lacking on the emissions reduction that these options can achieve. To meet this need, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, working in collaboration with Research Triangle Institute, measured styrene emissions for several of these P2 options. In addition, the emission factors calculated from these test results were compared with the existing EPA emission factors for gel coat sprayup and resin applications. Results show that styrene emissions can be reduced by up to 52% by using controlled spraying (i.e., reducing overspray), low-styrene and styrene-suppressed materials, and nonatomizing application equipment. Also, calculated emission factors were 1.6-2.5 times greater than the mid-range EPA emission factors for the corresponding gel coat and resin application. These results indicate that facilities using existing EPA emission factors to estimate emissions in open molding processes are likely to underestimate actual emissions. Facilities should investigate the applicability and feasibility of these P2 options to reduce their styrene emissions. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Nunez, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 49 IS 3 BP 256 EP 267 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 174WJ UT WOS:000079059100002 PM 10202452 ER PT J AU Smith, MV McDonnell, WF AF Smith, MV McDonnell, WF TI A statistical model for FEV1 response to arbitrary dynamic ozone exposure conditions SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION; ACUTE INHALATION; EXERCISE; DOGS; LUNG AB Lung function response to inhaled ozone at ambient air pollution levels is known to be a function of ozone concentration, exposure duration, and minute ventilation. Most data-driven exposure-response models address exposures under static condition (i.e., with a constant ozone concentration and exercise pattern). Such models are simplifications, as both ambient ozone concentrations and normal human activity patterns change with time. The purpose of this study was to develop a dynamic model of response with the advantages of a statistical model (a relatively simple structure with few parameters). A previously proposed mechanistic model for changes in specific airways resistance was adapted to describe the percent change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). This model was then reduced using the fit to three existing exposure-response data sets as criterion. The resulting model consists of a single linear differential equation together with an algebraic logistic equation. Under restricted static conditions the model reduces to a logistic model presented earlier by the authors. C1 Analyt Sci Inc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Smith, MV (reprint author), Analyt Sci Inc, 2605 Meridan Pkwy,Suite 200, Durham, NC 27713 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 49 IS 3 BP 289 EP 298 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 174WJ UT WOS:000079059100005 PM 10202453 ER PT J AU Lewis, CW Stevens, RK Rasmussen, RA Cardelino, CA Pierce, TE AF Lewis, CW Stevens, RK Rasmussen, RA Cardelino, CA Pierce, TE TI Biogenic fraction of ambient VOC: Comparison of radiocarbon, chromatographic, and emissions inventory estimates for Atlanta, Georgia SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SAMPLES; URBAN AB Previously reported volatile organic compounds (VOC) radiocarbon (C-14) measurements for 1992 summertime Atlanta, GA, have been compared with chromatographic data and emissions inventory predictions. The chromatographic approach that was used provided a more comprehensive VOC characterization than typically achieved, and the emissions inventory was research-grade level (date-, site-, and time-specific). The comparisons are-in general agreement that biogenic emissions contribute only modestly (<10%) to the VOC content of the particular ambient samples that were collected and measured. The choices of sampling site (near city-center) and times (early morning and late evening) are major influences on the results, which consequently should not be regarded as representing the average VOC biogenic impact for the Atlanta area. C1 US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Florida Dept Environm Protect, Tallahassee, FL USA. Oregon Grad Inst Sci & Technol, Portland, OR USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Lewis, CW (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, MD-47, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lewis.charlesw@epamail.epa.gov NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 49 IS 3 BP 299 EP 307 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 174WJ UT WOS:000079059100006 PM 28060594 ER PT J AU Darvin, CH Cox, LS Smith, D AF Darvin, CH Cox, LS Smith, D TI Comparative study of spray booth filter system efficiency SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB During recent years, greater emphasis has been placed on the control of particulate emissions from painting operations. This has gained more importance as more is learned about the potential release of toxic metals to the atmosphere from painting operations. This has led to queries about the efficiency of various painting arrestor systems to reduce particulate discharges to the atmosphere. Even more important is the capability of the arrestor systems to control PM10 emissions. In 1995, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency initiated a study to evaluate various dry paint overspray arrestor systems. This study was designed to evaluate not only the total emissions control capability of the arrestor but also the PM10 control capability of the various system designs. Paint overspray arrestor systems using five different filtration concepts or materials were selected. They include systems constructed of fiberglass, paper, Styrofoam, and cardboard materials. These systems used filtration techniques incorporating the following filtration phenomena and designs: cyclone, baffle, bag systems, and mesh systems. The testing used an optical particle counting procedure to determine the concentration of particles of a given size fraction to penetrate a test arrestor system. The results of the testing indicated that there are significant differences in the efficiency of the tested system designs to capture and retain PM10. This paper summarizes the results of the research conducted to determine the capability of the arrestor systems to capture particulate of sizes down to approximately 1 mu m in surface diameter. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Darvin, CH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 49 IS 3 BP 339 EP 344 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 174WJ UT WOS:000079059100011 PM 10202455 ER PT J AU Kelce, WR Gray, LE AF Kelce, WR Gray, LE TI Environmental antiandrogens: In vitro and in vivo screening mechanisms SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Review ID ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; CHANGING PARAMETERS; SEMEN QUALITY; LEYDIG-CELL; RAT TESTES; IN-VIVO; VINCLOZOLIN; 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; SPECIFICITY AB Increased attention to the endocrine-disrupting, or hormone-mimicking, capabilities of some chemicals has prompted the US Environmental Protection Agency to initiate a program to screen environmentally relevant chemicals for this activity. The authors discuss the specific action of environmental chemicals that alter androgen action during fetal development, and focus on the screening process: a combination of in vitro, in vive, and ex vive assays, designed to determine reproductive toxicity with the most efficiency. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kelce, WR (reprint author), Monsanto Co, AG Regulatory Fdn Team, 645 S Newstead Ave, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. NR 68 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 26 EP 32 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 174LB UT WOS:000079035700007 ER PT J AU Murrell, MC Hollibaugh, JT Silver, MW Wong, PS AF Murrell, MC Hollibaugh, JT Silver, MW Wong, PS TI Bacterioplankton dynamics in northern San Francisco Bay: Role of particle association and seasonal freshwater flow SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID FREE-LIVING BACTERIA; EXTRACELLULAR ENZYME-ACTIVITY; AGGREGATES MARINE SNOW; ATTACHED BACTERIA; PELAGIC TUNICATES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; COASTAL WATERS; ORGANIC-CARBON; PHYTOPLANKTON; VARIABILITY AB Bacterioplankton abundance and metabolic characteristics were observed in northern San Francisco Bay, California, during spring and summer 1996 at three sites: Central Bay, Suisun Bay, and the Sacramento River. These sites spanned a salinity gradient from marine to freshwater, and sampling occurred during a period of seasonally declining river flow. The microbial measures included radio-labeled amino acid uptake (L-leucine, L-proline, L-serine), ectoenzyme activity (aminopeptidase and beta-D-glucosidase), and bacterial abundance using 1-mu m filters to separate free from particle-associated bacteria. A seasonal decline in all bacterial metabolic measures was observed at all stations, suggesting that a system-wide variable may be important in controlling bacterial activity. One such variable is freshwater flow into the Bay (as a proxy for organic matter flux), which positively covaried with all metabolic measures. A sharp decline in particle-associated bacteria was also observed in Suisun Bay and the Sacramento River between July and August. This decline may have been due to combined effects of declining nutritive value of the aging particles and increasing grazing pressure by benthic filter feeders. Aminopeptidase activity was positively related with increasing salinity, and beta-D-glucosidase was negatively correlated with increasing salinity, indicating a gradient in the relative quality of organic matter from carbohydrate-rich riverine to protein-rich oceanic material. Overall, Suisun Bay had the highest mean proportion of particle-associated bacteria (49%), followed by Sacramento River (36%) and Central Bay (11%). Particles were the sites of enhanced ectoenzyme activity but not amino acid incorporation. Bacteria may be actively dissolving the particulate organic matter, but their growth rates on particles are not significantly enhanced. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Murrell, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 62 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 44 IS 2 BP 295 EP 308 PG 14 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 179DD UT WOS:000079309300006 ER PT J AU Fisher, WS Oliver, LM Walker, WW Manning, CS Lytle, TF AF Fisher, WS Oliver, LM Walker, WW Manning, CS Lytle, TF TI Decreased resistance of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) to a protozoan pathogen (Perkinsus marinus) after sublethal exposure to tributyltin oxide SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oyster; Crassostrea virginica; disease; Perkinsus marinus; toxicity; (Tributyl)tin; bioaccumulation; lethal effects ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; UNITED-STATES; BUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS; BIVALVE MOLLUSKS; BODY BURDEN; IN-VITRO; DISEASE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; COPPER AB Anthropogenic environmental stress is a likely contributor to outbreaks of disease due to immunosuppression or increased host vulnerability. Estuarine organisms are exposed to variable concentrations of marine antifouling agents, such as tributyltin (TBT), with higher exposures existing near ports and marinas. Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), inhabiting the northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of North America, are susceptible to a protozoan pathogen, Perkinsus marinus, which has devastated oyster populations and depleted oyster fisheries throughout its range. This study examined the effects of exposure to environmental levels of TBT on susceptibility and survival of oysters when subsequently challenged with P. marinus. Oysters were exposed to TBT (0, 30 and 80 ng/L) in Bow-through aquaria for 9 weeks, then moved to static aquaria, where they were challenged with parasites and monitored for an additional 8 weeks for mortality and disease. Results indicated increased infection intensity and oyster mortality in the TBT-exposed treatments relative to unexposed controls. It is hypothesized that TBT exacerbates the infectious disease process and that exposed oysters succumb at lower levels of infection. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. RP Fisher, WS (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr,5239, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 51 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 EI 1879-0291 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 47 IS 2 BP 185 EP 201 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(98)00114-7 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 159PD UT WOS:000078181900006 ER PT J AU Kemppainen, JA Langley, E Wong, CI Bobseine, K Kelce, WR Wilson, EM AF Kemppainen, JA Langley, E Wong, CI Bobseine, K Kelce, WR Wilson, EM TI Distinguishing androgen receptor agonists and antagonists: Distinct mechanisms of activation by medroxyprogesterone acetate and dihydrotestosterone SO MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGAND-BINDING DOMAIN; HUMAN-BREAST-CANCER; RAT VENTRAL PROSTATE; NONSTEROIDAL ANTIANDROGEN; PROGESTERONE-RECEPTOR; CONSTITUTIONAL DELAY; BIOLOGICAL PROFILE; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR AB Natural and pharmacological androgen receptor (AR) ligands were tested for their ability to induce the AR NH2-terminal and carboxyl-terminal (N/C) interaction in a two-hybrid protein assay to determine whether N/C complex formation distinguishes in vivo AR agonists from antagonists. High-affinity agonists such as dihydrotestosterone, mibolerone, testosterone, and methyltrienolone at concentrations between 0.1 and 1 nM induce the N/C interaction mote than 40-fold. The lower affinity anabolic steroids, oxandrolone and fluoxymesterone, require concentrations of 10-100 nM for up to 23-fold induction of the N/C interaction. However no N/C interaction was detected in the presence of the antagonists, hydroxyflutamide, cyproterone acetate, or RU56187, at concentrations up to 1 mu M, or with 1 mu M estradiol, progesterone, or medroxyprogesterone acetate; each of these steroids at 1-500 nM inhibited the dihydrotestosterone-induced N/C interaction, with medroxyprogesterone acetate being the most effective, in transient and stable cotransfection assays using the mouse mammary tumor virus reporter vector, all ligands displayed concentration-dependent AR agonist activity that paralleled induction of the N/C interaction, with antagonists and weaker agonists failing to induce the N/C interaction. AR dimerization and DNA binding in mobility shift assays and AR stabilization reflected, but were not dependent on, the N/C interaction. The results indicate that the N/C interaction facilitates agonist potency at low physiological ligand concentrations as detected in transcription, dimerization/DNA binding, and stabilization assays. However the N/C interaction is not required for agonist activity at sufficiently high ligand concentrations, nor does its inhibition imply antagonist activity. C1 Univ N Carolina, Reprod Biol Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Branch, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wilson, EM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Reprod Biol Lab, CB 7500,Room 374,Med Sci Res Bldg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [IU54-HD-35041, HD-16910]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-08265] NR 66 TC 153 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 4350 EAST WEST HIGHWAY SUITE 500, BETHESDA, MD 20814-4110 USA SN 0888-8809 J9 MOL ENDOCRINOL JI Mol. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 440 EP 454 DI 10.1210/me.13.3.440 PG 15 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 172MY UT WOS:000078929400009 PM 10077001 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EA Macko, SA Shugart, HH AF Hobbie, EA Macko, SA Shugart, HH TI Insights into nitrogen and carbon dynamics of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi from isotopic evidence SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE nitrogen dynamics; nitrogen isotope ratio; carbon isotope ratio; mycorrhizal fungi; succession ID N-15 NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; GLACIER BAY; CONIFEROUS SEEDLINGS; PRIMARY SUCCESSION; ORGANIC-MATTER; SOIL-NITROGEN; SOLUTION PH; OLD-FIELD; ALASKA; COMPARTMENTS AB The successful use of natural abundances of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes in the study of ecosystem dynamics suggests that isotopic measurements could yield new insights into the role of fungi in nitrogen and carbon cycling. Sporocarps of mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi, vegetation, and soils were collected in young, deciduous-dominated sites and older, coniferous-dominated sites along a successional sequence at Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Mycorrhizal fungi had consistently higher delta(15)N and lower delta(13)C values than saprotrophic fungi. Foliar delta(13)C values were always isotopically depleted relative to both fungal types. Foliar delta(15)N values were usually, but not always, more depleted than those in saprotrophic fungi, and were consistently more depleted than in mycorrhizal fungi. We hypothesize that an apparent isotopic fractionation by mycorrhizal fungi during the transfer of nitrogen to plants may be attributed to enzymatic reactions within the fungi producing isotopically depleted amino acids, which are subsequently passed on to plant symbionts. An increasing difference between soil mineral nitrogen delta(15)N and foliar delta(15)N in later succession might therefore be a consequence of greater reliance on mycorrhizal symbionts for nitrogen supply under nitrogen-limited conditions. Carbon signatures of mycorrhizal fungi may be more enriched than those of foliage because the fungi use isotopically enriched photosynthate such as simple sugars, in contrast to the mixture of compounds present in leaves. In addition, some C-13 fractionation may occur during transport processes from leaves to roots, and during fungal chitin biosynthesis. Stable isotopes have the potential to help clarify the role of fungi in ecosystem processes. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Hobbie, EA (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM hobbie@mail.cor.epa.gov RI Shugart, Herman/C-5156-2009 NR 45 TC 170 Z9 173 U1 8 U2 77 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 1999 VL 118 IS 3 BP 353 EP 360 DI 10.1007/s004420050736 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 180NK UT WOS:000079391900009 PM 28307279 ER PT J AU Pahler, A Parker, J Dekant, W AF Pahler, A Parker, J Dekant, W TI Dose-dependent protein adduct formation in kidney, liver, and blood of rats and in human blood after perchloroethene inhalation SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE perchloroethene; protein adducts; antibody; tumorigenicity ID BETA-LYASE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; METABOLISM; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; CONJUGATION; CLEAVAGE; EXPOSURE; ACID AB Perchloroethene (PER) was a widely used solvent and is an environmental contaminant. In bioassays for carcinogenicity, PER was found to increase the incidence of liver tumors in mice and of renal tumors in male rats. Toxic effects of PER after repeated administration are likely caused by bioactivation. PER bioactivation occurs by two pathways. Oxidation by cytochrome P450 results in trichloroacetyl chloride, which binds to lipids and proteins. Glutathione S-conjugate formation from PER and further processing of the formed S-(trichlorovinyl)glutathione to S-(trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, followed by cysteine conjugate beta-lyase catalyzed cleavage, resulted in the reactive dichlorothioketene, which binds to proteins under formation of N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine in proteins. The objective of this study was to comparatively quantify the dose-dependent formation of protein adducts from PER in rats and humans using antibodies with high specificity for either N-epsilon-(trichloroacetyl)-L-lysine or N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl) -L-lysine in proteins. Male and female rats (n = 2, per concentration and time point) were exposed to 400, 40, and 10 ppm PER for 6 h and killed at various time points. Formation of N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine and N-epsilon-(trichloroacetyl)-L-lysine in proteins was comparatively quantified in subcellular fractions from liver and kidney and in blood. In addition, three male and three female human volunteers were exposed to 10 and 40 ppm PER, and formation of protein adducts in blood was analyzed using the antibodies and GC/MS after immunoaffinity enrichment of modified proteins. In liver and kidney subcellular fractions and blood of PER-exposed rats, dose-dependent formation of N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine and N epsilon-(trichloroacetyl)-L-lysine in proteins was observed. Highest concentrations of N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine in proteins were formed in kidney mitochondria, followed by kidney cytosol. Only low concentrations of N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine in proteins were present in liver proteins; blood concentrations of N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine in proteins were 5 to 10 fold lower than in kidney mitochondria. Highest concentrations of N-epsilon-(trichloroacetyl) -L-lysine were found in microsomal and cytosolic proteins from the liver of rats exposed to PER. A higher protein adduct formation was seen in PER-exposed-male than -female rats for N-epsilon-(dichloroacetyl)-L-lysine in renal mitochondrial proteins, after exposure to 400 ppm PER. In human blood samples taken 0 and 24 h after the 6 h exposures to PER, N-epsilon-(trichloroacetyl)-L-lysine-containing proteins were present in low concentrations. N epsilon-(Dichloroacetyl)L-lysine-containing proteins were not detected either by Western blotting or GC/MS after immunoaffinity chromatography. The obtained results indicate a dose-dependent covalent binding of PER metabolites to proteins in rat liver, kidney, and blood and suggest that the concentration of covalent protein adducts is much lower in blood of humans as compared to the blood of rats exposed under identical conditions. C1 Univ Wurzburg, Dept Toxicol, Inst Toxikol, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany. US EPA, NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dekant, W (reprint author), Univ Wurzburg, Dept Toxicol, Inst Toxikol, Versbacher Str 9, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 48 IS 1 BP 5 EP 13 DI 10.1093/toxsci/48.1.5 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 251PV UT WOS:000083454800002 PM 10330678 ER PT J AU Selgrade, MK AF Selgrade, MK TI Use of immunotoxicity data in health risk assessments: uncertainties and research to improve the process SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental contaminant; extrapolation; immunotoxicity; intra-species variability; risk assessment ID DEVELOPING IMMUNE-SYSTEM; PULMONARY HOST DEFENSES; KILLER-CELL-ACTIVITY; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS; MURINE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; DOSE-RESPONSE; UVB RADIATION; F344 RAT AB A number of environmental contaminants can suppress immune responses and enhance susceptibility to infectious and/or neoplastic disease. Most of the evidence for immunotoxicity of such contaminants has been obtained from laboratory animal studies and risk assessors must make decisions about risk to the human population based on these studies. Uncertainties associated with this process include determining what level of immune suppression is adverse, extrapolating across species from rodent to human, and across levels of biologic organization from effects on immune function at the cellular level to effects on incidence of disease at the population level, accounting for intra-species variability, and assessing the relationship between effects following acute, subchronic, and chronic exposure. This paper reviews immunotoxicity data that may be applied to the development of risk assessment methods and models designed to reduce some of these uncertainties. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Selgrade, MK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 49 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAR 1 PY 1999 VL 133 IS 1 BP 59 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00006-2 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 196HQ UT WOS:000080303300004 PM 10413194 ER PT J AU Scheller, RM Snarski, VM Eaton, JG Oehlert, GW AF Scheller, RM Snarski, VM Eaton, JG Oehlert, GW TI An analysis of the influence of annual thermal variables on the occurrence of fifteen warmwater fishes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; SMALLMOUTH BASS; DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; WINTER STARVATION; WHITE PERCH; TEMPERATURE; MORTALITY; CLIMATE; SURVIVAL; HABITAT AB Multisource fish-sampling data and U.S. Geological Survey temperature data from streams throughout the United States were used to investigate the influence of derived thermal regime variables on the presence or absence of 15 common warmwater fish species. The 3-year average annual thermal regime was calculated for streams where presence or absence was known for these 15 species. Six variables estimated to be of biological importance to the winter and summer survival and recruitment of a species, including measures of feeding and nonfeeding periods, were calculated from these thermal regimes. Stepwise discriminant analysis and multiple regression were used to select optimal variables for creating multivariate models. Parametric and nonparametric multivariate discriminant analyses were then performed to test our ability to correctly classify presence or absence using the thermal variables. These statistical empirical models were able to correctly predict presence or absence with greater than 90% accuracy for 13 of 15 species. Nonparametric (Kth nearest neighbor) analyses had marginally more accurate predictions than parametric (linear) analyses. This technique may allow for an improved estimation of potential changes in distribution under various global warming scenarios. C1 DynTel Corp, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MidContinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Stat, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Scheller, RM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Scheller, Robert/B-3135-2009 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 128 IS 2 BP 257 EP 264 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0257:AAOTIO>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 212JE UT WOS:000081212900004 ER PT J AU McCormick, JH Leino, RL AF McCormick, JH Leino, RL TI Factors contributing to first-year recruitment failure of fishes in acidified waters with some implications for environmental research SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; PERCH PERCA-FLUVIATILIS; SALMO-SALAR L; MICROPTERUS-DOLOMIEUI LACEPEDE; FLAGFISH JORDANELLA-FLORIDAE; LITTLE-ROCK LAKE; LOW-PH; BROOK TROUT; EXPERIMENTAL ACIDIFICATION; YELLOW PERCH AB Factors that make fish particularly vulnerable to the effects of environmental acidification during their first year of life are examined. This perspective is based largely on the results of research carried on concurrently in the field (the Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin, acidification study, 1984-1990) and in the laboratory using water tailored to mimic that of Little Rock Lake. We discuss ways in which seasonal changes influence both the environmental challenges encountered by fishes and their ability to deal with those challenges. The vulnerability of a species may be based as much on its life history (e.g., synchrony of sensitive or resistant life stages with maximum pH challenges) as on its anatomy and physiology. The ordering of acid sensitivity of species or of life stages is based on a dynamic balancing of energy and ion uptake, storage, and loss. These processes, in turn, are linked to the length of the growing season (net uptake phase) and the winter fasting period (net loss phase). Each species and each life stage varies in its capacity to achieve this life-sustaining balance of energy and ion flux. The season and environment have an influence both on the acid challenges present and the ability of each species and life stage to cope with those challenges. One consequence of seasonality is that, in northern latitudes, the embryo-larval stage (generally considered to be the most acid sensitive) may not be the stage most susceptible to the effects of low pH. Rather, the first-year overwintering juvenile stage may be the most vulnerable, often as a result of chronic ionoregulatory failure involving damage to gill chloride cells. Anthropogenic factors are bringing about environmental changes at rates that exceed the capacity of many organisms to adjust to them, especially early life history stages. Our results support the view that aquatic toxicological studies would often benefit from increased attention to interactions involving the season, the water chemistry, and the life history stage that is present. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US EPA, MidContinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Leino, RL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. NR 123 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 128 IS 2 BP 265 EP 277 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0265:FCTFYR>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 212JE UT WOS:000081212900005 ER PT J AU Landy, RB Kim, IS Lee, Y Hoffman, MK AF Landy, RB Kim, IS Lee, Y Hoffman, MK TI Regulatory approaches for controlling pesticide residues in food animals SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID TOTAL DIET; POULTRY; PROGRAM; MEAT AB This article discusses the various approaches utilized in con trolling pesticide residues in food animals. EPA, FDA, and USDA programs are examined, as are state regulatory agencies. Based on monitoring results, it appears that most pesticides are being used in the appropriate manner and that thresholds for pesticides, deemed to be adequate to protect human health, are seldom exceeded. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Contaminants Stand Monitoring & Programs Branch, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Landy, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Power Technol Bldg,Suite 200,201 Defense Highway,, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 89 EP + PG 20 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 178JK UT WOS:000079262400008 PM 10088214 ER PT J AU Hernlem, BJ Vane, LM Sayles, GD AF Hernlem, BJ Vane, LM Sayles, GD TI The application of siderophores for metal recovery and waste remediation: Examination of correlations for prediction of metal affinities SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE siderophores; chelator; metal complex; hydrolysis constant; environmental remediation ID FORMATION-CONSTANTS; COMPLEXES; LIGANDS; IONS; IRON; CHEMISTRY; STABILITY AB The naturally occurring metal-chelating compounds known as siderophores may be useful in environmental applications, but limited metal specificity data is available for this class of compounds. Correlations that predict ligand-metal affinity vs metal ion charge density and hydrolysis behavior are applied to the case of the siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFB). DFB-metal complex formation constants are better correlated to the first hydrolysis constant of the respective metal Cations than to the ratio of charge to metal-ligand interatomic separation. Test cases of Pb-II, Sn-II and Bi-III confirm this conclusion. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Vane, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 26 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 4 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 33 IS 4 BP 951 EP 960 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00293-0 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 167RW UT WOS:000078648100007 ER PT J AU Zhou, HB Weinberg, CR AF Zhou, HB Weinberg, CR TI Potential for bias in estimating human fecundability parameters: A comparison of statistical models SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID EM ALGORITHM; CONCEPTION; INTERCOURSE; PROBABILITY; OVULATION; BABY; SEX AB Fecundability studies, where couples attempting pregnancy subject to 'failure' (conception) one time in each menstrual cycle, present a natural discrete failure-time scenario. Because the biologic capacity to conceive varies among couples in the population, a complication arises in choosing a method of analysis, related to the fact that the maximum follow-up time can vary from study to study, and follow-up time could potentially have different effects on parameters based on different approaches to modelling. Traditional development in fertility studies has been based on an implicit assumption that binary outcomes for different menstrual cycles are mutually independent. We contrast traditional models to a random effects model where cycle viability is modelled as subject-specific, We clarify the interpretations for different parameters from different models. We show that the traditional approach yields some regression parameters that depend on follow-up time, limiting the generalizability of inferences based on this analytic approach. By contrast, the subject-specific model consistently estimates parameters of interest, if the underlying distribution is properly specified. Data from a fecundability study carried out in North Carolina serves to illustrate these points. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Zhou, HB (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biostat, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD FEB 28 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 411 EP 422 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990228)18:4<411::AID-SIM26>3.0.CO;2-M PG 12 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 164FC UT WOS:000078451500005 PM 10070683 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW Akim, LG AF Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW Akim, LG TI The conformational dynamics of humic polyanions in model organic and organo-mineral aggregates SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE force field calculations; humic substances; ionization; lignin; lignin-carbohydrate complex; muscovite; soil AB Molecular mechanics calculations and simulated annealing were applied to model humic polyanions originating from lignin, The dynamic behavior of such oxidized lignins in model soil organic complexes, such as an oxidized lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) and humic (oxidized LCC)-clay aggregates, was analyzed. Neither ionization nor hydrogen bonding bring significant changes in the conformational properties of oxidized lignin and LCC, Oxidized lignin and LCC oligomers (humic substances in soil) bind to the mineral surfaces, a process that was exemplified in computational experiments on complexes with muscovite. Upon ionization, a lignin-derived oligomer develops strong attractive organo-mineral interactions through cation bridges. Without metal cations, electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged anions and the oxygen-mineral surface prevails, and the two parts of the organo-mineral complex drift apart. This tendency is typical of an oxidized lignin oligomer but not of a topological oxidized LCC. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Shevchenko, SM (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, Dept Wood Chem, 391-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM sergey@unixg.ubc.ca NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD FEB 26 PY 1999 VL 460 IS 1-3 BP 179 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0166-1280(98)00332-7 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 167TX UT WOS:000078650300018 ER PT J AU Eder, BK LeDuc, SK Sickles, JE AF Eder, BK LeDuc, SK Sickles, JE TI A climatology of total ozone mapping spectrometer data using rotated principal component analysis SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; TRENDS; HEMISPHERE; DEPLETION; WAVES; SBUV AB The spatial and temporal variability of total column ozone (Omega) obtained from the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS version 7.0) during the period 1980-1992 was examined through the use of a multivariate statistical technique called rotated principal component analysis. Utilization of Kaiser's varimax orthogonal rotation led to the identification of 14, mostly contiguous subregions that together accounted for more than 70% of the total Omega variance. Each subregion displayed statistically unique Omega characteristics that were further examined through time series and spectral density analyses, revealing significant periodicities on semiannual, annual, quasi-biennial, and longer term time frames. This analysis facilitated identification of the probable mechanisms responsible for the variability of Omega within the 14 homogeneous subregions. The mechanisms were either dynamical in nature (i.e., advection associated with baroclinic waves, the quasi-biennial oscillation, or El Nino-Southern Oscillation) or photochemical in nature (i.e., production of odd oxygen (O or O-3) associated with the annual progression of the Sun). The analysis has also revealed that the influence of a data retrieval artifact, found in equatorial latitudes of version 6.0 of the TOMS data, has been reduced in version 7.0. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Eder, BK (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Mail Drop 80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D3 BP 3691 EP 3709 DI 10.1029/1998JD100070 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 168RN UT WOS:000078706600019 ER PT J AU Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Giroux, EL AF Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Giroux, EL TI Reduction of concentration polarization in pervaporation using vibrating membrane module SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE concentration polarization; modules; pervaporation; water treatment; volatile organic compounds ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MASS-TRANSFER; MULTICOMPONENT PERVAPORATION; WATER; RESISTANCE; REMOVAL AB A vibrating membrane module currently marketed for filtration applications was evaluated for the separation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from aqueous solutions by pervaporation. Preliminary screening experiments with three VOCs, three silicone membranes, and in the presence and absence of a surfactant were performed to determine if further consideration of the vibrating module for a field demonstration project was warranted. The primary process variables studied were vibrational amplitude and liquid flow rate. The vibrations greatly reduced concentration polarization in the system as inferred from an order of magnitude increase in the overall mass transport coefficient. Mass transfer coefficients for the vibrating module compared favorably with those for traditional spiral wound modules. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Vane, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD FEB 17 PY 1999 VL 153 IS 2 BP 233 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00254-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 158VM UT WOS:000078138100007 ER PT J AU Zhang, PC Ryan, JA AF Zhang, PC Ryan, JA TI Formation of chloropyromorphite from galena (PbS) in the presence of hydroxyapatite SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEAD IMMOBILIZATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; CONTAMINATED SOILS; TRACE-METALS; APATITE; ORTHOPHOSPHATES; PYROMORPHITE; DISSOLUTION; PHOSPHATES; STABILITY AB Transformation of unstable lead [Pb(ll)] forms into sparingly soluble pyromorphite [Pb-5(PO4)(3)(OH, Cl, F, ...)] by the addition of phosphate to Pb-contaminated soil has been proposed as a remediation technology to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of Pb. Galena, an insoluble lead sulfide mineral (PbS) frequently found in mining wastes, becomes unstable upon exposure to oxidizing conditions causing it to become a source of liable Pb forms in soils. Thus, a galena ore was reacted with synthetic hydroxyapatite [Ca-5(PO4)(3)OH] under various pH conditions to determine the formation rate of pyromorphite and the solubility of galena under the ambient condition. In a 6-day reaction period, the dissolution rate of galena increased with pH due to the oxidation of dissolved sulfide. Hence, formation of chloropyromorphite became apparent in the galena-apatite suspensions with increasing pH. The insignificant effect of mineral P/Pb molar ratio on the formation of chloropyromorphite implied that dissolution/oxidation of galena was the rate-limiting step. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geochem, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RP Zhang, PC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geochem, MS 0750, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 26 TC 68 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 4 BP 618 EP 624 DI 10.1021/es980314a PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 166VN UT WOS:000078598600015 ER PT J AU Zhang, PC Ryan, JA AF Zhang, PC Ryan, JA TI Transformation of Pb(II) from cerrusite to chloropyromorphite in the presence of hydroxyapatite under varying conditions of pH SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEAD IMMOBILIZATION; CONTAMINATED SOILS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; STREET DUSTS; PB; BIOAVAILABILITY; PYROMORPHITE; PHOSPHATES; SPECIATION; SOLUBILITY AB The soluble Pb concentration and formation of chloro-pyromorphite [Pb-5(PO4)(3)Cl] were monitored during the reaction of cerrusite (PbCO3), a highly bioavailable soil Pb species, and hydroxyapatite [Ca-5(PO4)(3)OH] at various P/Pb molar ratios under constant and dynamic pH conditions. Under pH-constant systems at pH 4 and below, the dissolution rates of both cerrusite and apatite were rapid, and complete conversion of cerrusite to chloropyromorphite occurred within 60 min when the amount of phosphate added via apatite was stoichiometrically equal to that needed to transform all added Pb into chloropyromorphite. The concentration of soluble Pb depended upon the solubility of chloropyromorphite. The dissolution rates of apatite and cerrusite decreased with increasing pH, and the transformation was incomplete at pH 5 and above in the 60-min reaction period. The soluble Ph level, therefore, was determined by the solubility of cerrusite. In the pH-dynamic system, which simulated the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), a complete transformation of Pb from cerrusite to chloropyromorphite was achieved due to the complete dissolution of apatite and cerrusite at the initial law pH. In both the constant and dynamic pH systems XRD analysis indicated that chloropyromorphite was the exclusive reaction product. The differences in transformation rate and the Pb solubility between the constant and dynamic pH systems indicate the significance of kinetics in controlling the bioavailability of Pb and the potential for the reaction to occur during ingestion. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geochem, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RP Zhang, PC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geochem, MS 0750, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 30 TC 100 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 4 BP 625 EP 630 DI 10.1021/es980268e PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 166VN UT WOS:000078598600016 ER PT J AU Jewett, DG Logan, BE Arnold, RG Bales, RC AF Jewett, DG Logan, BE Arnold, RG Bales, RC TI Transport of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P17 through quartz sand columns as a function of water content SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P17; porous media; quartz sand ID UNSATURATED POROUS-MEDIA; SOIL COLUMNS; BACTERIA; FLOW; FILTRATION; MOVEMENT; FILTERS; BIORESTORATION; CONTAMINANTS; DEPOSITION AB Porous media column experiments were used to investigate Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P17 transport as a function of water content and the influences of the solid-liquid and gas-liquid interfaces. Retention of radiolabeled P17 in washed quartz sand was evaluated at 100, 84, and 46% water saturation. At the completion of each experiment, the porous medium was extruded and sampled directly for cell retention on the basis of a radiolabel mass balance. Maximum cell retention occurred in the top centimeter of porous media at all three water contents and decreased with depth in the column. The total fraction of cells retained (R-t) was inversely proportional to water content, with nearly twice the cell retention at 46% saturation (R-t - 0.95) compared to retention in 100% water-saturated experiments (R-t = 0.50). Total retained cells were further divided into strongly and weakly attached fractions by settling a sample of the porous medium through groundwater to dislodge loosely adhering cells. Cells that became suspended in the solution represented the fraction retained at the gas-liquid interface or weakly attached to the solid-liquid interface (R-g). Those that remained attached to the porous medium were defined as cells strongly attached to the solid-liquid interface (R-s). Values of R-g/R-t were inversely related to water content, while R-s/R-t decreased with decreasing saturation. Bacteria thus preferentially accumulated at the gas-liquid interface with total cell removal inversely proportional to water content. The increased retention of bacteria at the gas-liquid interface indicates the presence of the interface is an important factor in limiting pathogen migration, evaluating biocolloid-facilitated transport of pollutants, and developing bioremediation strategies for unsaturated porous media. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Jewett, DG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RI Logan, Bruce/E-7063-2012 OI Logan, Bruce/0000-0001-7478-8070 NR 36 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00143-0 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 166YU UT WOS:000078606300004 ER PT J AU Abbott, BD Schmid, JE Pitt, JA Buckalew, AR Wood, CR Held, GA Diliberto, JJ AF Abbott, BD Schmid, JE Pitt, JA Buckalew, AR Wood, CR Held, GA Diliberto, JJ TI Adverse reproductive outcomes in the transgenic Ah receptor-deficient mouse SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; MICE LACKING; TOXICITY; DIOXIN AB The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a transcriptional regulatory protein that binds to upstream DNA response elements of target genes. Activation of the AHR by binding of ligands such as polyhalogenated dioxins, furans, and PCBs is associated with a wide range of adverse biological outcomes, including cancer, immune deficiencies, embryo/fetotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Investigations of the diverse biological responses mediated by the AHR led to production of a transgenic mouse in which the gene coding for the AhR was inactivated. AHR-deficient mice were fertile and at maturity exhibited immune system impairment and hepatic fibrosis. Our laboratory received several of these homozygous knockout (-/-) mice and mated them with wild-type (+/+) C57BL/6N mice to generate large numbers of heterozygotes (+/-)). The -/- males were then mated with a total of 45 heterozygous +/- females. Offspring of these matings were genotyped and mated in all genotypic combinations. Although male and female -/- adults were fertile, the -/- females had difficulty maintaining conceptuses during pregnancy, surviving pregnancy and lactation, and rearing pups to weaning. Only 46% of the 39 pregnant -/- females successfully raised pups to weaning. The -/- pups showed poor survival during lactation (average death rate per litter was 16%) and after weaning (26.5% of the 230 weaned -/- pups died within 2 weeks). Only 39% of the implantations in uteri of -/- dams resulted in offspring surviving to Postnatal Day 45. Across all litters the sex ratios and genotypic frequencies were comparable to expected values. Reproductive success was adversely affected in Ahr-null females and conceptuses. Additional study is needed to reveal the etiology of these effects. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Associate Director Hlth Biostat & Res Support, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 124 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 155 IS 1 BP 62 EP 70 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8601 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 171HP UT WOS:000078857800007 PM 10036219 ER PT J AU Kligerman, AD DeMarini, DM Doerr, CL Hanley, NM Milholland, VS Tennant, AH AF Kligerman, AD DeMarini, DM Doerr, CL Hanley, NM Milholland, VS Tennant, AH TI Comparison of cytogenetic effects of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene and 1,2 : 3,4-diepoxybutane in mouse, rat and human lymphocytes following in vitro G(0) exposures SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE butadiene; sister chromatid exchange; chromosome aberration; glutathione S-transferase; human; rodent ID GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; CULTURED HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; IN-VITRO; BUTADIENE MONOXIDE; INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY; SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; HUMAN LIVER AB To understand better the species differences in carcinogenicity caused by 1,3-butadiene (BD), we exposed G(0) lymphocytes (either splenic or peripheral blood) from rats, mice and humans to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB) (20 to 931 mu M) or 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) (2.5 to 320 uM), two of the suspected active metabolites of ED. Short EB exposures induced Little measurable cytogenetic damage in either rat, mouse, or human G(0) lymphocytes as measured by either sister chromatid exchange (SCE) or chromosome aberration (CA) analyses. However, DEB was a potent inducer of both SCEs and CAs in G(0) splenic and peripheral blood lymphocytes. A comparison of the responses among species showed that the rat and mouse were approximately equisensitive to the cytogenetic damaging effects of DEB, but the situation for the human subjects was more complex. The presence of the GSTT1-1 gene (expressed in the erythrocytes) reduced the relative sensitivity of the lymphocytes to the SCE-inducing effects of DEB. However, additional factors also appear to influence the genotoxic response of humans to DEB. This study is the first direct comparison of the genotoxicity of EB and DEB in the cells from all three species. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kligerman.andrew@epa.gov NR 51 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD FEB 2 PY 1999 VL 439 IS 1 BP 13 EP 23 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00170-3 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 165FG UT WOS:000078509500002 PM 10029668 ER PT J AU Tong, YY Lighthart, B AF Tong, YY Lighthart, B TI Diurnal distribution of total and culturable atmospheric bacteria at a rural site SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS; COLLECTION; SURVIVAL AB During the summer and fall of 1996 ambient air samples were collected using a high-volume wet cyclone sampler positioned 2 m above ground level in an agricultural area near Corvallis, OR. Samples were collected for approximately 2-hr periods from 0500 to 2100 hr on 11 days, Total and culturable atmospheric bacterial (TAB and CAB) concentrations in the samples were determined using epifluorescence microscopy and filtration-culture methods. It was found that the CAB concentration in the atmosphere was the lowest at dawn, gradually increased from sunrise to reach a maximum in the afternoon, and finally decreased in the evening, The TAB load had a similar but much less pronounced trend. The geometric mean of TAB concentration was about 27 to 222 times greater than that of CAB concentration in the atmosphere, A much higher TAB determination suggests that atmospheric bacteria might play a greater role than expected when the culturable determination is used as an investigation method in allergic disease and ecological research, This finding also indicates the necessity for using nonculturable airborne pathogen detection methods such as those targeted on nucleic acid or other macromolecules, rather than the classical culturable methods currently used in airborne epidemiological investigation. The CAB to TAB ratio in the atmosphere was highest in the afternoon, coincident with the maximum CAB concentration. This could be explained by either or both of the following reasons: (1) the maximum live bacterial flux from the ground at that time does not have sufficient time to be rendered nonculturable before reaching the sampler's position; and (2) the prevalence of large, protected bacterial particles in the afternoon and a high collection efficiency of the cyclone sampler for these particles. C1 Inst Microbiol & Epidemiol, Beijing 100071, Peoples R China. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lighthart, B (reprint author), Microbial Aerosol Res Lab, 10975 Doll Rd, Monmonth, OR 97361 USA. NR 28 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2 BP 246 EP 254 DI 10.1080/027868299304822 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 171ME UT WOS:000078866900014 ER PT J AU Sargent, K AF Sargent, K TI Climate-change mitigation and European land-use policies. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Econ & Environm Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Sargent, K (reprint author), US EPA, Econ & Environm Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 81 IS 1 BP 248 EP 251 DI 10.2307/1244467 PG 4 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 172NE UT WOS:000078930000022 ER PT J AU Gunnison, AF Hatch, GE AF Gunnison, AF Hatch, GE TI O-3-induced inflammation in prepregnant, pregnant, and lactating rats correlates with O-3 dose estimated by O-18 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ozone; ascorbic acid; antioxidant; surfactant; polymorphonuclear leukocyte ID GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; REDUCTASE-ACTIVITY; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; INHALED OZONE; URIC-ACID; LUNG; CONSTITUENTS; SENSITIVITY; ABSORPTION AB Previous studies have shown that rats late in pregnancy and throughout lactation are more susceptible to ozone (O-3)-induced pulmonary inflammation than are prepregnant (virgin) or postlactating rats. The major aim of the present study was to determine whether these differences in response intensity could be accounted for by the O-3 dose to the lower region of the lung. The relative O-3 dose to the lower lung of groups of pregnant, lactating, and virgin female rats was estimated by measuring the incorporation of the O-18 isotope into low-speed (cells) and high-speed (surfactant) pellets of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid immediately after acute exposure to 0.5-1.1 parts/million O-18(3). The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and protein inflammatory responses were established 20 h after acute exposure of identical physiological groups to 0.5-1.1 parts/million O-16(3) (common isotope). A single regression of PMN inflammation data against surfactant O-18 concentration for all physiological groups gave a linear relationship, indicating direct proportionality of PMN inflammation with this estimate of relative dose to the lower lung regardless of physiological status. This implies that the chemical species that react with surfactant molecules, i.e., O-3 or its metabolites, are the same as or proportional to those chemical species responsible for initiating PMN inflammation. Additional experiments showed that lung tissue ascorbic acid concentration was significantly lower in pregnant and lactating rats than in virgin female rats. Although a causative relationship cannot be assumed, the deficit in tissue ascorbic acid concentration in pregnant and lactating rats compared with virgin female rats is consistent with their greater responsiveness and higher relative surfactant O-3 dose. C1 NYU, Med Ctr, Nelson Inst Environm Med, New York, NY 10016 USA. US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gunnison, AF (reprint author), NYU, Med Ctr, Nelson Inst Environm Med, 57 Old Forge Rd, Tuxedo, NY 10987 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-05939, ES-00260] NR 31 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 276 IS 2 BP L332 EP L340 PG 9 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 164ZF UT WOS:000078492900015 PM 9950896 ER PT J AU Abbey, DE Nishino, N McDonnell, WF Burchette, RJ Knutsen, SF Beeson, WL Yang, JX AF Abbey, DE Nishino, N McDonnell, WF Burchette, RJ Knutsen, SF Beeson, WL Yang, JX TI Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS; CALIFORNIA 7TH-DAY-ADVENTISTS; POLLUTION; ASSOCIATION; POPULATION; RESIDENTS; OXIDANTS; EXPOSURE; DIOXIDE AB Long-term ambient concentrations of inhalable particles less than 10 mu m in diameter (PM10) (1973-1992) and other air pollutants-total suspended sulfates, sulfur dioxide, ozone (O-3), and nitrogen dioxide-were related to 1977-1992 mortality in a cohort of 6,338 nonsmoking California Seventh-day Adventists. In both sexes, PM10 showed a strong association with mortality for any mention of nonmalignant respiratory disease on the death certificate, adjusting for a wide range of potentially confounding factors, including occupational and indoor sources of air pollutants. The adjusted relative risk (RR) for this cause of death as associated with an interquartile range (IQR) difference of 43 d/yr when PM10 exceeded 100 mu g/m(3) was 1.18(95% confidence interval [Cl]: 1.02,1.36). In males, PM10 showed a strong association with lung cancer deaths-RR for an IQR was 2.38 (95% Cl: 1.42, 3.97). Ozone showed an even stronger association with lung cancer mortality for males with an RR of 4.19 (95% CI: 1.81, 9.69) for the IQR difference of 551 h/yr when O-3 exceeded 100 parts per billion. Sulfur dioxide showed strong associations with lung cancer mortality for both sexes. Other pollutants showed weak or no association with mortality. C1 Loma Linda Univ, Ctr Hlth Res, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abbey, DE (reprint author), Loma Linda Univ, Ctr Hlth Res, Evans Hall 215, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA. NR 25 TC 328 Z9 335 U1 5 U2 39 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 159 IS 2 BP 373 EP 382 PG 10 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 165ZA UT WOS:000078550700006 PM 9927346 ER PT J AU Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA AF Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA TI Isotope dilution analysis of bromate in drinking water matrixes by ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BROMIDE-CONTAINING WATERS; OZONATION; ANIONS; OZONE AB Bromate is a disinfection byproduct in drinking water which is formed during the ozonation of source water containing bromide. This paper describes the analysis af bromate via ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The separation of bromate from interferences such as bromide and brominated haloacetic acids is achieved using a PA-100 column in combination with a 5 mM HNO3 + 25 mM NH4NO3 mobile phase. Polyatomic ions are observed on masses 79 and 81 in a synthetic phosphate matrix and its ozonated drinking waters. These polyatomic ions have been tentatively identified as PO3+ and H2PO3+. These polyatomic ions do not interfere with the detection of bromate because phosphate elutes prior to bromate. A polyatomic ion is observed on mass 81 in a synthetic sulfate matrix and in ozonated drinking waters. This polyatomic ion has been tentatively identified as HSO3+ and does not interfere with the detection of bromate because sulfate elutes after bromate. Isotope dilution analysis produces a relative standard deviation (RSD) of similar to 5% for both enriched isotopic additions at sample concentrations of 10 ng/g. The RSD associated with the direct analysis of bromate is 3.2% at sample concentrations of 10 ng/g. The bromate concentrations determined in ozonated drinking waters via isotope dilution analysis are within 10% of the concentrations determined via direct analysis for sample concentrations above 2 ng/g. The detection limit for the direct analysis of bromate via IC-ICPMS is 0.3 ng/g. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 28 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 71 IS 3 BP 722 EP 726 DI 10.1021/ac980663n PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 163VA UT WOS:000078426000033 PM 9989389 ER PT J AU Widmer, F Shaffer, BT Porteous, LA Seidler, RJ AF Widmer, F Shaffer, BT Porteous, LA Seidler, RJ TI Analysis of nifH gene pool complexity in soil and litter at a Douglas fir forest site in the Oregon Cascade Mountain Range SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; AMPLIFICATION; PCR; BACTERIA; ENVIRONMENT; MICROCOSMS; DIVERSITY; PRIMERS; ECOLOGY; DNA AB Nitrogen-fixing microbial populations in a Douglas fir forest on the western slope of the Oregon Cascade Mountain Range were analyzed. The complexity of the nifH gene pool (nifH is the marker gene which encodes nitrogenase reductase) was assessed by performing nested PCR with bulk DNA extracted from plant litter and soil, The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of PCR products obtained from litter were reproducibly different than the RFLPs of PCR products obtained from the underlying soil. The characteristic differences were found during the entire sampling period between May and September. RFLP analyses of cloned nifH PCR products also revealed characteristic patterns for each sample type. Among 42 nifH clones obtained from a forest litter library nine different RFLP patterns were found, and among 64 nifH clones obtained from forest soil libraries 13 different patterns were found. Only two of the patterns were found in both the litter and the soil, indicating that there were major differences between the nitrogen-fixing microbial populations, A sequence analysis of clones representing the 20 distinct patterns revealed that 19 of the patterns had a proteobacterial origin. All of the nifH sequences obtained from the Douglas fir forest litter localized in a distinct phylogenetic cluster characterized by the nifH sequences of members of the genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Azospirillum. The nifH sequences obtained from soil were found in two additional clusters, one characterized by sequences of members of the genera Bradyrhizobium, Azorhizobium, Herbaspirillum, and Thiobacillus and the other, represented by a single nifH clone, located between the gram-positive bacteria and the cyanobacteria. Our results revealed the distinctness of the nitrogen-fixing microbial populations in litter and soil in a Douglas fir forest; the differences may be related to special requirements for degradation and mineralization processes in the plant litter. C1 CNR, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Widmer, F (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH Zurich, Inst Terr Ecol, Grabenstr 3, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. NR 33 TC 177 Z9 190 U1 3 U2 31 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 65 IS 2 BP 374 EP 380 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 165AC UT WOS:000078495200003 PM 9925556 ER PT J AU Silva-Wilkinson, RA Burkhard, LP Sheedy, BR DeGraeve, GM Lordo, RA AF Silva-Wilkinson, RA Burkhard, LP Sheedy, BR DeGraeve, GM Lordo, RA TI A simple comparison of mass spectral search results and implications for environmental screening analyses SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIBRARY SEARCH; IDENTIFICATION; SPECTROMETRY; CAPABILITIES; ALGORITHMS; COMPOUND AB A simple assessment of the ability of environmental laboratories to perform automated library searching procedures on mass spectra of unknown pollutants was conducted. In this assessment, 10 laboratories analyzed a hexane solution containing eight organic chemicals using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and searched their acquired mass spectral data against mass spectral reference libraries. The search results were used to evaluate the similarity of the lists of tentative identifications (TIDs) among the laboratories and to compare the observed searching success to the searching success reported in the literature using high-quality mass spectral data. A high degree of similarity was observed among the lists of TIDs reported by the laboratories for each chemical. The searching success observed in this study was slightly lower than that reported in the literature based on higher-quality mass spectral data. This simple comparison suggests that laboratories performing routine environmental analyses can successfully perform automated searching procedures for unknown sample components, and that the mass spectral searching component of analytical methods designed to screen for unknown organic pollutants should be successful, i.e., obtain similar and reproducible results among laboratories. C1 Great Lakes Environm Ctr, Traverse City, MI 49686 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Battelle Columbus Operat, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. RP Silva-Wilkinson, RA (reprint author), Great Lakes Environm Ctr, 739 Hastings St, Traverse City, MI 49686 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 36 IS 2 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 158WE UT WOS:000078139800001 ER PT J AU Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV AF Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV TI Comparative effects of ammonium and nitrate compounds on Pacific treefrog and African clawed frog embryos SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BUFO-BUFO; TADPOLES; FERTILIZER; TOXICITY; PROGRAM; LETHAL AB The effects of ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and sodium nitrate on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) and African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos were determined in static-renewal tests. The 10-day LC50s for the three ammonium compounds for P. regilla ranged from 25.0-32.4 mg/L NH4-N. The 10-day sodium nitrate LC50 for P. regilla was 578.0 mg/L NO3-N. LC50s for X. laevis exposed for 4 or 5 days to the three ammonium compounds ranged from 27.5-50.2 mg/L NH4-N. The sodium nitrate LC50 for X. laevis ranged from 438.4-871.6 mg/L NO3-N. The lowest LOAEL based on length or weight was 6.1 mg/L NH4-N for the two species. The lowest LOAELs for NO3-N were 111.1 mg/L for P. regilla and 56.7 mg/L for X. laevis. Calculated unionized NH3 comprised 0.5-1.8% of measured NH4-N concentrations. Potential harm to amphibian populations could occur if NH4-N and NO3-N in agricultural runoff or drainage impacts sensitive Life stages for a sufficiently long period. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Schuytema, GS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 32 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 36 IS 2 BP 200 EP 206 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 158WE UT WOS:000078139800014 PM 9888966 ER PT J AU Lighthart, B AF Lighthart, B TI An hypothesis describing the general temporal and spatial distribution of alfresco bacteria in the earth's atmospheric surface layer SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE airborne; atmosphere; bacteria; distribution; temporal ID AIRBORNE BACTERIA; SOLAR-RADIATION; POPULATIONS AB An hypothesis is presented that describes, in general terms, the temporal and spatial airborne bacterial distribution patterns in the mixed layer of the planetary atmosphere. It is hypothesized that the near coincidence of the solar radiation cycle and temporal atmospheric bacterial distribution patterns indicate that the bacterial distribution in the alfresco atmosphere is a function of the diurnal and annual solar cycles. A maximum concentration of bacteria is found in reference to the solar zenith as a standing wave in the rotating coordinate system of the moving earth. Conditions of weather, topography, source strength, and human activities (i.e. microbial air pollution-MAP) will modulate the cyclic patterns of atmospheric bacterial loadings. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lighthart, B (reprint author), Microbial Aerosol Res Lab, 10975 Doll Rd, Monmouth, OR 97361 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 33 IS 4 BP 611 EP 615 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00215-5 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160KN UT WOS:000078229700009 ER PT J AU Chen, BY Chang, JS AF Chen, BY Chang, JS TI Economically feasible induction of the bacteriophage lambda Q(-) mutant in Escherichia coli SO BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE INDUCTION; EXPRESSION VECTOR; Q(-) MUTANT AB Cost-effective induction of bacteriophage lambda Q(-) in Escherichia coli on reporter-protein production is presented. Long-duration temperature induction increases the mortality of bacterial hosts and decreases the productivity efficiency; however, sufficient time span of induction is essential to overcome the induction threshold. Thus, the optimal duration for cost-effective induction is approximately 30 min, since the benefit of induction longer than 30 min is unlikely to pay off the expense of significant host viability loss. Global optimization of economically feasible induction occurs at a critical optical density of ca. 1.0 for 30 min duration at 38 degrees C. C1 Dev Ctr Biotechnol, Environm Biotechnol Program, Taipei, Taiwan. Feng Chia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Taichung 40724, Taiwan. RP Chen, BY (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-515X J9 BIOPROCESS ENG JI Bioprocess Eng. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2 BP 105 EP 108 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering GA 167LA UT WOS:000078633100003 ER PT J AU Power, JH Moser, EB AF Power, JH Moser, EB TI Linear model analysis of net catch data using the negative binomial distribution SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ABUNDANCE; LIKELIHOOD; PARAMETER; PLANKTON; FISH AB Sampling with nets or trawls remains a common technique for determining the comparative abundances of aquatic organisms, and the objective of such studies is frequently to evaluate relationships among the counts of individuals caught and exogenous variables. Analysis of such data is often done with a general linear model (e.g., ANOVA, ANCOVA, regression), assuming an underlying normal probability distribution. Such analyses are not fully satisfactory because of the symmetry and continuous nature of the assumed normal probability distribution and the high variance to low mean value relationships common to counts of biological populations. The negative binomial is a discrete probability distribution that is recognized as a suitable descriptor of organism count data. We present an approach for undertaking linear model analyses of net catch data that permits estimation of model parameters (including the negative binomial k parameter) and hypothesis testing of both continuous and discrete model effects and their interactions using bootstrap replication. The analysis incorporates adjustment for varying element sizes, such as differences in the amounts of water filtered during sampling. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Expt Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Power, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Power, James/A-1977-2010 OI Power, James/0000-0001-7745-798X NR 29 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 56 IS 2 BP 191 EP 200 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-2-191 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 185VN UT WOS:000079691800004 ER PT J AU Chand-Goyal, T Eckert, JW Droby, S Glickmann, E Atkinson, K AF Chand-Goyal, T Eckert, JW Droby, S Glickmann, E Atkinson, K TI Transformation of Candida oleophila and survival of a transformant on orange fruit under field conditions SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Candida oleophila; transformation; auxotrophs; biological control ID COLI BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; HIGH-EFFICIENCY TRANSFORMATION; HIGH-COPY-NUMBER; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; OROTIDINE-5'-PHOSPHATE DECARBOXYLASE; SHUTTLE VECTORS; INTEGRATIVE TRANSFORMATION; METHYLOTROPHIC YEAST; HANSENULA-ANOMALA AB Histidine auxotrophs of wild-type strain I-182 of Candida oleophila, produced using ethyl methanesulfonate, were transformed with plasmids containing the HIS3, HIS4 and HIS5 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Histidine auxotrophy was complemented by the HIS5 gene of S. cerevisiae. Stability of the transformants under non selective conditions and DNA gel-blot analysis suggested that the transforming DNA had integrated into the C. oleophila genome. There were no detectable physiological differences between the wild-type and the transformants. The biological control ability of C. oleophila was not affected by the transformation. A genetically marked transformant (with a beta-glucuronidase gene) colonized wounds on oranges, and its population increased under field conditions. The identity of the genetically marked transformant was established by PCR-amplification of a portion of the beta-glucuronidase gene. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Postharvest Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP US EPA, 401 M St SW,7503C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM Chand-Goyal.Tara@epamail.epa.gov NR 45 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0172-8083 EI 1432-0983 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 51 EP 57 DI 10.1007/s002940050432 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 171CY UT WOS:000078845900008 PM 10022949 ER PT J AU Apple, ME Lucash, MS Phillips, DL Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT AF Apple, ME Lucash, MS Phillips, DL Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT TI Internal temperature of Douglas-fir buds is altered at elevated temperature SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE bud; climate; Douglas-fir; morphology; Pseudotsuga menziesii; temperature ID CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENT AB Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) saplings were grown in sun-lit controlled environment chambers at ambient or elevated (+ 4 degrees C above ambient) temperature. We measured internal temperatures of vegetative buds with thermocouple probes and compared temperatures of normal buds and abnormal buds with loosened, rosetted outer scales in elevated temperature chambers. The abnormal buds had higher and earlier peak daily temperatures than normal buds. Elevated temperature may influence the internal temperature of buds and contribute to the development of abnormal, rosetted buds with loosened outer scales. Abnormal bud development may alter branching patterns and allometry of Douglas-fir trees subjected to climatic change. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Res Council, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Apple, ME (reprint author), Natl Res Council, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011; Lucash, Melissa /I-8677-2012 OI Lucash, Melissa /0000-0003-1509-3273 NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 41 IS 1 BP 25 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00046-X PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 178CD UT WOS:000079247700004 ER PT J AU Boorman, GA Dellarco, V Dunnick, JK Chapin, RE Hunter, S Hauchman, F Gardner, H Cox, M Sills, RC AF Boorman, GA Dellarco, V Dunnick, JK Chapin, RE Hunter, S Hauchman, F Gardner, H Cox, M Sills, RC TI Drinking water disinfection byproducts: Review and approach to toxicity evaluation SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE trihalomethanes; haloacetic acids; chloroform; drinking water; dibromoacetic acid; trichloroacetic acid; dichloroacetic acid; MX; toxicology; animal studies; carcinogenesis; alternate species ID CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; AQUARIUM FISH MODELS; MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; POTASSIUM BROMATE; ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ORYZIAS-LATIPES; TUMOR-INDUCTION AB There is widespread potential for human exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water because everyone drinks, bathes, cooks, and cleans with water. The need for clean and safe water led the U.S. Congress to pass the Safe Drinking Water Act more than 20 years ago in 1974. In 1976, chloroform, a trihalomethane (THM) and a principal DBP, was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents. This prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 1979 to develop a drinking water rule that would provide guidance on the levels of THMs allowed in drinking water. Further concern was raised by epidemiology studies suggesting a weak association between the consumption of chlorinated drinking water and the occurrence of bladder, colon, and rectal cancer. In 1992 the U.S. EPA initiated a negotiated rulemaking to evaluate the need for additional controls for microbial pathogens and DBPs. The goal was to develop an approach that would reduce the level of exposure from disinfectants and DBPs without undermining the control of microbial pathogens. The product of these deliberations was a proposed stage 1 DBP rule. It was agreed that additional information was necessary on how to optimize the use of disinfectants while maintaining control of pathogens before further controls to reduce exposure beyond stage 1 were warranted. In response to this need, the U.S. EPA developed a 5-year research plan to support the development of the longer term rules to control microbial pathogens and DBPs. A considerable body of toxicologic data has been developed on DBPs that occur in the drinking water, but the main emphasis has been on THMs. Given the complexity of the problem and the need for additional data to support the drinking water DBP rules, the U.S. EPA, the National institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the U.S. Army are working together to develop a comprehensive biologic and mechanistic DBP database. Selected DBPs will be tested using 2-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in standard rodent models, transgenic mouse models and small fish models; in vitro mechanistic and toxicokinetic studies; and reproductive, immunotoxicity, and developmental studies, The goal is to create a toxicity database that reflects a wide range of DBPs resulting from different disinfection practices. This paper describes the approach developed by these agencies to provide the information needed to make scientifically based regulatory decisions. C1 NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. USA, Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Ft Detrick, MD USA. RP Boorman, GA (reprint author), NIEHS, MD B3-08,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM boorman@niehs.nih.gov OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 95 TC 199 Z9 208 U1 16 U2 149 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 107 SU 1 BP 207 EP 217 DI 10.2307/3434484 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 170TW UT WOS:000078823800018 PM 10229719 ER PT J AU Ringold, PL Mulder, B Alegria, J Czaplewski, RL Tolle, T Burnett, K AF Ringold, PL Mulder, B Alegria, J Czaplewski, RL Tolle, T Burnett, K TI Establishing a regional monitoring strategy: The Pacific Northwest Forest Plan SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Northwest Forest Plan; monitoring; ecosystem management; adaptive management; adaptive monitoring ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION; INVENTORY; FRAMEWORK; DESIGN AB This paper identifies lessons learned and issues raised during the development of an ecosystem monitoring strategy intended to support the Northwest Forest Plan. Adaptive ecosystem management, which requires monitoring as essential feedback to management, recognizes that action is necessary or appropriate, although knowledge may be imperfect. We suggest that this principle be explicitly acknowledged in the design of monitoring programs, and we coin the term adaptive monitoring design. Adaptive monitoring design is an iterative process that refines the specifications for monitoring over time as a result of experience in implementing a monitoring program, assessing results, and interacting with users. An adaptive design therefore facilitates ecosystem management. We also discuss lessons of temporal and spatial scales raised by the consideration of a design for ecosystem management. Three additional issues-integration of information from different sources, institutional infrastructure, and the roles of individuals working in an interagency setting-are also identified, but not developed in detail. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Biol Serv, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Bur Land Management, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest & Range Expt Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ringold, PL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 77 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 23 IS 2 BP 179 EP 192 DI 10.1007/s002679900178 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 152GC UT WOS:000077767300005 ER PT J AU Keith, DJ Colton, D Lindsay, J Louft, H Stewart, L AF Keith, DJ Colton, D Lindsay, J Louft, H Stewart, L TI New technology for conducting radiation hazard assessments: The application of the Underwater Radiation Spectral Identification System (URSIS) at the Massachusetts Bay Industrial Waste (USA) SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Massachusetts Bay; radioactive; submersibles; waste AB The Underwater Radiation Spectral Identification System (URSIS) is a portable spectrometer used for the in sills detection of radioactivity in the marine environment. This paper reports on the first time application of this technology to assess, in a preliminary manner, the potential radiation threat to the public and environment at an aquatic disposal site - the Massachusetts Bay Industrial Waste Site (IWS). Utilizing the meneuvering capabilities of ROV and manned submersible vehicles, the URSIS was successfully positioned close (5-10 cm) to waste containers for a period sufficient to detect, in real time, the presence of radioactive materials. Spectral data from 45 individual targets indicated that the radionuclides present in sediments which draped or partially buried waste containers were consistent with natural background concentrations. No man-made radionuclides were detected at any of the target or background measurement locations. These data support the conclusion that low-level radiation does not pose an imminent and widespread human health or ecological threat in Massachusetts Bay. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Keith, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 54 IS 3 BP 259 EP 282 DI 10.1023/A:1005998211691 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 170CT UT WOS:000078788800004 ER PT J AU Davis, JM Jarabek, AM Mage, DT Graham, JA AF Davis, JM Jarabek, AM Mage, DT Graham, JA TI Inhalation health risk assessment of MMT SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on MMT at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY 1997 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Soc Toxicol ID MANGANESE; WORKERS; EXPOSURE C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Davis, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Davis, J Michael/B-3337-2009 NR 6 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 103 EP 104 DI 10.1006/enrs.1998.3916 PN 1 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 180YR UT WOS:000079413900004 PM 10092400 ER PT J AU McDonnell, WF Abbey, DE Nishino, N Lebowitz, MD AF McDonnell, WF Abbey, DE Nishino, N Lebowitz, MD TI Long-term ambient ozone concentration and the incidence of asthma in nonsmoking adults: The ahsmog study SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE asthma; ozone; air pollution; epidemiology ID AIR-POLLUTION; RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS; ONSET ASTHMA; POPULATION; EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POLLUTANTS; PREVALENCE; RESPONSES; COHORT AB We conducted a prospective study of a cohort of 3091 nonsmokers, ages 27 to 87 years, to evaluate the association between long-term ambient ozone exposure and development of adult-onset asthma. Over a 15-year period, 3.2% of males and 4.3% of females reported new doctor diagnoses of asthma. For males, we observed a significant relationship between report of doctor diagnosis of asthma and 20-year mean 8-h average ambient ozone concentration (relative risk (RR) = 2.09 for a 27 ppb increase in ozone concentration, 95% CI = 1.03 to 4.16). We observed no such relationship for females. Other variables significantly related to development of asthma were a history of ever-smoking for males (RR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.13 to 4.81), and for females, number of years worked with a smoker (RR = 1.21 for a 7-year increment, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.39), age (RR = 0.61 for a 16-year increment, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.84), and a history of childhood pneumonia or bronchitis (RR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.68 to 5.03), Addition of other pollutants (PM10, SO4, NO2, and SO2) to the models did not diminish the relationship between ozone and asthma for males. These data suggest that long-term exposure to ambient ozone is associated with development of asthma in adult males. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Clin Res Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Loma Linda Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Arizona Prevent Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Dept Med, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP McDonnell, WF (reprint author), US EPA, Clin Res Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 110 EP 121 DI 10.1006/enrs.1998.3894 PN 1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 180YR UT WOS:000079413900006 PM 10092402 ER PT J AU Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McDonnell, CJ Lynch, CF Pennybacker, M Zahm, SH Mage, DT Steen, WC Wintersteen, W Blair, A AF Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McDonnell, CJ Lynch, CF Pennybacker, M Zahm, SH Mage, DT Steen, WC Wintersteen, W Blair, A TI Characteristics of pesticide use in a pesticide applicator cohort: The Agricultural Health Study SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pesticides; occupational exposure; cancers; noncancer toxicity; farmers ID BREAST-CANCER; HERBICIDES; RESIDUES; EXPOSURE; FARMERS; WORKERS; RISK AB Data on recent and historic pesticide use, pesticide application methods, and farm characteristics were collected from 35,879 restricted-use pesticide applicators in the first 2 years of the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective study of a large cohort of private and commercial licensed pesticide applicators that is being conducted in Iowa and North Carolina. (In Iowa, applicators are actually "certified," while in North Carolina they are "licensed"; for ease of reference the term license will be used for both states in this paper.) Commercial applicators (studied in Iowa only) apply pesticides more days per year than private applicators in either state. When the types of pesticides being used by different groups are compared using the Spearman coefficient of determination (r(2)), we find that Iowa private and Iowa commercial applicators tend to use the same type of pesticides (r(2) = 0.88). White and non-white private applicators tended to use the same type of pesticides (North Carolina r(2) = 0.89), as did male and female private applicators (Iowa r(2) = 0.85 and North Carolina r(2) = 0.84). There was less similarity (r(2) = 0.50) between the types of pesticides being used by Iowa and North Carolina private applicators. A greater portion of Iowa private applicators use personal protective equipment than do North Carolina private applicators, and pesticide application methods varied by state. This heterogeneity in potential exposures to pesticides between states should be useful for subsequent epidemiologic analyses using internal comparison groups. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. SRA Technol Inc, Falls Church, VA USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. Battelle Survey Res Assoc, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Alavanja, MCR (reprint author), NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, EPN-543,6130 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM alavanjam@epndce.nci.nih.gov RI Zahm, Shelia/B-5025-2015; OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CP-21095, N01-CP-33047, N01-CP-33048] NR 18 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 172 EP 179 DI 10.1006/enrs.1998.3888 PN 1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 180YR UT WOS:000079413900014 PM 10092410 ER PT J AU Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McDonnell, CJ Mage, DT Kross, BC Rowland, AS Blair, A AF Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McDonnell, CJ Mage, DT Kross, BC Rowland, AS Blair, A TI Characteristics of persons who self-reported a high pesticide exposure event in the Agricultural Health Study SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pesticides; pesticide poisoning; accidental exposures; farmers; exposure assessment AB Characteristics of persons who report high pesticide exposure events (HPEE) were studied in a large cohort of licensed pesticide applicators from Iowa and North Carolina who enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study between December 1993 and December 1995. Fourteen percent reported having "an incident or experience while using any pesticide which caused an unusually high personal exposure." After taking into account total number of applications made and education, females (OR= 0.76), applicators from NC (OR = 0.65), and privately licensed applicators (OR = 0.65) were less likely to have reported an HPEE. Work practices more common among both private and commercial applicators with an HPEE included delay in changing clothing or washing after pesticide application, mixing pesticide application clothing with the family wash, washing up inside the house after application, applying pesticides within 50 yards of their well,and storing pesticides in the home. Job characteristics more common among those with an HPEE included self-repair of application equipment and first pesticide use more than 10 years in the past. These job characteristics explained much of the difference in reported HPEE between males and females, but not between IA and NC subjects or between commercial or private applicators. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. SRA Technol Inc, Falls Church, VA USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Alavanja, MCR (reprint author), NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, 6130 Execut Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CP-21095, N01-CP-33047, N01-CP-33048] NR 10 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 180 EP 186 DI 10.1006/enrs.1998.3887 PN 1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 180YR UT WOS:000079413900015 PM 10092411 ER PT J AU Smolen, JM Weber, EJ Tratnyek, PG AF Smolen, JM Weber, EJ Tratnyek, PG TI Molecular probe techniques for the identification of reductants in sediments: Evidence for reduction of 2-chloroacetophenone by hydride transfer SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-HALO KETONES; TRANSITION-METAL COENZYMES; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; SUBSTITUTED NITROBENZENES; NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; REACTIVITY PROBES; ELECTRON-TRANSFER AB The reduction of L-chloroacetophenone (2-CAP) was examined in anoxic sediment slurries from both freshwater and marine sources. The reduction of 2-CAP produces acetophenone via electron transfer and 5-chloro-1-phenylethanol (2-CPE) via hydride transfer. Experimental results demonstrate that 2-CAP is an effective probe molecule for distinguishing and quantifying reductive transformations occurring by electron transfer and hydride transfer in anaerobic sediments. These results Varied among the sediments examined, with freshwater sediments generating more 2-CPE (hydride transfer product) than the marine sediments. Enantiomeric excess of (R)-2-CPE (over the (S)-enantiomer) demonstrated that reduction by hydride transfer is enantioselective, providing direct evidence that the source of hydride is a chiral reductant Temperature studies demonstrate that increasing temperature eliminates the production of 2-CPE, further evidence for an enzyme-mediated pathway. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Oregon Grad Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Portland, OR 97291 USA. RP Weber, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 53 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 3 BP 440 EP 445 DI 10.1021/es980297p PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 164VW UT WOS:000078485100030 ER PT J AU Boufadel, MC Reeser, P Suidan, MT Wrenn, BA Cheng, J Du, X Huang, THL Venosa, AD AF Boufadel, MC Reeser, P Suidan, MT Wrenn, BA Cheng, J Du, X Huang, THL Venosa, AD TI Optimal nitrate concentration for the biodegradation of n-heptadecane in a variably-saturated sand column SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioremediation; oil; nutrient; beaches; shores ID MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; OIL-SPILL; CRUDE-OIL; BIOREMEDIATION; BAY AB Bioremediation of oil spills on beaches commonly involves the addition of nutrients (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading bacteria. Very little information is available regarding the relationship between nutrient concentration and the rate of oil biodegradation. This information is necessary to design an appropriate nutrient delivery technology. We used continuous-flow beach microcosms containing heptadecane-coated sand (2.0 g per kg of dry sand) to evaluate the effect of nitrate concentration on the hydrocarbon biodegradation rate. Heptadecane biodegradation was determined by monitoring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production in the microcosms. The maximum biodegradation occurred at 2.5 mg nitrate-N l(-1). Nitrogen recycling by the biomass was evidenced by the presence of microbial activity at zero influent nitrate concentration. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Civil Engn, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45269 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON, ENGLAND W4 1BN SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1080/09593332008616808 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 191GR UT WOS:000080014900007 ER PT J AU Kosian, PA West, CW Pasha, MS Cox, JS Mount, DR Huggett, RJ Ankley, GT AF Kosian, PA West, CW Pasha, MS Cox, JS Mount, DR Huggett, RJ Ankley, GT TI Use of nonpolar resin for reduction of fluoranthene bioavailability in sediment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fluoranthene; carbonaceous resin; sediment; bioavailability ID CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; SYNTHETIC ADSORBENTS; ACTIVATED CARBONS; WATER-TREATMENT; TOXICITY; QUALITY; ACCUMULATION; AMPHIPODS AB The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Ambersorb(R) 1500, a carbonaceous resin, for reducing the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment. Initial studies were conducted with a model PAH, fluoranthene, to determine how effective the resin would be at reducing fluoranthene concentrations in water and sediment pore water. Fluoranthene concentrations were reduced by more than 70% within 24 h when 0.1 g of unconditioned resin was added to 500-ml solutions containing 160 mu g/L fluoranthene. Within 48 h, concentrations decreased by more than 92%. Addition of Ambersorb to fluoranthene-spiked sediment showed similar reductions of fluoranthene concentrations in pore water. Based on these initial results, a 10-d bioaccumulation/toxicity experiment was conducted in which the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was exposed to fluoranthene-spiked sediment with and without resin. Chemical analyses showed that sediment amended with resin had greatly diminished pore-water fluoranthene concentrations compared with sediment without resin. Proportional reductions in whole-body fluoranthene concentrations were observed in oligochaetes exposed to resin-amended sediments. As would be expected from enhancement of fluoranthene toxicity by ultraviolet light, organisms exposed to fluoranthene-spiked sediment exhibited significant mortality upon subsequent exposure to ultraviolet light. Consistent with their lower body burdens, organisms from resin-treated sediment lacked this sensitivity (100% survival). These experiments demonstrate that Ambersorb 1500 effectively reduces the bioavailability of fluoranthene in spiked sediment. Additional studies are needed to define the boundaries of the resin's effectiveness in influencing the bioavailability of other PAHs and nonpolar organic chemicals in spiked and field-contaminated sediments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. City Superior, Waste Water Treatment Plant, Superior, WI 54880 USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Kosian, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 201 EP 206 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 160WJ UT WOS:000078254500015 ER PT J AU Ho, KT Kuhn, A Pelletier, MC Burgess, RM Helmstetter, A AF Ho, KT Kuhn, A Pelletier, MC Burgess, RM Helmstetter, A TI Use of Ulva lactuca to distinguish pH-dependent toxicants in marine waters and sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ammonia; Ulva lactuca; toxicity identification; toxicity evaluation ID FISHPOND EFFLUENTS; AMMONIA; TOXICITY; BIOFILTERS AB Ulva lactuca (sea lettuce) is a cosmopolitan marine attached green seaweed capable of sequestering high environmental levels of ammonia. Ammonia can be acutely toxic to marine organisms and is often found in dredged sediments from highly industrial areas or from areas with high carbon inputs. For the purposes of dredged sediment disposal as well as in determining causes of toxicity in complex mixtures, it is important to distinguish ammonia toxicity from the toxicity of other compounds. The use of U. lactuca to selectively remove ammonia from waters and sediments as part of a toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) procedure was evaluated. Ulva lactuca lowered concentrations of total ammonia from 75 to 17 mg/L in <8 h in water-only exposures. This treatment also reduced 48-h amphipod mortality from 75 to 20%. In whole sediments, U. lactuca lowered interstitial water concentrations of ammonia from 60 to 20 mg/L, while keeping overlying water concentrations below detectable limits (<1 mg/L). To determine the limitations of the U. lactuca method to selectively remove ammonia from solution, metal and organic accumulation experiments were performed. Ulva lactuca generally took up <15% of metals present, with most of the exposures resulting in less than a 10% uptake. In contrast, U. lactuca removed 77% of lindane and 95% of fluoranthene. Results of a TIE conducted on sediments from an industrial marine harbor indicated U. lactuca was useful, in conjunction with other procedures, in categorizing ammonia as a sediment toxicant. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Ho, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM ho.kay@epamail.epa.gov OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 23 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 207 EP 212 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0207:UOULTD>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 160WJ UT WOS:000078254500016 ER PT J AU Kemble, NE Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Dawson, TD Norberg-King, TJ AF Kemble, NE Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Dawson, TD Norberg-King, TJ TI Tolerance of freshwater test organisms to formulated sediments for use as control materials in whole-sediment toxicity tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE amphipod; midge; oligochaete; alpha-cellulose; sediment testing ID CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; HYALELLA-AZTECA; WATER; INVERTEBRATES; BIOACCUMULATION; EXPOSURES; DIPTERA; RIVER AB A method is described for preparing formulated sediments for use in toxicity testing. Ingredients used to prepare formulated sediments included commercially available silt, clay, sand, humic acid, dolomite, and rw-cellulose (as a source of organic carbon), alpha-Cellulose was selected as the source of organic carbon because it is commercially available, consistent From batch to batch, and low in contaminant concentrations. The tolerance of freshwater test organisms to formulated sediments for use as control materials in whole-sediment toxicity testing was evaluated. Sediment exposures were conducted for 10 d with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the midges Chironomus riparius and C. tentans, and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus and for 28 d with H. azteca. Responses of organisms in formulated sediments was compared with a field-collected control sediment that has routinely been used to determine test acceptability. Tolerance of organisms to formulated sediments was evaluated by determining responses to varying levels of alpha-cellulose, to varying levels of grain size, to evaluation of different food types, or to evaluation of different sources of overlying water. In the 10-d exposures, survival of organisms exposed to the formulated sediments routinely met or exceeded the responses of test organisms exposed to the control sediment and routinely met test acceptability criteria required in standard methods. Growth of amphipods and oligochaetes in 10-d exposures with formulated sediment was often less than growth of organisms in the held-collected control sediment. Additional research is needed, using the method employed to prepare formulated sediment, to determine if conditioning formulated sediments before starting 10-d tests would improve the growth of amphipods. In the 28-d exposures, survival of H. azteca was low when reconstituted water was used as the source of overlying water. However, when well water was used as the source of overlying water in 28-d exposures, consistent responses of amphipods were observed in both formulated and control sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Integrated Lab Syst, Duluth, MN 55801 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Kemble, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 32 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 222 EP 230 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0222:TOFTOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 160WJ UT WOS:000078254500018 ER PT J AU Monson, PD Call, DJ Cox, DA Liber, K Ankley, GT AF Monson, PD Call, DJ Cox, DA Liber, K Ankley, GT TI Photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthene to northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fluoranthene; Rana pipiens; phototoxicity; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; ultraviolet light ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PHOTOTOXICITY; SEDIMENTS; LIGHT; ANTHRACENE; MORTALITY; EGGS AB Rana pipiens larvae (96-118 h old) were exposed for 48 h in a flow-through system to clean water or five concentrations (0.89, 2.18, 6.99, 12.0, and 30.6 mu g/L) of the phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fluoranthene. Following this uptake period, the larvae were divided into four groups: one for immediate tissue residue analysis, a second for residue analysis following 48 h of depuration in clean water, and two for a 48-h exposure in clean water to ultraviolet (UV) light at two different levels. At the highest treatment, mean (+/-SD) UVA (310-390 nm)intensity was 8.12 +/- 0.19 x 10(2) mu W/cm(2), whereas at a lower treatment the UVA intensity was 4.45 +/- 0.05 x 10(2) mu W/cm(2). Larval frogs bioaccumulated fluoranthene in direct proportion to the water exposure concentrations, with initial whole-body PAH concentrations of 1.48, 3.53, 4.85, 11.3, and 18.7 mu g/g at the bye treatment levels. No mortality of the animals occurred during the 48-h uptake phase. When the frogs were placed in clean water, the fluoranthene was rapidly depurated, with up to 80% lost in 48 h. Exposure to UV light following fluoranthene exposure significantly enhanced toxicity of the PAH. Median time to death decreased as the product of UVA light intensity and fluoranthene body residue increased. For larval R. pipiens, sufficient tissue residues of fluoranthene were bioaccumulated within 48 h, at water exposure concentrations in the range of 2 to 10 mu g/L, to be lethal when combined with a UVA exposure simulating a fraction of summertime, midday sunlight in northern latitudes. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Lake Superior Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 21 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 308 EP 312 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0308:PTOFTN>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 160WJ UT WOS:000078254500030 ER PT J AU Lin, GH Ehleringer, JR Rygiewicz, PT Johnson, MG Tingey, DT AF Lin, GH Ehleringer, JR Rygiewicz, PT Johnson, MG Tingey, DT TI Elevated CO2 and temperature impacts on different components of soil CO2 efflux in Douglas-fir terracosms SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE elevated CO2; forest ecosystem; global warming; soil respiration; stable isotopes ID TRACE GAS FLUXES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PONDEROSA PINE; RESPIRATION; RHIZOSPHERE; RESPONSES; TURNOVER; DECOMPOSITION; VEGETATION AB Although numerous studies indicate that increasing atmospheric CO2 or temperature data are available on the responses of three major components of soil respiration [i.e. rhizosphere respiration (root and root exudates), litter decomposition, and oxidation of soil organic matter] to different CO2 and temperature conditions. In this study, we applied a dual stable isotope approach to investigate the impact of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature on these components of soil CO2 efflux in Douglas-fir terracosms. We measured both soil CO2 efflux rates and the C-13 and O-18 isotopic compositions of soil CO2 efflux in 12 sun-lit and environmentally controlled terracosms with 4-year-old Douglas fir seedlings and reconstructed forest soils under two CO2 concentrations (ambient and 200 ppmv above ambient) and two air temperature regimes (ambient and 4 degrees C above ambient). The stable isotope data were used to estimate the relative contributions of different components to the overall soil CO2 efflux. In most cases, litter decomposition was the dominant component of soil CO2 efflux in this system, followed by rhizosphere respiration and soil organic matter oxidation. Both elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and elevated temperature stimulated rhizosphere respiration and litter decomposition. The oxidation of soil organic matter was stimulated only by increasing temperature. Release of newly fixed carbon as root respiration was the most responsive to elevated CO2, while soil organic matter decomposition was most responsive to increasing temperature. Although some assumptions associated with this new method need to be further validated, application of this dual-isotope approach can provide new insights into the responses of soil carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems to future climate changes. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Stable Isotope Ratio Facil Environm Res, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lin, GH (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Biosphere Ctr 2, POB 689, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. RI Lin, GH/G-4593-2010; Lin, Guanghui/I-6850-2013 OI Lin, Guanghui/0000-0001-6108-3215 NR 42 TC 100 Z9 135 U1 12 U2 49 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 2 BP 157 EP 168 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00211.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 170ED UT WOS:000078792600003 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS AF Birnbaum, LS TI TEFs: A practical approach to a real-world problem SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; LIFE STAGE MORTALITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; AH RECEPTOR; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; 2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL; MIXTURE; MICE C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Birnbaum, LS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 49 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 13 EP 24 DI 10.1080/10807039991289590 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 174WH UT WOS:000079059000004 ER PT J AU Devlin, RB Horstman, DP Gerrity, TR Becker, S Madden, MC AF Devlin, RB Horstman, DP Gerrity, TR Becker, S Madden, MC TI Inflammatory response in humans exposed to 2.0 PPM nitrogen dioxide SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; SHORT-TERM; DEFENSE-MECHANISMS; SUPEROXIDE ANION; HEALTHY-SUBJECTS; AEROSOL BOLUSES; OZONE EXPOSURE; CELL RESPONSE AB Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a common indoor air pollutant, especially in homes with unvented combustion appliances. Epidemiological studies suggest that children living in homes with unvented heating sources are more prone to respiratory infections than children living in homes with lower levels of NO2. However, experimental studies in which human volunteers were exposed acutely to moderate levels of NO2 (0.5-2.0 ppm) have shown little evidence of lung inflammation or decreased host resistance capacity. in the study reported here, 8 healthy volunteers were exposed to 2.0 ppm NO2 and to filtered air for 4 h while undergoing intermittent moderate exercise. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed the following morning. The lavage was divided into a predominantly bronchial washing (first 20 mi of lavage; BL) and a predominantly alveolar washing (BAL). In the BL, NO2 exposure caused increases in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and tissue plasminogen activator, and decreases in epithelial cells. In the BAL there were no NO2-induced changes in either cell numbers or soluble mediators. On the other hand, alveolar macrophages from BAL showed a decrease in the ability to phagocytose unopsonized Candida albicans and a decrease in superoxide production. No difference in susceptibility to virus infection was found between the NO2- and air-exposed macrophages. No changes in lung function were observed, but the aerosol bolus recovery technique revealed a statistically significant (p < .05) decrease in the fraction of aerosol recovered following NO2 exposure, which is suggestive of small obstructive changes induced by NO2. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Devlin, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 61 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 89 EP 109 DI 10.1080/089583799197195 PG 21 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 162DB UT WOS:000078329200001 PM 10380161 ER PT J AU Katz, IM Davis, BM Martonen, TB AF Katz, IM Davis, BM Martonen, TB TI A numerical study of particle motion within the human larynx and trachea SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITION PATTERNS; TURBULENT FLOWS; HUMAN LUNGS; MODELS; DISPERSION AB In this paper, particle trajectories are calculated using a stochastic model for turbulent fluctuations incorporated into the particle momentum equation, in combination with the time-averaged solutions of flow fields in the larynx and trachea. The manner in which turbulence may affect overall deposition is investigated through illustrative numerical experiments of the effects of flow rate, initial particle location, density, and size, from which results are given in the form of probability density histograms of final particle locations (i.e. deposition sites). The histogram bins are defined in a unique manner that highlight the deposition mechanisms associated with turbulent dispersion. It is observed that turbulence may play a key role in enhancing particle deposition in the larynx and trachea. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Trinity Univ, Dept Engn Sci, San Antonio, TX 78212 USA. US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Katz, IM (reprint author), Trinity Univ, Dept Engn Sci, 715 Stadium Dr, San Antonio, TX 78212 USA. NR 21 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2 BP 173 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(98)00043-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 136AU UT WOS:000076836100005 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG Kay, FR AF Whitford, WG Kay, FR TI Biopedturbation by mammals in deserts: a review SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Ecological, Evolutionary, and Geomorphologic Significance of Open Burrow Systems in Conjunction with the 7th International Theriological Congress CY SEP 06-11, 1997 CL ACAPULCO, MEXICO DE biopedturbation; burrows; deserts; disturbance; fossorial rodents; small mammals; patch dynamics; soil properties ID PLANT-SPECIES DIVERSITY; TAILED KANGAROO RAT; MIMA-LIKE MOUNDS; MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; SMALL STONE CONTENT; DIPODOMYS-SPECTABILIS; SOUTH-AFRICA; MOLE-RATS; POCKET GOPHERS; CAPE-PROVINCE AB Disturbance-caused patchiness is important for development and maintenance of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in ecosystems. Mammals are important agents of biopedturbation (soil disturbance by organisms) which is a major source of patchiness in arid ecosystems. The contribution of soil disturbance by mammals to heterogeneity is a function of the size and longevity of the soil disturbance. Foraging pits produced by a variety of mammals are relatively short-lived features that trap plant litter and seeds that are rapidly buried. These form nutrient-rich germination sites. High water infiltration rates, a low bulk density rooting environment, and frequently increased soil nutrient content (especially mounds of central-place foragers and larder-hoarders) characterize warren complexes. Productivity tends to be higher on these mounds and the vegetation tends to differ in composition and richness from the surrounding areas. Soil ejected from fossorial mammal burrow systems is generally of low bulk density, erodes readily, and varies greatly with respect to concentration of nutrients and organic matter depending upon the species and landscape in which the species lives. The variability in soil properties of fossorial burrow system ejecta mounds precludes generalizations about the effects of these disturbances on vegetation. Long-lived features such as Mima-like mounds and heuweltjies are nutrient-rich features that support high productivity and a distinct floral assemblage. There is a significant relationship between longevity of mammal soil disturbance and size of the disturbance: longevity in years = 9.33 Area(0.735). The data suggest that pedturbation by mammals can be an important force in pedogenesis, in structuring landscapes, and in maintaining heterogeneity in ecosystems. Data on mammalian pedturbation is based on scattered autecological studies. There is a need for long-term studies that focus on biopedturbation (soil disturbance by invertebrates and vertebrates) as a process at scales from the patch to the landscape. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range,POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM fkay@swca.com NR 142 TC 143 Z9 160 U1 7 U2 44 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 41 IS 2 BP 203 EP 230 DI 10.1006/jare.1998.0482 PG 28 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 180AV UT WOS:000079363400007 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Gray, B Mahaffey, KR Jameson, CW Mizon, KJ Patison, N Korsch, MJ AF Gulson, BL Gray, B Mahaffey, KR Jameson, CW Mizon, KJ Patison, N Korsch, MJ TI Comparison of the rates of exchange of lead in the blood of newly born infants and their mothers with lead from their current environment SO JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID IN-VIVO MEASUREMENTS; BONE; MICE; MOBILIZATION; INTOXICATION; METABOLISM; ABSORPTION; PREGNANCY; EXPOSURE; WORKERS AB Newly born infants (n = 15) were monitored for 6 months after birth or for longer periods to evaluate the changes in isotopic composition and lead concentration in infants as compared with that in women from the same population groups and to determine the clearance rates of lead from blood in the infants. These data represent the first published results for serial blood sampling in a relatively large cohort of newly born infants. Blood lead concentrations decrease from the cord to samples taken at 60 to 90 days and then increase by amounts varying from negligible to 166%. In spite of concern about individual susceptibility to lead pharmacokinetics, changes in isotopic ratio followed a smooth decrease over time for 9 of the 11 infants born to migrant parents, and the patterns of variation were quite reproducible. Data for 2 of 4 infants born to multigenerational Australian parents exhibited little change in isotopic ratio over time, and in the other two cases, the changes were attributed to diet. The rate of exchange (t(1/2)) for the migrant infants of lead in blood derived from the mother during pregnancy and the lead from the current environment was calculated by using a linear function and ranged from 65 to 131 (91 +/- 19, mean +/- SD) days. The half-lives for the exchange of skeletal and environmental lead for 7 of the 8 women before significant mobilization of lead from the maternal skeleton ranged from 50 to 66 (59 +/- 6) days. One explanation for the longer half lives for infants as compared with the mothers may be the proportionally higher contribution of current environmental (Australian) lead in the infants at parturition. Exchanges of lead in infants are more complex than for the adults, reflecting inputs from sources such as maternal skeletal lead during breast feeding. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Macquarie Univ, Sch Chem, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. CSIRO, Sydney, NSW, Australia. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0022-2143 J9 J LAB CLIN MED JI J. Lab. Clin. Med. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 133 IS 2 BP 171 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0022-2143(99)90010-0 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Medical Laboratory Technology; General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 164ZJ UT WOS:000078493200010 PM 9989769 ER PT J AU Bryce, SA Larsen, DP Hughes, RM Kaufmann, PR AF Bryce, SA Larsen, DP Hughes, RM Kaufmann, PR TI Assessing relative risks to aquatic ecosystems: A mid-Appalachian case study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic monitoring; aquatic ecosystems; nonpoint source pollution; relative risk; risk assessment; water quality; watershed management ID STREAM AB Aquatic monitoring aims to assess the condition of aquatic habitats and biota. To make statements about condition, the range of human activities and the risks they pose to aquatic ecosystems must be identified. Assessing relative risk and placing sample sites on a human disturbance gradient is necessary for interpreting biological response and distinguishing human disturbance from natural controls in aquatic systems. We describe a process that uses readily available sources, such as topographic maps, aerial photographs, and field information, to identify and prioritize stream reach and watershed stressors for 102 streams in the mid-Appalachian region of the United States. All perceptible human alterations to riparian and upland areas along with their number, type, intensity, and extent of impact were recorded and ranked; a relative risk index was developed to assign scores to the watersheds. The resulting risk index scores were consistent with measures of stream condition based on water chemistry and benthic macroinvertebrates. The risk index gives a cost-effective, regional picture of the relative risk of impairment to aquatic ecosystems in the mid-Appalachian region of the USA and could be modified for other regions or ecosystem types. C1 Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bryce, SA (reprint author), Dynam Corp, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 27 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 23 EP 36 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb05449.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 179TM UT WOS:000079345200002 ER PT J AU Cropper, M Griffiths, C Mani, M AF Cropper, M Griffiths, C Mani, M TI Roads, population pressures, and deforestation in Thailand, 1976-1989 SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article AB We estimate nit equilibrium model of land clearing to study the impacts of roads and population on deforestation in Thailand between 1976 and 1989. Population pressures es were mole important in the North and Northeast sections of Thailand (elasticity offorest area with respect to agricultural population density = -0.82) than in the South and Central regions (elasticity = -0.46). Road building was more important in the South/Central region than in the rest of the country. The elasticity of forest area with respect to road density is -2.5 in the South/Central region, but is not statistically significant in the North/ Northeast. (JEL Q23). C1 World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cropper, M (reprint author), World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA. NR 16 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 75 IS 1 BP 58 EP 73 DI 10.2307/3146993 PG 16 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 188DB UT WOS:000079828900004 ER PT J AU Di Giovanni, GD Watrud, LS Seidler, RJ Widmer, F AF Di Giovanni, GD Watrud, LS Seidler, RJ Widmer, F TI Comparison of parental and transgenic alfalfa rhizosphere bacterial communities using Biolog GN metabolic fingerprinting and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR (ERIC-PCR) SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CARBON-SOURCE UTILIZATION; C SOURCE UTILIZATION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; POPULATIONS; PATTERNS; PLANT; GENOMES; XANTHOMONAS; RHIZOPLANE AB Rhizosphere bacterial communities of parental and two transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) of isogenic background were compared based on metabolic fingerprinting using Biolog GN microplates and DNA fingerprinting of bacterial communities present in Biolog GN substrate wells by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR (ERIC-PCR). The two transgenic alfalfa expressed either bacterial (Bacillus licheniformis) genes for alpha-amylase or fungal (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) genes for Mn-dependent lignin peroxidase (Austin S, Bingham ET, Matthews DE, Shahan MN, Will J, Burgess RR, Euphytica 85:381-393). Cluster analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) of the Biolog GN metabolic fingerprints indicated consistent differences in substrate utilization between the parental and lignin peroxidase transgenic alfalfa rhizosphere bacterial communities. Cluster analysis of ERIC-PCR fingerprints of the bacterial communities in Biolog GN substrate wells revealed consistent differences in the types of bacteria (substrate-specific populations) enriched from the rhizospheres of each alfalfa genotype. Comparison of ERIC-PCR fingerprints of bacterial strains obtained from substrate wells to substrate community ERIC-PCR fingerprints suggested that a limited number of populations were responsible for substrate oxidation in these wells. Results of this study suggest that transgenic plant genotype may affect rhizosphere microorganisms and that the methodology used in this study may prove a useful approach for the comparison of bacterial communities. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Evironm Effects Res Lab, Natl Res Council Res Associate, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Di Giovanni, GD (reprint author), Amer Water Works Serv Co Inc, Qual Control & Res Lab, 1115 S Illinois St, Belleville, IL 62220 USA. NR 32 TC 77 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 37 IS 2 BP 129 EP 139 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 167UJ UT WOS:000078651500006 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Mack, CM Lasley, SM AF Gilbert, ME Mack, CM Lasley, SM TI The influence of developmental period of lead exposure on long-term potentiation in the adult rat dentate gyrus in vivo SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dentate gyrus; long-term potentiation; lead; rat developmental periods ID INDUCED BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT; H-3 MK-801 BINDING; METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; DELAYED SPATIAL ALTERNATION; PERFORANT PATH; DISCRIMINATION REVERSAL; SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; LEARNING-DEFICITS; CHANNEL CURRENTS AB Previous work has demonstrated an increase in the threshold for induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus of animals chronically exposed to lead (Pb) from birth (Gilbert et al., 1996). The present study sought to extend these findings by evaluating the developmental periods critical for Pb-induced impairment oft TP. Rats were exposed to Pb through maternal milk and/or the drinking water over different developmental intervals: 1) beginning just prior to birth and continuing throughout life (PL); 2) beginning just prior to birth and terminating at weaning (PW); or 3) continously from the early post-weaning period throughout life (WL). Pregnant darns received 0.2% Pb-acetate in the drinking water on gestational day (GD)16, with male offspring switched to the same solution (PL group) or tap water (PW group) at weaning on postnatal day (PND)21. Postweaning exposure began on PND30 and continued throughout life. As adults (PND130-210), field potentials evoked by perforant path stimulation were recorded in the dentate gyrus under urethane anesthesia, and an ascending series of stimulus trains was administered to induce LTP and to determine its threshold. The magnitute of population spike IFS) LTP was reduced relative to controls in animals exposed throughout life (PL) and in animals exposed after weaning (WL). No impairment in PS LTP was evident in animals removed from Pb at weaning and tested as adults (PW). Similarly, thresholds for induction of PS LTP were elevated relative to controls in the PL and WL groups, but were not affected by Pb exposure limited to the lactational period (PW). Reductions in the magnitude of LTP of the EPSP slope were evident in posttrain I/O functions in all Pb-exposed groups, including the PW group. An elevated LTP threshold was evident in the EPSP slope measure in the continuously exposed group (PL) only. Thus Pb exposure restricted to the lactational period appeared less disruptive to adult LTP in the dentate gyrus than continuous exposure beginning around birth or weaning. However, EPSP slope LTP was impaired in animals exposed to Pb for as little as 30 days in the early postnatal period. An attenuated ability to support neuroplastic change in synaptic function may contribute to cognitive deficits associated with Pb-induced toxicity. (C) 1999 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gilbert.mary@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-06253] NR 58 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 57 EP 69 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 170ML UT WOS:000078809400006 PM 10091859 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Mack, CM Lasley, SM AF Gilbert, ME Mack, CM Lasley, SM TI Chronic developmental lead exposure and hippocampal long-term potentiation: Biphasic dose-response relationship SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dentate gyrus; long-term potentiation; LTP; lead; Pb; in vivo; developmental; hippocampus ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; H-3 MK-801 BINDING; NMDA RECEPTOR COMPLEX; GYRUS IN-VIVO; DENTATE GYRUS; CHANNEL CURRENTS; PERFORANT PATH; INORGANIC LEAD; RAT; BRAIN AB Developmental exposure to lead (Pb) has long been associated with reductions in intellectual function in children and behavioral impairments in animal models of learning and memory. We have used long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus of the Pb-exposed rats to determine the potential of a reduced capacity for synaptic plasticity to contribute to Pb-induced cognitive dysfunction. Previous work demonstrated that developmental exposure resulting in moderate blood concentrations of Pb increase the threshold for induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus in vivo. These findings were also suggestive of reductions in LTP magnitude (Gilbert et al., 1996). The present study was designed to further examine the effects of Pb on LTP magnitude and to determine if lower blood Pb levels commonly encountered in children are also effective in impairing synaptic plasticity in this rodent model. Pregnant dams were exposed to control tap water or 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 or 1.0% Pb-acetate in the drinking water beginning just prior to parturition (gestational day 16, GD16). Male offspring were weaned at 21 days of age (PN21) to the same solution given their dams and continued on this regimen until testing. As adults, animals were anesthetized with urethane and stimulating and recording electrodes placed in the perforant path and dentate gyrus, respectively. Post-train I/O functions taken 1 hour alter delivery of a series of six high frequency (400Hz) trains revealed a reduced capacity for LTP of the PS amplitude and EPSP slope in Pb-exposed animals in all but the 1.0% group, indicative of a biphasic dose-effect relationship. The 1.0% Pb exposure was clearly less effective than the lower exposure levels in reducing LTP magnitude, and did not differ significantly from control values. The mechanisms underlying the reduced efficacy of higher exposure levels of Pb to impair LTP are not clear. Blood (26-117 mu g/dl) and brain (220-1812 ng/g tissue) concentrations of Pb were elevated as a function of increasing exposure (0.1%-1.0%) and cannot readily account for the lack of an effect in the 1.0% group on LTP. We have observed a similar profile in hippocampal glutamate release employing a similar range of exposure levels, i.e., reduction of glutamate release that is absent at higher concentrations of Pb in the drinking water (Lasley et al., 1998). These and previously reported data suggest that the ability of Pb to diminish presynaptic transmitter release contributes to a reduced capacity for LTP at lower exposure levels. The reversal of the effect of Pb on glutamate release that accompanies higher exposure levels may serve to compensate for the mechanism underlying the LTP impairment and form the basis for the biphasic dose-response pattern seen with chronic developmental exposure. (C) 1999 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gilbert.mary@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-06253] NR 48 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 71 EP 82 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 170ML UT WOS:000078809400007 PM 10091860 ER PT J AU Audesirk, G Burbacher, T Guilarte, TR Laughlin, NK Lopachin, R Suszkiw, J Tilson, H AF Audesirk, G Burbacher, T Guilarte, TR Laughlin, NK Lopachin, R Suszkiw, J Tilson, H TI Understanding the NIH review process: A brief guide to writing grant proposals in neurotoxicology SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neurotoxicology; grant proposals; grant reviews; NIH review process; guide to writing AB During the past two years, the National Institutes of Health ha ve made significant changes in the review process for investigator-initiated research grant applications in neurotoxicology. First, study sections that formerly dealt with toxicology and alcohol, respectively, have been merged. Neurotoxicology grant applications are now reviewed by ALTX-3, a study section in which the majority of members have expertise in the neuronal, biochemical or behavioral effects of alcohol, but usually not other neurotoxicants. Second, the NIH has instituted new review criteria, in which significance, approach, innovation, investigator expertise, and research environment must all be explicitly addressed by the reviews. In this article, past and present members of the ALTX-3 study section describe the NIH review process, with emphasis on how neurotoxicology applications are handled, and provide guidelines for preparing competitive applications. Following is an outline of this brief guide: I. Introduction II. The AL TX.3 Study Section A. Study Section Expertise B. Study Section Workload Ill. New Review Criteria IV. Features of Successful Grant Applications A. Background and Specific Aims B. Preliminary Data and/or Progress Report C. Experimental Design D. Revised Applications E. Updating your Application (Sending Post-Submission Material Summary VI. Acknowledgments VII. References (C) 1999 Intox Press, Inc. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Biol, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Wisconsin, Harlow Ctr Biol Psychol, Madison, WI USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Physiol, Cincinnati, OH USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Audesirk, G (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Biol, POB 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 91 EP 97 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 170ML UT WOS:000078809400009 PM 10091862 ER PT J AU Michelson, PH Dailey, L Devlin, RB Peden, DB AF Michelson, PH Dailey, L Devlin, RB Peden, DB TI Ozone effects on the immediate-phase response to allergen in the nasal airways of allergic asthmatic subjects SO OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE; RESPONSIVENESS; INFLAMMATION; RHINITIS AB Epidemiologic and clinical trials have suggested that exposure to ozone increases airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory response to inhaled nasal allergen challenge in allergic asthmatic subjects. Previous studies have demonstrated an increased late-phase response to nasal allergen challenge; however, the early-phase response is unknown,We sought to characterize the early-phase response by measuring mast-cell inflammatory mediators and cellular influx at time points immediately following ozone exposure and subsequent allergen challenge, A cohort of mild, asymptomatic dust mite-sensitive asthmatic subjects was identified. Each subject underwent two separate exposures to both 0.4 ppm ozone and clean air in a randomized manner, Nasal ravage was performed before and after each exposure, Nasal allergen was then administered to a defined clinical end point, followed by nasal lavage, Differential cell counts and mast-cell products were identified in each lavage specimen, The mast-cell mediators tryptase and prostaglandin D-2 were analyzed, as was a marker of epithelial cell permeability, albumin, Although allergen produced an increase in early-onset mediator release (mast cell-derived), no enhancement was noted after exposure to ozone, Neutrophil and eosinophil inflammatory mediators were not increased after ozone exposure or enhanced after allergen exposure, although ozone did enhance eosinophilic influx after exposure to allergen, Ozone exposure does not promote early-phase-response mediator release or enhance the response to allergen challenge in the nasal airways of extrinsic asthmatic subjects, Ozone, however, may promote an inflammatory cell influx, which helps induce a more significant late-phase response in this population. C1 Northwestern Univ, Childrens Mem Hosp, Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Michelson, PH (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Childrens Mem Hosp, Sch Med, 2300 Childrens Plaza,Box 43, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0194-5998 J9 OTOLARYNG HEAD NECK JI Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 120 IS 2 BP 225 EP 232 DI 10.1016/S0194-5998(99)70411-0 PG 8 WC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery SC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery GA 165GB UT WOS:000078511500015 PM 9949357 ER PT J AU Price, PS Keenan, R Swartout, J Dourson, M AF Price, PS Keenan, R Swartout, J Dourson, M TI Response to comments on "An approach for modeling noncancer dose responses with an emphasis on uncertainty" and "a probabilistic framework for the reference dose (probabilistic RfD)" SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Letter C1 Ogden Environm & Energy Serv, Portland, ME 04101 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Toxicol Excellence Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA. RP Price, PS (reprint author), Ogden Environm & Energy Serv, 15 Franklin St, Portland, ME 04101 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1 BP 7 EP 8 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 196TW UT WOS:000080324500003 ER PT J AU Fox, JC AF Fox, JC TI US Environmental Protection Agency: Maintaining healthy ocean ecosystems SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fox, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2 BP 53 EP 56 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 173WU UT WOS:000079003400007 ER PT J AU Francis, BM Metcalf, RL Lewis, PA Chernoff, N AF Francis, BM Metcalf, RL Lewis, PA Chernoff, N TI Maternal and developmental toxicity of halogenated 4 '-nitrodiphenyl ethers in mice SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC-HERNIA; HERBICIDE "2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL-PARA-NITROPHENYL ETHER; INVIVO TERATOLOGY SCREEN; DIPHENYL-ETHER; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL-P-NITROPHENYL ETHER; THYROID-HORMONES; NITROFEN; RATS; TERATOGENICITY AB In an ongoing effort to delineate structure-activity relationships in the developmental toxicity of diphenyl ethers, we evaluated the maternal and developmental toxicity of 10 diphenyl ethers related to the herbicide nitrofen. All possible trichlorophenyl 4'-nitrophenyl ethers were evaluated, as were the 2,4-difluorophenyl and 2,4-dibromophenyl 4'-nitrophenyl ethers. We also evaluated bifenox and chlomethoxyfen, which are 2,4-dichlorophenyl congeners with meta-substituents on the 4'-nitrophenyl ring. Nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl 4'-nitrophenyl ether) was included for comparison. Identity of the halogen affected the postnatal (but not prenatal) mortality induced by 2,4-dihalogenated 4'-nitrophenyl ethers. The presence of 3'-substituents on the 4'-nitrophenyl ring reduced both pre- and postnatal toxicity of 2,4-dichlorinated congeners. Among chlorinated 4'-nitrophenyl congeners without meta-substituents on the nitrophenyl ring, the position of chlorine substituents strongly affected the congener's potential for inducing prenatal vs. postnatal syndromes. All congeners increased liver to body weight ratios in unmated females, but such increases were not well-correlated with either prenatal or postnatal embryotoxicity. Teratology 59:69-80, 1999, (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Reprod Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Francis, BM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, 1101 W Peabody Dr,Room 352, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD FEB PY 1999 VL 59 IS 2 BP 69 EP 80 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199902)59:2<69::AID-TERA1>3.0.CO;2-I PG 12 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 170GK UT WOS:000078797800001 PM 10069437 ER PT J AU Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Acheson, CM Brenner, RC AF Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Acheson, CM Brenner, RC TI Remediation of soils contaminated with wood preserving wastes: crosscurrent and countercurrent solvent washing SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE crosscurrent; countercurrent; ethanol; PCP; solvent washing ID PCP AB Solvent washing was evaluated as a method to remove pentachlorophenol (PCP) from aged field soils contaminated with wood treating wastes. Several soil,solvent contact ratios were considered. Solvent washing processes were evaluated based on the removal of PCP from the soil throughout the process. Mixtures with at least 50% (mass) ethanol extracted statistically equivalent amounts of PCP, removing as much as 730 mg/kg for one soil. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that soil-solvent contact times of approximately 1 h were adequate to remove a majority of the PCP. A crosscurrent soil washing procedure was developed to determine the solvent volume required to remove PCP from field soils. Consecutive wash stages with the 50% ethanol solvent were followed by water rinse stages, The crosscurrent washes were performed in three- and two-stage processes where soils were washed with the 50% ethanol solvent in three- and two-successive stages followed by water rinse stages. Ethanol recoveries were greater than 90% for both the three- and the two-stage wash trains. In addition to PCP, hydrocarbons were removed from the field soils by the 50% ethanol solvent. Effective removal of PCP by the 50% ethanol solvent was not impeded by the presence of hydrocarbons in the soils. Three-stage countercurrent soil washing with 50% ethanol was successful in reducing PCP contamination on the soil from 785 to less than 40 mg/kg. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B,V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD JAN 29 PY 1999 VL 64 IS 2 BP 167 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(98)00244-1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 163CT UT WOS:000078385500004 ER PT J AU Weerakoon, WM Olszyk, DM Moss, DN AF Weerakoon, WM Olszyk, DM Moss, DN TI Effects of nitrogen nutrition on responses of rice seedlings to carbon dioxide SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Oryza sativa L.; biomass; carbon dioxide; nitrogen; photosynthesis; rice ID ORYZA-SATIVA; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; YIELD; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Global atmospheric CO2 concentration is increasing, likely increasing the productivity of crops as higher CO2 enhances plant photosynthesis. Responsiveness to nitrogen supply is an essential trait of modem rice cultivars, and may play a role in the response of rice cultivars to CO2. To determine the relationship between these two important production variables on young rice plants, seedlings of Oryza sativa L. 'IR72' and 'KDML 105' were exposed for 28 days after sowing to CO2 levels of 373, 545, 723 and 895 mu molmoI(-1), and 3 levels of nitrogen fertility. There were large increases in leaf CO2 assimilation and biomass production whereas leaf nitrogen concentration dropped sharply as CO2 increased from 373 to 545 mu mol mol(-l), with little additional effect from higher levels of CO2. Root and shoot biomass, and tiller number per plant increased with increasing nitrogen supply and with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. The biomass response to CO2 was slight at low N supply, but became dramatically greater as the N supply increased. Mean root/shoot ratio increased slightly as atmospheric CO2 concentration increased, but decreased sharply as nitrogen fertility rate increased. These results suggest that careful attention to nitrogen fertilization will be necessary for rice fanning to get the full benefit of any future increases in atmospheric CO2. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dept Agr, Rice Res Inst, Batalogoda, Sri Lanka. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Olszyk, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JAN 12 PY 1999 VL 72 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(98)00166-2 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 153BY UT WOS:000077814100001 ER PT J AU Caffrey, JJ Hidaka, K Matsuda, M Hirata, M Shears, SB AF Caffrey, JJ Hidaka, K Matsuda, M Hirata, M Shears, SB TI The human and rat forms of multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase: functional homology with a histidine acid phosphatase up-regulated during endochondral ossification SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE chondrocyte; inositol phosphate; bone; apoptosis; multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase ID SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; PROTEIN; 3-PHOSPHATASE; EXPRESSION; MECHANISM; SEQUENCES; MEMBRANES AB We have derived the full-length sequences of the human and rat forms of the multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (MIPP); their structural and functional comparison with a chick histidine acid phosphatase (HiPER1) has revealed new information: (1) MIPP is approximately 50% identical to HiPER1, but the ER-targeting domains are divergent; (2) MIPP appears to share the catalytic requirement of histidine acid phosphatases, namely, a C-terminal His residue remote from the RHGxRxP catalytic motif; (3) rat MIPP mRNA is upregulated during chondrocyte hypertrophy. The latter observation provides a contest for proposing that MIPP may aid bone mineralization and salvage the inositol moiety prior to apoptosis. (C) 1999 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Inositide Signaling Grp, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fac Dent, Dept Biochem, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 812, Japan. RP Caffrey, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Inositide Signaling Grp, NIH, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM caffrey@niehs.nih.gov NR 24 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD JAN 8 PY 1999 VL 442 IS 1 BP 99 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01636-6 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 156LL UT WOS:000078002600022 PM 9923613 ER PT J AU Lash, LH Putt, DA AF Lash, LH Putt, DA TI Identification of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione in the blood of human volunteers exposed to trichloroethylene SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID REGIOISOMERIC MERCAPTURIC ACIDS; UNSCHEDULED DNA-SYNTHESIS; CONJUGATE BETA-LYASE; RENAL-CELL TUMORS; KIDNEY-CELLS; URINARY METABOLITE; MOUSE LUNG; CYSTEINE; GLUTATHIONE; TOXICITY AB Healthy male and female human volunteers were exposed to 50 ppm or 100 ppm trichloroethylene (Tri) by inhalation for 4 h. Blood and urine samples were taken at various times before, during, and after the exposure period for analysis of glutathione (GSH), related thiols and disulfides, and GSH-derived metabolites of Tri. The GSH conjugate of Tri, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG), was found in the blood of all subjects from 30 min after the start of the 4-h exposure to Tri to 1 to 8 h after the end of the exposure period, depending on the dose of Tri and the sex of the subject Male subjects exposed to 100 ppm Tri exhibited a maximal content of DCVG in the blood at 2 h after the start of the exposure of 46.1 +/- 14.2 nmol/ml (n = 8), whereas female subjects exposed to 100 ppm Tri exhibited a maximal content of DCVG; in the blood at 4 h after the start of the exposure of only 13.4 +/- 6.6 nmol/ml (n = 8). Pharmacokinetic analysis of blood DCVG concentrations showed that the area under the curve value was 3.4-fold greater in males than in females, while the t(1/2) values for systemic clearance of DCVG were similar in the two sexes. Analysis of the distribution of individual values indicated a possible sorting, irrespective of gender, into a high and a low-activity population, which suggests the possibility of a polymorphism. The mercapturates N-acetyl-1,2-DCVG and N-acetyl-2,2-DCVG were only observed in the urine of 1 male subject exposed to 100 ppm Tri. Higher contents of glutamate were generally found in the blood of females, but no marked differences between sexes were observed in contents of cyst(e)ine or GSH or in GSH redox status in the blood. Urinary GSH output exhibited a diurnal variation with no apparent sex- or Tri exposure-dependent differences. These results provide direct, in vivo evidence of GSH conjugation of Tri in humans exposed to Tri and demonstrate markedly higher amounts of DCVG formation in males, suggesting that their potential risk to Tri-induced renal toxicity may be greater than that of females. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Occupat & Environm Hlth Directorate, Armstrong Lab, Div Toxicol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [K04-DK02090] NR 46 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JAN 8 PY 1999 VL 56 IS 1 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1080/009841099158204 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 157UV UT WOS:000078080800001 PM 9923751 ER PT B AU Daniels, AE Voytko, JE AF Daniels, AE Voytko, JE GP AESF AESF TI Environmental technology verification program update SO 1999 AEROSPACE/AIRPLANE PLATING & METAL FINISHING FORUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Aerospace/Airline Plating and Metal Finishing Forum and Exposition CY APR 20-22, 1999 CL JACKSONVILLE, FL SP Amer Electroplaters & Surface Finishers Soc AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Concurrent Technologies Corporation (CTC) are cooperating in a program for the metal finishing industry called the "Environmental Technology Verification for Metal Finishing" (ETV-MF) Program. This Program, in association with the EPA's Common Sense Initiative Metal Finishing Sector, is a pilot to verify innovative, commercial-ready technologies designed to improve industry performance and achieve cost-effective pollution prevention. This paper will describe how the program operates, how the program activities are guided by a group of industry stakeholders, and how the program can benefit pollution prevention technology suppliers and users involved with aerospace and airlines finishing. Current program activities and future plans will be discussed. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Daniels, AE (reprint author), Concurrent Technol Corp, 7990 114th Ave,Suite 2, Largo, FL 33773 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SURFACE FINISHERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826 USA PY 1999 BP 93 EP 98 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW96W UT WOS:000183794600014 ER PT S AU Collins, GB Britton, PW Clark, PJ Brackett, KA Chatfield, EJ AF Collins, GB Britton, PW Clark, PJ Brackett, KA Chatfield, EJ BE Beard, ME Rook, HL TI Asbestos in drinking water performance evaluation studies SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR ASBESTOS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Environmental Measurement Methods for Asbestos CY JUL 13-17, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP ASTM Comm D 22 DE asbestos; drinking water; chrysotile dispersions AB Performance evaluations of laboratories testing for asbestos in drinking water according to USEPA Test Method 100.1 or 100.2 are complicated by the difficulty of providing stable sample dispersions of asbestos in water. Reference samples of a graduated series of chrysotile asbestos concentrations dispersed in glass-distilled water were prepared in December of 1989 to address this concern. Sealed glass ampuls, containing the reference dispersions, were sent to volunteer asbestos testing laboratories. The number of participating labs varied from 33 to 50. The data reported here was compiled from the four most recent test rounds performed. Statistical analysis of data from the volunteer laboratories indicate that further work is needed to develop asbestos reference samples that produce data with less variability. Details of the preparation of the samples, laboratory analytical procedures and statistical analysis of the results are presented, along with a discussion of issues suggested by the data. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Collins, GB (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2616-6 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1342 BP 273 EP 287 DI 10.1520/STP42344S PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Materials Science GA BP57Y UT WOS:000085558700021 ER PT S AU Byun, DW AF Byun, DW BE Brebbia, CA Jacobson, M Power, H TI One-atmosphere dynamics description in the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system SO AIR POLLUTION VII SE ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Air Pollution Conference CY JUL 26-28, 1999 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA SP Wessex Inst Technol, Stanford Univ HO STANFORD UNIV AB This paper proposes a general procedure to link meteorological data with air quality models, such as U.S. EPA's Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. CMAQ is intended to be used for studying multi-scale (urban and regional) and multi-pollutant (ozone, aerosol, and acid/nutrient depositions) air quality problems. The Models-3 CMAQ system is expected to be a common vehicle to advance environmental modeling techniques for scientists and the regulatory community. To provide multi-scale capability for meteorological and air quality modeling, a set of governing equations for the fully compressible atmosphere is introduced. By recasting input meteorological data with the variables that satisfy the governing equations in a generalized coordinate system, CMAQ can follow the dynamics and thermodynamics of the meteorological model closely. A robust mass conservation scheme is introduced and discussed. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Byun, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1369-5886 BN 1-85312-693-4 J9 ADV AIR POLLUT SER PY 1999 VL 6 BP 883 EP 892 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP05R UT WOS:000083991000085 ER PT J AU Ribaudo, M Kuch, P AF Ribaudo, M Kuch, P TI The Clean Water Action Plan: New directions or going in circles? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Agricultural-Economics-Association CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP Amer Agr Econ Assoc C1 USDA, Resource Econ Div, Econ Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US EPA, Natl Resources Sectors Staff, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ribaudo, M (reprint author), USDA, Resource Econ Div, Econ Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PY 1999 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1205 EP 1209 DI 10.2307/1244108 PG 5 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 285VM UT WOS:000085409000033 ER PT J AU Johnson, RS Wheeler, WJ Christensen, LA AF Johnson, RS Wheeler, WJ Christensen, LA TI EPA's approach to controlling pollution from animal feeding operations: An economic analysis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Agricultural-Economics-Association CY AUG 08-11, 1999 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP Amer Agr Econ Assoc ID COSTS C1 US EPA, Engn & Anal Div, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Wheeler, WJ (reprint author), US EPA, Engn & Anal Div, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PY 1999 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1216 EP 1221 DI 10.2307/1244110 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 285VM UT WOS:000085409000035 ER PT J AU Pfaff, A Bergeron, N Maulding, T Miller, D Weinberg, M Howitt, RE Knapp, K Creason, J Iovanna, R Griffiths, C AF Pfaff, A Bergeron, N Maulding, T Miller, D Weinberg, M Howitt, RE Knapp, K Creason, J Iovanna, R Griffiths, C TI Natural resources issues. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PY 1999 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1276 EP 1276 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 285VM UT WOS:000085409000072 ER PT J AU Abrahams, NA Jordan, J AF Abrahams, NA Jordan, J TI Averting expenditures as a measure of WTP in the presence of joint production. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, OAQPS, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PY 1999 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1307 EP 1307 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 285VM UT WOS:000085409000333 ER PT J AU Owens, N Jenkins, RR Wiggins, LB AF Owens, N Jenkins, RR Wiggins, LB TI Valuing a statistical child's life. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PY 1999 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1318 EP 1318 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 285VM UT WOS:000085409000430 ER PT J AU Ipe, V DeVuyst, E AF Ipe, V DeVuyst, E TI A group incentive program for farmer adoption of best management practices: An application to nitrate pollution in central Illinois. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PY 1999 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1320 EP 1320 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 285VM UT WOS:000085409000446 ER PT J AU Tudor, L Besedin, E Fisher, M AF Tudor, L Besedin, E Fisher, M TI Economic analysis of environmental regulations: Application of the random utility model to recreational benefits assessment for the metal products and machinery effluent guideline. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PY 1999 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1320 EP 1320 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 285VM UT WOS:000085409000447 ER PT J AU Chappell, CL Okhuysen, PC Sterling, CR Wang, C Jakubowski, W Dupont, HL AF Chappell, CL Okhuysen, PC Sterling, CR Wang, C Jakubowski, W Dupont, HL TI Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. Parvum serum immunoglobulin G SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; HYPERIMMUNE BOVINE COLOSTRUM; OUTBREAK; DIARRHEA; WATER; MICE; IGA; IMMUNOCOMPETENT; TRANSMISSION; VOLUNTEERS AB A 50% infectious dose (ID50) of 132 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was previously determined in serologically negative individuals (ELISA). In this study, 17 healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum IgG were challenged with 500-50,000 oocysts. Infection and diarrhea were associated with the higher challenge doses, The ID50 was 1,880 oocysts, > 20-fold higher than in seronegative volunteers. Fecal oocysts were detected in only seven (53.8%) of 13 individuals with clinical cryptosporidiosis, indicating that the host response may effectively decrease the number of oocysts produced. Subjects with the highest absorbances prior to challenge had little to no increase in IgG following challenge, whereas volunteers with lower reactivities showed significant postchallenge increases, This suggests that an upper limit of serum IgG was present in some subjects, while others were further stimulated by an additional exposure. These data indicate that prior exposure to C. parvum provides protection from infection and illness at low oocyst doses. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Infect Dis, Hlth Sci Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Vet Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US EPA, Microbiol Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. St Lukes Episcopal Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Chappell, CL (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Infect Dis, Hlth Sci Ctr, 1200 Herman Pressler Dr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR-02558] NR 38 TC 128 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1 BP 157 EP 164 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 163ZE UT WOS:000078436300028 PM 9988341 ER PT J AU Brumley, WC Gerlach, CL AF Brumley, WC Gerlach, CL TI Capillary electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence in groundwater migration determination SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article AB The results presented in this article show that capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection can be a valuable method for detecting the fluorescent dyes that are commonly used as tracers in groundwater migration studies. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Brumley, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP 45 EP + PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 162NV UT WOS:000078354000008 ER PT B AU Wozniak, CA Kough, JL AF Wozniak, CA Kough, JL GP ASSBT ASSBT TI Regulation and oversight of plant-pesticides by the US EPA. SO AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SUGAR BEET TECHNOLOGISTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 30th Biennial Meeting of the American-Society-of-Sugar-Beet-Technologists CY FEB 10-13, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Soc Sugar Beet Technol C1 US EPA, Biopesticides & Pollut Prevent Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY SUGAR BEET TECHNOLOGISTS PI DENVER PA 800 GRANT STREET SUITE 500, DENVER, CO 80203 USA PY 1999 BP 267 EP 267 PG 1 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA BQ08R UT WOS:000087105200071 ER PT J AU Flynn, KM Ferguson, SA Newbold, RR AF Flynn, KM Ferguson, SA Newbold, RR TI Estrogen mimics cause minimal behavioral alterations in rats. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 145 BP 25A EP 26A PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400146 ER PT J AU Nates, SF McKenney, CL Epa, US AF Nates, SF McKenney, CL Epa, US TI Growth and changes in biochemical composition during larval development of the Stone Crab, Menippe adina Williams and Felder, 1986. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 444 BP 75A EP 75A PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400445 ER PT J AU Sagui, C Darden, TA AF Sagui, C Darden, TA TI Molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecules: Long-range electrostatic effects SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE LA English DT Review DE free energies; particle mesh Ewald; fast multipole; periodic boundary conditions; Ewald summation ID PERIODIC BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS; FAST MULTIPOLE ALGORITHM; FINITE-SIZE CORRECTIONS; PARTICLE MESH EWALD; FREE-ENERGY; COMPUTER-SIMULATIONS; IONIC HYDRATION; SYSTEMS; SUMS AB Current computer simulations of biomolecules typically make use of classical molecular dynamics methods, as a very large number (tens to hundreds of thousands) of atoms are involved over timescales of many nanoseconds. The methodology for treating short-range bonded and van der Waals interactions has matured. However, long-range electrostatic interactions still represent a bottleneck in simulations. In this article, we introduce the basic issues for an accurate representation of the relevant electrostatic interactions. In spite of the huge computational time demanded by most biomolecular systems, it is no longer necessary to resort to uncontrolled approximations such as the use of cutoffs. In particular, we discuss the Ewald summation methods, the fast particle mesh methods, and the fast multipole methods. We also review recent efforts to understand the role of boundary conditions in systems with long-range interactions, and conclude with a short perspective on future trends. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Sagui, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 73 TC 372 Z9 377 U1 3 U2 57 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1056-8700 J9 ANNU REV BIOPH BIOM JI Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomolec. Struct. PY 1999 VL 28 BP 155 EP 179 DI 10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.155 PG 25 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 213KJ UT WOS:000081271400008 PM 10410799 ER PT J AU Holmes, MT Ingham, ER Doyle, JD Hendricks, CW AF Holmes, MT Ingham, ER Doyle, JD Hendricks, CW TI Effects of Klebsiella planticola SDF20 on soil biota and wheat growth in sandy soil SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs); Klebsiella planticola; soil ecology; ecological effects ID TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; POPULATIONS; ETHANOL; MICROORGANISMS; NEMATODES; BACTERIAL; DYNAMICS; XYLOSE AB The potential for ecological effects to occur after the release of genetically engineered microorganisms is a global concern and the release of biotechnology products must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. In this research, a genetically engineered strain of Klebsiella planticola (SDF20) bacteria was added to microcosms containing sandy soil and wheat plants to assess the potential for effects on soil biota and plant growth. One half of the soil treatments in this study contained wheat plants to compare some effects on growing rhizosphere communities in the experimental system. When SDF20 was added to soil with plants, the numbers of bacterial and fungal feeding nematodes increased significantly, coinciding with death of the plants, In contrast, when the parental strain, SDF15 was added to soil with plants, only the number of bacterial feeding nematodes increased but the plants did not die. The introduction of either SDF15 or SDF20 strains to soil without plants did not alter the nematode community. No effects were observed on the activity of native bacterial and fungal communities by either SDF15 or SDF20. This study is evidence that SDF20 can persist under conditions found in some soil ecosystems and for long enough periods of time to stimulate change in soil biota that could affect nutrient cycling processes. Further investigation is needed to determine the extent these observations may occur in situ but this study using soil microcosms was the first step in assessing potential for the release of genetically engineered microorganisms to result in ecological effects, (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Holmes, MT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 1 BP 67 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00129-2 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 160RU UT WOS:000078245400008 ER PT J AU Shelton, ME Chapman, PJ Foss, SS Fisher, WS AF Shelton, ME Chapman, PJ Foss, SS Fisher, WS TI Degradation of weathered oil by mixed marine bacteria and the toxicity of accumulated water-soluble material to two marine crustacea SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHRIMP PALAEMONETES PUGIO; CRUDE-OIL; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; GRASS SHRIMP; PETROLEUM-HYDROCARBONS; BIODEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENT; ASPHALTENES; SEDIMENTS; ORGANISMS AB Artificially weathered crude oil was degraded by four diverse cultures of mixed marine bacteria under optimized conditions for 7 and 14 days. Loss in total weight of starting oil (30 g) ranged from 6.8-17.3% in biologically active incubations compared with only 0.9-1.1% in sterile and nutrient-limited controls. In all incubations, both neutral and acidic water-soluble fractions (WSF) were accumulated. In biologically active systems, 50.9-249.0 mg neutral and 63.3-406.8 mg acidic WSF were accumulated whereas only 6.5-11.1 mg neutral and 1.7-2.2 mg acidic WSF were accumulated in control incubations. Analysis by gas chromatography demonstrated that accumulated WSF in biologically active systems contained compounds different from those washed from the starting crude oil. Exposure of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryos to neutral WSF from each of the biologically active cultures resulted in high embryo mortalities relative to sterile and nutrient-limited controls which exhibited >90% hatching success and larval survival. Toxicity of neutral WSF was also demonstrated on larvae of mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). In both cases, toxicity occurred only on exposure to neutral material accumulated by active, oil-degrading cultures and not with material washed from the weathered crude oil. These results imply that unique compounds were accumulated during degradation that may have been responsible for increased toxicity. C1 Water Technol & Controls Inc, Reidsville, NC 27320 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Shelton, ME (reprint author), Water Technol & Controls Inc, 642 Tamco Rd, Reidsville, NC 27320 USA. NR 31 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 13 EP 20 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 146RE UT WOS:000077443500003 PM 9828257 ER PT B AU Donohue, JM Abernathy, CO AF Donohue, JM Abernathy, CO BE Chappell, WR Abernathy, CO Calderon, RL TI Exposure to inorganic arsenic from fish and shellfish SO ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects CY JUL 12-15, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Environm Geochem & Hlth, Univ Colorado, US EPA, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlantic Richfield Co, Electr Power Res Inst, Int Council Met Environm, Elf Atochem, Environm Arsen Council DE arsenic; arsenobetaine; arsenocholine; fish; shellfish ID MARINE ORGANISMS; SEAFOOD PRODUCTS; ARSENOBETAINE; METABOLISM; SPECIATION; RATS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ARSENOCHOLINE; SPECTROMETRY; RETENTION AB Humans are exposed to arsenic (As) from many sources such as food, water, air and soil. Most foods contain both organic and inorganic forms of As and the inorganic compounds are generally considered to be more toxic. Although fish and shellfish are major contributors to dietary As among seafood consumers, over 90% of the As in seafood is generally organic rather than inorganic. Thus, it is important to know the relative levels of various As species in fish and shellfish when estimating risks from seafood consumption. Data were collected from published and unpublished literature on the concentrations of total, inorganic and organic As present in fish and shellfish. Distributions were skewed with median concentrations, in this instance, a better representation of central tendency than mean concentrations. The data were used to estimate total exposure to inorganic As from consumption of fish/shellfish for several exposure scenarios applicable to seafood-consuming populations, including subsistence groups. Data on fish and shellfish consumption patterns were derived from the 1989-1991 U.S. Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. Organic As in ocean and estuarine fish and shellfish is primarily present as arsenobetaine (AsB) with smaller amounts as arsenocholine (AsC) or other organic compounds. Less is known about the identity of the organic arsenic in freshwater fish. Data on the toxicokinetics of AsB and AsC demonstrate that the As in these compounds is apparently not bioavailable for interaction with other biological molecules. C1 US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Donohue, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, 401 M St,SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 32 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-043648-X PY 1999 BP 89 EP 98 DI 10.1016/B978-008043648-7/50012-1 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BP93Q UT WOS:000086671000010 ER PT B AU Lewis, DR AF Lewis, DR BE Chappell, WR Abernathy, CO Calderon, RL TI Drinking water arsenic: The Millard County, Utah mortality study SO ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects CY JUL 12-15, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Environm Geochem & Hlth, Univ Colorado, US EPA, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlantic Richfield Co, Electr Power Res Inst, Int Council Met Environm, Elf Atochem, Environm Arsen Council DE arsenic; drinking water; mortality; cancer; cardiovascular effects; Utah ID BLADDER-CANCER; SKIN-CANCER; QUALITY; DISEASE AB The EPA risk assessment for drinking water arsenic is based on skin cancer and wide-ranging exposures of between 10 and 1,820 mu g/L drinking water arsenic from studies conducted in Taiwan in the 1960s. This investigation in a cohort of 4,058 residents from Millard County, Utah, represents one of the larger studies in a U.S, population. Exposure was based on drinking water arsenic concentrations performed by the Utah Health Laboratory using EFA approved test methods. Median arsenic concentrations in drinking water ranged from 14 mu g/L to 166 mu g/L. The cohort was established based on historic membership records of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS). Current vital status was determined by the LDS. Death certificates of the deceased were collected and reviewed for cause of death. Cause of death was coded using the International Cause of Death (ICD) version 9 coding rubric. Results from the standard mortality ratio (SMR) analysis include statistically significant associations for hypertensive heart disease (SMR=2.20), nephritis and nephrosis (SMR=1.72), and prostate cancer (SMR=1.45) among males, and hypertensive heart disease (SMR=1.73) and all other heart disease including pulmonary heart disease and diseases of the pericardium (SMR=1.43) among females. These results indicate that cancer and other health effects may be important at low exposure levels of less than 200 mu g/L. A Cox proportional hazards analysis using an exposure matrix to include the number of years in residence and the median arsenic level for the town of residence is underway. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, HSD, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lewis, DR (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, HSD, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, MD-58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-043648-X PY 1999 BP 133 EP 140 DI 10.1016/B978-008043648-7/50017-0 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BP93Q UT WOS:000086671000015 ER PT J AU Holland, DM Principe, PP Sickles, JE AF Holland, DM Principe, PP Sickles, JE TI Trends in atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen species in the eastern United States for 1989-1995 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE generalized additive models; trend; percent change; sulfur dioxide; sulfate; nitrogen ID PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; DEPOSITION; SULFATE AB Emission reductions were mandated in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 with the expectation that they would result in major reductions in the concentrations of atmospherically transported pollutants. This paper investigates the form and magnitude of trends from 1989 to 1995 in atmospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide, sulfate, and nitrogen at 34 rural sites in the eastern US. Across all sites, there is strong evidence of statistically significant declining trends in sulfur dioxide (median change of -35%) and sulfate concentrations (median change of -26%). In general, trends in nitrogen concentrations were not as pronounced (median change of -8%) as trends in the sulfur compounds. A regional estimate of trend for a cluster of sites in the Ohio River valley showed close correspondence between declining sulfur dioxide concentrations (-35%) and changes in sulfur dioxide emissions (-32%) in this region. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Holland, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 24 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 37 EP 49 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 149QT UT WOS:000077617400004 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE AF Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE TI Experimental determination of hydrogen bandwidth for the ion parametric resonance model SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE IPR model; hydrogen ion resonance; nerve growth factor; static magnetic field; PC-12 cells; bandwidth ID MAGNETIC-FIELD INTERACTIONS; BIOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS; PC-12 CELLS; NERVE-CELLS AB The ion parametric resonance (IPR) model predicts that distinct patterns of field-induced biological responses will occur at particular magnetic field combinations which establish ion resonances. An important characteristic of resonance is the bandwidth response of the system, in part because it determines the required tolerances of the test system. Initial development of the IPR model used literature data to estimate the bandwidth for any ion resonance to be +/-10% of its exact resonance. Because the charge-to-mass ratio of hydrogen is much larger than any other biologically significant ion, hydrogen resonance provides a unique test case by which a single ionic bandwidth can be clearly measured. Of particular relevance is work by Trillo et al. that demonstrated a hydrogen-only, resonance-based IPR response of neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. The work reported here considers the response of nerve-growth-factor-stimulated PC-12 cells exposed to magnetic fields tuned at or near hydrogen resonance. This work was designed to test directly the IPR model hypothesis of a +/- 10% ionic bandwidth. Consistent with the work of Trillo et al., resonance conditions were established using a 2.97 mu T static magnetic field, and the AC frequency and field strength were varied to prove different aspects of the resonance. With this static field 45 Hz was the resonance frequency identified for hydrogen, 42.5 and 47.5 Hz were near-resonance frequencies, and 40 and 50 Hz bounded the assumed +/-10% hydrogen resonance bandwidth. We repeated each test three times. The cell responses at 45 Hz exposures agreed with the IPR model predictions and replicated results obtained by Trillo et al. Cells exposed to 42.5 and 47.5 Hz (near resonance) magnetic fields responded in the same general pattern as those exposed to 45 Hz fields, but neurite outgrowth was less than that observed at resonance. Measured results for cells exposed to either 40 Hz or 50 Hz fields were indistinguishable from off-resonance responses, consistent with the hypothesized bandwidth. These results confirm that the response bandwidth for the hydrogen ion is no greater than +/-10%, and give further support to the resonance-based predictions of the IPR model. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Bechtel Corp Technol & Consulting, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Blackman, CF (reprint author), US EPA, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 5 EP 12 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1999)20:1<5::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-R PG 8 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA 154FQ UT WOS:000077878500002 PM 9915588 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG Sobhy, HM AF Whitford, WG Sobhy, HM TI Effects of repeated drought on soil microarthropod communities in the northern Chihuahuan Desert SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE desert; drought; Larrea tridentata; soil microarthropods; Prosopis glandulosa ID SIMULATED RAINFALL; LARREA-TRIDENTATA; PATTERNS; CREOSOTEBUSH; ECOSYSTEMS; NEMATODES; NITROGEN; STEMFLOW; ROOTS; UTAH AB Soil microarthropods were sampled in plots centered on creosotebushes (Larrea tridentata) and in plots centered on mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) coppice dunes. Nine plots in each area were covered by rain-out shelters with greenhouse plastic roofs which excluded natural rainfall and nine plots received natural rainfall. There were differences in the abundance of several mite taxa in soils from the mesquite coppice dune plots. Some taxa (Stigmaeidae, Nanorchestidae, and Entomobryidae) occurred in significantly lower numbers in the soils of the drought plots. Other taxa (Tarsonemidae and Cunaxidae) were more abundant in the drought plots in the mesquite coppice dunes. There were no significant differences in the abundance of any of the dominant taxa of soil microarthropods in the drought and control plots centered on creosotebush. In the creosotebush habitat, there were significantly fewer Prostigmata in the plots exposed to drought. In an area with both creosotebush and mesquite, there were no significant differences in microarthropod population responses to drought and in recovery from drought. The differences in responses of soil microarthropods to drought in creosotebush and mesquite habitats are attributed to the differences in soil stability, litter accumulations, and microclimate associated with the shrubs. C1 US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89195 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PY 1999 VL 28 IS 2 BP 117 EP 120 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 147VY UT WOS:000077519300002 ER PT J AU Kay, FR Sobhy, HM Whitford, WG AF Kay, FR Sobhy, HM Whitford, WG TI Soil microarthropods as indicators of exposure to environmental stress in Chihuahuan Desert rangelands SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE desertification; desert grassland; grazing; herbicides; indicators ID LITTER DECOMPOSITION; PATTERNS; DYNAMICS AB We studied soil microarthropod communities along livestock grazing disturbance gradients, inside and outside grazing exclosures, and on areas subjected to restoration efforts (herbicide and bulldozing) in order to test the suitability of mites as indicators of rangeland soil quality. We found that mite numbers generally increased with decreased grazing disturbance. Soil microarthropods appeared to respond to a complex of factors including soil compaction, depth to an impervious soil layer, below-ground vegetative biomass, and residual effects of herbicide. All of our study plots, except those that had been herbicide treated, were dominated by microbivorous mites of the family Nanorchestidae. The numerical responses of mites, especially nanorchestids, appeared to provide a sensitive indicator of ecosystem health in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89196 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Ecol Annex, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PY 1999 VL 28 IS 2 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1007/s003740050472 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 147VY UT WOS:000077519300003 ER PT J AU Ostby, JS Price, M Lambright, CR Gray, LE AF Ostby, JS Price, M Lambright, CR Gray, LE TI The herbicide linuron, an androgen receptor antagonist, produces reproductive malformations in male rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, EB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 144 BP 138 EP 138 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300209 ER PT J AU Wolf, CJ Ostby, JS Gray, LE AF Wolf, CJ Ostby, JS Gray, LE TI Antiandrogenic effects of prenatal vinclozolin exposure in the male rat: And investigation of possible involvement of EGF. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 145 BP 138 EP 138 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300210 ER PT J AU Holmes, M Suarez, J Klinefelter, G AF Holmes, M Suarez, J Klinefelter, G TI Dibromoacetic acid perturbs protein synthesis in adult rat seminiferous tubules. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Chem, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 146 BP 139 EP 139 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300214 ER PT J AU Klinefelter, G Suarez, J Roberts, N Strader, L AF Klinefelter, G Suarez, J Roberts, N Strader, L TI The sperm biomarker SP22 is highly correlated with infertility resulting from the testicular toxicant bromochloroacetic acid SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 187 BP 152 EP 152 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300254 ER PT J AU Bielmeier, SR Best, DS Guidici, DL Narotsky, MG AF Bielmeier, SR Best, DS Guidici, DL Narotsky, MG TI Pregnancy loss in the rat caused by bromodichloromethane (BDCM), a drinking water disinfection by-product. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, RTD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 190 BP 153 EP 153 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300258 ER PT J AU Parks, LG Ostby, JS Lambright, C Abbott, BD Gray, LE AF Parks, LG Ostby, JS Lambright, C Abbott, BD Gray, LE TI Perinatal butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposures induce antiandrogenic effects in Spague-Dawley (SD) rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 192 BP 153 EP 153 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300256 ER PT J AU Cancel, A Jeffay, S Perreault, S AF Cancel, A Jeffay, S Perreault, S TI Evaluation of the integrity of the rat sperm acrosome during in vitro capacitation. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Toxicol Program, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 215 BP 160 EP 161 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300279 ER PT J AU Welch, J Barbee, R Roberts, N Klinefelter, G AF Welch, J Barbee, R Roberts, N Klinefelter, G TI The sperm protein, SP22, is encoded by multiple transcripts in the rat testis. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 339 BP 198 EP 199 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300402 ER PT J AU Balchak, SK Hedge, JM Harrison, RA Pegram, RA Goldman, JM AF Balchak, SK Hedge, JM Harrison, RA Pegram, RA Goldman, JM TI The effect of bromodichloromethane (BDCM) on steroid release from rat preovulatory follicles. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 343 BP 200 EP 200 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300409 ER PT J AU Luft, JC Benjamin, I Dix, D AF Luft, JC Benjamin, I Dix, D TI Protective mechanisms mediated by the stress response in reproductive tissue and cells. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Mol Cardiol Res Labs, Dallas, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 344 BP 200 EP 200 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300407 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Price, M Lambright, C Wolf, C Hotchkiss, A Parks, L Ostby, J AF Gray, LE Price, M Lambright, C Wolf, C Hotchkiss, A Parks, L Ostby, J TI Environmental antiandrogens: The malformation pattern varies with the mechanism of antiandrogenic action. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, EB, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 347 BP 201 EP 201 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300410 ER PT J AU Jeffay, S Lau, C Strader, L Stoker, T Perreault, S AF Jeffay, S Lau, C Strader, L Stoker, T Perreault, S TI Does lactational exposure to PCB Arochlor 1254 result in adverse reproductive effects in male offspring? SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1999 VL 60 SU 1 MA 346 BP 201 EP 201 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211CA UT WOS:000081141300412 ER PT B AU Roos, KF Moser, MA Martin, AG AF Roos, KF Moser, MA Martin, AG BE Overend, RP Chornet, E TI AgSTAR Charter Farm Program: Experience with five floating lagoon covers SO BIOMASS: A GROWTH OPPORTUNITY IN GREEN ENERGY AND VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Biomass Conference of the Americas on Growth Opportunity in Green Energy and Value-Added Products CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 1999 CL OAKLAND, CA SP US DOE, Nat Resource Canada, CA Energy Comm AB The AgSTAR Program is a voluntary program jointly administered by U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the USDA-NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service). The AgSTAR Program encourages the use of methane recovery technologies at confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) that manage manure as liquids or slurries. The Charter Farm Program promotes a broader understanding of the benefits, costs, and applications of biogas technology by developing commercial-scale demonstration systems at livestock facilities. Ten AgSTAR Charter Farms (operational since 1996) now use a variety of anaerobic digester systems. This paper summarizes the experience of five of these farms that installed floating covers on lagoons. Two designs of floating cover are compared-bank-to-bank and modular-by discussing gas transfer and rainfall management; cover design, material warranty, and fabrication warranty; suitable materials such as HDPE and polypropylene; performance criteria; and prices based on materials, warranties, and installation. Costs ranged from $0.61/ft(2) to $5.81/ ft(2). Long term monitoring data (Cheng et al., 1998) indicates > 90% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD). 65% reduction in total nitrogen, and 85% reduction in total phosphorus. This environmental performance is achieved under USDA-NRCS Interim Standard No. 360-Covered Anaerobic Lagoon. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20001 USA. RP Roos, KF (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW 6202-J, Washington, DC 20001 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND BN 0-08-043019-8 PY 1999 BP 743 EP 749 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BP17M UT WOS:000084312500114 ER PT B AU Mack, EE Beck, JW Jones, WJ AF Mack, EE Beck, JW Jones, WJ BE Alleman, BC Leeson, A TI Biotic and abiotic contributions to reductive transformation of organic pollutants SO BIOREMEDIATION OF NITROAROMATIC AND HALOAROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 19-22, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Gas Res Inst, IT Grp Inc, Celtic Technol, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, U S Microb Inc, U S Naval Fac Engn Command, Waste Management Inc ID SUBSTITUTED NITROBENZENES AB The relative contributions of biotic and abiotic reductive transformation processes were probed in two anoxic freshwater sediments by following the transformation of nitrobenzene and 2,4 dichlorophenol (compounds with reducible functional groups of different one electron reduction potential). The sediments differed in their ambient concentrations of iron, organic matter and in situ redox potential but both sediments were competent for transformation of the test compounds. The transformation of nitrobenzene is known to be mediated by both biotic and abiotic processes. Of the two sediments tested, nitrobenzene reduction in one sediment was found to be predominantly carried out by abiotic pathways while in the other sediment biotic pathways dominated. Results suggest that the abiotic reduction of nitrobenzene is dependent upon specific pools of reduced iron present in the sediment. In comparison, reductive dechlorination of 2,4 dichlorophenol, a process known to occur via strictly biotic pathways, was limited by availability of organic carbon in one sediment and redox level in the other. C1 US EPA, Athens, GA USA. RP Mack, EE (reprint author), US EPA, Athens, GA USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-080-2 PY 1999 BP 95 EP 100 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN63D UT WOS:000082417000016 ER PT B AU Glaser, JA Haines, J Potter, C Herrman, R McClellan, K O'Neill, K Hinton, S AF Glaser, JA Haines, J Potter, C Herrman, R McClellan, K O'Neill, K Hinton, S BE Leeson, A Alleman, BC TI Evaluation of microbial species diversity at a former town gas site SO BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 19-22, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Gas Res Inst, IT Grp Inc, Celtic Technol, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, U S Microb Inc, U S Naval Fac Engn Command, Waste Management Inc AB A general approach to structural microbial diversity detection in contaminated soil was derived from phospholipid fatty acid and 16S rRNA analyses. Lipid phosphate analysis was used to screen environmental samples for viable biomass before being selected for 16S rRNA analysis. Fatty acid profiles for each sample provide an early assay of structural microbial diversity and 16S rRNA analysis offers a more thorough picture of the diversity. New analytical methodologies are required to accomplish 16S rRNA analysis for the number of samples produced from field studies. A series of labor saving techniques were investigated to increase the throughput of this very complicated analytical protocol. We are conducting a series of treatability studies on the bioremediation organic contaminants associated with town gas waste at the Bedford Indiana Town Gas Site. Samples selected from the lipid analysis are submitted for 16S rRNA analysis to provide a more thorough picture of microbial diversity at the Bedford site. Introduction to the newly developed spectrum of analytical tools for 16S rRNA analysis and critical evaluation of results derived from the field project will be presented. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Glaser, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-081-0 PY 1999 BP 209 EP 215 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN63E UT WOS:000082417200035 ER PT J AU Prahalad, AK Manchester, DK Hsu, IC Inmon, J Gallagher, JE AF Prahalad, AK Manchester, DK Hsu, IC Inmon, J Gallagher, JE TI Human placental microsomal activation and DNA adduction by air pollutants SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID P-32 POSTLABELING ANALYSIS; MATERNAL SMOKING; SENSITIVITY; MECHANISMS; EMISSIONS; EXPOSURE; TISSUE; P450 C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Div Genet Serv,Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Div Genet Serv,Dept Pharmacol, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Gallagher, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, MD-58C, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 62 IS 1 BP 93 EP 100 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 152YA UT WOS:000077804200014 PM 9870995 ER PT J AU Dixit, SS Smol, JP Charles, DF Hughes, RM Paulsen, SG Collins, GB AF Dixit, SS Smol, JP Charles, DF Hughes, RM Paulsen, SG Collins, GB TI Assessing water quality changes in the lakes of the northeastern United States using sediment diatoms SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONNECTICUT LAKES; INDICATORS AB Diatom assemblages were selected as indicators of lake condition and to assess historical lake water quality changes in 257 lakes in the northeastern United States. The "top" (surface sediments, present-day) and "bottom" (generally from >30 cm deep, representing historical conditions) samples from sediment cores collected from lakes and reservoirs were analyzed for diatom assemblages. The distribution of diatom species was closely related to several environmental variables, primarily lake water pH, total phosphorus, and chloride. Using weighted-averaging calibration and regression approaches, we constructed predictive models to infer these variables from the diatom assemblages. The diatom-based inference models were then used to assess the current status of lake water quality and to assess historical changes in lake water conditions in natural lakes over the past 150 years. Changes were also assessed in reservoirs. Population estimates of historical changes in limnological variables were made for all lakes of the northeast United States and also for lakes in the Adirondacks, New England Uplands, and Coastal Lowlands/Plateau ecoregions. The extent of cultural impact has been quite variable among the ecoregions, with marked water quality deterioration occurring in hundreds of lakes. Chloride and phosphorus levels have increased, especially in lakes that currently have high concentrations. Low-pH lakes have become more common in all three ecoregions. The maximum abundance of low-pH lakes was recorded in the Adirondacks, an area receiving the highest acidic precipitation in the northeast. In the Coastal Lowlands/Plateau, there has been a clear increase in eutrophic lakes, as inferred by total phosphorus. This was accompanied by a marked increase in the number of lakes with high chloride levels. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Paleoecol Environm Assessment & Res Lab, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Patrick Ctr Environm Res, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Dixit, SS (reprint author), Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Paleoecol Environm Assessment & Res Lab, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RI Smol, John/A-8838-2015 NR 36 TC 124 Z9 127 U1 1 U2 22 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 56 IS 1 BP 131 EP 152 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-1-131 PG 22 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 173QM UT WOS:000078991300015 ER PT J AU Sedman, CB AF Sedman, CB TI Controlling emissions from fuel and waste combustion SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management & Reduct Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sedman, CB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management & Reduct Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHEMICAL WEEK ASSOCIATES PI NEW YORK PA 888 SEVENTH AVE, 26TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10106 USA SN 0009-2460 J9 CHEM ENG-NEW YORK JI Chem. Eng. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 106 IS 1 BP 82 EP 88 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 158BR UT WOS:000078096600012 ER PT J AU Lores, EM Snyder, RA Pennock, JR AF Lores, EM Snyder, RA Pennock, JR TI The effect of humic acid on uptake/adsorption of copper by a marine bacterium and two marine ciliates SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE bioavailability; dissolved organics; ciliates; copper; humic acid ID EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES; TROPHIC TRANSFER; ORGANIC-MATTER; CADMIUM; BIOAVAILABILITY; SUBSTANCES; PROTOZOA; BIOACCUMULATION; COMMUNITY; REDUCTION AB The effect of humic acid (KA) on Cu uptake by a bacterium and two bacterivorus ciliates was investigated. The presence of HA resulted in a statistically significant (p<0.001) decrease in Cu associated with bacteria that were exposed to 67 mu g Cu L-1. Complexation of Cu appears to lower the availability of Cu with respect to bacterial cell surface binding and uptake. For ciliates, 10 mg HA L-1 significantly reduced uptake of Cu by Uronema, but did not reduce uptake of Cu by Pleuronema. Uronema exposed to 67 mu g Cu L-1 accumulated 54% less Cu when 10 mg I-IA L-1 was present (0.50 pg ciliate(-1) vs 0.23 pg ciliate(-1)). Uronema feeding on V. natriegens, took up less than half as much Cu as unfed Uronema when exposed to Cu without HA (0.41 pg Cu fed ciliate(-1) vs 0.86 pg Cu unfed ciliate(-1), but only 40% less when exposed to Cu and HA ( 0.31 pg Cu fed ciliate(-1) vs 0.51 pg Cu unfed ciliate(-1)), The lower % reduction attributable to fed ciliates in the presence of HA suggests that some of the Cu associated with HA is available through trophic processes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ W Florida, CEDB, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. Univ Alabama, Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. RP US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 45 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 EI 1879-1298 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JAN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 2 BP 293 EP 310 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00190-8 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 147HU UT WOS:000077484100006 PM 10901656 ER PT J AU Berglund, DJ Abbey, DE Lebowitz, MD Knutsen, SF McDonnell, WF AF Berglund, DJ Abbey, DE Lebowitz, MD Knutsen, SF McDonnell, WF TI Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in an elderly nonsmoking population SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE chronic airway disease; nonsmoking; passive smoking; pulmonary function; respiratory symptoms ID TERM AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; PASSIVE SMOKING; BRONCHIAL HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; COMMUNITY POPULATION; GENERAL-POPULATION; AIR-POLLUTANTS; TOBACCO-SMOKE; HEART-DISEASE; LUNG-FUNCTION AB Objective: To examine risk factors for chronic airway disease (CAD) in elderly nonsmokers, as determined by pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and to correlate reported respiratory symptoms with PFT measures. Design: An observational survey. Setting: Several communities in California. Measurements: Exposures and respiratory history were assessed by standardized questionnaire, PFTs were performed and prediction equations derived. Results: Significant risk factors for obstruction on PFTs in multiple logistic regression included reported environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure (relative risk [RR] = [RR] = 1.44), parental CAD or bay fever (RR = 1.47), history of childhood respiratory illness (RR = 2.15), increasing age, and male sea. The number of rears of past smoking was of borderline significance (RR = 1.29 for 10 years of smoking; p = 0.66), The prevalence of obstruction on PFTs was 24.9% in those with definite symptomatic CAD, compared with 7.5% in those with no symptoms of CAD, The prevalence of obstruction was 36.0% among those crith asthma and 70.6% among those with emphysema, Also, symptomatic CAD correlated with reduction in lung function by analysis of covariance. The mean percent predicted FEV, adjusted for covariates was 90.6% in persons with definite symptoms of CAD, compared with 97.8% in those without it (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Age, ses, parental history, childhood respiratory illness, and reported ETS exposures were significant risk factors for obstruction on PFTs. Self-reported respiratory symptoms also correlated significantly with PFTs. C1 Loma Linda Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, CHR, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Arizona Prevent Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abbey, DE (reprint author), Loma Linda Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, CHR, Evans Hall 204, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA. EM dAbbey@sph.llu.edu NR 63 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD JAN PY 1999 VL 115 IS 1 BP 49 EP 59 DI 10.1378/chest.115.1.49 PG 11 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 157QY UT WOS:000078074200012 PM 9925062 ER PT J AU Inglefield, JR Schwartz-Bloom, RD AF Inglefield, JR Schwartz-Bloom, RD TI Using confocal microscopy and the fluorescent indicator, 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium iodide, to measure changes in intracellular chloride SO CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID RAT-BRAIN SYNAPTONEUROSOMES; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; PYRAMIDAL CELLS; CL; VOLUME; INHIBITION; ACTIVATION; INCREASES; CHANNELS; GABA(A) C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Inglefield, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 1999 VL 307 BP 469 EP 481 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BP32T UT WOS:000084720900026 PM 10506989 ER PT J AU Anastas, PT AF Anastas, PT TI Green chemistry and the role of analytical methodology development SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Central Europe-USA Workshop on Environmental Chemistry CY JUN 12-15, 1999 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Nat Sci Fdn, United nat Educ, Sci & Cultural Org UNESCO, ACS Baltics & FSU Fund, Czech Chem Soc, CRC Press Merck, Prague & SciTech AB Green Chemistry has emerged in the 1990s as a way that the skills, knowledge, and talents of chemists can be used avoid threats to human health and the environment in all types of chemical processes. One of the most active areas of Green Chemistry research and development is in analytical methodology development. New methods and techniques that reduce and eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances through all aspects of the chemical analysis Lifecycle are the manifestations of the recent interest in Green Analytical Chemistry. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Anastas, PT (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 22 TC 144 Z9 149 U1 2 U2 32 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8347 J9 CRIT REV ANAL CHEM JI Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 167 EP 175 DI 10.1080/10408349891199356 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 241VN UT WOS:000082904700003 ER PT J AU Telliard, WA AF Telliard, WA TI EPA analytical methods for the determination of pollutants in the environment SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Central Europe-USA Workshop on Environmental Chemistry CY JUN 12-15, 1999 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Nat Sci Fdn, United nat Educ, Sci & Cultural Org UNESCO, ACS Baltics & FSU Fund, Czech Chem Soc, CRC Press Merck, Prague & SciTech DE natural environment; regulated pollutants; performance-based measurement system AB The mission of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to protect human health and safeguard the natural environment. EPA was established to implement and enforce environmental regulations passed by the U.S. Congress to control pollutants discharged into the air, water, and land. To implement these regulations, EPA develops test procedures (analytical methods) to measure regulated pollutants. These methods are contained in regulations codified at Title 40 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR). Nearly all of the current test procedures are prescriptive, meaning that they contain exacting procedures for performing tests. Recently, EPA has initiated an effort to implement a performance-based measurement system (PBMS) that will introduce flexibility in conducting environmental monitoring. This initiative will encourage analytical innovation by allowing the use of new and alternate methods provided that predetermined performance criteria are met. This article presents an overview of EPA's analytical methods programs and implementation of PBMS and provides detailed information on EPA's wastewater monitoring program. C1 US EPA, Engn & Anal Div 4303, Analyt Methods Staff, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Telliard, WA (reprint author), US EPA, Engn & Anal Div 4303, Analyt Methods Staff, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8347 J9 CRIT REV ANAL CHEM JI Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 249 EP 257 DI 10.1080/10408349891199428 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 241VN UT WOS:000082904700010 ER PT J AU Koglin, EN AF Koglin, EN TI The role of field analytical technologies in environmental problem-solving SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Russian/American Environmental Chemistry Workshop on Chemistry and Environmental Protection CY MAY 25-28, 1998 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Characterizat & Monitoring Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Koglin, EN (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Characterizat & Monitoring Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8347 J9 CRIT REV ANAL CHEM JI Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 352 EP 352 DI 10.1080/10408349891199194 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 165HL UT WOS:000078515200005 ER PT J AU Longanecker, L AF Longanecker, L TI Green chemistry and green engineering in the US SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Russian/American Environmental Chemistry Workshop on Chemistry and Environmental Protection CY MAY 25-28, 1998 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA C1 US EPA, Econ Exposure & Technol Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Longanecker, L (reprint author), US EPA, Econ Exposure & Technol Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8347 J9 CRIT REV ANAL CHEM JI Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 353 EP 355 DI 10.1080/10408349891199202 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 165HL UT WOS:000078515200006 ER PT J AU Cook, JC Klinefelter, GR Hardisty, JF Sharpe, RM Foster, PMD AF Cook, JC Klinefelter, GR Hardisty, JF Sharpe, RM Foster, PMD TI Rodent Leydig cell tumorigenesis: A review of the physiology, pathology, mechanisms, and relevance to humans SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE interstitial cell; Leydig cell; Leydig cell tumors; interstitial cell tumors; testis; review; chemically induced Leydig cell tumors; human relevance of rodent Leydig cell tumors ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH-FACTOR; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; MULLERIAN-INHIBITING SUBSTANCE; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; DIAZEPAM-BINDING INHIBITOR; BUTYL ETHER MTBE; BROWN-NORWAY RAT AB Leydig cells (LCs) are the cells of the testis that have as their primary function the production of testosterone. LCs are a common target of compounds tested in rodent carcinogenicity bioassays. The number of reviews on Leydig cell tumors (LCTs) has increased in recent years because of its common occurrence in rodent bioassays and the importance in assessing the relevance of this tumor type to humans. To date, there have been no comprehensive reviews to identify all the compounds that have been shown to induce LCTs in rodents or has any review systematically evaluated the epidemiology data to determine whether humans were at increased risk for developing LCTs from exposure to these agents. This review attempts to fill these deficiences in the literature by comparing the cytology and ontogeny of the LC, as well as the endocrine and paracrine regulation of bath normal and tumorigenic LCs. In addition, the pathology of LCTs in rodents and humans is compared, compounds that induce LC hyperplasia or tumors are enumerated, and the human relevance of chemical-induced LCTs is discussed. There are plausible mechanisms for the chemical induction of LCTs, as typified by agonists of estrogen, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), and dopamine receptors, androgen receptor antagonists, and inhibitors of Sa-reductase, testosterone biosynthesis, and aromatase. Most of these ultimately involve elevation in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and/or LC responsiveness to LH as proximate mediators. It is expected that further work will uncover additional mechanisms by which LCTs may arise, especially the role of growth factors in modulating LC tumorigenesis. Regarding human relevance, the pathways for regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-testis (HPT) axis of rats and humans are similar, such that compounds that either decrease testosterone or estradiol levels or their recognition will increase LH levels. Hence, compounds that induce LCTs in rats by disruption of the HPT axis pose a risk to human health, except for possibly two classes of compounds (GnRH and dopamine agonists). Because GnRH and prolactin receptors are either not expressed or are expressed at very low levels in the testes in humans, the induction of LCTs in rats by GnRH and dopamine agonists would appear not to be relevant to humans; however, the potential relevance to humans of the remaining five pathways of LCT induction cannot be ruled out. Therefore, the central issue becomes what is the relative sensitivity between rat and human LCs in their response to increased LH levels; specifically, is the proliferative stimulus initiated by increased levels of LH attenuated, similar, or enhanced in human vs. rat LCs? There are several lines of evidence that suggest that human LCs are quantitatively less sensitive than rats in their proliferative response to LH, and hence in their sensitivity to chemically induced LCTs. This evidence includes the following: (1) the human incidence of LCTs is much lower than in rodents even when corrected for detection bias; (2) several comparative differences exist between rat and human LCs that may contribute, at least in part, to the greater susceptibility of the rat to both spontaneous and xenobiotic-induced LCTs; (3) endocrine disease states in man (such as androgen-insensitivity syndrome and familial male precocious puberty) underscore the marked comparative differences that exist between rats and man in the responsiveness of their LC's to proliferative stimuli; and (4) several human epidemiology studies are available on a number of compounds that induce LCTs in rats (1,3-butadiene, cadmium, ethanol, lactose, lead, nicotine) that demonstrate no association between human exposure to these compounds and induction of LC hyperplasia or adenomas. After considering the human incidence of LCTs, the comparative differences between rats and humans, human endocrine disease states, and epidemiology, the weight of evidence suggests that human LCs are quantitatively less sensitive than rat LCs in their proliferative response to LH, and hence in their sensitivity to chemically induced LCTs. It can be concluded that no observable effect levels for the induction of LCTs in rodent bioassays provide an adequate margin of safety for protection of human health and that the data support a nonlinear mode of action (i.e., threshold response). In conclusion, the data suggest that nongenotoxic compounds that induce LCTs in rats most likely have low relevance to humans under most exposure conditions because humans are quantitatively less sensitive than rats. In a recent international multidisciplinary workshop on LC tumorigenesis, seven research needs were identified. In this review, we have begun to address two of these needs (comparative sensitivity differences and epidemiology), and as the other areas of research are further investigated, these data will help to critically test the conclusions in this review. C1 DuPont Haskell Lab, Newark, DE USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Expt Pathol Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. MRC, Reprod Biol Unit, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Cook, JC (reprint author), Pfizer Inc, Cent Res, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340 USA. RI Sharpe, Richard/D-2725-2013 OI Sharpe, Richard/0000-0003-1686-8085 NR 539 TC 101 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 8 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8444 J9 CRIT REV TOXICOL JI Crit. Rev. Toxicol. PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 169 EP 261 DI 10.1080/10408449991349203 PG 93 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 181WK UT WOS:000079465700002 PM 10213111 ER PT J AU Lemasters, GK Lockey, JE Olsen, DM Selevan, SG Tabor, MW Livingston, GK New, GR AF Lemasters, GK Lockey, JE Olsen, DM Selevan, SG Tabor, MW Livingston, GK New, GR TI Comparison of internal dose measures of solvents in breath, blood and urine and genotoxic changes in aircraft maintenance personnel SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Tri-Service/EPA/ATSDR Toxicology Conference on Issues and Applications in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 27-30, 1998 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OHIO SP Air Force Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Operat Toxicol ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; LYMPHOCYTES; MICRONUCLEI; FREQUENCIES; TOLUENE; ABERRATIONS; WORKERS AB Solvents and fuels are in widespread use both in civilian and military populations. 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) xylene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and methylene chloride are found in a variety of compounds including degreasing agents, paints, coatings, pesticides and paint strippers. Toluene and xylene are also found in fuels, which are complex mixtures of hundreds of agents. The purpose of this investigation was twofold. The first was to determine the optimum medium to measure internal close of solvents comparing blood, urine and breath. The second was to determine if low level exposures were associated with genotoxic changes after a short-term exposure of fifteen or thirty weeks. To accomplish the first goal a pilot study was initiated involving eight volunteers who worked in aircraft maintenance including sheetmetal, painting and assembly mechanic jobs. Industrial hygiene measurements were evaluated over 30 working days. Breath, blood and a 24-hour urine sample were collected twice to compare internal dose parameters. To achieve the second Real, 58 newly hired subjects ware monitored prior to exposure and over 30 weeks to determine if there were genotoxic changes as a result of solvent and/or fuel exposure as measured by sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and micronuclei (MN). Exposure groups included workers involved in sheetmetal (fuel cell) activities, painting, fueling operations and flight line. Results of the pilot study demonstrated that industrial hygiene air samples and internal breath measures taken an the same day were highly correlated far measuring TCA (r=0.93) and toluene (r=0.90) but was not as well correlated for the other compounds. Breath measures were more sensitive for measuring low level exposure than were either analytes in blood or 24-hour urine samples; these latter two measures were usually below the limit of detection. A small but statistically significant increase in the frequency of SCEs occurred after 30 weeks of exposure for sheet metal workers (p=0.003) and for painters (p=0.05). The MN frequency in the sheet metal workers initially showed a significant increase by 15 weeks, but by 30 weeks had decreased Chance occurrence of exposures to other occupational or non-occupational agents can not be eliminated as a cause of the genotoxic results since between 58 and 93 total analytes could be found in the breath of some aircraft maintenance personnel. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Univ Utah, Huntsman Canc Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. DynCorp Colorado Inc, Dept Occupat Med, Golden, CO USA. USAF, Bolling AFB, Washington, DC 20330 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lemasters, GK (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Div Epidemiol & Biostat, POB 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01ES06597, ES06096] NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 1 BP 181 EP 200 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 173RY UT WOS:000078994600014 PM 10189578 ER PT J AU Rice, G Swartout, J Brady-Roberts, E Reisman, D Mahaffey, K Lyon, B AF Rice, G Swartout, J Brady-Roberts, E Reisman, D Mahaffey, K Lyon, B TI Characterization of risks posed by combustor emissions SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Tri-Service/EPA/ATSDR Toxicology Conference on Issues and Applications in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 27-30, 1998 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OHIO SP Air Force Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Operat Toxicol ID MERCURY; FISH; LAKE AB Risk characterization is the final step of the risk assessment process as practiced in the U.S. EPA. In risk characterization, the major scientific evidence and "bottom-line" results from the other components of the risk assessment process, hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and exposure assessment, are evaluated and integrated into an overall conclusion about the risks posed by a given situation. Risk characterization is also an iterative process; the results of a specific step may require re-evaluation or additional information to: finalize the risk assessment process. Risks posed by atmospheric emissions are an example of an involuntary human health risk which typically receives a great deal of public attention. Characterization of the risks posed hv atmospheric emissions typically requires the use of mathematical models to evaluate: I) the environmental fate of emitted pollutants, 2) exposures to these pollutants, and 3) human dose-response. Integration of these models results in quantitative risk estimates. The confidence in a quantitative risk estimate is examined by evaluating uncertainty and variability within individual risk assessment components. Variability arises from the true heterogeneity in characteristics within a population or an event; on the other hand, uncertainty represents lack of knowledge about the true value used in a risk estimate. U.S EPA's 1997 Mercury Study will illustrate some aspects of the risk characterization process as well as the uncertainty and variability encountered in the risk assessment process. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Rice, G (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 1 BP 221 EP 240 DI 10.3109/01480549909029734 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 173RY UT WOS:000078994600017 PM 10189581 ER PT B AU Kelsch, T Powell, RL Dixon, KR Fairbrother, A Helgen, JC Klaine, SJ Mayer, FL Pascoe, GA Shaw, JL Theriot, RF AF Kelsch, T Powell, RL Dixon, KR Fairbrother, A Helgen, JC Klaine, SJ Mayer, FL Pascoe, GA Shaw, JL Theriot, RF BE Lewis, MA Mayer, FL Powell, RL Nelson, MK Klaine, SJ Henry, MG Dickson, GW TI Workgroup IV synopsis: Regulatory issues and risk assessment SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT FOR WETLANDS SE SETAC SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SETAC Pellston Workshop on Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment for Wetlands CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 1995 CL ANACONDA, MT SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, SETAC Fdn Environm Educ ID ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; LAKE-ONTARIO; FISH; CONTAMINANTS; WETLANDS; IMPACTS; MODEL; FOOD C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kelsch, T (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Klaine, Stephen/C-5352-2011 NR 55 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-16-3 J9 SETAC SP P PY 1999 BP 275 EP 314 PG 40 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BN25G UT WOS:000081313400009 ER PT J AU Thomas, DH Rakestraw, DJ Schoeniger, JS Lopez-Avila, V Van Emon, J AF Thomas, DH Rakestraw, DJ Schoeniger, JS Lopez-Avila, V Van Emon, J TI Selective trace enrichment by immunoaffinity capillary electrochromatography on-line with capillary zone electrophoresis - laser-induced fluorescence SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE immunoaffinity; capillary; electrochromatography; miniaturization ID AFFINITY-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ISOTACHOPHORESIS; PRECONCENTRATION; PRETREATMENT; IMMUNOASSAY; BINDING AB Limited by the lack of a sensitive, universal detector, many capillary-based liquid-phase separation techniques might benefit from techniques that overcome modest concentration sensitivity by preconcentrating large injection volumes. The work presented employs selective solid-phase extraction by immunoaffinity capillary electrochromatography (IACEC) to enhance detection limits. A model analyte, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) biotin, is electrokinetically applied to a capillary column packed with an immobilized anti-biotin-IgG support. After selective extraction by the immunoaffinity capillary, the bound analyte is eluted, migrates by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), and is detected by laser-induced fluorescence. The column is regenerated and reused many times. We evaluate the performance of IACEC for selective trace enrichment of analytes prior to CZE. The calibration curve for FITC-biotin bound versus application time is linear from 10 to 300 seconds. Recovery of FITC-biotin spiked into a diluted urinary metabolites solution was 89.4% Versus spiked buffer, with a precision of 1.8% relative standard deviation (RSD). C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Midwest Res Inst, Calif Operat, Mt View, CA USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Schoeniger, JS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 969 MS 9671, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM jsschoe@sandia.gov NR 30 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD JAN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19990101)20:1<57::AID-ELPS57>3.3.CO;2-A PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 165PR UT WOS:000078530600010 PM 10065959 ER PT J AU Good, L Wirdzek, P AF Good, L Wirdzek, P TI Auditing to the cutting edge SO ENERGY ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Good Consulting, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Good, L (reprint author), Good Consulting, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENERGY ENGINEERING PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA SN 0199-8595 J9 ENERG ENG JI Energy Eng. PY 1999 VL 96 IS 6 BP 63 EP + PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA 297KG UT WOS:000086081400006 ER PT J AU Garbaccio, RF Ho, MS Jorgenson, DW AF Garbaccio, RF Ho, MS Jorgenson, DW TI Why has the energy-output ratio fallen in China? SO ENERGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INDUSTRY AB In China, between 1978 and 1995, energy use per unit of GDP fell by 55 percent. There has been considerable debate about the major factors responsible for this dramatic decline in the energy-output ratio. In this paper we use the two most recent input-output tables to decompose the reduction in energy use into technical change and various types of structural change, including changes in the quantity and composition of imports and exports. In performing our analysis we are forced to deal with a number of problems with the relevant Chinese data and introduce some simple adjustments to improve the consistency of the input-output tables. Our main conclusion is that between 1987 and 1992, technical change within sectors accounted for most of the fall in the energy-output ratio. Structural change actually increased the use of energy. An increase in the import of some energy-intensive products also contributed to the decline in energy intensity. C1 US EPA, Off Econ & Environm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Econ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Garbaccio, RF (reprint author), US EPA, Off Econ & Environm, 401 M St SW,Mail Code 2177, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 26 TC 103 Z9 121 U1 3 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC ENERGY ECONOMICS PI CLEVELAND PA 28790 CHAGRIN BLVD, STE 210, CLEVELAND, OH 44122 USA SN 0195-6574 J9 ENERGY J JI Energy J. PY 1999 VL 20 IS 3 BP 63 EP 91 PG 29 WC Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 216LE UT WOS:000081443500003 ER PT J AU McKibbin, WJ Ross, MT Shackleton, R Wilcoxen, PJ AF McKibbin, Warwick J. Ross, Martin T. Shackleton, Robert Wilcoxen, Peter J. TI Emissions Trading, Capital Flows and the Kyoto Protocol SO ENERGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB We use an econometrically estimated multi-region, multi-sector general equilibrium model of the world economy to examine the effects of the tradable emissions permit system proposed in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, under various assumptions about the extent of international permit trading. We focus, in particular, on the effects of the system on international trade and capital flows. Our results suggest that consideration of these flows significantly affects estimates of the domestic effects of the emissions mitigation policy, compared with analyses that ignore international capital flows. C1 [McKibbin, Warwick J.] Australian Natl Univ, Econ Div, Res Sch Pacific & Asian Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [McKibbin, Warwick J.] Brookings Inst, Washington, DC 20036 USA. [Ross, Martin T.; Shackleton, Robert] US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Texas Austin, Dept Econ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP McKibbin, WJ (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Econ Div, Res Sch Pacific & Asian Studies, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. EM Warwick.McKibbin@anu.edu.au; shackleton.robert@epa.gov; wilcoxen@eco.utexas.edu NR 28 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC ENERGY ECONOMICS PI CLEVELAND PA 28790 CHAGRIN BLVD, STE 210, CLEVELAND, OH 44122 USA SN 0195-6574 J9 ENERG J JI Energy J. PY 1999 BP 287 EP 333 PG 47 WC Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V08JJ UT WOS:000207324800013 ER PT B AU Davis-Hoover, WJ Bryndzia, LT Roulier, MH Murdoch, LC Kemper, M Cluxton, P Al-Abed, S Slack, WW Vesper, SJ AF Davis-Hoover, WJ Bryndzia, LT Roulier, MH Murdoch, LC Kemper, M Cluxton, P Al-Abed, S Slack, WW Vesper, SJ BE Leeson, A Alleman, BC TI In situ bioremediation utilizing horizontal LASAGNA (TM) SO ENGINEERED APPROACHES FOR IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENT CONTAMINATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 19-22, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Gas Res Inst, IT Grp Inc, Celtic Technol, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, U S Microb Inc, U S Naval Fac Engn Command, Waste Management Inc AB The application of in situ horizontal LASAGNA TM combined with methanotrophic bioremedation of trichloroethene was demonstrated at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base in Ohio. Electroosmosis was conducted between an anode of titanium mesh placed at the ground surface and a cathode composed of a horizontal graphite-filled fracture at a depth of 4 m. Biodegradation of the TCE by an inoculated consortium of methanotrophs was performed in a single layer consisting of granular activated carbon placed at a depth of 240 cm by hydraulic fracturing between the electrodes. Between January 15, 1997 and November 23, 1998, the concentration of TCE in the Biocell soil was reduced to near zero. During the same time period, in the untreated natural attenuation area, little change in TCE concentration was observed. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Davis-Hoover, WJ (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-075-6 PY 1999 BP 263 EP 267 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN62Y UT WOS:000082416100041 ER PT J AU Schildcrout, JS Margolin, BH Zeiger, E AF Schildcrout, JS Margolin, BH Zeiger, E TI Predicting rodent carcinogenicity using potency measures of the in vitro sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberration assays SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE CHO cells; sister chromatid exchanges; chromosome aberrations; potency estimations; carcinogenicity prediction ID HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; INVITRO CYTOGENETIC ASSAYS; GENETIC TOXICITY ASSAYS; TOX PROGRAM; CHEMICALS; TESTS AB In vitro sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberration (ABS) tests have been extensively used to identify potential rodent carcinogens. A number of measures of potency were developed to describe in vitro SCE and ABS test results: the dose needed to induce a unit increase over the control; the lowest effective dose; the slope of the ordinary linear regression; the maximum observed slope; and the maximum fold increase over background. The ability of these potency measures to predict the qualitative and quantitative carcinogenicity of chemicals was compared to the predictivity of the qualitative in vitro responses. The results of the analyses showed that the quantitative measures of the SCE or ABS responses only minimally increased the predictivity of carcinogenesis when compared to the predictivity using the qualitative responses. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Margolin, BH (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biostat, CB 7400 McGavran Greenberg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 59 EP 64 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1999)33:1<59::AID-EM7>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 163YF UT WOS:000078433900007 PM 10037324 ER PT J AU Dearfield, KL Benz, RD AF Dearfield, KL Benz, RD TI Can the new genetic toxicology tests be used for regulatory safety decisions? SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US FDA, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Dearfield, KL (reprint author), US EPA, ORD 8103R,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 91 EP 93 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 184EZ UT WOS:000079598600001 PM 10217063 ER PT J AU Meier, JR Wernsing, P Torsella, J AF Meier, JR Wernsing, P Torsella, J TI Feasibility of micronucleus methods for monitoring genetic damage in two feral species of small mammals SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Peromyscus; Cryptotis; micronuclei; erythrocytes; exposure biomonitoring ID PERIPHERAL-BLOOD ERYTHROCYTES; BONE-MARROW; TOX PROGRAM; ASSAY; MICE; GENOTOXICITY; PERSISTENCE; SITE AB Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) and Cryptotis parva (least shrew) possess desirable attributes for biomonitoring contamination of terrestrial ecosystems, but few studies have examined the potential use of these species for monitoring exposure to genotoxic contaminants. The susceptibility of laboratory-reared C. parva, P. leucopus, and Mus musculus (house mouse, strain CD-1) to micronucleus (MN) induction by known clastogens was evaluated. Animals were exposed for 24 hr to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS; 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg), 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO; 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg), or mercuric chloride (HgCl2; 6, 12, and 24 mg/kg). Both MMS and 4-NQO induced dose-related increases in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in all three species, whereas HgCl2 induced a weak response only in P, leucopus. P. leucopus and C. parva were more sensitive than M. musculus to MMS. Similar micronucleus responses to 4-NQO were seen in each of the species. The feasibility of using blood for MN assessment was evaluated by comparing MN frequencies in bone marrow (BM) PCE, and blood PCE and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) in untreated animals, and Following daily treatment For 1, 2, 3, and 10 days with 0.4 mg/kg triethylenemelamine (TEM). The results indicated that micronucleated erythrocytes were removed from the circulating blood in P. leucopus, but not in C. parva. Measure ment of BM and blood MN levels appears feasible for monitoring exposure to genotoxic agents in C. parva and P. leucopus, and for distinguishing between acute and chronic exposure In C. parva. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. SoBran Inc, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Meier, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1999 VL 33 IS 3 BP 219 EP 225 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1999)33:3<219::AID-EM6>3.0.CO;2-X PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 192YY UT WOS:000080108400006 PM 10334624 ER PT B AU Paul, CJ Khan, FA Puls, RW Vardy, J AF Paul, CJ Khan, FA Puls, RW Vardy, J BE Schafran, GC TI Characterization and in-situ remediation of chromium-contaminated soils and sediments at the USCG Support Center, Elizabeth City, NC SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1999 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASCE-CSCE National Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUL 25-28, 1999 CL NORFOLK, VA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Div Environm Engn, Canadian Soc Civil Engn, Div Environm Engn, US EPA, URS Greiner Woodward Clyde, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Norfolk Branch, Hampton Roads Sanitat Dist, City Norfolk Dept Utilit, Environm Assessment Assoc, Int Eros Control Assoc, Natl Onsite Wastewater Recycling Assoc, SE Public Serv Authority, USN, Old Dominion Univ AB Field and laboratory studies were conducted in order to characterize the extent of chromium contamination in the underlying soils and sediments of a chrome-plating shop at the USCG Support Center near Elizabeth City, NC and to evaluate the use of liquid reductants for in situ treatment of the soils at the site. Soil cores were collected from over 20 locations in 1997 and 1998, resulting in over 300 discrete samples to provide data for vertical and horizontal delineation of the chromium. Selective extractions were used to assess the chemical speciation and distribution of the chromium on the soils and its mobilization potential. Results indicate the highest concentrations of total chromium and Cr(VI) are found in the shallow soils immediately beneath that area of the shop where chromic acid tanks had been located. Laboratory Cr(VI) reduction studies were conducted using the most contaminated soils to evaluate the feasibility of using liquid reductants (sodium dithionite, I-ascorbic acid, and free hydroxylamine) at the site to treat the chromium in situ. Results showed sodium dithionite to be the most effective liquid reductant evaluated. C1 US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Paul, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0435-6 PY 1999 BP 111 EP 120 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BP85T UT WOS:000086435900012 ER PT B AU Telofski, JS Pohl, KR Collins, RF Isaacs, S AF Telofski, JS Pohl, KR Collins, RF Isaacs, S BE Schafran, GC TI Assessing radioactivity at Department of Energy sites SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1999 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASCE-CSCE National Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUL 25-28, 1999 CL NORFOLK, VA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Div Environm Engn, Canadian Soc Civil Engn, Div Environm Engn, US EPA, URS Greiner Woodward Clyde, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Norfolk Branch, Hampton Roads Sanitat Dist, City Norfolk Dept Utilit, Environm Assessment Assoc, Int Eros Control Assoc, Natl Onsite Wastewater Recycling Assoc, SE Public Serv Authority, USN, Old Dominion Univ AB The United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory (NAREL), in an ongoing partnership with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), performs environmental sampling, data assessment, and modeling to predict public exposure to radiological and mixed toxic substances near United States Department of Energy (DOE) Superfund sites. Studies conducted under this program include an assessment of exposure to uranium in groundwater and in milk from dairies near the DOE Femald Environmental Management Project (FEMP), prospective modeling of potential public doses from catastrophic release of radon from the radium storage silos at the FEMP, retrospective modeling of public exposure to tritium in groundwater near the DOE Mound Plant, and assessment of public exposure to uranium from consumption of fish caught near the DOE Los Alamos National Laboratory. The unique aspects of each of these exposure scenarios require a variety of considerations crucial to the accurate estimation of public exposure. This manuscript discusses some of the unique aspects of these studies. C1 US EPA, Natl Air & Radiat Environm Lab, Montgomery, AL 36115 USA. RP Telofski, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Air & Radiat Environm Lab, 540 S Morris Ave, Montgomery, AL 36115 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0435-6 PY 1999 BP 157 EP 166 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BP85T UT WOS:000086435900017 ER PT B AU Hantush, MM Zhang, ZL Murray, V Marino, MA AF Hantush, MM Zhang, ZL Murray, V Marino, MA BE Schafran, GC TI Leaching models for subsurface pollution assessment in agroecosystems SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1999 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASCE-CSCE National Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUL 25-28, 1999 CL NORFOLK, VA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Div Environm Engn, Canadian Soc Civil Engn, Div Environm Engn, US EPA, URS Greiner Woodward Clyde, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Norfolk Branch, Hampton Roads Sanitat Dist, City Norfolk Dept Utilit, Environm Assessment Assoc, Int Eros Control Assoc, Natl Onsite Wastewater Recycling Assoc, SE Public Serv Authority, USN, Old Dominion Univ ID PESTICIDE AB Unrestricted use of pesticides in agriculture threatens ground-water resources and can have adverse ecological impact on the nation's receiving surface waters, In this paper, we develop mass fraction models for exposure assessment and the regulation of agricultural organic chemicals. The models are obtained by applying the method of Laplace transformation to solute fate and transport equations. The models describe residual mass emissions of pesticides below the root zone, to the water table, and in aquifers, and they emphasize physical and biochemical processes responsible for the fate and transport of organic solutes in the subsurface. The potential of the use of the mass fraction models in the management of agriculture pesticides is also investigated. A combined modeling and ArcView GIS framework is used to assess soil and groundwater vulnerability to selected pesticides in an agricultural watershed in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal plain. C1 US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Hantush, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0435-6 PY 1999 BP 177 EP 186 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BP85T UT WOS:000086435900019 ER PT B AU Smith, JE AF Smith, JE BE Schafran, GC TI Revising EPA's guidance for controlling pathogens and vector attraction in biosolids SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1999 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASCE-CSCE National Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUL 25-28, 1999 CL NORFOLK, VA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Div Environm Engn, Canadian Soc Civil Engn, Div Environm Engn, US EPA, URS Greiner Woodward Clyde, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Norfolk Branch, Hampton Roads Sanitat Dist, City Norfolk Dept Utilit, Environm Assessment Assoc, Int Eros Control Assoc, Natl Onsite Wastewater Recycling Assoc, SE Public Serv Authority, USN, Old Dominion Univ AB EPA's guidance document, "Environmental Regulations and Technology: Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge" (so called White House Document) is under revision. Planned changes. additions, and clarifications relate to the following topics: Additional information on pathogens in the environment Intent and application of time and temperature requirements Intent and application of Class B biosolids land application site access restrictions Meeting vector attraction reduction requirements Composting guidelines resting frequency and methodology Role of the Pathogen Equivalency Committee (PEC) Comments received in the more than six years since the 40CFR Part 503 Regulation went into effect and from regulatory personnel as well as the regulated community and their consultants an being addressed. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Smith, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0435-6 PY 1999 BP 388 EP 396 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BP85T UT WOS:000086435900041 ER PT J AU Whelan, G McDonald, JP Gnanapragasam, EK Laniak, GF Lew, CS Mills, WB Yu, C AF Whelan, G McDonald, JP Gnanapragasam, EK Laniak, GF Lew, CS Mills, WB Yu, C TI Benchmarking of the saturated-zone module associated with three risk assessment models: RESRAD, MMSOILS, and MEPAS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE multimedia; modeling; benchmarking; risk; groundwater; saturated zone AB A comprehensive benchmarking is being performed between three multimedia risk assessment models: RESRAD, MMSOILS, and MEPAS. Each multimedia model is comprised of a suite of modules (e.g., groundwater, air, surface water, exposure, and risk/hazard), all of which can impact the estimation of the human health risk. As a component of the comprehensive benchmarking exercise, the saturated-zone modules of each model were applied to an environmental release scenario, where uranium-234 was released from the waste site to a saturated zone. Uranium-234 time-varying emission rates exiting from the source and concentrations at three downgradient locations (0, 150, and 1500 m) are compared for each multimedia model. Time-varying concentrations for uranium-234 decay products (e.g., thorium-230, radium-226, and lead-210) at the 1500-m location are also presented. Different results reported for RESRAD, MMSOILS, and MEPAS are solely due to the assumptions and mathematical constructs inherently built into each model, thereby impacting the potential risks predicted by each model. Although many differences were identified between the models, differences that impacted these benchmarking results the most are as follows: (1) RESRAD transports its contaminants by pure translation, and MMSOILS and MEPAS solve the one-dimensional advective, three-dimensional dispersive equation. (2) Due to the manner in which the retardation factor is defined, RESRAD contaminant velocities will always be faster than MMSOILS or MEPAS for long-lived contaminants. (3) RESRAD uses a dilution factor to account for a withdrawal well; MMSOILS and MEPAS were designed to calculate in situ concentrations at a receptor location. (4) RESRAD allows for decay products to travel at different velocities, while MEPAS assumes the decay products travel at the same speed as their parents. MMSOILS does not account for decay products and assumes degradation/decay only in the aqueous phase. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Tetra Tech Inc, Lafayette, CA 95494 USA. RP Whelan, G (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, Batlelle Blvd,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM Gene.Whelan@pnl.gov NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 67 EP 80 DI 10.1089/ees.1999.16.67 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 157RV UT WOS:000078076200006 ER PT J AU Whelan, G McDonald, JP Gnanapragasam, EK Laniak, GF Lew, CS Mills, WB Yu, C AF Whelan, G McDonald, JP Gnanapragasam, EK Laniak, GF Lew, CS Mills, WB Yu, C TI Benchmarking of the vadose-zone module associated with three risk assessment models: RESRAD, MMSOILS, and MEPAS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE multimedia; modeling; benchmarking; risk; groundwater; vadose zone AB This paper is one of a series of papers that reports the results of a benchmarking between three multimedia risk assessment models: RESRAD, MMSOILS, and MEPAS. Each multimedia model is comprised of a suite of modules (e.g., groundwater, air, surface water, exposure, and risk/hazard), all of which can impact the estimation of human health risk. As a component of the benchmarking exercise, the vadose-zone modules of each model were applied to an environmental release scenario, where uranium-238 was released from the waste site to a vadose zone with two layers. Time-varying emission rates, exiting the source and each of the layers, were compared. Different results are reported for RESRAD, MMSOILS, and MEPAS, which are solely due to the assumptions and mathematical constructs inherently built into each model, thereby impacting the potential risks predicted by each model; RESRAD transports its contaminants by pure translation (i.e., plug flow), and MMSOILS and MEPAS transport contaminants by solving the one-dimensional advective-dispersive equation. Because off the plug-flow assumption, RESRAD generally predicts higher emission rates (and, hence, concentrations). In addition, because of assumptions in the way each model calculates pore-water velocity, RESRAD travel times will always be shorter than MMSOILS, which will always be shorter than MEPAS. Shorter or longer travel times could have a profound impact for contaminants that exhibit significant degradation/decay. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Tetra Tech Inc, Lafayette, CA 95494 USA. RP Whelan, G (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, Bathelle Blvd,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 81 EP 91 DI 10.1089/ees.1999.16.81 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 157RV UT WOS:000078076200007 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS Slezak, BP AF Birnbaum, LS Slezak, BP TI Dietary exposure to PCBs and dioxins in children SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; BODY BURDEN; HUMANS C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Birnbaum, LS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 107 IS 1 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.2307/3434282 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 158ZU UT WOS:000078148000010 PM 10068291 ER PT B AU Frick, WE AF Frick, WE BE Lee, JHW Jayawardena, AW Wang, ZY TI Round plumes at plane surfaces SO ENVIRONMENTAL HYDRAULICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics CY DEC 16-18, 1998 CL UNIV HONG KONG, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Hong Kong Inst Engn, Chinese Hydraul Engn Soc, Int Res & Training Ctr Eros & Sedimentat, Int Assoc Hydraul Res, Amer Soc Civil Engn, Japan Soc Civil Engn, Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Croucher Fdn, K C Wong Educ Fdn, Hydraul Res Wallingford, Delft Hydraul, ATAL Engn Ltd, Penta Ocean Construct Ltd, Univ Hong Kong HO UNIV HONG KONG, DEPT CIVIL ENGN AB Plume models are widely used to support regulatory discharge permitting decisions and to help design outfalls. With thousands of projects worldwide, these models must be as accurate as possible. However, recent studies show that these models are subject to inaccuracies arising from the round plume assumption. For example, use of this assumption inadequately describes processes ranging from gravitational collapse to plume-surface interaction. In sharply-bending plumes, it also inadvertently introduces negative mass into the formulation. The onset of this condition is reported by EPA's PLUMES UM model (a statement that dilution is overestimated), but is not corrected. The round plume assumption can be modified to remove the negative mass anomaly, and to include the center-of-mass correction. Predictions strongly suggest the overlap condition is a criterion for plume lateral spreading. The successful modification reported here suggests the round plume assumption is viable for modeling behavior at unconstrained boundaries. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Res, Athens, GA USA. RP Frick, WE (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Res, Athens, GA USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-035-3 PY 1999 BP 237 EP 242 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BM27K UT WOS:000078240600035 ER PT J AU Olsen, AR Sedransk, J Edwards, D Gotway, CA Liggett, W Rathbun, S Reckhow, KH Young, LJ AF Olsen, AR Sedransk, J Edwards, D Gotway, CA Liggett, W Rathbun, S Reckhow, KH Young, LJ TI Statistical issues for monitoring ecological and natural resources in the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE monitoring programs; statistical design; ecological monitoring; natural resource monitoring; survey design ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; PROGRAM; INFERENCES; SAMPLE; DESIGN AB The United States funds a number of national monitoring programs to measure the status and trends of ecological and natural resources. Each of these programs has a unique focus; the scientific objectives are different as are the sample designs. However, individuals and committees, all well aware of the cost of ecological monitoring, have called for more effective monitoring programs. The objective of this paper is to summarize existing programs' statistical designs and discuss potential alternatives for improvement in national monitoring. Can we improve the current situation by providing an overall framework for the design or analysis of data from these disparate surveys? First, the paper summarizes the objectives of these surveys, compares and contrasts their survey designs as currently implemented, and determines what variables they collect. Through this process we identify commonalities and issues that impact our ability to combine information across one or more of the surveys. Three potential alternatives are presented, leading to comprehensive monitoring in the United States. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Olsen, AR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM tolsen@mail.cor.epa.gov NR 92 TC 122 Z9 129 U1 2 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 54 IS 1 BP 1 EP 45 DI 10.1023/A:1005823911258 PG 45 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169KX UT WOS:000078748100001 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Nash, MS Smith, WE Herrick, JE AF Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Nash, MS Smith, WE Herrick, JE TI Ants as indicators of exposure to environmental stressors in North American desert grasslands SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE environmental stressors; exposure indicators ID HARVESTER ANTS; BIODIVERSITY; HYMENOPTERA; COMPETITION; FORMICIDAE; DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM; ECOLOGY AB The relative abundance of ant species was measured by pit-fall trapping at 44 sites in southern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona, U.S.A.. Sites were selected for study based on documentation of a history of disturbance or protection from disturbance, exposure to varying intensities of livestock grazing, dominance by an exotic species of plant and vegetation change resulting from disturbance or restoration efforts. Ant community composition, relative abundances of species, and species richness were the same on disturbed and undisturbed sites. None of the metrics based on hypothesized responses of ants to disturbance clearly distinguished between disturbed and undisturbed sites. Ant communities on sites where restoration efforts have resulted in distinct differences in vegetative cover and composition were similar to the ant communities on degraded unrehabilitated sites on the same soil type. Ant communities in riparian cottonwood gallery forests in Arizona and New Mexico were similar but differed from the assemblages in exotic salt cedar and native ash riparian woodlands. Ant species exhibited remarkable resistance to human-induced disturbances in these rangeland areas. In grasslands dominated by the South African grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees, large seed harvesting ants, Pogonomyrmex spp., were greatly reduced in abundance compared to native grasslands. Other ant metrics were not different in E. lehmanniana grasslands and native grasslands. We conclude that ants cannot be used as indicators of exposure to stress, ecosystem health or of rehabilitation success on rangeland ecosystems. Ants are also not useful indicators of faunal biodiversity in rangeland ecosystems. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res lab, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89196 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res lab, Characterizat Res Div, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89196 USA. NR 46 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 5 U2 31 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 54 IS 2 BP 143 EP 171 DI 10.1023/A:1005858918860 PG 29 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169FR UT WOS:000078737300003 ER PT S AU Bishop, RT D'Angelo, JC Collette, TW AF Bishop, RT D'Angelo, JC Collette, TW BE VoDinh, T Spellicy, RL TI Speciation of complex organic contaminants with Raman spectroscopy SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring and Remediation Technologies CY NOV 02-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE Raman spectroscopy; environmental analysis; speciation; tautomers; zwitterions AB Raman spectroscopy was utilized to acquire resolved spectra of the neutral and zwitterion involved in the tautomeric solution equilibrium of 3-hydroxypyridine. As these species exist in varying proportion to one another at different temperatures, spectral measurements across a series of temperatures was required. Previously determined microequilibrium and enthalpy constants allowed the calculation of concentrations at all temperatures. This allowed for the deconvolution of component Raman spectra by multiple linear regression. The spectra are found to be similar, but contain significant structurally related differences, sufficient to distinguish one species from the other. To our knowledge, resolved Raman spectra of tautomers in water has not previously been reported. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Collette, TW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2995-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3534 BP 63 EP 74 DI 10.1117/12.339051 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM82B UT WOS:000079845100007 ER PT S AU Rogers, KR Apostol, A Cembrano, J AF Rogers, KR Apostol, A Cembrano, J BE VoDinh, T Spellicy, RL TI Optical detection of DNA damage SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring and Remediation Technologies CY NOV 02-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE oxidative DNA damage; 3-morpholinosydnonimine; nitric oxide; superoxide ID NITRIC-OXIDE; SIMULTANEOUS GENERATION; ASSAY; SUPEROXIDE AB A rapid and sensitive fluorescence assay for oxidative damage to calf thymus DNA is reported. A decrease in the transition temperature for strand separation resulted from exposure of the DNA to the reactive decomposition products of 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-I) (i.e., nitric oxide, superoxide, peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals). A decrease in melting temperature of 12 degrees C was indicative of oxidative damage including single strand chain breaks. Double stranded (ds) and single stranded (ss) forms of DNA were determined using the indicator dyes ethidium bromide and PicoGreen. The change in DNA "melting" curves was dependant on the concentration of SIN-1 and was most pronounced at 75 degrees C. This chemically induced damage was significantly inhibited by sodium citrate, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), but was unaffected by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, ethylenediamine tetraacietic acid (EDTA), or deferoxamine. Lowest observable effect level for SIN-1-induced damage was 200 mu M. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2995-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3534 BP 100 EP 104 DI 10.1117/12.338987 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM82B UT WOS:000079845100011 ER PT S AU Rogers, KR Wang, Y Mulchandani, A Mulchandani, P Chen, W AF Rogers, KR Wang, Y Mulchandani, A Mulchandani, P Chen, W BE VoDinh, T Spellicy, RL TI Development of a versatile organophosphorus hydrolase-based assay for organophosphate pesticides SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring and Remediation Technologies CY NOV 02-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE organophosphorus hydrolase; phosphotriesterase; organophosphate pesticides; enzyme assay ID PSEUDOMONAS-DIMINUTA; PHOSPHOTRIESTERASE; CHOLINESTERASE; DEGRADATION; BIOSENSORS AB We report a rapid and versatile organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH)-based method for measurement of organophosphate pesticides. This assay is based on a substrate-dependant change in pH near the active site of the enzyme. The pH change is monitored using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) which is covalently immobilized to the enzyme. This method employs FITC-labeled enzyme adsorbed to polymethylmethacrylate beads. Analytes were measured using a microbead fluorescence analyzer. The dynamic concentration range for the assay extends from 25 mu M to 400 mu M for paraoxon with a detection limit of 8 mu M. This assay compared favorably to an HPLC method for monitoring the concentration of coumaphos in bioremediation filtrate samples. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM rogers.kim@epamail.epa.gov RI Mulchandani, Ashok/B-9692-2016 OI Mulchandani, Ashok/0000-0002-2831-4154 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2995-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1999 VL 3534 BP 420 EP 428 DI 10.1117/12.339023 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM82B UT WOS:000079845100045 ER PT J AU Calanni, J Berg, E Wood, M Mangis, D Boyce, R Weathers, W Sievering, H AF Calanni, J Berg, E Wood, M Mangis, D Boyce, R Weathers, W Sievering, H TI Atmospheric nitrogen deposition at a conifer forest: response of free amino acids in Engelmann spruce needles SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE arginine; free amino acids; nitrogen deposition; Engelmann spruce ID NITRATE REDUCTASE-ACTIVITY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PINE PINUS-SYLVESTRIS; PICEA-ABIES; NORWAY SPRUCE; DOUGLAS-FIR; SEEDLINGS; TREES; LEAVES; AMMONIUM AB Recent increases of nitrogen (N) deposition to forest ecosystems have had a variety of effects on plant species including mineral imbalance, growth disturbance and the accumulation of foliar-free amino acids. The purpose of this study was to determine the existence and degree of correlation between variable atmospheric nitrogen deposition and the concentrations of foliar free amino acids in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). Needle samples were collected during July and August of 1996 from a site iri the Colorado Rocky Mountains that has large diurnal variations in atmospheric nitrogen deposition and receives approximately 4-8 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) total deposition. Amino acid concentrations were quantified with foliar % N also determined. Atmospheric nitrogen concentrations of gaseous HNO3 and NH3, as well as particulate NH4+ and NO3-, were determined simultaneously with needle sampling, and were subsequently converted to atmospheric N flux estimates. Foliar concentrations of arginine (July intensive) and glutamic acid (August intensive) in adult trees showed strong positive correlations with variations in atmospheric N flux, dominated by nitric acid, after a 4 +/- 2 h time delay. The results of this study support previous work that suggest that arginine may serve as an indicator of atmospheric N deposition. More importantly, however, this study has shown that foliar amino acid responses to atmospheric N flux (especially arginine) may occur after approximately a 4 +/- 2 h time delay. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Sci, Global Change & Environm Qual Program, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Global Change & Environm Qual Program, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Environm Sci, Denver, CO 80217 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Denver, Dept Biol, Denver, CO USA. RP Sievering, H (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Sci, Global Change & Environm Qual Program, Campus Box 172,POB 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA. EM hsieveri@carbon.cudenver.edu NR 57 TC 23 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1999 VL 105 IS 1 BP 79 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00202-4 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 171KD UT WOS:000078862000010 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM McKinney, RA AF Burgess, RM McKinney, RA TI Importance of interstitial, overlying water and whole sediment exposures to bioaccumulation by marine bivalves SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE bioavailability; marine sediments; bivalves; PCBs; bioaccumulation ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; NEW-BEDFORD HARBOR; AMPHIPOD PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; MYTILUS-EDULIS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; BIOAVAILABILITY; CONTAMINANTS; MASSACHUSETTS; COLLOIDS; HYDROCARBONS AB During the performance of contaminated sediment studies using nonpolar pollutants, like polyclorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with marine organisms, the routes of exposure can include whole sediment, overlying waters and interstitial waters (assuming no feeding). These routes can be further subdivided into particulate, colloidal and dissolved aquatic phases. Currently, the dissolved phase is believed to be the primary bioavailable exposure phase. In this investigation, two (i.e. interstitial water) and three phase (i.e. whole sediment) exposures were performed to determine the relative importance of each phase to the accumulation of PCBs from environmentally contaminated sediments. PCB concentrations in each exposure were separated into dissolved, colloidal and particulate phases, quantified and compared to concentrations accumulated by two exposed bivalve species: the filter-feeder Mulinia lateralis and the deposit-feeder Yoldia limatula. Identifying specific sources of bioavailable PCBs was hampered by the high level of correlation amongst all phases. However, differences between species were apparent, possibly reflecting bivalve-specific behavioral strategies. Also, overlying water contaminant distributions were often better correlated to organism accumulation than interstitial water dissolved phase contaminant distributions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Burgess, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1999 VL 104 IS 3 BP 373 EP 382 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00194-8 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159MZ UT WOS:000078178700006 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Watrud, LS Reeves, M AF Entry, JA Watrud, LS Reeves, M TI Accumulation of Cs-137 and Sr-90 from contaminated soil by three grass species inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Cs-137; Sr-90; radionuclides; contaminated ID CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT; RADIOACTIVE CESIUM; RADIOCESIUM; SEEDLINGS; RADIONUCLIDES; PONDEROSA; INFECTION; INTENSITY; SEASON; ROOTS AB The use of plants to accumulate low level radioactive waste from soil, followed by incineration of plant material to concentrate radionuclides may prove to be a viable and economical method of remediating contaminated areas. We tested the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on Cs-137 and Sr-90 uptake by bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), johnson grass (Sorghum halpense) and switchgrass (Panicum virginatum) for the effectiveness on three different contaminated soil types. Exposure to Cs-137 Or Sr-90 over the course of the experiment did not affect above ground biomass of the three grasses. The above ground biomass of bahia, johnson and switchgrass plants accumulated from 26.3 to 71.7% of the total amount of the Cs-137 and from 23.8 to 88.7% of the total amount of the Sr-90 added to the soil after three harvests. In each of the three grass species tested, plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices had greater aboveground plant biomass, higher concentrations of Cs-137 or Sr-90 in plant tissue, % accumulation of Cs-137 or Sr-90 from soil and plant bioconcentration ratios at each harvest than those that did not receive mycorrhizal inoculation. Johnson grass had greater aboveground plant biomass, greater accumulation of Cs-137 or Sr-90 from soil and plant higher bioconcentration ratios with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi than bahia grass and switchgrass. The greatest accumulation of Cs-137 and Sr-90 was observed in johnson grass inoculated with G. mosseae. Grasses can grow in wide geographical ranges that include a broad variety of edaphic conditions. The highly efficient removal of these radionuclides by these grass species after inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizae supports the concept that remediation of radionuclide contaminated soils using mycorrhizal plants may present a viable strategy to remediate and reclaim sites contaminated with radionuclides. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soil Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. US EPA, Terr Plant Ecol Branch, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soil Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. EM jentry@kimberly.ars.pn.usbr.gov NR 45 TC 66 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1999 VL 104 IS 3 BP 449 EP 457 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00163-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159MZ UT WOS:000078178700016 ER PT J AU Holland, DM Principe, PP Vorburger, L AF Holland, DM Principe, PP Vorburger, L TI Rural ozone: Trends and exceedances at CASTNet sites SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-QUALITY AB Emission reductions were mandated in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 with the expectation that they would result in major reductions in the concentrations of atmospherically transported pollutants. This paper uses generalized additive models to characterize the form and magnitude of changes in ground-level ozone concentrations (weekly average, daily maximum 1-h average, and daily maximum 8-h average) adjusted for concomitant meteorological conditions at 35 rural sites in the eastern United States from 1989 to 1995. At all sites and for all three measures, ozone concentrations declined over the period by about 5% (based on median percent change) for the two daily measures and about 7% for the weekly average. These declines were statistically significant (0.05 level) at 18, 17, and 21 sites (for the daily maximum 1-h, daily 8-h maximum, and weekly averages, respectively), and the median percent total change at these sites for all three measures was approximately -9%. All sites were evaluated with respect to the old and new National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone. Under the new standard (based on the daily maximum 8-h average), 23 sites would not have met the standard for at least one triennial evaluation period as compared to seven sites under the old standard (based on the daily maximum 1-h average). C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Holland, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM holland.david@epamail.epa.gov NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 43 EP 48 DI 10.1021/es980604r PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 155NW UT WOS:000077954100025 ER PT J AU Su, CM Puls, RW AF Su, CM Puls, RW TI Kinetics of trichloroethene reduction by zerovalent iron and tin: Pretreatment effect, apparent activation energy, and intermediate products SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZERO-VALENT METALS; WATER; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; DEGRADATION; SYSTEM AB The degradation of trichloroethene (TCE) at 2 mg L-1 in headspace free aqueous solution by zerovalent iron (Fe-0) and tin (Sn-0) was studied in batch tests at 10, 25, 40, and 55 degrees C and HCl-treated Fe-0 and Sn-0 at 25 and 55 degrees C. Surface area normalized pseudo-first-order rate constants (k(SA)) ranged from 0.44 x 10(-3) to 4.3 x 10(-3) h(-1) m(-2) L for Fisher Fe-0, 0.029 x 10(-3) to 0.27 x 10(-3) h(-1) m(-2) L for Peerless and Master Builders Fe-0, and 0.011 x 10(-3) to 1.31 x 10(-3) h(-1) m(-2) L for Fisher and Aldrich Sn-0. The Aldrich Fe-0 was the least reactive with k(SA) values ranging from 0.0016 x 10(-3) to 0.011 x 10(-3) h(-1) m(-2) L. The HCl-washing increased metal surface area and observed rate constant (k) values but generally decreased k(SA) values. The calculated apparent activation energy (E-a) using the Arrhenius law for the four temperature levels ranged from 32.2 to 39.4 kJ mol(-1) for the untreated Fe-0 metals and 40.5-76.8 kJ mol(-1) for the untreated Sn-0 metals. Greater temperature effect was observed for Sn-0 than for Fe-0. Our results indicate that TCE reduction by Fe-0 and Sn-0 is likely controlled primarily by chemical reaction-limited kinetics rather than by mass transport of the TCE to the metal surface. Both reductive beta-elimination reaction and hydrogenolysis reaction are likely involved in the reduction of TCE by both Fe-0 and Sn-0. C1 Natl Res Council, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), Natl Res Council, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM su.chunming@epa.gov NR 23 TC 175 Z9 191 U1 5 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 163 EP 168 DI 10.1021/es980481a PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 155NW UT WOS:000077954100042 ER PT B AU Cox, LH Guttorp, P Sampson, PD Caccia, DC Thompson, ML AF Cox, LH Guttorp, P Sampson, PD Caccia, DC Thompson, ML BE Bock, GR Goode, JA TI A preliminary statistical examination of the effects of uncertainty and variability on environmental regulatory criteria for ozone SO ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS: ANALYSING DATA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY SE NOVARTIS FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Evironmental Statistics: Analysing Data for Environmental Policy CY MAY 11-13, 1998 CL NOVARTIS FDN, LONDON, ENGLAND HO NOVARTIS FDN AB Basing the quantitative expression of environmental regulatory standards and associated compliance criteria on statistical principles has recently received attention in Europe, most visibly in a study by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. These issues are timely for consideration in the USA, where a recent periodic review, of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) has led to revision of the regulatory standards for ambient ozone and particulate matter. Salient statistical issues include accounting for errors of the first and second kind due to sampling and measurement error. These issues appear routine statistically and also may seem absent from regulations, but neither is necessarily the case. This paper is directed towards developing a methodology for examining the problem of dealing with uncertainty and variation in environmental regulations and compliance criteria. Our approach is illustrated through statistical analysis of the (old) 1 hour and the (new) 8 hour standards for ambient ozone, based on intensive monitoring in California's San Joaquin Valley during summer 1990 performed under the SARMAP Project. This paper presents preliminary findings based on quantifying measurement error or precision in terms of small-scale spatial and temporal variability, laying the groundwork for future work. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD75, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Washington, Natl Res Ctr Stat & Environm, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Cox, LH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD75, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA BAFFINS LANE, CHICHESTER PO19 1UD, WEST SUSSEX, ENGLAND BN 0-471-98540-6 J9 NOVART FDN SYMP PY 1999 VL 220 BP 122 EP 143 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Medicine, General & Internal; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; General & Internal Medicine; Mathematics GA BS51E UT WOS:000170185500007 PM 10231828 ER PT J AU Susarla, S Bhamidimarri, SMR Bhaskar, GV AF Susarla, S Bhamidimarri, SMR Bhaskar, GV TI Adsorption and desorption characteristics of phenoxyacetic acids and chlorophenols in volcanic soil: Single component fixed bed studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorophenols; equilibrium sorption; dispersion; fixed beds; phenoxyacetic acids; surface diffusion; volcanic soil ID LOCAL EQUILIBRIUM ASSUMPTION; SORBING POROUS-MEDIA; MASS-TRANSFER; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MODELS; PESTICIDES; MOVEMENT; SORPTION; PREDICTION; DIFFUSION AB Widespread application of herbicides and pesticides in recent years resulted in environmental contamination of soils and groundwaters. In this paper, we examine the adsorption and desorption characteristics of three phenoxyacetic acids and three chlorophenols in a volcanic soil using fixed bed soil columns. A theoretical model incorporating sorption, dispersion, film transfer and surface diffusion in soils particles has been developed to predict the solute movement in fixed bed soil columns. The main feature of this model is that all the model parameters were obtained from independent experiments or from literature correlations. Experiments were carried out to examine the effect of concentration and flow rate on the breakthrough and elution of phenoxyacetic acids and chlorophenols from soil columns. The results indicated that increasing the initial concentration and now rate resulted in a faster breakthrough and elution of solutes. The order of breakthrough and elution for phenoxyacetic acids was: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) > 2-methyl, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) > 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and while for chlorophenols the order was: 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) >para-chloro-ortho-phenol (PCOC) > 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP). The results have also shown that the equilibrium sorption played a dominant role in the breakthrough and elution of these chemicals from soil columns. The results of numerical calculations using the model are compared with experimental results and in general, good agreement was obtained for all chemicals considered. C1 Massey Univ, Palmerston North, New Zealand. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. New Zealand Dairy Res Inst, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RP Susarla, S (reprint author), Massey Univ, Palmerston North, New Zealand. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON, ENGLAND W4 1BN SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1080/09593332008616786 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 170PJ UT WOS:000078814700001 ER PT J AU Barton, A AF Barton, A TI Multi-stakeholder Framework for Ecological Risk Management: Summary of a SETAC technical workshop - Preface SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Sci Adv Board, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Barton, A (reprint author), US EPA, Sci Adv Board, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 SU S BP II EP II PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 163TY UT WOS:000078423000001 ER PT J AU Berry, WJ Cantwell, MG Edwards, PA Serbst, JR Hansen, DJ AF Berry, WJ Cantwell, MG Edwards, PA Serbst, JR Hansen, DJ TI Predicting toxicity of sediments spiked with silver SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE acid volatile sulfide; interstitial water; silver; sediments; toxicity ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; CADMIUM; BIOAVAILABILITY; NORMALIZATIONS; AMPHIPOD; METALS AB Previous experiments conducted with freshwater sediments spiked with silver have shown that, when expressed on a dry weight basis, the toxicity of silver is sediment-specific and dependent on the form of silver added (e.g., AgNO3, Ag2S). This study was conducted to assess the usefulness of silver interstitial water toxic units (IWTU) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations in predicting the biological effects of silver species across sediments, regardless of the species of silver present. Two saltwater sediments were spiked with a series of concentrations of silver. The amphipod, Ampelisca abdita, was then exposed to the sediments in ten-day toxicity tests. Amphipod mortality was sediment-specific when expressed on a dry weight basis, but not when based on IWTU or simultaneously extracted metal (SEM)-AVS. Sediments with an excess of AVS relative to SEM had IWTU <0.5, and were generally not toxic. Sediments with an excess of SEM relative to AVS had silver IWTU >0.5, but no measurable AVS, and were generally toxic. Sediments with measurable AVS were not toxic. Reanalysis of the previously published data from the freshwater sediments spiked with silver showed mortality to be correlated with nominal SEM-AVS and with silver IWTU. Taken together, these results support the use of AVS and silver IWTUs in predicting the toxicity of silver in sediments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM berry.walter@epa.gov NR 31 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1 BP 40 EP 48 DI 10.1002/etc.5620180106 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 151LW UT WOS:000077722400006 ER PT S AU Folmar, LC AF Folmar, LC BE Henshel, DS Black, MC Harrass, MC TI Assays for endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Beyond environmental estrogens SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: STANDARDIZATION OF BIOMARKERS FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: EIGHTH VOLUME SE American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Standardization of Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment CY APR 20-22, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Comm E 47 Biol Effects & Environm Fate DE endocrine-disrupting chemicals; hormones; reproduction; growth; fish; invertebrates ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; KRAFT PULP-MILL; ALLIGATORS ALLIGATOR-MISSISSIPPIENSIS; FLOUNDER PLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; TELEOST OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; CROAKER MICROPOGONIAS-UNDULATUS; THYROID-HORMONE DEIODINATION; TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; PLASMA VITELLOGENIN LEVELS AB Recent popular and scientific articles have reported the presence of estrogenic and other hormone mimicking chemicals in the environment and their potential for causing reproductive dysfunction in humans and wildlife. The purpose of this session was to present the best available, if not standard, analytical methods to assay for the effects of xenobiotic chemicals on a broad range of endocrine-mediated events, including reproduction, growth, development and stress responses in aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate animals. C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Folmar, LC (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 268 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0066-0558 BN 0-8031-2618-2 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1364 BP 59 EP 94 DI 10.1520/STP15798S PG 36 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BN98X UT WOS:000083766000004 ER PT S AU McKenney, CL AF McKenney, CL BE Henshel, DS Black, MC Harrass, MC TI Hormonal processes in decapod crustacean larvae as biomarkers of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the marine environment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: STANDARDIZATION OF BIOMARKERS FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: EIGHTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Standardization of Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment CY APR 20-22, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Comm E 47 Biol Effects & Environm Fate DE crustacean larvae; crustacean metamorphosis; endocrinology; endocrine disrupting chemicals; juvenile hormone analogs; energy metabolism ID LOBSTER HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; INSECT GROWTH-REGULATOR; CRAB RHITHROPANOPEUS-HARRISII; SHRIMP PALAEMONETES-PUGIO; METHYL FARNESOATE; JUVENILE-HORMONE; MANDIBULAR ORGAN; HYPERGLYCEMIC HORMONE; INHIBITING HORMONE; EYESTALK ABLATION AB Knowledge of endocrine control of the complex larval developmental processes in insects (metamorphosis) has led to the introduction of insect hormones and their analogues as insecticides known as insect growth regulators (IGRs) with the largest group being juvenile hormone analogues (JHAs). Developmental and metabolic alterations in estuarine crustacean larvae induced by JHAs suggest that these compounds may be interfering with an endocrine system using JH-like compounds. These responses of crustacean larvae during the metamorphic process can be used in the development of biomarkers for the environmental impact of these types of compounds and other potential endocrine disrupting chemicals on estuarine biota. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP McKenney, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Island Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 98 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2618-2 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1364 BP 119 EP 135 DI 10.1520/STP15800S PG 17 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BN98X UT WOS:000083766000006 ER PT S AU Adeshina, F Kueberuwa, SS AF Adeshina, F Kueberuwa, SS BE Henshel, DS Black, MC Harrass, MC TI Endocrine disruption, organochlorine pesticides, and human development: An overview SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: STANDARDIZATION OF BIOMARKERS FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: EIGHTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Standardization of Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment CY APR 20-22, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Comm E 47 Biol Effects & Environm Fate DE organochlorine pesticides; endocrine disrupters; biomarkers; health effects; children's risk ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS PCB; BREAST-CANCER; REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; SEMEN QUALITY; INSECTICIDE CHLORDECONE; NEURO-ENDOCRINE; SPERM COUNTS; FEMALE RATS; HUMAN-MILK AB The current scientific knowledge suggests that numerous anthropogenic substances in the environment potentially disrupt the endocrine system in humans, thereby, causing severe deleterious effects. The mechanisms of action of these chemicals are presently not well understood. A model for the developmental effects of these substances is largely based on diethylstilbestrol, a potent synthetic estrogen, that is known to induce morphological and physiological changes in the reproductive tracts of both men and women. Since several organochlorine pesticides have been identified as estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic, it is imperative to reassess the existing developmental and reproductive toxicity databases of these chemicals. This paper provides a critical review of available toxicological data, and also identifies important research needs for the health risk assessment of pre- and post-natal exposures to endocrine-disrupting organochlorine pesticides. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Adeshina, F (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 97 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2618-2 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1364 BP 271 EP 285 DI 10.1520/STP15808S PG 15 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BN98X UT WOS:000083766000014 ER PT S AU Keller, AE Ruessler, DS Kernaghan, NJ AF Keller, AE Ruessler, DS Kernaghan, NJ BE Henshel, DS Black, MC Harrass, MC TI Effect of test conditions on the toxicity of copper to juvenile unionid mussels SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: STANDARDIZATION OF BIOMARKERS FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: EIGHTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Standardization of Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment CY APR 20-22, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Comm E 47 Biol Effects & Environm Fate DE unionids; copper toxicity; test method ID FRESH-WATER MUSSEL; DAPHNIA; METALS; MIDGE AB During the past twnety years, unionid mussels have declined in both abundance and diversity throughout the eastern United States. As a result, there has been an increased call to evaluate the toxicity of various pollutants to unionids in an attempt to separate habitat-caused tosses from those precipitated by aquatic contaminants. Few toxicity data for unionids were available until recently because unionids are not easily cultured and no test method had been developed for these animals. Therefore, water quality criteria developed by the USEPA in the 1970s and 1980s were derived from data lacking any information on unionid mussel sensitivities. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has advocated the use of a 9-day toxicity test method its scientists developed in the late 1980s. This method, which requires the use of silt, an algal mixture for food and daily changes of water, is not only more labor intensive, it also introduces sources of variation with the use of silt and algae, as well as being substantially different from the standard 96-h fathead minnow or zooplankton tests. The evaluation of TVA's suggested test conditions (24 h darkness, 800 mg/L silt and algal food) indicated that the use of a 16L:8D light regime, with or without silt or algae did not result in a change in the toxicity of dissolved copper to juvenile Utterbackia imbecillis mussels compared to that recorded using TVA's test conditions. C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Keller, AE (reprint author), US EPA, 980 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2618-2 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1364 BP 329 EP 340 DI 10.1520/STP15812S PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BN98X UT WOS:000083766000018 ER PT S AU Smrchek, JC Morcock, RE AF Smrchek, JC Morcock, RE BE Henshel, DS Black, MC Harrass, MC TI Harmonization of ecological effects test methods between the US EPA (OPPTS) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Description, results and current activities SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: STANDARDIZATION OF BIOMARKERS FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: EIGHTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Standardization of Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment CY APR 20-22, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Comm E 47 Biol Effects & Environm Fate DE harmonization; ecological effects test methods; TSCA; US EPA; OPPTS; OECD; "850" guidelines AB In 1990, the senior management of the US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs and Toxic Substances (now called the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, or OPPTS) directed the two offices forming OPPTS to "harmonize" their human health, environmental/ecological effects, environmental fate, and physical chemistry testing methods into a single set of test guidelines. These two offices, the Office of Toxic Substances, now the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) and the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), assess risks posed by industrial chemicals and pesticides, respectively. Each office had developed separate testing guidance and methods. Under the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, OPPT developed and published an extensive set of environmental effects test guidelines and technical support documents on testing requirements. In a similar manner, OPP published data requirements for registration of pesticides and developed Standard Evaluation Procedures (SEPs) to explain the procedures used to evaluate submitted ecological effects data. Harmonization of OPPT and OPP guidelines is advantageous because it avoids unnecessary testing, conserves resources, and avoids duplicative testing of chemicals being reviewed by more than one office. Also, there is better coordination of test reviews between each office and greater consistency in test interpretation. Harmonization results in increased guideline uniformity between offices, and a more efficient means of revising and updating the OPPTS guidelines. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) was similarly engaged in guideline development in the 1970s, and published a set of biotic effects test guidelines in 1981 (second addendum was published in 1984). EPA intends to harmonize OPPTS guidelines with those of the OECD to avoid unnecessary testing of chemicals in international commerce, increase efficiency in reviewing chemicals, use fewer test animals, and reduce nontariff trade barriers. Efforts to date by OPPTS have resulted in developing drafts of ecological effects test guidelines (the "850" harmonized guidelines). These were available as public drafts in 1996; the OPP Scientific Advisory Panel commented on them at that time. Currently the guidelines are being revised and will be available as part 850 in volume 40 of the US Code of Federal Regulations. Examples are discussed of how the harmonized test guideline process between OPPTS and OECD operates and the progress achieved to date. These include development of a revised OECD daphnid chronic test, a new harmonized fish early life stage test, a new OECD aquatic macrophyte toxicity test (Lemna [duckweed] growth inhibition test), and OECD activities in chironomid sediment testing and terrestrial plant toxicity testing. Important harmonization limitations, possible problems, challenges, and future activities are discussed. C1 US EPA, Existing Chem Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox,Off Prevent Pesticides &, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Smrchek, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Existing Chem Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox,Off Prevent Pesticides &, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2618-2 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1364 BP 473 EP 490 DI 10.1520/STP15823S PG 18 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BN98X UT WOS:000083766000029 ER PT J AU Gold, DR Damokosh, AI Pope, CA Dockery, DW McDonnell, WF Serrano, P Retama, A Castillejos, M AF Gold, DR Damokosh, AI Pope, CA Dockery, DW McDonnell, WF Serrano, P Retama, A Castillejos, M TI Particulate and ozone pollutant effects on the respiratory function of children in southwest Mexico City SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; ozone; particulate pollution; pulmonary function; children (pediatrics) ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION; AIR-POLLUTION; PM10 POLLUTION; AMBIENT OZONE; HEALTH; SCHOOLCHILDREN; EPISODES; SYMPTOMS AB We assessed the contributions of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 2.5 mu m (PM2.5 and PM10) and ozone (O-3) to peak expiratory flow (PEF) and respiratory symptoms in 40 schoolchildren 8-11 years of age for 59 days during three periods in 1991 at a school in southwest Mexico City. We measured peak expiratory flow in the morning on the children's arrival at school and in the afternoon before their departure from school. Separately for morning and afternoon, we normalized each child's daily measurement of peak flow by subtracting his or her mean peak flow from the daily measurement. Child-specific deviations were averaged to obtain a morning and afternoon mean deviation (Delta PEF) for each day. Mean 24-hour O-3 level was 52 parts per billion (ppb; maximum 103 ppb); mean 24-hour PM2.5 and PM10 were 30 mu g/m(3) (maximum 69 mu g/m(3)) and 49 mu g/m(3) (maximum 81 mu g/m(3)), respectively. We adjusted moving average and polynomial distributed lag multiple regression analyses of Delta PEF us pollution for minimum daily temperature, trend, and season. We examined effects of PM2.5, PM10, and O-3, on Delta PEF separately and in joint models. The models indicated a role for both particles and O-3 in the reduction of peak expiratory flow, with shorter lags between exposure and reduction in peak expiratory flow for O-3 than for particle exposure (0-4 vs 4-7 days). The joint effect of 7 days of exposure to the interquartile range of PM2.5 (17 mu g/m(3)) and O-3 (25 ppb) predicted a 7.1% (95% confidence interval = 11.0-3.9) reduction in morning peak expiratory flow. Pollutant exposure also predicted higher rates of phlegm; colinearity between pollutants limited the potential to distinguish the relative contribution of individual pollutants. In an area with chronically high ambient O-3 levels, school children responded with reduced lung function to both O-3 and particulate exposures within the previous 1 to 2 weeks. C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Environm Epidemiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Econ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Econ Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Autonoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Gold, DR (reprint author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 23 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 6 U2 21 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 8 EP 16 DI 10.1097/00001648-199901000-00004 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 151HR UT WOS:000077715100004 PM 9888274 ER PT J AU Schwartz, J Levin, R AF Schwartz, J Levin, R TI Drinking water turbidity and health SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; OUTBREAK; MILWAUKEE; GIARDIA; FILTRATION; SUPPLIES C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Environm Epidemiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Boston, MA USA. RP Schwartz, J (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Environm Epidemiol Program, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 33 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 86 EP 90 DI 10.1097/00001648-199901000-00017 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 151HR UT WOS:000077715100017 PM 9888287 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Becker, JY Wang, J Lu, F AF Rogers, KR Becker, JY Wang, J Lu, F TI Determination of phenols in environmentally relevant matrices with the use of liquid chromatography with an enzyme electrode detector SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE leachate; HPLC; tyrosinase; phenols; biosensor AB A simple and rapid assay using HPLC with a tyrosinase-containing carbon paste electrode (Tyr-CPE) detector is demonstrated for the detection of phenol, p-cresol, p-methoxyphenol, and p-chlorophenol in environmental matrices. These compounds were measured in contaminated aqueous soil leachate samples or acetone/acetonitrile extracts of soil and sludge samples. The dynamic range for this assay was 2-30 ppm for phenol and p-cresol, In addition to analysis by the Tyr-CPE detector held at a reducing potential (-0.20 V), soil leachate and extracts were analyzed with the use of a carbon paste electrode (CPE) detector at oxidizing potentials (+1.0 V or +1.2 V), Compared to the CPE, the Tyr-CPE detector was very stable, showing a signal loss of only 28% over 24 h of continuous operation. In addition, the signal from the CPE degraded rapidly by 65% over 10 sequential injections, whereas the signal of the Tyr-CPE decreased by only 5% for the same number of sequential injections. Because of the minimal sample preparation for analysis of soil leachate samples, the herein-reported chromatographic system with biosensor detector could be further developed to complement portable tyrosinase enzyme electrode biosensors that detect total phenols in field settings. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RI Wang, Joseph/C-6175-2011 NR 9 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1999 VL 3 IS 3 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:3<161::AID-FACT3>3.0.CO;2-X PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 210GL UT WOS:000081096700003 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S Shadwick, DS Bowser, JJ Carmichael, LY AF Mukerjee, S Shadwick, DS Bowser, JJ Carmichael, LY TI Application of a dual fine particle sequential sampler, a tapered element oscillating microbalance, and other air monitoring methods to assess transboundary influences of PM2.5 SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dual fine particle sequential sampler (DFPSS); PM2.5; tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM); transboundary air pollution; wind sector analysis ID DICHOTOMOUS SAMPLER; PARTICULATE; QUALITY; AEROSOL; CARBON; MEXICO AB Transboundary influences of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 mu m in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) have been investigated in a U.S.-Mexican border region with the use of a dual fine particle sequential sampler (DFPSS) and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM(R)). Daily measurements of PM2.5 were conducted with the DFPSS. Short-term variations in the concentration of PM2.5 were measured and analyzed on site with the use of a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM(R)) to assess episodic emissions that may have crossed the border. Fine particle carbon measurements, taken with a dichotomous sampler, and meteorological measurements were also performed. Ambient monitoring with these sampling methods was conducted for 1 year at three fixed sites very close to the border of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Elemental tracer analyses and wind sector analyses were performed to assess transboundary influences, Ad hoc sampler comparisons were also presented. Presentation of advantages and limitations of sampling methods in this study can help establish a baseline for assessing future air quality conditions of a transboundary nature in the Valley. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. QST Environm, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1999 VL 3 IS 3 BP 201 EP 217 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:3<201::AID-FACT8>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 17 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 210GL UT WOS:000081096700008 ER PT J AU Ahmad, S Kitchin, KT Cullen, WR AF Ahmad, S Kitchin, KT Cullen, WR TI Arsenic species cause release of iron from ferritin generating activated oxygen. SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 SU 1 MA 13 BP S18 EP S18 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 254EL UT WOS:000083598900038 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Double-toroid, almost-polyhex fullerenes SO FULLERENE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERIODIC MINIMAL-SURFACES; NEGATIVE-CURVATURE; 4-MEMBERED RINGS; GRAPHITIC CARBON; CURVED GRAPHITE; KEKULE; STABILITY; ISOMERS; TUBULES; FORMS AB This study presents examples of double-toroid fullerenes comprised entirely of hexagonal faces except as required by Euler's polyhedron closure rule. Kekule structure counts give a rough idea of stability of these structures relative to each other and to other types of fullerenes with the same carbon number (C-120). Electronic constraints demanded by the various atomic arrangements are discussed, along with possible applications. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1064-122X J9 FULLERENE SCI TECHN JI Fullerene Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2 BP 147 EP 158 DI 10.1080/10641229909350276 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 182AP UT WOS:000079476600003 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI An alternative structure for C-576 SO FULLERENE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEGATIVE-CURVATURE; 4-MEMBERED RINGS; CARBON CAGES; FULLERENES; TUBULES; NANOTUBES; KEKULE AB Carbon nanotubes with rollup vector indices equal, i. e., (n,n) nanotubes, are calculated to be metallic electrical conductors. Several years ago, a toroidal fullerene structure, C-576, was proposed and suggested to possess a small bandgap on the basis of its having approximately half of its atoms arranged as in a (4,4) nanotube. A more recent calculation determined that this structure has a very large anisotropic ring-current diamagnetic susceptibility and is therefore likely to be a good electrical conductor. The present work proposes an alternative structure for C576 which is constructed entirely from six copies of a C-96 fragment of a (4,4) nanotube. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div, 7403,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1064-122X J9 FULLERENE SCI TECHN JI Fullerene Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 5 BP 733 EP 741 DI 10.1080/10641229909351374 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 229ZX UT WOS:000082227300003 ER PT B AU McLean, B AF McLean, B BE Hacker, J Pelchen, A TI US experience with tradeable SO2 allowances SO GOALS AND ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF GLOBAL WARMING MITIGATION IN EUROPE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT EU Advanced Study Course on Goals and Economic Instruments for the Achievement of Global Warming Mitigation in Europe CY JUL, 1997 CL TECH UNIV BERLIN, BERLIN, GERMANY SP European Commiss, DG XII/D Environm & Climate RTD Programme HO TECH UNIV BERLIN C1 US EPA, Acis Rain Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5337-4 PY 1999 BP 295 EP + PG 14 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations; Planning & Development SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations; Public Administration GA BN41Z UT WOS:000081882100020 ER PT J AU Fiorino, DJ AF Fiorino, DJ TI Rethinking environmental regulation: Perspectives on law and governance SO HARVARD ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW LA English DT Article ID REFORM C1 US EPA, Emerging Strategies Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fiorino, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Emerging Strategies Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 75 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU HARVARD LAW SCHOOL PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBLICATIONS CTR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0147-8257 J9 HARVARD ENVIRON LAW JI Harv. Environ. Law Rev. PY 1999 VL 23 IS 2 BP 441 EP 469 PG 29 WC Environmental Studies; Law SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Government & Law GA 213RM UT WOS:000081287100006 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Mack, CM AF Gilbert, ME Mack, CM TI Field potential recordings in dentate gyrus of anesthetized rats: Stability of baseline SO HIPPOCAMPUS LA English DT Article DE dentate gyrus; long-term potentiation; LTP; hippocampus; rat; urethane; pentobarbital; field potentials ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; PRIMED BURST POTENTIATION; URETHANE ANESTHESIA; PHYSIOPHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS; PERFORANT PATH; HIPPOCAMPAL; TEMPERATURE; SUITABILITY; DEPRESSION; PARAMETERS AB Urethane is a standard anesthetic utilized for in vivo recordings in the hippocampus. In studies of long-term potentiation (LTP), the measure of interest is the response amplitude minutes to hours following train delivery. In the absence of experimental treatment, we have consistently observed upward drift in the amplitude of the population spike (PS) and EPSP slope of the dentate gyrus (DG) evoked field response in acute surgical preparations performed in the urethanized rat. The present study systematically monitored PS amplitude and EPSP slope in the DG every 30 minutes for 6 hours following optimal positioning of Teflon-coated bipolar stainless steel electrodes under urethane anesthesia. At maximal stimulus intensities, large time-dependent increases in PS amplitude (70-80%) were observed over the first 2-4 hours, an effect that was exaggerated at lower stimulus intensities. Increases in the EPSP slope were smaller in magnitude (20-30%) and stabilized within a shorter period of time (1-2 hours). Animals were warmed on a heating pad and body and brain temperature remained constant over the recording session. Reducing stimulating electrode size and recording with glass micropipettes did not alleviate the upward drift in response amplitude. Similar increases were also seen under pentobarbital anesthesia. To dissociate anesthetic from surgical effects, recordings were obtained from animals previously prepared with indwelling electrodes and injected with urethane. Although slight declines (10-15%) in EPSP slope occurred over time, no significant alterations in PS amplitude were seen in the chronic preparation at high stimulus intensities. Low stimulus intensities yielded a more variable response pattern and, in direct contrast to the acute preparation, time-dependent declines, not increases, were noted in both parameters. These data suggest that generalized surgical trauma contributes to the upward drift in response amplitude and indicate that long stabilization periods are required in acute surgical preparations for accurate field potential recordings. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol Md74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol Md74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-06253] NR 32 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1050-9631 J9 HIPPOCAMPUS JI Hippocampus PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 277 EP 287 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:3<277::AID-HIPO7>3.0.CO;2-H PG 11 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 211XH UT WOS:000081186800007 PM 10401642 ER PT J AU McKinney, RA Lake, JL Allen, M Ryba, S AF McKinney, RA Lake, JL Allen, M Ryba, S TI Spatial variability in Mussels used to assess base level nitrogen isotope ratio in freshwater ecosystems SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE nitrogen isotope ratio; freshwater mussels; trophic level ID COASTAL FOOD-WEB; STABLE-ISOTOPE; CONTAMINANT BIOACCUMULATION; TROPHIC STRUCTURE; ARCTIC LAKE; CARBON; INDICATORS; PLANKTON; DYNAMICS; NITRATE AB Freshwater mussels have been used to establish base level nitrogen isotope ratio values (delta(15)N) used in trophic position and food web studies in freshwater ecosystems. In this study, we assess the variability introduced when using unionid mussels in this manner by investigating the spatial variation in delta(15)N values in mussels from different locations in shallow freshwater ponds, and also differences in delta(15)N in different tissue types in the mussels. Results from the analysis of adductor, foot and a section of the mantle tissues from mussels across all ponds showed that adductor tissue was consistently enriched by about 1 parts per thousand versus the mantle and foot. The foot showed the least variability which, coupled with ease in obtaining consistent samples, led us to select this tissue type for subsequent analysis. The six ponds included in the study had average mussel delta(15)N values ranging from 4.9 parts per thousand to 11.9 parts per thousand. Four of the six ponds showed no significant within pond differences between delta(15)N values from mussels collected at different sampling sites. The range of mussel delta(15)N values obtained from within ponds showed that using data from a single mussel to assess baseline delta(15)N values would result in the introduction of a maximum error of 0.56 of a trophic level to subsequent trophic position calculations. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP McKinney, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PY 1999 VL 412 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1023/A:1003887913402 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 275NW UT WOS:000084827100003 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Stonehuerner, J Dailey, LA Carter, JD AF Ghio, AJ Stonehuerner, J Dailey, LA Carter, JD TI Metals associated with both the water-soluble and insoluble fractions of an ambient air pollution particle catalyze an oxidative stress SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-VIVO; PARTICULATE MATTER; LUNG INJURY; EXPOSURE; HEALTH; CHILDREN AB One potential mechanism of injury mediated by air pollution particles is through metal-catalyzed oxidant generation. In one emission source particle, soluble metals have been associated with biological effect and toxicity. However, a majority of metals in ambient air pollution particles can be associated with insoluble components. We tested the hypothesis that concentrations of catalytically active metal in ambient air pollution particles are not equivalent to the concentrations of water-soluble metal. Twelve filters collected from the North Prove, UT, monitoring station were agitated in deionized water. Both the aqueous extract and pellet were isolated, lyophilized, and defined as the water-soluble and insoluble fractions, respectively. The fractions were chemically characterized and ionizable concentrations of metals were measured using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. While the water-soluble fraction had significantly greater concentrations of ionizable metals per unit mass, the insoluble fraction also had measurable quantities. In vitro oxidant generation by the two fractions, measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive-products of deoxyribose, corresponded to the concentrations of ionizable rather than total metals. The release of interleukin-8 by cultured respiratory epithelial cells after incubation with the two fractions also coincided with the ionizable metal concentrations. Finally, neutrophil influx and lavage protein levels 24 h after instillation of the two fractions in rats reflected the ionizable metal concentrations, in vitro oxidative stress, and mediator release. We conclude that catalytically active metals can be measured in both the soluble and insoluble fractions of an ambient air pollution particle. These metals corresponded to the biological activity of the two fractions. While in greater concentration in the water-soluble fraction, larger total quantities of catalytically and biologically active metals are likely to be associated with the insoluble fraction as a result of the abundance of the latter. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, HSD, CRB, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, HSD, CRB, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 23 TC 125 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 1 BP 37 EP 49 DI 10.1080/089583799197258 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 159KF UT WOS:000078170900003 PM 10380158 ER PT J AU Susarla, S Bacchus, ST Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC AF Susarla, Sridhar Bacchus, Sydney T. Wolfe, N. L. McCutcheon, Steven C. TI Phytotransformation of Perchlorate and Identification of Metabolic Products in Myriophyllum aquaticum SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Article DE Myriophyllum aquaticum; parrot-feather; perchlorate; phytotransformation; phytoremediation AB The uptake and transformation of perchlorate in the presence of Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot-feather) were examined in sand and aqueous treatments with concentrations between 0.2 to 20 ppm. Controls were included without plants to confirm the uptake of perchlorate by parrot-feather. The kinetic data followed a first-order reaction mechanism with rate constants ranging from 0.004 to 0.090, resulting in half-lives between 7 to 173 days. Uptake rates were five times higher in aqueous treatments than in sand treatments. The intermediates detected in the plant tissue suggest that perchlorate transformed in a step-wise fashion to form chloride. Accumulation of perchlorate in the plant tissues (1.2 g/kg) suggests that parrot-feather has a high capacity for accumulating this contaminant. C1 [Susarla, Sridhar; Bacchus, Sydney T.; Wolfe, N. L.; McCutcheon, Steven C.] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Susarla, S (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM susarla.sridhar@epa.gov FU United States Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center Environmental management Directorate Restoration Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio FX This research was funded in part by the United States Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center Environmental management Directorate Restoration Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. Gregory J. Harvey, Program Manager. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 1999 VL 1 IS 1 BP 97 EP 107 DI 10.1080/15226519908500007 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JJ UT WOS:000209014800007 ER PT J AU Nzengung, VA Wolfe, LN Rennels, DE McCutcheon, SC Wang, CH AF Nzengung, Valentine A. Wolfe, Lee N. Rennels, Darrell E. McCutcheon, Steven C. Wang, Chuhua TI Use of Aquatic Plants and Algae for Decontamination of Waters Polluted with Chlorinated Alkanes SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Article DE algae; aquatic plants; assimilation; chlorinated alkanes; decontamination; metabolize; phytotransformation; phytoremediation; polluted; sequester AB The transformation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) and hexachloroethane (HCA) by aquatic plants and freshwater algae was investigated. Stressed, axenic, and physiologically healthy freshwater plants all transformed the two chlorinated alkanes, yielding similar breakdown products. Experiments conducted with dead plants were used to indirectly test the hypothesis that dead aquatic plants maintain and possibly contribute to the dehalogenase activity observed in organic-rich sediments. After exposure of the aquatic plants and algae to HCA- and CT-dosed solutions, a rapid sorption (or sequestration) step followed by a slow transformation lasting several hours thereafter was observed. The kinetics data were adequately described by two first-order rate equations; pseudo-first-order sorption rate coefficients were calculated for the initial rapid adsorption and transformation steps. The identified metabolites extracted from plants indicated that more than one pathway, possibly requiring different reactants, mediated the phytotransformation reactions. Mass balance estimations confirmed that >80% of the parent chemical was sequestered, transformed, and/or assimilated by the biomass. The metabolic activity observed with dead plants and algae suggests that photoautotrophs maintain this activity at death, and the active agents could become bound to the sediment-organic matrix as plants die, decay, and are buried in sediment. The results of this study suggest the potential usefulness of aquatic plants and freshwater algae in the removal of chlorinated alkanes from water and remediation of aquatic environments. C1 [Nzengung, Valentine A.; Wang, Chuhua] Univ Georgia, Dept Geol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Wolfe, Lee N.; Rennels, Darrell E.; McCutcheon, Steven C.] US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Nzengung, VA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Geol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM vnzengun@arches.uga.edu FU Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) FX The authors gratefully acknowledge useful discussions and comments by Drs. Peter M. Jeffers (Chemistry Dept. SUNY), Wayne Garrison (USEPA/NERL, Athens) and Neeraj Datta (UGA, Athens). We also acknowledge the technical support of Dr. Chuhua Wang (Department of Geology, UGA), Drs. Mark Cippillone, and T. Y. Ou and Chemists from USEPA, Region IV. This work was funded, in part, by a grant from the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). Registry No. 1,1,2-TCA, 79-00-5; HCA, 67-72-1; 1,1,1,2-TCA, 630-20-6; CT, 56-23-5. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 1999 VL 1 IS 3 BP 203 EP 226 DI 10.1080/15226519908500016 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JL UT WOS:000209015000001 ER PT J AU Ferro, AM Rock, SA Kennedy, J Herrick, JJ Turner, DL AF Ferro, Ari M. Rock, Steven A. Kennedy, Jean Herrick, James J. Turner, David L. TI Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Wood Preservatives: Greenhouse and Field Evaluations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Article DE phytoremediation; pentachlorophenol; polyaromatic hydrocarbons; bioremediation; wood preservatives AB Phytoremediation was evaluated as a potential treatment for the creosote-contaminated surface soil at the McCormick and Baxter (M&B) Superfund Site in Portland, Oregon. Soil at the M&B site is contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Eight individual PAH compounds (containing four to six aromatic rings) were included in the investigation. Greenhouse and field studies were carried out using perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The following three treatments were compared in both studies: T1 = planted-amended soil; T2 = unplanted-amended soil; and T3 = unplanted-unamended soil. The amendments were mineral nutrients and dolomite, which was used to raise the acidic pH of the soil. Contaminant concentrations in the soil were measured initially and at regular intervals for several months. In the greenhouse study, the concentrations of certain contaminants decreased as a function of time. Thus, PCP, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(k)fluoranthene appeared to undergo biodegradation in all of the treatments. On the other hand, certain larger molecular weight PAHs were relatively recalcitrant. These "recalcitrant PAHs" included benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a) pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. Statistical methods were used to compare the concentrations of the more easily biodegraded contaminants in treatments T1, T2, and T3. The statistical analysis was facilitated by normalizing the contaminant concentrations relative to the sum of the recalcitrant PAHs in the same sample. Thus, ratios were created that could be compared directly to benchmark values indicative of the contaminant at the beginning of the study. In the greenhouse study, statistically significant differences between T1 and T2, across all treatment times, were obtained for fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene (p <= 0.05), suggesting enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation for these compounds. Significant differences between T2 and T3 were obtained for pyrene (p <= 0.03), indicating that nutrients stimulated the biodegradation of this contaminant. Although the greenhouse study was carried out with a well-mixed soil sample from the M&B site, an extremely uneven distribution of contaminants was encountered in the field study. The resulting scatter in the field data made comparisons difficult, and treatment-specific effects observed in the greenhouse study were not statistically significant in the field study. However, analysis of the normalized data from the field revealed the same time-dependent decreases in contaminant concentration as observed in the greenhouse study. C1 [Ferro, Ari M.; Kennedy, Jean; Herrick, James J.] Phytokinetics Inc, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. [Rock, Steven A.] US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. [Turner, David L.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Ferro, AM (reprint author), Phytokinetics Inc, 1770 North Res Pk Way, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. EM ariferro@phytokinetics.com FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Emerging Technology Program [CR 824129-01-0] FX This study was conducted through a Cooperative Agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Emerging Technology Program (assistance identification number CR 824129-01-0). We thank Dr. Evelyn Drake (Exxon Research and Engineering Company) for helpful discussions regarding the use of internal chemical indicators for the analysis of the data. We also thank Kevin Jensen (USDA, Agricultural Research Service), Darwin Sorensen, and Don Sisson (Utah State University) for their suggestions in the development of experimental design for the outdoor study. Derek Knight provided capable technical assistance. NR 50 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 1999 VL 1 IS 3 BP 289 EP 306 DI 10.1080/15226519908500021 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JL UT WOS:000209015000006 ER PT J AU Shaw, SE Regil, S AF Shaw, SE Regil, S TI US regulations on residual disinfection SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER AB Most community water systems in the United States disinfect their water. However, only surface water systems are currently required to provide a disinfectant residual in the distribution system. This article reviews existing regulations, including the surface Water Treatment Rule and the Total Coliform Rule, for maintaining a disinfectant residual and outlines their requirements. It also discusses forthcoming and long-term regulations and how they may affect water treatment and distribution system water quality, operations, and maintenance. C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Shaw, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 401 M St SW,Mail Code 4607, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 91 IS 1 BP 75 EP 80 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 159YP UT WOS:000078203500020 ER PT J AU Tryby, ME Boccelli, DL Koechling, MT Uber, JG Summers, RS Rossman, LA AF Tryby, ME Boccelli, DL Koechling, MT Uber, JG Summers, RS Rossman, LA TI Booster chlorination for managing disinfectant residuals SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Booster chlorination is an approach to residual maintenance in which chlorine is applied at strategic locations within the distribution system. Situations in which booster chlorination may be most effective for maintaining a residual are explained informally in the context of a conceptual distribution system. To form the basis of a quantitative analysis of booster chlorination, experiments simulated chlorine decay under booster conditions. These experiments suggested a conceptual model for bulk chlorine decay, which is used to analyze an example representing a header pipe serving two distinct zones in a distribution system. The chlorine mass savings associated with booster chlorination in this example are derived and used to show the influence of flow rates, residence times, and decay kinetics on the effectiveness of booster chlorination. The role of booster chlorination is also discussed as part of coordinated treatment efforts meant to manage the risks associated with biological regrowth and disinfection by-products. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Tryby, ME (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 741 Baldwin Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RI uber, james/E-7189-2010 NR 8 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 91 IS 1 BP 95 EP 108 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 159YP UT WOS:000078203500023 ER PT J AU Bennett, WD Scheuch, G Zeman, KL Brown, JS Kim, C Heyder, J Stahlhofen, W AF Bennett, WD Scheuch, G Zeman, KL Brown, JS Kim, C Heyder, J Stahlhofen, W TI Regional deposition and retention of particles in shallow, inhaled boluses: effect of lung volume SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerosol deposition; aerosol bolus; inhaled particle retention ID CLEARANCE; AEROSOLS AB The regional deposition of particles in boluses delivered to shallow lung depths and their subsequent retention in the airways may depend on the lung volume at which the boluses are delivered. To evaluate the effect of end-inspiratory lung volume on aerosol bolus delivery, we had healthy subjects inhale radiolabeled, monodisperse aerosol (Tc-99m-iron oxide, 3.5-mu m mass median aerodynamic diameter) boluses (40 ml) to a volumetric front depth of 70 ml into the lung at lung volumes of 50, 70, and 85% of total lung capacity (TLC) end inhalation. By gamma camera analysis, we found significantly greater deposition in the left (L) vs. right (R) lungs at the 70 and 85% TLC end inhalation; ratio of deposition in L to R lung, normalized to L-to-R ratio of lung volume (mean L/R), was 1.60 +/- 0.45 (SD) and 1.96 +/-. 0.72, respectively (P < 0.001 for comparison to 1.0) for posterior images. However, at 50% TLC, L/R was 1.23 +/- 0.37, not significantly different from 1.0. These data suggest that the L and R lungs may be expanding nonuniformly at higher lung volumes. On the other hand, subsequent retention of deposited particles at 2 and 24 h postdeposition was independent of L/R at the various lung volumes. Thus asymmetric bolus ventilation for these very shallow boluses does not lead to significant increases in peripheral alveolar deposition. These data may prove useful for 1) designing aerosol delivery techniques to target bronchial airways and 2) understanding airway retention of inhaled particles. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Envrionm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27771 USA. RP Bennett, WD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med, CB 7310,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 22 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 86 IS 1 BP 168 EP 173 PG 6 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 191EN UT WOS:000080009600023 PM 9887127 ER PT J AU Craig, JD Purvis, CR AF Craig, JD Purvis, CR TI A small scale biomass fueled gas turbine engine SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY JUN 02-05, 1998 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN AB A new generation of small scale (less than 20 MWe) biomass fueled, power plants are being developed based on a gas turbine (Brayton cycle) prime mover. These power plants are expected to increase the efficiency and lower the cost of generating power from fuels such as wood. The new power plants are also Expected to Economically utilize annual plant growth materials (such as rice hulls, cotton gin trash, nut shells, and various straws, grasses, and animal manures) that are not normally considered as fuel for power plants. This paper summarizes the new power generation concept with emphasis on the engineering challenges presented by the gas turbine component. C1 Cratech Inc, Tahoka, TX 79373 USA. US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Craig, JD (reprint author), Cratech Inc, POB 70, Tahoka, TX 79373 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 1999 VL 121 IS 1 BP 64 EP 67 DI 10.1115/1.2816313 PG 4 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 166TC UT WOS:000078592400010 ER PT J AU Tsiros, IX AF Tsiros, IX TI A modeling analysis of factors influencing mass balance components of airborne deposited mercury in terrestrial landscapes SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE mercury; modeling; simulation; mercury cycling ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; TRANSPORT; METHYLMERCURY; CATCHMENTS; WATER; USA; AIR AB A modeling analysis of factors influencing deposited airborne mercury mass balance in terrestrial landscapes is presented. Computer simulations are performed with a recently developed model for various sets of conditions. Preliminary estimates based on variability and sensitivity analysis of simulations are compatible with the currently -available knowledge of mercury terrestrial cycling. Atmospheric deposition of divalent mercury (Hg(II)) is the main source for mercury in uncontaminated terrestrial systems. Mercury mass balance is characterized by the intensive exchange of mercury between atmosphere and ground surface. Atmospheric deposition, weather conditions, hydrologic transport, Hg(II) reduction and landscape scale characteristics are the most important factors regulating conditions that have impacts on mercury mass balance components. Deposited mercury displays a strong tendency to be remobilized into the atmosphere as elemental mercury (Hg-o) formed by the reduction of divalent mercury in the surface soil; atmospheric nux (emission flux) is found to exceed, in general, mercury transport flux from soil, ranging from 35 to 90% of the atmospheric deposition. Total mercury surface runoff flux varies from 2 to 60% of the atmospheric deposition. Leaching flux is a minor component of mercury mass balance, ranging from 3 to 16% of atmospheric deposition. Transformation processes such as methylation and demethylation, although not important for total mercury flux, dominate the amount of methyl mercury in the soil and strongly affect methyl mercury fluxes with significant implications for biotic uptake and bioaccumulation. Limitations of the modeling analysis are also discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Tsiros, IX (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1979 EP 2005 PG 27 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 262KZ UT WOS:000084067600006 ER PT J AU Perlin, SA Sexton, K Wong, DWS AF Perlin, SA Sexton, K Wong, DWS TI An examination of race and poverty for populations living near industrial sources of air pollution SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental justice; industrial air pollution; poverty status; race; socioeconomic status; toxic release inventory ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; RISK ASSESSMENT; KANAWHA VALLEY; EQUITY; MATTER; DEMOGRAPHICS AB This study examines the sociodemographic characteristics of people living near industrial sources of air pollution in three areas of the United States: (1) the Kanawha Valley in West Virginia; (2) the Baton Rouge-New Orleans corridor in Louisiana; and (3) the greater Baltimore metropolitan area in Maryland. Using data from the 1990 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and the 1990 Census, we analyze relationships between variables assumed to be independent, such as location of single or multiple industrial emission sources, and the dependent variables of race (black/white) and poverty status (above/below poverty level). Results from all three study areas are consistent and indicate that African Americans and those living in households defined to be below the established poverty level are more likely, on average, to live closer to the nearest TRI facility and to live within 2 miles of multiple TRI facilities. Conversely, whites and those living in households above the poverty level are more likely, on average, to live farther from the nearest TRI facility and to live within 2 miles of fewer facilities, compared to African Americans and poor people. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Perlin, SA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI /0000-0002-0525-0071 NR 53 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 10 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 29 EP 48 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500024 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 297VH UT WOS:000086103000004 PM 10189625 ER PT J AU Zhou, T Weis, JS AF Zhou, T Weis, JS TI Predator avoidance in mummichog larvae from a polluted habitat SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fundulus heteroclitus; predator avoidance; pollution; swimming activity ID FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; INLAND SILVERSIDES; CLUPEA-HARENGUS; COHO SALMON; GREAT-LAKES; VULNERABILITY; SIZE; PREY; BEHAVIOR; METHYLMERCURY AB Previous work has shown that adult mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) from a polluted site (Piles Creek, PC, New Jersey) were more vulnerable to predation by blue crabs than fish from a more pristine site (Tuckerton, TK, New Jersey). The present study was conducted to compare the spontaneous activity, swimming performance and predator avoidance of fish of the two populations at early life stages. When raised in synthetic salt water, both newly hatched and 1-month-old mummichog larvae from TK had greater spontaneous activity, swimming performance, and stamina than those from PC. In comparison to TK, PC larvae were less vulnerable to predation by yearling mummichogs at 1 week old, but were more vulnerable at 1 month old. Variation in behaviour and swimming ability of TK and PC larvae accounted for the differences in vulnerability to predation. TK larvae employed greater swimming and irregular movement, which was more successful for survival of older larger larvae. In contrast, PC larvae hid, often remaining motionless, which was advantageous for survival of young smaller larvae. Contaminants had been assumed responsible for the behavioural differences in the PC population. However, since differences were seen in larvae raised in synthetic salt water, it is possible that maternally transferred neurotoxicants (possibly delayed effects) and/or inherent factors also play a role. (C) 1999 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. RP Zhou, T (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM zhou.tong@epamail.epa.gov NR 47 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 54 IS 1 BP 44 EP 57 DI 10.1006/jfbi.1998.0800 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 156UP UT WOS:000078020700004 ER PT J AU Van Wingen, RS Hathorn, F Sprehe, JT AF Van Wingen, RS Hathorn, F Sprehe, JT TI Principles for information technology investment in US federal electronic records management SO JOURNAL OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION LA English DT Article DE information technology; information technology investment; electronic records management; business process reengineering AB Changing business and legal conditions force federal agencies to acquire information technology (IT) systems today that may be subject to future mandatory electronic records management (ERM) requirements. Agencies must devise IT investment strategies that optimize operating efficiencies and customer service improvements in the present and also comply with the likely future direction of ERM regulations. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency undertook a business process reengineering (BPR) exercise with respect to future co-location of previously separate regulatory docket facilities. Their experience suggests that future mandatory ERM will cause federal agencies to take a more thorough account of the full information life cycle when planning an IT systems life cycle; and that BPR is a practical necessity when implementing ERM. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Informat Resources Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. SRA Int, Arlington, VA 22201 USA. Sprehe Informat Management Associates Inc, Washington, DC 20008 USA. RP Van Wingen, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Informat Resources Management, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-0237 J9 J GOV INFORM JI J. Gov. Inf. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 26 IS 1 BP 33 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S1352-0237(98)00086-0 PG 10 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 162BK UT WOS:000078325200004 ER PT J AU Rygwelski, KR Richardson, WL Endicott, DD AF Rygwelski, KR Richardson, WL Endicott, DD TI A screening-level model evaluation of atrazine in the Lake Michigan basin SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE atrazine; mathematical models; Lake Michigan; herbicides; pesticides ID S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; GREAT-LAKES; DEGRADATION; WATER; PESTICIDES; BEHAVIOR; PRECIPITATION; TRANSPORT; ONTARIO; STREAM AB Atrazine, a widely used herbicide in the agricultural regions of the Lake Michigan basin, was selected as a priority toxic chemical for study in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US. EPA)-sponsored Lake Michigan Mass Balance project. A surface-water, screening-level model for atrazine in the Lake Michigan basin:was developed to obtain an initial insight into its transport behavior and ultimate fate. Estimates of tributary loadings and atmospheric loadings for model computations were made for the period-of-usage of the chemical beginning in 1964. Most of these loading estimates were based on total annual usage rates in the United States. Data from the literature were used to estimate these historical loadings. Approximately 30% of the total load of atrazine entering the lake is associated with precipitation, and the remainder is front tributary loads. An unsteady-state, Water Quality Simulation Program (WASP) model based on the principle of conservation of mass,:tvas used to predict concentrations of atrazine in Lake Michigan and Green Bay, Wisconsin. Model predictions agree with recent field-measured atrazine concentrations in the lake when atrazine is assumed to, be conservative in the lake. The persistence of atrazine predicted for Lake Michigan contrasts sharply with the relatively short half-lives of the chemical measured on agricultural fields as reported in the literature. It was estimated that if loadings of atrazine were to continue into the future at a rare equivalent to that of 1993, the lake would reach a steady-state concentration of 160 ng/L in approximately 300 years. C1 US EPA, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. RP Rygwelski, KR (reprint author), US EPA, 9311 Groh Rd, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 1 BP 94 EP 106 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 187WQ UT WOS:000079811600008 ER PT J AU Makarewicz, JC Lewis, TW Bertram, P AF Makarewicz, JC Lewis, TW Bertram, P TI Phytoplankton composition and biomass in the offshore waters of Lake Erie: Pre- and post-Dreissena introduction (1983-1993) SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; Lake Erie; zebra and quagga mussel grazing; Dreissena ID ZEBRA MUSSEL; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; FILTERING IMPACTS; HATCHERY BAY; SAGINAW BAY; GREAT-LAKES; POLYMORPHA; PHOSPHORUS; INVASION; FILTRATION AB Phytoplankton was collected in all basins of Lake Erie during 42 cruises during the spring and summer from 1983 to 1993-a period that spans the Dreissena mussel invasion. Two potential impacts of Dreissena on the phytoplankton community of the western, central, and eastern basins of Lake Erie were evaluated: Was selective feeding occurring as observed in Saginaw Bay and were reductions in biomass evident in the offshore regions of the three basins of Lake Erie? In the western basin, significant summer decreases in Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Cyanobacteria, and total phytoplankton biomass were observed after Dreissena introduction. Similarly in the spring, Bacillariophyta and total phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a concentrations decreased significantly. Since several divisions of phytoplankton did not decrease in phytoplankton biomass in the western basin, and spring Cyanobacteria biomass increased significantly while other divisions decreased in biomass, selective feeding on the phytoplankton community was suggested. Where significant reductions in biomass were observed in the offshore waters of the western basin, they were approximately 50% of the reduction observed at the nearshore sites in Lake Erie by other workers. Dreissena impact on the phytoplankton community of the pelagic waters of the central and eastern basin appeared to be minimal. Pre- and post-Dreissena total phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a concentrations were not significantly different or increased significantly after the Dreissena invasion. Biomass of several divisions of phytoplankton significantly increased after Dreissena introduction in the central and eastern basins. These included Bacillariophyta (central basin), Cyanobacteria (central and eastern basin), Chrysophyta (eastern basin), Chlorophyta biomass (eastern basin) and phytoplankton biomass (central basin) and chlorophyll a (central basin) in the spring, and Chrysophyta (eastern basin) and Cryptophyta biomass (central basin) in the summer. Generally, a reduction in phytoplankton biomass would be expected as a result of Dreissena grazing, not an increase in biomass. Dreissena-mediated changes in phytoplankton have generally occurred in shallow, well-mixed lakes, ponds, and embayments, not in deeper waters such as the central and eastern basins of Lake Erie. C1 SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Biol Sci, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Nat Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Makarewicz, JC (reprint author), SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Biol Sci, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. NR 42 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 18 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 1 BP 135 EP 148 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 187WQ UT WOS:000079811600011 ER PT J AU Anderson, DJ Bloem, TB Blankenbaker, RK Stanko, TA AF Anderson, DJ Bloem, TB Blankenbaker, RK Stanko, TA TI Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in the water column of the Laurentian Great Lakes: Spring 1993 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; Great Lakes; water concentrations ID LARGE-SAMPLE EXTRACTOR; MICHIGAN WATER; PCBS; SUPERIOR; PRECONCENTRATION; PESTICIDES; RIVER AB PCB concentrations were measured in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America in the Spring of 1993. Quality control criteria were met for 97% of the dissolved phase samples and 90% of the particulate phase samples. Data are reported as total PCBs and as homolog groups for both of the operationally-defined phases at a 0.7 mu M cutoff Detection limit estimates were 21 pg/L for dissolved phase and 23 pg/L for particulate phase total PCBs, based on a sample volume of 190 L. Total PCB concentrations ranged from 100 pg/L in Lake Superior to 1.6 ng/L in the western basin of Lake Erie. Lakes Michigan and Ontario had the highest lakewide average total PCB concentrations, followed by Lake Huron, and then Lake Superior. Lakewide averaging across the three basins of Lake Erie was too variable to be useful. C1 US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. Grace Analyt Serv Inc, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. RP Anderson, DJ (reprint author), Adv Bioanalyt Serv Inc, 15 Catherwood Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 1 BP 160 EP 170 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 187WQ UT WOS:000079811600013 ER PT J AU Bowerman, WW Carey, J Carpenter, D Colborn, T DeRosa, C Fournier, M Fox, GA Gibson, BL Gilbertson, M Henshel, D McMaster, S Upshur, R AF Bowerman, WW Carey, J Carpenter, D Colborn, T DeRosa, C Fournier, M Fox, GA Gibson, BL Gilbertson, M Henshel, D McMaster, S Upshur, R TI Is it time for a Great Lakes Ecosystem Management Agreement separate from the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement? SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Int Joint Commiss, Windsor, ON N9A 6T3, Canada. Lake Super State Univ, Sault St Marie, ON, Canada. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada. RP Gilbertson, M (reprint author), Int Joint Commiss, 100 Oullette St, Windsor, ON N9A 6T3, Canada. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 2 BP 237 EP 238 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 222WD UT WOS:000081807600001 ER PT J AU Zarull, MA Hartig, JH Krantzberg, G Burch, K Cowgill, D Hill, G Miller, J Sherbin, IG AF Zarull, MA Hartig, JH Krantzberg, G Burch, K Cowgill, D Hill, G Miller, J Sherbin, IG TI Contaminated sediment management in the Great Lakes basin ecosystem SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material DE contaminants; sediment remediation; sediment management; Areas of Concern; Remedial Action Plans ID POLLUTANTS; FISH; WASHINGTON; DISEASES; RIVER AB Contaminated sediment remains a pervasive problem to the restoration and delisting in all of the Great Lakes Areas of Concern. Like many other problems, both identification and implementation of ecologically and economically acceptable solutions is complex. Recognizing the scope of this issue and perceiving that limited progress had been achieved, the International Joint Commission (IJC) asked its Great Lakes Water Quality Board to review the magnitude of the problem and what progress had been made in managing contaminated sediment by Canada and the United States. In addition, the Commission also asked for an identification of obstacles to remediation and recommendations for solutions. This paper provides a synopsis of this work and a summary of an IJC workshop held in June of 1997, in Collingwood, Ontario. Six categories of obstacles to sediment remediation are discussed, potential solutions are identified, and a series of recommendations are proposed. A plan of action to further develop approaches to sediment management and to stimulate additional remediation throughout the basin is also presented. C1 Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Int Joint Commiss, Great Lakes Reg Off, Windsor, ON N9A 6T3, Canada. Ontario Minist Environm, Program Dev Branch, Toronto, ON M4V 1M2, Canada. Penn Dept Environm Protect, Off Great Lakes, Meadville, PA 16335 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Programs Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Div Environm Qual, Madison, WI 53707 USA. US Army Corps Engineers, N Cent Div, Chicago, IL 60606 USA. RP Zarull, MA (reprint author), Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RI krantzberg, gail/A-5404-2008 NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 2 BP 412 EP 422 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 222WD UT WOS:000081807600020 ER PT J AU Stoermer, EF Kreis, RG Andresen, NA AF Stoermer, EF Kreis, RG Andresen, NA TI Checklist of diatoms from the Laurentian Great Lakes. II SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE diatoms; Great Lakes; floristics; systematics; checklist; biodiversity; algae ID SILICEOUS MICROFOSSIL SUCCESSION; FRAGILARIA-CROTONENSIS KITTON; PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS; PLEUROSIGMA BACILLARIOPHYCEAE; STEPHANODISCUS-NIAGARAE; SUPERIOR SEDIMENTS; GENERA GYROSIGMA; RECENT HISTORY; NORTH-AMERICA; ZEBRA MUSSEL AB An updated diatom (Bacillariophyta) checklist for the Great Lakes is provided. The present checklist supplants the preliminary checklist published in The Journal for Great Lakes Research in 1978 and effectively represents a 20-year update. A series of procedures were used in this update which included: a reexamination of taxa reported in the 1978 list, additions of taxa reported from the Great Lakes during the past 20 years, and a revision of taxonomy, commensurate with systematic and nomenclatural changes which have occurred primarily during the past 8 years. 1488 diatom species or subordinate taxa are considered to be correct reports from the Great Lakes out of the 2188 diatom entities reported in the list. Of the 124 genera reported 105 are considered to be names in current use. The number of diatom species reported represents a 16.5% increase and the number of genera reported represents a 78% increase over those reported in the 1978 checklist. 13% of the species reported and 32% of the genera reported are due solely to nomenclatural changes. Results indicate that Great Lakes diatoms are a biodiverse component of the ecosystem, commensurate with the wide range of habitats found in the system. The present checklist indicates that most of the newly added species are primarily benthic or periphytic in nature and these represent largely understudied habitats. These results suggest that the present checklist may only represent approximately 70% or less of the extant diatom flora of the Great Lakes system. C1 Univ Michigan, Ctr Great Lakes & Aquat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 49109 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div Duluth, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. RP Andresen, NA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Ctr Great Lakes & Aquat Sci, 501 E Univ, Ann Arbor, MI 49109 USA. EM andresen@umich.edu NR 246 TC 39 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 3 BP 515 EP 566 PG 52 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 255PH UT WOS:000083678000008 ER PT J AU Kerfoot, WC Harting, S Rossmann, R Robbins, JA AF Kerfoot, WC Harting, S Rossmann, R Robbins, JA TI Anthropogenic copper inventories and mercury profiles from Lake Superior: Evidence for mining impacts SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; copper; mining; mercury; sediment ID GREAT-LAKES; EARLY DIAGENESIS; SEDIMENTS; DEPOSITION; MICHIGAN; RATES; ELEMENTS; RECORDS; AMERICA; LEAD AB During the past 150 years, the mining industry discharged more than a billion tons of railings along Lake Superior shorelines and constructed numerous smelters in the watershed Given the vast size of Lake Superior were sediment profiles at locations far offshore impacted by nearshore activities? Did copper and associated precious metal mining modify regional fluxes for copper and mercury? Samples from thirty sediment cores document that background concentrations of copper are high (mean 60.9 +/- 7.0 mu g/g), due to the proximity of natural ore sources. Anthropogenic inventories uncorrected for focusing also are high, ranging from 20 to 780 mu g/cm(2) (mean 187 +/- 54 mu g/cm(2)). Focusing factor corrections decrease the mean estimate and reduce variance (144 +/- 24 mu g/cm(2)). Several approaches to estimating inputs suggest that only 6 to 10% of historic copper deposition originated directly from atmospheric sources, emphasizing terrestrial sources. Moreover, coastal sediment cores often show synchronous early increases in copper and mercury with buried maxima. Around the Keweenaw Peninsula, twenty-two cores trace high copper and mercury inventories back to mill and smelting sources. Direct assays of ores from thirteen mine sites confirm a natural amalgam source of mercury in the stamp mill discharges. Core records from inland lakes (Michigamme Project) also reveal patterns of copper and mercury inputs from a variety of mining sources: historic tailing inputs, amalgam assay releases, and atmospheric smelter plumes. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Kerfoot, WC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 48 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 19 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 4 BP 663 EP 682 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 295PD UT WOS:000085976300007 ER PT J AU Rossmann, R AF Rossmann, R TI Horizontal and vertical distributions of mercury in 1983 Lake Superior sediments with estimates of storage and mass flux SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; sediments; mercury; anthropogenic storage AB Persistent elevated mercury concentrations in some species of Lake Superior fish and the general lack of information on mercury storage in and fluxes to the lake's sediments prompted the analysis of samples that were collected in 1983. Results of the analyses support the conclusion that Lake Superior sediments have mercury? concentrations above background levels at all sites sampled. For those cores which penetrated the sediment deeply enough (the majority of the cores), background mercury concentrations ranged between 0.016 and 0.048 mg/kg. Mercury concentrations in surficial sediments ranged between 0.027 and 0.96 mg/kg. The maximum mercury concentration found in sub-surface sediments (2 to 20 cm deep) was 6.5 mg/kg. The surficial 20 cm of sediment contained 342 metric tons of mercury of which 51% or 174 metric tons was anthropogenic. The surface 2 cm of sediment contained 29 metric tons of mercury of which 76% or 22 metric tons was anthropogenic. Estimated total mercury fluxes to surficial sediments ranged between 0.1 and 10 ng/cm(2)/y with a mean of 3.2 ng/cm(2)/y. Baclcground total mercury fluxes to the lake ranged between 0.20 and 0.72 ng/cm2/y with a mean of 0.48 ng/cm2/y. Estimated fluxes of anthropogenic mercury to surficial sediments ranged between -0.42 and 10 ng/cm(2 f)/y with a mean of 2.7 ng/cm(2)/y. The fluxes reported here are only the second known reporting of mercury, fluxes to Lake Superior sediments. The inventory of mercury in the sediments is the first reported. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. RP Rossmann, R (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Large Lakes Res Stn, 9311 Groh Rd, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 4 BP 683 EP 696 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 295PD UT WOS:000085976300008 ER PT J AU Mundy, WR Sutton, LD AF Mundy, WR Sutton, LD TI Characterization and use of a selective PKC substrate derived from the MARCKS phosphorylation site domain SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1999 VL 72 SU S BP S36 EP S36 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 167YQ UT WOS:000078663100145 ER PT J AU Lee, JJ Phillips, DL Benson, VW AF Lee, JJ Phillips, DL Benson, VW TI Soil erosion and climate change: Assessing potential impacts and adaptation practices SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE climate change; soil erosion; adaptation; assessment; simulations; US corn belt ID YIELD; MODEL AB Changes in climate associated with changes in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases might affect soil erosion by wind and water. Changes in erosion could in turn cause changes in productivity and sustainability of agricultural systems, and changes in air quality (PM10) and water quality (sediment transport). Substantial effects on productivity may however, only occur several decades after climate changes. This paper presents a procedure for assessing the potential effects of climate change on erosion and productivity. A preliminary screening process is used to identify and prioritize regions and management systems. Subsequent simulation of selected sites with the EPIC model is used to investigate potential practices to adapt agricultural systems to climate change. In some cases, proposed adaptation strategies might reduce sustainability if they due not matched to environmental conditions found at specific sites. As an example, the assessment procedure is applied to evaluate vulnerability and adaptation practices for a 20% increase in mean monthly wind speeds in the U.S. corn belt. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv Grassland, Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Lee, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 3 BP 529 EP 536 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MB UT WOS:000084936400003 ER PT J AU Griffith, GE Omernik, JM Woods, AJ AF Griffith, GE Omernik, JM Woods, AJ TI Ecoregions, watersheds, basins, and HUCs: How state and federal agencies frame water quality SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; ecoregions; hydrologic units; reference sites; water quality; watersheds ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGICAL REGIONS; UNITED-STATES; CALIFORNIA; BIODIVERSITY; PHOSPHORUS; STREAMS; SALMON; FISHES; USA AB Many stare and federal agencies have adopted a "watershed approach" for water quality assessment and management and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommend; using hydrologic units for this purpose. Watersheds are important spatial units for studies of land-water relationships, but most hydrologic units are not watershed. More importantly, watersheds, basins, or hydrologic units do not correspond to the spatial patterns of regional characteristics, such as physiography, soils, vegetation, geology, climate, and land use that influence the physical, chemical, or biological nature of water bodies. Far effective management Strategies regarding protective water quality standards or restoration goals, these regional differences in ecological potentials should be considered. An ecoregion framework is an appropriate and necessary complementary tool for watershed assessment and management. Reference watershed within ecoregions can be wed to help set expectations, standards, and management practices. National, regional, and state examples illustrate the need to recognize the limitations of water quality assessments conducted solely within watershed or hydrologic unit frameworks. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Griffith, GE (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 82 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 15 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 666 EP 677 PG 12 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500007 ER PT J AU McClenny, WA Schmidt, SM Kronmiller, KG AF McClenny, WA Schmidt, SM Kronmiller, KG TI Variation of the relative humidity of air released from canisters after ambient sampling SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VOCS AB Dalton's law of partial pressures and the hypothesis that water vapor equilibrium in a canister is identical to that established above liquid water are used to predict the variation of the percent relative humidity (%RH) of air released from canisters used in ambient air sampling, typically 6-L canisters pressurized with 18 L of air. When (and if) the water vapor partial pressure in a canister exceeds its saturation vapor pressure, water vapor condensation begins and the condensation rate equals the sampling rate of water vapor into the canister. Under constant temperature conditions, the air subsequently released from the canister is less humid than the original sample, following the relationship %RH = 100% (6 L/V-s) for V-s> V-r, where V-s is the resdual air volume (referenced to atmospheric pressure), and V-r is shown to depend on the %RH of the ambient air sample. V-r is the residual air volume at which water is completely removed (except for adsorbed water vapor) from the canister wall. For V-s < Vr, the predicted %RH is constant and equal to its value at V-r. Experimental values agree reasonably well with predictions at both high (90%) and low (34%) RH. However, experimental values are often slightly displaced (usually towards lower values of %RH) for mid-range %RH (61%) and variations in %RH near V-r change from canister to canister. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP McClenny, WA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 1 BP 64 EP 69 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 153KF UT WOS:000077831700007 PM 28060607 ER PT J AU McCrillis, RC Howard, EM Guo, ZS Krebs, KA Fortmann, R Lao, HC AF McCrillis, RC Howard, EM Guo, ZS Krebs, KA Fortmann, R Lao, HC TI Characterization of curing emissions from conversion varnishes SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Three commercially available conversion varnish coating "systems" (stain, sealer, and topcoat) were selected for an initial scoping study. The total volatile content of the catalyzed varnishes, as determined by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 24, ranged from 64 to 73 weight%. Uncombined (free) formaldehyde concentrations, determined by a sodium sulfite titration method, ranged from 0.15 to 0.58 weight% of the uncatalyzed varnishes. Each sealer and topcoat was also analyzed by gas chromatography (EPA Method 311). The primary volatile organic constituents included methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), isobutanol, n-butanol, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), toluene, ethylbenzene, the xylenes, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene. Dynamic small chamber tests were performed to identify and quantify emissions following application to coupons of typical kitchen cabinet wood substrates and during curing and aging. One of the objectives was to determine the relationship between the concentration of solvents [hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] and formaldehyde measured in the coatings' formulations and the emissions released during curing, after the coatings were applied. The results to date have shown good mass balance (amount of a constituent applied versus amount emitted) for the individual WAPs (except formaldehyde) and VOCs identified in the sealers and topcoats. Formaldehyde emissions have shown six to seven times the emission compared to the free formaldehyde content in the formulation, indicating that formaldehyde is formed during the curing process. Results of the formulation analyses and emission tests completed to date are described in this paper. C1 US EPA, Emiss Characterizat & Prevent Branch, Off Res & Dev,Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Indoor Environm Management Branch, Off Res & Dev,Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Indoor Air Qual Grp, Durham, NC 27709 USA. RP McCrillis, RC (reprint author), US EPA, Emiss Characterizat & Prevent Branch, Off Res & Dev,Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 1 BP 70 EP 75 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 153KF UT WOS:000077831700008 PM 28060611 ER PT J AU Shi, XL Chiu, A Chen, CT Halliwell, B Castranova, V Vallyathan, V AF Shi, XL Chiu, A Chen, CT Halliwell, B Castranova, V Vallyathan, V TI Reduction of chromium(VI) and its relationship to carcinogenesis SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID HAMSTER V-79 CELLS; FACTOR-KAPPA-B; ELECTRON-PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; HYDROXYL RADICAL GENERATION; SINGLE-STRAND BREAKS; FENTON-LIKE REACTION; CHICK-EMBRYO LIVER; CAUSES DNA-DAMAGE; RED-BLOOD-CELLS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE AB Although Cr(VI)-containing compounds are well-documented carcinogens, their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Recent studies have suggested that reduction of Cr(VI) to its lower oxidation states and related free-radical reactions play an important role in carcinogenesis. This article summarizes recent studies on (1) the reduction of Cr(VI) by ascorbate, diol- and thiol-containing molecules, certain flavoenzymes, cell organelles, intact cells, and whole animals; (2) free-radical production with emphasis on hydroxy radical generation via Fenton or Haber-Weiss type reactions; and (3) free-radical-induced cellular damage, such as DNA strand breaks, hydroxylation of 2'-deoxyguanosine, and activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B. C1 NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Kings Coll London, Pharmacol Grp, London SW3 6LX, England. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Occupat Safety & Hlth Adm, Washington, DC USA. RP Shi, XL (reprint author), NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM xas0@cdc.gov RI Halliwell, Barry/C-8318-2009; Shi, Xianglin/B-8588-2012 NR 84 TC 206 Z9 215 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-7404 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health-Pt b-Crit. Rev. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 2 IS 1 BP 87 EP 104 DI 10.1080/109374099281241 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 157PB UT WOS:000078069900003 PM 10081526 ER PT J AU Burian, SJ Nix, SJ Durrans, SR Pitt, RE Fan, CY Field, R AF Burian, SJ Nix, SJ Durrans, SR Pitt, RE Fan, CY Field, R TI Historical development of wet-weather flow management SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID TECHNOLOGY; DESIGN; WATER AB The management of wet-weather flow (WWF) is necessary to maintain the quality of urban water resources. Throughout history, strategies have been implemented to control WWF for many reasons, including flood and water quality control, aesthetic improvement, waste removal, and others. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted to determine past strategies and to revisit the historical developments of WWF management. Understanding these past strategies and the development of WWF-management systems over time will aid current and future generations in their WWF-management efforts. This paper summarizes the historical literature review, highlighting the development of WWF management from ancient times to the present. The relationship between past developments, the current state, and the future of WWF management is addressed by identifying several lessons learned. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. US EPA, Water Supply & Water Res Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Burian, SJ (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. OI Burian, Steven/0000-0003-0523-4968 NR 90 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 125 IS 1 BP 3 EP 13 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1999)125:1(3) PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 147AW UT WOS:000077451900001 ER PT J AU Geradts, J Birrer, M Fong, K Abbondanzo, SL Barrett, JC Lombardi, DP AF Geradts, J Birrer, M Fong, K Abbondanzo, SL Barrett, JC Lombardi, DP TI Loss and KAI1 expression in squamous and lymphoid neoplasms: An immunohistochemical study of archival tissues SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. Natl Canc Inst, Rockville, MD USA. Prince Charles Hosp, Brisbane, Qld 4032, Australia. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 79 IS 1 MA 1123 BP 191A EP 191A PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 162YZ UT WOS:000078376601135 ER PT J AU Rice, EW Rodgers, MR Wesley, IV Johnson, CH Tanner, SA AF Rice, EW Rodgers, MR Wesley, IV Johnson, CH Tanner, SA TI Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri from ground water SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; SURVIVAL; INACTIVATION; HELICOBACTER; OUTBREAK; COLI; PCR AB Arcobacter butzleri was isolated from a contaminated ground water source. These organisms, previously designated as aerotolerant Campylobacter, were capable of surviving in the ground water environment. Specific DNA probes were used to characterize the isolates in the initial identification and survival studies. Arcobacter butzleri was found to be sensitive to chlorine inactivation. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. USDA, Ames, IA USA. Idaho Dept Hlth & Welfare, Couer Alene, ID USA. RP Rice, EW (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM rice.gene@epa.gov NR 23 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 31 EP 35 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00483.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 163DP UT WOS:000078388000006 PM 10030029 ER PT S AU Heppell, SS Crowder, LB Menzel, TR AF Heppell, SS Crowder, LB Menzel, TR BE Musick, JA TI Life table analysis of long-lived marine species with implications for conservation and management SO LIFE IN THE SLOW LANE: ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF LONG-LIVED MARINE ANIMALS SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals CY AUG 24, 1997 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID SHARK TRIAKIS-SEMIFASCIATA; TURTLE EXCLUDER DEVICES; SEA-TURTLE; POPULATION-MODEL; DEMOGRAPHIC-ANALYSIS; GROWTH; PARAMETERS; PATTERNS; FISHES; CALIFORNIA AB Many long-lived marine species have been overexploited through intentional or incidental harvest. Whales, sharks, sea turtles, and large marine fishes have a wide range of life history strategies. We compared the life tables of several species by converting them to age-based matrix models and calculating the proportional contribution of newborn, juvenile, and adult annual survival to population growth (lambda, where In(lambda) = r, the intrinsic rate of increase). This comparative analysis, called elasticity analysis, has been used to compare life histories and set management priorities for threatened species. Long-lived marine species have very low fecundity and first-year survival elasticities, while the relative contribution of juveniles or adults depends on age at first reproduction. Small decreases in sensitive adult or large juvenile age-classes can drastically reduce population growth rates and are unlikely to be compensated for by an increase in newborn production or survival. We illustrate the potential use of life table elasticity analysis with case studies for sea turtles and sharks. Although deterministic models are rarely used in fisheries, we suggest that elasticity analysis can provide valuable insight for predicting the effects of fishing mortality on various life histories. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Heppell, SS (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 50 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-15-8 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1999 VL 23 BP 137 EP 148 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BN69L UT WOS:000082615800010 ER PT S AU Andersen, CP Rygiewicz, PT AF Andersen, CP Rygiewicz, PT BE Brechignac, F MacElroy, R TI Understanding plant-soil relationships using controlled environment facilities SO LIFE SCIENCES: ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT F4 3 and F4 4 Symposia of COSPAR Scientific Commission F Held at 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND ID CARBON; GROWTH; ECOSYSTEMS; PRODUCTIVITY; ALLOCATION; BACTERIA; OZONE; ROOTS AB Although soil is a component of terrestrial ecosystems, it is comprised of a complex web of interacting organisms, and therefore can be considered itself as an ecosystem. Soil microflora and fauna derive energy from plants and plant residues and serve important functions in maintaining soil physical and chemical properties, thereby affecting net primary productivity (NPP), and in the case of contained environments, the quality of the life support system. We have been using 3 controlled-environment facilities (CEF's) that incorporate different levels of soil biological complexity and environmental control, and differ in their resemblance to natural ecosystems, to study relationships among plant physiology, soil ecology, fluxes of minerals and nutrients, and overall ecosystem function. The simplest system utilizes growth chambers and specialized root chambers with organic-less media to study the physiology of plant-mycorrhizal associations. A second system incorporates natural soil in open-top chambers to study soil bacterial and fungal population response to stress. The most complex CEF incorporates reconstructed soil profiles in a "constructed" ecosystem, enabling close examination of the soil foodweb. Our results show that closed ecosystem research is important for understanding mechanisms of response to ecosystem stresses. In addition, responses observed at one level of biological complexity may not allow prediction of response at a different level of biological complexity. In closed life support systems, incorporating soil foodwebs will require less artificial manipulation to maintain system stability and sustainability. (C) 1999 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Andersen, CP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM andersen@heart.cor.epa.gov NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 309 EP 318 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00484-6 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP22T UT WOS:000084442300007 PM 11542539 ER PT J AU Lores, EM Pennock, JR AF Lores, EM Pennock, JR TI Bioavailability and trophic transfer of humic-bound copper from bacteria to zooplankton SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE trophic transfer; bioavailability; humic acid; zooplankton; copper ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; COPEPOD ACARTIA-TONSA; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MARINE; PHYTOPLANKTON; WATER; ACCUMULATION; SUBSTANCES; REDUCTION; FECUNDITY AB The effect of humic acid (HA) on uptake and transfer of Cu by selected marine organisms from the microbial loop was determined. Bacteria grown with and without 15 mu g Cu 1(-1) and with and without 10 mg Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) 1(-1) were fed to Uronema sp. The Uronema were subsequently fed to Acartia tonsa to determine the effect of humic acid on the uptake and transfer of Cu from bacteria to copepods. The presence of 10 mg SRHA 1-1 reduced Cu uptake in A. tonsa by an average of 54% and significantly reduced the negative effects of Cu on reproductive success of A. tonsa. The percentage of the total Cu residues in A. tonsa resulting from feeding was estimated by exposing A. tonsa to the same conditions with and without pre-exposed Uronema as food. The results indicate that approximately 50% of the Cu residue is due to feeding. Thus, SRHA seems to affect Cu uptake in A. tonsa through binding of free Cu in the water at the same rate as through the food chain. This study demonstrates the importance of complexation of metals by organic matter and trophic transfer processes for organisms critical to estuarine food webs. C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Alabama, Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. RP US EPA, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM lores.emile@epa.gov NR 36 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 187 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.3354/meps187067 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 258GL UT WOS:000083830200006 ER PT J AU Kelly, JR Doering, PH AF Kelly, JR Doering, PH TI Seasonal deepening of the pycnocline in a shallow shelf ecosystem and its influence on near-bottom dissolved oxygen SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE dissolved oxygen; metabolism; stratification; pycnocline; Massachusetts Bay ID LONG-ISLAND SOUND; BOSTON-HARBOR; MASSACHUSETTS-BAY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; EUTROPHICATION; DEPLETION; HYPOXIA; SYSTEM; STRATIFICATION; PRODUCTIVITY AB A 3 yr record (1992 to 1994) of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations from an intensive grid of 21 sampling stations in a similar to 100 km(2) study area of western Massachusetts Bay (similar to 25 to 50 m water depth) showed a regular seasonal decline in bottom waters during stratification, but considerable spatial and temporal variability within and across years. Mean near-bottom, subpycnocline DO concentrations for the area reached 7.57, 7.85, and 6.2 mg l(-1) in mid October 1992, late September 1993, and late September 1994, respectively; individual station readings were as low as 4.8 mg l(-1) in 1994. Overall stratified-season rates of subpycnocline DO decline were similar to 0.025 to 0.031 mg l(-1) d(-1), but rates increased late in the season as the bottom layer sharply warmed to its annual temperature maximum. Concurrent with relatively lower DO concentrations in 1994, field measurements indicated high bottom-water temperatures >12 degrees C (greater than or equal to 4 degrees C above 1992 to 1993) and a deepened pycnocline just prior to overturn. To address how factors like temperature and vertical structure of the water column interact with metabolic processes to shape observed trends in DO decline and spatio-temporal variability, we used a simple model with physical and biological measurements from field monitoring as inputs. From field and model sensitivity results, we conclude that temperature and stratification strongly influence DO minima and rates of decline, and these factors interact with the bathymetric slope, as well as the topographic and depositional heterogeneity of the study area, to create subpycnocline variability in DO. With respect to lower DO in 1994, temperature contributed by accelerating both water and sediment metabolism, but a major effect was the late-season deepening of the pycnocline that enhanced the contribution of sediment respiration to DO decline by isolating a thin near-bottom water layer. In addition, dynamics of seasonal pycnocline deepening are a principal influence on interannual variability in bottom-water DO because, in contrast to the late-season effect, early in the stratified season a shallow pycnocline depth may moderate DO decline by allowing mid-water primary production to add DO to subpycnocline water. C1 S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. RP Kelly, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM kelly.johnr@epa.gov NR 47 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 178 BP 151 EP 168 DI 10.3354/meps178151 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 188ZD UT WOS:000079878600014 ER PT J AU Nguyen, TT Dinh, KT AF Nguyen, TT Dinh, KT TI Stability of characterizations of normal distributions based on the conditional expected values of the sample skewness and the sample kurtosis SO METRIKA LA English DT Article DE conditional density function; characteristic function; conditional moment; small parameter AB Characterizations of normal distributions given by Nguyen and Dinh (1998) based on conditional expected values of the sample skewness and the sample kurtosis, given the sample mean and the sample variance, are shown to be stable. C1 Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PHYSICA VERLAG GMBH PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, 69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0026-1335 J9 METRIKA JI Metrika PY 1999 VL 49 IS 2 BP 147 EP 158 DI 10.1007/s001840050031 PG 12 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 242NK UT WOS:000082947000006 ER PT B AU Cho, JS Wilson, JT AF Cho, JS Wilson, JT BE Alleman, BC Leeson, A TI Hydrocarbon and MTBE removal rates during natural attenuation application SO NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS, PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS, AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 19-22, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Gas Res Inst, IT Grp Inc, Celtic Technol, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, U S Microb Inc, U S Naval Fac Engn Command, Waste Management Inc AB Removal rates of hydrocarbons and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) from the non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) residual source floating over the water table were estimated with site characterization data at a petroleum contamination site at a US Coast Guard (USCG) Air Base. Site characterization activities included soil and groundwater sampling, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and components analysis in soil samples, analysis of hydrocarbons and electron accepters in groundwater, and measurement of hydraulic conductivity. Total quantities of hydrocarbons and MTBE in the subsurface were estimated from soil sampling data. Dissolution rates of hydrocarbon components from the residual NAPL source into groundwater were estimated with a vertical diffusion model. Estimation of hydrocarbon and MTBE removal from the residual source in soil matrices was verified with a mass balance check. A mass balance check allowed the quantitative evaluation of the fate and transport of contaminants from the source to the sensitive receptors. The conceptual model and quantification of removal rates provided an estimation of the application period of natural attenuation at the site as the plume management strategy. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Cho, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-074-8 PY 1999 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN62X UT WOS:000082416000018 ER PT J AU Miller, RK Pollock, AA Watts, DJ Carlyle, JM Tafuri, AN Yezzi, JJ AF Miller, RK Pollock, AA Watts, DJ Carlyle, JM Tafuri, AN Yezzi, JJ TI A reference standard for the development of acoustic emission pipeline leak detection techniques SO NDT & E INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE leak detection; Acoustic Emission; buried pipeline; tuned linear location; peak simulation AB A reference standard was constructed for setting up and evaluating AE equipment to be used in pipeline leak detection. The reference standard comprises a short length of 2-inch diameter piping with facilities for introducing several kinds of controlled leaks. The reference standard proved very valuable not only for checking out equipment, but also for characterizing source mechanisms as part of an integrated approach to quantitative AE leak detection/location technology. The effects of pressure and air injection were measured for thread leaks on the order of 0.1 gal h(-1), a leakage rate that is important in the context of environmental protection regulations. Taking this knowledge to the held, a thread leak of only 0.014 gal h(-1) was successfully detected and located by injecting nitrogen into the line at 25 psi. This leak was located with I foot accuracy, using two different location techniques and 25-foot sensor spacing. It is envisioned that in the future, AE inspectors in the field will make systematic use of several two-phase flow processes and soil enhancement mechanisms that are being characterized by means of this new reference standard. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Phys Acoust Corp, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, Emiss Reduct Res Ctr, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Miller, RK (reprint author), Phys Acoust Corp, POB 3135, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 6 TC 42 Z9 49 U1 7 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0963-8695 J9 NDT&E INT JI NDT E Int. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 32 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0963-8695(98)00034-6 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 157EB UT WOS:000078046200001 ER PT J AU Tandon, P Yang, Y Das, K Holmes, GL Stafstrom, CE AF Tandon, P Yang, Y Das, K Holmes, GL Stafstrom, CE TI Neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in seizures during development SO NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE development; antisense oligonucleotide; BDNF; neuroprotection; kainic acid seizure; neuronal loss ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; SPONTANEOUS RECURRENT SEIZURES; TEMPORAL-LOBE EPILEPSY; KAINIC ACID INJECTION; FACTOR MESSENGER-RNA; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; RAT HIPPOCAMPUS; MOSSY FIBERS; SYNAPTIC REORGANIZATION; DOPAMINERGIC-NEURONS AB Although the immature brain is highly susceptible to seizures, it is more resistant to seizure-induced neuronal loss than the adult brain. The developing brain contains high levels of neurotrophins which are involved in growth, differentiation and survival of neurons. To test the hypothesis that neurotrophins may protect the developing brain from seizure-induced neuronal loss, brain-derived neurotrophic factor up-regulation was blocked by intracerebroventricular infusion of an 18mer antisense oligodeoxynucleotide sequence to brain-derived neurotrophic factor in 19-day-old rats using micro-osmotic pumps. Control rats were infused with sense or missense oligodeoxynucleotide. Status epilepticus was induced by intraperitoneal administration of kainic acid 24 h after the start of oligodeoxynucleotide infusion. Seizure duration was significantly increased in the antisense oligodeoxynucleotide plus kainic acid group compared to groups that received kainic acid alone or kainic acid plus sense or missense oligodeoxynucleotide. There was no difference between groups in the latency to forelimb clonus. A twofold increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels was observed in the hippocampus 20 h following kainic acid-induced seizures. This kainic acid-induced increase was absent in animals receiving infusion of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to brain-derived neurotrophic factor at lime of seizure induction. Hippocampi of rats in this group (antisense oligodeoxynucleotide plus kainic acid) showed a loss of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells and hilar interneurons. This neuronal loss was not dependent upon seizure duration since animals injected with diazepam to control seizure activity in the antisense plus kainic acid group also showed similar neuronal loss. Administration of kainic acid or infusion of antisense alone did not produce any cell loss in these regions. Induction of seizures at postnatal day 20, in the presence or absence of antisense oligonucleotide, did not produce an impairment in learning and memory when tested 15 days later in the Morris water maze. The hippocampi of these animals did not show any synaptic reorganization as assessed by growth-associated protein-43 immunostaining and Timm staining. Our findings confirm prior studies demonstrating that seizures in the immature brain are associated with little, if any, cell loss. However, when seizure-induced increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor is blocked, seizures do result in neuronal loss in the developing brain. Thus, brain-derived neurotrophic factor appears to provide protection against kainic acid seizure-induced neuronal damage in the developing brain. (C) 1999 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Pediat Neurol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Harvard Univ, McLean Hosp, Sch Med, MRC 101,115 Mill St, Belmont, MA 02178 USA. FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS27984] NR 62 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4522 EI 1873-7544 J9 NEUROSCIENCE JI Neuroscience PY 1999 VL 91 IS 1 BP 293 EP 303 DI 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00609-5 PG 11 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 185FG UT WOS:000079657000026 PM 10336079 ER PT B AU Geron, CD AF Geron, CD BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Forest cover and natural volatile organic compound emissions in North America SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP ID UNITED-STATES; MODEL AB Forest inventory data is important in deriving emission estimates of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) at hourly to annual temporal and tens of square meter to global spatial resolutions. We discuss methods used to adapt remotely sensed data and forest inventories to BVOC emission estimation. Databases employed include USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) and Canadian Ministry of Forests (British Columbia) data, which we use to estimate canopy coverage at species level resolution. The plot level data is also used to speciate 1.1 kilometer gridded remotely sensed classifications of vegetation cover, foliar mass, and leaf area. Developing ecosystem-level emission rates for vegetation categories in existing remotely sensed databases is also discussed. We compare resulting emission and canopy cover estimates from the different approaches at county levels. Due to assumptions made of the composition of the forest cover-types, emission estimates can vary by more than an order of magnitude for the different approaches. We discuss techniques to combine temporal and biophysical measures from remote sensing data with vegetation species information from the survey data. Potential improvements to forest inventories for these and similar applications relating to air pollution exposure are discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Geron, CD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 126 EP 129 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400024 ER PT B AU Jones, KB Wade, TG Wickham, JD Riitters, KH Edmonds, CM AF Jones, KB Wade, TG Wickham, JD Riitters, KH Edmonds, CM BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Characterizing forest fragmentation and vulnerability based on patch characteristics SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP ID LAND-USE CHANGE; CONNECTIVITY; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; BRAZIL AB Loss and fragmentation of natural forests due to human activities represents one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity and the sustainability of the biosphere. Although we are aware of declines in natural forests, we lack comprehensive knowledge of the extent and magnitude of forest loss and fragmentation. Moreover, we lack methodology to assess the vulnerability of forests to human activities. This paper highlights a simple a-step method to assess forest fragmentation and vulnerability due to human activities over a range of scales. The method is demonstrated in tropical forest zones of Central America, South America, and Africa, using 1-km global land cover data. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Jones, KB (reprint author), US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 359 EP 366 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400060 ER PT J AU Opsahl, S Benner, R AF Opsahl, S Benner, R TI Characterization of carbohydrates during early diagenesis of five vascular plant tissues SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbohydrates; neutral sugars; early diagenesis; decomposition; vascular plants; MBTH method ID ORGANIC-MATTER; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; AQUATIC ANGIOSPERMS; TROPICAL ESTUARY; MANGROVE LEAVES; NEUTRAL SUGARS; AMINO-ACIDS; C-13 NMR; DECOMPOSITION AB Long-term changes in the carbohydrate composition of 5 different vascular plant tissues, including black mangrove leaves and wood (Avicennia germinans), cypress needles and wood (Taxodium distichum) and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), were measured as these tissues decomposed over a 4 yr period under sub-aqueous conditions. Carbohydrate composition was measured using a molecular-level analysis for neutral sugars and a modified version of the MBTH (3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride) method for colorimetric determination of total carbohydrate yields. Minimal cross contamination from non-carbohydrate vascular plant constituents indicated the MBTH method was highly specific for carbohydrates. The difference between total carbohydrate yields using the MBTH method and total neutral sugar yields revealed a substantial carbohydrate fraction (7-23% of the total plant carbon) in fresh and senescent tissues that was not identified at the molecular level. The molecularly uncharacterized fraction of carbohydrates probably consisted of ketoses, uronic acids and amino sugars. The decomposition series demonstrated certain features about carbohydrate diagenesis not apparent from previous short-term degradation studies. During the latter phase of decomposition (2-4 yr), selective carbohydrate loss relative to bulk tissue was not evident in 2 of 3 herbaceous tissues. This indicates that carbohydrates may be of similar reactivity as bulk tissue in highly decomposed particulate organic matter. The extent and timing of all compositional changes were tissue dependent, yet certain trends emerged which were consistent with geochemical observations. In herbaceous tissues, both glucose and xylose were selectively degraded while deoxy sugars increased in relative abundance. These changes resulted in an increased abundance of initially minor neutral sugars and a general trend towards a more uniform neutral sugar composition. A clear reduction in carbohydrate yields (mg carbohydrate carbon/100 mg organic carbon) among all tissues provided the most consistent indicator of diagenetic status. Total carbohydrate yields, mole percentages of glucose and percent deoxy sugars in highly degraded herbaceous tissues were similar to those measured in particulate organic matter fractions of major world rivers, and provide diagenetic parameters which link relatively fresh plant tissues to their degraded counterparts in aquatic environments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Benner, R (reprint author), Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, POB 1267, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. RI Benner, Ronald/M-4412-2015 OI Benner, Ronald/0000-0002-1238-2777 NR 41 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1 BP 83 EP 94 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00195-8 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 168XR UT WOS:000078718900006 ER PT B AU Bryant, SD Guerrini, R Salvadori, S Bianchi, C Tomatis, R Attila, M Lazarus, LH AF Bryant, SD Guerrini, R Salvadori, S Bianchi, C Tomatis, R Attila, M Lazarus, LH BE Tam, JP Kaumaya, PTP TI Opioidmimetic peptides containing alpha-aminoisobutyric acid SO PEPTIDES: FRONTIERS OF PEPTIDES SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th American Peptide Symposium CY JUN 14-19, 1997 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Amer Peptide Soc, Vanderbilt Univ ID DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTOR; RESIDUES; RECOGNITION C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Bryant, SD (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5160-6 PY 1999 BP 473 EP 474 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BP45W UT WOS:000085202200206 ER PT S AU Johnson, SL Bailey, JE AF Johnson, SL Bailey, JE BE Brooks, GT Roberts, TR TI Pesticide risk management and the United States Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 SO PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOSCIENCE: THE FOOD-ENVIRONMENT CHALLENGE SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Int Union Pure & Appl Chem (IUPAC), AgrEvo UK Ltd, BASF AG, Bayer AGqqDow AgroSci, Du Pont Agr Prod, JSC Int Ltd, Monsanto Europe, BBSRC etc, Novartis Crop Protect, Switzerland, Novartis Fdn, UK, Rhone Poulence Agro, Soc Chem Ind, Sumitomo Chem Co, Witco OrganoSilicones Grp, Zeneca Agrochem C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7501C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Johnson, SL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7501C, 401 Main St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-709-3 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 1999 IS 233 BP 411 EP 420 DI 10.1533/9781845698416.9.411 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Applied; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BR35X UT WOS:000166187400031 ER PT B AU Allen, HL Mandel, RM Torres, M Crouse, DG Miller, TF AF Allen, HL Mandel, RM Torres, M Crouse, DG Miller, TF BE Leeson, A Alleman, BC TI Anaerobic bioremediation of toxaphene-contaminated soil SO PHYTOREMEDIATION AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR SPECIALIZED REMEDIAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 19-22, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Gas Res Inst, IT Grp Inc, Celtic Technol, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, U S Microb Inc, U S Naval Fac Engn Command, Waste Management Inc AB For seven years, studies have been conducted to develop an anaerobic solid-phase bioremediation process for removal of toxaphene from soil. Medium development studies in bench-scale reactors indicated that blood meal promoted the rapid degradation of toxaphene under anaerobic conditions. Recipes were developed and evaluated in field studies at three sites in Arizona and New Mexico. In field studies conducted at the Navajo Vats site, over 75% of the toxaphene residues (291 mg/kg) was degraded in as little as 33 days in nutrient-amended reactors, while there was no change in toxaphene concentration in unamended reactors after 300 days. Additional field studies were conducted at other sites to clean up toxaphene residues. In studies at sites where initial concentrations were 20 mg/kg or higher, toxaphene reduction ranged from 58% to 86%. Similar results were found in field studies at the Sanders Aviation site. Toxaphene concentrations ranging from 930 to 1,530 mg/kg were reduced by 94% to 95% in 216 days. In recent field studies at the Ojo Caliente Dip Vat site, toxaphene levels (14 mg/kg) were reduced by 70% in as little as 14 days. C1 US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Allen, HL (reprint author), US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-079-9 PY 1999 BP 89 EP 94 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN63C UT WOS:000082416500015 ER PT B AU Gao, JP Garrison, AW Mazur, C Wolfe, NL Hoehamer, C AF Gao, JP Garrison, AW Mazur, C Wolfe, NL Hoehamer, C BE Leeson, A Alleman, BC TI Phytoremediation of organophosphorous (OP) compounds using axenic plant tissue cultures and enzyme extracts SO PHYTOREMEDIATION AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR SPECIALIZED REMEDIAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 19-22, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Gas Res Inst, IT Grp Inc, Celtic Technol, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, U S Microb Inc, U S Naval Fac Engn Command, Waste Management Inc AB The bioremediation of OP compounds (malathion, demeton-s-methyl, ruelene) was investigated in vitro using axenic plant tissue cultures of parrot feather, duckweed, and elodea. The decay profile in all these cases followed first-order kinetics. However, extents and rates of biotransformation were different, depending on both physico-chemical properties of the OP compounds and the nature of the plant species. Malathion exhibited a similar disappearance pattern in all three plants, with 29-48% degradation. The most effective transformation was observed for demeton-s-methyl: less than 1% was recovered in parrot feather and elodea, and about 17% in duck-weed. No significant biotransformation of ruelene occurred in elodea, while 17-24% degraded in the other plants. The results using enzyme extracts derived from duckweed provided strong evidence for a direct degradation relationship between organophosphorous hydrolase (OPH, EC 3.1.8.1) or multiple enzyme systems and OP compounds. This study showed that axenic tissue cultures of several aquatic plants have the enzymatic potential to metabolize OP compounds. C1 US EPA, Athens, GA USA. RP Gao, JP (reprint author), US EPA, Athens, GA USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-079-9 PY 1999 BP 151 EP 156 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN63C UT WOS:000082416500025 ER PT J AU Hart, K Singh, D Evans, H Kincaid, L Geibig, J Swanson, M AF Hart, K Singh, D Evans, H Kincaid, L Geibig, J Swanson, M TI The design for the environment printed wiring board project: A partnership to identify cleaner technologies SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Design Environm Program Ctr, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Inst Interconnecting & Packaging Elect Circuits, Northbrook, IL USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Clean Prod & Clean Technol, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Hart, K (reprint author), US EPA, Design Environm Program Ctr, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 USA SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 86 IS 1 BP 46 EP 49 PG 4 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA 299BB UT WOS:000086175000003 ER PT J AU Benane, SG Nelson, GB Ross, JA Blackman, CF AF Benane, SG Nelson, GB Ross, JA Blackman, CF TI Benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene do not alter gap junction communication in rat liver epithelial cells. SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE gap junction communication; epigenetic; B[a]P; DB[a,l]P; DNA adducts ID A/J MOUSE LUNG; INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION; NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION; HUMAN CANCER; DNA; CARCINOGENESIS; SKIN; 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE; TUMORIGENICITY; METABOLITES AB Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) is more potent than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in causing tumors in rodents. We investigated the possibility that this higher DB[a,l]P potency involves alterations in gap junction communication (GJC), a cell activity associated with cancer promotion processes. Rat liver epithelial cells, treated with various concentrations up to 50 mu M (0.0126 mg/ml) B[a]P or 40 mu M (0.0121 mg/ml) DB[a,l]P for 24 hours, were examined for changes in GJC; no changes were observed. However, cells treated with the maximum soluble concentrations of these chemicals had between 213 and 378 attomoles of DNA adduct per mu g of DNA. Thus the observed lack of GJC alteration is not attributable to an inability of these cells to metabolize PAHs, and indicates that the different potency exhibited by the two chemicals is not associated with alterations in GJC. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Benane, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM ross.Jeffrey@epamail.epa.gov; Blackman.Carl@epamail.epa.gov RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1-4 BP 53 EP 62 DI 10.1080/10406639908020601 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 297HE UT WOS:000086076200007 ER PT J AU Wilson, NK Chuang, JC Lyu, C AF Wilson, NK Chuang, JC Lyu, C TI Multimedia concentrations of PAH in several day care centers SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE PAH; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; day care centers; children; exposures ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MOUSE SKIN; CANCER; EMISSIONS; INDOOR; DUST AB Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in nine day care centers in the spring of 1997. Indoor and outdoor air, food and beverages, indoor dust, and outdoor play area soil were sampled. The mean sums of 20 target PAH concentrations were 265 and 119 ng/m(3) in indoor and outdoor air, respectively; 3.48 ppm in classroom dust; 1.56 ppm in playground soil; 4.33 ppb in solid food; and 1.38 ppb in liquid food. Large differences in PAH concentrations between the centers were observed only for play area soil, where the mean concentrations at the centers serving primarily low-income clients were as much as 42 times higher than those at the other centers. Potential exposures through the inhalation and ingestion pathways were calculated. The ingestion pathway was most important, especially for the larger 4-7 ring PAH. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Battelle, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Battelle, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Wilson, NK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1-4 BP 255 EP 265 DI 10.1080/10406639908020620 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 297HE UT WOS:000086076200026 ER PT J AU Allen, JW Collins, BW Afshari, AJ Fuscoe, JC AF Allen, JW Collins, BW Afshari, AJ Fuscoe, JC TI Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene induction of erythrocyte micronuclei in A/J and p53-deficient mice SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE dibenzo[a,l]pyrene; mouse; erythrocyte; micronucleus ID TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; CARCINOGEN DIBENZOPYRENE; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; MOUSE SKIN; CELL; BENZOPYRENE AB Male A/J and C57B1/6 background p53(+/+), p53(+/-) and p53(-/-) mice were treated with dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), and micronucleus (MN) frequencies were measured in erythrocytes from bone marrow and peripheral blood. MN were also evaluated with an antikinetochore antibody to distinguish whether they were derived from chromosome breakage or from chromosome missegregation. Treatment of A/J mice with 6 mg/kg DB [a,l]P, and harvest of marrow erythrocytes 48 and 72 hrs later, resulted in statistically significant increases in kinetochore-negative MN levels (2.8x and 5.5x control levels, respectively). Treatment of p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) mice with 18 mg/kg DB [a,l]P, and harvest of marrow erythrocytes 48 hrs later, resulted in statistically significant increases in kinetochore-negative MN frequencies (1.9x and 4.2x control levels, respectively). Our results indicate that DB[a,l]P induces moderate levels of chromosome breakage without dose-dependence in erythrocytes, and that p53 protein plays a protective role. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Allen, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1-4 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1080/10406639908020572 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 297HD UT WOS:000086076100007 ER PT J AU Davis, C Desai, D Amin, S Nesnow, S AF Davis, C Desai, D Amin, S Nesnow, S TI Comparison of the morphological transforming activities of fjord-region PAHs with dibenzo[a,e]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE morphological cell transformation; fjord-region PAHs ID ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGEN DIBENZOPYRENE; TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; MOUSE SKIN; METABOLISM; CELLS AB The morphological transforming activities in mouse embryo C3H10T1/2CL8 (C3H10T1/2) cells were examined for six PAHs: benzo [c]chrysene (B [c] C); benzo [g]chrysene (B [g]C); benzo [c]phenanthrene (B[c]P); dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P); dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DB[a,e]P) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). C3H10T1/2 cells treated with B [c]P or B[g]C at concentrations of 0-3 mu g/ml did not produce any transformed Type II or III foci after 24 hr of exposure. Concurrent cytotoxicity was observed. Under the same conditions, B[a]P and B[c]C were active, with B[c]C approximately one-half the activity of B[a]P. However, after a 48-hr treatment, B [c]P and B [g]C gave significant activity measured as both foci/dish or the number of dishes exhibiting foci. After a 24-hr treatment, comparison of B[a]P with two dibenzopyrenes, DB[a,l]P and DB[a,e]P, gave activities in the order: DB [a, l]P > B [a]P > DB[a, e]P. After 48 hr of treatment, both B[a]P and DB[a,e]P had similar activities. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Amer Hlth Fdn, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. RP Davis, C (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1-4 BP 141 EP 149 DI 10.1080/10406639908020581 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 297HD UT WOS:000086076100016 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Davis, C Padgett, W George, M Lambert, G Adams, L King, L AF Nesnow, S Davis, C Padgett, W George, M Lambert, G Adams, L King, L TI Biotransformation and DNA adduct formation of trans-8,9-dihydroxy-8,9-dihydrodibenzo[a,l]pyrene by induced rat liver and human CYP1A1 microsomes SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE metabolism; dibenzo[a,l]pyrene; bis-diols; DNA adducts ID TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; MOUSE SKIN; CARCINOGEN DIBENZOPYRENE; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; BENZOPYRENE; 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE; TUMORIGENICITY; MUTATIONS; LUNG AB In order to explain the adduct patterns observed from the human CYP1A1-mediated binding of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB [a,l]P) to DNA, we have investigated the further metabolism and DNA adduct activity of trans-DB [a,l]P-8,9-diol by induced rat liver and human CYP1A1 microsomes. trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol was synthesized and metabolic studies with beta-naphthoflavone-induced rat liver microsomes indicated three major metabolites: 2 diastereomers of trans, trans-8,9,11,12-tetrahydro-8,9, 11,12-tetrahydroxy-DB [a,l]P and 8,9,13,14-tetrahydro-8,9,13,14-tetrahydroxy-DB[a,l]P. DB[a,l]P when activated by CYP1A1/epoxide hydrase (EH) and calf thymus DNA gave a complex pattern of DNA adducts most of which cochromatograph with syn- and anti-DB[a,l]P fjord region diol epoxide-DNA standards. Two highly polar eluting adducts were also observed, one which cochromatographs with the single major DNA adduct obtained from the CYP1A1/EH activation of trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol. The relative retention time of this adduct suggests either a bis-diol epoxide adduct or a more polar diol epoxide adduct. C1 US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1-4 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1080/10406639908020585 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 297HD UT WOS:000086076100020 ER PT J AU Little, SB Rabinowitz, JR Wei, P Yang, WT AF Little, SB Rabinowitz, JR Wei, P Yang, WT TI A comparison of calculated and experimental geometries for crowded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites. SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE crowded bay region; quantum mechanics ID REGION DIOL-EPOXIDES; FJORD-REGION; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; MOUSE SKIN; 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE; DIBENZOPYRENE; BENZOPYRENE; MUTAGENICITY; REACTIVITIES; DISTORTIONS AB It has become useful to consider the subclass of PAHs with a crowded bay region because of similar biological activity within the subclass. Crowding in the bay region of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon results in a twisted molecular geometry. The purpose of this study is to help gauge the utility of various computational methods for determining the molecular geometry of molecules in this subclass and their metabolites. The results from serm-empirical methods AM1 and PM3, ab initio Hartree-Fock methods and density functional methods will be compared to experimentally determined geometries for crowded PAHs. It will be seen that excellent geometries for all local minimum energy structures are obtained from semi-empirical methods. More exact and computationally extensive methods yield equivalent or somewhat better results only with good basis sets. However, methods disagree on the relative energies of the isomers of diol-epoxides. C1 US EPA, BPB, ECD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Chem, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Little, SB (reprint author), US EPA, BPB, ECD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Yang, Weitao/C-1109-2008 NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1999 VL 14 BP 53 EP 61 DI 10.1080/10406639908019111 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 297HC UT WOS:000086076000007 ER PT B AU Young, D Cabezas, H AF Young, D Cabezas, H BE Friedler, F Klemes, J TI The waste reduction (WAR) algorithm: Environmental impacts, energy consumption, and engineering economics SO PRES '99: 2ND CONFERENCE ON PROCESS INTEGRATION, MODELLING AND OPTIMISATION FOR ENERGY SAVING AND POLLUTION REDUCTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES 99) CY MAY 31-JUN 03, 1999 CL BUDAPEST, HUNGARY ID CHEMICAL PROCESS SIMULATORS; METHODOLOGY; NETWORKS AB A general theory known as the WAste Reduction (WAR) algorithm has been developed to describe the now and the generation of potential environmental impact through a chemical process. The theory defines potential environmental impact indexes that characterize the generation and the output of potential impact from a process. The potential environmental impact indexes are calculated from stream mass flow rates, stream composition, and a relative potential environmental impact score for each chemical present. The impact scores for each chemical incorporate a comprehensive set of environmental effects ranging from ozone depletion potential to human toxicity potential to ecotoxicity potential. An extensive database of these scores has been constructed for approximately 1,600 different chemicals. The existing theory has been extended to include the potential environmental impact of the energy consumed in a process. Energy will have both an environmental impact as well as an economic impact on process design and analysis. Including energy into the analysis of environmental impact is done by rewriting the system boundaries to include the power plant which supplies the energy being consumed by the process and incorporating the environmental effects of the power plant into the analysis. The effect of this addition on the original potential impact indexes will be discussed. An extensive engineering economic evaluation has been included in the process analysis which inherently contains the cost of the consumed energy as an operating cost. A case study is presented which includes a base process design and two modifications to the base design. Each design is analyzed from an economic perspective and an environmental impact perspective. The environmental impact analysis is partitioned into the impacts of the non-product streams and the impacts of the energy generation/consumption process. The comparisons of these analysis procedures illustrate the consequences of the analysis procedures for decision making in the design of environmentally friendly processes. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Environm Protect Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Young, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Environm Protect Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUNGARIAN CHEMICAL SOC PI BUDAPEST PA FO UTCA 68, H-1027 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY BN 963-8192-87-9 PY 1999 BP 713 EP 718 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BS03X UT WOS:000168410700113 ER PT S AU Kennedy, CJ Giraud-Carrier, C Bristol, DW AF Kennedy, CJ Giraud-Carrier, C Bristol, DW BE Zytkow, JM Rauch, J TI Predicting chemical carcinogenesis using structural information only SO PRINCIPLES OF DATA MINING AND KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY SE Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Conference on Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (PKDD 99) CY SEP 15-18, 1999 CL UNIV ECON, LAB INTELLIGENT SYST, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Komercni Banka HO UNIV ECON, LAB INTELLIGENT SYST AB This paper reports on the application of the Strongly Typed Evolutionary Programming System (STEPS) to the PTE2 challenge, which consists of predicting the carcinogenic activity of chemical compounds from their molecular structure and the outcomes of a number of laboratory analyses. Most contestants so fax have relied heavily on results of short term toxicity (STT) assays. Using both types of information made available, most models incorporate attributes that make them strongly dependent on STT results. Although such models may prove to be accurate and informative, the use of toxicological information requires time cost and in some cases substantial utilisation of laboratory animals. If toxicological information only makes explicit, properties implicit in the molecular structure of chemicals, then provided a sufficiently expressive representation language, accurate solutions may be obtained from the structural information only. Such solutions may offer more tangible insight into the mechanistic paths and features that govern chemical toxicity as well as prediction based on virtual chemistry for the universe of compounds. C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Comp Sci, Bristol BS8 1UB, Avon, England. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Univ Bristol, Dept Comp Sci, Merchant Venturers Bldg, Bristol BS8 1UB, Avon, England. EM kennedy@cs.bris.ac.uk; cgc@cs.bris.ac.uk; U.S.A.bristol@niehs.nih.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-66490-4 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 1999 VL 1704 BP 360 EP 365 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BS61Q UT WOS:000170570600043 ER PT J AU Spiegel, RJ Gilchrist, T House, DE AF Spiegel, RJ Gilchrist, T House, DE TI Fuel cell bus operation at high altitude SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART A-JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY LA English DT Article DE fuel cell; bus AB In an effort both to address air quality problems relating to vehicle emissions in Mexico City and to ascertain the effects of the environment (air pollution and high altitude) on the operating characteristics of fuel cell powered vehicles, a seminar/exposition and a demonstration on clean vehicles were held in Mexico City in June 1997. The seminar and exposition addressed the state of the art of several clean vehicle technologies, including one of the most promising: the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell engine. The demonstration consisted of the display and operation of the world's first full-size, zero emission, PEM fuel cell powered transit bus, which was built by Ballard Power Systems. This paper describes the bus performance in the atmospheric environment of Mexico City. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Spiegel, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PUBLISHING LTD PI BURY ST EDMUNDS PA NORTHGATE AVENUE,, BURY ST EDMUNDS IP32 6BW, SUFFOLK, ENGLAND SN 0957-6509 J9 P I MECH ENG A-J POW JI Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part A-J. Power Energy PY 1999 VL 213 IS A1 BP 57 EP 68 DI 10.1243/0957650991537437 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 186TC UT WOS:000079744200007 ER PT J AU Borgwardt, RH AF Borgwardt, RH TI Transportation fuel from cellulosic biomass: a comparative assessment of ethanol and methanol options SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART A-JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY LA English DT Article DE ethanol; methanol; biomass ID BIOENERGY AB Future sources of renewable fuel energy will be needed to supplement or displace petroleum. Biomass can be converted to ethanol or methanol, both having good properties as a motor fuel, but requiring distinctly different production technologies. Those technologies are compared in terms of production cost, potential for petroleum displacement and effectiveness for management of greenhouse gas emissions. Supply curves that relate the crop price to the national biomass production potential are crucial to the comparison. The higher delivered cost of biomass that would be acceptable as feedstock for methanol production, plus the increased conversion efficiency and lower production cost that can be obtained by use of natural gas as a co-feedstock, are major factors favouring methanol. The overall net carbon dioxide emission reduction and petroleum-displacement potential of methanol produced in a single process from biomass and natural gas in the United States are nine times those of two separate processes that would produce ethanol. from the same amount of biomass and methanol from the same amount of natural gas. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Borgwardt, RH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PUBLISHING LTD PI BURY ST EDMUNDS PA NORTHGATE AVENUE,, BURY ST EDMUNDS IP32 6BW, SUFFOLK, ENGLAND SN 0957-6509 J9 P I MECH ENG A-J POW JI Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part A-J. Power Energy PY 1999 VL 213 IS A5 BP 399 EP 407 DI 10.1243/0957650991537770 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 257ZH UT WOS:000083813000006 ER PT J AU Ostrowski, LE Andrews, KL Potdar, PD Nettesheim, P AF Ostrowski, LE Andrews, KL Potdar, PD Nettesheim, P TI Ciliated-cell differentiation and gene expression SO PROTOPLASMA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Malpighi Symposium CY APR 15-17, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DE cilia; dynein; epithelium; trachea; differentiation; cloning ID DYNEIN HEAVY-CHAIN AB Ciliated cells play an integral role in the defense mechanisms of the respiratory system. By the coordinated beating of their cilia they provide the force necessary to clear potentially harmful material from the airways. We have been investigating the regulation of ciliated-cell differentiation and gene expression. Using a culture system that allows us to positively or negatively regulate the development of the ciliated-cell phenotype, we have previously reported that the expression of axonemal dynein heavy chain mRNAs are regulated in parallel with the development of ciliated cells. To identify other genes important to the development or function of ciliated cells, differential display was used to compare mRNA isolated from cultures of ciliated or nonciliated rat tracheal epithelial cells. Two novel genes, KPL1 and KPL2, have been identified whose expression is increased in parallel with ciliated-cell differentiation. Two transcripts of KPL1 are expressed in a tissue-specific pattern; KPL1 is particularly highly expressed in brain. The sequence of KPL1 predicts a 188 or 223 amino acid protein which contains a pleckstrin homology domain. Pleckstrin homology domains have been shown to bind inositolphosphates and G-proteins and function as signal-dependent membrane adapters. KPL1 therefore may function in a signal transduction pathway important to the development or maintenance of the ciliated-cell phenotype. KPL2 shows more limited distribution and is predominantly expressed in tissues which contain axonemes. KPL2 is predicted to encode a 1744 amino acid protein which contains many functional motifs, including nuclear localization signals, an ATP-binding domain, a proline-rich region, and a calponin homology domain. KPL2 may thus be involved in transmitting signals to the nucleus during ciliated-cell differentiation. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Ostrowski, LE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Cyst Fibrosis Pulm Res & Treatment Ctr, 6019 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0033-183X J9 PROTOPLASMA JI Protoplasma PY 1999 VL 206 IS 4 BP 245 EP 248 DI 10.1007/BF01288212 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 199RG UT WOS:000080495000008 ER PT B AU Goodrich, JA Lykins, BW Haught, RC Li, SY AF Goodrich, JA Lykins, BW Haught, RC Li, SY BE Cotruvo, JA Craun, GF Hearne, N TI Bag filtration for small systems SO PROVIDING SAFE DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY, OPERATIONS, AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on the Technology, Operations and Economics of Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems CY MAY 10-13, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Pan Amer Hlth Org, WHO, US EPA - NRMRL, Natl Water Res Inst, Hlth Canada, World Water All, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Chlorine Chem Council, Water Quality Assoc - World Assembly Div, Elect Power Res Inst, Fdn Water Res, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Amer Water Works Assoc, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, World Bank C1 US EPA, Water Qual Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Goodrich, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Water Qual Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-56670-393-X PY 1999 BP 265 EP 271 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BN17F UT WOS:000080929100031 ER PT B AU Haught, RC Panguluri, S AF Haught, RC Panguluri, S BE Cotruvo, JA Craun, GF Hearne, N TI Selection and management of remote telemetry systems for monitoring and operation of small drinking water treatment plants SO PROVIDING SAFE DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY, OPERATIONS, AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on the Technology, Operations and Economics of Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems CY MAY 10-13, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Pan Amer Hlth Org, WHO, US EPA - NRMRL, Natl Water Res Inst, Hlth Canada, World Water All, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Chlorine Chem Council, Water Quality Assoc - World Assembly Div, Elect Power Res Inst, Fdn Water Res, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Amer Water Works Assoc, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, World Bank C1 US EPA, Water Qual Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Haught, RC (reprint author), US EPA, Water Qual Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-56670-393-X PY 1999 BP 395 EP 404 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BN17F UT WOS:000080929100047 ER PT B AU Lieberman, RJ Bender, JH Bissonette, EM Hegg, BA DeMers, LD AF Lieberman, RJ Bender, JH Bissonette, EM Hegg, BA DeMers, LD BE Cotruvo, JA Craun, GF Hearne, N TI Area-wide treatment optimization programs achieve broad-scale improvements in drinking water quality SO PROVIDING SAFE DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY, OPERATIONS, AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on the Technology, Operations and Economics of Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems CY MAY 10-13, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Pan Amer Hlth Org, WHO, US EPA - NRMRL, Natl Water Res Inst, Hlth Canada, World Water All, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Chlorine Chem Council, Water Quality Assoc - World Assembly Div, Elect Power Res Inst, Fdn Water Res, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Amer Water Works Assoc, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, World Bank C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Tech Support Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lieberman, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Tech Support Ctr, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-56670-393-X PY 1999 BP 477 EP 483 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BN17F UT WOS:000080929100056 ER PT B AU Metzger, PC AF Metzger, PC BE Cotruvo, JA Craun, GF Hearne, N TI How the "tapestry" of integrated provisions in the new Safe Drinking Water Act can benefit small systems SO PROVIDING SAFE DRINKING WATER IN SMALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY, OPERATIONS, AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on the Technology, Operations and Economics of Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems CY MAY 10-13, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Pan Amer Hlth Org, WHO, US EPA - NRMRL, Natl Water Res Inst, Hlth Canada, World Water All, Natl Rural Water Assoc, Chlorine Chem Council, Water Quality Assoc - World Assembly Div, Elect Power Res Inst, Fdn Water Res, Natl Drinking Water Clearinghouse, Amer Water Works Assoc, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, World Bank C1 US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Metzger, PC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, 401 M St SW,Mail Code 4101, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-56670-393-X PY 1999 BP 593 EP 600 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BN17F UT WOS:000080929100070 ER PT J AU Ivkovich, D Collins, KL Eckerman, CO Krasnegor, NA Stanton, ME AF Ivkovich, D Collins, KL Eckerman, CO Krasnegor, NA Stanton, ME TI Classical delay eyeblink conditioning in 4- and 5-month-old human infants SO PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Human Classical Eyeblink Conditioning, at the 1998 Meeting of the American-Psychological-Society CY MAY, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Psychol Soc ID INTERSTIMULUS-INTERVAL; RAT; ONTOGENY AB Simple delay classical eyeblink conditioning, using a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and airpuff unconditioned stimulus (US), was studied in cross-sectional samples of 4- and 5-month-old healthy, full-term infants. Infants received two identical training sessions, 1 week apart. Ar both ages, infants experiencing paired tones and air-puffs demonstrated successful conditioning over two sessions, relative to control subjects who had unpaired training. Conditioning was not evident, however, during the first session. Two additional groups of 5-month-olds received varied experiences during Session 1, either unpaired presentations of the CS and US or no stimulus exposure, followed by paired conditioning during Session 2. Results from these groups suggest that the higher level of conditioning observed following two sessions of paired conditioning was not the result of familiarity with the testing environment or the stimuli involved but, rather; the result of retention of associative learning not expressed during the first conditioning session. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Expt Psychol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NICHHD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Ivkovich, D (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Expt Psychol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0956-7976 J9 PSYCHOL SCI JI Psychol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 4 EP 8 DI 10.1111/1467-9280.00097 PG 5 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 167GT UT WOS:000078624700002 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Sovocool, GW TI Determination of elemental compositions by high resolution mass spectrometry without mass calibrants SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PEAK PROFILES; IONS AB Perfluorokerosene can almost always be used as the mass calibrant for ions produced through electron impact ionization of compounds introduced into a mass spectrometer in the gas phase. Unfortunately, no completely universal calibrant Is available for ions created by electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) of analytes introduced into a mass spectrometer in the liquid phase. ESI and APCI generally provide less sensitivity than electron impact ionization of compounds introduced in the gas phase and a portion of the weaker total signal must arise from calibrant ions. Solvent conditions must be found that provide ions from both the calibrant and analytes, or an alternative Bow to the ionization region must be provided for the calibrant solution. These problems were avoided by developing a methodology to determine elemental compositions of ions without using mass calibrants. The methodology utilizes the ability of double focusing mass spectrometers to accurately measure relative abundances of ions and exact mass differences between ions. This approach should simplify analyses of environmental samples that contain mixtures of compounds not amenable to gas chromatography or volatilization from a probe. From one to five steps were used. First, from mass peak profiles of the molecular ion or protonated molecular ion, [M](+), and the [M + 1](+) and [M + 2](+) ions, abundances for the [M + 1](+) and [M + 2](+) profiles relative to the [M](+) profile were determined. The [M + 1](+) and [M + 2](+) profiles resulted from the heavier isotopes of the elements in [M](+), and the profile abundances limited the number of possible elemental compositions for [M](+). Then, to determine if [M](+) contained N atoms, the [M + 1](+) profile was observed with sufficiently high mass resolution to at least partially resolve the profiles of ions containing a N-15 or a C-13 atom. Next, for a prominent fragment ion, [F](+), relative abundances of the [F + 1](+) and [F + 2]+ profiles were also determined, and the [F + 1](+) profile was inspected for a profile due to N-15 atoms to provide a shorter list of possible compositions for [F](+). The lists for [M](+) and [F](+) were compared, and [M](+) compositions that could not produce any possible compositions of [F](+) were rejected, as were [F](+) compositions that could not arise from any possible composition of [M](+). Fourth, exact mass differences between ions were obtained from three mass peak profiles by referencing an unknown exact mass difference against a known exact mass difference. Exact mass differences between [M](+) and [F](+) ions provided compositions of neutral losses from [M](+). Only compositions of [M](+) that could lose the observed neutral loss to provide possible compositions of [F](+) remained viable. Finally, if multiple compositions of [M](+) were still possible, profiles were obtained for [M](+) and two fragment ions resulting from known neutral losses using theoretical exact masses based on each [M](+) composition as the center masses of the three profiles. When the calibration mass option was not used in the multiple ion detector (MID) descriptor, three centered profiles were obtained only for the correct composition. This methodology was demonstrated for seven compounds with molecular weights between 159 and 318 Da. For the lowest-mass compound, only the first step was required to obtain the correct composition of [M](+) while, for the other compounds, two or more steps were needed. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Environm Chem Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Environm Chem Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM grange.andrew@epamial.epa.gov NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1999 VL 13 IS 8 BP 673 EP 686 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19990430)13:8<673::AID-RCM540>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 188KA UT WOS:000079844300007 ER PT S AU Brown, M Keys, K AF Brown, M Keys, K BE Podio, FL TI Communication of CD-R characteristics such as data integrity, media reliability, and life expectancy to application developers and data users SO RECENT ADVANCES IN METROLOGY, CHARACTERIZATION, AND STANDARDS FOR OPTICAL DIGITAL DATA DISKS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Recent Advances in Metrology, Characterization, and Standards for Optical Digital Data Disks CY JUL 21-22, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE, Informat Technol Lab/Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE data integrity; media reliability; life expectancy; CD-R; DVD-R; Orange Book; Superfund; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR); characteristic information AB Communication to application developers and data users of CD-R characteristics such as data integrity, media reliability and life expectancy should be considered as engineers create optical storage media that can store more data. Though the point of view of this paper is primarily based on the views of a few experienced CD-R end-users, optical engineers should consider implementation of the following design recommendations explained in this paper. The authors' extensive experience in using CD-R technology and their substantial interaction with other CD-R users provides a rare perspective on CD-R characteristic information. Although this paper is directed to optical engineers, it is written with the expectation that a broader readership will also benefit from the information presented. The paper presents to the engineering community potential methods of communicating CD-R characteristics with an emphasis on the types of information that would be useful to CD-R users. C1 US EPA, Crystal City, VA 22202 USA. RP Brown, M (reprint author), US EPA, Crystal City, VA 22202 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3292-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3806 BP 142 EP 151 DI 10.1117/12.371156 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BP33Y UT WOS:000084757000018 ER PT J AU Breen, JG Claggett, TW Kimmel, GL Kimmel, CA AF Breen, JG Claggett, TW Kimmel, GL Kimmel, CA TI Heat shock during rat embryo development in vitro results in decreased mitosis and abundant cell death SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hyperthermia; apoptosis; skeletal defects; cell cycle; mitosis ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; SEGMENTAL ANOMALIES; DEVELOPMENT INVITRO; CHICK-EMBRYO; HYPERTHERMIA; CYCLE; INDUCTION; TERATOGEN; EXPOSURE; EXPRESSION AB Epidemiologic studies strongly suggest that in utero exposure to hyperthermia results in developmental defects in humans, Rats, mice, guinea pigs, and other species exposed to hyperthermia also exhibit a variety of developmental defects. Studies in our laboratory have focused on exposure to hyperthermia on Gestation Day (GD) 10 of rats in vivo or in vitro. Within 24 h after in vivo or in vitro exposure, delayed or abnormal CNS, optic cup, somite, and limb development can be observed. At birth, only rib and vertebral malformations are seen after hyperthermia on GD 10, and these have been shown to be due to alterations in somite segmentation. Unsegmented somites have been thought to result from a cell-cycle block in the presomitic mesoderm, from which somites emerge individually during normal development. In the present study, DNA fragmentation (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) catalyzed fluorescein-12-dUTP DNA end-labelling), indicative of apoptotic cell death, and changes in cell proliferation were examined in vitro in 37 degrees C control and heat treated (42 degrees C for 15 min) GD 10 CD rat embryos. Embryos were returned to 37 degrees C culture following exposure and evaluated 5, 8, or 18 h later. A temperature-related increase in TdT labelled cells was observed in the CNS, optic vesicle, neural tube, and somites, Increased cell death in the presomitic mesoderm also was evident. Changes in cell proliferation were examined using the cell-specific abundance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the quantification of mitotic figures. In neuroectodermal cells in the region of the optic cup, a change in the abundance of PCNA was not apparent, but a marked decrease in mitotic figures was observed. A significant change in cell proliferation in somites was not detected by either method. These results suggest that acute hyperthermia disrupts embryonic development through a combination of inappropriate cell death and/or altered cell proliferation in discrete regions of the developing rat embryo. Furthermore, postnatal vertebral and rib defects following disrupted somite development may be due, in part, to abundant cell death occurring in the presomitic mesoderm. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, NCEAW 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Pathol Associates Int, Frederick, MD USA. US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Kimmel, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, NCEAW 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 31 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(98)00056-2 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 169UG UT WOS:000078766700003 PM 10080297 ER PT J AU Chahoud, I Buschmann, J Clark, R Druga, A Falke, H Faqi, A Hansen, E Heinrich-Hirsch, B Hellwig, J Lingk, W Parkinson, M Paumgartten, FJR Pfeil, R Platzek, T Scialli, AR Seed, J Stahlmann, R Ulbrich, B Wu, XD Yasuda, M Younes, M Solecki, R AF Chahoud, I Buschmann, J Clark, R Druga, A Falke, H Faqi, A Hansen, E Heinrich-Hirsch, B Hellwig, J Lingk, W Parkinson, M Paumgartten, FJR Pfeil, R Platzek, T Scialli, AR Seed, J Stahlmann, R Ulbrich, B Wu, XD Yasuda, M Younes, M Solecki, R TI Classification terms in developmental toxicology: Need for harmonisation - Report of the Second Workshop on the Terminology in Developmental Toxicology Berlin, 27-28 August 1998 SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Workshop on the Terminology in Developmental Toxicology CY AUG 27-28, 1998 CL BERLIN, GERMANY DE harmonisation; classification; terminology; reproductive toxicology; developmental toxicology; malformation; variation; foetal abnormalities AB The existence of ambiguities and inconsistencies in the use of terms for structural anomalies is a major problem in developmental toxicology and causes great difficulties for administrative decision makers involved in public health evaluation of chemical substances, The absence of harmonisation of terminology is no longer acceptable for regulatory purposes. The debate is unending, however, refinement and consensus are indispensable. This article is a report of the Second Workshop on Terminology in Developmental Toxicology. Experts from research institutions, regulatory agencies, and industries took part in this workshop, which has started a process of discussion that eventually will lead to a harmonisation of terminology used for classification of structural anomalies. The participants put forward a scheme of classification for foetal abnormalities that consists of only two categories: "malformation and variation." Finally, consensus was achieved in defining the terms malformation and variation. Malformation is defined as a permanent structural change that is likely to adversely affect the survival or health of the species under investigation. The term variation is defined as a change that occurs within the normal population under investigation and is unlikely to adversely affect survival or health. This change might include a delay in growth or morphogenesis that has otherwise followed a normal pattern of development. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Klin Pharmakol & Toxikol, Abt Toxikol, Dept Toxicol, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Inst Toxicol & Aerosol Res, Hannover, Germany. Inst Drug Res Ltd, Budapest, Hungary. Board Authorisat Pesticides, Wageningen, Netherlands. Fed Inst Hlth Protect Consumers & Vet Med, Berlin, Germany. BASF AG, Dept Toxicol, D-6700 Ludwigshafen, Germany. Glaxo Wellcome Co, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Oswaldo Cruz Fdn, Natl Sch Publ Hlth, Lab Environm Toxicol, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Fed Inst Drugs & Med Devices, Berlin, Germany. Natl Evaluat Ctr Toxicol Fertil Drugs, Shanghai, Peoples R China. Hiroshima Sch Med, Dept Anat, Hiroshima, Japan. World Hlth Org, Int Programme Chem Safety, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Chahoud, I (reprint author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Klin Pharmakol & Toxikol, Abt Toxikol, Dept Toxicol, Garystr 5, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. NR 3 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(98)00060-4 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 169UG UT WOS:000078766700009 PM 10080303 ER PT J AU Lipnick, RL AF Lipnick, RL TI Correlative and mechanistic QSAR models in toxicology SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE correlative; mechanistic; QSAR; EPA; history; aquatic ID TOXICITY; NARCOSIS; ALCOHOLS AB An outline is provided on the development and use of correlative and mechanistic approaches to predictive toxicology, with particular emphasis on the experience at the U.S. EPA as applied to assessing the potential hazard posed by new industrial chemicals for which little or no test data are provided under the Toxic Substances Control Act. This information is presented with a historical perspective. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lipnick, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PY 1999 VL 10 IS 2-3 BP 239 EP 248 DI 10.1080/10629369908039178 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 234JY UT WOS:000082482000010 PM 10491852 ER PT S AU Sagui, C Darden, TA AF Sagui, C Darden, TA BE Pratt, LR Hummer, G TI P3M and PME: a comparison of the two methods SO SIMULATION AND THEORY OF ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN SOLUTION: COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, BIOPHYSICS, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Treatment of Electrostatic Interactions in Computer Simulations of Condensed Media CY JUN 23-25, 1999 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Univ Utah, Henry Eyring Ctr Theoret Chem ID PARTICLE MESH EWALD; SYSTEMS; SUMS AB The PME approach to Ewald summation is based on local spline ap proximation of the complex exponentials appearing in the Ewald reciprocal sum. In this paper we show how the optimal influence function of Hockney and Eastwood can be easily derived using this approach. This result is used to explain why the force-interpolated PME method using least-squares spline approximation has the same accuracy as force-interpolated P3M. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Sagui, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 13 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-906-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 492 BP 104 EP 113 DI 10.1063/1.1301523 PG 10 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Physics GA BP14C UT WOS:000084221000005 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG AF Whitford, WG TI Seasonal and diurnal activity patterns in ant communities in a vegetation transition region of southeastern New Mexico (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The densities of active ant colonies were estimated in three habitats: creosotebush shrubland, grassland, and shinnery-oak mesquite dunes. Diurnal foraging patterns were studied at bait boards. Species richness of ant communities in this transitional region (8-12 species) was considerably lower than Chihuahuan Desert ant communities in an area with lower annual average rainfall. The numerically dominant species was Forelius pruinosus. Crematogaster spp. was subdominant in all of the habitats and exhibited relatively constant activity throughout the growing season. Harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex spp. exhibited different seasonal activity patterns in the three habitats. One species, Trachymyrmex septentrionalis, was not recorded until October, when its nests were conspicuous with discarded leaf fragments around the entrances. Several species of ants feeding at bait board extended their foraging times in comparison to colonies of the same species too distant from the bait boards for foragers to reach the baits. Only one species (Pogonomyrmex apache) exhibited a high-tolerance foraging behavior, by initiating foraging at the bait boards after soil surface temperatures exceeded 40 degrees C and other species had ceased foraging. Foraging activity of most species continued throughout the day when cloud cover reduced soil surface temperatures to 40 degrees C during midday. C1 US EPA, ODC,NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 477 EP 491 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 238ZG UT WOS:000082744200006 ER PT J AU Whitford, GG AF Whitford, GG TI Effects of habitat characteristics on the abundance and activity of subterranean termites in arid southeastern New Mexico (Isoptera) SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHIHUAHUAN DESERT ECOSYSTEMS; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; DECOMPOSITION AB Amitermes wheeleri was the most abundant termite species in most of the habitats. Gnathamitermes tubiformans was the most abundant subterranean termite species in habitats dominated by creosotebush, Larrea tridentata. Subterranean termite abundance measured by numbers of termites extracted from baits, mass of paper removed from baits, proportion of dung pats attacked, and quantities of surface foraging galleries all indicated that subterranean termites were most abundant in mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) dune and creosotebush habitats, and least abundant in grassland and shinnery oak (Quercus harvardii) habitats. Subterranean termite abundance was not affected by soil stability, but was affected by the dominant vegetation. Subterranean termites consumed more than 80% of the creosotebush leaf litter from litter bags between August and December. There was no evidence that termites consumed shinnery oak leaves or grass stems and leaves. C1 US EPA, ORD,NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Whitford, GG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 493 EP 504 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 238ZG UT WOS:000082744200007 ER PT S AU Melnick, RL Kohn, MC AF Melnick, RL Kohn, MC BE Capen, CC Dybing, E Rice, JM Wilbourn, JD TI Possible mechanisms of induction of renal tubule cell neoplasms in rats associated with alpha(2u)-globulin: role of protein accumulation versus ligand delivery to the kidney SO SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN THYROID, KIDNEY AND URINARY BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS SE IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Species Differences in Thyroid, Kidney and Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis CY NOV 03-07, 1997 CL LYON, FRANCE SP US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, US EPA, European Commiss ID MALE FISCHER-344 RATS; ACID-BINDING PROTEIN; BROMATE KBRO3 CARCINOGENESIS; HYALINE DROPLET NEPHROPATHY; T-BUTYL ALCOHOL; UNLEADED GASOLINE; ALPHA-2U-GLOBULIN NEPHROPATHY; POTASSIUM BROMATE; PROXIMAL TUBULE; F344 RATS C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Melnick, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 78 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT AGENCY RESEARCH CANCER PI LYONS PA 150, COURS ALBERT THOMAS, 69372 LYONS, FRANCE SN 0300-5038 BN 92-832-2147-8 J9 IARC SCI PUBL PY 1999 IS 147 BP 119 EP 137 PG 19 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA BQ97W UT WOS:000165216800009 PM 10457914 ER PT S AU Huff, J AF Huff, J BE Capen, CC Dybing, E Rice, JM Wilbourn, JD TI Chemicals associated with tumours of the kidney, urinary bladder and thyroid gland in laboratory rodents from 2000 US National Toxicology Program National Cancer Institute bioassays for carcinogenicity SO SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN THYROID, KIDNEY AND URINARY BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS SE IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Species Differences in Thyroid, Kidney and Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis CY NOV 03-07, 1997 CL LYON, FRANCE SP US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, US EPA, European Commiss ID EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; EXPERIMENTAL-ANIMALS; IARC MONOGRAPHS; B6C3F1 MICE; EXPOSURE; TRICHLOROETHENE; NEOPLASIA; CHLORIDE; BENZENE; HUMANS C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Huff, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 46 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT AGENCY RESEARCH CANCER PI LYONS PA 150, COURS ALBERT THOMAS, 69372 LYONS, FRANCE SN 0300-5038 BN 92-832-2147-8 J9 IARC SCI PUBL PY 1999 IS 147 BP 211 EP 225 PG 15 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA BQ97W UT WOS:000165216800014 PM 10457919 ER PT B AU Swietlik, WF AF Swietlik, WF BE Rowney, AC Stahre, P Roesner, LA TI Stormwater management in the United States - Key challenges and possible solutions SO SUSTAINING URBAN WATER RESOURCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sustaining Urban Water Resources in the 21st Century CY SEP 07-12, 1997 CL MALMO, SWEDEN SP United Engn Fdn Inc, Urban Water Resources Council Civil Engineers, US EPA, Amer Public Works Assoc, Swedish Council Bldg Res, Swedish Water & Wastewater Assoc, City of Malmo, Scottish Environm Protect Agcy, Joint Int Comm Urban Stormwater Drainage C1 US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Phase 1 Stormwater Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Swietlik, WF (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Phase 1 Stormwater Program, Mail Code 4203,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0424-0 PY 1999 BP 68 EP 77 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BP25H UT WOS:000084505700007 ER PT J AU Branch, S Chernoff, N Brownie, C Francis, BM AF Branch, S Chernoff, N Brownie, C Francis, BM TI 5-AZA-2 '-deoxycytidine-induced dysmorphogenesis in the rat SO TERATOGENESIS CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE interspecies differences; teratogenicity; limb malformations; axial skeletal malformations; cytidine analog ID RETINOIC-ACID; DEMETHYLATING AGENT; GENE; 5-AZACYTIDINE; EXPRESSION; EMBRYOS AB 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (d-AZA) causes temporally related defects in the developing mouse. Treatment of 1.0 mg/kg on gestation day (GD) 8 results in axial skeletal defects; on GD9, cleft palate and vertebral defects; on GD10, hindlimb phocomelia; and on GD11, digital defects. An unusual aspect of d-AZA teratogenicity in mice is that the phocomelia appears to be specific to the hindlimb, and the forelimb is not similarly affected regardless of treatment day. The current study was initiated to evaluate the embryonic response of another species, the rat, to this unique teratogen. Pregnant Sprague Dawley (CD) rats were treated with d-AZA or vehicle control. The compound was administered i.p. on GD9, 10, 11, or 12 to parallel developmental staging of the mouse. The highest dose (1.0 mg/kg) elicited effects indicating increased sensitivity to the compound in the rat as compared to the mouse. GD9 treatment was characterized by massive resorptions; GD10, by a predominance of axial skeletal defects and cleft palate; GD11, by a predominance of forelimb phocomelia and missing ribs; and GD12 by hindlimb phocomelia and forelimb digit defects. These data indicate significant differences in the developmental responses to d-AZA of the mouse and the rat. This may reflect interspecies differences in the temporal expression of genes involved in morphogenesis and/or the methylation patterns of such genes. Molecular data generated in the mouse will be compared to that of the rat to further characterize the developmental dynamics responsible for the interspecies differences. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 19:329-338, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss,Inc. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Branch, S (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, 840 Method Rd,Unit 4, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Matthews Branch, Stacy/E-6200-2017 OI Matthews Branch, Stacy/0000-0002-1048-6097 NR 19 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0270-3211 J9 TERATOGEN CARCIN MUT JI Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 5 BP 329 EP 338 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6866(1999)19:5<329::AID-TCM3>3.0.CO;2-S PG 10 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 240XC UT WOS:000082851500003 PM 10495450 ER PT J AU Kitchin, KT Del Razo, LM Brown, JL Anderson, WL Kenyon, EM AF Kitchin, KT Del Razo, LM Brown, JL Anderson, WL Kenyon, EM TI An integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of arsenite action. 1. Heme oxygenase induction in rats SO TERATOGENESIS CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; arsenite; monomethylarsonic acid; dimethylarsinic acid; heme oxygenase; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; enzyme induction ID DRINKING-WATER; METABOLISM; PROTEIN AB Rat heme oxygenase (HO) activity was used as a specific (among forms of arsenic) and sensitive biomarker of effect for orally administered sodium arsenite in rats. Time course studies showed that HO was induced in rat liver from 2 to 48 h in both rat liver and kidney. Hepatic and renal inorganic arsenic (iAs) concentrations were high at times preceding a high degree of HO induction. At times following pronounced HO induction, tissue dimethylarsinic acid concentrations were high. Dose-response studies of arsenite showed substantial HO induction in liver at doses of 30 mu mol/kg and higher and in the kidney at doses of 100 mu mol/kg and higher. Doses of 10 (in liver) and of 30 mu mol/kg (in kidney) sodium arsenite given by gavage did not significantly induce rat HO activity. Speciation of tissue total arsenic into iAs, methylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) permits us to link tissue iAs and HO enzyme induction. There was a linear relationship between tissue inorganic arsenic (iAs) concentration and tissue HO in individual rats (r(2) = 0.780 in liver and r(2) = 0.797 in kidney). Nonlinear relationships were observed between administered arsenite dose and either liver or kidney iAs concentration. Overall, there was a sublinear relationship between administered arsenite and biological effect in rats. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. IPN, CINVESTAV, Environm Toxicol Pharmacol & Toxicol Dept, Mexico City 07738, DF, Mexico. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 24 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0270-3211 J9 TERATOGEN CARCIN MUT JI Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 6 BP 385 EP 402 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6866(1999)19:6<385::AID-TCM3>3.0.CO;2-V PG 18 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 258QZ UT WOS:000083851100003 PM 10587409 ER PT B AU Sikdar, SK Drahos, J Drioli, E AF Sikdar, SK Drahos, J Drioli, E BE Sikdar, SK Diwekar, U TI Tools for pollution prevention SO TOOLS AND METHODS FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Tools and Methods for Pollution Prevention CY OCT 12-14, 1998 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP NATO, Adv Res Workshop Program, US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res lab, Carnegie Mellon Univ C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sikdar, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5925-9 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1999 VL 62 BP 1 EP 4 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA BR41K UT WOS:000166323000001 ER PT B AU Cabezas, H Zhao, RH Bare, JC Nishtala, SR AF Cabezas, H Zhao, RH Bare, JC Nishtala, SR BE Sikdar, SK Diwekar, U TI Designining environmentally benign solvent substitutes SO TOOLS AND METHODS FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Tools and Methods for Pollution Prevention CY OCT 12-14, 1998 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP NATO, Adv Res Workshop Program, US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res lab, Carnegie Mellon Univ ID AIDED MOLECULAR DESIGN; LIQUID-MIXTURES AB Since the signing of 1987 Montreal Protocol, reducing and eliminating the use of harmful solvents has become an internationally prominent environmental protection mission. Solvent substitution is an effective way to achieve this goal. The Program for Assisting the Replacement of Industrial Solvents, Version 2 (PARIS II) is a Windows-based solvent design tool which can greatly reduce the time and cost required for finding solvent substitutes. It can handle either pure chemical or mixture substitute designs. This paper briefly introduces the theory and methods used in PARTS II and gives two examples of solvent design applications using PARIS II as an illustration. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cabezas, H (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Syst Anal Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5925-9 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1999 VL 62 BP 317 EP 331 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA BR41K UT WOS:000166323000019 ER PT J AU Abbott, BD Held, GA Wood, CR Buckalew, AR Brown, JG Schmid, J AF Abbott, BD Held, GA Wood, CR Buckalew, AR Brown, JG Schmid, J TI AhR, ARNT, and CYP1A1 mRNA quantitation in cultured human embryonic palates exposed to TCDD and comparison with mouse palate in vivo and in culture SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE dioxin; palate; Ah receptor; ARNT; CYP1A1; quantitative RT-PCR ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; EPITHELIAL-CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; CLEFT-PALATE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; CYTOCHROME P4501A1 AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is developmentally toxic in many species and induces cleft palate in the C57BL/6N mouse embryo. Palatogenesis in mouse and human embryos involves homologous processes at the morphological, cellular, and molecular levels. In organ culture, mouse and human palates respond similarly to TCDD. The present study quantitates the expression of AhR, ARNT, and CYP1A1 mRNA in human embryonic palates in organ culture. Palatal tissues were exposed to 1 x 10(-10), 1 x 10(-9), or 1 x 10(-8) M TCDD or control medium and sampled at 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours for quantitative RT-PCR using a synthetic RNA internal standard. Similar measurements of CYP1A1 gene expression were collected for mouse palates cultured in this model. In human palates, AhR expression correlated with ARNT and CYP1A1 mRNA expression. TCDD induction of CYP1A1 was time- and concentration-dependent. The expression of these genes presented a uniform and continuous distribution across the group of embryos, with no subset of either high or low expressors/responders. The ratio of AhR to ARNT was approximately 4:1. AhR mRNA increased during the culture period in both treated and control subjects; however, ARNT expression was relatively constant. TCDD did not alter either AhR or ARNT expression in a consistent dose- or time-related manner. Comparison of human and mouse data showed a high correlation across species for the induction of CYP1A1. Human embryos expressed approximately 350 times less AhR mRNA than the mouse, and in earlier studies it was shown that human palates required 200 times more TCDD to produce the same effects. When the morphological, cellular, and molecular responses to TCDD between mouse and human are compared, it seems highly unlikely that human embryos could be exposed to sufficient TCDD to achieve changes in palatal differentiation that would lead to cleft palate. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Hlth Biostat & Res Support Staff, Off Associate Director, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 42 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 62 EP 75 DI 10.1093/toxsci/47.1.62 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 251PT UT WOS:000083454600008 PM 10048154 ER PT J AU Abbott, BD Schmid, JE Brown, JG Wood, CR White, RD Buckalew, AR Held, GA AF Abbott, BD Schmid, JE Brown, JG Wood, CR White, RD Buckalew, AR Held, GA TI RT-PCR quantification of AHR, ARNT, GR, and CYP1A1 mRNA in craniofacial tissues of embryonic mice exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and hydrocortisone SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE dioxin (Ah); palate; Ah receptor (ANI); AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT); glucocorticoid receptor; CYP1A1; hydrocortisone; quantitative RT-PCR ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN; EPITHELIAL-CELL DIFFERENTIATION; C57BL/6N MOUSE EMBRYO; CLEFT-PALATE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; CYTOCHROME P4501A1; FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS AB C57BL/6N mouse embryos exposed to hydrocortisone (HC) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) develop cleft palate. An interaction between these agents produces clefts at doses which alone are not teratogenic. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and dioxin receptor (AhR) mediated these responses and their gene expression was altered by TCDD and/or HC in palates examined on gestation day (GD) 14 by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. The present study quantifies AhR, AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT), and GR mRNA at 4, 12, 24, and 48 h after exposure (time 0 = dose administration at 8 A.M. On gestation day 12) on GD12 to TCDD (24 mu g/kg), HC (100 mg/kg) or HC (25 mg/kg) + TCDD (3 mu g/kg). The induction of CYP1A1 mRNA was also quantified at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h for control and TCDD-exposed samples. Total RNA was prepared from midfacial tissue of 4-6 embryos/litter at each time and dose. An RNA internal standard (IS) for each gene was synthesized, which included the gene's primer sequences separated by a pUC19 plasmid sequence. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on total RNA + IS using a range of 5-7 IS concentrations across a constant level of total RNA. PCR products were separated in gels (mRNA and IS-amplified sequences differed by 30-50 bases), ethidium bromide-stained, imaged (Hamamatsu Photonics Systems, Bridgewater, NJ), and quantified with NIH Image. CYP1A1 mRNA was significantly induced in the TCDD-exposed samples at all time points examined (p = 0.005 at 2 h and 0.001 after 2 h). During palatal shelf outgrowth on GD12, AhR mRNA levels increased significantly and this was not affected by treatment with TCDD or HC + TCDD. A significant increase in GR was detected at 24 h (p < 0.05) and this was unaffected by any of the exposures. Expression of ARNT increased at 12 h (p < 0.001); however, treatment with HC or HC + TCDD blocked this increase (p < 0.05). At 24 h, the TCDD-treated embryos had significantly lower ARNT mRNA compared with controls (p < 0.001). The relative overall expression level of the genes was AhR > ARNT > GR. Within individuals, expression of AhR and/or ARNT was highly correlated with GR level. In conclusion, CYP1A1 mRNA was expressed in developing craniofacial tissue and was highly induced by TCDD exposure. AhR, ARNT, and GR mRNA are upregulated in early palatogenesis, although not on the same schedule. The TCDD-induced decrease in ARNT at 24 h after dosing and the HC and HC + TCDD-induced delay in upregulation of ARNT may affect the dynamics of heterodimer formation between AhR and ARNT. The changes in ARNT mRNA level could also affect availability of this transcriptional regulator to interact with other potential partners, and these effects, separately or in combination, may be involved in disruption of normal embryonic development. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27111 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Hlth Biostat & Res Support Staff, Off Associate Director, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27111 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27111 USA. NR 52 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 76 EP 85 DI 10.1093/toxsci/47.1.76 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 251PT UT WOS:000083454600009 PM 10048155 ER PT J AU Peters, JM Narotsky, MG Elizondo, G Fernandez-Salguero, PM Gonzalez, FJ Abbott, BD AF Peters, JM Narotsky, MG Elizondo, G Fernandez-Salguero, PM Gonzalez, FJ Abbott, BD TI Amelioration of TCDD-induced teratogenesis in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-Null mice SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR); 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); developmental toxicity; teratogenicity ID AH RECEPTOR; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; GROWTH-FACTORS; RETINOIC ACID; CLEFT-PALATE; EXPRESSION; GENES; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; LACKING; HYDRONEPHROSIS AB The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates many of the biological effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and transcriptional activation of genes encoding a number of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Prenatal exposure of mice to TCDD causes severe alterations in embryo and fetal development, including hydronephrosis and cleft palate. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are unclear. In this work, the teratogenicity of TCDD in AhR-null mice was evaluated to determine if this effect is mediated by the AhR. Homozygous wild-type (+/+) or AhR-null (-/-) female mice were mated with males of the same genotype overnight. On gestation day (GD)-10, mice were intubated orally with either corn oil (vehicle control) or 25 mu g/kg TCDD. Fetuses were examined on GD18 for visceral and skeletal alterations. For non-TCDD-exposed litters, all developmental endpoints were comparable between genotypes, with the exception of a lower incidence of large interfrontal bones in (-/-) mice. For TCDD-exposed litters, (+/+) fetuses had a significantly greater incidence of cleft palate, hydronephrosis, small kidneys, tortuous ureters and greater dilation of the renal pelves and ureters compared to (-/-) fetuses. Interestingly, an increased resorption rate was observed in (-/-) fetuses exposed to TCDD. Results from this work demonstrate that fetal development per se is generally unaffected by the absence of the AhR or that other genes may have compensated for the loss of the AhR. More importantly, these data indicate that the AhR mediates TCDD-induced teratogenicity. Further, since a higher percentage of resorptions was observed in (-/-) litters from TCDD-treated dams, it is possible that AhR-independent mechanisms contribute to TCDD-induced developmental toxicity. C1 NCI, Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Peters, JM (reprint author), NCI, Metab Branch, NIH, Bldg 37,Room 3E-24, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Peters, Jeffrey/D-8847-2011; OI Fernandez-Salguero, Pedro M./0000-0003-2839-5027 NR 32 TC 150 Z9 157 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 86 EP 92 DI 10.1093/toxsci/47.1.86 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 251PT UT WOS:000083454600010 PM 10048156 ER PT J AU Erickson, RJ Ankley, GT DeFoe, DL Kosian, PA Makynen, EA AF Erickson, RJ Ankley, GT DeFoe, DL Kosian, PA Makynen, EA TI Additive toxicity of binary mixtures of phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE photoinduced toxicity; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; mixture; model ID LIFE STAGE MORTALITY; DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; FATHEAD MINNOW; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; BIPHENYL CONGENERS; FISH TOXICITY; SEDIMENTS; CHEMICALS AB Toxicity of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can increase by an order of magnitude, or more, in the presence of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In the environment, PAHs exist as complex mixtures, which generally would include multiple PAHs that could cause photoinduced toxicity. Hence, to accurately predict the potential ecological risk of phototoxic PAHs, it is critical to understand their joint toxicity. In this study, we exposed the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus to the phototoxic PAHs anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, both singly and as binary mixtures for 96 h. Following this, the animals were exposed to UV light for an additional 96 h, during which periodic observations of mortality were made. Time-dependent phototoxicity of the binary PAH mixtures, expressed as a function of the product of UV light intensity and PAH dose (in the tissue of the animals), was adequately described using a concentration addition model. Given the probability that the PAHs examined acted via a common mechanism of action, this result was consistent with expectations. These data highlight the need to consider the combined photoactivation potential of PAH mixtures and provide the technical basis for a modeling approach to predict their ecological risk. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM ankley.gerald@epamail.epa.gov NR 49 TC 22 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 154 IS 1 BP 97 EP 105 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8563 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 158YJ UT WOS:000078144800011 PM 9882596 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B Oortgiesen, M Carter, JD Devlin, RB AF Veronesi, B Oortgiesen, M Carter, JD Devlin, RB TI Particulate matter initiates inflammatory cytokine release by activation of capsaicin and acid receptors in a human bronchial epithelial cell line SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; residual oil fly ash; acidic particulates; capsaicin receptor; acid sensitive pH receptor; irritant receptors; neuropeptides; bronchial epithelial cells; BEAS-2B; neurogenic inflammation ID OIL FLY-ASH; GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; INDUCED AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; SENSITIVE SENSORY NERVES; CHANG LIVER-CELLS; GUINEA-PIG; NEUTRAL ENDOPEPTIDASE; SUBSTANCE-P; POLLUTION PARTICLE AB Recent experiments have shown that human bronchial epithelial cells (i.e., BEAS-2B) release pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6 and TNF alpha) in a receptor-mediated fashion in response to the neuropeptides, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), and the prototype botanical irritant capsaicin. In the present experiments, we examined the relevance of these receptors to particulate matter (PM)-associated cellular inflammation. BEAS-2B cells, exposed to residual oil fly ash particles (ROFA), responded with an immediate (<30 s) increase in intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+](i)), increases of key inflammatory cytokine transcripts (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, TNF alpha) within 2 h exposure, and subsequent release of IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine protein after 4 h exposure. Pretreatment of BEAS-2B cells with pharmacological antagonists selective for the SP or CGRP receptors reduced the ROFA-stimulated IL-6 cytokine production by similar to 25 and 50%, respectively. However, pretreatment of these cells with capsazepine (CPZ), an antagonist for capsaicin (i.e., vanilloid) receptors, inhibited the immediate increases in [Ca2+](i), diminished transcript (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, TNF alpha) levels and reduced IL-6 cytokine release to control levels. BEAS-2B cells exposed to ROFA in calcium-free media failed to demonstrate increases of [Ca2+](i) and showed reduced levels of cytokine transcript (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, TNF alpha) and IL-6 release, suggesting that ROFA-stimulated cytokine formation was partially dependent on extracellular calcium sources. A final set of experiments compared the inflammatory properties of the soluble and acidic insoluble components of ROFA. BEAS-2B cells, exposed to ROFA or ROFA that had been filtered through a 0.2-mu m pore filter, produced equivocal IL-6. BEAS-2B cells exposed to pH 5.0 media for 15 min released moderate amounts of IL-6, 4 h later. This cytokine release could be blocked by amiloride, a pH receptor antagonist, but not by CPZ. BEAS-2B cells, pretreated with amiloride before ROFA exposure, showed a partial(similar to 25%) reduction of IL-6. Together, these data indicate that the acidic, soluble components of ROFA initiate cytokine release in BEAS-2B cells through activation of both capsaicin- and PH-sensitive irritant receptors. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 76 TC 94 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 154 IS 1 BP 106 EP 115 DI 10.1006/taap.1998.8567 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 158YJ UT WOS:000078144800012 PM 9882597 ER PT J AU Cooper, RL Goldman, JM Stoker, TE AF Cooper, RL Goldman, JM Stoker, TE TI Neuroendocrine and reproductive effects of contemporary-use pesticides SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE endocrine; hypothalamic-pituitary; reproduction ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SURGE; AGING FEMALE RATS; OVULATION; CHLORDIMEFORM; BLOCKADE; INVITRO; BRAIN; MICE AB Work in our laboratory has focused on the hypothesis that certain environmental contaminants will interfere with reproductive function because they disrupt the neuroendocrine regulation of gonadal function. In this article, we review the evidence that certain classes of contemporary-use pesticides alter gonadotropin secretion through a disruption of hypothalamic mechanisms. Specifically, we discuss the effect of formamidine and dithiocarbamate pesticides on the noradrenergic control of pituitary hormone secretion, ovarian function, and pregnancy in the rat. This is followed by a review of studies evaluating the effect of a chlorotriazine herbicide, atrazine, on the hormonal control of ovulation and lactation. We also discuss the physiological consequences of these endocrine alterations in the female, how toxicant-induced endocrine alterations may differ in physiological outcome in the male and female, and the fact that the reproductive risk assessment of some pesticides that act on the central nervous system (CNS) may be influenced by the development of tolerance. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cooper, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 44 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 8 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 26 EP 36 DI 10.1191/074823399678846727 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BF UT WOS:000085945500004 PM 10188189 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, J Cooper, RL Kelce, WR AF Gray, LE Ostby, J Cooper, RL Kelce, WR TI The estrogenic and antiandrogenic pesticide methoxychlor alters the reproductive tract and behavior without affecting pituitary size or LH and prolactin secretion in male rats SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE endocrine disruptor; male rat reproductive toxicity; methoxychlor; pituitary function; sexual behavior; sperm counts; xenoantiandrogen; xenoestrogen ID TESTOSTERONE AB This study was designed to determine if long-term exposure to high doses of methoxychlor (M) would alter pituitary or testicular endocrine functions in either an estrogenic or antiandrogenic manner. Weanling male Long-Evans hooded rats were dosed daily with M (po) at 0, 200, 300, or 400 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 10 months. Methoxychlor treatment delayed puberty by as much as 10 weeks and reduced fertility and copulatory plug formation in a dose-related manner at the initial mating. During mating, M-treated males exhibited shorter latencies to mount and ejaculate versus control males, but the number of intromissions prior to ejaculation was unaffected, indicating that M enhanced the arousal level in the males in an estrogen-dependent manner. Most treated males eventually mated but time-to-pregnancy was lengthened. Very low sperm counts were associated with infertility, while prolonged delays in puberty reduced fecundity. Methoxychlor treatment with 200 to 400 mg kg(-1) day(-1) failed to mimic the chronic effects of a sustained (8 months) low dose of estradiol-17 beta (3-mm silastic implants) on pituitary or testicular hormone levels. Estradiol administration increased pituitary weight 4-fold, serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were reduced by almost 50%, and serum prolactin was increased 40-fold, while M did not affect any of these measures. These data demonstrate that M affects the CNS, epididymal sperm numbers, and the accessory sex glands and delays mating without significantly affecting the secretion of LH, prolactin, or testosterone. These data indicate that M did not alter pituitary endocrine function in either an estrogenic or antiandrogenic manner. To our knowledge, these data provide the first in vivo example of such a pronounced degree of target tissue selectivity to an environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 94 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 47 DI 10.1191/074823399678846655 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BF UT WOS:000085945500005 PM 10188190 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, J Monosson, E Kelce, WR AF Gray, LE Ostby, J Monosson, E Kelce, WR TI Environmental antiandrogens: low doses of the fungicide vinclozolin alter sexual differentiation of the male rat SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE abnormal sexual differentiation; dose-response; hypospadias; risk assessment; vinclozolin ID ANDROGEN RECEPTOR LIGANDS; MALE REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; N-BUTYL PHTHALATE; ANOGENITAL DISTANCE; MECHANISM; METHOXYCHLOR; TOXICITY; LINURON AB In humans and rodents, exposure to antiandrogenic chemicals during sexual differentiation can produce malformations of the reproductive tract. Perinatal administration of 100 or 200 mg vinclozolin (V) kg(-1) day(-1) during sexual differentiation in rats induces female-like anogenital distance (AGD), retained nipples, cleft phallus with hypospadias, suprainguinal ectopic scrota/testes, a vaginal pouch, epididymal granulomas, and small to absent sex accessory glands in male offspring. Vinclozolin is metabolized to at least two active forms, M1 and M2, that display antiandrogenic activity by binding the androgen receptor (AR). Here, we present information on the reproductive effects of oral treatment with low dosage levels of V during sexual differentiation of the male rat. Vinclozolin was administered to the dam at 0, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1) from gestational day 14 to postnatal day 3 (the period of fetal/neonatal testicular testosterone synthesis and sexual differentiation). At doses of 3.125 mg V kg(-1) and above, AGD was significantly reduced in newborn male offspring and the incidence of areolas was increased. These effects were associated with permanent alterations in other androgen-dependent tissues. Ventral prostate weight in one year old male offspring was reduced in all treatment groups (significant at 6.25, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), and permanent nipples were detected in males at 3.125 (1.4%), 6.25 (3.6%), 12.5 (3.9%), 25 (8.5%), 50 (91%), and 100 (100%) mg V kg(-1) day(-1). To date, permanent nipples have not been observed in a control male from any study in our laboratory. Vinclozolin treatment at 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1) induced reproductive tract malformations and reduced ejaculated sperm numbers and fertility. Even though all of the effects of V likely result from the same initial event (AR binding), the different endpoints displayed a wide variety of dose-response curves and ED(50)'s. The dose-response data for several of the functional endpoints failed to display an obvious threshold. These data demonstrate that V produces subtle alterations in sexual differentiation of the external genitalia, ventral prostate, and nipple tissue in male rat offspring at dosage levels below the previously described no-observed-effect-level (NOEL). These effects occur at a dosage level an order of magnitude below that required to induce malformations and reduce fertility. Hence, multigenerational reproduction studies of antiandrogenic chemicals that were not conducted under the Environmental Protection Agency's new Harmonized Multigenerational Test Guidelines, which include endpoints sensitive to antiandrogens at low dosage levels, could yield a NOEL that is at least an order of magnitude too high. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epamail.epa.gov NR 63 TC 212 Z9 221 U1 1 U2 11 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 48 EP 64 DI 10.1191/074823399678846646 PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BF UT WOS:000085945500006 PM 10188191 ER PT J AU Monosson, E Kelce, WR Lambright, C Ostby, J Gray, LE AF Monosson, E Kelce, WR Lambright, C Ostby, J Gray, LE TI Peripubertal exposure to the antiandrogenic fungicide, vinclozolin, delays puberty, inhibits the development of androgen-dependent tissues, and alters androgen receptor function in the male rat SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE androgen receptor; antiandrogen; fungicide; preputial separation; puberty; vinclozolin ID BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; EXPRESSION; ENDOCRINE; MECHANISM; DIFFERENTIATION; TESTOSTERONE; ANTAGONIST; TRACT; AXIS AB Vinclozolin is a well-characterized antiandrogenic fungicide. It produces adverse effects when administered during sexual differentiation, and it alters reproductive function in adult male rats by acting as an androgen-antagonist. Two active metabolites of vinclozolin, M1 and M2, compete with natural androgens for the rat acid human androgen receptors (ARs), an effect that blocks androgen-induced gene expression in vivo and in vitro. In addition to their effects during perinatal life, androgens play a key role in pubertal maturation in young males. In this regard, the present study was designed to examine the effects of peripubertal oral administration of vinclozolin (0, 10, 30, or 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) on morphological landmarks of puberty, hormone levels, and sex accessory gland development in male rats. In addition, as binding of the M1 and M2 to AR alter the subcellular distribution of AR by inhibiting AR-DNA binding, we examined the effects of vinclozolin on AR distribution in the target cells after in vivo treatment. We also examined serum levels of vinclozolin, M1, and M2 in the treated males so that these could be related to the effects on the reproductive tract and AR distribution. Vinclozolin treatment delayed pubertal maturation (at 30 and 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) and retarded sex accessory gland and epididymal growth. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH; significant at all dosage levels) and testosterone and 5 alpha-androstane,3 alpha,17 beta-diol (at 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) levels were increased. Testis size and sperm production, however, were unaffected. It was apparent that these effects were concurrent with subtle alterations in the subcellular distribution of AR. In control animals, most AR were in the high salt cell fraction, apparently bound to the natural ligand and DNA. Vinclozolin treatment reduced the amount of AR in the high salt (bound to DNA) fraction and it increased AR levels in the low salt (inactive, not bound to DNA) fraction. M1 and M2 were found in the serum of animals from the two highest dosage groups, but they were present at levels well below their K-i values. In summary, these results suggest that when the vinclozolin metabolites occupy a small percentage of AR in the cell, this prevents maximal AR-DNA binding and alters in vivo androgen-dependent gene expression and protein synthesis, which in turn results in obvious alterations of morphological development and serum hormone levels. It is noteworthy that similar exposures during prenatal life result in a high incidence of malformations in male rats. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epamail.epa.gov NR 31 TC 148 Z9 156 U1 0 U2 6 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0748-2337 EI 1477-0393 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 79 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BF UT WOS:000085945500007 PM 10188192 ER PT J AU Ostby, J Kelce, WR Lambright, C Wolf, CJ Mann, P Gray, LE AF Ostby, J Kelce, WR Lambright, C Wolf, CJ Mann, P Gray, LE TI The fungicide procymidone alters sexual differentiation in the male rat by acting as an androgen-receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE antiandrogen; binding; developmental reproductive toxicity; endocrine disruption; procymidone; sexual differentiation; transcriptional activation ID 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ANTIANDROGEN; FINASTERIDE; PESTICIDES; WILDLIFE; PROSTATE; EXPOSURE; TRACT AB Procymidone is a dicarboximide fungicide structurally related to the well-characterized fungicide vinclozolin. Vinclozolin metabolites bind to mammalian androgen receptors (AR) and act as AR antagonists, inhibiting androgen-dependent gene expression in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting AR-binding to DNA. The current study was designed to determine if procymidone acted as an AR antagonist in vitro and to describe the dosage levels of procymidone that alter sexual differentiation in vivo. In vitro, procymidone inhibited androgen from binding the human AR (hAR) in COS (monkey kidney) cells transfected with hAR at 3.16 mu M. In vitro, procymidone acted as an androgen antagonist, inhibiting dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced transcriptional activation at 0.2 mu M in CV-1 cells (cotransfected with the hAR and a MMTV-luciferase reporter gene). In vivo, maternal procymidone exposure at 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg kg(-1) day(-1) during gestation and early lactation (gestational day 14 to postnatal day 3) altered reproductive development of male offspring at all dosage levels tested. Male offspring exhibited shortened anogenital distance (at 25 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and above), permanent nipples, reduced weight of several androgen-dependent tissues (levator ani and bulbocavernosus muscles, prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper's gland and glans penis), and malformations (hypospadias, cleft phallus, exposed os penis, vaginal pouch, hydronephrosis, occasional hydroureter, epididymal granulomas, and ectopic, undescended testes). In addition, perinatal procymidone treatment had a marked effect on the histology of the lateral and ventral prostatic and seminal vesicular tissues of the offspring (at 50 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and above). These effects consisted of fibrosis, cellular infiltration, and epithelial hyperplasia. This constellation of effects is similar to that produced by perinatal exposure to vinclozolin. However, procymidone appears to be slightly less potent in inducing malformations than vinclozolin by a factor of about two. In summary, the antiandrogenic activity of procymidone was demonstrated in vice and in vitro in cell lines transfected with hAR. Since the role of androgens in mammalian sexual differentiation is highly conserved, it is likely that humans would be adversely affected by procymidone in a predictable manner if the human fetus was exposed to sufficient levels during critical stages of intrauterine and neonatal life. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Expt Pathol Labs Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epamail.epa.gov NR 33 TC 155 Z9 166 U1 0 U2 20 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0748-2337 EI 1477-0393 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 80 EP 93 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BF UT WOS:000085945500008 PM 10188193 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Wolf, C Lambright, C Mann, P Price, M Cooper, RL Ostby, J AF Gray, LE Wolf, C Lambright, C Mann, P Price, M Cooper, RL Ostby, J TI Administration of potentially antiandrogenic pesticides (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate, p,p '-DDE, and ketoconazole) and toxic substances (dibutyl- and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB 169, and ethane dimethane sulphonate) during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformations in the male rat SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE anti-androgen; developmental reproductive toxicology; endocrine disruptor; inhibition of steroid synthesis; pesticides; phthalate; sex reversal; steroid receptors ID ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; IN-UTERO; LEYDIG-CELLS; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; ENDOCRINE; TESTOSTERONE; HAMSTER AB Antiandrogenic chemicals alter sexual differentiation by a variety of mechanisms, and as a consequence, they induce different profiles of effects. For example, in utero treatment with the androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, flutamide, produces ventral prostate agenesis and testicular nondescent, while in contrast, finasteride, an inhibitor of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis, rarely, if ever, induces such malformations. In this regard, it was recently proposed that dibutyl phthalate (DBP) alters reproductive development by a different mechanism of action than flutamide or vinclozolin (V), which are AR antagonists, because the male offsprings display an unusually high incidence of testicular and epididymal alterations-effects rarely seen after in utero flutamide or V treatment. In this study, we present original data describing the reproductive effects of 10 known or suspected anti-androgens, including a Leydig cell toxicant ethane dimethane sulphonate (EDS, 50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), linuron (L, 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), p,p'-DDE (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), ketoconazole (12-50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), procymidone (P, 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), chlozolinate (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), iprodione (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), DBP (500 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP, 750 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener no. 169 (single dose of 1.8 mg kg(-1)). Our analysis indicates that the chemicals discussed here can be clustered into three or four separate groups, based on the resulting profiles of reproductive effects. Vinclozolin, P, and DDE, known AR ligands, produce similar profiles of toxicity. However, p,p'-DDE is less potent in this regard. DBP and DEHP produce a profile distinct from the above AR ligands. Male offsprings display a higher incidence of epididymal and testicular lesions than generally seen with flutamide, P, or V even at high dosage levels. Linuron treatment induced a level of external effects consistent with its low affinity for AR [reduced anogenital distance (AGD), retained nipples, and a low incidence of hypospadias]. However, L treatment also induced an unanticipated degree of malformed epididymides and testis atrophy. In fact, the profile of effects induced by L was similar to that seen with DBP. These results suggest that L may display several mechanisms of endocrine toxicity, one of which involves AR binding. Chlozolinate and iprodione did not produce any signs of maternal or fetal endocrine toxicity at 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1). EDS produced severe maternal toxicity and a 45% reduction in size at birth, which resulted in the death of ail neonates by 5 days of age. However, EDS only reduced AGD in male pups by 15%. Ketoconazole did not demasculinize or feminize males but rather displayed anti-hormonal activities, apparently by inhibiting ovarian hormone synthesis, which resulted in delayed delivery and whole litter loss. In summary, the above in vivo data suggest that the chemicals we studied alter male sexual differentiation via different mechanisms. The anti-androgens V, P, and p,p'-DDE produce flutamide-like profiles that are distinct from those seen with DBP, DEHP, and L. The effects of PCB 169 bear little resemblance to those of any known anti-androgen. Only in depth in vitro studies will reveal the degree to which one can rely upon in vivo studies, like those presented here, to predict the cellular and molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Expt Pathol Labs Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epamail.epa.gov NR 67 TC 449 Z9 469 U1 9 U2 58 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 94 EP 118 DI 10.1191/074823399678846664 PG 25 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BF UT WOS:000085945500009 PM 10188194 ER PT J AU Scott, GI Fulton, MH Moore, DW Wirth, EF Chandler, GT Key, PB Daugomah, JW Strozier, ED Devane, J Clark, JR Lewis, MA Finley, DB Ellenberg, W Karnaky, KJ AF Scott, GI Fulton, MH Moore, DW Wirth, EF Chandler, GT Key, PB Daugomah, JW Strozier, ED Devane, J Clark, JR Lewis, MA Finley, DB Ellenberg, W Karnaky, KJ TI Assessment of risk reduction strategies for the management of agricultural nonpoint source pesticide runoff in estuarine ecosystems SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE azinphosmethyl; best management practices; endosulfan; fenvalerate; grass shrimp; integrated pest management; mummichog; P-glycoprotein; retention ponds ID P-GLYCOPROTEIN; TOXICITY AB Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) runoff may result in significant discharges of pesticides, suspended sediments, and fertilizers into estuarine habitats adjacent to agricultural areas or downstream from agricultural watersheds. Exposure of estuarine fin fish and shellfish to toxic levels of pesticides may occur, resulting in significant declines in field populations. Integrated pest management (IPM), best management practices (BMP), and retention ponds (RP) are risk management tools that have been proposed to reduce the contaminant risk from agricultural NPS runoff into estuarine ecosystems. Field studies were conducted at three sites within coastal estuarine ecosystems of South Carolina (SC) from 1985 to 1990 that varied in terms of the amount and degree of risk reduction strategies employed. An intensively managed (IPM, BMP, and RP) agricultural treatment site (TRT) was studied for pesticide runoff impacts. From 1985 to 1987, there were minimal (some IPM and BMP) management activities at TRT, but from 1988 to 1990, TRT was managed using an intensive risk reduction strategy. A second unmanaged agricultural growing area, Kiawah (KWA), was also studied and compared with TRT in terms of pesticide runoff and the resulting impacts on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus). A third, non-agricultural, reference site (CTL) was used for comparing results from the managed and unmanaged agricultural sites. In situ toxicity tests and field samples of the grass shrimp populations were conducted at each site and compared in terms of survival and the effectiveness of current risk reduction strategies. Significant runoff of insecticides (azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and fenvalerate) along with several fish kills were observed at TRT prior to the implementation of rigorous risk reduction methods, A significant reduction of in stream pesticide concentrations (up to 90%) was observed at TRT following the implementation of strict NPS runoff controls, which greatly reduced impacts on estuarine fish and shellfish. At the unmanaged KWA, continued impacts due to the runoff of these insecticides were observed, along with several fish kills. Additional monitoring indicated that gravid female grass shrimp populations from KWA had elevated levels of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a multidrug resistance protein, which may transport various pesticides across cellular membranes. Comparison of field results with laboratory toxicity tests established that pesticide exposure was the primary cause of observed field impacts at each site. These findings clearly indicate the value of an integrated risk reduction strategy (BMP, IPM, and RP) for minimizing impacts from NPS agricultural pesticide runoff. C1 US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Exxon Biomed, Houston, TX USA. US EPA, Gulf Sci Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Program, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Mt Desert Isl Biol Lab, Salsbury Cove, ME 04672 USA. RP Scott, GI (reprint author), US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston Lab, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM g.scott@noaa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES03828] NR 34 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 15 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1-2 BP 200 EP 213 DI 10.1191/074823399678846673 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 295BF UT WOS:000085945500018 PM 10188203 ER PT J AU Hoffman, AD Jenson, CT Lien, GJ McKim, JM AF Hoffman, AD Jenson, CT Lien, GJ McKim, JM TI Individual tissue weight to total body weight relationships and total, polar, and nonpolar lipids in tissues of hatchery lake trout SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; MODEL; FISH AB Individual tissue or organ weight to total body weight relationships, total lipid, and major lipid subclasses were measured in 3- and 4-year-old hatchery-reared Lake Superior isle Royale strain "lean" lake trout Salvelinus namaycush to obtain a more in-depth understanding of the major lipid compartments of lake trout for use in predicting the distribution and disposition of xenobiotics in these fish. No significant (P > 0.05) differences between males and females were observed in individual tissue or organ weight to total body weight relationships. The weight of internal organs and tissues made up approximately 11% of body weight, while the remaining carcass accounted for 85%. Muscle accounted for slightly more than half of the carcass weight. Dorsal and ventral muscle were approximately equal in proportions. Mean (+/-SD) calculated whole-body total lipid for the lake trout was 15.2% (+/-2.2%). No significant (P > 0.05) differences between males and females were observed in total lipid content or in the major lipid subclasses (polar. nonpolar) for the individual tissues and organs of the lake trout except for gonads. The total lipids in lake trout blood, tissues, and organs, ranked from highest to lowest, were viscera (48%),liver (15%). kidney (14%), carcass (12%), skin (10%), brain (8%), dorsal muscle (5%), gonads (4%), and blood (1%). Total lipid content of ventral muscle (12%) was more than two times that of the dorsal muscle (5%). Analysis of lipid subclasses showed lake trout tissues and organs had significantly higher (up to eight times higher for kidney) levels of nonpolar lipids than polar lipids. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Hoffman, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 128 IS 1 BP 178 EP 181 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0178:ITWTTB>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 197UY UT WOS:000080385100015 ER PT S AU Huff, J AF Huff, J BE Bailer, AJ Maltoni, C Bailar, JC Belpoggi, F Brazier, JV Soffritti, M TI Long-term chemical carcinogenesis bioassays predict human cancer hazards - Issues, controversies, and uncertainties SO UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Uncertainty in the Risk Assessment of Environmental and Occupational Hazards CY SEP 24-26, 1998 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP European Fdn Oncol & Environm Sci B Ramazzini, Int Stat Inst, Miami Univ, Univ Chicago, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NIEHS, NIOSH, Akzo Nobel NV, Reg Agcy Prevent & Envoronm, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Collegium Ramazzini, DSM ID NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM; LIVER-TUMOR INDUCTION; HAMSTER EMBRYO CELLS; MAJOR RISK FACTOR; B6C3F(1) MICE; DRINKING-WATER; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; EXPERIMENTAL-ANIMALS; RAS PROTOONCOGENE; NTP CHEMICALS AB Long-term carcinogenesis bioassays are the most valued and predictive means for identifying potential carcinogenic hazards of various agents to humans. Agents mag: be chemicals, chemical mixtures, multiple chemicals, combinations of chemicals, residues and contaminants, commercial products and formulations, and various exposure circumstances, Life-styles, dietary factors, and occupational exposure circumstances are very difficult, but not totally impossible, to evaluate experimentally. Historically, the first chemical bioassay took place in the early part of this century: Yamagiwa and Ichikawa(1) in 1915, showed that coal tar applied experimentally to rabbit ears caused skin carcinomas. Since then, nearly 1500-2000 bioassays of one sort or another have been carried out. Importantly, however, some of these bioassays must be considered inadequate for judging the absence of carcinogenicity, since there were various limitations on the wag they Here performed: tao few animals, too short a duration, too low exposure concentrations, too limited pathology, as examples. Thus, each bioassay must be critically evaluated, especially those reported to be negative, because "false negatives" are certainly more hazardous to human health than are "false positives". Likewise, one must be careful not to discount bioassay results simply because a target organ in rodents may not have a direct counterpart in humans (e.g., Zymbal glands(2)), or because an organ site in rodents may not be a major site of cancers in humans (e.g., mouse liver). The design and conduct of a bioassay is not simple, however, and one must be fully aware of possible pitfalls as well as viable and often necessary alternatives. Simiiarly, evaluating results and interpreting findings must be approached with the utmost objectivity and consistency. These and other select issues, controversies, and uncertainties possibly encountered in long-term bioassays are covered in this paper. One fact remains abundantly clear: for every known human carcinogen that has been tested adequately in laboratory animals, the findings of carcinogenicity are concordant. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Huff, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 169 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-236-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 895 BP 56 EP 79 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08077.x PG 24 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Z UT WOS:000085328100005 PM 10676409 ER PT S AU Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA AF Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA BE McGregor, DB Rice, JM Venitt, S TI Short-term tests for defining mutagenic carcinogens SO USE OF SHORT- AND MEDIUM-TERM TESTS FOR CARCINOGENS AND DATA ON GENETIC EFFECTS IN CARCINOGENIC HAZARD EVALUATION SE IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Use of Short-and Meduim-Term Tests for Carcinogens and Data on Genetic Effects in Carcinogenic Hazard Evaluation CY OCT 06-10, 1997 CL LYON, FRANCE SP US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Serv, US EPA, European Commiss ID CELL GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; ETHYLENE-OXIDE; DNA-DAMAGE; CURRENT ISSUES; CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; BRAIN-TUMORS AB The results of short-term tests for mutagenicity were first included in the IARC Monographs in the mid-1970s on the basis of the observation that most carcinogens are also mutagens, although not all mutagens are carcinogens. The experimental evidence at that time showed a strong correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity and indicated that the short-term tests were useful for predicting carcinogenicity. Although the correlations have become weaker over the past 20 years, and with them the predictive value of short-term tests, such tests still provide vital information for identifying and understanding mechanisms involved in carcinogenicity. The results of short-term tests compiled in the US Environmental Protection Agency-IARC Genetic Activity Profile database over the past 12 years are summarized and reviewed here in relation to the classification of agents for carcinogenicity within the system used at IARC. The role of the information from short-term tests in making overall classifications of specific compounds in recent Monographs is discussed. The usefulness of data on three genetic end-points, gene mutation, chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy, and the criteria for mutagenicity and lack of mutagenicity based on a 'defining set' of test results are examined. Recommendations are made for assessing chemicals on the basis of the strength of the evidence from short-term tests, and the implications of this approach for identifying putative mutational mechanisms of carcinogenicity are discussed. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 99 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT AGENCY RESEARCH CANCER PI LYONS PA 150, COURS ALBERT THOMAS, 69372 LYONS, FRANCE SN 0300-5038 BN 92-832-2146-X J9 IARC SCI PUBL JI IARC Sci. Publ. PY 1999 IS 146 BP 499 EP 526 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA BR70V UT WOS:000167234600021 PM 10353401 ER PT J AU Spiegel, RJ Thorneloe, SA Trocciola, JC Preston, JL AF Spiegel, RJ Thorneloe, SA Trocciola, JC Preston, JL TI Fuel cell operation on anaerobic digester gas: conceptual design and assessment SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE anaerobic digester gas; fuel cell system; wastewater treatment; nitrous oxides; carbon monoxide AB The conceptual design of a fuel cell (FC) system for operation on anaerobic digester gas (ADG) is described and its economic and environmental feasibility is projected. ADG is produced at wastewater treatment plants during the process of treating sewage anaerobically to reduce solids. The economic feasibility study shows the fuel cell is economical where plant electricity costs are 5 phi/kW h or higher, based on entry level fuel cell costs of $3000/kW. FCs are one of the cleanest energy technologies available, and the widespread use of this concept should result in a significant reduction in global warming gas and acid rain air emissions. Additionally, technology evaluation focused on improving a commercial phosphoric acid FC power plant operation on ADG is described. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ONSI Corp, S Windsor, CT 06704 USA. RP Spiegel, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 3 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 6 BP 389 EP 399 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00197-X PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 244JY UT WOS:000083049100002 ER PT J AU Yanko, WA Jackson, JL Williams, FP Walker, AS Castillo, MS AF Yanko, WA Jackson, JL Williams, FP Walker, AS Castillo, MS TI An unexpected temporal pattern of coliphage isolation in groundwaters sampled from wells at varied distances from reclaimed water recharge sites SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bacteriophage; FRNA; fd; virus; reclaimed water; groundwater ID MALE-SPECIFIC BACTERIOPHAGES; WASTE-WATER; RNA-BACTERIOPHAGES; ENTERIC VIRUSES; ENUMERATION; CRITERIA; REMOVAL; SEWAGE AB Potable and monitoring wells located in close proximity to a large groundwater recharge project which utilizes a blend of surface water and reclaimed wastewater for recharge were tested for coliphage over a period of 6 months to assess the potential for virus migration. During the first 3 months FRNA phage were detected once at a shallow monitoring well. In late summer, an unexpected pulse of phage was detected in all wells, including control sites, suggesting an ecological phenomenon independent of recharge operations. Cubic and filamentous F-specific coliphage, consistent with the Levivridae and Inoviridae groups, and a noncontractile tailed phage consistent with the Siphoviridae family were detected. There was no discernible relationship between recharge operations and the pattern of phage populations detected. Phage were detected using a host designated HS12, a variant of KS(pFamp)R (Debartolomeis, J. and Cabelli, V. J. (1991) Evaluation of an Escherichia roll host strain for enumeration of f male-specific bacteriophages. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 57, 1301.). During the study it was found that HS12 contained a temperate Myoviridae phage; Myoviridae phage were subsequently excluded from the results. A total of 26 production wells, including 3 control sites, were sampled monthly and 6 monitoring wells were sampled every two weeks: Water reclamation plant effluents and river water upstream of effluent discharges were randomly sampled. The concentration and distribution of phage isolated was quite different in chlorinated effluent compared to river water. The majority of isolates from reclaimed water were filamentous DNA F-specific phage suggesting this group was more resistant to chlorine. Groundwater samples were analyzed using a novel large volume enrichment technique that proved very sensitive for detecting low concentrations of phage. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cty Sanitat Dist Los Angeles Cty, San Jose Creek Water Qual Lab, Whittier, CA 90601 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Yanko, WA (reprint author), Cty Sanitat Dist Los Angeles Cty, San Jose Creek Water Qual Lab, Whittier, CA 90601 USA. EM byanko@lacsd.org NR 32 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 53 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00193-6 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 149TL UT WOS:000077621600007 ER PT B AU Brady, DJ AF Brady, DJ BE Olsen, DS Potyondy, JP TI Total maximum daily loads: Status and update SO WILDLAND HYDROLOGY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual AWRA Summer Specialty Conference CY JUN 30-JUL 02, 1999 CL BOZEMAN, MT SP Amer Water Resources Assoc, Bio West Inc, Montana St Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Dover Habitat Restorat, LLC, Drake Engn Inc, Inter Fluve Inc, Lewis & Clark County Water Quality Protect Dist, Montana Comm Humanities, Montana Cultural Trust, Montana Fish, Wildlife, & Parks, Montana Dept Agr, Montana St Univ, Montana Water Ctr, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, US Geol Survey, Montana Dept Nat Resources & Conservat, Water Management Bur C1 US EPA, Off Water, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watersheds, Assessment & Watershed Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Brady, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watersheds, Assessment & Watershed Protect Div, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 W FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA BN 1-882132-47-5 PY 1999 BP 23 EP 23 PG 1 WC Forestry; Water Resources SC Forestry; Water Resources GA BP21Q UT WOS:000084434300002 ER PT B AU Nichols, JW AF Nichols, JW BE Smith, DJ Gingerich, WH BeconiBarker, MG TI Recent advances in the development and use of physiologically based toxicokinetic models for fish SO XENOBIOTICS IN FISH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism by Fish held at the Annual Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 01-02, 1998 CL DALLAS, TX SP Amer Chem Soc ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; RENAL EXCRETION; METABOLISM; PHARMACOKINETICS; BIOACCUMULATION; MICRODIALYSIS; EXTRAPOLATION; ELIMINATION AB Existing physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models for fish accurately predict the uptake and disposition of waterborne organic chemicals of low to intermediate hydrophobicity. These models have been used to evaluate factors that control chemical kinetics in fish and to extrapolate data among fish species. The utility of these models is limited, however, by a lack of understanding of the factors that control chemical uptake from dietary sources and an inability to measure, describe, and predict metabolic biotransformation. In this chapter, critical questions related to dietary uptake and metabolic biotransformation are identified and discussed. Research with fish that addresses some of these questions is presented. Guidance is also provided from modeling efforts with mammalian species. It is recommended that future research be directed towards developing a relatively simple gut sub-model description. In vitro methods for characterizing chemical biotransformation must be complemented by new techniques for measuring metabolism in the intact animal. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Nichols, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 41 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46189-7 PY 1999 BP 87 EP 103 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BQ66R UT WOS:000089123700007 ER PT J AU Song, XB Budde, WL AF Song, XB Budde, WL TI Determination of chlorinated acid herbicides and related compounds in water by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray negative ion mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE water analysis; environmental analysis; capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry; pesticides; phenols; organochlorine compounds ID PARTICLE-BEAM INTERFACE; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; THERMOSPRAY; PESTICIDES; IONIZATION; EXTRACTION; SPECTRA AB Capillary electrophoresis electrospray negative ion mass spectrometry was investigated for the determination of chlorinated acid herbicides and several phenols in water. Sixteen analytes were separated as their anions in less than 40 min with a buffer consisting of 5 mM ammonium acetate in isopropanol-water (40:60, v/v) at pH 10. A sample stacking technique was used to provide lower detection limits and a fortified drinking water sample was made pH 10 and analyzed without further processing. Quantitative analyses with an internal standard gave recoveries in the 91-124% range and replicate measurements of a calibration standard gave relative standard deviations in the range of 3-10%. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Budde, WL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin L King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 23 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD DEC 31 PY 1998 VL 829 IS 1-2 BP 327 EP 340 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00801-2 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 157UN UT WOS:000078080200030 PM 9923086 ER PT J AU Koren, H O'Neill, M AF Koren, H O'Neill, M TI Experimental assessment of the influence of atmospheric pollutants on respiratory disease SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 05-09, 1998 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Francaise Toxicol DE asthma; air pollution; experimental assessment; exposure chambers ID ASTHMA; EXPOSURE; ALLERGEN AB Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation, episodes of usually reversible airways obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The disease has significant health, societal and economic consequences. Experimental assessment methods, including controlled human exposure studies, human and animal dosimetry, as well as animal and in vitro toxicology, can shed light on how air pollutants may cause and/or worsen asthma. A brief summary background on selected classes of air pollutants is provided and selected experimental studies that exemplify novel approaches or suggest new hypotheses are highlighted. Possible directions for future research about the effects of particles, pesticides, ambient air toxicants, and pollutant mixtures on asthma, are also outlined. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Koren, H (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC 28 PY 1998 VL 103 BP 317 EP 321 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 164KE UT WOS:000078462400049 ER PT J AU Gray, LE AF Gray, LE TI Xenoendocrine disrupters: laboratory studies on male reproductive effects SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 05-09, 1998 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Francaise Toxicol DE dioxins; phthalates; antiandrogens; vinclozolin; procymidone; DDE; estrogens; reproduction ID DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS; SEX-DIFFERENTIATION; FEMALE RATS; EXPOSURE; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; ANTIANDROGEN; PESTICIDES; TOXICITY; HAMSTERS; PROSTATE AB Wildlife from ecosystems contaminated with endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) display a variety of reproductive alterations including cryptorchidism in the Florida panther, small baculum in young male otters, small penises in alligators, sex reversal in fish, and altered social behavior in birds. It has been proposed that EDCs also may have contributed to increases in testicular cancer and hypospadias and the reported decline in human sperm counts. Combined in vivo and in vitro studies are necessary to fully characterize EDC induced alterations of reproduction. We have identified several pesticides (vinclozolin, procymidone, p,p'-DDE) which bind rat and human androgen receptors, block androgen-induced gene expression in vitro and in vivo, delay puberty, reduce sex accessory gland size and alter sex differentiation in the male rat. Some of the phthalates, which are estrogenic in vitro but not in vivo, cause malformations in male rats that appear to result from antagonism of androgens in utero. In contrast, xenoestrogens affect male offspring but they are not malformed or infertile. Prenatal administration of an Ah receptor agonist (2,3,7,8-TCDD or PCB 169) produces a different spectrum of effects including reduced ejaculated sperm numbers in male rats. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epamail.epa.gov NR 24 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 EI 1879-3169 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC 28 PY 1998 VL 103 BP 331 EP 335 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 164KE UT WOS:000078462400051 ER PT J AU Richard, AM AF Richard, AM TI Commercial toxicology prediction systems: a regulatory perspective SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 05-09, 1998 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Francaise Toxicol DE toxicity prediction; SAR; commercial prediction systems; CASE; MultiCASE; TOPKAT; DEREK; ONCOLOGIC; disinfection byproducts ID AUTOMATED STRUCTURE EVALUATION; EXPERT-SYSTEMS; CHEMICALS; IDENTIFICATION; PROGRAM; HAZARD; SAR AB The use of commercial toxicity prediction systems in a regulatory setting must consider both the limitations and capabilities of the methods, as well as the ultimate use of the predictions, e.g. for testing prioritization, screening, or supporting regulatory decisions. Current systems are better suited to hazard identification (i.e. positive identification of activity-conferring features) than to ruling out hazard. Two recent examples (an EPA testing prioritization exercise for water disinfection byproducts and a regulatory action on 2,4,6-tribromophenol) illustrate issues involved in regulatory applications of SAR and commercial prediction systems. The challenge for the future will be to improve technologies for prediction within the constraints of available data, make optimal use of new test data, and better integrate elements of quantitative modeling (QSAR), empirical association, and biological and chemical mechanisms towards the goal of toxicity prediction. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Richard, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC 28 PY 1998 VL 103 BP 611 EP 616 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 164KE UT WOS:000078462400099 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS Mundy, WR Bushnell, PJ AF Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS Mundy, WR Bushnell, PJ TI Neurotoxicity of environmental chemicals and their mechanism of action SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 05-09, 1998 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Francaise Toxicol DE developmental neurotoxicology; polychlorinated biphenyls; calcium; homeostasis; PKC translocation; congener-specific effects ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; RECEPTOR-BINDING; CONGENERS; EXPOSURE; RAT; GROWTH; MICE; DOPAMINE AB Despite a ban on their manufacture in 1977, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are still found in significant quantities in the environment. Developmental exposure to PCBs and related compounds has been reported to be neurotoxic in human and animals. Research in our laboratory has focused on the possible site(s) and mechanism(s) of PCB-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Recent experiments with rats found that developmental exposure to Aroclor-1254 (ARC) affects the acquisition of a lever press response and produces long-term changes in calcium buffering and protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the brain. In vitro studies in our laboratory have found that ARC increases [H-3]phorbol ester binding, an indirect measure of PKC translocation, and inhibits calcium buffering in microsomes and mitochondria. Other experiments indicate that PCB congeners with chlorine substitutions at ortho- or low lateral substitutions are active in vitro, while non-ortho-substituted congeners are less active or inactive. Other research suggests that the lack of coplanarity of the PCB molecule is related to in vitro activity of PCB congeners. These studies indicate that in vivo developmental exposure to PCBs alters behavior and second messenger systems during adulthood, while in vitro experiments indicate that nervous system activity is related to ortho-substituted congeners that tend to be non-coplanar in configuration. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that developmental neurotoxicity of ARC is due, in part, to the presence of ortho-substituted PCB congeners. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM tilson.hugh@epamail.epa.gov NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 EI 1879-3169 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC 28 PY 1998 VL 103 BP 631 EP 635 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 164KE UT WOS:000078462400103 ER PT J AU Gray, LE AF Gray, LE TI Tiered screening and testing strategy for xenoestrogens and antiandrogens SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 05-09, 1998 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Soc Francaise Toxicol DE antiandrogens; estrogens; endocrine disruption ID RECEPTOR AB Anthropogenic chemicals that disrupt endocrine function during critical stages of development can produce profound reproductive alterations in both wildlife and humans. Of the tens of thousands of chemicals in existence, few have been tested for their ability to disrupt the endocrine system. Newly enacted legislation requires that the USEPA develop a chemical screening and testing program for endocrine effects. At present, the Endocrine Disrupters Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) is considering a screening battery (Tier I) to detect (anti)estrogenic (E) (anti)androgenic (A) and antithyroid activities using in vivo and in vitro assays. In addition, the battery should detect alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary function, steroid/thyroid hormone synthesis as well as receptor-mediated effects in mammals and other taxa. Chemicals positive in Tier 1 should be labeled as potential endocrine disrupters and subjected to testing (Tier 2). The present discussion will provide examples of in vitro (receptor binding, gene expression and steroidogenesis) and in vivo assays for screening. Short-term in vivo assays which have been used to detect estrogenicity for over 70 years are still useful in this regard. Identification of (anti)androgenic activity is easily accomplished by examination of growth of androgen-dependent tissues in young castrated male rats, determination of the age at puberty (balanopreputial separation) or by examination of reproductive malformations after in utero exposure (hypospadias, testicular non-descent, retained nipples, a vaginal pouch, prostate agenesis, and reduced anogenital distance). Pubertal assays with intact animals will not only detect chemicals that after E-A function via their nuclear receptors, but also will detect altered hormone synthesis and alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. While in utero assays are critical for testing, presently they are not included in screening because they can be relatively long-term studies. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Endocrinol Branch,Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Endocrinol Branch,Reprod Toxicol Div, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epamail.epa.gov NR 14 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 EI 1879-3169 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC 28 PY 1998 VL 103 BP 677 EP 680 PG 4 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 164KE UT WOS:000078462400111 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML AF Magnuson, ML TI Determination of bromate at parts-per-trillion levels by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE bromate; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; negative chemical ionization; disinfection by-product ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; DRINKING-WATER; BOTTLED WATER; OZONE AB The ozonation of bromide-containing source waters produces bromate as a class 2B carcinogenic disinfection by-product. The present work describes the determination of bromate by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCIMS) following a bromate reaction/extraction procedure. The method detection limit for bromate based on 3.14 sigma(n-1) of seven replicate injections was 22 ng/l (parts-per-trillion). The overall GC-NCIMS analysis time was less than 5 min. Zn chlorinated waters, an interference is observed. Therefore, the current application is for unchlorinated waters, such as those produced in ozone contactors within water treatment plants, prior to the addition of chlorine. The bromate levels determined in these ozone contactor waters agreed within experimental error to the levels determined by an ion chromatographic technique. These water samples were fortified and recoveries ranged between 96% and 114% with relative standard deviation between 48 and 14%. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD DEC 25 PY 1998 VL 377 IS 1 BP 53 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00558-3 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 149RK UT WOS:000077619000007 ER PT J AU Goldstein, AH Goulden, ML Munger, JW Wofsy, SC Geron, CD AF Goldstein, AH Goulden, ML Munger, JW Wofsy, SC Geron, CD TI Seasonal course of isoprene emissions from a midlatitude deciduous forest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BIOGENIC HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; RATE VARIABILITY; NITROGEN-OXIDES; ASPEN LEAVES; OZONE; FLUXES; MODEL; SENSITIVITY AB Continuous measurements of whole canopy isoprene emissions over an entire growing season are reported from Harvard Forest (42 degrees 32'N, 72 degrees 11'W). Emissions were calculated from the ratio of observed CO2 flux and gradient multiplied by the observed hydrocarbon gradients. In summer 1995, 24-hour average emissions of isoprene from June 1 through October 31 were 32.7 x 10(10) molecules cm(-2) s(-1) (mg C m(-2) h(-1) = 2.8 x 10(11) molecules cm(-2) s(-1)), and the mean midday mixing ratio was 4.4 ppbv at 24 m. Isoprene emissions were zero at night, increased through the morning with increasing air temperature and light, reached a peak in the afternoon between the peaks in air temperature and light, and then declined with light. Isoprene emissions were observed over a shorter seasonal period than photosynthetic carbon uptake. Isoprene emission was not detected from young leaves and reached a peak rate (normalized for response to measured light and temperature conditions) 4 weeks after leaf out and 2 weeks after emissions began. The normalized emission rate remained constant for approximately 65 days, then decreased steadily through September and into October. Total isoprene emissions over the growing season (42 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1)) were equal to 2% of the annual net uptake of carbon by the forest, Measured isoprene emissions were higher than the Biogenic Emission Inventory System-II model by at least 40% at midday and showed distinctly different diurnal and seasonal emission patterns. Seasonal adjustment factors (in addition to the light and temperature factors) should be incorporated into future empirical models of isoprene emissions. Comparison of measured isoprene emissions with estimates of anthropogenic volatile organic compound emissions suggests that isoprene is more important for ozone production in much of Massachusetts on hot summer days when the highest ozone events occur. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Goldstein, AH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Ecosyst Sci, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ahg@nature.berkeley.edu RI Goulden, Michael/B-9934-2008; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Munger, J/H-4502-2013 OI Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Munger, J/0000-0002-1042-8452 NR 51 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D23 BP 31045 EP 31056 DI 10.1029/98JD02708 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 154GM UT WOS:000077880800001 ER PT J AU Adams, RM Hurd, BH Lenhart, S Leary, N AF Adams, RM Hurd, BH Lenhart, S Leary, N TI Effects of global climate change on agriculture: an interpretative review SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE climate change; agriculture; economic consequences; regional effects; adaptations; uncertainty ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; RESPONSES; IMPACTS; YIELD; RISK AB Climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity. Concern over the potential effects of long-term climatic change on agriculture has motivated a substantial body of research over the past decade. This body of research addresses possible physical effects of climatic change on agriculture, such as changes in crop and livestock yields, as well as the economic consequences of these potential yield changes. This paper reviews the extant literature on these physical and economic effects and interprets this research in terms of common themes or findings. Of particular interest are findings concerning the role of human adaptations in responding to climate change, possible regional impacts to agricultural systems and potential changes in patterns of food production and prices. Limitations and sensitivities of these findings are discussed and key areas of uncertainty are highlighted. Finally, some speculations regarding issues of potential importance in interpreting and using information on climate change and agriculture are presented. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Hagler Bailly Inc, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Adams, RM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM richard.m.adams@orst.edu NR 46 TC 134 Z9 137 U1 8 U2 50 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD DEC 17 PY 1998 VL 11 IS 1 BP 19 EP 30 DI 10.3354/cr011019 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 168YF UT WOS:000078720200003 ER PT J AU Winnett, SM AF Winnett, SM TI Potential effects of climate change on US forests: a review SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE impacts; responses; modeling; economic; physiological; bioclimatic; ecotype; tree species ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ELEVATED CO2; LOBLOLLY-PINE; NORTHERN HARDWOODS; TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; NITROGEN LEVEL; AMBIENT OZONE; WATER-STRESS AB Human-induced changes in climate are likely to affect U.S, domestic forests and the economic systems which rely on them. This paper reviews current knowledge of how changes in temperature and precipitation could affect tree species, forest ecosystems, and the forest products sector of the economy. The various types of models used to predict change and the results they calculate are examined. Models currently project both increases and decreases in the range of various species and ecosystems, and similar results for changes in the productivity, biomass and growth of forests in response to changes in climate. Results vary with the models used, the species or ecosystem studied, and the specific condition of the forest in question. The science of forests and global change is reviewed with regard to plant responses to enhanced CO2 environments and forests' response to other bioclimatic and indirect factors, such as insect predation, fire, climatic variation and ozone. Three studies of the economic effects of climate change on forests, which project a range of losses and benefits to the economy, are compared. Economic results vary directly with the results of the forest growth and productivity models which were employed as inputs. No one model can provide a complete answer, and current knowledge and models are limited in various ways which point to areas where further research could provide benefits. C1 US EPA, Off Ecosyst Protect, Boston, MA 02203 USA. RP Winnett, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ecosyst Protect, Boston, MA 02203 USA. EM winnett.steven@epamail.epa.gov NR 76 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD DEC 17 PY 1998 VL 11 IS 1 BP 39 EP 49 DI 10.3354/cr011039 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 168YF UT WOS:000078720200005 ER PT J AU Scheraga, JD Grambsch, AE AF Scheraga, JD Grambsch, AE TI Risks, opportunities, and adaptation to climate change SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE adaptation; climate change; climate variability; risks; policy ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; HEAT ISLAND; TEMPERATURE AB Adaptation is an important approach for protecting human health, ecosystems, and economic systems from the risks posed by climate variability and change, and for exploiting beneficial opportunities provided by a changing climate. This paper presents 9 fundamental principles that should be considered when designing adaptation policy, for example, a sound understanding of the potential regional effects of climate on human and ecological systems is required to target appropriate investments in adaptive responses. The distribution of potential impacts across different populations and the mechanisms by which these impacts occur are also key to effective adaptation measures. Options for coping with climatic changes must be considered in the context of multiple stressors. Further, adaptation is likely to exhibit varying levels of effectiveness as demonstrated by current efforts to deal with climate variability. Potential adverse side effects of adaptive strategies must also be accounted for to avoid solutions that are worse than the problem. These issues and others are presented in this paper, with examples from various impacts studies to illustrate key points. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scheraga, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 8601-D,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Quezada, George/I-1106-2012 OI Quezada, George/0000-0002-4060-6109 NR 46 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD DEC 17 PY 1998 VL 11 IS 1 BP 85 EP 95 DI 10.3354/cr011085 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 168YF UT WOS:000078720200009 ER PT J AU Hamm, JT Ross, DG Richardson, VM Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS AF Hamm, JT Ross, DG Richardson, VM Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS TI Methoxyresondin: An inappropriate substrate for CYP1A2 in the mouse SO BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methoxyresorufin; CYP1A2; mouse; substrate specificity ID MICE; INDUCTION; EXPRESSION; BINDING; TCDD; 1A2 AB Hepatic microsomes derived from Cyp1a2(-/-) knockout (KO) and parental strains of mice, C57BL/6N and 129Sv, were used to examine the specificity of methoxyresorufin and acetanilide as substrates for CYP1A2 activity. In addition, animals from each group were exposed to CYP1-inducing compounds. As expected, microsomes from untreated 1a2 KO mice did not have immunodetectable CYP1A2 protein; however, methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (MROD, 25.5 +/- 6.1 pmol/min/mg protein) and acetanilide-4-hydroxylation (ACOH, 0.64 +/- 0.04 nmol/min/mg protein) activities were still present. Furthermore, induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in 1a2 KO mice was accompanied by a greater than 70-fold increase in MROD activity. In contrast, ACOH was only induced 2-fold by TCDD. As with 1a2 KO mice, the parental strains exposed to TCDD or 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF) showed substantial EROD and MROD induction, whereas ACOH activity was induced to a lesser degree. PCB153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) resulted in low levels of both EROD and MROD induction. Results indicate that both substrates are subject to metabolism by non-CYP1A2 sources, and the apparent contribution of CYP1A1 activity to methoxyresorufin metabolism makes MROD unsuitable for differentiating CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 activities in the mouse. BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 56;12:1657-1660, 1998. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hamm, JT (reprint author), US EPA UNC CH, NHEERL MD 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0006-2952 J9 BIOCHEM PHARMACOL JI Biochem. Pharmacol. PD DEC 15 PY 1998 VL 56 IS 12 BP 1657 EP 1660 DI 10.1016/S0006-2952(98)00241-X PG 4 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 147HZ UT WOS:000077484600014 PM 9973187 ER PT J AU Wongphatarakul, V Friedlander, SK Pinto, JP AF Wongphatarakul, V Friedlander, SK Pinto, JP TI A comparative study of PM2.5 ambient aerosol chemical databases SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; DISTRIBUTIONS; PM10 AB Comparing PM2.5 chemical databases at different sites and times is of interest in developing air quality control strategies, planning health effects studies, and "harmonizing" international standards. Three methods of comparison were applied to databases for the fine aerosol from seven sites around the world, five urban and two nonurban. The most extensive database, for Los Angeles, was used as a reference. log-log plots of chemical concentrations at pairs of sampling sites provide an easily visualized comparison that can be characterized by the coefficient of divergence (CD) which approaches zero for similar sites and one if the sites are very different. Sites similar and dissimilar to downtown Los Angeles were Teplice (Czech Republic) and Taipei(Taiwan), respectively. Cluster analysis was used to group sampling sites with similar characteristics. The Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Amazon Basin sampling sites each clustered strongly; Teplice fused with the Los Angeles cluster. Correlation coefficients for the spatial variation of the chemical components for aerosol sources provide a measure of source similarities for the Los Angeles sites. Differences in chemical component concentrations at different sites are caused not only by true chemical variations but also, by sampling and measurement artifacts. There is a need for intercomparison and calibration to reduce such effects. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, RTP, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Friedlander, SK (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 27 TC 139 Z9 150 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 24 BP 3926 EP 3934 DI 10.1021/es9800582 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 148YD UT WOS:000077561200013 ER PT J AU Becker, S Soukup, JM AF Becker, S Soukup, JM TI Decreased CD11b expression, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst in urban particulate pollution-exposed human monocytes and alveolar macrophages SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; COMPLEMENT RECEPTOR; FIBRONECTIN FRAGMENT; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; INFLAMMATORY SITES; AMBIENT AIR; PARTICLES; ACTIVATION; INHALATION AB Elevated levels of air pollution particulates less than or equal to 10 mu m in diameter (PM10) have been associated with an increase in mortality and morbidity due to pulmonary complications, including pneumonia. Impairment of inflammatory and host defense functions of the alveolar macrophage (AM) may be a precipitating factor. The present study was undertaken to determine whether human AM and blood derived monocytes (MO) modulate the expression of receptors important for phagocytosis of opsonized microbes (cD11b, CD11c), gram-negative bacteria (CD14), extracellular matrix interaction (CD29), and immune responses (CD11a, CD54, HLA-DR) when exposed to particulates obtained from urban air (UAP). Furthermore, phagocytosis of and oxidant generation by opsonized yeast were investigated in particle-exposed cells. AM and MO exposed to UAP for 18 h expressed significantly lower levels of CD I Ib and CD29. CD14 expression was markedly decreased in MO but not in AM, and CD I Ic was reduced in AM but not in MO. CD I la, CD54, and HLA-DR were unaltered in both phagocyte populations. Decreased receptor expression was not dependent on particle load in the cells. Phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the chemiluminescence response were also significantly inhibited by UAP. Time-course studies revealed that decreased oxidant generation was evident already at 3 h postexposure, while significant effects on phagocytosis and CD11b expression were found at 18 h. These data indicate that exposure to particulate pollution is likely to impair host defense functions of AM and MO, which are important in elimination of a variety of pathogens in the lung. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Becker, S (reprint author), EPA Human Studies Bldg,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 54 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD DEC 11 PY 1998 VL 55 IS 7 BP 455 EP 477 DI 10.1080/009841098158278 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 143EN UT WOS:000077242200001 PM 9860321 ER PT J AU Chuang, JC Pollard, MA Chou, YL Menton, RG Wilson, NK AF Chuang, JC Pollard, MA Chou, YL Menton, RG Wilson, NK TI Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust and residential soil SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PAH; dust; soil; GC/MS; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA AB Two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and carcinogenic PAH (C-PAH) were evaluated. The testing procedures were refined for application to screening PAH and C-PAH in house dust and soil samples for human exposure studies. The overall method precision expressed as percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) of triplicate real world dust and soil samples was within +/-29% (12-29%) for PAH ELISA and +/-21% (5.9-21%) for C-PAH ELISA. Spike recoveries from real world dust/soil samples were 114 +/- 30% for phenanthrene from PAH ELISA and 120 +/- 8.2% for benzo[a]pyrene from C-PAH ELISA. The overall method accuracy for PAH and C-PAH assays Cannot be assessed for multiple PAH components in dust/soil samples (which represent real-world samples), because of the assays' cross reactivities with other PAH components. Over 100 dust/soil samples from 13 North Carolina homes and 22 Arizona homes were analyzed by PAH and C-PAH assays, as well as by the conventional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Statistical analysis showed that dust/soil PAH data from ELISA and GC/MS methods are significantly different. In general PAH ELISA responses were higher than PAH GC/MS responses. The regression analysis showed that the linear relationship between ELISA and GC/MS measurements is not strong in the combined data. The relationship became stronger for the data from the same type of dust/soil samples. The screening performance of ELISA was evaluated based on the frequency distribution of ELISA and GC/MS data. The results indicated that the ELISA PAH and C-PAH assays cannot be used as a quantitative analytical tool for determining PAH in real-world dust/soil samples. However, the ELISA is an effective screening tool for ranking PAH concentrations in similar types of real world dust/soil samples. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Chuang, JC (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD DEC 11 PY 1998 VL 224 IS 1-3 BP 189 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00351-9 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 160MG UT WOS:000078234000020 PM 9926435 ER PT J AU Sikdar, SK Grosse, D Rogut, I AF Sikdar, SK Grosse, D Rogut, I TI Membrane technologies for remediating contaminated soils: a critical review SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil cleanup; membrane treatment; superfund sites; remediation; soil washing ID WATER; DECONTAMINATION; PERVAPORATION; REMOVAL AB Regulatory compliance requires that soils contaminated with toxic organic and metallic compounds be cleaned up. Several chemical and thermal detoxification technologies are commercially available for directly treating the contaminated soils excavated from contaminated sites. In contrast, soil washing with aqueous solutions transfers the contaminants from the solid matrix to the aqueous fraction which, then, needs to be further treated. Membranes have not been used much for treating these effluents. However, several membrane techniques appear promising. In these techniques, the main objective is to find ways of concentrating the contaminants with much higher volume reduction than is customarily available. Applications of membranes to soil washings should primarily be looked upon as an inexpensive aid to destruction, disposal, or recovery technologies that determine the ultimate fate of the contaminants. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sikdar, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM sikdar.subhas@epamail.epa.gov NR 35 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD DEC 9 PY 1998 VL 151 IS 1 BP 75 EP 85 DI 10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00189-6 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 148FT UT WOS:000077494900008 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL AF Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL TI Expanding the role of environmental immunoassays: technical capabilities, regulatory issues, and communication vehicles SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Immunochemistry Summit Meeting CY SEP 08-09, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA DE ELISA; environmental monitoring; human exposure; immunoassay ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY AB Large numbers of samples are commonplace in environmental monitoring and human exposure assessment studies. When the goals of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Development (sound methods, integrated with human and ecological health, common sense approaches, and cost-effective technologies) are coupled with the requirements of these large-scale studies, the importance of methods like immunoassays is evident. In this paper, regulatory issues, technical advances, and communication methods are discussed which have contributed to the continued success of immunoassays in environmental monitoring and human exposure studies. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Van Emon, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD DEC 4 PY 1998 VL 376 IS 1 BP 55 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00432-2 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 149DE UT WOS:000077589200008 ER PT J AU Chuang, JC Miller, LS Davis, DB Peven, CS Johnson, JC Van Emon, JM AF Chuang, JC Miller, LS Davis, DB Peven, CS Johnson, JC Van Emon, JM TI Analysis of soil and dust samples for polychlorinated biphenyls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Immunochemistry Summit Meeting CY SEP 08-09, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA DE ELISA; GC/ECD; PCB; aroclor; house dust; soil AB An inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in house dust and soil. Soil and house dust samples were analyzed for PCB by both gas chromatography/electron capture detection (GC/ECD) and ELISA methods. A correlation coefficient of 0.91 was obtained for the 41 soil samples. The correlation between the GC/ECD and the ELISA methods for the 10 house dust samples was not as good as that for the soil samples. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RP Van Emon, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 6 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD DEC 4 PY 1998 VL 376 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00439-5 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 149DE UT WOS:000077589200010 ER PT J AU Goldman, LR AF Goldman, LR TI Lead regulation SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Goldman, LR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 4 PY 1998 VL 282 IS 5395 BP 1825 EP 1826 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 144WG UT WOS:000077338100021 PM 9874633 ER PT J AU Owens, NN Swinton, SM Van Ravenswaay, EO AF Owens, NN Swinton, SM Van Ravenswaay, EO TI Farmer willingness to pay for herbicide safety characteristics. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 80 IS 5 BP 1198 EP 1198 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 163CZ UT WOS:000078386300379 ER PT J AU Narotsky, MG Schmid, JE Andrews, JE Kavlock, RJ AF Narotsky, MG Schmid, JE Andrews, JE Kavlock, RJ TI Effects of boric acid on axial skeletal development in rats SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE boric acid; boron; axial skeleton; somite; rib; vertebra ID WHOLE-EMBRYO CULTURE; MICE; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; TERATOGENICITY; TRANSFORMATION; METHANOL; DEFECTS; SYSTEM AB Prenatal exposure to elevated levels of boric acid (BA) causes reduced incidences of supernumerary ribs and shortening/absence of the 13th rib in multiple laboratory species. To explore this further, Sprague-Dawley rats received 500 mg/kg b.i.d. on gestation days (gd) 5-9, 6-9, 6-10, or on single days between gd 6 and 11 (plug day = gd 0); gd-21 fetuses were stained for skeletal examination. Following multiday exposures, malformations of the axial skeleton involved the head, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae. Shortening/absence of the 13th rib was seen particularly in the gd 5-9 and 6-10 exposure groups. Although most groups exposed on single days were generally unaffected, about 90% of the gd-9 exposed fetuses had only six cervical vertebrae; the deficient region was usually C3-C5. In contrast, gd-10 treatment caused agenesis of a thoracic/lumbar vertebra in over 60% of the fetuses; the deficient region was usually T11. For 13-ribbed fetuses, the length of rib 13 was shortened compared to controls. Postnatal assessment suggested increased mortality for gd-10 exposed pups. Embryos in culture showed reduced development when exposed to BA for 48 h. These findings demonstrate the critical periods for axial development in the rat and provide an experimental model for the study of homeotic shifts. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res & Adm Support Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Narotsky, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 66 IS 1-3 BP 373 EP 394 DI 10.1007/BF02783149 PG 22 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 166EM UT WOS:000078563300029 PM 10050931 ER PT J AU Dourson, M Maier, A Meek, B Renwick, A Ohanian, E Poirier, K AF Dourson, M Maier, A Meek, B Renwick, A Ohanian, E Poirier, K TI Boron tolerable intake - Re-evaluation of toxicokinetics for data-derived uncertainty factors SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE boron; tolerable intake; uncertainty factor; toxicokinetics ID BORIC-ACID; DIETARY BORON; SAFETY FACTORS; RATS; BLOOD; PREGNANCY; PLASMA; BONE; RISK AB Boron, which is ubiquitous in the environment, causes developmental and reproductive effects in experimental animals. This observation has led to efforts to establish a Tolerable Intake value for boron. Although risk assessors agree on the use of fetal weight decreases observed in rats as an appropriate critical effect, consensus on the adequacy of toxicokinetic data as a basis for replacement of default uncertainty factors remains to be reached. A critical analysis of the existing data on boron toxicokinetics was conducted to clarify the appropriateness of replacing default uncertainty factors (10-fold for interspecies differences and 10-fold for intraspecies differences) with data-derived values. The default uncertainty factor for variability in response from animals to humans of 10-fold (default values of 4-fold for kinetics and 2.5-fold for dynamics) was recommended, since clearance of boron is 3- to 4-fold higher in rats than in humans and data on dynamic differences-in order to modify the default value-are unavailable. A data-derived adjustment of 6-fold (1.8 for kinetics and 3.1 for dynamics) rather than the default uncertainty factor of 10-fold was considered appropriate for intrahuman variability, based on variability in glomerular filtration rate during pregnancy in humans and the lack of available data on dynamic differences. Additional studies to investigate the toxicokinetics of boron in rats would be useful to provide a stronger basis for replacement of default uncertainty factors for interspecies variation. C1 Toxicol Excellence Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH USA. Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Univ Southampton, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dourson, M (reprint author), Toxicol Excellence Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH USA. NR 32 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 66 IS 1-3 BP 453 EP 463 DI 10.1007/BF02783155 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 166EM UT WOS:000078563300035 PM 10050937 ER PT J AU Olszyk, D Wise, C VanEss, E Apple, M Tingey, D AF Olszyk, D Wise, C VanEss, E Apple, M Tingey, D TI Phenology and growth of shoots, needles, and buds of Douglas-fir seedlings with elevated CO2 and (or) temperature SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE climate change; leaf nitrogen; Pseudotsuga menziesii; shoot growth; lammas growth ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; WOODY-PLANTS; RESPONSES; SEASONALITY; HARDINESS; BURST; TREES; PINE AB Increased atmospheric CO2 and global warming may affect overall tree growth, but impacts of these combined stresses are largely unknown in terms of multiple growing season impacts on specific flushes. Thus, the effects of ambient or elevated CO2 (approximately 200 mu mol.mol(-1) above ambient) and ambient or elevated temperature (approximately 4 degrees C above ambient) were evaluated for both main and second (lammas) flushes of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France). Established seedlings were grown for three full growing seasons in outdoor, sunlit chambers, which maintained diel and seasonal variation in climate. A reconstructed forest soil was used with a seasonal wet and dry cycle and without added fertilizer. Compared with ambient CO2 elevated CO2 had no impact on overall phenology and growth of terminal shoots, needles, or buds. In contrast, compared with ambient temperature, elevated temperature resulted in higher shoot and needle growth rates early in the season; reduced final terminal shoot length; and either reduced, increased, or unchanged final needle length, depending on season. Initiation of the lammas flush was delayed and (or) decreased at elevated temperature. Leading terminal bud break and growth occurred earlier; however, resting bud length was reduced, and bud width tended to increase with elevated temperature. Thus, at least during early seedling growth, elevated temperatures may reduce both main- and lammas-flush growth, thereby altering tree productivity, whereas elevated CO2 may have little effect on main or lammas growth at either the current or elevated temperature. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Olszyk, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 76 IS 12 BP 1991 EP 2001 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 212UK UT WOS:000081235800002 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Davis, C Padgett, W George, M Lambert, G Meyers, F Allison, J Adams, L King, LC AF Nesnow, S Davis, C Padgett, W George, M Lambert, G Meyers, F Allison, J Adams, L King, LC TI Metabolic activation of racemic and enantiomeric trans-8,9-dihydroxy-8,9-dihydrodibenzo[a,l]pyrene (dibenzo[def,p]chrysene) to dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-bis-dihydrodiols by induced rat liver microsomes and a recombinant human P450 1A1 system: The role of the K-region-derived metabolic intermediates in the formation of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-DNA adducts SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; DIVERSE DNA ADDUCTS; MOUSE SKIN; FJORD-REGION; CARCINOGEN DIBENZOPYRENE; STEREOSELECTIVE ACTIVATION; ABSOLUTE-CONFIGURATION; TRANS-DIHYDRODIOLS; C3H10T1/2CL8 CELLS AB Metabolic activation studies of dibenzo[a,l] pyrene (DB[a,l]P) (dibenzo[def,p] chrysene), an extremely potent environmental carcinogen, have been focused on metabolism at the fjord region, a region associated with high mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of the col rer;ponding fjord-region DB[a,l]P-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxides. DB[a,l]P is metabolized by beta-naphthoflavone (BNF)- and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver microsomes and a recombinant human P450 1A1 system to two major dihydrodiols, the K-region dihydrodiol, DB[a,l]P-8,9-dihydrodiol (DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol), and the fjord-region dihydrodiol, DB[a,l]P-11,12-dihydrodiol. We have investigated the further metabolic activation of BB[a,l]P-8,9-diol by BNF-induced rat liver microsomes and a recombinant human P450 1A1 system with epoxide hydrolase to DB[a,l]P- bis-diols and to DNA adducts. (+/-)-trans-DB[a,;]P-8,9-diol was synthesized and resolved into its enantiomers. Racemic trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol was metabolized by BNF-induced rat liver microsomes to six metabolites: two diastereomers of trans,trans-DB[a,;l]P-8,9:11,12-bis-diol, two diastereomers of trans, cis-DB[a,l]P-8,9:11,12-bis-diol, and two diastereomers of trans-DB- [a,l]P-8,9:13,14-bis-diol as characterized by NMR, MS, and UV spectroscopy. Metabolic studies using both enantiomeric (-)- and (+)-trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol further demonstrated that each diastereomer of trans,trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9:11,12-bis-diol and trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9:13,14-bis-diol was comprised of two enantiomers. Similarly, incubations of enantiomeric or racemic trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol with a recombinant human P450 1A1 system and epoxide hydrolase also gave the same two enantiomeric mixtures of diastereomers of trans,trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9:11,12-bis-diol and the same two enantiomeric mixtures of diastereomers of trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9:13,14-bis diol. This suggested that the microsomal oxidations of (-)- and (+)-trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol were stereospecific. The stereospecific formation of enantiomers of trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol from DB[a,l]P was examined using both BNF-induced rat liver microsomes and a recombinant human P450 1A1 system with epoxide hydrolase, Stereospecificity was observed as both metabolic systems favored the formation of (-)-trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol by 8-9-fold. DNA adduct studies were undertaken using TLC/HPLC P-32-postlabeling techniques. In the presence of a recombinant human P450 1A1, system with epoxide hydrolase, DB[a,l]P gave two groups of calf thymus DNA adducts. The group of later-eluting adducts were identified as at ising from syn- and anti-DB[a,l]P-11,12-diol-13-14-epoxides, while the more polar early-eluting adducts were derived, in part, from the further activation of trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol. Our data indicate that, in P450 1A1-mediated microsomal incubations, DB[a,l]P is metabolized to trans-DB[a,l]P-8-9-diol which is further metabolized to DB[a,l]P-bis-diols. trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol is metabolically activated to intermediates that can bind to DNA and give DNA adducts similar to those observed with DB[a,l]P. These results indicate that DB[a,l]P can be metabolically activated by both fjord-region and K-region pathways. C1 US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 53 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 11 IS 12 BP 1596 EP 1607 DI 10.1021/tx9801561 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 151TY UT WOS:000077737800028 PM 9860506 ER PT J AU Collins, P Ng, AS Ramanujam, R AF Collins, P Ng, AS Ramanujam, R TI Superfund success, superfast SO CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB After years of indecision, unprecedented cooperation closed the McColl site in record time and set a new standard for Superfund site closure. C1 ICF Kaiser Engineers, Oakland, CA USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Collins, P (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 9, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0885-7024 J9 CIVIL ENG JI Civil Eng. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 68 IS 12 BP 42 EP 45 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 143FF UT WOS:000077244000044 ER PT J AU James, RR Croft, BA Shaffer, BT Lighthart, B AF James, RR Croft, BA Shaffer, BT Lighthart, B TI Impact of temperature and humidity on host-pathogen interactions between Beauveria bassiana and a coccinellid SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; Hippodamia convergens; temperature; relative humidity; biological control; microbial pesticides ID LADY BEETLE COLEOPTERA; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; FUNGI; FIELD; PROPHENOLOXIDASE; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; LEPIDOPTERA; ORTHOPTERA AB We tested the effect of 2 exposure methods and environmental factors, temperature and humidity, on Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) mycosis in Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We found that the standard EPA bioassay method of exposing nontarget insects by immersion resulted in a per-insect dose that was 5 times greater than that from spray applications. However, this difference did not significantly affect mycosis levels in a simulation of field applications conducted in the greenhouse, in contrast, differences in environmental conditions between the laboratory and greenhouse had a large effect on mycosis. Constant temperatures between 15 and 3.5 degrees C had a significant effect on both germination rate and vegetative growth of B bassiana, with the fastest germination occurring at 25-32 degrees C and the fastest growth occurring at 30 degrees C. Although temperature affected the rate of conidial germination, total germination eventually reached 97-100% at all temperatures. Contrary to these results, levels of mycosis in lady beetles decreased as temperatures increased over this same range, Although high levels of humidity are required for conidial germination, we found no well-defined threshold period of high humidity exposure required for mycosis in this insect. In other words, the effects of temperature and humidity on free-living stages of the pathogen are not sufficient to explain the effect of these factors on mycosis. We suggest that temperature and humidity also affect physiological interactions between the host and pathogen. C1 ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP James, RR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 36 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1506 EP 1513 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 156XE UT WOS:000078027000028 ER PT J AU Kavlock, RJ AF Kavlock, RJ TI What's happening to our frogs? SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID FETAX; ASSAY C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kavlock, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 IS 12 BP 773 EP 774 DI 10.2307/3434120 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 155PB UT WOS:000077954600017 PM 9831537 ER PT J AU Van den Berg, M Birnbaum, L Bosveld, ATC Brunstrom, B Cook, P Feeley, M Giesy, JP Hanberg, A Hasegawa, R Kennedy, SW Kubiak, T Larsen, JC van Leeuwen, FXR Liem, AKD Nolt, C Peterson, RE Poellinger, L Safe, S Schrenk, D Tillitt, D Tysklind, M Younes, M Waern, F Zacharewski, T AF Van den Berg, M Birnbaum, L Bosveld, ATC Brunstrom, B Cook, P Feeley, M Giesy, JP Hanberg, A Hasegawa, R Kennedy, SW Kubiak, T Larsen, JC van Leeuwen, FXR Liem, AKD Nolt, C Peterson, RE Poellinger, L Safe, S Schrenk, D Tillitt, D Tysklind, M Younes, M Waern, F Zacharewski, T TI Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE dioxins; humans; PCBs; polychlorinated biphenyls; TEFs; toxic equivalency; uncertainties; wildlife ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; ARYL-HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE; LIFE-STAGE MORTALITY; CHLORINATED AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TUMOR-PROMOTING ACTIVITY; MIXED-FUNCTION OXIDASES; EROD-INDUCING POTENCY; LIVER-CELL-LINES; PLANAR HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS AB An expert meeting was organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and held in Stockholm on 15-18 June 1997. The objective of this meeting was to derive consensus toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxinlike polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for both human, fish, and wildlife risk assessment. Based on existing literature data, TEFs were (re)evaluated and either revised (mammals) or established (fish and birds). A few mammalian WHO-TEFs were revised, including 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorinated DD, octachlorinated DD, octachlorinated DF, and PCB 77. These mammalian TEFs are also considered applicable for humans and wild mammalian species. Furthermore, it was concluded that there was insufficient in viva evidence to continue the use of TEFs for some di-ortho PCBs, as suggested earlier by Ahlborg et al. [Chemosphere 28:1049-1067 (1994)]. In addition, TEFs for fish and birds were determined. The WHO working group attempted to harmonize TEFs across different taxa to the extent possible. However, total synchronization of TEFs was not feasible, as there were orders of a magnitude difference in TEFs between taxa for some compounds. In this respect, the absent or very low response of fish to mono-ortho PCBs is most noticeable compared to mammals and birds. Uncertainties that could compromise the TEF concept were also reviewed, including nonadditive interactions, differences in shape of the dose-response curve, and species responsiveness. In spite of these uncertainties, it was concluded that the TEF concept is still the most plausible and feasible approach for risk assessment of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons with dioxinlike properties. C1 WHO, European Ctr Environm & Hlth, Bilthoven Div, NL-3730 AA De Bilt, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Toxicol Res Inst, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. DLO, Inst Forestry & Nat Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Uppsala Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Uppsala, Sweden. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Hlth Canada, Toxicol Evaluat Sect, Bur Chem Safety, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Michigan State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden. Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Div Toxicol, Tokyo 158, Japan. Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hull, PQ, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Environm Contaminants, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Minist Hlth, Natl Food Agcy Denmark, Inst Toxicol, Soborg, Denmark. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm Protect, Lab Organ Analyt Chem, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. US EPA, Off Sci Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Pharm, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Karolinska Inst, Mol Biol Lab, Dept Cellular & Mol Biol, Stockholm, Sweden. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany. US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Umea Univ, Inst Environm Chem, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. WHO, Programme Promot Chem Safety, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Michigan State Univ, Dept Biochem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP van Leeuwen, FXR (reprint author), WHO, European Ctr Environm & Hlth, Bilthoven Div, POB 10, NL-3730 AA De Bilt, Netherlands. OI Hanberg, Annika/0000-0001-7255-9856 NR 224 TC 2199 Z9 2248 U1 45 U2 385 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 IS 12 BP 775 EP 792 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106775 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 155PB UT WOS:000077954600018 PM 9831538 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Mass, MJ Ross, JA Galati, AJ Lambert, GR Gennings, C Carter, WH Stoner, GD AF Nesnow, S Mass, MJ Ross, JA Galati, AJ Lambert, GR Gennings, C Carter, WH Stoner, GD TI Lung tumorigenic interactions in strain A/J mice of five environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE carcinogenesis; mixtures; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; interactions; response surface modeling ID RESPONSE-SURFACE METHODOLOGY; KI-RAS ONCOGENE; DNA-ADDUCTS; MOUSE SKIN; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN; COVALENT BINDING; MUTATIONS; BENZOPYRENE; DIBENZANTHRACENE AB The binary, ternary, quaternary, and quintary interactions of a five-component mixture of carcinogenic environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using response surface analyses are described. Initially, lung tumor dose-response curves in strain A/J mice for each of the individual PAHs benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP) were obtained. From these data, doses were selected for the quintary mixture study based on toxicity, survival, range of response, and predicted tumor yields. The ratios of doses among PAHs were designed to simulate PAH ratios found in environmental air and combustion samples. Quintary mixtures of B[a]P, B[b]F, DBA, 5MC, and CPP were administered to male strain A/J mice in a 2(5) factorial 32-dose group dosing scheme (combinations of five PAHs each at either high or low doses) and lung adenomas were scored. Comparison of observed lung adenoma formation with that expected from additivity identified both greater than additive and less than additive interactions that were dose related i.e., greater than additive at lower doses and less than additive at higher doses. To identify specific interactions, a response surface analysis using response addition was applied to the tumor data. This response surface model contained five dose, ten binary, ten ternary, five quaternary, and one quintary parameter. This analysis produced statistically significant values for 16 parameters. The model and model parameters were evaluated by estimating the dose-response relationships for each of the five PAHs. The predicted dose-response curves for all five PAHs indicated a good estimation. The binary interaction functions were dominated for the most part by DBA and were inhibitory. The response surface model predicted, to a significant degree, the observed lung tumorigenic responses of the quintary mixtures. These data suggest that although interactions between PAHs do occur, they are limited in extent. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Med Coll Ohio, Dept Pathol, Toledo, OH 43699 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Biostat, Richmond, VA USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM nesnow.stephen@epamail.epa.gov RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 54 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1337 EP 1346 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100012 PM 9860890 ER PT J AU Hughes, TJ Claxton, LD Brooks, L Warren, S Brenner, R Kremer, F AF Hughes, TJ Claxton, LD Brooks, L Warren, S Brenner, R Kremer, F TI Genotoxicity of bioremediated soils from the Reilly Tar site, St. Louis Park, Minnesota SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE bioremediation; creosote; mutagenicity; Superfund; Salmonella assay; bioavailability; reproducibility ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TYPHIMURIUM MUTAGENICITY ASSAY; WOOD-PRESERVING WASTE; CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; COAL-TAR; BACTERIAL MUTAGENICITY; BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; EXOGENOUS ACTIVATION; HEPATIC NEOPLASMS; SALMONELLA TEST AB An in vitro approach was used to measure the genotoxicity of creosote-contaminated soil before and after four bioremediation processes. The soil was taken from the Reilly Tar site, a closed Superfund site in Saint Louis Park, Minnesota. The creosote soil was bioremediated in bioslurry, biopile, compost. and land treatment, which were optimized for effective treatment Mutagenicity profiles of dichloromethane extracts of the five soils were determined in the Spiral technique of the Salmonella assay with seven tester strains. Quantitative mutagenic responses in the plate incorporation technique were then determined in the most sensitive strains, YG1041 and YG1042. Mutagenic potency (revertants per microgram extract) in YG1041 suggested that compost, land treatment, and untreated creosote soil extracts were moderately mutagenic with Arochlor-induced rat liver (S9) but were nonmutagenic without S9. However. the bioslurry extract was strongly mutagenic and the biopile extract was moderately mutagenic either with or without S9. A similar trend was obtained in strain YG1042. The strong mutagenic activity in the bioslurry extract was reduced by 50% in TA98NR, which suggested the presence of mutagenic nitrohydrocarbons. Variation in reproducibility was 15% or less for the bioassay and extraction procedures. Bioavailability of mutagens in the biopile soil was determined with six solvents, water-soluble mutagens accounted for 40% of the total mutagenic activity and they were stable at room temperature. The mutagenic activity in the bioslurry and biopile samples was due to either the processes themselves or to the added sludge/manure amendments. The in vitro approach was effective in monitoring bioremediated soils for genotoxicity and will be useful in future laboratory and in situ studies. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Hughes, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 68,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 63 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1427 EP 1433 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100023 PM 9860901 ER PT J AU Brooks, LR Hughes, TJ Claxton, LD Austern, B Brenner, R Kremer, F AF Brooks, LR Hughes, TJ Claxton, LD Austern, B Brenner, R Kremer, F TI Bioassay-directed fractionation and chemical identification of mutagens in bioremediated soils SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE fractionation; bioremediation; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Salmonella; mutagenicity ID AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; SALMONELLA AB Soil from a Superfund site (Reilly Tar Site, St. Louis Park, Minnesota) contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from creosote was treated with several bioremediation technologies including bioslurry (BS), biopile (BP), compost (CMP), and land treatment (LT). These treatment technologies are being evaluated in pilot scale laboratory systems by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. To evaluate the genotoxicity and identify the mutagens in the soil before and after the various treatments, fractionated extracts of five soils were bioassayed for mutagenic activity with a microsuspension modification of the Salmonella histidine reversion assay. Soils were extracted by sonication using dichloromethane (DCM). The five extracts were fractionated in triplicate (two for bioassay and one for chemical analysis) by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using hexane/DCM/methanol, and the fractions for bioassay were solvent-exchanged into dimethyl sulfoxide by nitrogen evaporation. Forty HPLC fractions for each sample were bioassayed in strain YG1041 with and without exogenous liver metabolic activation. As shown in a companion paper, the mutagenicity of two treatments (BS and BP) was significantly greater than the mutagenicity of the untreated soil. Mutagenic fractions (>500 revertants) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). PAH analysis of the soils indicated that all treatments were effective in reducing the total PAH concentration (48-74%). Qualitative GC/MS analysis of the mutagenic fractions from the BS and BP treatments indicated that they contained azaarenes, which are mutagens. The CMP and LT processes were the most effective and least toxic bioremediation procedures based on mutagenic potency and chemical analysis. This research demonstrated that the combination of bioassays and chemical analysis provided a more accurate determination of toxicity in these complex environmental mixtures. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Brooks, LR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM brooks.lance@epamail.epa.gov OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 23 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 13 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1435 EP 1440 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100024 PM 9860902 ER PT J AU Mahaffey, KR AF Mahaffey, KR TI Predicting blood lead concentrations from lead in environmental media SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE lead; bone; blood; physiologically based modeling; biokinetics; risk assessment; risk characterization; soil lead; dust lead ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; NON-EXPOSED POPULATION; SOUTHERN BAVARIA FRG; NATIONAL-HEALTH; UNITED-STATES; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; HUMAN BONES; SKELETON; FOOD AB Policy statements providing health and environmental criteria for blood lead (PbB) often give recommendations on an acceptable distribution of PbB concentrations Such statements may recommend distributions of PbB concentrations including an upper range (e.g., maximum and/or 90th percentile values) and central tendency (e.g., mean and/or 50th percentile) of the PbB distribution. Two major, and fundamentally dissimilar, methods to predict the distribution of PbB are currently in use: statistical analyses of epidemiologic data, and application of biokinetic models to environmental lead measurements to predict PbB. Although biokinetic models may include a parameter to predict contribution of lead from bone (PbBone), contemporary data based on chemical analyses of pediatric bone samples are rare. Dramatic decreases in environmental lead exposures over the past 15 years make questionable use of earlier data on PbBone concentrations to estimate a contribution of lead from bone; often used by physiologic modelers to predict PbB. X-ray fluorescent techniques estimating PbBone typically have an instrument-based quantitation limit that is too high for use with many young children. While these quantitation limits have improved during the late 1990s, PbBone estimates using an epidemiologic approach to describing these limits for general populations of children may generate values lower than the instrument's quantitation limit. Additional problems that occur in predicting PbB from environmental lead by biokinetic modeling include a) uncertainty regarding the fractional lead absorption by young children; b) questions of bioavailabilty of specific environmental sources of lead; and c) variability in fractional absorption values over a range of exposures. Additional sources of variability in lead exposures that affect predictions of PbB from models include differences in the prevalence of such child behaviors as intensity of hand-to-mouth activity and pica. In contrast with these sources of uncertainty and variability affecting physiologic modeling of PbB distributions, epidemiologic data reporting PbB values obtained by chemical analyses of blood samples avoid these problems but raise other issues about the validity of the representation of the subsample for the overall population of concern. Stare and local health department screening programs and/or medical evaluation of individual children provide PbB data that contribute to databases describing the impact of environmental sources on PbB. Overall, application of epidemiologic models involves fewer uncertainties and more readily reflects variability in PbB than does current stare-of-the-art biokinetic modeling. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Mahaffey, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM mahaffey.kate@epamail.epa.gov NR 62 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1485 EP 1493 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100030 PM 9860907 ER PT J AU White, PD Van Leeuwen, P Davis, BD Maddaloni, M Hogan, KA Marcus, AH Elias, RW AF White, PD Van Leeuwen, P Davis, BD Maddaloni, M Hogan, KA Marcus, AH Elias, RW TI The conceptual structure of the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE lead; exposure assessment; risk assessment; biokinetic modeling ID MULTICOMPARTMENT KINETIC-MODELS; BLOOD LEAD; ORGANIC-SUBSTANCES; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; RENAL-FAILURE; HEAVY-METALS; DIETARY LEAD; ABSORPTION; HUMANS; PLASMA AB The integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children was developed to provide plausible blood lead distributions corresponding to particular combinations of multimedia lead exposure. The model is based on a set of equations that convert lead exposure (expressed as micrograms per day) to blood lead concentration (expressed as micrograms per deciliter) by quantitatively mimicking the physiologic processes that determine blood lead concentration. The exposures from air, food, water, soil, and dust are modeled independently by several routes. Amounts of lead absorbed are modeled independently for air, food, water, and soil/dust, then combined as a single input to the blood plasma reservoir of the body. Lead in the blood plasma reservoir, which includes extracellular fluids, is mathematically allocated to ail tissues of the body using age-specific biokinetic parameters. The model calculation provides the estimate for blood lead concentration for that age. This value is treated as the geometric mean of possible values for a single child, or the geometric mean of expected values for a population of children exposed to the same lead concentrations. The distribution of blood lead concentrations about this geometric mean is estimated using a geometric standard deviation, typically 1.6, derived from the analysis of well-conducted community blood studies. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Reg 5, Chicago, IL USA. US EPA, Off Emergency & Remedial Response, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Reg 2, New York, NY USA. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP White, PD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM white.paul@epamail.epa.gov NR 98 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1513 EP 1530 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100033 PM 9860910 ER PT J AU Marcus, AH Elias, RW AF Marcus, AH Elias, RW TI Some useful statistical methods for model validation SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE model validation; measurement error ID LEAD METABOLISM AB Although formal hypothesis tests provide a convenient framework for displaying the statistical results of empirical comparisons, standard tests should not be used without consideration of underlying measurement error structure. As part of the validation process, predictions of individual blood lead concentrations from models with site-specific input parameters are often compared with blood lead concentrations measured in field studies that also report lead concentrations in environmental media (soil, dust, water, paint) as surrogates for exposure. Measurements of these environmental media are subject to several sources of variability, including temporal and spatial sampling, sample preparation and chemical analysis, and data entry or recording. Adjustments for measurement error must be made before statistical tests can be used to empirically compare environmental data with model predictions. This report illustrates the effect of measurement error correction using a real dataset of child blood lead concentrations for an undisclosed midwestern community. We illustrate both the apparent failure of some standard regression tests and the success of adjustment of such tests for measurement error using the SIMEX (simulation-extrapolation) procedure. This procedure adds simulated measurement error to model predictions and then subtracts the total measurement error, analogous to the method of standard additions used by analytical chemists. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment MD52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Marcus, AH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment MD52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM marcus.allan@epa.gov NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1541 EP 1550 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100036 PM 9860913 ER PT J AU Zaragoza, L Hogan, K AF Zaragoza, L Hogan, K TI The integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children: Independent validation and verification SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE models; model validation; lead AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency employs a model, the integrated exposure biokinetic (IEUBK) model for lead in children, for the assessment of risks to children posed by environmental lead at hazardous waste sites. This paper describes results of an effort to verify the consistency of the documentation with the computer model and to rest the computer code using a group that is independent from those involved in the model development. This review concluded that the IEUBK model correctly calculates the equations specified in the IEUBK model theory documentation. However, several issues were identified on model documentation, model performance, and the C++ programming language code (i.e., IEUBK model source code) documentation. These issues affect the ability of an independent reviewer to understand the workings of the IEUBK model but not the model's reliability. As a result of these findings, recommendations have been provided for updating documentation to the model as well as associated adjustments to the model documentation. C1 US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response 5204G, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Toxins, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Zaragoza, L (reprint author), US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response 5204G, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM larry.zaragoza@epa.gov NR 10 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1551 EP 1556 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100037 PM 9860914 ER PT J AU Hogan, K Marcus, A Smith, P White, P AF Hogan, K Marcus, A Smith, P White, P TI Integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children: Empirical comparisons with epidemiologic data SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Issues of Chemical Mixtures CY AUG 11-13, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Colorado State Univ, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci Superfund Basic Res Program, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, US EPA,. Reg VIII Off, USA Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Elect Power Res Inst DE model validation; model confirmation; lead biokinetics; measurement error; lead risk assessment ID BLOOD AB The concept of model validation is evolving in the scientific community. This paper addresses the comparison of observed and predicted estimates as one component of model validation as applied to the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (IEUBK) model for lead in children. The IEUBK model is an exposure (dose)-response model that uses children's environmental lead exposures to estimate risk of elevated blood lead (typically >10 mu g/dl) through estimation of lead body burdens in a mass balance framework. We used residence-specific environmental lead measurements from three epidemiologic datasets as inputs for the IEUBK model to predict blood lead levels, and compared these predictions with blood lead levels of children living at these residences. When the IEUBK modeling focused on children with representative exposure measurements, that is, children who spent the bulk of their time near the locations sampled, there was reasonably close agreement between observed and predicted blood lead distributions in the three studies considered. Geometric mean observed and predicted blood lead levels were within 0.7 mu g/dl, and proportions of study populations expected to be above 10 mu g/dl were within 4% of those observed. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hogan, K (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Substances, 7403,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 39 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 106 SU 6 BP 1557 EP 1567 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 156NT UT WOS:000078008100038 PM 9860915 ER PT J AU Tietge, JE Johnson, RD Jensen, KM Cook, PM Elonen, GE Fernandez, JD Holcombe, GW Lothenbach, DB Nichols, JW AF Tietge, JE Johnson, RD Jensen, KM Cook, PM Elonen, GE Fernandez, JD Holcombe, GW Lothenbach, DB Nichols, JW TI Reproductive toxicity and disposition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) following a dietary exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; Salvelinus fontinalis; toxicity; reproduction; depuration ID OXIDASE ENZYME-INDUCTION; MEDAKA ORYZIAS-LATIPES; LIFE STAGE DEVELOPMENT; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; FISH; ACCUMULATION; BIOACCUMULATION; TCDD AB Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) with a contaminated trout pellet diet to determine the effects of TCDD on reproduction, to document tissue-specific TCDD distribution, and to establish the maternally derived dose of TCDD to the F-1 generation. Five treatment groups and a control were exposed to achieve targeted whole body TCDD concentrations of 0, 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 pg TCDD per gram fish. Net dietary assimilation of TCDD was estimated to be 89% of the applied dose, and the distribution of TCDD generally followed the distribution of lipids in liver, gonad, fat, blood, and muscle. Depuration could not be measured over 81 d, but a hypothetical depuration rate was estimated to be 0.002 d(-1) assuming 100% dietary assimilation. The concentration of TCDD in ovaries and spawned eggs was estimated to be 61 and 39% of the whole body TCDD concentrations, respectively. Survival, growth, gonadal development, and egg production were not affected in any treatment. The onset of spawning was delayed by 13 d in the highest treatment group, suggesting that TCDD might have affected ovulation. Otherwise, the adult life stage was not as sensitive to TCDD as the early life stage. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Tietge, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM tietge.joe@epamail.epa.gov NR 55 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 12 BP 2395 EP 2407 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2395:RTADOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 139XV UT WOS:000077057300006 ER PT J AU Johnson, RD Tietge, JE Jensen, KM Fernandez, JD Linnum, AL Lothenbach, DB Holcombe, GW Cook, PM Christ, SA Lattier, DL Gordon, DA AF Johnson, RD Tietge, JE Jensen, KM Fernandez, JD Linnum, AL Lothenbach, DB Holcombe, GW Cook, PM Christ, SA Lattier, DL Gordon, DA TI Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to early life stage brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) following parental dietary exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; Salvelinus fontinalis; early-life-stage toxicity; pathology; mRNA induction ID RAINBOW-TROUT; LAKE TROUT; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; COHO SALMON; TCDD; INDUCTION; NAMAYCUSH; MECHANISM; BIPHENYL AB The toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to the early life stages of F-1 generation brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was determined, when dosed by maternal transfer. Effects were compared across six treatments, including a control. The experimental groups, based on TCDD concentrations in freshly spawned eggs (control, 41, 84, 156, 285, and 517 pg TCDD per gram egg [wet weight]), were established by treating 1.5-year-old brook trout with TCDD-dosed food throughout the period beginning with final gonadal maturation and continuing until just prior to spawning. Measurement endpoints assessed at various times throughout the study, included (1) TCDD and lipid concentrations in ovaries, eggs, alevins, and juvenile fish, (2) mortality, (3) fertility indices, (4) growth, (5) juvenile sex ratios, (6) pathology, and (7) cytochrome P4501A1 mRNA (CYPIA1) levels in embryos. The cumulative lethality dose response was determined just prior to hatch, at swim-up, and at the end of the study. The concentration in eggs causing 50% mortality (LC(egg)50) at swim-up and at the end of the study were 138 and 127 pg TCDD per gram egg, respectively. No treatment effects were observed on fertility, growth, or juvenile sex ratios. Pathologies were observed that have been previously reported in TCDD-exposed salmonid embryos, including edema in free embryos from all TCDD-exposed treatment groups at hatch. At the end of the test, juvenile fish from all treatments exhibited an increased prevalence of exophthalmia compared to the controls. The EC(egg)50 for this effect was 117 pg TCDD per gram egg. Histological analysis of the end-of-test juveniles, in gonad, nerve, vertebrae, neuromasts, liver, kidney, gut, gas bladder, skin, and blood vessels, did not indicate any significant pathology below the LC(egg)50. P4501A1 mRNA levels in whole 91-d postspawn free embryos from the 84 pg TCDD per gram egg treatment were 2.8 times higher compared with control or 41-pg TCDD per gram egg treatments. Results from this study were consistent with other published results of TCDD effects on salmonids, in which the exposures occurred after fertilization. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Johnson, RD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM johnson.rodney@epa.gov NR 42 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 12 BP 2408 EP 2421 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2408:TOTPDT>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 139XV UT WOS:000077057300007 ER EF