FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Bouchard, DC AF Bouchard, DC TI Organic cosolvent effects on the sorption and transport of neutral organic chemicals SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE soil sorption; desorption; mixed solvents; contaminant transport; complex wastes ID NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION; MIXED-SOLVENTS; CONTAMINANTS; COLUMNS; SOILS AB Soil column miscible displacement techniques were used to investigate the effects of an organic cosolvent (methanol) on the sorption and transport of three neutral organic chemicals; naphthalene, phenanthrene, and the herbicide diuron, through a sandy surface soil. A two-domain, or bicontinuum, first-order mass transfer model described the experimental data well. For the three solutes used in this study, the equilibrium sorption coefficient (K) decreased log-linearly as the volume fraction of methanol (f(c)) increased. The physical properties calculator of the SPARC computer model was used for generating solute solubility profiles to estimate the slope of the Log K-f(c) relationship. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Bouchard, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 8 BP 1883 EP 1892 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10065-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZA362 UT WOS:000072355900015 ER PT J AU Rodman, JS Frost, F Jakubowski, W AF Rodman, JS Frost, F Jakubowski, W TI Using nurse hot line calls for disease surveillance SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID OUTBREAK; WATER; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; STATE AB Nurse hot line calls are a potential source of public health surveillance data and may help identify epidemics of emerging infectious diseases. In this study, nurse hot line data from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, showed more than a 17-fold increase in calls for diarrhea during the 1993 Milwaukee cryptosporidiosis outbreak. Moreover, consistent patterns of seasonal variation in diarrhea-and vomiting-related calls were detected from the Baltimore, Maryland, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, hot lines. Analysis of nurse hot line calls may provide an inexpensive and timely method for improving disease surveillance. C1 SW Ctr Managed Care Res, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Frost, F (reprint author), SW Ctr Managed Care Res, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 329 EP 332 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZQ811 UT WOS:000073905300026 PM 9621209 ER PT J AU Laitner, S Bernow, S DeCicco, J AF Laitner, S Bernow, S DeCicco, J TI Employment and other macroeconomic benefits of an innovation-led climate strategy for the United States SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article DE climate policy; economic impacts; energy/economic modeling AB Climate protection policy and its analysis are pursued in the context of other societal goals, among them the maintenance of economic growth and high employment. Too often, however, analysis of energy and climate policy does not realistically reflect technological conditions and the dynamics of technological change. This tendency unnecessarily associates the decline in energy consumption or carbon emissions with the decline in national economic output or income. But there is ample prima facie evidence to the contrary. Just as in the 19th century when the perceived need to reduce labor inputs as part of the production process spurred labor-saving technological progress, now the need to reduce energy (and pollution) costs could spur innovation and diffusion of efficient and clean energy technologies. This, in turn, can increase overall growth in economic productivity. Energy technology analysts have identified many such existing and near-term commercial technologies, as well as innovations that can be foreseen beyond the immediate technological horizon, which would become widely used if policies were developed to overcome market and institutional barriers. This paper presents a macroeconomic analysis for a set of policies that would induce the adoption of more efficient and low-carbon technologies, and finds that overall employment and economic output could be increased by small amounts while significantly reducing carbon emissions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Tellus Inst, Boston, MA 02116 USA. Amer Council Energy Efficient Econ, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Laitner, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 5 BP 425 EP 432 DI 10.1016/S0301-4215(97)00160-2 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZW012 UT WOS:000074364700006 ER PT J AU Neumann, CM Forman, DL Rothlein, JE AF Neumann, CM Forman, DL Rothlein, JE TI Hazard screening of chemical releases and environmental equity analysis of populations proximate to toxic release inventory facilities in Oregon SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE chemical indexing system; chronic index; demographic analysis; environmental equity; environmental justice; GIS; hazard screening; risk analysis ID UNITED-STATES AB A comprehensive approach using hazard screening, demographic analysis, and a geographic information system (GIS) for mapping is employed to address environmental equity issues in Oregon. A media-specific chronic toxicity index [or chronic index (CI)I was used to compare environmental chemical releases reported in the EPA's Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) database. In 1992, 254 facilities reportedly released more than 40 million pounds of toxic chemicals directly into the environment on-site or transferred them to sewage treatment plants or other off-sire facilities for disposal and recycling. For each reported on-site TRI chemical release, a CI based on oral toxicity factors and total mass was calculated. CIs were aggregated on a media-, facility-, and chemical-specific basis. Glycol ethers, nickel, trichloroethylene, chloroform, and manganese were ranked as the top five chemicals released statewide based on total CI. In contrast, based on total mass, methanol, nickel, ammonia, acetone, and toluene were identified as the top five TRI chemicals released in Oregon. TRI facility rankings were related to the demographics and household income of surrounding neighborhoods using bivariate GIS mapping and statistical analysis. TRI facilities were disproportionately located in racial and ethnic minority neighborhoods. They were also located in areas with lower incomes compared to those in the surrounding county. No relationship was observed between the hazard ranking of the TRI facilities overall and socioeconomic characteristics of the community in which they were located. C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Ctr Res Occupat & Environm Toxicol, Portland, OR 97210 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Air Radiat & Toxics Div, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. RP Rothlein, JE (reprint author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Ctr Res Occupat & Environm Toxicol, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk Rd, Portland, OR 97210 USA. NR 32 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1998 VL 106 IS 4 BP 217 EP 226 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110JZ UT WOS:000075378800021 PM 9494125 ER PT J AU Huff, J Chan, P Waalkes, M AF Huff, J Chan, P Waalkes, M TI Arsenic carcinogenicity testing SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NCI, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Huff, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1998 VL 106 IS 4 BP A170 EP A170 DI 10.2307/3433948 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110JZ UT WOS:000075378800002 PM 9625616 ER PT J AU Pinto, JP Stevens, RK Willis, RD Kellogg, R Mamane, Y Novak, J Santroch, J Benes, I Lenicek, J Bures, V AF Pinto, JP Stevens, RK Willis, RD Kellogg, R Mamane, Y Novak, J Santroch, J Benes, I Lenicek, J Bures, V TI Czech air quality monitoring and receptor modeling study SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE; UNITED-STATES; ENVIRONMENT; EXPOSURES; PARTICLES; OXIDATION; URBAN AB An ongoing air quality monitoring program in the Czech Republic has provided nearly continuous data for the concentrations of aerosol and gas-phase pollutants since its inception in February 1992. In addition to PM-2.5 concentrations, the concentrations of sulfate, organic carbon, elemental carbon, trace elements (Al-Pb), and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also measured. Fine particulate matter (PM-2.5) was composed mainly of organic carbon and sulfate with smaller amounts of trace metals. Coarse particle mass concentrations were typically between 10 and 30% of PM-2.5 concentrations. The chemical composition of emissions from power plants, residential space heating, local factories, and motor vehicles was also characterized. The ambient monitoring and source characterization data were then used in receptor modeling calculations, the results of which indicate that residential space heating and power plant emissions accounted for most of fine particle mass concentrations observed during winter air pollution episodes. Motor vehicles, incinerators, and wind blown dust contributed to the balance of the fine particle mass. Peak 24-h average TSP and SO2 concentrations (1100 and 800 mu g/m(3), respectively) obtained at the main monitoring site at Teplice in northern Bohemia during a severe air pollution episode in 1993 were within a factor of 2 of smoke and SO2 concentrations (1800 and 1600 mu g/m(3)) measured in London during the smog episode of December 5-9, 1952. That pollution episode was thought to have contributed to a substantial increase in mortality. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Haifa, Israel. Czech Hydrometeorol Inst, Prague, Czech Republic. Dist Inst Hyg, Teplice, Czech Republic. Reg Hyg Stn, Usti Nad Labem, Czech Republic. Tech Serv Air Pollut Control, Prague, Czech Republic. RP Pinto, JP (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM pinto.joseph@epamail.epa.gov NR 25 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 7 BP 843 EP 854 DI 10.1021/es970174p PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZE844 UT WOS:000072837300020 ER PT J AU Erickson, RJ Brooke, LT Kahl, MD Venter, FV Harting, SL Markee, TP Spehar, RL AF Erickson, RJ Brooke, LT Kahl, MD Venter, FV Harting, SL Markee, TP Spehar, RL TI Effects of laboratory test conditions on the toxicity of silver to aquatic organisms SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE silver toxicity; water chemistry effects; bioavailability; fathead minnow; Daphnia magna ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; WATER HARDNESS; SPECIATION AB The effects of various chemical manipulations of test water on acute toxicity of silver to fathead minnows (Pinephales promelas) were investigated. Increases in hardness and organic carbon substantially reduced toxicity. Toxicity was also inversely related to pH and alkalinity when these parameters were jointly changed by addition of strong acid or base, The addition of 2 meq/L sodium sulfate had no significant effects. but the addition of 0.2 meq/L sodium chloride increased toxicity, perhaps related to the formation of the dissolved AgCl0 complex. We also evaluated the effects of static versus now-through test conditions, feeding during exposure. and aging of test solutions before exposure on the acute toxicity of silver to fathead minnows and Daphnia magna. Static conditions and feeding reduced toxicity, likely as a result of accretion of organic carbon. Aging of test solutions had little effect. For both juvenile fathead minnows and D. magna, silver was much less toxic in water from the St. Louis River than in our normal laboratory water, presumably because of the much higher organic carbon content of the river water. This study identified some aspects of test conditions that are important in assessing the risk of silver to aquatic biota, hut improved assessments will require information for more conditions, species. and endpoints. More importantly, if toxicity test results are to be extrapolated among waters with different chemistries, adequate characterization of the chemical speciation of silver and a better understanding of the mechanisms of silver toxicity and its relationship to silver speciation and Ether chemical factors are needed. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Environm Hlth Lab, Lake Super Res Inst, Superior, WI 54880 USA. RP Erickson, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 23 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 15 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 4 BP 572 EP 578 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0572:EOLTCO>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZD357 UT WOS:000072677100007 ER PT J AU Kroer, N Barkay, T Sorensen, S Weber, D AF Kroer, N Barkay, T Sorensen, S Weber, D TI Effect of root exudates and bacterial metabolic activity on conjugal gene transfer in the rhizosphere of a marsh plant SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conjugation; rhizosphere; metabolic activity; root exudate ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI STRAINS; PLASMID TRANSFER; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; INDIGENOUS BACTERIA; SOIL; GROWTH; MICROCOSMS; SURVIVAL; PHASE AB Genetic exchange between bacteria in natural habitats is believed to be strongly influenced by availability of growth substrates and growth rate. To test this hypothesis, conjugal transfer of an RP4 derivative between Pseudomonas fluorescens and Serratia sp. was studied in a simple sand/plant microcosm and was related to availability of root exudates and bacterial metabolic activity. The presence of the plant (Echinochlora crusgalli) greatly stimulated transfer. Average transfer ratios (T/D.R) were 8.9 x 10(-11) in the rhizosphere and 5.5 x 10(-15) in sand unaffected by the plant root. The bacteria used root exudates as growth substrate and depending on cell density, the metabolic activity ([H-3]leucine uptake) of the cells was higher in the rhizosphere than in the sand (around 1.0 x 10(-2) and 0.5 x 10(-2) fmol leucine CFU-1 h(-1), respectively). Thus, an apparent correlation between metabolic activity and transfer was observed. Additional experiments, however, suggested that there was no causal relationship between the two. When incubated in a sand microcosm containing root exudates, the metabolic activity of the bacteria increased while conjugal transfer ratios remained constant. Hence, contrary to the accepted view, root exudates and metabolic activity did not appear to be responsible for the stimulation of conjugal transfer in the rhizosphere. (C) 1998 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol & Microbiol, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Gen Microbiol, DK-1307 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Kroer, N (reprint author), Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol & Microbiol, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. RI Kroer, NIels/D-3356-2015; Sorensen, Soren/J-5015-2014 OI Sorensen, Soren/0000-0001-6227-9906 NR 27 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 4 BP 375 EP 384 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00489.x PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZH733 UT WOS:000073142200007 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Caughran, TV Collette, TW Patterson, KS Lykins, BW AF Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Caughran, TV Collette, TW Patterson, KS Lykins, BW TI Chemical by-products of chlorine and alternative disinfectants SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; OZONE; OZONATION; DIOXIDE; ALDEHYDES; QUALITY; MODEL; MEAT; BEEF AB Recent illnesses associated with new strains of microorganisms, such as Listeria and virulent strains of Escherichia coli, have increased interest in exploring different disinfectants for food sanitation (Graham, 1997). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considers Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni to be of greatest concern because of the severity and number of illnesses they cause (Wilkinson, 1997). C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Water Qual Management Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 16 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 52 IS 4 BP 58 EP 61 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA ZG986 UT WOS:000073060400014 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL Reed, AW Hardwick, BC AF Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL Reed, AW Hardwick, BC TI Foliar dislodgeable residue analysis: A new scientific approach to a regulatory concern SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; exposure monitoring; foliar dislodgeable residues; immunoassay ID PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; REENTRY AB The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and other federal and state regulators are interested in the presence and bioavailability of pesticide residues that remain on vegetation after application. These compounds can become an issue in human exposure if they become airborne and are inhaled, or if they are dermally absorbed by agricultural workers. In an effort to measure the level and extent of these foliar dislodgeable residues, the EPA's office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances has developed guidelines for sampling and analysis of leaf sections. The testing methods used meet the requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. The advent of immunochemical methods for the analysis of many pesticides offers new, rapid, and sensitive analytical procedures for residue studies of these leaf extracts. This article describes the use of indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on representative samples for the analysis of the pesticide chlorpyrifos. Results will be compared with those from the traditional high-performance liquid chromatography method. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FACULTY FOOD TECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY PI ZAGREB PA UNIV ZAGREB, KACIECEVA 23, 41000 ZAGREB, CROATIA SN 1330-9862 J9 FOOD TECHNOL BIOTECH JI Food Technol. Biotechnol. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 119 EP 124 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 100DN UT WOS:000074799600005 ER PT J AU Barry, TM Brattin, WJ AF Barry, TM Brattin, WJ TI Distribution of radon-222 in community groundwater systems: Analysis of type I left-censored data with single censoring point SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE radon; radon exposures; groundwater; censored distribution ID WATER-QUALITY DATA AB Community groundwater systems serve as the primary source of household water for over 81 million people in the United States. In many residences, groundwater may contain significant concentrations of radon-222, serving as a potential source of human exposure. An extensive database of measured radon concentrations in community groundwater systems is available from the National Inorganic and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS). However, estimation of key descriptive statistics and distribution functions for these data is complicated by the fact that the data are censored, that is, a portion of the NIRS samples have concentrations below the minimum reporting level of 100 pCi/L. A variety of parameter estimation techniques were investigated for fitting the NIRS data, including maximum likelihood and regression methods. In general, the NIRS data were found to be well-described by lognormal distributions. The resulting lognormal distributions, along with quantitative estimates of uncertainty, are presented for five groundwater system sizes and for eight geographic regions. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Roy F Weston Inc, Lakewood, CO USA. RP Barry, TM (reprint author), MC 2174,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM barry.timothy@epamail.epa.gov; brattin@rfweston.com NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD APR PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 579 EP 603 DI 10.1080/10807039891284424 PG 25 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL600 UT WOS:000073450600016 ER PT J AU Speth, TF Miltner, RJ AF Speth, TF Miltner, RJ TI Technical note: adsorption capacity of GAC for synthetic organics SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DILUTE AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ACTIVATED CARBON; ELECTROLYTES; SYSTEMS AB Isotherms are presented for 15 compounds in organic-free water. The compounds-ranging from pesticides to disinfection by-products-are all of regulatory interest. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Speth, TF (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD APR PY 1998 VL 90 IS 4 BP 171 EP 174 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZH660 UT WOS:000073134300024 ER PT J AU Gray, LE AF Gray, LE TI Chemical-induced alterations of sexual differentiation: A review of effects in humans and rodents SO JOURNAL OF CLEAN TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE androgens; anti-estrogens; reproductive development; sexual differentiation ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS PCB; MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION; RATS EXPOSED INUTERO; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE RATS; PREOPTIC AREA; DIMORPHIC NUCLEUS; MALE-MICE; MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE; EXTERNAL GENITALIA AB During sexual differentiation them are a number of critical periods when the reproductive system is uniquely susceptible to chemically-induced perturbations. At these times an inappropriate chemical signal can result in irreversible lesions that often result in infertility whereas similarly exposed young adults are only transiently affected. The serious i.e-productive abnormalities that resulted from human fetal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), synthetic hormones and other drugs provide grim examples of the types of lesions that can be produced by interfering with this process. Futhermore, it is of concern that many of the abnormalities are not expressed during fetal and neonatal life and only become apparent after puberty. The present discussion will selectively review a wide range of chemically-induced abnormalities of sexual differentiation in mammals. The list of known developmental reproductive toxicants includes a broad spectrum of drugs, pesticides and toxic substances. Some of the xenobiotics, like the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxin, are of particular concern because they persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in the food chain. The fact that these toxicants alter sex differentiation through a wide variety of relatively well understood physiological mechanisms that are common to all mammals allows scientists to use rodent models to predict potential adverse outcomes in humans, domestic animals and wildlife. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray@herl45.herl.epa.gov NR 112 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA SN 1052-1062 J9 J CLEAN TECHNOL E T JI J. Clean Technol. Environ. Toxicol. Occup. Med. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 121 EP 145 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZX731 UT WOS:000074549000002 ER PT J AU Degitz, SJ Francis, BM Foley, GL AF Degitz, SJ Francis, BM Foley, GL TI Mesenchymal changes associated with retinoic acid induced cleft palate in CD-1 mice SO JOURNAL OF CRANIOFACIAL GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE retinoic acid; cleft palate; mice ID MOUSE SECONDARY PALATE; GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; CELL-DEATH; BINDING; TRANSFORMATION; MORPHOGENESIS; PROLIFERATION; PATTERN; ALTERS; FUSION AB Retinoic acid (RA) is teratogenic in many species and is an effective inducer of cleft palate in mice. The pathogenesis of cleft formation varies with the timing of exposure. It has been demonstrated, before formation of the palatal shelves, that RA exposure results in insufficient mesenchymal tissue, and palatal shelves fail to make contact. However, at the palatal shelf outgrowth stage, RA exposure affects shelf elevation and growth in rats, and possibly medial edge epithelium (MEE) differentiation in mice. The objective of this study was to examine the morphologic and functional changes associated with cleft formation in mice following exposure during shelf outgrowth. Particular emphasis was placed on evaluating the timing of palatal shelf elevation in RA exposed embryos and on identifying differentiation events occurring concurrently in the epithelium. On gestational day (GD) 12 (8:00 AM), gravid CD-1 mice were gavaged with 70 mg/kg RA or vehicle. This protocol produced a 100% incidence of cleft palate at term, allowing us to correlate the morphological and/or biochemical changes observed at pre-fusion time points. Embryos were collected at 12 hr intervals through GD 15, beginning 4 hr after exposure. Serial sections of embryos were either stained with H&E, with a battery of lectins [Sambucus nigra (SNA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Ricinus communis (RCA-I), Glycine mas (SBA), Succinylated Wheat Germ (S-WGA)], or with a probe to hyaluronan. Throughout the period of normal palate development, the shelf mesenchyme showed increasing regional organization and progressive hydration and these changes were correlated with increase Hyaluronan (HA) deposition. RA treatment resulted in lose of regional organization and delayed mesenchyme hydration. In association with these changes there were reductions in HA deposition and extracellular matrix glycoconjugates recognized by PNA in the palate mesenchyme. Further there was a considerable delay in palatal shelf elevation and palate shelf did not make contact at the midline. Our data indicates, in embryos exposed on GD 12 to levels of RA sufficient to induce a 100% incidence of clefting, that cleft formation is a result of palatal shelves failing to make contact. Alterations in mesenchyme development and the subsequent delay in palate shelve elevation are central to RA-induced cleft formation following exposure at the palate shelf out growth stage. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Degitz, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0270-4145 J9 J CRAN GENET DEV BIO JI J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 88 EP 99 PG 12 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZV625 UT WOS:000074324600004 PM 9672841 ER PT J AU Chen, YD Carsel, RF McCutcheon, SC Nutter, WL AF Chen, YD Carsel, RF McCutcheon, SC Nutter, WL TI Stream temperature simulation of forested riparian areas: I. Watershed-scale model development SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSE; LAKES AB To simulate stream temperatures on a watershed scale, shading dynamics of topography and riparian vegetation must be computed for estimating the amount of solar radiation that is actually absorbed by water for each stream reach. A series of computational procedures identifying the geometric relationships among the sun position, stream location and orientation, and riparian shading characteristics were used to develop a computer program called SHADE. The SHADE-generated solar radiation data are used by the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) to simulate hourly stream temperatures. A methodology for computing the heat flux between water and streambed was selected, evaluated, and implemented in the HSPF code. This work advances the state of the art in watershed analysis by providing a quantitative tool for relating riparian forest management to stream temperature, which is a vital component of aquatic habitat. This paper describes the modeling strategies, the SHADE program in terms of algorithms and procedures, the integration of SHADE with HSPF, and the algorithms and evaluation of the bed conduction of heat. A companion paper presents an application of the SHADE-HSPF modeling system for the Upper Grande Ronde watershed in northeast Oregon. C1 Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Geog, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong. US EPA, Nat Exposure Res Lab, Ecosys Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resour, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Chen, YD (reprint author), Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Geog, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong. RI CHEN, Yongqin David/I-4239-2013 NR 40 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 20 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 1998 VL 124 IS 4 BP 304 EP 315 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:4(304) PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD551 UT WOS:000072697900003 ER PT J AU Chen, YD McCutcheon, SC Norton, DJ Nutter, WL AF Chen, YD McCutcheon, SC Norton, DJ Nutter, WL TI Stream temperature simulation of forested riparian areas: II. Model application SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID VALIDATION; WASHINGTON AB The SHADE-HSPF modeling system described in a companion paper has been tested and applied to the Upper Grande Ronde (UGR) watershed in northeast Oregon. Sensitivities of stream temperature to the heat balance parameters in Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) and the riparian shading parameters in SHADE were analyzed for stream temperature calibration. Solar radiation factors (SRF), as well as diurnal, seasonal, and longitudinal variations, were evaluated to verify the accuracy and reliability of SHADE computations. Simulated maximum values of stream temperature, on which the riparian restoration forecasts are based, are accurate to 2.6-3.0 degrees C compared with 8-10 degrees C exceedances over stream temperature goals for salmon habitat restoration under the present riparian vegetation conditions. Hourly simulations have approximately the same accuracy and precision. Stream temperature regimes were simulated for different hydroclimatic conditions and hypothetical restoration scenarios of riparian vegetation. Regardless of natural weather cycles, the restoration of riparian vegetation is needed along many headwater streams to significantly alleviate the lethal and sublethal stream temperatures currently associated with salmon habitat in the UGR basin. C1 Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Geog, Shatin, NT, Peoples R China. US EPA, Nat Exposure Res Lab, Ecosys Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resour, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Chen, YD (reprint author), Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Geog, Shatin, NT, Peoples R China. RI CHEN, Yongqin David/I-4239-2013 NR 30 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 16 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 1998 VL 124 IS 4 BP 316 EP 328 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:4(316) PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD551 UT WOS:000072697900004 ER PT J AU Mage, DT AF Mage, DT TI Commentary: Defining exposure and related concepts SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mage, DT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 117 EP 121 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZK371 UT WOS:000073313700001 PM 9577745 ER PT J AU Pinsky, PF Lorber, MN AF Pinsky, PF Lorber, MN TI A model to evaluate past exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-TCDD; Bayesian analysis; dioxin; historical exposure; pharmacokinetic models ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; SEDIMENTS; LAKE AB Data from several studies suggest that concentrations of dioxins rose in the environment from the 1930s to about the 1960s/70s and have been declining over the last decade or two. The most direct evidence of this trend comes from lake core sediments, which can be used to estimate past atmospheric depositions of dioxins. The primary source of human exposure to dioxins is through the food supply. The pathway relating atmospheric depositions to concentrations in food is quite complex, and accordingly, it is not known to what extent the trend in human exposure mirrors the trend in atmospheric depositions. This paper describes an attempt to statistically reconstruct the pattern of past human exposure to the most toxic dioxin congener, 2,3,7,8-TCDD (abbreviated TCDD), through use of a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model which included a time-varying TCDD exposure dose. This PK model was fit to TCDD body burden data (i.e., TCDD concentrations in lipid) from five U.S. studies dating from 1972 to 1987 and covering a wide age range. A Bayesian statistical approach was used to fit TCDD exposure; model parameters other than exposure were all previously known or estimated from other data sources. The primary results of the analysis are as follows: (1) use of a time-varying exposure dose provided afar better fit to the TCDD body burden data than did using a dose that was constant over time; this is strong evidence that exposure to TCDD has, in fact, varied during the 20th century (2) the year of peak TCDD exposure was estimated to be in the late 1960s, which coincides with peaks found in sediment core studies, (3) modeled average exposure doses during these peak years was estimated at 1.4-1.9 pg TCDD/kg-day, and (4) modeled exposure doses of TCDD for the late 1980s of less than 0.10 pg TCDD/kg-day con-elated well with recent estimates of exposure doses around 0.17 pg TCDD/kg-day (recent estimates are based on food concentrations combined with food ingestion rates; food is thought to explain over 90% of total dioxin exposure). This paper describes these and other results, the goodness-of-fit between predicted and observed lipid TCDD concentrations, the modeled impact of breastfeeding on lipid concentrations in young individuals, and sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Pinsky, PF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St SW,Mailcode 8623, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 32 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 6 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 187 EP 206 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZK371 UT WOS:000073313700007 PM 9577750 ER PT J AU Watts, RR Wallingford, KM Williams, RW House, DE Lewtas, J AF Watts, RR Wallingford, KM Williams, RW House, DE Lewtas, J TI Airborne exposures to PAH and PM2.5 particles for road paving workers applying conventional asphalt and crumb rubber modified asphalt SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE airborne exposures; asphalt; crumb rubber; particulate matter; personal exposure monitor; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID AIR AB Personal exposure monitoring was conducted for road paving workers in three states. A research objective was to characterize and compare occupational exposures to fine respirable particles (< 2.5 mu m) and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for road paving workers applying conventional (petroleum derived) asphalt and asphalt containing crumb rubber from shredded tires. Workers not exposed to asphalt fume were also included for comparison(to support the biomarker component of this study). The rubber content of the crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt at the three study sites wets 12, 15, and 20%. A comparison of some specific job categories from two sites indicates greater potential carcinogenic PAH exposures during CRM asphalt work, however, the site with the greatest overall exposures did not indicate any differences for specific jobs. A statistical analysis of means for fine particle, pyrene and total carcinogenic PAH personal exposure shows, with two exceptions, there were no differences in exposures for these three measurement variables. One site shows significantly elevated pyrene exposure for CRM asphalt workers and another site similarly shows greater carcinogenic PAH exposure for CRM asphalt workers. Conventional and CRM asphalt worker airborne exposures to the PAH carcinogen marker, BaP, were very low with concentrations comparable to ambient air in many cities. However, this study demonstrates that asphalt road paving workers are exposed to elevated airborne concentrations of a group of unknown compounds that likely consist of the carcinogenic PAHs benz(a)anthracene, chrysene and methylated derivatives of both. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Facil, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Williams, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-58C, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 213 EP 229 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZK371 UT WOS:000073313700009 PM 9577752 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI A patch of common ground SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD APR PY 1998 VL 96 IS 4 BP 32 EP 33 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZE061 UT WOS:000072753700016 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Mahaffey, KR Jameson, CW Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Cameron, MA Eisman, JA AF Gulson, BL Mahaffey, KR Jameson, CW Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Cameron, MA Eisman, JA TI Mobilization of lead from the skeleton during the postnatal period is larger than during pregnancy SO JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM-METABOLISM; BLOOD LEAD; LACTATION; BONE; EXPOSURE AB A cohort of 15 immigrant females to Australia and 7 native Australian controls were monitored on a monthly basis with high-precision lead isotopic methods during gestation and for 6 months after pregnancy to determine the extent of lead mobilization from the maternal skeleton. Quarterly environmental samples of house dust, drinking water, urban air, gasoline, and a 6-day duplicate diet were also measured. The geometric mean blood lead concentration for the immigrant females on arrival in Australia was 3.0 mu g/dl (range: 1.9 to 20 mu g/dl), and for the Australian controls was 3.1 gm/dl (range: 1.9 to 4.3 mu g/dl). During gestation and after pregnancy, blood lead concentrations varied, with mean individual changes of -14% to 83%. For the immigrant subjects, the percentage change in blood lead concentration was significantly greater during the postpregnancy period than during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (p < 0.001). Skeletal contribution to blood lead, based on the isotopic composition for the immigrant subjects, increased in an approximately linear manner during pregnancy. The mean increases for each individual during pregnancy varied from 26% to 99%. Skeletal lead contribution to blood lead was significantly greater (p < 0.001) during the postpregnancy period than during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The contribution of skeletal lead to blood lead during the postpregnancy period remained essentially constant at the increased level of lead mobilization, although the duration of breastfeeding varied from 1 week to more than 6 months. The increased contribution of skeletal lead to blood lead during the postpregnancy period is attributed to increased mobilization of lead from maternal skeletal stores during lactation. The increased contribution of skeletal lead both during pregnancy and in the postpregnancy period is consistent with increased bone resorption, and may be associated with an inadequate calcium intake observed in quarterly 6-day duplicate diets. Mobilization of skeletal lead stores represents a potentially important source of perinatal lead intake and accumulation in the developing fetus. Only two subjects consumed dietary supplements for calcium, and their mobilization of lead from the skeleton to the blood was the lowest of all the subjects. These two subjects' use of calcium supplements may have reduced mobilization of skeletal mineral stores to supply the calcium needs of pregnancy and lactation. Calcium supplementation may be an important means of limiting fetal exposure to lead. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Macquarie Univ, CSIRO, Div Math & Stat, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org, Sydney, NSW, Australia. US EPA, Environm Criteria & Assessment Off, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Garvan Inst Med Res, Bone & Mineral Div, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. RI Eisman, John/C-2886-2014; Cameron, Murray/C-9970-2009 OI Cameron, Murray/0000-0002-4874-0927 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 22 TC 133 Z9 139 U1 1 U2 6 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0022-2143 J9 J LAB CLIN MED JI J. Lab. Clin. Med. PD APR PY 1998 VL 131 IS 4 BP 324 EP 329 DI 10.1016/S0022-2143(98)90182-2 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Medical Laboratory Technology; General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA ZK579 UT WOS:000073339300008 PM 9579385 ER PT J AU Bhattacharyya, D Hestekin, JA Brushaber, P Cullen, L Bachas, LG Sikdar, SK AF Bhattacharyya, D Hestekin, JA Brushaber, P Cullen, L Bachas, LG Sikdar, SK TI Novel poly-glutamic acid functionalized microfiltration membranes for sorption of heavy metals at high capacity SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microfiltration membranes; aldehyde derivatization; poly-L-glutamic acid functionalization; metal sorption; cellulose ID HELIX-COIL TRANSITION; SELECTIVE ADSORPTION RESINS; HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE; BOLTZMANN CELL MODEL; POLY(L-GLUTAMIC ACID); AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; POROUS MEMBRANE; CHELATING RESIN; CROSS-LINKING; REMOVAL AB Various sorbent/ion exchange materials have been reported in the literature for metal ion entrapment. We have developed a highly innovative and new approach to obtain high metal pick-up utilizing poly-amino acids (poly-L-glutamic acid, 14,000 MW) covalently attached to membrane pore surfaces. The use of microfiltration (0.2-0.6 mu m) membrane-based sorbents containing multiple functional groups is a novel technique to achieve high metal sorption under convective flow conditions. For our studies, both commercial membranes and laboratory prepared cellulose membranes containing aldehyde groups were used for the attachment of poly-amino acids. Cellulose membranes were prepared by converting cellulose acetate microfiltration membranes to cellulose (using alkali treatment), subsequent oxidation of hydroxyl groups to aldehyde using sodium periodate, and attachment of poly-L-glutamic acid via Schiff base chemistry. Extensive experiments (pH 3-6) were conducted (under convective flow mode) with the derivatized membranes involving the heavy metals: lead, cadmium, nickel, copper, and selected mixtures with calcium in aqueous solutions. Metal sorption results were found to be a function of derivatization (aldehydes) density of membranes and degree of attachment of the polyfunctional groups, number of functional groups per chain, membrane surface area, and the type of metals to be sorbed. We have obtained metal sorption capacities as high as 1.5 g metal/g membrane. Of course, depending on the desired goals the membrane containing metal could be regenerated or stabilized for appropriate disposal. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Bhattacharyya, D (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RI Bachas, Leonidas/G-2479-2015; OI Bachas, Leonidas/0000-0002-3308-6264 NR 40 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 141 IS 1 BP 121 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00301-3 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA ZC917 UT WOS:000072632000011 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL AF Van Emon, JM Gerlach, CL TI Environmental monitoring and human exposure assessment using immunochemical techniques SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE immunochemistry; immunoassay; analytical chemistry; environmental chemistry; human exposure studies ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; WATER SAMPLES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HAPTEN DESIGN; ALACHLOR; ATRAZINE; SYSTEM; ELISA; SOIL AB The use of immunochemical technologies including, but not limited to, immunoassays is expanding to include various aspects of environmental analysis. Ultimately, the basis for environmental investigations is concern about human and ecological exposure to potentially toxic compounds. In addition to the well-described attributes of immunochemical methods (ease of use, cost savings, reduced use of organic solvents), these methods also provide a direct and sensitive analytical process for determining human exposure to analytes of interest. Levels of toxic compounds to which humans are exposed are typically very low. Often, the target compounds in exposure studies are products of xenobiotic metabolism and are difficult to analyze by traditional chromatographic methods due to in vivo conjugation and a high molecular weight. To determine human exposure, large-scale surveys of various environmental matrices and body fluids must be designed and implemented. The implementation must consider several analytical and economic criteria: sensitivity, selectivity, cost and sample throughput. Immunochemical methods are well suited to these analytical rigors and their use is described herein. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Van Emon, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 944 E Harman, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 53 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD APR PY 1998 VL 32 IS 2 SI SI BP 121 EP 131 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(98)00019-0 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA ZW096 UT WOS:000074373600004 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Hwang, D Guan, X Fleming, JS AF Martonen, TB Hwang, D Guan, X Fleming, JS TI Supercomputer description of human lung morphology for imaging analysis SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE computer simulation; lung morphology; voxel structure; imaging analysis; aerosol therapy ID DEPOSITION PATTERNS; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; PULMONARY DEPOSITION; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; AEROSOL DEPOSITION; INHALED AEROSOL; GUINEA-PIG AB A supercomputer code that describes the three-dimensional branching structure of the human lung has been developed. The algorithm was written for the Gray C94. In our simulations, the human lung was divided into a matrix containing discrete volumes (voxels) so as to be compatible with analyses of SPECT images. The matrix has 3840 voxels. The matrix can be segmented into transverse, sagittal and coronal layers analogous to human subject examinations. The compositions of individual voxels were identified by the type and respective number of airways present. The code provides a mapping of the spatial positions of the almost 17 million airways in human lungs and unambiguously assigns each airway to a voxel. Thus, the clinician and research scientist in the medical arena have a powerful new tool to be used in imaging analyses. The code was designed to be integrated into diverse applications, including the interpretation of SPECT images, the design of inhalation exposure experiments and the targeted delivery of inhaled pharmacologic drugs. C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC USA. IBM Corp, Microelect Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Duke Univ, Dept Med, Ctr Extrapolat Modeling, Durham, NC USA. Southampton Gen Hosp, Dept Nucl Med, Southampton SO9 4XY, Hants, England. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC PI RESTON PA 1850 SAMUEL MORSE DR, RESTON, VA 20190-5316 USA SN 0161-5505 J9 J NUCL MED JI J. Nucl. Med. PD APR PY 1998 VL 39 IS 4 BP 745 EP 750 PG 6 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA ZG019 UT WOS:000072956600044 PM 9544692 ER PT J AU Lipscomb, JC Garrett, CM Snawder, JE AF Lipscomb, JC Garrett, CM Snawder, JE TI Use of kinetic and mechanistic data in species extrapolation of bioactivation: Cytochrome P-450 dependent trichloroethylene metabolism at occupationally relevant concentrations SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE trichloroethylene; cytochrome P450; metabolism; microsomes; risk assessment; enzyme kinetics; toxicity; bioactivation; chloral hydrate ID ALKOXYRESORUFIN O-DEALKYLATION; LIVER-MICROSOMES; RAT-LIVER; ENZYME-ACTIVITY; MOUSE; MICE; ETHANOL; PHARMACOKINETICS; CARCINOGENICITY; HEPATOTOXICITY AB Trichloroethylene (TRI) is an industrial solvent and environmental contaminant; therefore exposure to TRI occurs in diverse human populations. TRI causes hepatocellular carcinoma in B6C3F1 mice, but not rats; this suggests that TRI may be metabolized differently in the two species. We investigated the metabolism of TRI and the effect of TRI on enzymatic activities indicative of specific cytochrome P450 (GYP) forms in hepatic microsomes from mice, rats and humans. Studies in microsomes estimated Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters by saturation analysis. K-m values were 35.4, 55.5 and 24.6 mu M and V-max values were 5,425, 4,826 and 1,440 pmol/min/mg in pooled mouse, rat and human microsomes, respectively. TRI (1,000 ppm) inhibited CYP2E1 dependent activity in all three species and BROD activity in mice and rats; TRI (1,000 ppm) increased CYP1A1/1A2 activity, and had no effect on CYP2A activity. Inhibition studies with mouse hepatic microsomes demonstrated that TRI was a competitive inhibitor of CYP2E1, with K-i of 50 ppm. TRI noncompetitively inhibited CYP2B-dependent activities in the rat and mouse. Preincubation of microsomes with TRI and NADPH decreased the absorbence of GO-bound CYP in all three species, but the dose-dependence was most evident in mouse hepatic microsomes. These results have quantified the interspecies difference in GYP-dependent TRI bioactivation and indicate that under both equivalent and occupationally relevant (hepatic) exposure conditions the human is at less risk of forming toxic CYP-derived TRI metabolites. C1 USAF, Armstrong Lab, Div Toxicol, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Geocenters Inc, Newton Ctr, MA USA. NIOSH, Taft Lab, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, NCEA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 117, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 44 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU JAPAN SOC OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PI TOKYO PA 1-29-8 SHINJUKU, SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO, 160, JAPAN SN 1341-9145 J9 J OCCUP HEALTH JI J. Occup. Health PD APR PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2 BP 110 EP 117 DI 10.1539/joh.40.110 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZF800 UT WOS:000072934500003 ER PT J AU Davis, JM AF Davis, JM TI Untitled SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Davis, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 1998 VL 48 IS 4 BP 290 EP 290 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 117LK UT WOS:000075782600001 ER PT J AU Kozelka, PB Bruland, KW AF Kozelka, PB Bruland, KW TI Chemical speciation of dissolved Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chemical speciation; differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry; trace metals; metal binding ligand ID ANODIC-STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY; TRACE-METAL SPECIATION; CUPRIC ION ACTIVITY; NATURAL-WATERS; COPPER COMPLEXATION; SEA-WATER; DUNALIELLA-TERTIOLECTA; ORGANIC COMPLEXATION; COMPLEXING CAPACITY; COASTAL DIATOM AB The chemical speciation of 'dissolved' Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb was determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at three sampling sites in the high salinity region (24-30 psu) of the Narragansett Bay estuary, Speciation results show that organic chelates of these four trace metals are the dominant forms in conventionally filtered (< 0.2 mu m) samples with ranges from 51 to 97% for Zn, 73 to 83% for Cd, 67 to 94% for Pb and > 99% for Cu in these estuarine waters. Dissolved Zn ([Zn-T]) varied from 72 nM at the Upper Bay site to 16 nM at the Lower Bay site, the concentration of the Zn-binding ligands ([L-T]) varied from 48 to 11 nM with a relatively uniform conditional stability constant (K-ZnL,Zn'(cond) = 10(9.0) M-1). At the Upper and Lower Bay sites, where [Zn-T] > [L-T], there was less organic complexation (50 to 60%) of [Zn-T] as compared to the Mid-Bay (bloom) station, where [Zn-T] < [L-T] and the degree of organic complexation was considerably higher (97%). The concentration of Cd-binding ligands was nearly constant throughout the bay (ca. 4 nM with mean K-CdL,Cd'(cond) = 10(8.9) M-1) and present at much higher levels than the dissolved Cd ([Cd-T] = 0.80-0.29 nM, decreasing down bay). Titration results for Pb were modeled by two classes of Pb-binding ligands, Dissolved Pb ranged from 0.32 to 0.13 nM and the strong class of Pb-binding ligands (L-1) was in slight excess of these values (ca. 0.8 nM) with a mean K-PbL1,Pb'(cond) = 10(10.0) M-1. A weaker class of Pb-binding ligands (L-2) existed at 4.0-8.2 nM with a mean K-PbL2,Pb'(cond) 10(8.8) M-(1). Titration data for Cu were interpreted as being influenced by three classes of Cu-binding ligands (L-1, L-2, L-3), whose sum was always in excess of the dissolved [Cu-T] (12.7-27.9 nM). Our DPASV estimates of [L-1] were 16-38 nM with a K-CuL1,Cd'(cond) greater than or equal to 10(12) M-1. There were higher concentrations of intermediate and weaker classes of Cu-binding ligands: [L-2] = 40 to 15 nM with a mean K-CuL2,Cu'(cond) = 10(8.8) M-1 and [L-3] = 100 to 54 nM with a mean K-CuL3,Cu'(cond) = 10(7.7) M-1. The two stronger classes of Cu-binding ligands (L-1 and L-2) resulted in CuL1 and CuL2 as the dominant dissolved Cu species. Free ion concentrations were calculated for all four metals at the three sampling sites: [Cu2+] less than or equal to 10(-12) M, [Cd2+] less than or equal to 2 X 10(-12) M, [Pb2+] similar to 10(-12) M, while [Zn2+] ranged from 0.3-13 X 10(-9) M. For Cu, Pb, and Cd, these ambient values are below the concentrations of toxic responses reported from laboratory studies of marine microorganisms. At the Upper Bay site, any toxic effect of the elevated free zinc ion concentration is likely to be alleviated by the antagonistic effect of high dissolved Mn. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Kozelka, PB (reprint author), US EPA, Reg Lab 9, 1337 S 46th St,Bldg 201, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. NR 50 TC 130 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD APR PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 267 EP 282 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00107-2 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA ZR467 UT WOS:000073979800010 ER PT J AU Mori, C Nakamura, N Welch, JE Gotoh, H Goulding, EH Fujioka, M Eddy, EM AF Mori, C Nakamura, N Welch, JE Gotoh, H Goulding, EH Fujioka, M Eddy, EM TI Mouse spermatogenic cell-specific type 1 hexokinase (mHk1-s) transcripts are expressed by alternative splicing from the mHk1 gene and the HK1-S protein is localized mainly in the sperm tail SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE hexokinase 1; mouse; testis; sperm; alternative splicing; gene expression ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; PORIN-BINDING DOMAIN; GLUCOKINASE GENE; CLONED CDNA; GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MAMMALIAN HEXOKINASE; RAT HEXOKINASE; MESSENGER-RNA; CLONING AB Unique type 1 hexokinase (HK1) mRNAs are present in mouse spermatogenic cells (mHk1-s). They encode a spermatogenic cell-specific sequence region (SSR) but not the porin-binding domain (PBD) necessary for HK1 binding to porin on the outer mitochondrial membrane. This study determined the origin of the multiple Hk1-s transcripts in mouse spermatogenic cells and verified that they are translated in mouse spermatogenic cells. It also showed that a single mHk1 gene encodes the mHk1 transcripts of somatic cells and the mHk1-sa and mHk1-sb transcripts of spermatogenic cells, that alternative exons are used during mHk1 gene expression in mouse spermatogenic cells, and that mHK1-S is translated in mouse spermatogenic cells and is localized mainly with the fibrous sheath in the tail region, not with the mitochondria in the midpiece of mouse sperm. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 60601, Japan. NIEHS, Gamete Biol Sect, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Branch, Div Dev Toxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Cent Lab Electron Microscopy, Kyoto, Japan. RP Mori, C (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 60601, Japan. NR 47 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD APR PY 1998 VL 49 IS 4 BP 374 EP 385 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199804)49:4<374::AID-MRD4>3.0.CO;2-K PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA YZ351 UT WOS:000072245700004 PM 9508088 ER PT J AU Stanton, ME Fox, GD Carter, CS AF Stanton, ME Fox, GD Carter, CS TI Ontogeny of the conditioned eyeblink response in rats: Acquisition or expression? SO NEUROPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neural plasticity; brain development; associative learning; memory; hippocampus; amygdala; cerebellum; developmental psychobiology ID NICTITATING-MEMBRANE RESPONSE; LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; HIPPOCAMPAL FUNCTION; MAMMALIAN BRAIN; BEHAVIOR; LESIONS; STIMULUS; MEMORY; DISCRIMINATION; FACILITATION AB Eyeblink conditioning depends critically on an identified brainstem-cerebellar circuit and is modulated under some circumstances by the hippocampus, amygdala, and other forebrain regions. Developmental studies of eyeblink conditioning could help elucidate questions concerning the behavioral expression of plasticity within these brain circuits and regions, and of their functional interactions, as they unfold during ontogeny. Recently, this laboratory has shown that conditioning of the eyeblink reflex develops dramatically between Postnatal Days (PND) 17 and PND 24 in the rat. The present study asked whether the developmental emergence of the eyeblink conditioned response (CR) occurs gradually or abruptly over this age range, and whether it reflects developmental changes in acquisition or expression of the learned eyeblink reflex. In Experiment 1, rat pups received two consecutive days of training beginning on PND 17, 20, or 24. Conditioned responses occurred at low levels on PND 17-18, intermediate levels on PND 20-21, and high levels on PND 24-25. In Experiment 2, 17-day-old rats received 2 days of training, 72 h apart, so that effects of training on PND 17 could be examined at an age, PND 20, when expression of the eyeblink CR was clearly possible. On PND 20, rat pups that had received paired training on PND 17 showed significantly faster conditioning than controls that had received unpaired training or no training on PND 17. These findings suggest that neural plasticity underlying associative learning developmentally precedes its overt expression in behavior. Hypotheses concerning the nature and locus of this learning are discussed. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Stanton, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Carter, Christy/E-6630-2011 NR 51 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0028-3908 J9 NEUROPHARMACOLOGY JI Neuropharmacology PD APR-MAY PY 1998 VL 37 IS 4-5 BP 623 EP 632 DI 10.1016/S0028-3908(98)00072-0 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 100BU UT WOS:000074794700022 PM 9705002 ER PT J AU Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shannon, MW Shea, KM Falk, H Goldman, LR Miller, RW Rogan, W Coven, B Fedeyko, HJ AF Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shannon, MW Shea, KM Falk, H Goldman, LR Miller, RW Rogan, W Coven, B Fedeyko, HJ TI Toxic effects of indoor molds SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID AIR AB This statement describes molds, their toxic properties, and their potential for causing toxic respiratory problems in infants. Guidelines for pediatricians are given to help reduce exposures to mold in homes of infants. This is a rapidly evolving area and more research is ongoing. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Etzel, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012; OI Miller, Mark/0000-0002-9301-0093 NR 21 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 4 BP 712 EP 714 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZE903 UT WOS:000072843200043 ER PT J AU Makris, J AF Makris, J TI Innovative market-based approaches to environmental policy: Implementing the major-accident provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments Conference organized by the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center and the Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office of the US EPA - Introduction SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Makris, J (reprint author), US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 133 EP 133 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00924.x PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA ZU646 UT WOS:000074218900002 ER PT J AU Rosenthal, I McNulty, PJ Helsing, LD AF Rosenthal, I McNulty, PJ Helsing, LD TI The role of the community in the implementation of the EPA's rule on risk management programs for chemical accidental release prevention SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Innovative Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Policy - Implementing the Major-Accident Provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments CY OCT 13-14, 1995 CL UNIV PENN, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA HO UNIV PENN DE Clean Air Act; worst-case chemical release; risk management; community participation AB Regulations under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) include requirements for preventing accidental chemical releases. Section 112(r) of the CAAA, the Accidental Release Provisions, requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and implement regulations for preventing accidental releases to the air of regulated substances and to minimize the consequences of releases that do occur. The regulations require regulated facilities to have in place the structural elements of a sound process safety program, and to practice, document, and communicate the elements of their program. The rule requires also that registered facilities calculate and make available worst case accidental chemical release information. The rule does not set a level of risk that a facility must achieve after it takes the required compliance steps, the level of risk a community must accept, the limit of consequences the community might suffer from a worst case chemical release, nor the specific actions a community must take in its response plan. These are issues that local communities and local officials must decide. Because the regulation involves the community in many unsettled risk issues the Wharton School initiated a project within the City Philadelphia to evaluate the proposition that productive dialogue on the implementation of the Rule and resolution of unsettled risk issues can take place in advance of a crisis occasioned by a major accidental release. This paper describes the steps taken by Wharton to bring together various stakeholders in the community to explore the implementation of the rule and the reaction of those stakeholders to be involved in such a process. It outlines some principal choices communities will have to make in order to implement 112(r) and explains some of the dilemmas associated with these choices. It describes the stakeholder-based implementation effort being undertaken in Philadelphia in the hope that others may benefit from what has been learned there. C1 Univ Penn, Wharton Sch, Risk Management & Decis Proc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rosenthal, I (reprint author), Univ Penn, Wharton Sch, Risk Management & Decis Proc Ctr, 1325 Steinberg Hall Dietrich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00928.x PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA ZU646 UT WOS:000074218900006 ER PT J AU Su, CM Harsh, JB AF Su, CM Harsh, JB TI Dissolution of allophane as a thermodynamically unstable solid in the presence of boehmite at elevated temperatures and equilibrium vapor pressures SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE allophane; imogolite; boehmite; solid solution; thermodynamic stability ID NEW-ZEALAND; CLAY-MINERALS; FREE-ENERGIES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; VOLCANIC ASH; IMOGOLITE; STABILITY; SOLUBILITY; SOILS; ALUMINOSILICATE AB The dissolution of three synthetic allophanes (A(2.0), molar ratio Al/Si = 2.02;A(1.6), Al/Si = 1.64, and A(1.3), Al/Si = 1.26) and two natural Japanese allophanes (KNP, Al/Si = 1.74 and KYP, Al/Si = 1.70) in the presence of boehmite was studied in 0.01 M NaCl (initial pH 3) at 100-150 degrees C and equilibrium vapor pressures for 4-64 days in order to accelerate the dissolution rate,To estimate the thermodynamic stability of allophane, three assumptions had to be made: (i) that the series of allophane compositions represent stable thermodynamic phases rather than mixtures; (ii) that extrapolation from 100 degrees C to 25 degrees C is valid, and (iii) that conditions close enough to equilibrium can be attained and that extrapolation over time is valid, The apparent equilibrium constant (K) at 25 degrees C and 0.1 MPa was calculated for the equilibrium reaction of allophane with boehmite: Al2O3 . xSiO(2) . yH(2)O(s) + (2x - y + 1)H2O(1) = 2AlOOH(s) + xH(4)SiO(4)(aq), where x depends on the Al/Si molar ratio and y is the structural water, and for the dissolution reaction of allophane alone: Al2O3 . SiO2 . yH(2)O(s) + 6H(+)(aq) = 2Al(3+)(aq) + xH(4)SiO(4)(aq) + (3 - 2x + y)H2O(1), The calculated log K values were: -2.83 +/- 0.12 (A(2.0)), -4.14 +/- 0.12 (A(1.6)), -5.76 +/- 0.12 (A(1.3)), -4.13 +/- 0.12 (KNP), -4.32 +/- 0.13 (KYP) for allophane dissolution with boehmite,and 14.20 +/- 0.93 (A(2.0)), 12.89 +/- 0.98 (A(1.6)), 11.27 +/- 1.07 (A(1.3)), 12.90 +/- 0.96 (KNP) and 12.71 +/- 0.97 (KYP) for allophane dissolution alone. Apparent experimental standard Gibbs free energies were slightly less negative than those predicted by a polymer model. An examination of our experimental results and previous studies indicates that assumptions 1 and 3 present serious problems. Allophane is not a phase of uniform composition and will slowly evolve toward more stable better ordered forms such as halloysite and kaolinite. Extrapolation to infinite time may be invalid because of complex reaction processes. Boehmite did not control Al3+ activity, and allophane dissolution equilibrium was not attained. Consequently, allophane does not seem to have a true thermodynamic stability field in a phase diagram, and it is an unstable solid with respect to halloysite and kaolinite. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr,POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RI Harsh, James/C-7455-2014 OI Harsh, James/0000-0002-0177-3342 NR 51 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 163 IS 4 BP 299 EP 312 DI 10.1097/00010694-199804000-00005 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZK682 UT WOS:000073350600005 ER PT J AU Pollenz, RS Santostefano, MJ Klett, E Richardson, VM Necela, B Birnbaum, LS AF Pollenz, RS Santostefano, MJ Klett, E Richardson, VM Necela, B Birnbaum, LS TI Female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exhibit sustained depletion of aryl hydrocarbon receptor protein in liver, spleen, thymus, and lung SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR ARNT; TISSUE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION; AH-RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; CYTOSOLIC RECEPTOR; GENE-EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; BINDING; CELLS; TCDD AB There is currently little information concerning the time-dependent relationship between 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) protein concentration in vivo. Therefore, female Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single oral dose of TCDD (10 mu g/kg), and the AHR and ARNT protein concentrations in liver, spleen, thymus, and lung determined by Western blotting. In liver, the concentration of AHR protein was significantly reduced 8 and 24 h postdosing as compared to time-matched controls. In spleen and lung, the concentration of AHR protein was reduced 3, 8, 24, and 168 h posttreatment compared to time-matched controls but returned to control levels by 336 h. In thymus, reductions in AHR protein concentration were observed 8, 24, 168, and 336 h postdosing as compared to time-matched controls. Significant reductions in the concentration of ARNT protein were not observed in any of the TCDD-exposed tissues. Functional studies in cell culture showed that exposure of a mouse hepatoma cell line (Hepa-1c1c7) and a rat smooth muscle cell line (A-7) to TCDD (1 nM) for 12 days resulted in a 50% reduction in TCDD-inducible reporter gene expression following subsequent challenge by an additional dose of TCDD (1 nM). Collectively, these results show that (i) TCDD-mediated depletion of AHR occurs in vivo, (ii) AHR protein does not rapidly recover to pretreatment levels even though the tissue concentration of TCDD has fallen, and (iii) reduction in AHR protein concentration correlates with reduction in TCDD-mediated reporter gene expression in mammalian culture cells. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pollenz, RS (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 505BSB,171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 F32 ES05701-01A1] NR 40 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2 BP 117 EP 128 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZM173 UT WOS:000073512000006 PM 9579024 ER PT J AU Dearman, RJ Basketter, DA Blaikie, L Clark, ED Hilton, J House, RV Ladics, GS Loveless, SE Mattis, C Sailstad, DM Sarlo, K Selgrade, MK Kimber, I AF Dearman, RJ Basketter, DA Blaikie, L Clark, ED Hilton, J House, RV Ladics, GS Loveless, SE Mattis, C Sailstad, DM Sarlo, K Selgrade, MK Kimber, I TI The mouse IgE test: Interlaboratory evaluation and comparison of BALB/c and C57bL/6 strain mice SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE mouse IgE test; respiratory allergens; sensitization ID CHEMICAL RESPIRATORY ALLERGENS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT CHEMICALS; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; WESTERN RED CEDAR; OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; GUINEA-PIGS; TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE; INHALATION CHALLENGE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; PHTHALIC-ANHYDRIDE AB The mouse IgE test is a novel method for the prospective identification, of chemicals that have the potential to cause allergic sensitization of the respiratory tract. Activity is measured as a function of increases in, the concentration, of total serum IgE induced by topical exposure of mice to chemicals; those chemicals that elicit a substantial elevation in IgE are classified as respiratory allergens. The present investigations were designed to evaluate further the utility of the mouse IgE test. For this purpose the assay was conducted in each of five independent laboratories using trimellitic anhydride (TMA) a known cause of respiratory sensitization and occupational asthma, and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), a potent contact allergen that is considered not to cause sensitization of the respiratory tract. For these investigations BALB/c mice were used, which are currently the strain of choice for the mouse IgE test. In four of five laboratories, exposure of mice to TMA caused a statistically significant increase in the serum concentration of IgE. Under the same conditions of exposure, DNCB failed in all laboratories to induce a significant change in IgE levels compared with vehicle-treated controls, in three of five laboratories, the concentration of total serum IgE was greater in. TMA- than. in DNCB-treated mice. The concentration of IgE in the sera of mice exposed to vehicle alone was not significantly different from that found in untreated (naive) animals. Although the differential ability, in some instances, of TMA and DNCB to provoke increases in serum IgE is consistent with the results of previous investigations, it was found in all five laboratories that there existed considerable variation among individual mice within experimental groups with respect to IgE levels. These data mirrored an increasing variability in, serum IgE concentrations among BALB/c strain mice found in one of the participating laboratories. For this reason mice of another strain (C57BL/6) were evaluated in the mouse IgE test by the same laboratory. The data presented here reveal that C57BL/6 mice display more stable serum IgE levels and a lower constitutive level of serum IgE but nevertheless exhibit differential responses to TMA and DNCB, with only the former causing a substantial increase in IgE concentrations. Collectively these results suggest that although the mouse IgE test continues to show some promise as an approach to the identification of chemical respiratory allergens there is a need for careful consideration of the strain, of mouse used before the assay can be considered fully optimized. C1 Zeneca Cent Toxicol Lab, Macclesfield SK10 4TJ, Cheshire, England. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. IIT, Res Inst, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. Dupont Co, Haskell Lab, Newark, DE 19714 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dearman, RJ (reprint author), Zeneca Cent Toxicol Lab, Alderley Pk, Macclesfield SK10 4TJ, Cheshire, England. NR 52 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 69 EP 85 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZW934 UT WOS:000074463000001 ER PT J AU Ladics, GS Smith, C Loveless, SE Green, JW Flaherty, D Gross, C Shah, R Williams, W Smialowicz, R AF Ladics, GS Smith, C Loveless, SE Green, JW Flaherty, D Gross, C Shah, R Williams, W Smialowicz, R TI Phase two of an interlaboratory evaluation of the quantification of rat splenic lymphocyte subtypes using immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE cyclophosphamide; flow cytometry; immunosuppression; rat lymphocytes; spleen ID T-CELL SUBSETS; FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; LIGHT SCATTER; B-CELLS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; SUBPOPULATIONS; POPULATIONS; EXPRESSION; STANDARDS AB In phase one of art intel-laboratory study, baseline values for rat splenic lymphocyte populations were established. In phase two rat splenic lymphocyte populations were evaluated using immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry following exposure to the immunosuppressive agent cyclophosphamide (CY). The study involved four independent facilities employing a common, protocol. All laboratories purchased animals and reagents from the same sources. The objective of phase two was to determine whether each Laboratory could detect a significant change in the same splenic lymphocyte population(s) at the same or similar CY dose levels. Crl:CD(R) BR male rats were dosed by the intraperitoneal route with 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg CY for 4 days. On day 5, spleen cell number and weights were obtained and splenic lymphocytes were evaluated following the lysis of red blood cells with ammonium chloride. Splenic lymphocyte populations were enumerated with monoclonal antibodies using the dual labeling of T-cell subpopulations and quadrant analysis procedures. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for spleen. weight was 1 mg/kg for true laboratories and 3 mg/kg for the remaining two laboratories. For spleen cell number the NOAEL was I mg/kg for three of the laboratories and between 3 and 10 mg/kg for the fourth. For the relative percentages of each splenic lymphocyte population, three of the four laboratories were within one dose level of each other for the NOAEL. C1 Dupont Co, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, Newark, DE 19714 USA. Monsanto Co, Environm Hlth Lab, St Louis, MO USA. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ladics, GS (reprint author), Dupont Co, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, POB 50,Elkton Rd, Newark, DE 19714 USA. NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 87 EP 104 PG 18 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZW934 UT WOS:000074463000002 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI Seven pillars of ecosystem management SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium Ecosystem Health and Medicine - Integrating Science, Policy, and Management CY JUN 19-23, 1994 CL OTTAWA, CANADA DE ecosystem management; ecological health; ecosystem health; sustainability; natural resource management; multiple use management; biological diversity ID ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AB Ecosystem management is widely proposed in the popular and professional literature as the modern and preferred way of managing natural resources and ecosystems. Advocates glowingly describe ecosystem management as an approach that will protect the environment, maintain healthy ecosystems, preserve biological diversity, and ensure sustainable development. Critics scoff at the concept as a new label for old ideas. The definitions of ecosystem management are vague and clarify little. Seven core principles, or pillars, of ecosystem management define and bound the concept and provide operational meaning: (1) ecosystem management reflects a stage in the continuing evolution of social values and priorities; it is neither a beginning nor an end; (2) ecosystem management is place-based and the boundaries of the place must be clearly and formally defined; (3) ecosystem management should maintain ecosystems in the appropriate condition to achieve desired social benefits; (4) ecosystem management should take advantage of the ability of ecosystems to respond to a variety of stressors, natural and man-made, but all ecosystems have limited ability to accommodate stressors and maintain a desired state; (5) ecosystem management may or may not result in emphasis on biological diversity; (6) the term sustainability, if used at all in ecosystem management, should be clearly defined-specifically the time frame of concern, the benefits and costs of concern, and the relative priority of the benefits and costs; and (7) scientific information is important for effective ecosystem management, but is only one element in a decision-making process that is fundamentally one of public and private choice. A definition of ecosystem management based on the seven pillars is: 'the application of ecological and social information, options, and constraints to achieve desired social benefits within a defined geographic area and over a specified period'. As with all management paradigms, there is no 'right' decision but rather those decisions that appear to best respond to society's current and future needs as expressed through a decision-making process. There are, however, wrong management decisions, including the decision not to make a decision. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM lackey.robert@epamail.epa.gov NR 28 TC 84 Z9 91 U1 5 U2 49 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD MAR 31 PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1-3 BP 21 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00095-9 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA ZV370 UT WOS:000074297800003 ER PT J AU Szaro, RC Berc, J Cameron, S Cordle, S Crosby, M Martin, L Norton, D O'Malley, R Ruark, G AF Szaro, RC Berc, J Cameron, S Cordle, S Crosby, M Martin, L Norton, D O'Malley, R Ruark, G TI The ecosystem approach: science and information management issues, gaps and needs SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE ecological approach; information management; role of science AB Changing public expectations and increased public involvement have challenged traditional management policies and practices. And with these challenges, the need for scientific information as a foundation for resource management decisions continues to increase dramatically especially when policy and management decisions are highly dependent on the quality and quantity of the available information and science. To facilitate this, the interface between social, economic, physical-biological, and ecological models must be improved. New and existing research results have to be assembled and formatted into packages that are usable by managers and decision-makers so that they are able to reasonably predict the future condition of resources resulting from management options. This study identified several key gaps in the science base needed for the implementation of ecosystem management including: ecology on multiple scales, multiple species science, monitoring and evaluation, 'benchmarks' of ecosystem condition, socioeconomic sciences and valuation, human dimensions of natural resource use, ecological restoration technology development, quantifying uncertainty and assessing risk, modeling, and the adaptive management process. However, the major lessons learned through this study are that, whereas it may be important to identify key scientific gaps, the barriers and their solutions may be more social or institutional than scientific in nature. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20090 USA. John Hansen Business Ctr, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Off Management & Budget, Nat Resource Div, Washington, DC 20503 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessments 8601, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Water Resources Support Ctr, Alexandria, VA 22315 USA. US EPA, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watersheds 4503F, Assessment & Watershed Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Dept Interior, Washington, DC 20240 USA. Execut Off President, Environm Div, Off Sci & Technol Policy, Washington, DC 20500 USA. RP Szaro, RC (reprint author), Int Union Forestry Res Org IUFRO, Special Programme Dev Countries, Seckendorff Guden Weg 8, A-1131 Vienna, Austria. NR 5 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD MAR 31 PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1-3 BP 89 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00101-1 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA ZV370 UT WOS:000074297800009 ER PT J AU Harrington-Brock, K Doerr, CL Moore, MM AF Harrington-Brock, K Doerr, CL Moore, MM TI Mutagenicity of three disinfection by-products: di- and trichloroacetic acid and chloral hydrate in L5178Y/TK+/- -3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE chlorination by-product; chromosome aberration; gene mutation; mouse lymphoma cell; mutagen in drinking water; DCA; TCA; CH; thymidine kinase locus ID MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; SISTER CHROMATIDS; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; DRINKING-WATER; STRAND BREAKS; LIVER INVIVO; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; MICRONUCLEUS AB The disinfection of water, required to make it safe for human consumption, leads to the presence of halogenated organic compounds. Three of these carcinogenic 'disinfection by-products', dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and chloral hydrate (CH) have been widely evaluated for their potential toxicity. The mechanism(s) by which they exert their activity and the steps in the etiology of the cancers that they induce are important pieces of information that are required to develop valid biologically-based quantitative models for risk assessment. Determining whether these chemicals induce tumors by genotoxic or nongenotoxic mechanisms (or a combination of both) is key to this evaluation. We evaluated these three chemicals for their potential to induce micronuclei and aberrations as well as mutations in L5178Y/TK+/- -3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells. TCA was mutagenic (only with S9 activation) and is one of the least potent mutagens that we have evaluated. Likewise, CH was a very weak mutagen. DCA was weakly mutagenic, with a potency (no. of induced mutants/mu g of chemical) similar to (but less than) ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS), a classic mutagen. When our information is combined with that from other studies, it seems reasonable to postulate that mutational events are involved in the etiology of the observed mouse liver tumors induced by DCA at drinking water doses of 0.5 to 3.5 g/l, and perhaps chloral hydrate at a drinking water dose of 1 g/l. The weight-of-evidence for TCA suggest that it is less likely to be a mutagenic carcinogen. However, given the fact that DCA is a weak mutagen in the present and all of the published studies, it seems unlikely that it would be mutagenic (or possibly carcinogenic) at the levels seen in finished drinking water. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Harrington-Brock, K (reprint author), US EPA, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 58 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD MAR 30 PY 1998 VL 413 IS 3 BP 265 EP 276 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00026-6 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZV466 UT WOS:000074307400006 PM 9651541 ER PT J AU Benignus, V AF Benignus, V TI A multi-species oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) algorithm. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 SU S MA 3932 BP A677 EP A677 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HD UT WOS:000076006500316 ER PT J AU Delp, M Evans, M Duan, C AF Delp, M Evans, M Duan, C TI Effects of aging on cardiac output, regional blood flow and body composition in rats. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Allegheny Univ Hlth Sci, Pittsburgh, PA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 SU S MA 4053 BP A699 EP A699 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HD UT WOS:000076006500437 ER PT J AU Dreher, K Jaskot, R McKinney, W AF Dreher, K Jaskot, R McKinney, W TI Cytokine mediation of ozone-induced pulmonary adaptation. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 SU S MA 4576 BP A789 EP A789 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HD UT WOS:000076006500960 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ AF Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ TI Reduced fever in the vagotomized rat following exposure to the organophosphate (OP) insecticide chlorpyrifos (CHP). SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 SU S MA 5560 BP A960 EP A960 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HD UT WOS:000076006501945 ER PT J AU Norwood, J Ledbetter, A Hatch, GE AF Norwood, J Ledbetter, A Hatch, GE TI Particulate matter inhalation in guinea pigs: Influence of ascorbate and glutathione depletion. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 SU S MA 4586 BP A791 EP A791 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HD UT WOS:000076006500971 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ TI Does tolerance occur to the delayed febrile effects of chlorpyrifos (CHP)? Comparison in cross-tolerance to endotoxin. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 SU S MA 4239 BP A731 EP A731 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HD UT WOS:000076006500625 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF Wang, X Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE AF Blackman, CF Wang, X Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE TI Three biological systems respond similarly to magnetic fields. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Bechtel, San Francisco, CA 94119 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 2482 BP A427 EP A427 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006402478 ER PT J AU Dye, JA Adler, KB Rochelle, LG Richards, JH Dreher, KL AF Dye, JA Adler, KB Rochelle, LG Richards, JH Dreher, KL TI Vanadium content and related oxidative stress appear to determine airway epithelial cell responses to emission source particulate matter. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, RTP, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 1957 BP A337 EP A337 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006401952 ER PT J AU Jankowski, MA Clegg, MC Daston, GP Rogers, JM Keen, CL AF Jankowski, MA Clegg, MC Daston, GP Rogers, JM Keen, CL TI Zn deficiency-induced abnormal embryo cell death is associated with oxidative stress in the embryo. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH 45239 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 3033 BP A522 EP A522 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006403029 ER PT J AU Martonen, T Fleming, J AF Martonen, T Fleming, J TI Supercomputer models of human lung morphologies. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Southampton Gen Hosp, Dept Nucl Med, Southampton SO9 4XY, Hants, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 1012 BP A174 EP A174 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006401012 ER PT J AU Wang, J Pamidi, PVA Rogers, KR AF Wang, J Pamidi, PVA Rogers, KR TI Sol-gel-derived thick-film amperometric immunosensors SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CERAMIC-CARBON; IMMUNOASSAY; BIOSENSORS AB Sol-gel processing is used for the first time for the preparation of electrochemical immunosensors. One-step sensor fabrication, based on the coupling of sol-gel and screen-printing technologies, is employed. A low-temperature cured ink is prepared by dispersion of rabbit immunoglobulin G (RIgG), graphite powder, and a binder in the sol-gel solution. The enzyme-labeled antibody can readily diffuse toward the encapsulated antigen, which retains its binding properties, and the association reaction is easily detected at the dispersed graphite surface. Use of anti-RIgG labeled with alkaline phosphatase, naphthyl phosphate as the substrate, and amperometric detection at +400 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) results in a low detection limit of 5 ng/mL (32 pM) for the solution antigen. Tailoring the porosity of the ceramic-carbon matrix can be used for tuning the assay performance. The high sensitivity, low cost, durability, and simplicity of the new single-use immunosensors make them well suited for various onsite applications. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89139 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RI Wang, Joseph/C-6175-2011 NR 20 TC 203 Z9 213 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 15 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 6 BP 1171 EP 1175 DI 10.1021/ac971093e PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZC318 UT WOS:000072565200017 PM 9530007 ER PT J AU Hagaman, JR Moyer, JS Bachman, ES Sibony, M Magyar, PL Welch, JE Smithies, O Krege, JH O'Brien, DA AF Hagaman, JR Moyer, JS Bachman, ES Sibony, M Magyar, PL Welch, JE Smithies, O Krege, JH O'Brien, DA TI Angiotensin-converting enzyme and male fertility SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE gene targeting; oviduct; sperm function; zona pellucida ID II TYPE-2 RECEPTOR; BLOOD-PRESSURE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; ACROSOME REACTION; DEFICIENT MICE; ZONA-PELLUCIDA; MOUSE SPERM; GENE; SPERMATOZOA; EXPRESSION AB The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; EC 3.4.15.1) gene (Ace) encodes both a somatic isozyme found in blood and several other tissues, including the epididymis, and a testis-specific isozyme (testis ACE) found only in developing spermatids and mature sperm. We recently used gene targeting to disrupt the gene coding for both ACE isozymes in mice and reported that male homozygous mutants mate normally but have reduced fertility; the mutant females are fertile. Here we explore the male fertility defect, We demonstrate that ACE is important for achieving in vivo fertilization and that sperm from mice lacking both ACE isozymes show defects in transport within the oviducts and in binding to zonae pellucidae, Males generated by gene targeting that lack somatic ACE but retain testis ACE are normally fertile, establishing that somatic ACE in males is not essential for their fertility, Furthermore, male and female mice lacking angiotensinogen have normal fertility, indicating that angiotensin I is not a necessary substrate for testis ACE. Males heterozygous for the mutation inactivating both ACE isozymes sire wild-type and heterozygous offspring at an indistinguishable frequency, indicating no selection against sperm carrying the mutation. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Anat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Internal Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hagaman, JR (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, 701 BBB,CB 7525, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA016086]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL03470, HL49277, R01 HL049277]; NICHD NIH HHS [U54 HD035041, R01 HD026485]; NIGMS NIH HHS [F31 GM020069, GM20069, R01 GM020069] NR 39 TC 217 Z9 222 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 3 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 5 BP 2552 EP 2557 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2552 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZA471 UT WOS:000072366600110 PM 9482924 ER PT J AU Naasz, K AF Naasz, K TI Pesticide bee hazard icon needed SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, PRO, LOU, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Dept Agr, PMD, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. DBA Bones Ranch & Bones Bees, Yakima, WA USA. RP Naasz, K (reprint author), US EPA, PRO, LOU, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 138 IS 3 BP 158 EP 158 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZK063 UT WOS:000073281200010 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Richards, JH Brighton, LE Lay, JC Devlin, RB AF Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Richards, JH Brighton, LE Lay, JC Devlin, RB TI Disruption of normal iron homeostasis after bronchial instillation of an iron-containing particle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; ferritin; transferrin; transferrin receptors; lactoferrin ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION; RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS SYNDROME; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; CELLULAR IRON; PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; HUMAN LACTOFERRIN; INTERFERON-GAMMA; UP-REGULATION AB The atmosphere constitutes a prime vehicle for the movement and redistribution of metals. Metal exposure can be associated with an oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that, in response to an iron-containing particle, the human respiratory tract will demonstrate an increased expression of both lactoferrin and ferritin as the host attempts to transport and store the metal in a chemically less-reactive form and therefore diminish the oxidative stress the particle presents. Subjects (n = 22) were instilled with 20 ml of saline and 20 ml of an iron-containing particle suspended in saline in a right middle lobe bronchus and a lingular bronchus, respectively. At either 1, 2, or 4 days after this exposure, the volunteer was lavaged for a sample of the lower respiratory tract, and concentrations of L-ferritin, transferrin, and lactoferrin were measured by enzyme immunoassay, immunoprecipitin analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Transferrin receptor was also quantified by ELISA. The concentrations of L-ferritin in the lavage fluid of lung exposed to particles were significantly increased relative to the levels of the protein in the segment exposed to saline. Relative to saline instillation, transferrin was significantly diminished after exposure to the iron-containing particle, whereas both lactoferrin and transferrin receptor concentrations in the segment of the lung exposed to the particle mere significantly elevated. We conclude that instillation of an iron-containing particle was associated with a disequilibrium in iron metabolism in the lower respiratory tract. The response included increased ferritin and lactoferrin concentrations, whereas transferrin concentrations diminished. This coordinated series of reactions by the host effects a decrease in the availability of catalytically reactive iron to likely diminish the consequent oxidative stress to the human host. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, HSD, MD-58D,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Lay, John/A-6380-2012 NR 47 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 274 IS 3 BP L396 EP L403 PG 8 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA ZA925 UT WOS:000072415800012 PM 9530175 ER PT J AU Hiatt, MH AF Hiatt, MH TI Bioconcentration factors for volatile organic compounds in vegetation SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL UPTAKE; MODEL; PLANTS; SOIL; AIR AB Samples of air and leaves were taken at the University of Nevada-Las Vegas campus and analyzed for volatile organic compounds using vacuum distillation coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, The data were used to estimate the bioconcentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to characterize the equilibration of VOCs between the leaves and air. The bioconcentration of volatiles in the leaves of some species can be predicted using the partition coefficients between air and octanol (K-oa) and only considering VOC absorption in the lipid fraction of leaves, For these leaves, the bioconcentration factors agreed with existing models. Leaves of some species displayed a bioconcentration of volatiles that greatly exceeded theory, These hyperbio-concentration leaves also contain appreciable concentrations of monoterpenes, suggesting that a terpenoid compartment should be considered for the bioconcentration of organic compounds in leaves, Adding an additional "terpenoid" compartment should improve the characterization of volatile organic compounds in the environment. The uptake of VOCs from air by leaves is rapid, and the equilibration rates are seen to be quicker for compounds that have higher vapor pressures, The release of VOCs from the leaves of plants is slower for hyperbioconcentration leaves. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Hiatt, MH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 5 BP 851 EP 856 DI 10.1021/ac971167m PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZB216 UT WOS:000072448400014 PM 21644617 ER PT J AU Landers, DH Gubala, C Verta, M Lucotte, M Johansson, K Vlasova, T Lockhart, WL AF Landers, DH Gubala, C Verta, M Lucotte, M Johansson, K Vlasova, T Lockhart, WL TI Using lake sediment mercury flux ratios to evaluate the regional and continental dimensions of mercury deposition in arctic and boreal ecosystems SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL HAMBURG, GERMANY SP Aluminium Co Amer (ALCOA), BSL Olefinverbund GMBH, City Hamburg, Deutsch Forschungsgemeinsch, Elect Power Res Inst, Environm Canada, AES, European Commiss, SM&T, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Frontier Geosci, USA, GKSS Res Ctr, Hlth Canada, MSB, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, US EPA, Verein Freunde Forderer GKSS DE paleolimnology; regional; deposition; mercury; Sweden; Russia; Finland; North America ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; BEHAVIOR; NORWAY; CANADA; AIR AB Anthropogenically elevated Hg deposition in arctic and subarctic ecosystems is potentially a serious environmental problem, particularly in northern Europe and North America. To determine the magnitude of this concern, it is necessary to make an evaluation over abroad spatial scale. In the absence of an established network of atmospheric monitoring stations for Hg deposition, we have utilized sediment flux ratios derived from lake sediment profiles throughout the arctic and subarctic to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of Hg flux to watersheds. Total Hg mass accumulations in layers of Pb-210 dated sediment cores collected from Finland, Sweden; Canada, U.S.A. and Russia were analyzed to construct flux ratios. Flux ratios are calculated by dividing the average recent (i.e. last similar to 10-40 yr) or industrial era Hg flux by an average pre-industrial Hg flux value. Results differ widely across the arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. The highest flux ratios were found in regions associated with strong regional sources of atmospheric Hg emissions such as central and eastern North America and Central Europe. Lakes throughout the U.S. Arctic and the Taimyr Peninsula of Russia showed only slight (similar to 30%) enrichment over background fluxes. Large differences existed in background Hg flux depending on the nature of the watershed geology with some lakes in Alaska exhibiting relatively high concentrations of sediment Hg without evidence of anthropogenic enrichment. In North America, there is a tendency for Hg flux ratios to increase in an southeasterly direction toward the highest concentration of continental emission sources (coal fired power plants. Chlor-alkali plants. metal smelters and waste incinerators). In northern Europe (Sweden and Finland) there is a trend of increasing Hg flux ratios in the north to south direction. Our results suggest that anthropogenic Hg deposition is the dominant regional mercury deposition process in some northern regions but of lesser importance in landscapes highly remote From urban/industrial Hg emissions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, WED, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Finnish Environm Inst, Helsinki, Finland. Univ Quebec, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, Stockholm, Sweden. Far N Agr Res Inst, Norilsk, Russia. Dept Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. RP Landers, DH (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, WED, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 30 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 32 IS 5 BP 919 EP 928 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00116-7 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZK565 UT WOS:000073337900012 ER PT J AU Pirrone, N Allegrini I Keeler, GJ Nriagu, JO Rossmann, R Robbins, JA AF Pirrone, N Allegrini, I Keeler, GJ Nriagu, JO Rossmann, R Robbins, JA TI Historical atmospheric mercury emissions and depositions in North America compared to mercury accumulations in sedimentary records SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL HAMBURG, GERMANY SP Aluminium Co Amer (ALCOA), BSL Olefinverbund GMBH, City Hamburg, Deutsch Forschungsgemeinsch, Elect Power Res Inst, Environm Canada, AES, European Commiss, SM&T, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Frontier Geosci, USA, GKSS Res Ctr, Hlth Canada, MSB, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, US EPA, Verein Freunde Forderer GKSS DE mercury; atmospheric emission; atmospheric deposition; gold and silver mining; industrial source; sediment; Great Lakes; North America ID LAKE-ONTARIO; ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES; POWER-PLANTS; TRACE-METALS; GREAT-LAKES; ST-CLAIR; POLLUTION; FLUXES; TRANSPORT; EXCHANGE AB Gold and silver production in North America (included United States, Canada and Mexico) released a large amount of mercury to the atmosphere until well into this century when mercury (Hg) amalgamation was replaced by cyanide concentration. Since then, emissions from industries have been the dominant anthropogenic sources of atmospheric Hg in North America as a whole. Past Hg emissions from gold and silver extractions in North America during the 1800s do not show a clear evidence of atmospheric deposition occurred at the coring sites considered in this study. Estimated atmospheric emissions of Hg in North America peaked in 1879 (at about 1708 t yr(-1)) and 1920 (at about 940 t yr(-1)), primarily due to Hg emissions from gold and silver mining. After the Great Economic Depression (1929) Hg emissions peaked again in the 1947 (274 t yr(-1)), in 1970 (325 t yr(-1)) and in 1989 (330 t yr(-1)) as result of increased Hg emissions from industrial sources, though improvements in the emissions control technology in United States and Canada have been substantial. Estimates of total atmospheric deposition fluxes of Hg to water and terrestrial receptors were in the range of 14.3-19.8 mu g m(-2) yr(-1) in North America as a whole, and averaged 135 mu g m(-2) yr(-1) (global background + local emissions) in the Great Lakes. These values were in good agreement with recent estimates reported in literature. The comparison of atmospheric Hg deposition fluxes with Hg accumulation rates in sediment cores suggests that atmospheric deposition was the major source of Hg entering the lakes system at coring sites, however, important contributions to Lake Ontario sediment cores sites from 1940 to 1970 were likely originated from local point sources (i.e. direct discharges). (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calabria, CNR, Inst Atmospher Pollut, DEIS, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy. CNR, Inst Atmospher Pollut, I-00016 Monterotondo, Italy. Univ Michigan, Dept Environm & Ind Hlth, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, US Dept Commerce, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Pirrone, N (reprint author), Univ Calabria, CNR, Inst Atmospher Pollut, DEIS, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy. NR 74 TC 123 Z9 127 U1 4 U2 33 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 32 IS 5 BP 929 EP 940 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00353-1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZK565 UT WOS:000073337900013 ER PT J AU Bunch, DO Welch, JE Magyar, PL Eddy, EM O'Brien, DA AF Bunch, DO Welch, JE Magyar, PL Eddy, EM O'Brien, DA TI Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-S protein distribution during mouse spermatogenesis SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID RNA-BINDING PROTEIN; INDUCED ACROSOME REACTION; GUINEA-PIG SPERM; ROUND SPERMATIDS; ALPHA-CHLOROHYDRIN; GLYCOLYTIC-ENZYMES; ZONA-PELLUCIDA; FIBROUS SHEATH; MESSENGER-RNAS; RAT TESTES AB The spermatogenic cell-specific isoform of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD-S) may regulate glycolysis and energy production required for sperm motility. Although the steady-state level of Gapd-s mRNA is maximal at step 9 of mouse spermatogenesis, GAPD-S protein was not detected by immunohistochemistry until steps 12-13. This results suggests that Gapd-s is translationally regulated. Western blot analysis of isolated germ cells confirmed that GAPD-S is not detected in pachytene spermatocytes or round spermatids. A major immunoreactive protein migrating with a molecular weight (M-r) of 69 200 was observed in condensing spermatids and cauda sperm. Additional minor proteins that migrated at M-r 55 200, 32 500, and 27 500 were detected in sperm. The molecular weight of GAPD-S is higher than the predicted molecular weight of 47 445, apparently due to a proline-rich 105-amino acid domain at that N-terminus. Recombinant GAPD-S protein Backing the proline-rich region migrated at M-r 38 250, comparably to somatic GAPD, which also lacks the proline-rich domain. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that GAPD-S is restricted to the principal piece in the sperm flagellum. Western blot analysis indicated that GAPD-S is rightly associated with the fibrous sheath of the flagellum, consistent with a potential role in regulating sperm motility. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Gamete Biol Sect, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Reprod Biol Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Reprod Biol Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Gamete Biol Sect, NIH, POB 12233 MD C4-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM bunch@niehs.nih.gov FU NCI NIH HHS [CA16086]; NICHD NIH HHS [U54 HD035041, U54HD35041] NR 71 TC 110 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1691 MONROE ST,SUITE # 3, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 EI 1529-7268 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 58 IS 3 BP 834 EP 841 DI 10.1095/biolreprod58.3.834 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA YY851 UT WOS:000072193100029 PM 9510974 ER PT J AU Delaney, M Brown, S Lugo, AE Torres-Lezama, A Quintero, NB AF Delaney, M Brown, S Lugo, AE Torres-Lezama, A Quintero, NB TI The quantity and turnover of dead wood in permanent forest plots in six life zones of Venezuela SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE dead wood; tropical forests; turnover rate; Venezuela; woody debris ID NORTHEASTERN YUCATAN PENINSULA; TROPICAL FORESTS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; DEBRIS; DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEMS; BIOMASS; OREGON; AMAZON; MASS AB Dead wood can be an important component of the carbon pool in many forests, but few measurements have been made of this pool in tropical forests. To fill this gap, we determined the quantity of dead wood (downed and standing dead) in 25 long-term (up to 30 yr) permanent forest plots located in six different life zones of Venezuela. Downed wood was separated into fine (< 10 cm in diameter) and coarse (greater than or equal to 10 cm in diameter) classes, and three decomposition scares (sound, intermediate, or rotten). The total quantity of dead wood, averaged by life zone, was lowest in the dry (2.43 Mg/ha), reached a peak in the moist (42.33 Mg/ha) and decreased slightly in the wet (34.50 Mg/ha) life zone. Most of the dead wood was in the standing dead category (about 42-76% of the total). The decomposition state of dead wood in all plots was mostly rotten (45%) or intermediate (44%); there was little sound wood (11%). Turnover rates of dead wood generally ranged between 0.03/yr to 0.52/yr with no clear trend with life zone. The large amount of dead wood In some plots was equivalent to about 20 percent or less of aboveground biomass, indicating that dead wood can represent a significant amount of carbon in these forests. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ Los Andes, Inst Silvicultura, Merida, Venezuela. RP Brown, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 33 TC 96 Z9 118 U1 0 U2 22 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD MAR PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 2 EP 11 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00364.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZG159 UT WOS:000072972300001 ER PT J AU Nelson, GB Ross, JA AF Nelson, GB Ross, JA TI DNA adduct formation by the pesticide alachlor and its metabolite 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide (CDEPA) SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; HERBICIDES; GENOTOXICITY; SENSITIVITY; DAMAGE C1 US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nelson, GB (reprint author), US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3 BP 387 EP 394 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YZ038 UT WOS:000072213900006 PM 9528697 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E Levien, KL Morrell, JJ AF Sahle-Demessie, E Levien, KL Morrell, JJ TI Impregnating porous solids using supercritical CO2 SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article AB Because supercritical CO2 has low viscosity, high diffusivity and non-wetting properties, it can penetrate deeply into materials not normally receptive to liquid treatment. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45263 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 WML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45263 USA. EM sahle-demessie.endalkachew@epamail.epa.gov; levienk@ccmail.orst.edu; morrellj@frl.orst.edu NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD MAR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 12 EP 18 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA ZB647 UT WOS:000072493500007 ER PT J AU Blaisdell, J Goldstein, JA Bai, SA AF Blaisdell, J Goldstein, JA Bai, SA TI Isolation of a new canine cytochrome P450 cDNA from the cytochrome P450 2C subfamily (CYP2C41) and evidence for polymorphic differences in its expression SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article ID LIVER MICROSOMAL CYTOCHROME-P-450; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; S-TRANSFERASE M1; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GENE; METABOLISM; CLONING; 2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL; PURIFICATION; DEBRISOQUINE AB Two members of the canine cytochrome P4502C subfamily [CYP2C21 and CYP2C41 (sequence has been submitted to Genbank with accession number AF016248)] were cloned from three beagle liver cDNA libraries. The two canine CYP2C cDNAs exhibited 70% nucleotide and amino acid identity as well as 74-83% nucleotide and 67-76% amino acid identity with the human CYP2Cs, Canine CYP2C41 is more homologous to the human CYP2Cs than CYP2C21, The two canine CYP2C cDNAs exhibited a slightly lower nucleotide and amino acid identity (66-77%) with the rat P450CYPs, 2C11 and 2C12, Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-based restriction enzyme tests for CYP2C21 and 2C41 mRNAs as well as polymerase chain reaction-based tests for genomic DNA were developed, CYP2C21 cDNA was present in the livers of all dogs tested (N = 9), but CYP2C41 was present in only 1 of the 9 (11%), Genomic tests found that the gene coding for CYP2C21 was also present in all dogs tested (N = 25), of which 15 were beagles and 10 mixed breeds. In contrast, the gene coding for CYP2C41 was present in only 16% (4 out of 25) of the dogs. An even distribution of the CYP2C41 gene was found between the sexes and between beagles and mixed breeds, This unique polymorphism in the canine CYP2C subfamily may be a source of variability in the metabolic clearance in dogs of xenobiotics that are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 2C subfamily of enzymes. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Bai, SA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 3 BP 278 EP 283 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA ZA775 UT WOS:000072400500015 PM 9492393 ER PT J AU Heimbuch, DG Wilson, HT Summers, JK AF Heimbuch, DG Wilson, HT Summers, JK TI Design-based estimators and power analyses of trend tests for the proportion of fish that exhibit gross pathological disorders SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE estuaries; fish; pathology; variance estimation; power analyses; Horvitz-Thompson estimation AB Methods for estimating the proportion of fish that exhibit gross pathological disorders and for estimating the variance of these estimates are defined. The methods are for the situation in which a probability-based sampling design is used to collect fish for examination, but geographic locations (rather than individual fish) are assigned probabilities of being selected for sampling. To illustrate the use of the methods, they are applied to data collected during the 1992 EMAP-Estuaries sampling program in the Louisianian Province (i.e., the Gulf of Mexico). Separate estimates of the proportion of fish with gross pathological disorders are computed for demersal species, commercial species, pelagic species, and all species as one group. In addition, a test for trend in the proportion of fish that exhibit gross pathological disorders is defined, and analyses of the power of the test are presented. The power analyses are based on a general underlying model of the random distribution patterns of fish and the random process of catching fish. The power analyses also take into account the features of the sampling designs used for collecting fish. Component parameter estimates were computed using data from the 1992 EMAP-Estuaries sampling program in the Louisianian Province. Results from these analyses suggest that the EMAP-Estuaries sampling designs are capable of detecting a 0.15% change per year in the proportion of fish (all species groups combined) with gross pathological disorders in estuaries of the Louisianian Province over a 12-year period with a power of at least 80%. C1 Coastal Environm Serv Inc, Linthicum, MD 21090 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Heimbuch, DG (reprint author), Coastal Environm Serv Inc, 1099 Winterson Rd, Linthicum, MD 21090 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 5 IS 1 BP 65 EP 79 DI 10.1023/A:1009611520486 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA YY978 UT WOS:000072207700006 ER PT J AU Reiter, LW DeRosa, C Kavlock, RJ Lucier, G Mac, MJ Melillo, J Melnick, RL Sinks, T Walton, BT AF Reiter, LW DeRosa, C Kavlock, RJ Lucier, G Mac, MJ Melillo, J Melnick, RL Sinks, T Walton, BT TI The US federal framework for research on endocrine disruptors and an analysis of research programs supported during fiscal year 1996 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE carcinogenicity; developmental toxicity; endocrine disruptor; immunotoxicity; neurotoxicity; risk assessment AB The potential health and ecological effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals has become a high visibility environmental issue. The 1990s have witnessed a growing concern, both on the part of the scientific community and the public, that environmental chemicals may be causing widespread effects in humans and in a variety of fish and wildlife species. This growing concern led the Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) of the National Science and Technology Council to identify the endocrine disrupter issue as a major research initiative in early 1995 and subsequently establish an ad hoc Working Group on Endocrine Disrupters. The objectives of the working group are to 1) develop a planning framework for federal research related to human and ecological health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals: 2) conduct an inventory of ongoing federal research programs; and 3) identify research gaps and develop a coordinated interagency plan to address priority research needs. This communication summarizes the activities of the federal government in defining a common framework for planning an endocrine disruptor research program and in assessing the status of the current effort. After developing the research framework and compiling an inventory of active research projects supported by the federal government in fiscal year 1996, the CENR working group evaluated the current federal effort by comparing the ongoing activities with the research needs identified in the framework The analysis showed that the federal government supports considerable research on human health effects, ecological effects, and exposure assessment, with a predominance of activity occurring under human health effects. The analysis also indicates that studies on reproductive development and carcinogenesis are more prevalent than studies on neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity, that mammals (mostly laboratory animals) are the main species under study, and that chlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls are the most commonly studied chemical classes. Comparison of the inventory with the research needs should allow identification of underrepresented research areas in need of attention. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Agcy Tox Substance & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Execut Off President, Off Sci & Technol Policy, Washington, DC 20500 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reiter, LW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 106 IS 3 BP 105 EP 113 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106105 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110JX UT WOS:000075378600014 PM 9443998 ER PT J AU Walker, S Griffin, S AF Walker, S Griffin, S TI Site-specific data confirm arsenic exposure predicted by the US Environmental Protection Agency SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE arsenic bioavailability; arsenic biomarkers; exposure assessment; soil and dust ingestion; urinary arsenic concentrations ID BIOAVAILABILITY; SOIL; METHYLATION; INGESTION; CHILDREN; DUST AB The EPA uses an exposure assessment model to estimate daily intake to chemicals of potential concern. At the Anaconda Superfund sire in Montana, the EPA exposure assessment model was used to predict total and speciated urinary arsenic concentrations. Predicted concentrations were then compared to concentrations measured in children living near the site. When site-specific information on concentrations of arsenic in soil, interior dust, and diet, site-specific ingestion rates, and arsenic absorption races were used, measured and predicted urinary arsenic concentrations were in reasonable agreement. The central tendency exposure assessment model successfully described the measured urinary arsenic concentration for the majority of children at the site. The reasonable maximum exposure assessment model successfully identified the uppermost exposed population. While the agreement between measured and predicted urinary arsenic is good, it is not exact. The variables that were identified which influenced agreement included soil and dust sample collection methodology, daily urinary volume, soil ingestion rare, and the ability and the ability to define the exposure unit. The concentration of arsenic in food affected agreement between measured and predicted total urinary arsenic, but was not considered when comparing measured and predicted speciated urinary arsenic. Speciated urinary arsenic is the recommended biomarker for recent inorganic arsenic exposure. By using site-specific data in the exposure assessment model, predicted risks from exposure to arsenic were less than predicted risks would have been if the EPA's default values had been used in the exposure assessment model. This difference resulted in reduced magnitude and cost of remediation while still protecting human health. C1 AGEISS Environm Inc, Denver, CO 80202 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Walker, S (reprint author), AGEISS Environm Inc, 1900 Grant St,Suite 1130, Denver, CO 80202 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 9 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 106 IS 3 BP 133 EP 139 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106133 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110JX UT WOS:000075378600017 PM 9452415 ER PT J AU Lindhjem, CE Guerrieri, DA AF Lindhjem, CE Guerrieri, DA TI Evaluation of lean NOx reduction catalysts for controlling emissions from diesel engines SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID BURN CATALYSTS; PERFORMANCE AB This paper investigates the efficacy of lean-burn No-x reduction catalysts using hydrocarbon as the reductant. A system was constructed to deliver diesel fuel ahead of a monolith catalyst treating the exhaust from a late-model diesel engine loaded with an engine dynamometer. One of the three prototype catalysts showed significant NOx reduction capability of about 15% during steady-state and transient conditions. Another catalyst showed reduction only under steady-state condition, and the third catalyst showed no reduction under either condition. The system was not optimized so the observed 9 to 13% fuel economy penalty should be regarded as an upper limit. C1 US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Lindhjem, CE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, 2565 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 48 EP 52 DI 10.1002/ep.670170119 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP222 UT WOS:000073730200011 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, WM AF Vatavuk, WM TI Air pollution control cost indexes - Update 3 SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vatavuk, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP S18 EP S19 DI 10.1002/ep.670170111 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP222 UT WOS:000073730200003 ER PT J AU Mayer, F Pittinger, C Versteeg, D Rodgers, J Stubblefield, B Wentsel, R Woltering, D AF Mayer, F Pittinger, C Versteeg, D Rodgers, J Stubblefield, B Wentsel, R Woltering, D TI In defense of ecorisk assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. Clemson Univ, Pendleton, SC 29634 USA. ENSR, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ENVIRON, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Mayer, F (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 5 BP 116A EP 116A PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YZ913 UT WOS:000072307100002 PM 21662129 ER PT J AU Hutchins, SR Bantle, JA Schrock, EJ AF Hutchins, SR Bantle, JA Schrock, EJ TI Effect of nitrate-based bioremediation on contaminant distribution and sediment toxicity - Column study SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE column; fuel; nitrate; remediate; FETAX ID DENITRIFYING CONDITIONS; AQUIFER MICROORGANISMS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; M-XYLENE; TOLUENE; BIODEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; OXYGEN AB A laboratory column study was set up to evaluate changes in contaminant distribution and sediment toxicity following nitrate-based bioremediation and to correlate toxicity reduction with loss of fuel components. Glass columns were packed with sediment from an aquifer that had been contaminated with JP-4 jet fuel and were remediated using feed solution containing 20 mg/L NO(3)-N. Column influents and effluents were monitored for BTEXTMB (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, trimethylbenzenes), electron accepters, nutrients, and dissolved gases. Duplicate columns were sacrificed after 1, 4, and 7 months, and core material was analyzed for chemical constituents. In addition, core material was evaluated for toxicity using FETAX, a developmental toxicity test employing frog embryos. After 1 month of operation, total mass of BTEXTMB dropped from 51.8 +/- 7.3 mg to 29.8 +/- 2.9 mg (42% reduction) in the column sediments, with 1.45 +/- 0.06 mg eluting in the column effluents and 20.6 +/- 3.0 mg being unaccountable, presumably due to biodegradation. Based on stoichiometry of denitrification, nitrate consumption and nitrite and nitrous oxide production were sufficient to account for the observed loss. In contrast, JP-4 levels only dropped from 2,070 +/- 260 mg to 1,750 +/- 22 mg (15% reduction). Despite the similar distribution of contaminants in the two columns of this first column pair, FETAX mortality remained unchanged at 93.3% in the first column and dropped from 93.3% to 11.7% in the second. Toxicity reduction could not be therefore directly attributed to either BTEXTMB or JP-4 levels. After 7 months, total mass reductions were 93.1 +/- 1.1% and 35 +/- 1.6% for BTEXTMB and JP-4, respectively, and FETAX mortality and malformation had declined to less than 10%. These data show that closure standards requiring complete removal of residual hydrocarbon may overestimate the time required to counteract sediment toxicity, and that nitrate-based bioremediation may be a viable treatment alternative for fuel-contaminated aquifers. C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Hutchins, SR (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM hutchins.steve@epamail.epa.gov NR 45 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 349 EP 361 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0349:EONBBO>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YZ916 UT WOS:000072307500002 ER PT J AU Burkhard, LP AF Burkhard, LP TI Comparison of two models for predicting bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in a Great Lakes food web SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation models; Great Lakes food web; uncertainty analysis ID COTTUS-COGNATUS; RAINBOW SMELT; ONTARIO; MICHIGAN; TROUT; PREDATION; SORPTION; ALEWIVES; CHAINS; GILLS AB The steady-state models of Gobas and Thomann for predicting chemical residues in aquatic food webs were compared. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) predicted on the basis of freely dissolved chemical in the water were not significantly different for piscivorous fish, based upon the 10th and 90th percentile predictions, except for chemicals with log n-octanol/water partition coefficients (K(ow)s) ranging from 6.5 to 6.9, the region of maximum differences for chemicals with log K(ow)s less than 8. For chemicals with log K(ow)s greater than 8, the BAFs predicted by the models diverged. The BAFs predicted using the Gobas model were in slightly better agreement with measured BAFs (determined from Lake Ontario data) than those predicted using the Thomann model. Sensitivities of the input parameters used by both models were very similar. The most sensitive input parameters were lipid contents, K-ow, and sediment-water column chemical concentration quotient (Pi(socw)) for both models, and the feeding preferences for benthic invertebrates (Diporeia) for the Thomann model. Simulations performed using uncertainties for the input parameters demonstrated that the K-ow and Pi(socw) were the dominant sources of uncertainties for predicted BAFs by both models for the Great Lakes food web. For piscivorous fish, overall uncertainties in the predicted BAFs ranged from a factor of 3.3 to 5.5 (Gobas model) and from a factor of 3.3 to 8.7 (Thomann model) for chemicals with log K(ow)s less than 7.6 (based upon the 10th and 90th percentile predictions). C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Burkhard, LP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM burkhard.lawrence@epamail.epa.gov NR 34 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 383 EP 393 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0383:COTMFP>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YZ916 UT WOS:000072307500006 ER PT J AU O'Connor, TP Daskalakis, KD Hyland, JL Paul, JF Summers, JK AF O'Connor, TP Daskalakis, KD Hyland, JL Paul, JF Summers, JK TI Comparisons of sediment toxicity with predictions based on chemical guidelines SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; equilibrium partitioning; acid-volatile sulfide; cooccurrence; measured toxicity ID MARINE AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Estuaries and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Bioeffects Surveys provide large data sets with which to test proposed relationships between sediment chemistry and toxicity. We conclude that guidelines based on bulk chemistry can provide useful triggers for further analysis but should not be used alone as indicators of toxicity. The sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic compounds proposed by the EPA are exceeded in so few samples that they may be of limited practical value. Toxicity was present in many cases when acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations exceeded the sum of concentrations of sulfide-insoluble metals. However, there is no way to test whether that toxicity was due to those trace elements. The AVS criterion is much more sensitive to AVS concentration than to trace metal contamination. C1 NOAA, Natl Status & Trends Program, NORCA21, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, NORCA, Charleston Off, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP O'Connor, TP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Status & Trends Program, NORCA21, 1305 E West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 16 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 468 EP 471 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0468:COSTWP>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YZ916 UT WOS:000072307500018 ER PT J AU Elonen, GE Spehar, RL Holcombe, GW Johnson, RD Fernandez, JD Erickson, RJ Tietge, JE Cook, PM AF Elonen, GE Spehar, RL Holcombe, GW Johnson, RD Fernandez, JD Erickson, RJ Tietge, JE Cook, PM TI Comparative toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to seven freshwater fish species during early life-stage development SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; fish; early life stage; toxicity ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; RAINBOW-TROUT; LAKE TROUT; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; TCDD; MORTALITY; CONGENERS AB The toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), lake herring (Coregonus artedii), medaka (Oryzias latipes), white sucker (Catastomus commersoni), northern pike (Esox lucius), and zebrafish (Danio danio) were observed during early life-stage development after waterborne exposure of fertilized eggs. Species sensitivity based on TCDD-C(egg) (TCDD concentration in eggs) was determined by effects observed over a 32-d period for all species except lake herring in which a 100-d period was used. Signs of TCDD toxicity, including edema, hemorrhaging, and craniofacial malformations were essentially identical to those observed in salmonids following TCDD egg exposure and preceded or accompanied mortality most often during the period from hatch through swim-up. The no-observed-effect concentrations and lowest-observed-effect concentrations, based on significant decreases in survival and growth as compared to the controls, ranged from 175 and 270 pg/g for lake herring to 424 and 2,000 pg/g for zebrafish, respectively. Shapes of concentration-response curves, expressed as TCDD-C(egg) versus percent mortality, were similar for all species and were consistently steep suggesting that the mechanism of action of TCDD is the same among these species. The LC(egg)50s (concentrations in eggs causing 50% lethality to fish at test termination) ranged from 539 pg/g for the fathead minnow to 2,610 pg/g for zebrafish. Comparisons of LC(egg)50s indicate that the tested species were approximately 8 to 38 times less sensitive to TCDD than lake trout, the most sensitive species evaluated to date. When LC(egg)50s are normalized to the fraction lipid in eggs (LC(egg.l)50s), the risk to early life stage survival for the species tested ranges from 16- to 180-fold less than for lake trout. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Spehar, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM spehar.robert@epamail.epa.gov NR 41 TC 144 Z9 151 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 472 EP 483 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0472:CTOTPD>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YZ916 UT WOS:000072307500019 ER PT J AU Froese, KL Verbrugge, DA Ankley, GT Niemi, GJ Larsen, CP Giesy, JP AF Froese, KL Verbrugge, DA Ankley, GT Niemi, GJ Larsen, CP Giesy, JP TI Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments to aquatic insects and tree swallow eggs and nestlings in Saginaw Bay, Michigan, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE biota-sediment accumulation factor; bioaccumulation; benthic invertebrates; birds; fugacity ID LOWER FOX RIVER; NONIONIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; HEPATOMA-CELL BIOASSAY; GREAT-LAKES; GREEN BAY; ACCUMULATION FACTORS; TACHYCINETA BICOLOR; HEXAGENIA-LIMBATA; QUALITY CRITERIA; HAMILTON HARBOR AB Sediments in the Saginaw Bay region of the Great Lakes contain concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that may adversely affect biotic species in various trophic levels. In this study we collected and analyzed sediments, benthic invertebrates, tree swallow eggs, and nestlings to evaluate linkages between PCBs in sediments and at various trophic levels in the Saginaw River, Michigan, USA. Our results indicate that patterns of relative concentrations of PCB congeners change with trophic level, specifically from sediment to invertebrates and from tree swallow eggs to nestlings. However, if biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values are based on only the non-and mono-ortho-substituted PCB congeners or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEq), calculated BSAF values are close to those predicted by fugacity theory. The use of site-specific BSAF values and reference doses for toxic effects in wildlife can be used to derive sediment quality criteria (SQC) that are protective of wildlife at the top of the sediment-based food chain. The threshold concentration of TEq in sediments that would protect sensitive avian species at the same trophic level as tree swallows was calculated to be 1.5 x 10(-1) TEq/g total organic carbon. Based on this value and the BSAF determined for tree swallow nestlings, the hazard quotient for sediments in this area was determined to be 0.7. This indicates that current concentrations of TEq due to PCB congeners in the sediments should be below the threshold for adverse effects on tree swallows. The uncertainty in the concentrations of PCB congeners in the sediments was approximately a factor of 2, which determined the degree of resolution that could be obtained from the observations made in this study. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. RP Giesy, JP (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM jgiesy@aol.com NR 58 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 484 EP 492 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0484:BOPBFS>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YZ916 UT WOS:000072307500020 ER PT J AU Latimer, JS Quinn, JG AF Latimer, JS Quinn, JG TI Aliphatic petroleum and biogenic hydrocarbons entering Narragansett Bay from tributaries under dry weather conditions SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID NONAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; RIVER ESTUARY; POLLUTION AB The temporal variability of hydrocarbon inputs from rivers discharging into Narragansett Bay under dry weather conditions, as web as the elucidation of the types and sources of hydrocarbons found in urban rivers, has been investigated. The rivers studied, the Blackstone, the Pawtuxet, the Moshassuck, and the Woonasquatucket, constitute the majority of river flow to the estuary. The unfiltered river water samples were extracted and analyzed for total aliphatic hydrocarbons, including natural and petroleum-derived species. The results of the year-long study revealed consistent oil pollution in all of the rivers sampled. Crankcase oil was ubiquitous, but the presence as well of fuel oils and, particularly in the Moshassuck River, gasoline (or kerosene), demonstrate that these rivers are subject to considerable oil pollution stress. The average concentration of hydrocarbons was approximate to 37 mu g l(-1) which, according to some toxicologists, indicates that sensitive organisms may be under stress. In addition, most samples showed evidence of small amounts of terrigenous plant wax hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon concentrations are comparable to those in other urban rivers but are higher than in rivers from rural areas; moreover, they did not vary in any systematic way with season. The mass transport of hydrocarbons in each of the rivers generally mimicked trends in river discharge, thereby emitting the lowest mass to the estuary in the summer and increasing throughout the remainder of the year. Moreover, due primarily to relative discharge differences, the Blackstone and Pawtuxet rivers constitute 90% of the total calculated flux of hydrocarbons from all four rivers. By combining the results from this investigation with those from previous studies, it was possible to obtain an estimate of the total annual inputs of these contaminants to Narragansett Bay. Total annual loads from rivers and wastewater treatment facilities were approximately 240 mt. When sources such as wet weather inputs were included, the total increased to 420 mt yr(-1). This value represents direct current inputs to the system and is considerably lower than previously published estimates. The current direct input estimate, while indicative of an improving situation, differs from previous estimates in that the latter were based upon calculations that approximated the long-term loading from the watersheds, most of which are likely accumulating above the fall-lines of rivers throughout the watershed. Nevertheless, the current loadings represent a significant chronic flux of hydrocarbons to Narragansett Bay. For example, this estimate indicates that an amount equal to approximately 43% of the ail discharged into Narragansett Bay from the recent World Prodigy oil spill enters the estuary from chronic sources every year. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Latimer, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM latimer.jim@epamail.epa.gov RI Latimer, James/C-1632-2009 OI Latimer, James/0000-0002-6722-520X NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD MAR PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 91 EP 107 DI 10.2307/1352549 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZC528 UT WOS:000072589400007 ER PT J AU Flemer, DA Livingston, RJ McGlynn, SE AF Flemer, DA Livingston, RJ McGlynn, SE TI Seasonal growth stimulation of sub-temperate estuarine phytoplankton to nitrogen and phosphorus: An outdoor microcosm experiment SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; NUTRIENT-LIMITATION; NITRATE UPTAKE; DILUTION TECHNIQUE; CHESAPEAKE BAY; COASTAL WATERS; GRAZING IMPACT; ALGAL GROWTH; FRESH-WATER; MARINE AB A study of nutrient limitation of phytoplankton biomass production with emphasis on nitrate-nitrogen (NO(3)(-)) and ortho-phosphate-phosphorus (PO(4)(3-)) was conducted in Perdido Bay, Alabama-Florida. The experimental design employed 18-1 outdoor microcosms operated in a static renewal mode. Phytoplankton growth responses (i.e., growth stimulation) measured as chlorophyll a (chi a) fell into three principal categories: primary P stimulation occurred mostly during the cooler months at the upper bay (tidal brackish) and mid bay (lower mesohaline) stations; a total of 12 out of 36 experiments; primary N stimulation occurred mostly during the warmer months primarily at the mid-bay station and infrequently at the upper and lower bay stations (upper mesohaline); a total of 7 out of 36 experiments; and N+P costimulation occurred primarily during the warmer months in the upper bay and mid bay and during both warmer and cooler months in the lower bay, a total of 17 out of 36 experiments. Primary P stimulation was generally associated with high ratios of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) (ratio range: 18 to 288). Conversely primary N stimulation was associated with decreasing DIN:DIP ratios (range 8-46). Redfield ratios of particulate organic N (PON) to particulate organic P (POP) often indicated N limitation (i.e., values often less than 10). PON:chl a ratios often indicated N sufficiency, but three occasions were noted where PON:POP and PON:chl a ratios were not congruent It is difficult to reconcile the inorganic and organic N and P ratios with the relatively low DIP and DIN concentrations. The phytoplankton assemblage appeared not to be strongly nutrient-limited but, given a nutrient increase, responded differentially to N and P, both seasonally and along the longitudinal salinity gradient. Grazing pressure in concert with nutrient limitation was advanced as an hypothesis to explain N+P co-limitation. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Florida State Univ, Ctr Aquat Res & Resources Management, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Flemer, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM flemer.david@epamail.epa.gov NR 83 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD MAR PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 145 EP 159 DI 10.2307/1352553 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZC528 UT WOS:000072589400011 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Kennedy, TP Crissman, KM Richards, JH Hatch, GE AF Ghio, AJ Kennedy, TP Crissman, KM Richards, JH Hatch, GE TI Depletion of iron and ascorbate in rodents diminishes lung injury after silica SO EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE free radicals; pulmonary disease ID VITAMIN-C; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ACID; FERRITIN; CELLS; INVOLVEMENT; GENERATION; FIBROSIS; HUMANS; PLASMA AB Exposures of the lung to iron chelates can be associated with an injury. The catalysis of oxygen-based free radicals is postulated to participate in this injury. Such oxidant generation by mineral oxide particles can be dependent on availability of both iron and a reductant. We tested the study hypothesis that lung injury after silica is associated with the availability of both iron and ascorbate in the host by depleting this metal and reductant in the lungs of rats and guinea pigs, respectively. Rats were fed either a normal diet or a diet deficient of iron. After 30 days, animals were instilled with either saline or 1.0 mg Minusil-5 silica. Relative to saline, silica significantly increased neutrophils and lavage protein. Iron depletion significantly diminished both the cellular influx and injury but only at 1 week after silica exposure. Guinea pigs were provided either a normal diet supplemented with 1,000 ppm vitamin C or a diet deficient in ascorbate. After 14 days, the guinea pigs were instilled with either saline or 1.0 mg silica. Silica exposure significantly increased neutrophils and lavage protein. Ascorbate depletion significantly diminished the influx of inflammatory cells and injury at both 1 day and 1 week after silica exposure. We conclude that host concentrations of both iron and ascorbate can affect lung injury after silica exposure. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, HSD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Carolinas Med Ctr, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, HSD, Maildrop 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU HEMISPHERE PUBL CORP PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 USA SN 0190-2148 J9 EXP LUNG RES JI Exp. Lung Res. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 219 EP 232 PG 14 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA ZE413 UT WOS:000072790100007 PM 9555578 ER PT J AU Pelz, O Cifuentes, LA Hammer, BT Kelley, CA Coffin, RB AF Pelz, O Cifuentes, LA Hammer, BT Kelley, CA Coffin, RB TI Tracing the assimilation of organic compounds using delta C-13 analysis of unique amino acids in the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomarker; carbon cycle; carbon stable isotope; D-alanine; diaminopimelic acid; peptidoglycan ID CARBON ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; C-13 C-12 RATIOS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; STABLE CARBON; ESTUARINE BACTERIA; FATTY-ACIDS; ENVIRONMENTS; BIOMARKERS; NITROGEN AB Stable isotope analysis of bacterial nucleic acids can be used to trace carbon that is assimilated and respired by the bacterioplankton in aquatic ecosystems. However, in sediment and soil environments humic acids co-extract with the nucleic acids, resulting in inaccurate isotope analysis. In this study we have examined the use of amino acids found in bacterial cell walls as biomarkers to trace carbon sources that support growth. In the development of the method, peptidoglycan from laboratory grown Pseudomonas sp. was hydrolyzed to amino acids. Stable carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) Were analyzed with a dual mass spectrometer, ion trap and isotope ratio, equipped with a gas chromatograph sample inlet (GC/ITMS/IRMS). Comparisons of delta(13)C values of whole cells, cell wall peptidoglycan and the amino acids D-alanine and diaminopimelic acid from the cell wall were made using different carbon substrates and through different stages of growth to determine isotopic fractionation of these compounds. The delta(13)C values of whole cells, peptidoglycan and D-alanine and the substrate sources (glucose, glutamic acid, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine) were similar. The delta(13)C values of the D-alanine were within 0.5 parts per thousand of the substrate. In comparison, diaminopimelic acid was enriched in C-13 by 10.3 parts per thousand relative to the whole cells, peptidoglycan and substrate. Additional laboratory experiments also demonstrated that the delta(13)C of D-alanine did not vary significantly relative to the whole cell and substrate through different growth stages. Stable carbon isotope analysis of the bacterial amino acids was determined at two field locations, water from Santa Rosa Sound, Florida, a humic rich estuarine ecosystem, and jet-fuel contaminated soils of Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. D-alanine and diaminopimelic acid were isolated from these water and soil samples and the amino acids were analyzed for purity after extraction and for their delta(13)C values relative to organic matter in the environments. In the Santa Rosa Sound the delta(13)C value of D-alanine was -27.6 +/- 0.6 parts per thousand. This value is in the range of delta(13)C values of bacteria and organic matter previously measured in the system, -24.0 to -27.0 parts per thousand. The delta(13)C value of D-alanine in soil samples from Tyndall Air Force Base was -20.5 +/- 1.7 parts per thousand (n = 4) similar to ranges of values measured for spilled jet-fuel and CO2 respired from the soil at this site. Results from this study demonstrate that D-alanine can be used as a biomarker for analysis of carbon sources that are assimilated by bacteria in soils and sediments. (C) 1998 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 GBF, Natl Res Ctr Biotechnol, Div Microbiol, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Pelz, O (reprint author), GBF, Natl Res Ctr Biotechnol, Div Microbiol, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany. EM ope@gbf.de RI Kelley, Cheryl/K-9392-2015 NR 37 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 3 BP 229 EP 240 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00475.x PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZB839 UT WOS:000072513200003 ER PT J AU Chang, JCS Arlian, LG Dippold, JS Rapp, CM Vyszenski-Moher, D AF Chang, JCS Arlian, LG Dippold, JS Rapp, CM Vyszenski-Moher, D TI Survival of the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, at high temperatures (40-80 degrees C) SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE dust mites; D-farinae; survival; mortality; temperature; relative humidity ID HUMIDITY REQUIREMENTS; PYROGLYPHIDAE; PTERONYSSINUS; ASTHMA; HOMES; ACARI; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; AREAS AB Experiments were conducted to evaluate the survival time of randomly selected female D. farinae exposed to temperatures from 40 to 80 degrees C and relative humidities (RHs) between 10 and 90%. Significant temperature effects were found on the length of time mites can survive under those conditions. The time needed to induce 100% mortality for female D. farinae held at 40 degrees C varied between 39 and 84 h. At 70 and 80 degrees C, all mites died within 5 minutes. At 50 degrees C and above, RH had little influence and temperature alone was the determining factor for mile survival. The length of survival time decreased precipitously between 40 and 50 degrees C, suggesting that a loss of physiological integrity of female D, farinae probably occurred in this range. The results of this stud; indicated that the technique of raising temperatures to above 40 degrees C for a short duration can be used to reduce living house dust mite populations in homes significantly. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Chang, JCS (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD-54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 34 EP 38 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1998.t01-3-00005.x PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZD465 UT WOS:000072688700004 ER PT J AU Ledbetter, AD Killough, PM Hudson, GF AF Ledbetter, AD Killough, PM Hudson, GF TI A low-sample-consumption dry-particulate aerosol generator for use in nose-only inhalation exposures SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; MORTALITY; ACID; LUNG AB Generation of stable, low concentrations of dry particulates in nose-only chambers can be difficult, and if the supply of particulate is limited, the problems can be greatly increased. One problem is that many dry-particulate aerosol generators have higher aerosol output or airflow than can be accommodated by a nose-only inhalation chamber, requiring much of the aerosol generated to be diverted to waste. Another problem is that mixing vessels used to modulate the fluctuating output from aerosol generators can cause substantial wall losses, consuming much of the aerosol generated. To overcome these problems, a low-consumption dry-particulate aerosol generator was designed to deliver stable concentrations in the range of 1-50 mg/m(3) to a nose-only chamber without the need for diverting any of the generator output. The generator air flow of 10-15 L/min supplies all the air to the exposure chamber, with a 6-h exposure at 10-15 mg/m(3) consuming as little as 200-300 mg of particulate. The generator uses the principle of a carpenter's chalk line to pick up particles from a small reservoir, carry them out through an orifice, and past an air jet, where the particles are blown off the string. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ledbetter, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Ledbetter.Allen@epamail.epa.gov NR 14 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 239 EP 251 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YZ159 UT WOS:000072226200004 ER PT J AU Lytle, DA Schock, MR Clement, JA Spencer, CM AF Lytle, DA Schock, MR Clement, JA Spencer, CM TI Using aeration for corrosion control SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CARBONATE; LEAD; SOLUBILITY; PH AB Aeration is a useful drinking water treatment process. Aeration has been used to remove hydrogen sulfide, methane, radon, iron, manganese, and volatile organic contaminants from drinking water. Aeration also removes carbon dioxide, which directly affects pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), the parameters that most influence lead and copper solubility. As a result, aeration can be an effective corrosion control strategy, presuming the initial pH and DIC are appropriate. Mineral precipitation brought about by water quality changes resulting from aeration may present operational constraints under some conditions. Aeration produces very consistent water quality and may be advantageous (especially to smaller utilities) because of relatively low costs and simple operational and maintenance needs. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment & Technol Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Black & Veatech Engn, Boston, MA 02110 USA. Wright Pierce Engineers, Topsham, ME 04086 USA. RP Lytle, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment & Technol Evaluat Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 63 TC 6 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 90 IS 3 BP 74 EP 88 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZB589 UT WOS:000072487700014 ER PT J AU Parry, R AF Parry, R TI Agricultural phosphorus and water quality: A US Environmental Protection Agency perspective SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication CY NOV 05, 1996 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP ASA, Soil Sci Soc Amer, CSSA AB Pollution of lakes, rivers, and estuaries from agricultural sources of P is a major water quality problem in the USA. This paper explains the regulatory and nonregulatory programs developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to implement its legal mandate to control water pollution from these sources, The Clean Water Act defines concentrated animal feeding operations as point sources of pollution that are required to obtain permits to discharge into waters of the USA, All other agricultural sources are considered nonpoint and are not regulated under federal law. The USEPA provides ides grant money to the states to develop and implement nonpoint source programs, The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 requires coastal states to adopt nonpoint management measures that are backed by enforceable polities and mechanisms. For water bodies that continue to be impaired despite the basic implementation of these laws and other programs, states are required to develop a total maximum daily load (TMDL). The TMDL process is the quantitative basis fur reaching water quality standards. The USEPA. is putting a new emphasis on controlling nutrient pollution sources to meet the goal of the Clean Water Act. C1 US EPA, Off Policy Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Parry, R (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy Dev, 2121,401 M St,SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 14 TC 128 Z9 161 U1 5 U2 42 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 258 EP 261 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD782 UT WOS:000072723300003 ER PT J AU Vidic, RD Chang, MT Thurnau, RC AF Vidic, RD Chang, MT Thurnau, RC TI Kinetics of vapor-phase mercury uptake by virgin and sulfur-impregnated activated carbons SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL MERCURY AB The injection of powdered activated carbon (PAC) into combustion flue gas, with subsequent collection in a particulate control device, and granular activated carbon (GAG) fixed-bed adsorption offer new promise for achieving high-quality air emissions with respect to elemental mercury concentrations. One of the key parameters that governs the applicability of adsorption technology to flue gas cleanup is the rate of vapor-phase mercury removal, which was the main focus of this study. The kinetics of vapor-phase mercury uptake by a virgin bituminous coal-based activated carbon (BPL), a commercially available sulfur impregnated activated carbon (HGR), and a BPL carbon impregnated with sulfur at 600 degrees C (BPL-S) was evaluated as a function of temperature and elemental mercury concentration For all three carbons, an increase in mercury concentration and a decrease in temperature resulted in an increased overall mercury uptake. The rate of mercury uptake by HGR carbon was slower at higher temperatures due to the change in sulfur structure, which induced a decreased number of terminal sulfur atoms available to react with mercury. For a given flue gas temperature, an increase in mercury concentration resulted in slower mercury uptake kinetics, which suggests that the rate of mercuric sulfide (HgS) diffusion into the sulfur mass is the rate-limiting step. The rate of mercury uptake by BPL-S carbon deteriorated with an increase in temperature, which indicates that the rate of HgS formation is the rate-limiting step in the overall mercury removal process. BPL-S carbon displayed faster uptake kinetics and higher total mercury uptake than HGR carbon, except for very high initial mercury concentrations (e.g., >1,000 mu g/m(3)). C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Vidic, RD (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. NR 27 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 7 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 48 IS 3 BP 247 EP 255 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZF768 UT WOS:000072931200009 ER PT J AU Randall, PM Kranz, PB Sonntag, ML Stadelmaier, JE AF Randall, PM Kranz, PB Sonntag, ML Stadelmaier, JE TI Evaluation of needle gun and abrasive blasting technologies in bridge paint removal practices SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB This paper reviews the results of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study that assessed needle gun technology as an alternative to conventional abrasive blasting technology to remove lead-based paint from steel bridges in western New York State. The study analyzed the operational and logistical aspects as they relate to worker health and safety, environmental protection, hazardous waste generation, and costs as compared to those arising from conventional abrasive blasting. In this 1992 EPA study, the costs and the product quality aspects favored conventional abrasive blasting over the needle gun technology for removing lead paint. However, abrasive blasting exposed workers to airborne lead levels that exceeded Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) as established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), as well as emitting high levels of lead-contaminated dusts and debris into the environment. It was estimated that more than 500 Ibs of lead-contaminated spent abrasives and paint waste were released into the environment during paint removal operations. The needle gun system reduced (up to 97.5%) the generation of hazardous waste and the airborne concentrations (up to 99%) of respirable dusts and lead-containing particulates generated during paint removal operations. However, labor costs for the needle gun were three times higher than those for abrasive blasting primarily because of slower production rates that necessitated more operating personnel. The higher labor costs of the needle gun are partially offset by the increased costs associated with the expendable abrasive blast media and hazardous waste disposal. In the EPA study, the productivity of the needle gun system was 12.2 ft(2)/hr vs. 147.5 ft(2)/hr for abrasive blasting. A post blast was needed for the needle gun system to meet surface preparation specifications. When factoring in the costs of full containment structures to meet OSHA's 1993 Lead Exposure in Construction regulation, the needle gun system has the potential to be economically competitive with conventional abrasive blasting. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Erie Cty Dept Environm & Planning, Div Environm Compliance, Buffalo, NY 14202 USA. Recra Environm Inc, Amherst, NY 14228 USA. RP Randall, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Randall, Paul/M-6232-2014 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 48 IS 3 BP 264 EP 270 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZF768 UT WOS:000072931200011 ER PT J AU Boccelli, DL Tryby, ME Uber, JG Rossman, LA Zierolf, ML Polycarpou, MM AF Boccelli, DL Tryby, ME Uber, JG Rossman, LA Zierolf, ML Polycarpou, MM TI Optimal scheduling of booster disinfection in water distribution systems SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID QUALITY MODELS; PROPAGATION AB Booster disinfection is the addition of disinfectant at locations distributed throughout a water distribution system. Such a strategy can reduce the mass of disinfectant required to maintain a detectable residual at points of consumption in the distribution system, which may lead to reduced formation of disinfectant byproducts in particular trihalomethanes. Here an optimization model is formulated for the dynamic schedule of disinfectant injections; this schedule minimizes the total dose required to satisfy residual constraints over an infinite-time horizon. This infinite-time problem is reduced to a solvable finite-time optimal scheduling model by assuming periodicity of mass injections and network hydraulics. Furthermore, this model is linear since the principle of linear superposition is shown to apply to disinfectant concentrations resulting from multiple disinfectant injections over time. A matrix generator code was developed to interface with the EPANET network water quality model. This code automatically generates the Linear programming formulation of the optimal scheduling model, which is then solved using the simplex algorithm. Results from application of the model suggest that booster disinfection can reduce the amount of disinfectant required to satisfy concentration constraints, when compared to conventional disinfection only at the source. The optimal booster schedule reduced the average disinfectant concentration within the distribution system and, in some cases, the variability of these concentrations. The number of booster stations, booster location, and distribution system hydraulics were shown to affect the optimal schedule. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Risk Reduct Engn Lab, Water Supply & Water Resour Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. BF Goodrich Aerosp, Aircraft Integrated Sys, Vergennes, VT 05491 USA. RP Boccelli, DL (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, POB 210071, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM Jim.Uber@uc.edu RI uber, james/E-7189-2010 NR 32 TC 71 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 12 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 124 IS 2 BP 99 EP 111 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1998)124:2(99) PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YX409 UT WOS:000072037100004 ER PT J AU Benigni, R Richard, AM AF Benigni, R Richard, AM TI Quantitative structure-based modeling applied to characterization and prediction of chemical toxicity SO METHODS-A COMPANION TO METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; AUTOMATED STRUCTURE EVALUATION; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE; DEREK SYSTEM; SALMONELLA MUTAGENICITY; COMPUTER-PREDICTION; SAFETY EVALUATION; NCI NTP; COMPACT AB Quantitative modeling methods, relating aspects of chemical structure to biological activity, have long been applied to the prediction and characterization of chemical toxicity. The early linear free-energy approaches of Hansch and Free Wilson provided a fundamental scientific framework for the quantitative correlation of chemical structure with biological activity and spurred many developments in the field of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). In addition to modeling of chemical toxicity, these methods have been extensively applied to modeling of medicinal properties of chemicals. However, there are important differences in the nature and objectives of these two applications, which have led to the evolution of different modeling approaches (namely, the need for treating sets of noncongeneric toxic compounds). In this paper are discussed those approaches to chemical toxicity that have taken a more "personalized" configuration and have undergone implementation into software programs able to perform the various steps of the assessment of the hazard posed by the chemicals. These models focus both on a variety of toxicological endpoints and on key elements of toxicity mechanisms, such as metabolism. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Ist Super Sanita, Comparat Toxicol & Ecotoxicol Lab, I-00161 Rome, Italy. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Benigni, R (reprint author), Ist Super Sanita, Comparat Toxicol & Ecotoxicol Lab, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy. EM rbenigni@net.iss.it NR 62 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1046-2023 J9 METHODS JI Methods PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 3 BP 264 EP 276 DI 10.1006/meth.1998.0583 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA ZK966 UT WOS:000073385500004 PM 9571083 ER PT J AU Ross, JA Leavitt, SA AF Ross, JA Leavitt, SA TI Induction of mutations by 2-acetylaminofluorene in lacI transgenic B6C3F1 mouse liver SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CELL-PROLIFERATION; MICE; GENE; MUTAGENESIS; DNA; SPECTRA; CARCINOGENESIS; MODELS AB Mutations induced in liver cells by the hepatocarcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) were characterized after i.p. administration on 4 consecutive days at 100 mg/kg per injection in male B6C3F1 Big Blue (R) transgenic mice that harbored the Escherichia coli lad reporter gene. Animals were sacrificed at 5, 10 or 60 weeks following the last injection, livers removed and DNA packaged in vitro into bacteriophage lambda particles. The bacteriophage were assayed for lad function by plating on E.coli in the presence of X-gal, Approximately 3 x 10(5) plaques were assayed per animal. Solvent-treated control mice exhibited a slight increase in mutant frequency over time, from 3.93 x 10(-5) at 5 weeks to 5.02 x 10(-5) at 60 weeks. In contrast, treatment with 2-AAF yielded an similar to 2-fold increase in mutant frequency at 5 and 10 weeks after treatment relative to controls, with frequencies of 8.13 x 10(-5) and 7.43 x 10(-5) respectively. However, by 60 weeks post-treatment the mutant frequency was not significantly increased over concurrent controls. Similar to results in other systems, 2-AAF induced predominantly single base changes targeted to G:C base pairs, primarily G:C-->T:A transversions (27%). In contrast to results in other bacterial and eukaryotic systems, no deletions were observed among the 2-AAF-induced mutations and the 4 base hot spot deletion that is frequently observed in lad in E.coli was not observed in this system, suggesting that the lad transgene may be relatively refractory to frameshift mutations in vivo in the mouse. C1 US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ross, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM ross.jeffrey@epamail.epa.gov RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 40 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 EI 1464-3804 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD MAR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 173 EP 179 DI 10.1093/mutage/13.2.173 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZD302 UT WOS:000072671600011 PM 9568591 ER PT J AU Shirazi, MA Haggerty, PK Hendricks, CW Reporter, M AF Shirazi, MA Haggerty, PK Hendricks, CW Reporter, M TI The role of thermal regime in tundra plant community restoration SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Mineral extraction activities in the Arctic regions of the world produce long-lasting ecological disturbances. Assisted recovery from such disturbances may require restoration of the tundra thermal regime. We transplanted plugs of entire root zone and live tundra plants to a disturbed site in Alaska oil fields. The dominant species were Carex aquatilis, Eriophorum angustifolium, Dupontia fisheri, Poa glauca, Festuca rubra, Salix ovalifolia, S. reticulata, and Sphagnum spp. We studied plant responses in the plugs to thermal regime manipulations by means of greenhouse and of single-or double-plug treatments. All plugs continued to produce new plants with time and expanded in area and canopy volume. Plants responded differently to treatments and generally reversed those responses when we reversed the greenhouse treatment the third year after transplant. Our small-scale experiment showed that the native thermal regime of a plant community is vital in revegetating a disturbed tundra. But large-scale restoration using transplants requires resources of modern extraction technology, engineering, and planning to salvage the extensive live tundra mats now routinely destroyed under gravel fills of roads, structures, and mine-site stockpiles. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Shirazi, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 6 IS 1 BP 111 EP 117 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.1998.06115.x PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZB745 UT WOS:000072503300013 ER PT J AU Weaver, JW Porter-Locklear, F AF Weaver, JW Porter-Locklear, F TI Estimating the rate of natural bioattenuation of ground water contaminants by a mass conservation approach SO SIAM REVIEW LA English DT Article DE ODE; groundwater; contamination; biodegradation AB Recent held and experimental research has shown that certain classes of subsurface contaminants can biodegrade at many sites (e.g., [2], [6]). A number of factors influence the rate of biodegradation, which helps determine the ultimate extent of contamination. Estimation of degradation rate constants is necessary for determining the impact of contaminants on environmental receptors. The purpose of this note is to show one method for estimating rate constants from field data that relies upon application of a standard solution of a linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Math, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Weaver, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30601 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 0036-1445 J9 SIAM REV JI SIAM Rev. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 BP 113 EP 117 DI 10.1137/S0036144596312408 PG 5 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA ZG746 UT WOS:000073035200009 ER PT J AU Adair, GM Scheerer, JB Brotherman, A McConville, S Wilson, JH Nairn, RS AF Adair, GM Scheerer, JB Brotherman, A McConville, S Wilson, JH Nairn, RS TI Targeted recombination at the Chinese hamster APRT locus using insertion versus replacement vectors SO SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS LA English DT Article ID EMBRYONIC STEM-CELLS; DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE LOCUS; NONHOMOLOGOUS DNA ENDS; HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; OVARY CELLS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GENE REPLACEMENT; GAP REPAIR AB In this study, we have examined the effects of targeting vector configuration and site of vector linearization on the frequency of targeted recombination at the endogenous CHO APRT locus, and have analyzed the types and class distributions of APRT(+) recombinants obtained in APRT targeting experiments employing uncut circular; insertion-type (ends-in), and replacement type (ends-our) configurations of the same pAG7 targeting vector including configurations produced by introduction of a double-strand break (DSB) at sites either within, or at the 5' or 3' boundaries of APRT targeting homology Our results suggest that: I) plasmid-chromosome targeted recombination in mammalian cells may not be stimulated to the same degree by a DSB in the targeting vector as by a DSB in the chromosomal target; 2) recombinant class distributions are highly dependent upon targeting vector configuration; and 3) one-sided invasion mechanisms may play a significant role in homologous recombination in mammalian cells. C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Ctr, Div Sci Pk Res, Smithville, TX 78957 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Baylor Univ, Verna & Marrs Mclean Dept Biochem, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Univ Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Ctr, Div Sci Pk Res, Smithville, TX 78957 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 28711, CA 36361] NR 59 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0740-7750 J9 SOMAT CELL MOLEC GEN JI Somat.Cell Mol.Genet. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 91 EP 105 DI 10.1023/B:SCAM.0000007112.62928.d8 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 158EH UT WOS:000078102700002 PM 9919309 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE Sell, SM Demarais, S AF Jorgensen, EE Sell, SM Demarais, S TI Barn owl prey use in Chihuahuan Desert foothills SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FOOD-HABITS; PREDATION; RISK AB From January to May, 1993 we collected 725 skulls from barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets at three active nests in foothills of the Sacramento Mountains, southern New Mexico. To estimate rodent abundance, we concurrently live-trapped 1,555 rodents, from 48 trapping grids distributed in six habitat types near the nests, and marked 1,236 of these with monel ear tags. Prey taken by owls was not concordant with any possible combination of availability. Barn owls demonstrated a considerable selectivity for Sigmodon and Perognathus, while failing to capture Chaetodipus and Peromyscus in numbers representative of their abundance. Sigmodon was abundant in only one uncommon habitat type that was not close to nests. Barn owl selection for Sigmodon indicates that they forage in favored habitat patches. Further, because Reithrodontomys and Peromyscus also occurred in this habitat but were not taken in great numbers, we also conclude that barn owls selected favored prey species within favored habitat patches. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 EI 1943-6262 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 53 EP 56 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP001 UT WOS:000073705300008 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW AF Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW TI Modeling sorption of soil organic matter on mineral surfaces: wood-derived polymers on mica SO SUPRAMOLECULAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE humic substances; lignin; muscovite mica; force field calculations; soil ID CLAY WATER INTERFACE; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; DEPOSITION KINETICS; INTERLAYER DISTANCE; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SOLID INTERFACE; POROUS-MEDIA; MONTMORILLONITE; ADSORPTION; LIGNIN AB Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations were carried out on model organo-mineral composites typical of both paper products and soil. Sorption energy of neutral model linear chains of lignin, carbohydrate, and humic substances on muscovite mica depends on the mutual orientation of organic and mineral components, spatial organization and functionality of the organic chain, and the presence of metal cations. Carbohydrates are characterized by their higher affinity towards the mineral surface than the more flexible helical aromatic polymers. In the model calculations, sorption energies are twice as high. Oxidation of lignin into respective humic acids does not lead to better sorption. Unlike metal cations, water molecules interlacing between organic and mineral surfaces do not act as bridges and sharply decrease sorption energy. Flexible linear polymers may undergo drastic conformational changes when approaching the mineral surface, to ensure a gain in the interaction energy that more than compensates a loss in the conformational energy proper. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Limited. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Shevchenko, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 98 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0968-5677 J9 SUPRAMOL SCI JI Supramol. Sci. PD MAR-JUN PY 1998 VL 5 IS 1-2 BP 143 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0968-5677(96)00060-0 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 115VR UT WOS:000075687100016 ER PT J AU Hassoun, EA Wilt, SC Devito, MJ Van Birgelen, A Alsharif, NZ Birnbaum, LS Stohs, SJ AF Hassoun, EA Wilt, SC Devito, MJ Van Birgelen, A Alsharif, NZ Birnbaum, LS Stohs, SJ TI Induction of oxidative stress in brain tissues of mice after subchronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; RESISTANT RAT STRAIN; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; PLACENTAL TISSUES; OXYGEN RADICALS; TCDD TOXICITY; DNA-DAMAGE; METABOLITES; SUPPRESSION; LINDANE AB The ability of single doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to induce oxidative stress in hepatic and some extrahepatic tissues of animals is well documented. However, no previous study has examined the ability of TCDD to induce oxidative stress and tissue damage in brain in vivo. In this study the ability of TCDD to induce oxidative stress in brain tissues of mice was studied after subchronic exposures. Groups of female B6C3F1 mice were treated orally with TCDD (0, 0.45, 1.5, 15, and 150 ng/kg/day) for 13 weeks, 5 days/week. The animals were euthanized 3 days after the last treatment and brain tissues were collected, Biomarkers of oxidative stress including production of superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation, and DNA-single-strand breaks (SSB) were determined. TCDD treatment resulted in significant and dose-dependent increases in the production of superoxide anion as assessed by reduction of cytochrome c. Significant increases were also observed in lipid peroxidation and DNA-SSB in those tissues, as assessed by the presence of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and the alkaline elution technique, respectively. These results clearly indicate that subchronic exposure to low doses of TCDD can induce oxidative tissue damage in brain tissues which may at least in part play a role in the effects of TCDD on the central nervous system. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 Creighton Univ, Sch Pharm & Allied Hlth Profess, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. Univ Toledo, Coll Pharm, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Stohs, SJ (reprint author), Creighton Univ, Sch Pharm & Allied Hlth Profess, 2500 Calif Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. NR 36 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 42 IS 1 BP 23 EP 27 DI 10.1006/toxs.1997.2411 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZM362 UT WOS:000073530900003 PM 9538044 ER PT J AU Fechter, LD Liu, Y Herr, DW Crofton, KM AF Fechter, LD Liu, Y Herr, DW Crofton, KM TI Trichloroethylene ototoxicity: Evidence for a cochlear origin SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE trichloroethylene; ototoxicity; cochlea; spiral ganglion cell ID OUTER HAIR-CELLS; AUDITORY EVOKED-POTENTIALS; FREQUENCY HEARING-LOSS; BRAIN-STEM RESPONSES; GUINEA-PIG; REFLEX MODIFICATION; TOLUENE EXPOSURE; RATS; TRIMETHYLTIN; DYSFUNCTION AB Trichloroethylene (TCE) is known to produce an unusual pattern of hearing impairment in laboratory animals marked by a preferential loss of threshold sensitivity at midfrequencies. The purpose of this research was to determine whether the TCE-induced auditory deficit results from cochlear dysfunction. Adult Long Evans hooded rats were exposed via inhalation to either 0 (clean air) or 4000 ppm TCE (6 h/day for 5 days). Auditory thresholds for 1-40 kHz tones were determined 3 weeks after exposure using reflex modification audiometry (RMA; n = 12/group). Cochlear electropotentials were measured during subsequent testing (n = 3-10/group) 5 to 7 weeks after exposure, including thresholds for cochlear action potentials (CAP) and the 1-mu V cochlear microphonic for 2-40 kHz tones, and the N-1 amplitude intensity function (40-90 dB SPL). Cochlear histopathology was assessed in midmodiolar preparations of a separate set of animals, exposed as before (n = 4/group). RMA testing confirmed a TCE-induced loss in midfrequency threshold sensitivity (8 and 16 kHz). CAP thresholds were elevated at midfrequencies (8 and 16 kHz) among TCE-treated subjects, along with a suppression of the N-1 amplitude from 50 to 90 dB SPL, The cochlear microphonic, a nonpropagated ac potential generated largely by the outer hair cells, was not affected by the TCE treatment. Cochlear histopathology revealed a loss of spiral ganglion cells that was significant in the middle turn, but not in the basal turn. There was an inconsistent loss of hair cells among treated subjects. The data suggest strongly that the behaviorally determined loss in auditory function can be accounted for by a cochlear impairment and that the spiral ganglion cell may be a prominent target of TCE. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Coll Pharm, Toxicol Program, Oklahoma City, OK USA. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 51 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 42 IS 1 BP 28 EP 35 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZM362 UT WOS:000073530900004 PM 9538045 ER PT J AU Ploch, SA King, LC Kohan, MJ Di Giulio, RT AF Ploch, SA King, LC Kohan, MJ Di Giulio, RT TI Comparative in vitro and in vivo benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation and its relationship to CYP1A activity in two species of ictalurid catfish SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DNA-ADDUCTS; BROWN BULLHEAD; RAINBOW-TROUT; METABOLISM; MICE; 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE; ACTIVATION; NEOPLASMS; CANCER AB We have measured the formation and persistence of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-DNA adducts in the liver of two closely related species of fish, the brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) and the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) using the P-32-postlabeling method. Liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity, and in vitro microsome-mediated DNA binding were all significantly higher in the channel catfish. In an in vivo time-course experiment, fish were either induced with beta NF followed by a single BaP ip injection (20 mg/kg) or treated with corn oil. BaP-DNA adducts and EROD activity in liver were analyzed 1, 3, 7, 14, and 45 days after the BaP dosage. As in the in vitro experiments, EROD activities in channel catfish were significantly higher at most time points than in bullhead liver (p < 0.05). However, in contrast to the in vitro data, the BaP-DNA adduct profile revealed significantly higher levels of adducts in the bullhead than the channel catfish throughout the time course (p < 0.05). Prior induction with beta NF did not significantly affect the level or type of adduct binding to DNA in either species. Further characterization of the major adduct by HPLC confirmed it to be the anti-BPDE-dGuo adduct. Analysis of tissue distribution of [C-14]BaP in the two species suggested similar absorption and initial distribution, but slower elimination from the liver of bullhead than the catfish. The BaP-adduct profiles were consistent with the relative species susceptibility to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced liver neoplasia. EROD activities, however, were negatively associated with adduct levels following in vivo exposure. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Ecotoxicol Lab, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Ploch, SA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Ecotoxicol Lab, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 33 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 149 IS 1 BP 90 EP 98 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8359 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZA337 UT WOS:000072353400011 PM 9512731 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Padilla, S AF Moser, VC Padilla, S TI Age- and gender-related differences in the time course of behavioral and biochemical effects produced by oral chlorpyrifos in rats SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCREENING BATTERY; FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; ADULT-RATS; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; ACUTE TOXICITY; CHOLINESTERASE; INHIBITION; PARATHION; PESTICIDES; CARBARYL AB It is well known that young animals are generally more sensitive to lethal effects of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides, but there are sparse data comparing less-than-lethal effects, We compared the behavioral and biochemical toxicity of chlorpyrifos in young (postnatal Day 17; PND17) and adult (about 70 days old) rats. First, we established that the magnitude of the age-related differences decreased as the rat matures. Next, we evaluated the time course of a single oral dose of chlorpyrifos in adult and PND17 male and female rats. Behavioral changes were assessed using a functional observational battery (with age-appropriate modifications for pre-weanling rats) and an evaluation of motor activity, Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was measured in brain and peripheral tissues and muscarinic receptor binding assays were conducted on selected tissues. Rats received either vehicle (corn oil) or chlorpyrifos (adult dose: 80 mg/kg; PND17 dose: 15 mg/kg); these doses were equally effective in inhibiting ChE. The rats were tested, and tissues were then taken at 1, 2, 3.5, 6.5, 24, 72, 168, or 336 h after dosing, In adult rats, peak behavioral changes and ChE inhibition occurred in males at 3.5 h after dosing, while in females the onset of functional changes was sooner, the time course was more protracted and recovery was slower, In PND17 rats, maximal behavioral effects and ChE inhibition occurred at 6.5 h after dosing, and there were no gender-related differences. Behavioral changes showed partial to full recovery at 24 to 72 h, whereas ChE inhibition recovered markedly slower, Blood and brain ChE activity in young rats had nearly recovered by 1 week after dosing, whereas brain ChE in adults had not recovered at 2 weeks. Muscarinic-receptor binding assays revealed apparent down-regulation in some brain areas, mostly at 24 and 72 h. PND17 rats generally showed more receptor down-regulation than adults, whereas only adult female rats showed receptor changes in striatal tissue that persisted for 2 weeks. Thus, compared to adults (1) PND17 rats show similar behavioral changes and ChE inhibition although at a five-fold lower dose; (2) the onset of maximal effects is somewhat delayed in the young rats; (3) ChE activity tended to recover more quickly in the young rats; (4) young rats appear to have more extensive muscarinic receptor down-regulation, and (5) young rats show no gender-related differences. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 55 TC 152 Z9 160 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 149 IS 1 BP 107 EP 119 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8354 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZA337 UT WOS:000072353400013 PM 9512733 ER PT J AU Turner, DP Winjum, JK Kolchugina, TP Vinson, TS Schroeder, PE Phillips, DL Cairns, MA AF Turner, DP Winjum, JK Kolchugina, TP Vinson, TS Schroeder, PE Phillips, DL Cairns, MA TI Estimating the terrestrial carbon pools of the former Soviet Union, conterminous US, and Brazil SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE carbon pools; terrestrial ecosystems; Former Soviet Union; United States; Brazil ID AMAZONIAN FORESTS; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; TROPICAL FORESTS; SATELLITE DATA; UNITED-STATES; FUTURE-ROLE; BUDGET; VEGETATION; STORAGE; BIOMASS AB Terrestrial-carbon (C) pool sizes are of interest in relation to quantifying current sources and sinks of C, and evaluating the possibilities for future C sequestration or release by the biosphere. In this study, the C pools in the terrestrial ecosystems of the former Soviet Union (SUf), conterminous United States (USc), and Brazil were estimated for a nominal 1990 base year. Data sources included recent vegetation maps, resource inventories (particularly for forests), and published values for C densities (mass per unit area). Methodology varied by nation depending upon data availability but generally consisted of identifying a suitable land cover classification system, quantifying the area of each land cover type using traditional mapping approaches or satellite remote sensing, and assigning a mean C density to each cover type with separation by phytomass, litter plus coarse woody debris, and soil. Total organic C for the 3 geographic areas was estimated at 839 Pg (Pg = g x 10(15)) C in 1990, 38% of a literature-based estimate of the global terrestrial-C pool on an area representing 28% of the world's lands (excluding Antarctica). The soil C pool was the largest component in the SUf (84% of the total) and USc (76%) but not in Brazil (47%). Correspondingly, the proportion as phytomass was greatest in Brazil (48%) compared to the SUI (10%) and US, (17%). The forest land cover class contained by far the largest proportion of C among the land cover classes except in the SUf where peatlands were dominant with 37% of the total. The 2 largest C pools isolated in this study are potentially long-term sources of C to the atmosphere: soil C in peatlands of SUf (212 Pg) which may be lost via climate change, and phytomass C in the tropical-moist forests of Brazil (105 Pg) which may be lost via deforestation. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Natl Council air & Stream Improvement, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Turner, DP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM turnerd@fsl.orst.edu RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 89 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X EI 1616-1572 J9 CLIM RES JI Clim. Res. PD FEB 27 PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3 BP 183 EP 196 DI 10.3354/cr009183 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZM246 UT WOS:000073519300003 ER PT J AU Lubin, JH Linet, MS Boie, JD Buckley, J Conrath, SM Hatch, EE Kleinerman, RA Tarone, RE Wacholder, S Robison, LL AF Lubin, JH Linet, MS Boie, JD Buckley, J Conrath, SM Hatch, EE Kleinerman, RA Tarone, RE Wacholder, S Robison, LL TI Case-control study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and residential radon exposure SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID RED BONE-MARROW; NATURAL RADIATION; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; LUNG-CANCER; CHILDREN; MINERS; BIASES; STATES; HOUSES; RISKS AB Background: Several ecologic analyses have shown significant positive associations between mean indoor radon concentrations and risk of leukemia at all ages (acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and for children (all leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL]), As part of an age-matched, case-control study of childhood ALL in the United States, we investigated the association between the incidence of ALL in children under age 15 years and indoor radon exposure, Methods: Radon detectors were placed in current and previous homes of subjects where they resided for 6 months or longer, Children were included in analyses if radon measurements covered 70% or more of the 5-year period prior to diagnosis for case subjects (or from birth for case subjects under age 5 years) and the corresponding reference dates for control subjects, Radon levels could be estimated for 97% of the exposure period for the eligible 505 case subjects and 443 control subjects, Results: Mean radon concentration was lower for case subjects (65.4 becquerels per cubic meter [Bqm(-3)]) than for control subjects (79.1 Bqm(-3)), For categories less than 37, 37-73, 74-147, and 148 or more Bqm(-3) of radon exposure, relative risks based on matched case-control pairs were 1.00, 1.22, 0.82, and 1.02, respectively, and were similar to results from an unmatched analysis, There was no association between ALL and radon exposure within subgroups defined by categories of age, income, birth order birth weight, sex, type of residence, magnetic field exposure, parental age at the subject's birth, parental occupation, or parental smoking habits. Conclusions: In contrast to prior ecologic studies, the results from this analytic study provide no evidence for an association between indoor radon exposure and childhood ALL. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Div Pediat Epidemiol & Clin Res, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Lubin, JH (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Execut Plaza N,Rm 403, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Kleinerman, Ruth/0000-0001-7415-2478 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA20320, CA02971, CA13539] NR 47 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD FEB 18 PY 1998 VL 90 IS 4 BP 294 EP 300 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA YY184 UT WOS:000072121700010 PM 9486815 ER PT J AU Varner, JA Jensen, KF Horvath, W Isaacson, RL AF Varner, JA Jensen, KF Horvath, W Isaacson, RL TI Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride or sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE aluminum; fluoride; neurotoxicity; chronic; cerebrovasculature; neocortex; hippocampus; rat; amyloid ID AMYLOID-BETA-PROTEIN; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; IN-VITRO; CASCADE HYPOTHESIS; BRAIN; NEUROTOXICITY; MECHANISMS; INHIBITION; ETIOLOGY; ACCUMULATION AB This study describes alterations in the nervous system resulting from chronic administration of the fluoroaluminum complex (AIF(3)) or equivalent levels of fluoride (F) in the form of sodium-fluoride (NaF). Twenty seven adult male Long-Evans rats were administered one of three treatments for 52 weeks: the control group was administered double distilled deionized drinking water (ddw). The aluminum-treated group received ddw with 0.5 ppm AIF(3) and the NaF group received ddw with 2.1 ppm NaF containing the equivalent amount of F as in the AIF(3) ddw. Tissue aluminum (Al) levels of brain, liver and kidney were assessed with the Direct Current Plasma (DCP) technique and its distribution assessed with Morin histochemistry. Histological sections of brain were stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), Cresyl violet, Bielschowsky silver stain, or immunohistochemically for beta-amyloid, amyloid A, and IgM. No differences were found between the body weights of rats in the different treatment groups although more rats died in the AIF(3) group than in the control group. The Al levels in samples of brain and kidney were higher in both the AIF(3) and NaF groups relative to controls. The effects of the two treatments on cerebrovascular and neuronal integrity were qualitatively and quantitatively different. These alterations were greater in animals in the AIF(3) group than in the NaF group and greater in the NaF group than in controls. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 SUNY Binghamton, Dept Psychol, Binghamton, NY USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Binghamton, Dept Chem, Binghamton, NY USA. RP Varner, JA (reprint author), Lineberry Res Associates, POB 14626, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 82 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD FEB 16 PY 1998 VL 784 IS 1-2 BP 284 EP 298 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01336-X PG 15 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZC505 UT WOS:000072586800030 PM 9518651 ER PT J AU Cheng, HP Yeh, GT Xu, JC Li, MH Carsel, R AF Cheng, HP Yeh, GT Xu, JC Li, MH Carsel, R TI A study of incorporating the multigrid method into the three-dimensional finite element discretization: A modular setting and application SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE multigrid method; finite element discretization; matrix consistency; grid generation AB Increasing the efficiency of solving linear/linearized matrix equations is a key point to save computer time in numerical simulation, especially for three-dimensional problems. The multigrid method has been determined to be efficient in solving boundary-value problems. However, this method is mostly linked to the finite difference discretization, rather than to the finite element discretization. This is because the grid relationship between fine and coarse grids was not achieved effectively for the latter case. Consequently, not only is the coding complicated but also the performance is not satisfactory when incorporating the multigrid method into the finite element discretization. Here we present an approach to systematically prepare necessary information to relate fine and coarse grids regarding the three-dimensional finite element discretization, such that we can take advantage of using the multigrid method. To achieve a consistent approximation at each grid, we use A(2h) = I-h(2h) A(h) I-2h(h) and b(2h) = I-h(2h) b(h), Starting from the composed matrix equation of the finest grid, to prepare the matrix equations for coarse grids. Such a process is implemented on an element level to reduce the computation to its minimum. To demonstrate the performance, this approach has been used to adapt two existing three-dimensional finite element subsurface flow and transport models, 3DFEMWATER and 3DLEWASTE, to their multigrid version, 3DMGWATER and 3DMGWASTE, respectively. Two example problems, one for each model, are considered for illustration. The computational result shows that the multigrid method can help solve the example problems very efficiently with our presented modular setting. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Math, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Cheng, HP (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0029-5981 J9 INT J NUMER METH ENG JI Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. PD FEB 15 PY 1998 VL 41 IS 3 BP 499 EP 526 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0207(19980215)41:3<499::AID-NME295>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 28 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA YU524 UT WOS:000071726500006 ER PT J AU Pakulski, JD Aas, P Jeffrey, W Lyons, M Von Waasenbergen, L Mitchell, D Coffin, R AF Pakulski, JD Aas, P Jeffrey, W Lyons, M Von Waasenbergen, L Mitchell, D Coffin, R TI Influence of light on bacterioplankton production and respiration in a subtropical coral reef SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; photoinhibition; metabolism ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; PLANKTONIC MARINE-BACTERIA; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; NATURAL-WATERS; GROWTH; AMMONIUM; RATES; OXIDATION; DIEL; SUNLIGHT AB The influence of sunlight on bacterioplankton production [C-14-leucine (Leu) and H-3-thymidine (TdR) incorporation; changes in cell abundances] and O-2 consumption was investigated in a shallow subtropical coral reef located near Key Large, Florida, USA. Quartz (light) and opaque (dark) glass biological oxygen demand [BOD) bottles containing 0.8 mu m filtered reef water amended with C, N and P were incubated in situ and exposed to natural variations in solar radiation over a 48 h period. Photoinhibition of Leu and TdR incorporation was observed at all depths during both daylight periods. Photoinhibition of bacterial production decreased with depth and was significantly higher during the first day of exposure. Bacterial abundances also decreased during daylight periods particularly during the second day of exposure. Leu and TdR incorporation rates and bacterial abundances exhibited recovery during periods of darkness. Light treatment bacterial O-2 consumption was inhibited at all depths during Day 1 but enhanced relative to dark treatments at all depths during Day 2. Estimates of light treatment bacterial gross growth efficiencies (GGE) determined during the evening of Day 1 were similar to dark treatment estimates. Light treatment GGE determined during Day 2, however, were lower than dark treatments but increased with depth. Recovery of bacterial production and respiration during the second day of exposure suggested photoinduced selection for light tolerant cells and/or physiological adaptation to ambient light regimes occurred over the duration of exposure. The results of this experiment suggested that solar radiation may have a significant effect on bacterial metabolism in this shallow euphotic marine ecosystem. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Texas, Md Anderson Canc Ctr, Smithville, TX 78957 USA. RP Pakulski, JD (reprint author), Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, Logy Bay Rd, St Johns, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. EM pakulski@morgan.ucs.mun.ca NR 52 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD FEB 13 PY 1998 VL 14 IS 2 BP 137 EP 148 DI 10.3354/ame014137 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA YY356 UT WOS:000072138900004 ER PT J AU Slack, HH Heumann, MA AF Slack, HH Heumann, MA TI Use of unvented residential heating appliances - United States, 1988-1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1221-1224, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 US EPA, Reg 4, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Oregon Dept Human Resources, Ctr Dis Prevent & Epidemiol, Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. CDC, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Slack, HH (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 4, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 6 BP 423 EP 424 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV580 UT WOS:000071839800011 ER PT J AU Bigbee, WL Fuscoe, JC Grant, SG Jones, IM Gorvad, AE Harrington-Brock, K Strout, CL Thomas, CB Moore, MM AF Bigbee, WL Fuscoe, JC Grant, SG Jones, IM Gorvad, AE Harrington-Brock, K Strout, CL Thomas, CB Moore, MM TI Human in vivo somatic mutation measured at two loci: individuals with stably elevated background erythrocyte glycophorin A (gpa) variant frequencies exhibit normal T-lymphocyte hprt mutant frequencies SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE somatic mutation; recombination; glycophorin A (gpa); hprt; outlier; clonality; age ID HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE GENE; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HUMAN CONTROL POPULATION; HUMAN PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; MULTIPLEX PCR ANALYSIS; IN-VIVO; DELETION MUTATIONS; A LOCUS; CELL CLONING; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AB A survey of glycophorin A (gpa) in vivo somatic cell mutation in a population of 394 healthy people from 8 to 77 years of age (mean age +/- SD 41 +/- 15 years) revealed a subset of 37 individuals with stably elevated allele-loss and/or allele-loss with duplication variant erythrocyte frequencies (V(f)) exceeding 30 x 10(-6). These 37 individuals with gpa outlier V(f) are significantly older (p < 0.001) than the remainder of the larger study population from which they were drawn reflecting a highly significant increase in the prevalence of these individuals in the population beyond age 40 years. A study of hprt mutant frequencies (M(f)) in the peripheral blood T-lymphocytes of 27 of these individuals, together with 15 matched control individuals with unremarkable gpa V(f). was undertaken to determine ii these subjects also displayed elevated mutation frequencies at this independent locus indicative of globally elevated somatic mutation. The hprt M(f) in these 27 subjects (geometric mean 11.5 x 10(-6) (dispersion interval 5.8 x 10(-6) to 22.8 x 10(-6))) was not significantly different from that observed in the 15 controls (geometric mean 12.1 x 10(-6) (dispersion interval 5.7 x 10(-6) to 25.5 x 10(-6))). These M(f) are higher than typically reported values reflecting the older age distribution of these individuals (arithmetic mean age +/- SD 53 +/- 12 and 50 +/- 16 years for the subjects and controls, respectively). Taken together, these data suggest that several genetic mechanisms may be responsible for producing the gpa outlier V(f) observed in these subjects. The observation that hprt M(f) were not increased indicates that the majority did not arise by a genome-wide increased rate of somatic mutation detectable at both loci. The fixation and subsequent expansion of 'jackpot' mutations at the gpa locus occurring early in embryonic/fetal development also does not appear to be a predominant mechanism. Some cases may result from a stable over-representation of gpa variant cells, perhaps associated with a marked age-dependent decrease in the number of contributing erythroid stem cells in the bone marrow. The subset that displays elevated allele-loss with duplication V(f) involving both gpa alleles may represent individuals with increased rates of somatic recombination. Elevations arising by this mechanism are not detected in the hprt assay, but could be confirmed using an autosomal locus in vivo somatic cell mutation endpoint such as thr hla-a assay. Of primary biological significance, these results demonstrate that genetic/stochastic processes leading to the loss of heterozygosity of somatic cells occur ubiquitously in humans and in some individuals this level of somatic mosaicism can approach a frequency of 10(-3) at the gpa locus in erythroid lineage cells. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth & Toxicol, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Inst Canc, Mol Carcinogenesis Program, Pittsburgh, PA USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA USA. RP Bigbee, WL (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth & Toxicol, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. EM wlbigbee+@pitt.edu RI Grant, Stephen/D-6984-2014 OI Grant, Stephen/0000-0002-9236-0913 NR 61 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD FEB 2 PY 1998 VL 397 IS 2 BP 119 EP 136 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00186-3 PG 18 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZD024 UT WOS:000072643200001 PM 9541637 ER PT J AU Stanton, ME Goodlett, CR AF Stanton, ME Goodlett, CR TI Neonatal ethanol exposure impairs eyeblink conditioning in weanling rats SO ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fetal alcohol syndrome; developmental neurotoxicity; classical conditioning; associative learning; cerebellum ID BRAIN GROWTH SPURT; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; NEURONAL CELL LOSS; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; MOTOR-PERFORMANCE; CEREBELLAR GROWTH; MAMMALIAN BRAIN; LIFE-SPAN; CHILDREN; MEMORY AB Eyeblink conditioning depends on an identified brainstem-cerebellar circuit and may be useful in functional studies of early cerebellar damage produced by neurotoxicants, The present study asked whether binge-like neonatal ethanol exposure that damages the cerebellum would also result in eyeblink conditioning deficits, On postnatal day (PND) 23 to PND24, three groups of Long-Evans rat pups were tested for eyeblink conditioning: (1) ETOH, a group that received intragastric administration of 5.25 g/kg/day of ethanol on PND4 through PND9 via artificial rearing; (2) GC, a gastrostomy control group that received calorically matched milk formula on those days; and (3) SC, suckle controls that were reared normally with their dams, Eyeblink conditioning was severely impaired in the ethanol-treated group relative to the GC and SC groups, which did not differ, This impairment did not reflect sensory, motor, or motivational effects of ethanol treatment, because startle responses to the auditory conditioned stimulus and reflexive eyeblink responses to the unconditioned stimulus did not differ across the three treatment groups, These results suggest that neonatal binge ethanol exposure disrupted brain development in a manner that selectively impaired associative processes involved in eyeblink conditioning, consistent with alcohol-induced damage to the brainstem-cerebellar circuit necessary for this form of teaming. C1 US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Psychol, Indianapolis, IN 46205 USA. RP Stanton, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Goodlett, Charles/C-5979-2015 OI Goodlett, Charles/0000-0002-7821-9999 FU NIAAA NIH HHS [AA09596] NR 59 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0145-6008 J9 ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES JI Alcoholism (NY) PD FEB PY 1998 VL 22 IS 1 BP 270 EP 275 DI 10.1097/00000374-199802000-00038 PG 6 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA ZA165 UT WOS:000072335500040 PM 9514318 ER PT J AU Weisberg, CA Ellickson, ML AF Weisberg, CA Ellickson, ML TI Practical modifications to US EPA method 8330 for the analysis of explosives by HPLC SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article AB The cleanup of military sites around the world has resulted in increased demands for the analysis of nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds in contaminated soil. The traditional method for the analysis of these types of compounds. U.S. EPA Method 8330, appears to have some shortcomings for explosives analysis, and practical suggestions for modification of the method are suggested in this paper. C1 US EPA, Reg 3, Off Analyt Serv & Qual Assurance, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Weisberg, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 3, Off Analyt Serv & Qual Assurance, 839 Bestgate Rd, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 30 IS 4 BP 32N EP + PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA YY360 UT WOS:000072139300005 ER PT J AU Messer, JW Dufour, AP AF Messer, JW Dufour, AP TI A rapid, specific membrane filtration procedure for enumeration of enterococci in recreational water SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A two-step membrane filter (MF) method with mE medium, upon which the membrane must be incubated for 48 h and then transferred to a substrate medium to differentiate enterococci, is recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to measure enterococci in fresh and marine recreational waters. The original mE medium was modified by reducing the triphenyltetrazolium chloride from 0.15 to 0.02 g/liter and adding 0.75 g of indoxyl beta-D-glucoside per liter. The new MF medium, mEI medium, detected levels of enterococci in 24 h comparable to those detected by the original mE medium in 48 h, with the same level of statistical confidence. In addition, the use of mEI medium eliminated the need to transfer the membrane to a substrate medium to differentiate enterococci from other genera of the fecal streptococcal group. Colonies from mEI medium were examined to determine the rates of false-positive and false-negative occurrences. mEI medium had a false positive rate of 6.0% and a false-negative rate of 6.5%. Interlaboratory testing of the MF method with mEI medium demonstrated that the relative reproducibility standard deviations among laboratories ranged from 2.2% for marine water to 18.9% for freshwater. The comparative recovery studies, specificity determinations, and multilaboratory evaluation indicated that mEI medium has analytical performance characteristics equivalent to those of mE medium. The simplicity of use and decreased incubation time with mEI medium will facilitate the detection and quantification of enterococci in fresh and marine recreational waters. C1 US EPA, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Messer, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 13 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 64 IS 2 BP 678 EP 680 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YV746 UT WOS:000071858600047 PM 9464407 ER PT J AU Kannan, K Smith, RG Lee, RF Windom, HL Heitmuller, PT Macauley, JM Summers, JK AF Kannan, K Smith, RG Lee, RF Windom, HL Heitmuller, PT Macauley, JM Summers, JK TI Distribution of total mercury and methyl mercury in water, sediment, and fish from south Florida estuaries SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; FRESH-WATER; SURFACE WATERS; OCEAN WATERS; NORTH-SEA; LAKES; METHYLMERCURY; SPECIATION; CONTAMINATION; ACCUMULATION AB Concentrations of total mercury and methyl mercury were determined in sediment and fish collected from estuarine waters of Florida to understand their distribution and partitioning. Total mercury concentrations in sediments ranged from 1 to 219 ng/g dry wt. Methyl mercury accounted for, on average, 0.77% of total mercury in sediment. Methyl mercury concentrations were not correlated with total mercury or organic carbon content in sediments. The concentrations of total mercury in fish muscle were between 0.03 and 2.22 (mean: 0.31) mu g/g, wet wt, with methyl mercury contributing 83% of total mercury. Methyl mercury concentrations in fish muscle were directly proportional to total mercury concentrations. The relationship of total and methyl mercury concentrations in fish to those of sediments from corresponding locations was fish-species dependent, in addition to several abiotic factors. Among fish species analyzed, hardhead catfish, gafftopsail catfish, and sand seatrout contained the highest concentrations of mercury. Filtered water samples from canals and creeks that discharge into the Florida Bay showed mercury concentrations of 3-7.4 ng/L, with methyl mercury accounting for <0.03-52% of the total mercury. Consumption of fish containing 0.31 mu g mercury/g wet wt, the mean concentration found in this study, at rates greater than 70 g/day, was estimated to be hazardous to human health. C1 Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Gulf Breeze Project Ctr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Guif Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Kannan, K (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Pesticide Res Ctr 201, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM kuruntha@pilot.msu.edu RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 49 TC 173 Z9 185 U1 6 U2 46 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 109 EP 118 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU296 UT WOS:000071702400001 PM 9469852 ER PT J AU Middaugh, DP Shelton, ME McKenney, CL Cherr, G Chapman, PJ Courtney, LA AF Middaugh, DP Shelton, ME McKenney, CL Cherr, G Chapman, PJ Courtney, LA TI Preliminary observations on responses of embryonic and larval Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, to neutral fraction biodegradation products of weathered Alaska North Slope oil SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION; BAY CRUDE-OIL; SPILL; BIOREMEDIATION AB Weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANS 521) was subjected to biodegradation in vigorously stirred incubations for 14 days at 15 +/- 1 degrees C in 20 parts per thousand salinity sterilized seawater, amended with nutrients and inoculated with a hydrocarbon-degrading microorganism (EI2V) isolated from an oil-contaminated beach in Prince William Sound, Alaska. A total of 13.7 mg/L water-soluble neutral fraction (WSF) was recovered from the incubation of weathered ANS 521. Toxicity/teratogenicity tests were conducted with WSF recovered from the biodegradation system using embryonic and larval Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi. Exposures fl;ere begun at 4, 48, and 96 h postfertilization of herring eggs. Exposure concentrations were 1, 10, and 100% of the original concentration of WSF recovered from incubations (redissolved in 20 parts per thousand salinity sterile seawater at 15 +/- 1 degrees C)., Sterile 20 parts per thousand salinity seawater without the addition of redissolved neutral fraction was used as a control, Significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) embryo mortality or teratogenic responses were observed at WSF concentrations of 10 and 100%. On days 5 through 8 of embryogenesis, counts of heart contraction rates were significantly lower (p less than or equal to: 0.05) at the 100% WSF concentration for embryos exposed beginning at 4 and 48 h postfertilization. Grow-out of larvae from selected exposures was conducted, High mortality was noted in larvae exposed to the 10% WSF concentration beginning at 4 and ?8 h postfertilization., Most of these larvae died 5 to 8 days after hatching when they elicited vertebral displacements at a time concurrent with the onset of feeding behavior. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Water Technol & Controls, Reidsville, NC 27310 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. RP Middaugh, DP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 27 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 188 EP 196 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU296 UT WOS:000071702400010 PM 9469861 ER PT J AU Knowles, SO Donaldson, WE Andrews, JE AF Knowles, SO Donaldson, WE Andrews, JE TI Changes in fatty acid composition of lipids from birds, rodents, and preschool children exposed to lead SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE arachidonic acid; avian; blood lead; human linoleic acid; rodent ID ORGANIC LEAD; DIETARY LEAD; TOXICITY; RAT; METABOLISM; CHICKS; BIOSYNTHESIS; DEFICIENCY; PLASMA AB Chronic treatment with inorganic lead (Pb) has been shown to increase the proportion of arachidonic acid (ArA), as well as the arachidonate/linoleate (ArA/LA) ratio, in the fatty acids of lipids from a variety of avian tissues. Changes in two fatty acid-mediated phenomena, peroxidation of membrane lipids and synthesis of eicosanoid cytokines, are associated with this enhanced ArA content. The authors are not aware of any reports in the literature in which these effects of Pb have been described for any animals other than birds. In the current study, the authors investigated the effect of Pb on lipid metabolism in three species: avian, rodent, and human. The group of children identified as suffering environmental Pb exposure were from a Pb-surveillance program and had blood Pb concentrations (PbB) averaging 23 mu g/dL. Turkey poults fed 100 ppm dietary Pb as Pb acetate-trihydrate for 19 d had a PbB of 46 mu g/dL. Gastric intubation of rats with 80 mg Pb/kg/d for 10 d resulted in a PbB of 74 mu g/dL. We analyzed fatty acid composition of whole blood from children, poults, and virgin rats. Low-dose (nongrowth inhibitory) Pb exposure resulted in significantly increased ArA concentration and ArA/LA ratio in blood from all species. Also analyzed were plasma and liver of poults, virgin rats, and pregnant rats and their fetuses. In plasma and liver from Pb-treated poults and virgin rats, ArA and the ArA/LA ratio were again enhanced. Pb intoxication also affected omega 3 composition, increasing the concentrations of all long-chain omega 3 fatty acids of fetuses from Pb-treated pregnant darns. The authors propose that altered fatty acid metabolism may be responsible for some indications of Pb poisoning. Possible consequences mediated through lipid peroxidation and production of ArA-derivative eicosanoids are considered. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Donaldson, WE (reprint author), AgRes Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RI Knowles, Scott/A-2191-2008 OI Knowles, Scott/0000-0003-3482-5513 NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 113 EP 125 DI 10.1007/BF02784024 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YZ411 UT WOS:000072251700001 PM 9517484 ER PT J AU Shen, Y West, C AF Shen, Y West, C TI Toxicity of aromatic aerobic biotransformation products of toluene to Hela cells SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP West, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 60 IS 2 BP 177 EP 184 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU662 UT WOS:000071741400001 PM 9470976 ER PT J AU Ozmen, M Dominguez, SE Fairbrother, A AF Ozmen, M Dominguez, SE Fairbrother, A TI Effects of dietary azinphos methyl on selected plasma and tissue biomarkers of the gray-tailed vole SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICE C1 Inonu Univ Sci & Art Fac, Dept Biol, TR-44100 Malatya, Turkey. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Ecol Planning & Toxicol Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Fairbrother, A (reprint author), Inonu Univ Sci & Art Fac, Dept Biol, TR-44100 Malatya, Turkey. RI OZMEN, MURAT/A-2274-2015; Ozmen, Murat/A-4874-2009; OI Ozmen, Murat/0000-0003-4378-0839 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 60 IS 2 BP 194 EP 201 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU662 UT WOS:000071741400003 PM 9470978 ER PT J AU Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Winnett, SM Callaway, JM AF Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Winnett, SM Callaway, JM TI The effects of factor supply assumptions on intertemporal timber supply behavior: the cases of investable funds and land SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PRICE UNCERTAINTY; FOREST TAXATION; CAPITAL-MARKETS; UNITED-STATES; HARVEST AB Intertemporal timber supply models typically assume perfect capital markets and perfectly inelastic supplies of land. Using a dynamic model of U.S. timber and agriculture markets, we examine (i) borrowing limits or capital constraints, in which investment in forest management on nonindustrial private ownerships is restricted, and (ii) a nonzero elasticity of land supply. Results suggest that alternative treatments of supply conditions for these factors influence the flexibility of the simulated market system to adapt to changes over time and across policy scenarios. Supply restrictions limit adjustment options in management activities and force greater change in other endogenous elements such as price and consumption. Implications drawn from any policy analyses also differ with input supply assumptions. Policy impacts were found to be largely transitory in the cases without investment limits and essentially permanent when limits exist. Recognizing a price-sensitive land supply, at least as this process is represented in the present model, partially compensates for the imposition of borrowing restrictions, moving projections closer to behavior observed in the perfect capital market cases. Access to additional land as potential afforestation investments provides additional private investment flexibility. Typically, however, this linkage is neither explicit nor endogenous in forest sector models. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Off Ecosyst Protect, Boston, MA 02203 USA. Riso Natl Lab, United Nations Environm Program Ctr, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. RP Adams, DM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.1139/cjfr-28-2-239 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZM093 UT WOS:000073504000010 ER PT J AU Lang, DS Becker, S Devlin, RB Koren, HS AF Lang, DS Becker, S Devlin, RB Koren, HS TI Cell-specific differences in the susceptibility of potential cellular targets of human origin derived from blood and lung following treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) SO CELL BIOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytokines; cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A1) induction; human lung cells; in vitro; peripheral blood cells; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE INDUCTION; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; MESSENGER-RNA; ENDOTOXIN HYPERSENSITIVITY; CANCER MORTALITY; HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE; AH LOCUS; MACROPHAGES; EXPRESSION AB The induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A1) enzyme activity is one of the best-studied direct effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds and has been shown to be a sensitive biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in different experimental animal species as well as in humans. TCDD has also been shown to modulate cytokine gene expression in human keratinocytes, including IL-1 beta, TGF-alpha and TFG-beta(2). In the present studies, the aim was to determine whether different cellular targets of human origin differed in susceptibility to TCDD as measured by CYP1A1 activity and mRNA expression, and whether cytokine gene induction/suppression correlated with TCDD susceptibility. Human airway epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages (AM), peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes (PBL) were exposed to 10(-10)-10(-7) mol/L TCDD. CYP1A1 enzyme activity was determined by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, mRNA expression of CYP1A1 was measured by semiquantitative PCR assay. The secretion and/or gene expression of specific cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 beta were also examined. Overall, there was a clear correlation between TCDD-induced enzyme activity and CYP1A1 mRNA levels, which were dose-dependently increased in the bronchoepithelial cells and PBL. The human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-S6 cell line and primary cells) appeared to be the most inducible cellular target, with up to 50-fold increases at 10(-8) mol/L TCDD with an EC50 of 3 x 10(-11) mol/L TCDD. The pokeweed mitogen-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed approximately 5-fold less capacity in CYP1A1 activity, with high interindividual variabilities (EC50 3 X 10(-9) mol/L TCDD). In contrast, CYP1A1 enzyme activity in both AM and purified peripheral blood monocytes, which were costimulated with LPS and/or GM-CSF, could not be detected. CYP1A1 mRNA levels, however, were detectable and only marginally enhanced in response to TCDD. The ability of all these cells to express and produce the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 was neither enhanced nor impaired by TCDD. These results indicate that cell types found in human lung and peripheral blood vary in susceptibility to TCDD, with the lung epithelium being highly susceptible and the alveolar macrophage being nonsusceptible. However, expression and production of specific cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8, which may potentiate inflammatory processes and/or work as mitogens, does not appear to be influenced bq TCDD. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lang, DS (reprint author), Fraunhofer Soc, Dept Toxicol & Environm Med, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. NR 56 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0742-2091 J9 CELL BIOL TOXICOL JI Cell Biol. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 23 EP 38 DI 10.1023/A:1007412404180 PG 16 WC Cell Biology; Toxicology SC Cell Biology; Toxicology GA ZC756 UT WOS:000072614300004 PM 9538942 ER PT J AU Yang, YJ Parker, RA AF Yang, YJ Parker, RA TI Maximize the efficiency of pump-and-treat systems SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Dames & Moore, Cincinnati, OH 45203 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Yang, YJ (reprint author), Dames & Moore, 644 Linn St,Suite 501, Cincinnati, OH 45203 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MCGRAW HILL INC PI NEW YORK PA 1221 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10020 USA SN 0009-2460 J9 CHEM ENG-NEW YORK JI Chem. Eng. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 105 IS 2 BP 129 EP + PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA YX720 UT WOS:000072070500012 ER PT J AU Ozretich, RJ Schults, DW AF Ozretich, RJ Schults, DW TI A comparison of interstitial water isolation methods demonstrates centrifugation with aspiration yields reduced losses of organic constituents SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PORE-WATER; SEDIMENT; ESTUARINE; MARINE AB Spiked sediment and seawater were used to evaluate the recoveries of neutral organic compounds in interstitial water (IW) separated by centrifugation and sampled using a unique aspiration system. An average recovery of 94%+/-0.8% (SE, n=116) of ten polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and four chlorinated hydrocarbons was obtained from spiked estuarine IW using the aspiration system. Centrifugation of spiked sediment using the aspiration system recovered significantly higher IW concentrations of acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and DOC than did IW filtration, or in situ IW collection by fritted glass, or membrane covered, vessels. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ozretich, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM ozretich.robert@epamail.epa.gov NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 603 EP 615 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10002-9 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YQ424 UT WOS:000071385700019 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ AF Gordon, CJ Rowsey, PJ TI Poisons and fever SO CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Neurobiology of Thermoregulation - Role of Stress at the Experimental Biology 97 Meeting CY 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE behavioural thermoregulation; chemical toxicant; cytokines; hyperthermia; hypothermia; metabolic rate; metal fume fever; organophosphate ID ORGANO-PHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE; DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; LABORATORY MAMMALS; FUME FEVER; TEMPERATURE; ANIMALS; HUMANS; RAT AB 1. Dysfunction of the thermoregulatory system is one of many pathologies documented in experimental animals and humans exposed to toxic chemicals, The mechanism of action responsible for many types of poison-induced fevers is not understood, Some elevations in body temperature are attributed to the peripheral actions of some poisons that stimulate metabolic rate and cause a forced hyperthermia. Exposure to organophosphate (OF) pesticides and certain metal fumes appears to cause a prolonged, regulated elevation in body temperature (Tb), 2. Activation of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and the production of prostaglandin (PG)E-2 in central nervous system (CNS) thermoregulatory centres is required to elicit a fever, Activating the COX-PGE(2) pathway by a poison may occur by one of three mechanisms: (i) induction of cell-mediated immune responses and the subsequent release of cytokines; (ii) induction of lipid peroxidation in the CNS; and (iii) direct neurochemical activation, 3. Radiotelemetric monitoring of core temperature in unstressed rodents has led to an experimental animal model of poison-induced fever, Rats administered the OP agents chlorpyrifos and diisopropyl fluorophosphate display an initial hypothermic response lasting approximately 24 h, followed by an elevation in diurnal core temperature for 24-72h after exposure, The hyperthermia is apparently a result of the activation of the COX-PGE(2) pathway because it is blocked by the anti-pyretic sodium salicylate. Overall, the delayed hyperthermia resulting from OP exposure involves activation of thermoregulatory pathways that may be similar to infection-mediated fever. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0305-1870 J9 CLIN EXP PHARMACOL P JI Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 25 IS 2 BP 145 EP 149 DI 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02194.x PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Physiology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Physiology GA YV998 UT WOS:000071885500014 PM 9493505 ER PT J AU Mahbubani, MH Schaefer, FW Jones, DD Bej, AK AF Mahbubani, MH Schaefer, FW Jones, DD Bej, AK TI Detection of Giardia in environmental waters by immuno-PCR amplification methods SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; SURFACE-ANTIGEN; FECAL SAMPLES; LAMBLIA; CYSTS; DNA; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; DIFFERENTIATION AB Genomic DNA was extracted either directly from Giardia muris cysts seeded into environmental surface waters or from cysts isolated by immunomagnetic beads (IMB). A 0.171-kbp segment of the giardin gene was PCR-amplified following "direct extraction" of Giardia DNA from seeded Cahaba river water concentrate with moderate turbidity (780 JTU's), but DNA purified from seeded Colorado river water concentrates with high turbidity (2 X 10(5) JTUs) failed to amplify. However, if the cysts were first separated by the IMB approach from seeded Cahaba or Colorado river waters, and the DNA released by a freeze-boil Chelex(R)100 treatment, detection of G. muris by PCR amplification could be achieved at a sensitivity of 3 x 10(0) or 3 x 10(1) cysts/ml, respectively. If, however, the G. muris cysts used to seed even moderately turbid river waters (780 JTUs) were formalin treated (which is conventionally used for microscopic examination), neither direct extraction nor IMB purification methods yielded amplifiable DNA. Use of immunomagnetic beads to separate Giardia cysts from complex matrices of environmental surface waters followed by DNA release and PCR amplification of the target giardin gene improved the reliability of detection of this pathogen with the required sensitivity. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Miles Coll, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL 35216 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Bej, AK (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biol, 1300 Univ Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. EM abej@uab.edu NR 39 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1007/s002849900288 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YT829 UT WOS:000071649200009 PM 9425249 ER PT J AU Fairbrother, A Landis, WG Dominquez, S Shiroyama, T Buchholz, P Roze, MJ Matthews, GB AF Fairbrother, A Landis, WG Dominquez, S Shiroyama, T Buchholz, P Roze, MJ Matthews, GB TI A novel nonmetric multivariate approach to the evaluation of biomarkers in terrestrial field studies SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomarker; statistics; cluster analysis; pesticide; vole ID COTURNIX-COTURNIX-JAPONICA; BRAIN ESTERASES; RISK-ASSESSMENT; IMMUNE FUNCTION; PLASMA ENZYMES; PESTICIDES AB This study evaluated the usefulness of using groups of biomarkers as measures of exposure and which statistical approach would be most robust for analysing such data. We used both analysis of variance (ANOVA) and nonmetric cluster and association analysis (NCAA) to look for patterns in biomarker responses of populations of gray-tailed voles (Microtus canicaudus) in field enclosures exposed to azinphos-methyl (Guthion2S(R)) at 0.0, 1.55 and 4.67 kg active ingredient (AI) ha(-1) (four enclosures per treatment level). Biomarkers measured were hematocrit, total leukocyte counts, leukocyte differentiation, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities, and plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Brain cholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in a subset of animals. The ANOVA was able to distinguish differences between treatment groups only for brain AChE. The NCAA confirmed the ANOVA analysis that brain AChE activity differed significantly among the treatment groups. However, NCAA also identified LDH and CPK activity, and neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers as important discriminants of pesticide treatment. Additionally, changes in blood cell parameters due to spatial gradients were layered over the effects due to the pesticide. C1 Ecol Planning & Toxicol Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Western Washington Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol & Chem, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Western Washington Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Machine Learning Grp, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. RP Fairbrother, A (reprint author), Ecol Planning & Toxicol Inc, 5010 SW Hout St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 7 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1023/A:1008947100980 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YX819 UT WOS:000072082800001 ER PT J AU Crisp, TM Clegg, ED Cooper, RL Wood, WP Anderson, DG Baetcke, KP Hoffmann, JL Morrow, MS Rodier, DJ Schaeffer, JE Touart, LW Zeeman, MG Patel, YM AF Crisp, TM Clegg, ED Cooper, RL Wood, WP Anderson, DG Baetcke, KP Hoffmann, JL Morrow, MS Rodier, DJ Schaeffer, JE Touart, LW Zeeman, MG Patel, YM TI Environmental endocrine disruption: An effects assessment and analysis SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE endocrine; hormone; disruption; environment; wildlife; human health; risk assessment ID BREAST-CANCER-CELLS; FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; PULP-MILL EFFLUENT; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI POPULATION; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS PCB; WHALES DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC NUCLEUS; INDUCED PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY AB This report is an overview of the current state of the science relative to environmental endocrine disruption in humans, laboratory testing, and wildlife species. Background information is presented on the field of endocrinology, the nature of hormones, and potential sites for endocrine disruption, with specific examples of chemicals affecting these sires. An attempt is made to present objectively the issue of endocrine disruption, consider working hypotheses, offer opposing viewpoints, analyze the available information, and provide a reasonable assessment of the problem. Emphasis is placed on disruption of central nervous system-pituitary integration of hormonal and sexual behavioral activity, female and male reproductive system development and function, and thyroid function. In addition, the potential role of environmental endocrine disruption in the induction of breast, testicular, and prostate cancers, Bs well as endometriosis, is evaluated. The interrelationship of the endocrine and immune system is documented. With respect to endocrine-related ecological effects, specific case examples from the peer-reviewed literature of marine invertebrates and representatives of the five classes of vertebrates are presented and discussed. The report identifies some data gaps in our understanding of the environmental endocrine disruption issue and recommends a few research needs. Finally, the report states the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science Policy Council's interim position on endocrine disruption and lists some of the ongoing activities to deal with this matter. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Crisp, TM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM crisp.thomas@epamail.epa.gov NR 368 TC 349 Z9 387 U1 4 U2 104 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 106 SU 1 BP 11 EP 56 DI 10.2307/3433911 PG 46 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WC UT WOS:000075403700003 PM 9539004 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL Bromberg, PA AF Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL Bromberg, PA TI Rodent models of cardiopulmonary disease: Their potential applicability in studies of air pollutant susceptibility SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE rodent models; cardiopulmonary disease models; susceptibility; pulmonary disease models; pulmonary infection models; ambient air particulate matter; cardiac disease models ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; ELASTASE-INDUCED EMPHYSEMA; CONGESTIVE-HEART-FAILURE; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT; NEONATAL VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS; ATRIAL-NATRIURETIC-PEPTIDE; DIOXIDE-INDUCED BRONCHITIS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AB The mechanisms by which increased mortality and morbidity occur in individuals with preexistent cardiopulmonary disease following acute episodes of air pollution are unknown. Studies involving air pollution effects on animal models of human cardiopulmonary diseases are both infrequent and difficult to interpret. Such models are, however, extensively used in studies of disease pathogenesis. Primarily they comprise those developed by genetic, pharmacologic, or surgical manipulations of the cardiopulmonary system. This review attempts a comprehensive description of rodent cardiopulmonary disease models in the context of their potential application to susceptibility studies of air pollutants regardless of whether the models have been previously used for such studies. The pulmonary disease models include bronchitis, emphysema, asthma/allergy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial fibrosis, and infection. The models of systemic hypertension and congestive heart failure include: those derived by genetics (spontaneously hypertensive, Dahl S, renin transgenic, and other rodent models); congestive heart failure models derived by surgical manipulations; viral myocarditis; and cardiomyopathy induced by adriamycin. The characteristic pathogenic features critical to understanding the susceptibility to inhaled toxicants are described. It is anticipated that this review will provide a ready reference for the selection of appropriate rodent models of cardiopulmonary diseases and identify not only their pathobiologic similarities and/or differences to humans but also their potential usefulness in susceptibility studies. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kodavanti.urmila@epamail.epa.gov NR 315 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 106 SU 1 BP 111 EP 130 DI 10.2307/3433916 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WC UT WOS:000075403700008 PM 9539009 ER PT J AU Davis, JM Farland, WH AF Davis, JM Farland, WH TI Biological effects of low-level exposures: A perspective from US EPA scientists SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd BELLE Conference on Toxicological Defense Mechanisms and the Shape of Dose-Response Relationships CY NOV 12-14, 1996 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA SP Biol Effects Low Level Exposures, Advisory Comm DE risk assessment; mode of action; adaptation; defense mechanisms; beneficial effects; U-shaped dose-response relationships AB Biological effects of low-level exposures (BELLE) may be very important in characterizing the potential health risks of environmental pollutants. Before some features of BELLE, such as effects that may be modulated by adaptive or defense mechanisms, can be taken into greater consideration in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency risk assessments, however, adequate information on a toxicant's mode of action and answers to other questions are needed. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment RTP MD52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Davis, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment RTP MD52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Davis, J Michael/B-3337-2009 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 106 SU 1 BP 379 EP 381 DI 10.2307/3433941 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WC UT WOS:000075403700033 PM 9539033 ER PT J AU White, PA Rasmussen, JB Blaise, C AF White, PA Rasmussen, JB Blaise, C TI Genotoxic substances in the St. Lawrence system I: Industrial genotoxins sorbed to particulate matter in the St. Lawrence, St. Maurice, and Saguenay Rivers, Canada SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE genotoxicity; SOS Chromotest; sediment; suspended particulates; St. Lawrence River ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; COLORIMETRIC BACTERIAL ASSAY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI PQ37; SOS CHROMOTEST; PARTITION-COEFFICIENT; CARCINOGENIC POTENCY; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; HAMILTON HARBOR; DRINKING-WATER AB Previous investigations of organic genotoxins in industrial effluents discharged into the St. Lawrence River system (Quebec, Canada) indicated that a substantial fraction of the genotoxicity is adsorbed to suspended particulate matter. This study used the SOS Chromotest to investigate the presence, potency, and behavior of particle-bound genotoxins in the downstream ecosystem. The results indicate that although extracts of both suspended and sedimented particulate matter are genotoxic, suspended particulate matter samples are more potent in the absence of S9 activation, with the reverse being true for bottom sediments. The results confirmed a positive relationship between the genotoxicity of bottom sediment extracts and sediment organic matter content. A similar relationship between organic matter content and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration indicates that putative genotoxins have physicochemical properties similar to the PAH class of contaminants. Conversion of PAH values to benzo[a]pyrene equivalents indicates that measured PAHs only account for a small fraction (similar to 10%) of the observed SOS Chromotest response. Sites that receive discharges from foundries, aluminum refineries, and petroleum refineries yielded several of the most genotoxic samples. Further analyses revealed that the genotoxicity of suspended and sedimented particulate matter extracts is empirically related to the genotoxicity of industrial discharges. Comparisons of total genotoxicity levels in suspended particulates and bottom sediments suggest that direct-acting substances adsorbed to suspended matter are rapidly degraded and/or converted to more stable progenotoxins upon deposition. Further research is required to test this hypothesis and investigate effects on indigenous biota. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. Environm Canada, St Lawrence Ctr, Montreal, PQ H2Y 2E7, Canada. RP White, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzewll Dr, Narragansett, RI 02883 USA. OI white, paul/0000-0001-5853-4759 NR 76 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 286 EP 303 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0286:GSITSL>2.3.CO;2 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU184 UT WOS:000071690700022 ER PT J AU White, PA Rasmussen, JB Blaise, C AF White, PA Rasmussen, JB Blaise, C TI Genotoxic substances in the St. Lawrence system II: Extracts of fish and macroinvertebrates from the St. Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers, Canada SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE genotoxicity; fish; macroinvertebrates; SOS Chromotest; bioaccumulation ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SOS CHROMOTEST; HAMILTON HARBOR; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT; INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS; LAKE-ONTARIO; BIOCONCENTRATION; MUSSELS; MUTAGENICITY; ASSAY AB Aquatic biota frequently accumulate organic contaminants and maintain steady state tissue concentrations that are as much as 10(5) times higher than those in the surrounding water. Although many researchers have studied the accumulation of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by aquatic biota, few researchers have used bioassays to investigate the accumulation of genotoxins. In several previous studies we used the SOS Chromotest to investigate the genotoxicity of industrial effluent extracts, sediment extracts, and bivalve tissue extracts. In this study we use the SOS Chromotest to investigate the accumulation of organic genotoxins by macroinvertebrates and fish in the St. Lawrence and Saguenay rivers (Quebec, Canada). Tissue concentrations of genotoxins (expressed as mu g benzo[a]pyrene genotoxic equivalents) reveal bioconcentration factors in the 10(2) to 10(3) range, Concentrations are partially determined by lipid content (r(2) = 0.22). Lipid-normalized values indicate that genotoxin concentrations in invertebrate tissues are significantly higher than those in fish. Fish values indicate that tissue concentrations are biodiminished, with fish at higher trophic levels having lower tissue burdens of genotoxins. The biodiminution pattern observed corresponds exceptionally well with trophic position assignments made by other authors. More contaminated sites yielded less contaminated specimens. This may be due to the induction of phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes that is likely to occur at high levels of exposure. Although the results do not support PAHs as the putative genotoxins, the results do indicate that the accumulated genotoxins have similar properties. Tissue to sediment ratios of genotoxins are similar to those observed for genotoxic PAHs, and far lower than those of more persistent organochlorines. Although we did not investigate genotoxic effects, we might expect the most dramatic effects in fish that consume contaminated macroinvertebrates. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. Environm Canada, St Lawrence Ctr, Montreal, PQ H2Y 2E7, Canada. RP White, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02883 USA. EM white.paul-a@epamail.epa.gov OI white, paul/0000-0001-5853-4759 NR 60 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 304 EP 316 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0304:GSITSL>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU184 UT WOS:000071690700023 ER PT J AU Garvey, P AF Garvey, P TI From world-wide webs to satellite sensing: The potential impacts of information technology on regulatory compliance and testing - A government perspective SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE toxic releases; GIS mapping; web data warehouse; environmental data; chemical references; data management C1 US EPA, Enterprise Informat Management Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Garvey, P (reprint author), US EPA, Enterprise Informat Management Div, 401 M St SW,Mail Code 3408, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 11 EP 15 DI 10.1080/10807039891284181 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZC317 UT WOS:000072565100003 ER PT J AU Barry, TM AF Barry, TM TI Review of SCoP, Version 3.51 SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Software Review AB SCoP is a general purpose simulation software program for the study of complex systems whose properties can be represented by a set of algebraic, differential, or difference equations. SCoP is particularly useful for models characterized by a system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs), for example, PBPK models. SCoP weaknesses are in its outdated user interface and graphics. However, these weaknesses are overshadowed by SCoP's powerful modeling capabilities, speed, flexibility, and low cost. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Barry, TM (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 41 EP 47 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZC317 UT WOS:000072565100007 ER PT J AU Okhuysen, PC Chappell, CL Sterling, CR Jakubowski, W DuPont, HL AF Okhuysen, PC Chappell, CL Sterling, CR Jakubowski, W DuPont, HL TI Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE; MASSIVE OUTBREAK; INFECTION; RESISTANCE; VOLUNTEERS; INTENSITY; MILWAUKEE; BRAZIL AB Healthy adults are susceptible to infection with small numbers of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, resulting in self-limited infection. We investigated if infection of humans with C. parvum is protective I year after primary exposure. At I year after a primary challenge with 30 to 10(6) oocysts, 19 healthy immunocompetent adults were rechallenged with 500 oocysts and monitored for the development of infection and/or illness, Oocyst excretion was quantitated by direct immunofluorescence with a C. parvum-specific monoclonal antibody, and anti-C. parvum antibodies in serum were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Fewer subjects shed oocysts after the second exposure (3 of 19; 16%) than after the first exposure (12 of 19; 63%) (P < 0.005), Although the rates of diarrhea were comparable after each of the two exposures, the clinical severity as determined by the mean number of unformed stools passed was lower after reexposure (11.25 versus 8.62; P < 0.05), The number of anti-Cryptosporidium immunoglobulin G and A seroconversions increased after secondary exposure. However, the C. parvum serum antibody response did not correlate with the presence or absence of infection. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Infect Dis, Houston, TX USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Vet Med, Tucson, AZ USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Okhuysen, PC (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, 6431 Fannin,1-728 JFB, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1-RR-02558, M01 RR002558] NR 21 TC 121 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 66 IS 2 BP 441 EP 443 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YU693 UT WOS:000071744800006 PM 9453592 ER PT J AU Ryan, LK Rhodes, J Bhat, M Diamond, G AF Ryan, LK Rhodes, J Bhat, M Diamond, G TI Expression of beta-defensin genes in bovine alveolar macrophages SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; TRACHEAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; FACTOR-ALPHA; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE; FACTOR RELEASE; IN-VITRO; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PARTICLES; INVITRO; STIMULATION AB Bovine alveolar macrophages (BAM) were examined for the expression of beta-defensins and to determine whether their expression could be upregulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as observed with beta-defensins expressed in bovine tracheal epithelial cells. Four beta-defensins were expressed constitutively in BAM, with bovine neutrophil beta-defensin (BNBD)-4 and BNBD-5 being the most predominant. This is the first evidence of beta-defensin gene expression in a mature myeloid cell, LPS had no effect on beta-defensin expression in BAM, even though tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production was induced. Nonbacterial inflammatory particles had little effect on beta-defensin gene expression or TNF-alpha production in BAM. We hypothesize that constitutively expressed beta-defensins of alveolar macrophages may have a role in lung host defense. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Anat Cell Biol & Injury Sci, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Diamond, G (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Anat Cell Biol & Injury Sci, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL5578901, R29HL53400] NR 35 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 66 IS 2 BP 878 EP 881 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YU693 UT WOS:000071744800075 PM 9453661 ER PT J AU Parrotta, MJ Bekdash, F AF Parrotta, MJ Bekdash, F TI UV disinfection of small groundwater supplies SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER; MICROORGANISMS; INACTIVATION; IRRADIATION; HEPATITIS; VIRUS AB The US Environmental Protection Agency has critically analyzed disinfection technologies available to small public water systems. Future groundwater disinfection requirements are expected to affect many public groundwater supplies, including a large number of very small noncommunity systems. Because small water systems generally have fewer technical and financial resources to cope with new requirements, they will need the simplest and lowest-cost techniques that enable them to comply with new drinking water standards. To address this issue, the agency studied ultraviolet light technology. This article summarizes availability, efficacy, operability, and costs of this technology as an option for small systems. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. RP Parrotta, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 90 IS 2 BP 71 EP 81 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YY553 UT WOS:000072159700010 ER PT J AU Wade, TG Schultz, BW Wickham, JD Bradford, DF AF Wade, TG Schultz, BW Wickham, JD Bradford, DF TI Modeling the potential spatial distribution of beef cattle grazing using a Geographic Information System SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE GIS; modeling; grazing; land management ID NORTHEASTERN OREGON; RIPARIAN ZONE; MOUNTAIN; LIVESTOCK; PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR AB Data regarding grazing utilization in the western United States are typically compiled within administrative boundaries (e.g. allotment, pasture). For large areas, an assumption of uniform distribution is seldom valid. Previous studies show that vegetation type, degree of slope, and distance from water largely determine the distribution of livestock. We demonstrate how range managers can use Boolean logic and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to develop models that predict which areas beef cattle are most and least likely to graze. The models show that approximately 60% of the state of Oregon has potential for rangeland grazing. The results compare favorably with the 1992 census of beef cattle. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited. C1 Desert Res Inst, Ctr Biol Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Tennessee Valley Author, Environm Res Ctr, Norris, TN 37828 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Wade, TG (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Ctr Biol Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 38 IS 2 BP 325 EP 334 DI 10.1006/jare.1997.0333 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZE330 UT WOS:000072781800014 ER PT J AU Biswas, P Pehkonen, S Olie, K Sarofim, A Hoffmann, M Nriagu, J Mukerjee, D AF Biswas, P Pehkonen, S Olie, K Sarofim, A Hoffmann, M Nriagu, J Mukerjee, D TI Welcome to a special issue on the role of metallic species in the chemistry of pollutant formation and conversion SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Amsterdam, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Biswas, P (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 48 IS 2 BP 97 EP 97 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZA487 UT WOS:000072368200001 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, D AF Mukerjee, D TI Health impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: A critical review SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID SOFT-TISSUE SARCOMA; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; RHESUS-MONKEYS; GUINEA-PIGS; COMPARATIVE TOXICITY; CHLORINATED DIOXINS; PHENOXYACETIC ACIDS; CANCER MORTALITY; RAT-LIVER; EXPOSURE AB Polychlorinated dibenzo-P-dioxins (PCDDs), commonly known as dioxins, form as unwanted impurities in the manufacturing of chlorophenol and its derivatives-pulp and paper-and in the combustion of municipal, sewage-sludge, hospital, and hazardous waste. Combustion, in presence of a chlorine donor, seems to be a major source of these compounds. High levels of dioxins are also emitted from metallurgical industries including copper smelters, electric furnaces in steel mills, and wire reclamation incinerators. Trace levels are detectable in emissions from motor vehicles using leaded gasoline or diesel fuel, in forest fires, and in residential wood burning. Extremely persistent and widely distributed in the environment, PCDDs have been detected in all three primary and many secondary media. Releases into the air occur mainly from combustor emissions. Atmospheric dispersion, deposition, and subsequent accumulation in the food chain seem to be the major pathways of exposure to the general population. Residues of these chemicals have been detected in soil, sediment, fish, meat, cow's milk, human adipose tissue, and mothers' milk. In general, these chemicals have high lipophilicity. The elimination half-life of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in humans is approximately 7-11 years. Very little human toxicity data from exposure to PCDDs are available. Health-effect data obtained from occupational settings in humans are based on exposure to chemicals contaminated with TCDD. It produces a spectrum of toxic effects in animals and is one of the most toxic chemicals known. Most of the toxicity data available on TCDD are from high-dose oral exposures to animals. Very few percutaneous and no inhalation exposure data are available in the literature. There is a wide range of difference in sensitivity to PCDD lethality in animals. The signs and symptoms of poisoning with chemicals contaminated with TCDD in humans are analogous to those observed in animals. Dioxin exposures to humans are associated with increased risk of severe skin lesions such as chloracne and hyperpigmentation, altered liver function and lipid metabolism, general weakness associated with drastic weight loss, changes in activities of various liver enzymes, depression of the immune system, and endocrine-and nervous-system abnormalities. It is a potent teratogenic and fetotoxic chemical in animals. A very potent promoter in rat Liver carcinogenesis, TCDD also causes cancers of the liver and other organs in animals. Populations occupationally or accidentally exposed to chemicals contaminated with dioxin have increased incidences of soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. No comprehensive studies have been conducted to determine any health impact to the general population from environmental exposure to PCDDs. This paper presents a brief review of relevant animal and human data for projecting any possible health effects from environmental exposures to PCDDs. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Kiel, Coll Med, Inst Toxicol, Kiel, Germany. RP Mukerjee, D (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 125 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 37 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 48 IS 2 BP 157 EP 165 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZA487 UT WOS:000072368200009 PM 9517323 ER PT J AU Bishop, GD Church, MR Daly, C AF Bishop, GD Church, MR Daly, C TI Effects of improved precipitation estimates on automated runoff mapping: Eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE runoff mapping; runoff-depth; runoff/precipitation; PRISM precipitation; evapotranspiration ID REGIONAL RUNOFF; MODEL AB We evaluated maps of runoff created by means of two automated procedures. We implemented each procedure using precipitation estimates of both 5-km and 10-km resolution from PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model). Our goal was to determine if using the 5-km PRISM estimates would improve map accuracy. Visual inspection showed good general agreement among our runoff maps, as well as between our maps and one produced using a manual method. A quantitative uncertainty analysis comparing runoff interpolated from our maps with gage data that had been withheld showed slightly smaller actual and percentage interpolation errors for the 5-km PRISM-based maps. Our analyses suggest a modest region-wide improvement in runoff map accuracy with the use of PRISM-based precipitation estimates of 5-km (compared to 10-km) resolution. C1 US EPA, OAO Corp, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bishop, GD (reprint author), US EPA, OAO Corp, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 159 EP 166 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05968.x PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZB945 UT WOS:000072524100014 ER PT J AU Goelz, MF Mahler, J Harry, J Mayers, P Clark, J Thigpen, JE Forsythe, DB AF Goelz, MF Mahler, J Harry, J Mayers, P Clark, J Thigpen, JE Forsythe, DB TI Neuropathologic findings asociated with seizures in FVB mice SO LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EPILEPSY; MOUSE; MODELS AB The FVB mouse is used extensively in transgenic research because of its defined inbred background, superior reproductive performance, and prominent pronuclei, which facilitate microinjection of genomic material, Seizures associated with a known mutation and seizure-susceptible inbred strains are men documented in mice; however, to the authors' knowledge, seizures in the FVB strain have not been evaluated, Affected nonmanipulated FVB/N (n = 5) and transgenic FVB/N mice generated, using eight unrelated transgenic constructs (n = 63), we?re submitted for pathologic examination, Most cases were detected during routine observations in animal rooms; however, seizure induction by tail tattooing, fur clipping, and fire alarms has been observed, The majority of mice were female (62 of 68), with mean age of 5.8 months (range, 2 to IB months), Observations made during seizure presentation in 12 of 68 mice included facial grimace, chewing automatism, ptyalism with matting of the fur of the ventral aspect of the neck and/or forelimbs, and clonic convulsions that frequently progressed to tonic convulsions and death, Four mice were dead at presentation, with matting of the fur of the neck and forelimbs, The remainder of the mice had nonspecific signs of disease, such as lethargy moribundity, or malting of the fur, Vendor and in-house animal health surveillance reports indicated that mice were seronegative to all murine pathogens. Results of gross pathologic examination were unremarkable, Microscopic findings were limited to the brain and liver, In all mice, neuronal necrosis was present in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, Concurrent astrocyte hypertrophy, as evidenced by an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein staining, was detected, Acute coagulative necrosis of centrilobular hepatocytes was present in the liver of some cases (19 of 68),]reflective agents were not detected in selected brain specimens submitted for electron microscopy or in brain and liver specimens evaluated by use of special stains, Cytopathologic effect was not observed in 3T3, Vero, and BHK-21 cell lines inoculated with brain and liver specimens, The ischemic neuronal necrosis observed in these mice is consistent with lesions associated with status epilepticus in humans. The hepatocellular changes are interpreted to be agonal and associated with terminal hypoxia in seizuring animals, These results provide evidence of a previously unrecognized, often lethal epileptic syndrome in FVB mice that may have a major impact on transgenic research and ether disciplines using this mouse strain. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Goelz, MF (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 18 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CORDOVA PA 70 TIMBERCREEK DR, SUITE 5, CORDOVA, TN 38018 USA SN 0023-6764 J9 LAB ANIM SCI JI Lab. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 48 IS 1 BP 34 EP 37 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA YY876 UT WOS:000072196000007 PM 9517887 ER PT J AU Lyons, MM Aas, P Pakulski, JD Van Waasbergen, L Miller, RV Mitchell, DL Jeffrey, WH AF Lyons, MM Aas, P Pakulski, JD Van Waasbergen, L Miller, RV Mitchell, DL Jeffrey, WH TI DNA damage induced by ultraviolet radiation in coral-reef microbial communities SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL PRODUCTION; ABSORBING COMPOUNDS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; MUCUS PRODUCTION; UV; SCLERACTINIA; ADAPTATIONS; LIGHT AB Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been implicated in coral-bleaching processes and UVR may create stress to marine organisms by damage to DNA. Absorption of energy from UVB (280 to 320 nm) induces direct damage to DNA via cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photoproduct-formation. We examined the extent of DNA damage created by UVR in coral reef microbial communities and whether the coral-surface microlayer (CSM) provides protection from UVR to the microorganisms found there. Diel patterns and depth profiles of UVR effects were examined in coral mucus (coral-surface microlayer, CSM) from Montastraea faveolata and Colpophyllia natans, and water-column samples of similar depths. UV-induced photodamage was determined using a radioimmunoassay specific for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (thymine dimers). Significant photodamage was detected in water-column and CSM samples, although the level of damage in CSM samples was consistently lower than in water-column samples collected from the same depth, suggesting the presence of photoprotective mechanisms within the CSM. Diel patterns of photodamage were detected in both water-column and CSM samples, but peak damage occurred earlier in the day for the CSM samples, suggesting differences in damage and repair kinetics between the water column and CSM. The results suggest that microorganisms within the CSM are afforded some protection from UVR stress and that changes in the amount of DNA damage in these organisms may be an indicator of changing UVR stress to corals. C1 Univ W Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Ctr, Div Sci Pk Res, Smithville, TX 78957 USA. RP Jeffrey, WH (reprint author), Univ W Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. NR 43 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 130 IS 3 BP 537 EP 543 DI 10.1007/s002270050274 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YY314 UT WOS:000072134700022 ER PT J AU Herr, DW Vo, KT Morgan, DL Sills, RC AF Herr, DW Vo, KT Morgan, DL Sills, RC TI Carbon disulfide neurotoxicity in rats: VI. Electrophysiological examination of caudal tail nerve compound action potentials and nerve conduction velocity SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon disulfide; CS2; compound nerve action potentials; CNAPs; nerve conduction velocity; NCV ID SENSORY-EVOKED POTENTIALS; HUMAN PERIPHERAL-NERVE; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH; NEUROPATHY; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; AMPLITUDE; SYSTEM; FIBER; AREA AB The effects of subchronic exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) on ventral caudal tail nerve compound nerve action potential (CNAP) amplitudes and latencies, and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in rats were examined. Male and female Fischer 344 rats were exposed to 0, 50, 500, or 800 ppm CS2 for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week. Using separate groups, exposure duration was 2, 4, 8, or 13 weeks. Exposure to 500 or 800 ppm CS2 for 13 weeks decreased NCV compared to the 50 ppm CS2 group. CNAP amplitudes were increased, and peak P1P2 interpeak latency decreased, after exposure to 500 or 800 ppm CS2 for 13 weeks. Most of the changes in NCV and CNAPs were not attributable to differences in tail or colonic temperature. However, the increases in peak P-1 amplitude may relate to the proximity of the electrodes to the rail nerves. Assessment of tail nerve morphology after 13 weeks exposure to 800 ppm CS2 revealed only minor changes compared to the extent of axonal swelling and degeneration observed in the muscular branch of the tibial nerve and axonal swelling in the spinal cord. As anticipated, in older animals the NCV increased, the CNAP amplitudes increased, and the CNAP latencies decreased. The biological basis for the changes in CNAPs produced by CS2 is under investigation. Future studies will focus on electrophysiological evaluation of spinal nerve function, to allow better correlation with pathological and behavioral endpoints. (C) 1998 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, NTD, NPTB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Herr, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, NTD, NPTB, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU PHS HHS [N01-EF-05296] NR 55 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 19 IS 1 BP 129 EP 146 PG 18 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YZ607 UT WOS:000072271000017 PM 9498229 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Phillips, PM Morgan, DL Sills, RC AF Moser, VC Phillips, PM Morgan, DL Sills, RC TI Carbon disulfide neurotoxicity in rats: VII. Behavioral evaluations using a functional observational battery SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon disulfide; functional observational battery; neurobehavioral; inhalation exposure; rats ID TOXICITY; ACRYLAMIDE; IDPN AB The neurobehavioral consequences of inhalational exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) were evaluated as part of a joint project between the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Behavioral changes in rats were measured using a functional observational battery (FOB), which is a series of observations and manipulations designed to assess the neuronal integrity of autonomic, motor, sensory, and integrative functions. Young adult male and female Fischer-344 rats were exposed to one of four CS2 concentrations (0, 50, 500, or 800 ppm, six hours/day, five days/week) and tested at the end of one of several exposure durations (two, four, eight, or 13 weeks). All rats were also tested before exposure began to obtain baseline values. Neuromuscular deficits which were more pronounced in the hindlimbs, e.g., decreased strength and gait alterations, were detected in rats of both sexes. These changes were closely related to CS2 concentration and exposure duration, with mild gait changes evident after only two weeks of exposure. Other effects, mostly observed at 13 weeks, included decreased responsiveness to a visual stimulus and mild tremors. Reactivity in response to handling was generally increased, and excitability in the open field was decreased, in rats tested after the shorter exposures (two and four weeks). Thus, the exposure-concentration and -duration characteristics of the neuromotor syndrome produced by CS2 were detected and defined using the FOB. These studies provide a more complete evaluation of rats under these CS2 exposure conditions, which can then be used to compare with other mechanistic-related endpoints from this collaborative study. (C) 1998 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NTD MD74B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD MD74B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N0-ES-05296] NR 30 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 19 IS 1 BP 147 EP 157 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YZ607 UT WOS:000072271000018 PM 9498230 ER PT J AU Lyon, JG Yuan, D Lunetta, RS Elvidge, CD AF Lyon, JG Yuan, D Lunetta, RS Elvidge, CD TI A change detection experiment using vegetation indices SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID MONITORING VEGETATION; INDEXES; AVHRR; BIOMASS; GROWTH; RED AB Vegetation indices (VI) have long been used in remote sensing for monitoring temporal changes associated with vegetation. in this study, seven vegetation indices were compared for their value in vegetation and land-cover change detection in part of the State of Chiapas, Mexico. VI values were developed from three different dates of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data. The study suggested that (1) if normalization techniques were used, then all seven vegetation indices could be grouped into three categories according to their computational procedures; (2) vegetation indices in different categories had significantly different statistical characteristics, and only NDVI showed normal distribution histograms; and (3), of the three vegetation index groups, the NDVI group was least affected by topographic factors in this study. Comparisons of these techniques found that the NDVI difference technique demonstrated the best vegetation change detection as judged by laboratory and field results. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Ctr Biol Sci, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Lyon, JG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, 2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 34 TC 200 Z9 233 U1 4 U2 36 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 64 IS 2 BP 143 EP 150 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA YW548 UT WOS:000071947400007 ER PT J AU Cattley, RC DeLuca, J Elcombe, C Fenner-Crisp, P Lake, BG Marsman, DS Pastoor, TA Popp, JA Robinson, DE Schwetz, B Tugwood, J Wahli, W AF Cattley, RC DeLuca, J Elcombe, C Fenner-Crisp, P Lake, BG Marsman, DS Pastoor, TA Popp, JA Robinson, DE Schwetz, B Tugwood, J Wahli, W TI Do peroxisome proliferating compounds pose a hepatocarcinogenic hazard to humans? SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-ALPHA; <4-CHLORO-6-(2,3-XYLIDINO)-2-PYRIMIDINYLTHIO>ACETIC ACID WY-14,643; RATS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; ACYL-COA OXIDASE; DNA-SYNTHESIS; RESPONSE ELEMENT; CLOFIBRIC ACID; FATTY-ACIDS; ELEVATED 8-HYDROXYDEOXYGUANOSINE AB The purpose of the workshop "Do Peroxisome Proliferating Compounds Pose a Hepatocarcinogenic Hazard to Humans?" was to provide a review of the current state of the science on the relationship between peroxisome proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis. There has been much debate regarding the mechanism by which peroxisome proliferators may induce liver tumors in rats and mice and whether these events occur in humans. A primary goal of the workshop was to determine where consensus might be reached regarding the interpretation of these data relative to the assessment of potential human risks. A core set of biochemical and cellular events has been identified in the rodent strains that are susceptible to the hepatocarcinogenic effects of peroxisome proliferators, including peroxisome proliferation, increases in fatty acyl-CoA oxidase levels, microsomal fatty acid oxidation, excess production of hydrogen peroxide, increases in rates of cell proliferation, and expression and activation of the alpha subtype of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-alpha), Such effects have not been identified clinically in liver biopsies from humans exposed to peroxisome proliferators or in in vitro studies with human hepatocytes, although PPAR-alpha is expressed at a very low level in human liver. Consensus was reached regarding the significant intermediary roles of cell proliferation and PPAR-alpha receptor expression and activation in tumor formation. Information considered necessary for characterizing a compound as a peroxisome proliferating hepatocarcinogen include hepatomegaly, enhanced cell proliferation, and an increase in hepatic acyl-CoA oxidase and/or palmitoyl-CoA oxidation levels. Given the lack of genotoxic potential of most peroxisome proliferating agents, and since humans appear likely to be refractive or insensitive to the tumorigenic response, risk assessments based on tumor data may not be appropriate. However, nontumor data on intermediate endpoints would provide appropriate toxicological endpoints to determine a point of departure such as the LED10 or NOAEL which would be the basis for a margin-of-exposure (MOE) risk assessment approach. Pertinent factors to be considered in the MOE evaluation would include the slope of the dose-response curve at the point of departure, the background exposure levels, and variability in the human response. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Int Life Sci Inst, Hlth & Environm Sci Inst, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Merck Res Labs, W Point, PA 19486 USA. Univ Dundee, Ninewells Hosp, Biomed Res Ctr, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. British Ind Biol Res Assoc, Carshalton SM5 4DS, Surrey, England. Procter & Gamble Co, Miami Valley Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45253 USA. Zeneca Ag Prod, Registrat & Regulatory Affairs, Wilmington, DE 19897 USA. Sanofi Res, Malvern, PA 19355 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Zeneca Cent Toxicol Lab, Macclesfield 50 4TG, Cheshire, England. Univ Lausanne, Inst Biol Anim, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Robinson, DE (reprint author), Int Life Sci Inst, Hlth & Environm Sci Inst, 1126 16th St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RI Wahli, Walter/B-1398-2009 OI Wahli, Walter/0000-0002-5966-9089 NR 95 TC 180 Z9 181 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 47 EP 60 DI 10.1006/rtph.1997.1163 PN 1 PG 14 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZT330 UT WOS:000074074000007 PM 9629596 ER PT J AU Davis, JM Jarabek, AM Mage, DT Graham, JA AF Davis, JM Jarabek, AM Mage, DT Graham, JA TI The EPA health risk assessment of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE MMT; manganese health risks; inhalation reference concentration; benchmark dose; Bayesian analyses; personal exposure distribution ID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT; ADVERSE EFFECT LEVELS; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; WORKERS; DISTRIBUTIONS; NEUROTOXICITY; PERFORMANCE AB This paper describes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's assessment of potential health risks associated with the possible widespread use of a manganese (Mn)-based fuel additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT). This assessment was significant in several respects and may be instructive in identifying certain methodological issues of general relevance to risk assessment. A major feature of the inhalation health risk assessment was the derivation of Mn inhalation reference concentration (RfC) estimates using various statistical approaches, including benchmark dose and Bayesian analyses. The exposure assessment component used data from the Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) study and other sources to estimate personal exposure levels of particulate Mn attributable to the permitted use of MMT in leaded gasoline in Riverside, CA, at the time of the PTEAM study; on this basis it was then possible to predict a distribution of possible future exposure levels associated with the use of MMT in all unleaded gasoline. Qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of the risk characterization are summarized, along with inherent uncertainties due to data limitations. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Davis, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 57 EP 70 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00916.x PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA ZB065 UT WOS:000072431500010 PM 9523444 ER PT J AU Repace, JL Jinot, J Bayard, S Emmons, K Hammond, SK AF Repace, JL Jinot, J Bayard, S Emmons, K Hammond, SK TI Air nicotine and saliva cotinine as indicators of workplace passive smoking exposure and risk SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE salivary cotinine; environmental tobacco smoke; air nicotine; Monte Carlo modeling; passive smoking; workplace; lung cancer; heart disease; risk assessment ID ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; LUNG-CANCER RISK; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; QUALITY STANDARD; NONSMOKING WOMEN; SELF-REPORT; HEALTH; MARKERS; MULTICENTER; ABSORPTION AB We model nicotine from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in office air and salivary cotinine in nonsmoking U.S. workers. We estimate that: an average salivary cotinine level of 0.4 ng/ml corresponds to an increased lifetime mortality risk of 1/1000 for lung cancer, and 1/100 for heart disease; >95% of ETS-exposed office workers exceed OSHA's significant risk level for heart disease mortality, and 60% exceed significant risk for lung cancer mortality; 4000 heart disease deaths and 400 lung cancer deaths occur annually among office workers from passive smoking in the workplace, at the current 28% prevalence of unrestricted smoking in the office workplace. C1 US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Repace, JL (reprint author), 101 Felicia Lane, Bowie, MD 20720 USA. EM repace@erols.com NR 68 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 71 EP 83 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00917.x PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA ZB065 UT WOS:000072431500011 PM 9523445 ER PT J AU Chen, YC Bunick, D Bahr, JM Klinefelter, GR Hess, RA AF Chen, YC Bunick, D Bahr, JM Klinefelter, GR Hess, RA TI Isolation and culture of epithelial cells from rat ductuli efferentes and initial segment epididymidis SO TISSUE & CELL LA English DT Article DE ductuli efferentes; epididymis; cell culture; estrogen receptor; clusterin; endocytosis ID SULFATED GLYCOPROTEIN-2 CLUSTERIN; RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS; PRIMARY MONOLAYER-CULTURE; ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN; PRINCIPAL CELLS; NONCILIATED CELLS; CAPUT-EPIDIDYMIDIS; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS; DIFFERENT CYTOKERATINS AB To improve the study of epithelial function in rat ductuli efferentes (efferent ductules) and initial segment epididymis, we developed a primary cell culture system with modifications of the Klinefelter method (1992), The cultured efferent ductal epithelium was grown to confluence and the cells maintained many of the organelles characteristic of these cells in vivo, including dense-staining granules, indented nuclei and apical cilia, Ciliary beat was observed for up to 10 days in culture, Cultured initial segment epithelial cells were elongated and characterized by apical branched microvilli. Electron microscopy revealed intact cell junctions, an endocytotic apparatus and lysosomal granules, Ultrastructurally, the initial segment epithelium contained a well developed Golgi apparatus, For both epithelia, cell characteristics were also confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent staining for cytokeratins 8, 18, Endocytotic activity was detected by the uptake of cationic ferritin at the apical surface and within vesicles, Estrogen receptor and clusterin mRNAs were expressed in the cultured epithelia and no difference was found in their expressions when cultured with or without 10(-9) M 17-beta estradiol, Indirect immunofluorescent staining for clusterin further indicated that this protein was present in the cultures, In conclusion, these in vitro methods will be useful for the investigation of epithelial function in the head of the epididymis. C1 Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hess, RA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM r.hess@uiuc.edu FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD-285963]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-05214] NR 67 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0040-8166 J9 TISSUE CELL JI Tissue Cell PD FEB PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1016/S0040-8166(98)80002-5 PG 13 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Cell Biology SC Anatomy & Morphology; Cell Biology GA ZD978 UT WOS:000072744800001 PM 9569676 ER PT J AU Chhabra, RS Herbert, RA Roycroft, JH Chou, B Miller, RA Renne, RA AF Chhabra, RS Herbert, RA Roycroft, JH Chou, B Miller, RA Renne, RA TI Carcinogenesis studies of tetrahydrofuran vapors in rats and mice SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CHEMICALS; TOXICITY AB Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a widely used industrial solvent and was selected for carcinogenesis studies by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) because of its potential for widespread occupational exposure in humans and a lack of information on animal toxicity and carcinogenicity. Groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats and B6C3F(1) mice were exposed to 0, 200, 600, or 1800 ppm THF by inhalation, 6 h per day, 5 days per week, for 105 weeks. Survival and mean body weights of male and female rats exposed to THF were comparable to that of the controls. No clinical findings or nonneoplastic lesions related to THF exposure were observed in male or female rats. The incidences of renal tubule epithelial adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in exposed male rats occurred with a positive trend, and in males exposed to 600 and 1800 ppm exceeded the historical range for controls in 2-year NTP inhalation studies. There were no other neoplastic lesions related to THF exposure observed in male or female rats. After week 36, the survival of male mice exposed to 1800 ppm was significantly lower than that of the controls. Mean body weights of male and female mice exposed to THF were similar to those of the controls throughout the study. Male mice exposed to 1800 ppm were observed in a state of narcosis during and up to 1 h after the exposure periods. Nonneoplastic lesions related to THF exposure were not observed in male or female mice. The neoplastic lesions related to THF exposure were seen in female mice only. In female mice exposed to 1800 ppm, the incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms were significantly greater than those in the controls. In conclusion, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of THF in male F344/N rats due to increased incidences of adenoma or carcinoma (combined) of the kidney at the 600 and 1800 ppm exposure levels. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in female B6C3F(1) mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms at the 1800 ppm exposure level. THF was not carcinogenic in female rats or male mice exposed at 200, 600, or 1800 ppm. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Chhabra, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 183 EP 188 DI 10.1093/toxsci/41.2.183 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZM361 UT WOS:000073530800006 PM 9520354 ER PT J AU Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Costa, DL AF Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Costa, DL TI Cardiac arrhythmia induction after exposure to residual oil fly ash particles in a rodent model of pulmonary hypertension SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE toxicology; residual oil fly ash; radiotelemetry; electrocardiogram; Sprague-Dawley; rat ID AIR-POLLUTION; DAILY MORTALITY; ADMISSIONS; TOXICITY; RATS AB Recent epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between exposure to ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and the incidence of cardiopulmonary-related morbidity and mortality. The present study examined the effects of fugitive residual oil fly ash (ROFA) PM on cardiac arrhythmia induction in healthy and cardiopulmonary-compromised rodents. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters capable of monitoring the electrocardiogram and were subjected to one of two treatment regimens. Rats in the first treatment regimen (n = 16) served as normal control animals whereas rats in the second treatment regimen (n = 16) were injected with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg, ip) to induce pulmonary vascular inflammation and hypertension and served as a model of cardiopulmonary disease. Rats within each treatment regimen were equally divided into four dose groups (0,0, 0,25, 1.0, 2.5 mg ROFA), instilled intratracheally, and monitored for 96 h, In the animals in the first treatment regimen, ROFA instillation caused dose-related increases in the incidence and duration of serious arrhythmic events that appeared to be associated with impaired atrioventricular conduction and myocardial hypoxia, There were no lethalities in the normal animals following ROFA instillation. The frequency and severity of arrhythmias were greatly exacerbated in the MCT-treated animals in the second treatment regimen and were accompanied by one, three, and two deaths in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrate substantial cardiac effects in normal and compromised rats after exposure to ROFA PM and implicate both conductive and hypoxemic arrhythmogenic mechanisms in the observed cardiac-related lethalities. These results support previous epidemiological studies that suggest a link between preexisting cardiopulmonary disease and potentiation of adverse health effects following exposure to anthropogenic particulates. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 134 Z9 136 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 209 EP 216 DI 10.1093/toxsci/41.2.209 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZM361 UT WOS:000073530800009 PM 9520357 ER PT J AU Tyagi, RD Sreekrishnan, TR Blais, JF Surampalli, RY Campbell, PGC AF Tyagi, RD Sreekrishnan, TR Blais, JF Surampalli, RY Campbell, PGC TI Effect of dissolved oxygen on sludge acidification during the SSDML-process SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE aeration rate; dissolved oxygen; oxygen transfer coefficient; oxygen uptake rate; sewage sludge; SSDML ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; KINETICS AB There is a distinct possibility that the simultaneous sludge digestion and metal leaching (SSDML) process will encounter oxygen limitation, at least for some duration of the process. This is because of the high oxygen requirement, for sulfur oxidation as well as for sludge solids degradation, combined with the low solubility of oxygen. This can alter the system kinetics and downgrade the process performance. The present work focuses on the effect of dissolved oxygen concentration and oxygen transfer rates on the process of sludge acidification. SSDML experiments were carried out in 20 L capacity laboratory reactors as well as a 4000 L capacity pilot plant. It was found that the duration of oxygen limited kinetics is directly proportional to the concentration of biodegradable sludge volatile solids and inversely proportional to the surface area of sulfur and initial concentration of less acidophilic bacteria in the sludge. During this period, the specific growth rates and sulfate production rates of the sulfur oxidizing bacteria are reduced to a fraction of their actual values due to the limitation in oxygen. Based on this information, empirical relations were developed and these were used to simulate oxygen limited SSDML process sequences. The oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (k(L)a) values were calculated for 12 runs carried out in the pilot plant. Increase in k(L)a obtained by increasing the aeration rates were marginal at higher aeration rates. Also, very high OUR values observed in the complete absence of sulfur oxidizing bacterial activity indicate aerobic digestion to be the predominant oxygen consuming step. C1 Univ Quebec, INRS Eau, Inst Natl Rech Sci, St Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. US EPA, Kansas City, KS 66101 USA. RP Tyagi, RD (reprint author), Univ Quebec, INRS Eau, Inst Natl Rech Sci, 2700 Rue Einstein, St Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. RI Campbell, Peter/H-4348-2011 OI Campbell, Peter/0000-0001-7160-4571 NR 8 TC 14 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 139 EP 155 DI 10.1023/A:1004986518555 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA ZB750 UT WOS:000072503900009 ER PT J AU Gee, P Sommers, CH Melick, AS Gidrol, XM Todd, MD Burris, RB Nelson, ME Klemm, RC Zeiger, E AF Gee, P Sommers, CH Melick, AS Gidrol, XM Todd, MD Burris, RB Nelson, ME Klemm, RC Zeiger, E TI Comparison of responses of base-specific Salmonella tester strains with the traditional strains for identifying mutagens, the results of a validation study SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Salmonella mutagenicity test; validation study; fluctuation test; high throughput screening; Ames II ID MOUSE MUTATION ASSAY; FLUCTUATION TEST; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; AMES-TEST; CHEMICALS; TYPHIMURIUM; CARCINOGENICITY; REPRODUCIBILITY; ACETONITRILES; MIXTURES AB The ability of a TA7000 series of Salmonella his(-) mutant tester strains to detect mutagens as classified by the traditional tester strains (TA100, TA98, TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA102 and TA104) was evaluated using 30 coded chemicals, 5 of which were duplicates with different code numbers. The TA7000 series of tester strains were TA7001, TA7002, TA7003, TA7004, TA7005 and TA7006, each of which reverts by a specific base substitution. In addition, each chemical was tested in a mixture of the base-specific strains (the Mix), plus the traditional strains, TA98 and TA1537. A liquid version of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay was performed in microtiter plates to allow partial automation for increased throughput. The results were compared to those in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) database, which were obtained from the traditional strains in the preincubation assay. In the two strains common to both protocols, TA98 and TA1537, the agreement was 80% and 85%, respectively. When compared to the NTP results for TA100, the Mix gave a 72% concordance, while the addition of the frameshift tester strain, TA98, increased the agreement to 76%. The overall agreement on positive or negative classifications of mutagenicity was 88% for the 25 chemicals tested. There were three notable exceptions to the overall agreement. Benzaldehyde was detected as a mutagen in TA7005 in contrast to its classification as a non-mutagen in the NTP database. This does not necessarily contradict the NTP results because the base-specific strains may respond to different mutagens. Two weak mutagens in the NTP database, 1-chloro-2-propanol and isobutyl nitrite, were not detected as mutagens in the base-specific new strains in the liquid protocol. While there are a number of major differences in the two assays, it was concluded that the results from each procedure are comparable. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Xenometrix Inc, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gee, P (reprint author), Xenometrix Inc, 2425 N 55th St, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NR 47 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 4 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 412 IS 2 BP 115 EP 130 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00172-1 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZD067 UT WOS:000072647900002 PM 9539966 ER PT J AU Goldman, LR Farland, WH AF Goldman, LR Farland, WH TI Methylmercury risks SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Psticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Goldman, LR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Psticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5351 BP 640 EP 641 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YU574 UT WOS:000071731500007 PM 9471723 ER PT J AU Hughes, MF Kenyon, EM AF Hughes, MF Kenyon, EM TI Dose-dependent effects on the disposition of monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid in the mouse after intravenous administration SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID ARSENIC RISK ASSESSMENT; MICE; RATS; METHYLATION; TOXICITY; HAMSTER; BIOTRANSFORMATION; ENVIRONMENT; METABOLITES; GLUTATHIONE AB The organic arsenicals monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) are the primary metabolites of inorganic arsenic, a known human carcinogen. The objective of this study was to examine if dose would affect the excretion and terminal tissue disposition of MMA and DMA in the mouse. C-14-MMA (4.84 and 484 mu mol/kg) and -DMA (8.04 and 804 mu mol/kg) were administered to female mice via the tail vein. The mice were placed in metabolism cages for collection of urine (1, 2, 4, 8, 72, and 24 h) and feces (24 h). The animals were then sacrificed at 24 h and tissues were removed and analyzed for radioactivity. The urine was also analyzed for parent compound and metabolites. Urinary excretion of MMA-and DMA-derived radioactivity predominated over fecal excretion. Dose did not affect the overall urinary excretion of both compounds. However, fecal excretion was significantly lower in the low-dose MMA-treated animals as opposed to in the high-dose group, whereas in the high-dose DMA-treated group excretion was lower than in the low-dose DMA group. The retention of radioactivity was low (<2% of dose) and the distribution pattern similar for both compounds, with carcass > liver > kidney > lung. The concentration of radioactivity (% dose/g tissue) was greater in kidney than in liver, lung, and blood for both compounds. The distribution and concentration of MMA-derived radioactivity was significantly greater in the liver and lung of the high-dose group. The MMA-treated animals excreted predominantly MMA in urine and lower amounts of DMA (<10% of the dose). The percentage excreted as DMA was significantly higher in the low-dose MMA group. In the urine of DMA-treated animals, an unstable metabolite and the parent compound were detected. Overall, it appears the dose of organic arsenical administered has a minimal effect on its excretion and terminal tissue disposition in the mouse. The rapid elimination and low retention of MMA and DMA explain in part their low acute toxicity. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hughes, MF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JAN 23 PY 1998 VL 53 IS 2 BP 95 EP 112 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZB410 UT WOS:000072469700002 PM 9444314 ER PT J AU Jefferson, A Tanner, DJ Eisele, FL Davis, DD Chen, G Crawford, J Huey, JW Torres, AL Berresheim, H AF Jefferson, A Tanner, DJ Eisele, FL Davis, DD Chen, G Crawford, J Huey, JW Torres, AL Berresheim, H TI OH photochemistry and methane sulfonic acid formation in the coastal Antarctic boundary layer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE MEASUREMENTS; MARINE AEROSOL; METHANESULFONIC-ACID; TROPOSPHERIC OH; SULFUR CYCLE; SULFATE; PACIFIC; COLORADO; SAGA-3; SOUTH AB Studies of dimethylsulfide (DMS) oxidation chemistry were conducted at Palmer Station on Anvers Island, Antarctica, during the austral summer of 1993/1994. Part of the study involved gas phase measurements of OH, methane sulfonic acid (MSA), and H2SO4 using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer, as well as measurements of the NO, CO, and O-3 concentrations, Mean 24 hour concentrations from February 16-23 of OH, MSA, and H2SO4 were 1.1 x 10(5), 9.5 x 10(5), and 1.61 x 10(6) molecules cm(-3), respectively. Model calculations of OH compared well with observed levels (e.g., within 30%). The modeling results suggest that the dominant source of OH is from the reaction of O(D-1) with H2O, where O(D-1) is the product of O-3 photolysis, Because of the clean atmospheric environment and predicted low nonmethyl hydrocarbon levels in Antarctica, the dominant OH sink was found to be reaction with CO and CH4. Particulate levels of MSA were higher than could be attributed to condensation of boundary layer (BL) gas phase MSA on to the aerosol surface. Alternate mechanisms for generating MSA in the particle phase were speculated to involve either in-cloud oxidation of dimethylsulfoxide or OH oxidation of DMS in the atmospheric buffer layer above the boundary layer followed by condensation of gas phase MSA on aerosols and transport back to the BL [Davis et al., this issue]. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Deutsch Wetterdienst, MOHp, D-82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. US EPA, Air Div, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Jefferson, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM ajeff@acd.ucar.edu RI Berresheim, Harald/F-9670-2011; Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013 OI Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934 NR 49 TC 102 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D1 BP 1647 EP 1656 DI 10.1029/97JD02376 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YR851 UT WOS:000071537300023 ER PT J AU Shaughnessy, LW Mundy, WR Tilson, HA Barone, S AF Shaughnessy, LW Mundy, WR Tilson, HA Barone, S TI Time course of changes in cholinergic and neurotrophin-related markers after infusion of colchicine into the basal forebrain SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE colchicine; nucleus basalis; cholinergic hypofunction; trk; AChE; NGF; BDNF ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; AFFINITY NGF RECEPTORS; FACTOR MESSENGER-RNA; RAT CEREBRAL-CORTEX; NUCLEUS BASALIS; IBOTENIC ACID; ACETYLTRANSFERASE IMMUNOREACTIVITY; LEARNING-DEFICITS; NEURONS; LESIONS AB After bilateral infusions of colchicine or vehicle in the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis, the time course of changes in several cholinergic and neurotrophin-related markers were assessed. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, 28, 35 and 84 days post-lesion, and both the NBM and cortical areas were assessed. Sections were stained immunohistochemically for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or p140(trk) (trk) or histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT activity and neurotrophin protein levels were assessed regionally. The number of ChAT immunoreactive NBM neuronal profiles decreased beginning 3 days post-lesion and reach maximal loss by 28 days post-lesion, with no recovery. Examination of trk-IR around the NBM revealed a time-dependent decrease in trk-IR of magnocellular neurons and an increase in trk-IR of astrocytes at 14 and 28 days post-lesion. The density of AChE-stained cortical fibers was maximally decreased 3 days post-lesion followed by an increase in fiber staining across the remaining time points. Cortical ChAT activity showed the largest decrease at 7 days followed by recovery 84 days after colchicine infusion. There was an increase in NGF in the parietal cortex after colchicine infusion but no change in BDNF level. These patterns of changes in the cholinergic and neurotrophin-related markers suggest an association between NGF and lesion-induced compensatory responses in the basal forebrain cholinergic system. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Neurobiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Barone, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 51 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD JAN 19 PY 1998 VL 781 IS 1-2 BP 62 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01209-2 PG 16 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA YZ427 UT WOS:000072238300008 PM 9507066 ER PT J AU Mortensen, SR Hooper, MJ Padilla, S AF Mortensen, SR Hooper, MJ Padilla, S TI Rat brain acetylcholinesterase activity: developmental profile and maturational sensitivity to carbamate and organophosphorus inhibitors SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rat brain; carbamate; organophosphorus inhibitors ID ADULT-RATS; MOLECULAR-FORMS; CHOLINESTERASE; TOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; CHLORPYRIFOS; AGE AB A growing body of evidence indicates that young animals exhibit an increased susceptibility to the lethal effects of cholinesterase (ChE)-inhibiting insecticides. Our laboratory is engaged in defining factors which may explain this age-related sensitivity. This report includes results from experiments designed to compare the developmental profiles, kinetic parameters and intrinsic (i.e, in vitro) sensitivity of developing male rat brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity to carbamate and organophosphorus anticholinesterases. Total ChE activity in whole brain for each age was composed of about 90% AChE and 10% butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity for the six ages examined. Brain AChE activity showed an age-related increase in V-max until postnatal day 17 with no change in K-m (average of all six ages similar to 72 mu M). Optimal substrate (acetylthiocholine) concentration for each age was 1 mM, and there was substrate inhibition (approximate to 10%) at 2.5 mM. IC(50)s (the concentration of compound that inhibits 50% of the AChE activity in 30 min at 26 degrees C) defined concomitantly for postnatal day 4 and adult brain AChE using either aldicarb, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos-oxon or malaoxon were virtually identical at both ages with average IC50 values being: aldicarb = 2.4 mu M, carbaryl = 1.7 mu M, chlorpyrifos-oxon = 4.9 nM and malaoxon = 140 nM. In summary, AChE in young and adult brain differs mostly in specific activity while the K(m)s, substrate profiles, and in vitro sensitivity to selected anticholinesterase insecticides are not different. Therefore, these data support the hypothesis that the greater sensitivity of the young animals to anticholinesterase pesticides is not due to the greater sensitivity of the target molecule AChE to these inhibitors. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. Clemson Univ, Inst Wildlife & Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. RP Padilla, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Hooper, Michael/0000-0002-4161-8961 NR 30 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JAN 16 PY 1998 VL 125 IS 1 BP 13 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00157-1 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZE671 UT WOS:000072818200002 PM 9585096 ER PT J AU French, AS Copeland, CB Andrews, DL Wiliams, WC Riddle, MM Luebke, RW AF French, AS Copeland, CB Andrews, DL Wiliams, WC Riddle, MM Luebke, RW TI Evaluation of the potential immunotoxicity of chlorinated drinking water in mice SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorine; hyperchlorination; water disinfectants; drinking water; immunotoxicity ID SODIUM-HYPOCHLORITE; BY-PRODUCTS; CANCER; DISINFECTION; MONOCHLORAMINE AB Recent epidemiological studies have reported associations between the consumption of chlorinated drinking water and various types of human cancer; in addition, exposure to chlorine (Cl-) in drinking water has been reported to suppress certain immune functions in laboratory animals. The current studies were conducted to extend our knowledge of the effects of drinking water exposure to Cl-. Female C57BL/6 mice were administered hyperchlorinated drinking water (7.5, 15, or 30 ppm Cl-) for 2 weeks prier to sacrifice for evaluation of spleen and thymus weights, the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response, hemagglutination (HA) titer, and lymphocyte proliferation (LP). Significant reductions in organ weights and immune response were observed in the positive control groups (i.e. dexamethasone-or cyclophosphamide-exposed mice). No consistent differences were observed between the Cl--exposed animals and vehicle control mice for the evaluated parameters. Thus, under the conditions of these experiments, 2 weeks of exposure to hyperchlorinated drinking water had no apparent adverse effects on immune function. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ENSR Consulting & Engn, Acton, MA USA. RP Luebke, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Immunotoxicol Branch, MD-92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JAN 16 PY 1998 VL 125 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00163-7 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZE671 UT WOS:000072818200006 PM 9585100 ER PT J AU Law, JM Lopez, L DeAngelo, AB AF Law, JM Lopez, L DeAngelo, AB TI Hepatotoxicity of the drinking water disinfection by-product, dichloroacetic acid, in the medaka small fish model SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE dichloroacetic acid; hepatotoxicity; hepatocellular carcinogenesis; drinking water disinfection by-products; liver carcinogenesis; Japanese medaka ID MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; WINTER FLOUNDER; INDUCTION; LIVER; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; CARCINOGENICITY; HEPATOCYTES; METABOLITES; NEOPLASMS; LESIONS AB Recent studies have shown that dichloroacetic acid (DCA), a by-product of chlorination of public water supplies, is carcinogenic to both rats and mice. However, conflicting data have left the mechanism of DCA carcinogenicity, vital to assessment of human health risk, unclear. Elucidation of this mechanism in another animal model at a different phyletic level than rodents would advance the risk assessment process for government agencies concerned with regulation and provision of safe drinking water. The Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), a well characterized small fish model, is being used increasingly for carcinogenicity testing because of its low cost, ease of maintenance and carcinogen sensitivity. In this study, 6-week-old medaka were exposed to diethylnitrosamine (DEN, a known initiator), followed by continuous exposure to 0.5 or 2.0 g/l DCA in the ambient water, over a 4 week period. At both exposure concentrations, changes in the liver included marked hepatocellular cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytomegaly, karyomegaly, nuclear atypia and multifocal areas of hepatocellular necrosis and loss as early as week two of DCA exposure. The majority of the hepatocellular cytoplasmic vacuoles were shown by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining to contain large amounts of glycogen. These elevated glycogen levels may reflect a disruption in the enzyme pathways for glycolysis. The total cellular changes seen in this short-term exposure regimen are compatible with preneoplastic changes seen in rats and mice exposed to DCA. The results of this study strengthen the role of the Japanese medaka as a suitable species in carcinogenicity testing as well as its implementation in the risk assessment process for DCA across several phyletic levels. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Law, JM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, 617 Hutton St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 EI 1879-3169 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD JAN 16 PY 1998 VL 94 IS 1 BP 19 EP 27 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZE832 UT WOS:000072836100003 ER PT J AU Lassiter, TL Barone, S Padilla, S AF Lassiter, TL Barone, S Padilla, S TI Ontogenetic differences in the regional and cellular acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity in the rat brain SO DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE AChE; BuChE; activity ratio; brain development; neurochemistry; histochemistry; olfactory bulb; hippocampus; neocortex; diencephalon; mesencephalon; cerebellum ID TRANSIENTLY EXPRESSED ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; CHOLINESTERASE-CONTAINING NEURONS; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; DORSAL THALAMUS; NONCLASSICAL ACTIONS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; OLFACTORY-BULB; VISUAL-CORTEX; NONSPECIFIC CHOLINESTERASE; SUPERIOR COLLICULUS AB Considering the novel functions for both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the developing nervous system (reviewed in Layer and Willbold, Frog. Histochem. Cytochem., 1995) a quantitative survey of the spatiotemporal developmental profiles of both AChE and BuChE activity in the neonatal rat brain would be extremely useful. To that end, we collected six brain regions at seven developmental time points, (postnatal day 1, 4, 7, 12, 17, 21, adult; n greater than or equal to 3) and measured AChE and BuChE activity using both biochemical and histological methods. These results indicated thar the developmental pattern of AChE and BuChE activity varied with respect to brain region and age: (1) the ontogeny of either AChE or BuChE specific activity in one region was not necessarily indicative of the developmental pattern of the same cholinesterase in other regions; (2) the AChE developmental profile in a given region did not necessarily predict the BuChE developmental pattern for that same region. The data were also analyzed from a different perspective, i.e., the ratio of BuChE-AChE activity, in order to determine if BuChE activity preceded AChE activity during development as has been proposed for the chick nervous system (Layer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983). Our analysis showed that, in general, the BuChE-AChE ratio decreased as the region matured, data which parallel the pattern of development of these esterases in the chick nervous system. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Ecol Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Padilla, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects & Ecol Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 47 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-3806 J9 DEV BRAIN RES JI Dev. Brain Res. PD JAN 14 PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1 BP 109 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S0165-3806(97)00177-6 PG 15 WC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences SC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA YU536 UT WOS:000071727700012 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW AF Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW TI Non-bonded organo-mineral interactions and sorption of organic compounds on soil surfaces: a model approach SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE force field calculation; humic substances; muscovite; pesticides; soil ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ADSORPTION; LIGNIN; SILICALITE; CHEMISTRY; PROPANE; METHANE; CLAY AB Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations have been performed on organo-mineral composites that model the sorption of high-molecular-weight humic polymers on mineral surfaces and the sorption of low-molecular-weight organic contaminants on both mineral and organic surfaces in soil. Muscovite mica was chosen as a mineral model; an oxidized topological lignin-carbohydrate complex was chosen as a humic model; benzene, sodium benzoate, atrazine, and DDT represent different classes of contaminants. Sorption energies were estimated based on molecular mechanics calculations. Flexible linear polymers undergo drastic conformational changes when approaching the mineral surface, to ensure a gain in the interaction energy that outweighs a loss in the conformational energy proper. Therefore, the gas-phase conformation composition of environmental organic polymers is not directly related to their spatial organization in soil composites. Molecular dynamics simulation suggests high stability of the organic polymer coatings of mineral surfaces in the environment. Low-molecular-weight organic molecules demonstrate much less affinity for the mineral surface, which implies unhindered exchanges between the surface and its near environment. Ionizable compounds, e.g. salts of organic acids, are different, because they can form strong associations with a mineral surface through cation bridges. Sorption energies are compound-specific and depend on the sorbate-sorbent orientation. The calculations suggest some preference for the edges of a model muscovite sheet in comparison with the basal oxygen surface as a sorption site. Coating of mineral surfaces with organic polymers does not hinder the sorption of organic molecules except in the special case of organic ions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Shevchenko, SM (reprint author), Univ Victoria, Dept Chem, POB 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada. EM sergeys@uvic.ca NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD JAN 12 PY 1998 VL 422 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1016/S0166-1280(97)00117-6 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA YU994 UT WOS:000071777800029 ER PT J AU Newell, CR Campbell, DE Gallagher, SM AF Newell, CR Campbell, DE Gallagher, SM TI Development of the mussel aquaculture lease site model MUSMOD (c): a field program to calibrate model formulations SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MYTILUS-EDULIS-L; SETTLING VELOCITIES; CERASTODERMA-EDULE; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; FILTRATION-RATE; VIDEO SYSTEM; ENERGY-FLOW; PHYTOPLANKTON; SESTON; PARTICULATE AB Field observations were used along with mathematical modelling to develop model formulations to represent mussel (Mytilus edulis) growth at several shallow subtidal study sites along the Maine coast, USA. In order to match predicted growth from the model MUSMOD(C) (D.E. Campbell, C.R. Newell, 1997. MUSMOD(C): A mussel production model for use on bottom culture lease sites. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., in press.) with observed growth rates in the field, modifications were made in the model with respect to: (a) factors affecting the supply of food to the mussel feeding zone (vertical mixing, settling, resuspension and particle depletion); (b) short-term variability in mussel feeding and respiration over a tidal cycle; (c) the effects of seasonal variations in food quality on assimilation, scope for growth, and observed growth. Surface and bottom water samples taken from 1989 to 1991 revealed daily fluctuations in SPM, POM, chlorophyll a, particulate carbon and nitrogen, and phytoplankton carbon which were similar to annual ranges. Maine waters are typified by a spring diatom bloom, followed by a rise in detritus in early summer. Successful representation of mussel growth was obtained when food concentration was expressed as phytoplankton and detrital carbon, and assimilation was modelled as a function of food type (phytoplankton or detritus), and detritus quality (as percent of maximum annual N/C ratio of the detritus). By expressing particle depletion as a percent reduction from conditions at the edge of the lease site, scope for growth was modelled over an annual period. Observations with a time-lapse benthic video monitor (TLBVM) and flow-through physiological chambers demonstrated tidal variations in filtration rate, respiration rate and shell gape in subtidal mussels, with periods of valve closure correlated with low particle concentrations. These observations support the hypothesis that mussel energy gain is maximized during fluctuating food availability by the control of pumping rate via the shell gape response. This may explain why field observations of filtration rate are sometimes lower than maximum published values, and allows the mussels to maintain a slightly positive scope for growth by reducing respiratory losses when food particles are limiting. The settling flux of phytoplankton and detritus, while poorly characterized in coastal New England waters, provides over 30% of the estimated food supply to subtidal mussel cultures and may explain, in part, the patterns of shell gape observed in this study. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Great Eastern Mussel Farm Inc, Tenants Hbr, ME 04860 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Newell, CR (reprint author), Great Eastern Mussel Farm Inc, POB 141, Tenants Hbr, ME 04860 USA. NR 58 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JAN 9 PY 1998 VL 219 IS 1-2 BP 143 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00179-2 PG 27 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YU313 UT WOS:000071704800008 ER PT J AU Campbell, DE Newell, CR AF Campbell, DE Newell, CR TI MUSMOD (c), a production model for bottom culture of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis L. SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bottom culture; detritus quality; mussel aquaculture; Mytilus edulis; production models ID BENTHIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; FOOD AVAILABILITY; COASTAL WATERS; GROWTH; SESTON; ENERGY; POPULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; BIVALVES; BUDGET AB A mussel production model, MUSMOD(C) was developed to seed bottom culture lease sites in Maine to their carrying capacity. The process of model development is demonstrated with three models: (a) an initial conceptual model, (b) an aggregated model driven by the tidal exchange of food particles and (c) MUSMOD(C), the final model driven by food supplied in the tidal flow of water across a site. The final model predicts mussel production using the concentrations of phytoplankton and detritus in the surface water, detritus quality, tidal current speed, water depth and temperature. Field measurements of several quantities (e.g., clearance, respiration, growth rates for shell and meat, food concentration gradient, and temporal feeding pattern, (Newell et al., 1997, Development of the mussel aquaculture lease site model, MUSMOD(C): a field program to calibrate model formulations, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., this volume) were obtained to evaluate and calibrate the final model. Model refinement using iterations of modeling and field work demonstrated the importance of food quantity and quality in explaining the observed patterns of mussel growth. Food quantity explained the first-order growth pattern, but it was necessary to account for the quality of the food to explain the second-order details of growth. Vertical mixing supplied the majority of new food particles, however, particles settling over the mussel bed during slack water accounted for 33% of the phytoplankton and 45% of the detritus entering the feeding layer from above. A sensitivity analysis of the effects of seed density on mussel growth using MUSMOD(C) identified the optimum carrying capacity for three Maine lease sites. Seeding mussels during the optimum time period (May to early July) resulted in the harvest of marketable mussels from 40 mm seed in 8 months for a high food year and in 13 months when the food supply was low. Characterizing the food supply using particulate organic matter, POM, alone was not sufficient to explain mussel growth in the detail necessary to answer many farm management questions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Great Eastern Mussel Farms, Tenants Harbor, ME 04860 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Newell, CR (reprint author), Great Eastern Mussel Farms, POB 141, Tenants Harbor, ME 04860 USA. NR 49 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JAN 9 PY 1998 VL 219 IS 1-2 BP 171 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00180-9 PG 33 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YU313 UT WOS:000071704800009 ER PT J AU Middelboe, M Kroer, N Jorgensen, NOG Pakulski, D AF Middelboe, M Kroer, N Jorgensen, NOG Pakulski, D TI Influence of sediment on pelagic carbon and nitrogen turnover in a shallow Danish estuary SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sediment effect; bacterioplankton; C and N turnover; DOC release ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; COMBINED AMINO-ACIDS; COASTAL MARINE-SEDIMENTS; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; BACTERIOPLANKTON; BACTERIA; BAY; DYNAMICS; FILTERS; RELEASE AB The impact of sediment on pelagic microbial processes was examined for 3 different sediment types (a bare sandy sediment, an eelgrass sediment and a diatom sediment) in a shallow Danish estuary. Diel and seasonal variations in the in situ fluxes and pelagic turnover of various C and N compounds were measured in plexiglas chambers incubated on top of the sediment and related to parallel control incubations without sediment contact. In April, the microbial activity was low, and the sediment had relatively little influence on the pelagic C and N turnover. In August, however, the eelgrass and diatom sediments had a significant stimulatory effect on the bacterial production, which was 2 to 4 times higher than at the bare sediment station. The measured effects of the sediment on pelagic C and N turnover, thus, appeared to be related to the presence and activity of benthic microalgae and macrophytes. Stimulation of bacterial production by the sediment was in all experiments associated with a net flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOG) from the sediment. We suggest that the release of biodegradable DOC from benthic microalgae and macrophytes caused a stimulation of the bacterioplankton production. Since 2 to 4 times more nitrogen was retained in the pelagic bacterial biomass at the eelgrass and diatom sediment than at the bare sediment location, we suggest that the presence of benthic microalgae and macrophytes may cause a temporary immobilization of N in bacterioplankton biomass. C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Ecol & Mol Ecol, Sect Microbiol & Genet, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol & Microbiol, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Middelboe, M (reprint author), Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Lab, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark. RI Middelboe, Mathias/B-9995-2009; Jorgensen, Niels/G-4176-2014; Kroer, NIels/D-3356-2015 OI Middelboe, Mathias/0000-0002-9587-9171; Jorgensen, Niels/0000-0002-3554-6906; NR 33 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD JAN 2 PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 81 EP 90 DI 10.3354/ame014081 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA YN835 UT WOS:000071212600009 ER PT B AU Irwin, JS Rosu, MR AF Irwin, JS Rosu, MR GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Comments on a draft practice for statistical evaluation of atmospheric dispersion models SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Irwin, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, MD-14, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 6 EP 10 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100002 ER PT B AU Lee, RF Paine, RJ Perry, SG Cimorelli, AJ Weil, JC Venkatram, A Wilson, RB AF Lee, RF Paine, RJ Perry, SG Cimorelli, AJ Weil, JC Venkatram, A Wilson, RB GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Developmental evaluation of the AERMOD dispersion model SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Lee, RF (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Drop 14, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 21 EP 25 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100005 ER PT B AU Novak, J Young, J Byun, D Coats, C Walter, G Benjey, B Gipson, G LeDuc, S AF Novak, J Young, J Byun, D Coats, C Walter, G Benjey, B Gipson, G LeDuc, S GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Models-3: A unifying framework for environmental modeling and assessment SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Serv Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Novak, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Serv Div, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 259 EP 263 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100059 ER PT B AU Byun, DW Young, J Gipson, G Godowitch, J Binkowski, F Roselle, S Benjey, B Pleim, J Ching, J Novak, J Coats, C Odman, T Hanna, A Alapaty, K Mathur, R McHenry, J Shankar, U Fine, S Xiu, AJ Jang, C AF Byun, DW Young, J Gipson, G Godowitch, J Binkowski, F Roselle, S Benjey, B Pleim, J Ching, J Novak, J Coats, C Odman, T Hanna, A Alapaty, K Mathur, R McHenry, J Shankar, U Fine, S Xiu, AJ Jang, C GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Description of the models-3 community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Byun, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Odman, Mehmet/L-6218-2013; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Odman, Mehmet/0000-0002-3947-7047; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 0 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 264 EP 268 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100060 ER PT B AU Ching, J Byun, D Young, J Binkowski, FS Pleim, J Roselle, S Godowitch, J Benjey, W Gipson, G AF Ching, J Byun, D Young, J Binkowski, FS Pleim, J Roselle, S Godowitch, J Benjey, W Gipson, G GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Science features in models-3 community multiscale air quality system SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ching, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 269 EP 273 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100061 ER PT B AU LeDuc, S AF LeDuc, S GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Beta test of Models-3 with Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP LeDuc, S (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 274 EP 275 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100062 ER PT B AU Thompson, RS Snyder, WH Weil, JC AF Thompson, RS Snyder, WH Weil, JC GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Laboratory observations of the rise of buoyant thermals created by open detonations SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Thompson, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-81, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 322 EP 325 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100072 ER PT B AU Atkinson, DG AF Atkinson, DG GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Comparison of mixing height calculations (Cobol vs. Fortran) SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Atkinson, DG (reprint author), US EPA, MD-14, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 440 EP 443 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100099 ER PT B AU Tonnesen, GS Dennis, RL Gipson, GL AF Tonnesen, GS Dennis, RL Gipson, GL GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Estimating the area of influence of ozone produced by local precursor emissions for a summer period with a range of photochemical activity SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modelling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tonnesen, GS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modelling Div, MD-84, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 534 EP 538 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100119 ER PT B AU Eckhoff, P Coulter, CT AF Eckhoff, P Coulter, CT GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI CALPUFF vs. ISCST3 sensitivity study SO 10TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH THE A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA / American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Emiss Monitoring & Anal Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Eckhoff, P (reprint author), US EPA, Emiss Monitoring & Anal Div, MD-14, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 575 EP 579 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL92P UT WOS:000077162100127 ER PT B AU LeDuc, S Eder, B Dennis, R Cohn, R AF LeDuc, S Eder, B Dennis, R Cohn, R GP AMS AMS TI Aggregation using cluster analyses for models-3 CMAQ applications SO 14TH CONFERENCE ON PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP LeDuc, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 107 EP 110 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM02N UT WOS:000077436200023 ER PT B AU Davis, JM AF Davis, JM BE Zhuing, QM Pan, W Huang, WG Pan, KR Huang, ZX Yu, L TI Oxygenated fuels: Environmental health issues SO ADVANCES OF ALCOHOL FUELS IN THE WORLD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XII International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels CY SEP 21-24, 1998 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Engn Thermophys, Tsinghua Univ, State Key Lab C1 Chem Technol, Natl Engn & Res Ctr Coal Slurry Gasificat & Coal Chem Ind, China, Min Sci & Technol China, Min Educ China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Ford Motor Co AB The expanded use of oxygenates has been accompanied by an increased and sometimes intense interest in the United States regarding the potential risks and benefits of these fuel additives. Assessments of environmental and health effects of oxygenated gasoline have been conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other agencies. Although none of these assessments has called for an immediate termination of air quality programs that mandate the use of oxygenates, questions have been raised about the advisability and utility of oxygenate requirements. This paper describes some efforts that are expected to help address these issues, including a program of inhalation toxicity testing and inhalation exposure studies on oxygenated and non-oxygenated gasoline and development of a "Research Strategy for Oxygenates in Water" in response to reports of water contamination by oxygenates. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment MD52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Davis, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment MD52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY PRESS PI BEIJING PA TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY HAIDIANQU, BEIJING 100084, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-302-03089-8 PY 1998 BP 345 EP 350 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BM05A UT WOS:000077517500048 ER PT B AU Hantush, MM Islam, MR Marino, MA AF Hantush, MM Islam, MR Marino, MA BE Smith, JW TI Analytical tools for groundwater pollution assessment SO AFTER THE RAIN HAS FALLEN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference on Water Resources Development and Protection CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn Div, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, W Tennessee Branch, Univ Memphis, Ground Water Inst, US Geol Survey AB This paper deals with the development of analytical screening-exposure models (indices) and their potential application to regulate the use of hazardous chemicals and the design of groundwater buffer strips. The indices describe the leaching of solutes below the root zone (mass fraction), emissions to the water table, and mass fraction of the contaminant intercepted by a well or a surface water body. The root zone is modeled separately from the intermediate-vadose zone, and the processes of crop uptake and volatilization from soil surface are incorporated in the root zone model. Other processes considered include (bio)chemical decay, adsorption, and percolation in the soil, and convective-dispersive and reactive transport in the aquifer. The methodology is applied to a list of pesticides, and their ranking scheme is compared to those based on some existing screening models. The potential use of the proposed indices for the design of groundwater/surface water buffer strips is also illustrated. C1 US EPA, SPRD, Natl Risk Management Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Hantush, MM (reprint author), US EPA, SPRD, Natl Risk Management Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0362-7 PY 1998 BP 147 EP 152 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BL59T UT WOS:000075967000025 ER PT S AU Frederick, RJ AF Frederick, RJ BE Ives, CL Bedford, BM TI International biosafety regulations: Benefits and costs SO AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT SE BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Biotechnology for a Better World CY APR 28-30, 1997 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP Michigan State Univ, Agr Biotechnol Sustainable Prod Project, US Agcy Int Dev, UST, Garst Seed Co, Michigan State Univ, Inst Int Agr AB A number of principles on environmental policy were agreed to at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. One of these is the importance of sustainable development so that we manage our environment not only for the health and economic benefit of today, but also for future generations. The second is adherence to a precautionary approach for environmental protection. Fundamental to our efforts to protect the environment is the establishment of appropriate regulatory mechanisms and the use of the best available science to make decisions, In and of themselves, however, regulations do not ensure safe applications of biotechnologies. We must often make decisions with imperfect knowledge. The precautionary approach suggests that when our knowledge is less than perfect, we will be protective of the environment and human health. Consequently, considerable thought must be given not only to the principles of biosafety, but also the practicalities of what constitutes a functioning programme, what the value of having such a programme is and whether that value balances the cost of establishing and maintaining a programme. The global biosafety regulatory landscape is quickly developing and evolving. The potential of biotechnologies to address national needs and economically attractive possibilities are well known. For practical and philosophical reasons, before countries can take advantage of these technologies, national biosafety mechanisms may be required. Consistent with international acceptance of a moral obligation to protect the environment, the value of having a biosafety programme seems quite high in terms of political capital. This is quite clear in the treatment of biosafety in Agenda 21 and the Convention on Biological Diversity. For the foreseeable future, technology transfer will necessitate concomitant regulatory oversight. While many developing countries are forming regulatory frameworks by adapting regulatory guidance already implemented elsewhere, cost sharing still carries a financial burden. The variety and disparity of potential frameworks necessitates normalization of both information/data requirements and relative stringency of regulatory oversight. Other costs include those for biosafety training, data collection and storage, and monitoring programmes, International guidelines and/or a binding protocol under the Convention on Biological Diversity, may help to assist the harmonization process while providing an overall umbrella for biosafety regulation thus reducing the costs of having to establish biosafety regulatory programmes de novo, Programmed training approaches that create networks of trained individuals on regional and subregional levels may facilitate the acquisition and dissemination of biosafety expertise at reduced costs. Providing useful, relevant information is a non-trivial task and can be expensive. With unique issues to address, developing countries may find limited use for existing assessments done elsewhere. Acquiring new knowledge may carry a high cost in both time and money. There are significant benefits to be derived from having biosafety mechanisms in place, but costs associated with the adoption and implementation of regulations may be substantial. Each country will have to weigh the benefits and costs for themselves to determine the best mechanism to achieve national goals for environmental protection and technology development. International cooperation and assistance can be helpful in this regard and, in many instances, will be necessary if all countries are to have national biosafety regulations. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Frederick, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU CABI PUBLISHING-C A B INT PI WALLINGFORD PA CABI PUBLISHING, WALLINGFORD 0X10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-202X BN 0-85199-278-1 J9 BIOTECHN AG PY 1998 IS 21 BP 213 EP 228 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BM72E UT WOS:000079604900016 ER PT S AU Farland, WH AF Farland, WH BE Schneider, T TI Addressing airborn environmental risks: Integration of science and policy SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Farland, WH (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 21 EP 34 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000003 ER PT S AU Wilson, WE AF Wilson, WE BE Schneider, T TI Fine and coarse particles: chemical and physical properties important for the standard-setting process SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm ID UNITED-STATES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; AIR-POLLUTION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; ORGANIC MATERIAL; AEROSOL; SULFUR; SYSTEM; MASS; DEPOSITION C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wilson, WE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MD-52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 60 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 87 EP 115 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000006 ER PT S AU Fitz-Simons, T Wayland, M Mintz, D AF Fitz-Simons, T Wayland, M Mintz, D BE Schneider, T TI US status of particulates - monitoring, modeling, background, trends, and standards. SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm C1 US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Standards, Air Qual Trends Anal Grp, Emiss Monitoring & Anal Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Fitz-Simons, T (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Standards, Air Qual Trends Anal Grp, Emiss Monitoring & Anal Div, MD-14, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 125 EP 129 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000008 ER PT S AU Tucker, WG AF Tucker, WG BE Schneider, T TI Particulate matter sources, emissions, and control options - USA SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm ID TRACE-ELEMENTS; PARTICLE-SIZE; FLY-ASH; COMBUSTION; INCINERATION; WASTE AB A new national standard for particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air is being developed in the United States (U.S.). Whereas the current standard applies to PM less than 10 micrometers (m) in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), the standard being developed would also address particles smaller than 2.5 m (PM2.5). To meet either the current standard of a new one, sources of both primary and secondary particles need to be inventoried and controlled. (Control of 'primary' particles, which are emitted directly into the air, involves emissions prevention or collection at the source. Control of 'secondary' particles, which are formed in the atmosphere, requires reducing emissions of precursor constituents such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia.) This paper summarizes the current knowledge on sources of primary particles in the U.S., and options for control of their emissions. Research needs and plans are briefly addressed. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tucker, WG (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 149 EP 164 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000010 ER PT S AU McKeever, M AF McKeever, M BE Schneider, T TI Estimating the benefits and costs for the revised particulate matter and ozone standards in the United States SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm AB This paper provides an overview of some of the issues, procedures, and decisions associated with preparing a national benefit-cost analysis for revised air quality standards for particulate matter and ozone in the United States. Additionally, the paper presents the results of the analyses in terms of potential monetized benefits and costs that could be estimated for the revised standards in the year 2010. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27701 USA. RP McKeever, M (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Drop 15, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27701 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 165 EP 180 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000011 ER PT S AU Dutrow, EA Forte, R AF Dutrow, EA Forte, R BE Schneider, T TI Fluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride emissions reduction strategy in the United States SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm AB Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), pefluorocompounds (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF,), represent possible solutions to the environmental impact caused by chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and other ozone depleting substances; however, most of the PFCs, SF,, and some HFCs are very potent greenhouse gases. As such, emissions of these gases are under examination by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA). USEPA is actively tracking emissions of these gases from various sources and has developed programs to control releases of the gases. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dutrow, EA (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St,SW 6202J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 241 EP 244 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000015 ER PT S AU Linak, WP Kramlich, JC AF Linak, WP Kramlich, JC BE Schneider, T TI A review of nitrous oxide behavior in the atmosphere, and in combustion and industrial systems SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Review CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm ID FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION; FIRED POWER-PLANTS; NITRIC-OXIDE; COAL COMBUSTION; PLATINUM CATALYST; CYANURIC ACID; EXHAUST-GAS; N2O; EMISSIONS; REDUCTION AB Tropospheric measurements show that nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations are increasing over time. This demonstrates the existence of one or more significant anthropogenic sources, a fact that has generated considerable research interest for several years. The debate has principally focused on (1) the identity of the sources, and (2) the consequences of increased N2O concentrations. Both questions remain open, to at least some degree. The environmental concerns stem from the suggestion that diffusion of additional N2O into the stratosphere can result in increased ozone (O-3) depletion. Within the stratosphere, N2O undergoes photolysis and reacts with oxygen atoms to yield some nitric oxide (NO). This enters into the well known O-3 destruction cycle. N2O is also a potent absorber of infrared radiation and can contribute to global warming through the greenhouse effect. In combustion, the homogeneous reactions leading to N2O are principally NCO + NO --> N2O + CO and NH + NO --> N2O + H, with the first reaction being the more important in practical combustion systems. During high-temperature combustion, N2O forms early in the flame if fuel nitrogen is available. The high temperatures, however, ensure that little of this escapes, and emissions from most conventional combustion systems are quite low. The exception is combustion under moderate temperature conditions, where the N2O is formed from fuel nitrogen, but fails to be destroyed. The two principal examples are combustion in fluidized beds, and in applications of nitrogen oxide (NOx) control by the downstream injection of nitrogen-containing agents (e.g., selective non-catalytic reduction with urea). There remains considerable debate on the degree to which homogeneous vs. heterogeneous reactions contribute to N2O formation in fluidized bed combustion. What is clear is that the N2O yield is inversely correlated with bed temperature, and conversion of fuel nitrogen to N2O is favored for higher-rank fuels. Formation of N2O during NOx control processes has been confined primarily to selective non-catalytic reduction. Specifically, when the nitrogen-containing agents urea and cyanuric acid are injected, a significant portion (typically > 10%) of the NO that is reduced is converted into N2O. The use of promoters to reduce the optimum injection temperature appears to increase the fraction of NO converted into N2O. Other operations, such as air staging and reburning, do not appear to be significant N2O producers. In selective catalytic reduction, the yield of N2O depends on both catalyst type and operating condition, although most systems are not large emitters. Other systems considered include mobile sources, waste incineration, and industrial sources. In waste incineration, the combustion of sewage sludge yields very high N2O emissions. This appears to be due to the very high nitrogen content of the fuel and the low combustion temperatures. Many industrial systems are largely uncharacterized with respect to N2O emissions. Adipic acid manufacture is known to produce large amounts of N2O as a byproduct, and abatement procedures are under development within the industry. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Linak, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch, MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 111 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 265 EP 313 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000017 ER PT S AU Lee, CW Lemieux, PM Gullett, BK Ryan, JV Kilgroe, JD AF Lee, CW Lemieux, PM Gullett, BK Ryan, JV Kilgroe, JD BE Schneider, T TI Research on emissions and mitigation of POP's from combustion sources SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm ID MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS; ROTARY KILN INCINERATION; INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION; AIR-POLLUTANTS; LIQUID WASTES; IN-DEPTH; DIOXIN; DIBENZOFURAN; SORBENT; EXIT AB The environmental consequences of persistent organic pollutants (POP's) are of increasing concern due to the serious health effects on animal and humans including reproduction, development and immunological function. Several major classes of POP's, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's), chlorobenzenes, chlorinated dioxins and chlorinated furans, have been identified as products of incomplete combustion (PIC's) produced in trace levels in combustion systems. A wide variety of combustion processes, ranging from power plants, industrial boilers, industrial furnaces and incinerators, to home heating devices, are believed to be potential sources of POP's. Full-scale combustion facilities can be significant sources of POP's due to the large mass flow of flue gas released from a plant. Total emissions of POP's from small combustion devices, such as wood stoves and residential oil furnaces, can also be significant due to the large numbers of existing units near high population areas. It becomes increasingly important to understand the formation of POP's from different combustion processes to identify sources of POP's and to develop strategies for their prevention and mitigation. Research on POP emissions from combustion sources conducted by EPA is largely driven by the need for regulating the emissions of hazardous air pollutants as required by Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments and by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. This paper provides a summary of EPA's research on emissions and control of POP's from combustion sources with emphasis on source characterization and measurement, formation and destruction mechanisms, formation prevention and flue gas cleaning. Laboratory experiments conducted to examine the PAH emissions from a wide variety of combustion processes, ranging from pulverized coal utility boilers to wood stoves, have shown that they exhibit widely different emission characteristics. Waste incineration research conducted by the National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division (NRMRL/APPCD) has also shown that complex mechanisms, including physical mixing and chemical kinetics, are involved in the formation of chlorinated PIC's.(1) Research has also indicated that the formation of ultra-trace levels of chlorinated-dioxins and -furans in combustion/incineration processes includes the complex interaction of several factors including temperature, chlorine content and catalyst. The beneficial effect of sulfur and sorbents for dioxin formation prevention is demonstrated. This Laboratory's effort to develop and evaluate state-of-the-art technologies for on-line measurements of PAH's, volatile PIC's, dioxins and furans is also discussed. The promising potential of applying artificial-intelligence-based control systems for improving combustion processes operating conditions as a POP prevention approach is demonstrated. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lee, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 361 EP 378 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000022 ER PT S AU Hogsett, WE Andersen, CP AF Hogsett, WE Andersen, CP BE Schneider, T TI Ecological effects of tropospheric ozone: A US perspective - Past, present and future SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm AB Understanding the effects of tropospheric ozone on vegetation, as called for in the U.S. Clean Air Act, has involved collection of experimental data at the species level and, in particular, at the level of the individual and populations. Frequently the studies have been regression designs involving single species and single pollutants resulting in quantitative exposure-response functions that characterize the effects on biomass or reproduction (crop yield). Recently, the 1996 EPA Oxidant Criteria Document reviewed the published research on oxidant effects on crops, forests, and ecological resources, and concluded that the current secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone is neither protective or appropriate. The subsequent discussion and decision on what is an appropriate form and level of the secondary NAAQS utilized results from single pollutant and single species studies. To estimate concentrations causing effects composite response-functions for crops and trees from a large number of species were developed, predicting crop yield loss or annual biomass loss in seedlings. This approach is useful based on available quantitative data on biological effects; however it assumes that individual plant response does Plot change in the presence of other stresses or in natural systems which are considerably more complex (e.g. species' assemblages and competition for resources). For example, the importance of biological complexity is illustrated when we examine the below-ground ecosystem, an often overlooked portion of the ecosystem. We have found that incorporating natural biological complexity into potting soils can result in carbon fluxes opposite those predicted from individual plant studies using artificial media lacking natural soil foodwebs. A future research approach to understanding O-3 effects on ecosystems is required that will develop the necessary linkages to extrapolate experimental data taken at the individual level, often in artificial conditions, to predict changes on individuals or populations in more complex native environments. We will present experimental and modelling activities from our laboratory that show how we are beginning to address the problems of scale, complexity, and multiple stresses in forested ecosystems exposed to ozone stress. Questions frequently posed in ecological risk assessments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Hogsett, WE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 419 EP 437 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000026 ER PT S AU Folinsbee, LJ AF Folinsbee, LJ BE Schneider, T TI Ozone health effects: Repeated exposure and sensitive subjects SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION; AIR-POLLUTION; RESPONSES; VOLUNTEERS; ADAPTATION; ASTHMATICS; MORTALITY; LUNG; INFLAMMATION; ADMISSIONS C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Folinsbee, LJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 455 EP 464 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000028 ER PT S AU Napolitano, S McLean, B Bachmann, J Critchfield, LR AF Napolitano, S McLean, B Bachmann, J Critchfield, LR BE Schneider, T TI Better approaches to cleaner air from electricity generation SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed the Clean Air Power initiative (CAPI) as a more effective way to reduce air pollution from electric power generation. The Agency decided during the CAPI process to focus initially on nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SOx) emissions. EPA developed a set of options that varied the level, timing, rind type of approach to reducing emissions of NOx and SOx in order to meet the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) goals. The Agency analyzed the costs and emission reductions of these options using a new modeling approach. This paper describes the alternatives that EPA examined and summarizes its findings. C1 US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Napolitano, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 693 EP 712 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000041 ER PT S AU Princiotta, FT AF Princiotta, FT BE Schneider, T TI Renewable technologies and their role in mitigating greenhouse gas warming SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Princiotta, FT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, MD-60, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 805 EP 845 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000047 ER PT S AU Princiotta, F AF Princiotta, F BE Schneider, T TI Environmental technology verification program verification strategy SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Princiotta, F (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 869 EP 884 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000050 ER PT B AU Spittler, TM AF Spittler, TM BE Linkov, I Wilson, R TI The use of portable instrumentation for assessing environmental contamination in the Urals region of Russia SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE URAL MOUNTAINS: ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND POLICY ASPECTS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Air Pollution in the Ural Mountains CY MAY 26-30, 1997 CL MAGNITOGORSK, RUSSIA SP NATO, Andrei Sakharov Fdn, US EPA, Harvard Univ AB Two of the principal environmental contamination problems facing the mining regions of the Urals are pollution of air and water by volatile organic chemicals and pollution of air, water and soil by heavy metal wastes from mining and heavy industry such as steel production. Because of the extent of these problems and the large areas affected in the Urals region the use of on-site analysis instruments would provide a powerful tool for making rapid assessments of air, water and soil contamination and for determining where to sample when samples are to be returned to a central laboratory for confirmatory analysis or for further intensive testing. The first instrument is a very sensitive gas chromatograph using photoionization as the detection principle. This instrument has been widely used in America to perform rapid assessment of air, water and soil contamination from gasoline and other fuel leaks, hazardous waste disposal sites and workplace monitoring to protect workers from unnecessary exposure to volatile chemicals. The instrument has sensitivity to aromatic compounds and ethylene type compounds such as trichioroethylene (TCE) and vinyl chloride (VCM) down to the pictogram range. This results in a sensitivity to benzene and TCE of about 1-10 ppb in air. Water and soil are analyzed using the simple technique of analyzing headspace in a closed vial for water or by placing soil in a vial with appropriate amounts of methanol or water and analyzing the headspace above the aqueous slurry or by dilution of the methanol extract in water and again using headspace analysis. Using the simple principle of Henry's Law, water can be analyzed for volatile organic down to the ppt range for aromatics and the low ppb range for alkanes (e.g. carbon tetrachloride, etc). Detection of volatile contamination from spills or leaks of volatile organic chemicals can be done using another simple field technique. The technique is called "Soil Gas Analysis" and consists of making a small borehole in the area of a suspected contamination incident and sampling the soil gas, using the field gas chromatograph to produce real time data on the nature, spread and concentration of the spilled material in the soil. This technique has found very widespread use in America where many buried fuel tanks have been found leaking with the consequent problem of widespread contamination of ground water supplies. The second instrument is a portable X-Ray Fluorescent (XRF) Analyzer. This instrument uses a low level radioactive source (Cd 109) to excite heavy metal atoms in a sample which then fluoresce to produce characteristic (Raleigh) scattered peaks which can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. With this instrument, the presence of lead and other toxic heavy metals can be readily detected in the field to determine where soil has been contaminated by mining and metallurgical operations, leaving the soil at levels that are dangerous especially to children playing in and around these operations. C1 US EPA, Lexington, MA 02173 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4967-9 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1998 VL 40 BP 115 EP 126 PG 12 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL37H UT WOS:000075313400009 ER PT B AU Briggs, G Britter, RE Hanna, SR Havens, J King, SB Robins, AG Snyder, WH Steinberg, KW AF Briggs, G Britter, RE Hanna, SR Havens, J King, SB Robins, AG Snyder, WH Steinberg, KW BE Gryning, SE Chaumerliac, N TI Advances in dense gas dispersion modeling of accidental releases over rough surfaces during stable conditions SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XII SE NATO CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application CY JUN 02-06, 1997 CL CLERMONT FERRA, FRANCE SP NATO, CCMS, CNRS, Observ Phys Globe Clermont-Ferrand, Univ Blaise Pascal, Elect France, Inst Francais Petr, Conseil Reg d'Auvergne, Conseil Gen Puy de Dome, Marie Clermont-Ferrand, SATCAR, European Assoc Sci Air Pollut, Riso Natl Lab, Danish Environm Res Programme C1 US EPA, NOAA, US DOC, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Briggs, G (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, US DOC, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45821-7 J9 NATO CHAL M PY 1998 VL 22 BP 509 EP 516 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL96F UT WOS:000077292800052 ER PT J AU Kashmanian, RM Rynk, RF AF Kashmanian, RM Rynk, RF TI Creating positive incentives for farm composting SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT European Commissions International Symposium on the Science of Composting CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 1995 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP Commiss European Communities DE manure; mortalities; dairy; poultry; swine AB With the growing concern about the impact of agriculture on water quality and heightened interest in managing agricultural by-products economically the use of composting by U.S. farmers is increasing. Over 8,000 farms are now composting animal mortalities, manure, crop residues, and selected organic materials from communities and industries. At beast 75% of farm composting operations are composting poultry mortalities. Based on discussions with contacts in leading agricultural states and organizations, this paper provides examples of technical and economic incentive programs encouraging farmers to adapt composting as a way to manage farm by-products. These programs have been established largely by the public sector, including state agencies, public universities, USDA, and USEPA. However they ai-e often initiated by or conducted in partnership with the private sector entities such as farms, livestock and poultry product companies, and composting businesses. Examples of incentive programs include research and demonstration projects, extension education programs, technical standards, regulatory incentives, cost-sharing financial grants, and low-interest loans. Many projects have succeeded in expanding the practice of composting among farms. For example, the now common practice of composting poultry mortalities can be traced to research and educational programs at the Universities of Maryland and Delaware, which were followed by a national technical standard adapted by the USDA. Similar success stories are apparent in other composting incentive programs, such as for composting of swine mortalities in Missouri, dairy manure in Michigan, and non-farm materials in California and Pennsylvania. C1 US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CABI PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, NOSWORTHY WAY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0889-1893 J9 AM J ALTERNATIVE AGR JI Am. J. Altern. Agric. PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 40 EP 45 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 109YY UT WOS:000075353000004 ER PT J AU Little, RE AF Little, RE TI Public health in Central and Eastern Europe and the role of environmental pollution SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review DE Soviet Union; vital statistics; infant mortality; heart disease; injuries; smoking; alcohol use; poverty; review ID SOVIET-UNION; MORTALITY; POLICY; RUSSIA; IMPACT; CARE AB The central and eastern European countries that composed the former Eastern Bloc have experienced an alarming decline in public health since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Death rates have increased in most age groups. Life expectancy, especially among males, has decreased in many countries; in Russia, male life expectancy dropped by six years between 1989 and 1994. By 2020, these countries are projected to have smaller increases in life expectancy than any other geographic region. The conditions responsible for the excess mortality are cardiovascular disease, cancer, and injuries among adults. The major factors in the sharp increase are poverty, social disintegration, and crime, overlaid on historically high rates of smoking, alcohol use, and psychosocial stress. Environmental pollution, although common and sometimes severe in the former Eastern Bloc, is another, albeit not the chief, cause of the sharp decline in public health since 1989. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Little, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-7525 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 1998 VL 19 BP 153 EP 172 DI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.153 PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZN554 UT WOS:000073657500008 PM 9611616 ER PT J AU McLachlan, JA Newbold, RR Li, SF Negishi, M AF McLachlan, JA Newbold, RR Li, SF Negishi, M TI Are estrogens carcinogenic during development of the testes? SO APMIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Copenhagen Workshop on Carcinoma In Situ and Cancer of the Testis - Molecular and Endocrine Aspects CY MAY 18-21, 1997 CL COPENHAGEN UNIV HOSP, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK HO COPENHAGEN UNIV HOSP DE testicular neoplasms; estrogens; environmental disrupters ID REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION; CELL-TRANSFORMATION; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; MICE; EXPOSURE; GENE; ANEUPLOIDY; INDUCTION; INUTERO AB Many chemicals in the environment mimic the female sex hormone, estrogen. Exposure to environmental estrogens during early fetal development was proposed by Sharpe & Skakkebaek as a potential risk factor for subsequent testicular disease, including neoplasia and poor semen quality. To understand the mechanisms of action of estrogenic chemicals during differentiation of the male genital tract. we have studied developmental exposure to the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilboestrol (DES). While DES is a much more potent estrogen than most environmental chemicals examined, several of these compounds share some of the same properties as DES? such as a relative lack of binding to serum estrogen carrying proteins. Prenatal exposure to DES is associated with poor semen quality, prostatic disease, cryptorchidism and testicular neoplasia in mice. A rare form of testicular cancer, rete testis carcinoma, was observed in five percent of male mice treated in utero, with DES. We also demonstrated altered regulation of an estrogen responsive gene, lactotransferrin (LTF) in the seminal vesicles of treated mice, but not the controls. Likewise, LTF was irreversibly altered in the uteri of developmentally treated females; at the molecular level altered methylation of the gene appears to be involved, thus, providing a potential marker for hormonal effects during development. The induction of permanent or "imprinted" responses during the development of a relatively estrogen-free reproductive tract cell suggests that undifferentiated targets for estrogen action may be sites for subsequent growth and differentiation defects associated with neoplasia. C1 Tulane Univ, Tulane Xavier Ctr Bioenvironm Res, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP McLachlan, JA (reprint author), Tulane Univ, Tulane Xavier Ctr Bioenvironm Res, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0903-4641 J9 APMIS JI APMIS PD JAN PY 1998 VL 106 IS 1 BP 240 EP 242 PG 3 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology SC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology GA ZA193 UT WOS:000072338300055 PM 9524585 ER PT S AU Farmer, DE Glew, TR Faller, SH AF Farmer, DE Glew, TR Faller, SH BE Almorza, D Ramos, HM TI Measurement of current tritium concentrations in winter and summer precipitation at Las Vegas, Nevada (USA) SO APPLIED SCIENCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Applied Sciences and the Environment (ASE 98) CY 1998 CL CADIZ, SPAIN SP Univ Cadiz, Spain, Wessex Inst Technol, UK AB Tritium concentrations were determined in precipitation samples collected in the Las Vegas Valley and Spring Mountains of southeastern Nevada. The purpose of our study was to continue to track the general decrease of "bomb pulse" tritium in the Northern Hemisphere since the 1960s and identify the current tritium "recharge signal" for waters supplying important local and regional aquifers. Based on our findings, the current levels of tritium in local precipitation approximate those measured before the advent of the atomic age and are strongly related to weather patterns with the lowest concentrations found in precipitation from winter storms originating over the eastern Pacific Ocean. Tritium concentrations in rain water samples collected at our location between 1995 and 1997 ranged from approximately 0.5 Bq L-1 in the winter to slightly more than 2 Bq L-1 in the spring and summer. Given the greater infiltration potential for winter precipitation, the present ground-water recharge signal for tritium in our region is probably somewhat lower than the average of the summer and winter values we determined. C1 US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Farmer, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, POB 98517, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WIT PRESS/COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, ASHURST, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ENGLAND SN 1460-1427 BN 1-85312-603-9 J9 ENVIRONM ENGN PY 1998 BP 97 EP 112 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM65Y UT WOS:000079356600011 ER PT J AU Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV Stutzman, TW AF Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV Stutzman, TW TI Salinity tolerance Daphnia magna and potential use for estuarine sediment toxicity tests (vol 33, pg 194, 1997) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Schuytema, GS (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 107 EP 107 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YP024 UT WOS:000071233600015 ER PT J AU Guo, ZS Sparks, LE Tichenor, BA Chang, JCS AF Guo, ZS Sparks, LE Tichenor, BA Chang, JCS TI Predicting the emissions of individual VOCs from petroleum-based indoor coatings SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE indoor air; model; emissions; volatile organic compound; coating material ID RATES AB The indoor use of petroleum-based coating materials may cause elevated volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations. This paper presents a newly developed mass transfer model for estimating the emissions of individual VOCs from freshly coated surfaces. Results of a four-step validation show that the predicted individual VOC emissions are in good agreement with experimental data generated in small chambers and an indoor air quality test house. The values of the parameters introduced in this model are all easily obtained, and thus its utilization can provide indoor air quality professionals with emission rate estimates for individual VOCs without having to conduct costly dynamic chamber testing. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Acurex Environm Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Indoor Environm Management Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Guo, ZS (reprint author), Acurex Environm Corp, POB 13109, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 9 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 32 IS 2 BP 231 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00353-6 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YM849 UT WOS:000071107700013 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ Chiba, AA Oshiro, WM AF Bushnell, PJ Chiba, AA Oshiro, WM TI Effects of unilateral removal of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons on cued target detection in rats SO BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Neuroscience CY NOV 11-16, 1995 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Soc Neurosci, USDA, ARS, CSRS, OGPS DE attention; orienting; basal forebrain cholinergic system; visuospatial neglect ID VISUOSPATIAL ATTENTION; VISUAL-ATTENTION; EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS; NUCLEUS BASALIS; MEMORY; SYSTEM; PHYSOSTIGMINE; MECHANISMS; INFUSIONS; NEGLECT AB Corticopetal cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (BF) were removed unilaterally from rats by infusing the cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into the substantia innominata. After 2 weeks, the rats with right-hemisphere infusions showed signs of visuospatial neglect for targets in the left visual field in a cued visual target detection task based upon human covert orienting procedures. No behavioral effects were evident 4-6 weeks post-infusion. Ten to 22 weeks post-infusion all rats responded more quickly and less accurately to targets in the visual field contralateral to the infusion than to targets ipsilateral to the infusion; further, accuracy for contralateral targets decreased with increasing time between trial initiation and target presentation (target delay), whereas accuracy for ipsilateral targets increased with target delay. Cues did not affect responding to targets in the contralateral visual field more than to targets in the ipsilateral field. The changes in performance could not be attributed to sensory or mnemonic impairment or to response bias. The temporal characteristics of response accuracy and latency suggest the competitive interaction of two time-dependent processes: an attentional process which relies upon cholinergic input from the BF, and a response preparation process which is normally inhibited by the attentional process. These results suggest a role for corticopetal cholinergic pathways in maintaining attention to salient stimuli by inhibiting subcortical motor circuits. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-4328 J9 BEHAV BRAIN RES JI Behav. Brain Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 90 IS 1 BP 57 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00082-X PG 15 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZB188 UT WOS:000072445200005 PM 9520213 ER PT B AU Bastian, RK AF Bastian, RK BE Brown, S Angle, JS Jacobs, L TI NRC committee review of using biosolids and effluents in food crop production SO BENEFICIAL CO-UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL, MUNICIPAL, AND INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Beltsville Symposium CY MAY 04-08, 1997 CL BELTSVILLE, MD SP Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Friends Agr Res, Wheelabrator - BioGro Inc, Amer Coal Ash Assoc, Natl Aggregates Assoc AB Potential health effects as well as lack of compliance with existing regulatory requirements are frequently raised as concerns when projects are proposed to recycle biosolids on farmland used for the production of food crops for direct human consumption. These concerns were a primary focus of the report, "Use of Reclaimed Water an Sludge in Food Crop Production," issued by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences in early 1996 (NRC, 1996). The three-year study was undertaken to help answer some of the questions that have been raised about the safety of crops grown in fields where treated municipal wastewater effluent or biosolids have been applied. It provides an independent assessment of the risks associated with these practices and provides recommendations for improving these recycling practices and their acceptance. The committee that conducted the study based its report on existing published literature and discussions with experts in the field. The study reviewed the current state of the practice, public health concerns, existing guidelines and regulations, and implementation issues. While the committee did not conduct a formal risk assessment of possible health effects, it did review the methods and procedures used by EPA in its extensive risk assessment which was the basis of the Part 503 rule. The National Research Council (NRC) report confirms the basis of Federal policy that properly treated and managed municipal wastewater effluents and biosolids can be safely and effectively used in food crop production, while presenting negligible risk to the craps, consumers, and the environment. To help address the persistent concerns regarding the potential for exposure to contaminants, nuisance problems and adequacy of oversight of programs involving agricultural use of biosolids, the report suggests that POTWs, private processors, distributors, and applicators should not only comply with all regulatory requirements and management practices, but also take extra steps to demonstrate such compliance to various stakeholders (e.g., neighbors, farmers, food processors, and consumers). It recommends full public participation, self-monitoring and reporting programs, and public education campaigns. The study report suggests that it is especially important that these public information efforts be continuing and detailed, as public awareness that safe practices are in fact being followed is necessary if monitoring by state or local entities is likely to be minimal. C1 US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bastian, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5189-4 PY 1998 BP 45 EP 53 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN28T UT WOS:000081434100004 ER PT B AU Ryan, JA Bryndzia, LT AF Ryan, JA Bryndzia, LT BE Brown, S Angle, JS Jacobs, L TI Fate and potential effects of trace elements: Issues in co-utilization of by-products SO BENEFICIAL CO-UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL, MUNICIPAL, AND INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Beltsville Symposium CY MAY 04-08, 1997 CL BELTSVILLE, MD SP Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Friends Agr Res, Wheelabrator - BioGro Inc, Amer Coal Ash Assoc, Natl Aggregates Assoc ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; ZINC; IMMOBILIZATION; PHYTOTOXICITY; CADMIUM; SOILS; LEAD; HYDROXYAPATITE; APATITE; COPPER C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RP Ryan, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5189-4 PY 1998 BP 219 EP 233 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN28T UT WOS:000081434100018 ER PT B AU Walker, JM Horne, JG AF Walker, JM Horne, JG BE Brown, S Angle, JS Jacobs, L TI An environmental management system for biosolids SO BENEFICIAL CO-UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL, MUNICIPAL, AND INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Beltsville Symposium CY MAY 04-08, 1997 CL BELTSVILLE, MD SP Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Friends Agr Res, Wheelabrator - BioGro Inc, Amer Coal Ash Assoc, Natl Aggregates Assoc C1 US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Walker, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5189-4 PY 1998 BP 259 EP 267 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN28T UT WOS:000081434100021 ER PT J AU Pillsbury, H AF Pillsbury, H TI Standardizing recycling measurements SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Pillsbury, H (reprint author), US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD JAN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1 BP 39 EP 40 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA YZ198 UT WOS:000072230100040 ER PT J AU Eaton, RW Selifonova, OV Gedney, RM AF Eaton, RW Selifonova, OV Gedney, RM TI Isopropylbenzene catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas putida RE204: nucleotide sequence analysis of the ipb operon and neighboring DNA from pRE4 SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE aromatic hydrocarbons; catabolic plasmids; IS elements; isopropylbenzene catabolism operon; pRE4; XylS/AraC family ID META-CLEAVAGE PATHWAY; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL-DEGRADATION; TOL PLASMID XYLS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; TOLUENE DEGRADATION; DEGRADING BACTERIA; INSERTION-SEQUENCE; POSITIVE REGULATOR; FLUORESCENS IP01; PM PROMOTER AB Pseudomonas putida RE204 employs a set of plasmid-specified enzymes in the catabolism of isopropylbenzene (cumene) and related alkylbenzenes. A 21,768 bp segment of the plasmid pRE4, whose sequence is discussed here, includes the ipb (isopropylbenzene catabolic) operon as well as associated genetic elements. The ipb operon, ipbAaAbAcAdBCEGFHD, encodes enzymes catalyzing the conversion of isopropylbenzene to isobutyrate, pyruvate, and acetyl-coenzyme A as well as an outer membrane protein (IpbH) of uncertain function. These gene products are 75 to 91% identical to those encoded by other isopropylbenzene catabolic operons and are somewhat less similar to analogous proteins of related pathways for the catabolism of mono-substituted benzenes. Upstream of ipbAa, ipbR encodes a positive regulatory protein which has about 56% identity to XylS regulatory proteins of TOL (xylene/toluate) catabolic plasmids. This similarity and that of the DNA sequence in the proposed ipb operator-promoter region (ipbOP) to the same region of the xyl meta operon (xylOmPm) suggest that, although the IpbR and XylS regulatory proteins recognize very different inducers, their interactions with DNA to activate gene expression are similar. Upstream of ipbR is an 1196 bp insertion sequence, IS1543, related to IS52 and IS1406. Separating ipbR from ipbAa are 3 additional tightly clustered IS elements. These are IS1544, related to IS1543, IS52, and other members of the IS5 family; IS1545, related to IS1240; and IS1546, related to IS1491. Encompassing the ipb catabolic genes and the other genetic elements and separated from each other by 18,492 bp, are two identical, directly repeated 1007 bp DNA segments. Homologous recombination between these segments appears to be responsible for the occasional deletion of the intervening DNA from pRE4. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. RP Eaton, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 78 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PY 1998 VL 9 IS 2 BP 119 EP 132 DI 10.1023/A:1008386221961 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 138CT UT WOS:000076954400005 PM 9821257 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE Elder, JA AF Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE Elder, JA TI Double blind test of magnetic field effects on neurite outgrowth SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE IPR model; nerve growth factor; static magnetic field; PC-12 cells ID PARAMETRIC RESONANCE MODEL; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; PC-12 CELLS; NERVE-CELLS; SYSTEMS AB Previous work reported that nerve growth factor-stimulated neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells could be altered by exposure to parallel alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) magnetic fields under a variety of exposure conditions, producing results that are consistent with the predictions of the ion parametric resonance (IPR) model. The credibility of these results, considered extraordinary by some scientists, could be strengthened if the cell response were found to persist under alternate assay conditions. We replaced part of our standard assay procedure with a double blind procedure. This new procedure obscured 1) whether a particular set of dishes of cells was exposed or not. and 2) which individual dish was in which exposure sq stem. The goal was to determine whether the previously observed responses of PC-12 cells to magnetic fields would be sufficiently robust to decode the imposed blinding, thereby removing any question of experimenter bias in reported results. We placed three coded dishes of cells in each of two otherwise identical exposure systems, one not energized and one energized to produce exposure conditions predicted to maximally suppress neurite outgrowth (B-dc of 36.6 mu T, parallel 45 Hz AC of 23.8 mu T rms). Each of the six dishes were recoded before assay to further obscure the exposure identity of any individual dish. The combined results of four distinct runs of these double blind experiments unequivocally demonstrated that 1) there was a clear, distinctive, repeatable consistency with the actual energization of the exposure systems and location of each dish, and with the predictions of the IPR model; 2) only the explicitly stated experimental variables influenced the experiment, and 3) the reported response of the cells was very improbably due to chance(P =.000024). (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Bechtel Technol & Consulting, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Blackman, CF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1998 VL 19 IS 4 BP 204 EP 209 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:4<204::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 6 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA ZH987 UT WOS:000073168300001 PM 9581963 ER PT J AU Newbold, RR AF Newbold, RR TI Adverse effects of estrogenic compounds result from exposure during critical periods of development. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Toxicol Lab, Dev Endocrinol Sect, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA M29 BP 32 EP 33 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000039 ER PT J AU Cancel, A Jeffay, S Perrault, SD AF Cancel, A Jeffay, S Perrault, SD TI Heparin enhances rat sperm fertilizing ability in vitro. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. UNC, Toxicol Program, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA 14 BP 76 EP 76 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000060 ER PT J AU Ostby, JS Wolf, CJ Huey, OP Kelce, WR Gray, LE AF Ostby, JS Wolf, CJ Huey, OP Kelce, WR Gray, LE TI Procymidone alters reproductive development in male rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, EB, RTD, NHEERL, Durham, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA 59 BP 89 EP 89 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000105 ER PT J AU Narotsky, MG Hamby, BT Best, DS Guidici, DL AF Narotsky, MG Hamby, BT Best, DS Guidici, DL TI Critical period of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate potentiation of trichloroethylene-induced pregnancy loss in F-344 rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environment Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA 61 BP 90 EP 90 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000107 ER PT J AU Wolf, CJ Huey, O Ostby, JS Gray, LE AF Wolf, CJ Huey, O Ostby, JS Gray, LE TI Sensitivity of fetal male rat reproductive development to vinclozolin is affected by timing of administration. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA 60 BP 90 EP 90 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000106 ER PT J AU Welch, JE Magyar, PL Bunch, DO O'Brien, DA AF Welch, JE Magyar, PL Bunch, DO O'Brien, DA TI Expression of the spermatogenic cell-specific glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD-S) in rat testis. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Reprod Biol Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Reprod Biol Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA 168 BP 124 EP 124 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000214 ER PT J AU Perreault, SD Jeffay, SC AF Perreault, SD Jeffay, SC TI 6-DMAP inhibits sperm chromatin decondensation but not protamine removal during fertilization of hamster oocytes by ICSI. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA 268 BP 155 EP 155 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000314 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, JS Kelce, WR AF Gray, LE Ostby, JS Kelce, WR TI Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) induces antiandrogenic but not estrogenic in vivo effects in long evans hooded rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA 411 BP 200 EP 200 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000457 ER PT J AU Kuch, PJ Crosswhite, WM AF Kuch, PJ Crosswhite, WM TI The agricultural regulatory framework and biomass production SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE legislation; regulation; policies; programs; practices; biomass energy crops; environment AB This paper examines programs and implementing regulations that provide a framework for the application of agricultural and environmental policy to biomass crop production. Administration of policies and programs is accomplished through Federal agencies including the United States Department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the United States Corps of Engineers as well as Slate laws, regulations, permits and local plans and zoning ordinances. Impacts of the various programs and regulations on biomass production depend upon the crop, how it is grown and prior land use on the site. There is reliance on both regulations and assistance programs that provide price and income support, technical assistance and cost sharing benefits that can influence the production of biomass crops. Biomass crop production can promote greater stewardship on farms and woodlots contributing favorably to environmental improvement and use of renewable sources of energy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Renewable Nat Resource Sector Program, Off Policy Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kuch, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Renewable Nat Resource Sector Program, Off Policy Dev, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 333 EP 339 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10069-1 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA ZQ550 UT WOS:000073879300006 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Taylor, DE Stonehuerner, JG Piantadosi, CA Crumbliss, AL AF Ghio, AJ Taylor, DE Stonehuerner, JG Piantadosi, CA Crumbliss, AL TI The release of iron from different asbestos structures by hydrogen peroxide with concomitant O-2 generation SO BIOMETALS LA English DT Article DE asbestos; hydrogen peroxide; iron; oxidation-reduction ID CROCIDOLITE ASBESTOS; STRAND BREAKS; OXIDATION; HYDROXYL; SURFACE; RADICALS; FE3+; INFLAMMATION; MACROPHAGES; NEUTROPHILS AB Treatment of aqueous suspensions of different asbestos fibers (amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, and crocidolite) at 0-4 degrees C and pH 7.2 with H2O2 results in the consumption of H2O2 with concomitant release of iron and production of O-2. During incubations, [H2O2] decreased in proportion to the mass of the suspended fiber, the duration of incubation, and the initial [H2O2]. The consumption of H2O2, production of O-2 and release of iron all vary synergistically with the structure of the asbestos fiber. Release of silicon during the incubation was small relative to the decrement in [H2O2], reflecting a lack of dissolution of the fiber. The data are consistent with a redox process for the release of surface bound iron and it is significant that iron release occurs in the absence of a Fe(II) or Fe(III) chelator. The implications of iron release from the asbestos surface may be important in inflammatory disorders in which both silicate bound iron and H2O2 accumulate. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Chem, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Crumbliss, AL (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Chem, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-02655] NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0966-0844 J9 BIOMETALS JI Biometals PD JAN PY 1998 VL 11 IS 1 BP 41 EP 47 DI 10.1023/A:1009257323963 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YN797 UT WOS:000071208800006 PM 9450316 ER PT J AU Clark, JS Fastie, C Hurtt, G Jackson, ST Johnson, C King, GA Lewis, M Lynch, J Pacala, S Prentice, C Schupp, EW Webb, T Wyckoff, P AF Clark, JS Fastie, C Hurtt, G Jackson, ST Johnson, C King, GA Lewis, M Lynch, J Pacala, S Prentice, C Schupp, EW Webb, T Wyckoff, P TI Reid's paradox of rapid plant migration - Dispersal theory and interpretation of paleoecological records SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Plant Dispersal and Migration in Response to Climate Change CY OCT 15-22, 1996 CL BATEMANS BAY, AUSTRALIA ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; DECIDUOUS FOREST; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SMALL LAKES; BLUE JAYS; SPREAD; POLLEN; PATTERNS; VEGETATION; SEDIMENTS C1 Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82701 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Hort & Forestry, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Math, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Lund, Sch Ecol, Lund, Sweden. Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Clark, JS (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RI Schupp, Eugene/F-1834-2010; Clark, James/G-6331-2011; Hurtt, George/A-8450-2012; Lewis, Mark/C-5015-2008; Lewis, Mark/A-2659-2014 NR 71 TC 406 Z9 419 U1 16 U2 97 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JAN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 1 BP 13 EP 24 DI 10.2307/1313224 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA YM059 UT WOS:000071023800006 ER PT J AU Erten-Unal, M Wixson, BG Gale, N Pitt, JL AF Erten-Unal, M Wixson, BG Gale, N Pitt, JL TI Evaluation of toxicity, bioavailability and speciation of lead, zinc and cadmium in mine/mill wastewaters SO CHEMICAL SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY LA English DT Article DE lead mining; lead cadmium and zinc speciation; bioavailability; MINTEQ model ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; COPPER; WATER AB The toxicity of common compounds of lead, cadmium and zinc was evaluated in waters similar to that found in the world's largest lead producing area in Missouri. Static, acute toxicity tests were performed using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and water fleas (Daphnia magna) respectively. Test organisms were subjected to varying amounts of sulfide, carbonate, chloride and sulfate salts of lead, zinc and cadmium mixed in hard, alkaline waters typical to this region. Median lethal concentrations were calculated using nominal versus measured metal concentrations. Measured metal concentrations included four different metal fractionation (extraction/filtration) techniques at different pH levels which included "dissolved", "available", "easily dissolved" and "total" metals. Most consistent correlations between mortality and metal concentrations were found with the "Total" or "Nominal" values. The "Easily Dissolved" metals which corresponded to acid soluble criteria did not effectively represent toxicity and bioavailability of metals. A metal speciation model, MINTEQA2, was used to predict the concentrations of the dissolved metal species at the pH levels commonly seen in the toxicity test vessels. MINTEQ model results suggested that analysis of metals in aqueous environment is better understood when examining speciation characteristics and would likewise be a better mechanism to develop site-specific water quality criteria for metals. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Civil Engn, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Life Sci, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. US EPA, Kansas City, KS 66101 USA. RP Erten-Unal, M (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Kaufman Hall 133A, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 20 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI NORTHWOOD PA PO BOX 81,, NORTHWOOD, MIDDX, ENGLAND HA6 3DN SN 0954-2299 J9 CHEM SPEC BIOAVAILAB JI Chem. Speciation Bioavail. PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 37 EP 46 DI 10.3184/095422998782775826 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 128EZ UT WOS:000076393900001 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI An assessment of mercury-species-dependent binding with natural organic carbon SO CHEMICAL SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY LA English DT Article DE organic carbon; mercury speciation; ionic binding; hydrophobic binding; bioaccumulation ID METAL HUMATE INTERACTIONS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; FULVIC-ACID; SPECIATION; WATERS; ENVIRONMENT; EQUILIBRIA; SEDIMENTS; MODEL; BIOACCUMULATION AB In contrast to many other metal/metalloid contaminants, mercury (Hg) displays a complex environmental speciation behaviour. Widespread, detectable environmental Hg species include divalent mercury (Hg2+), elemental mercury (Hg degrees) and monomethylmercury (CH3Hg+). Less frequently encountered compounds include dimethylmercury ((CH3)(2)Hg; more common in marine environments), monovalent mercury (Hg-2(2+); a species that disproportionates via the following reaction: Hg-2(2+) double left right arrow Hg2+ + Hg degrees) and, more recently, detectable quantities of ethylmercury compounds (e.g., C2H5Hg+, C2H5HgC2H5 etc.) have been reported in environmental media. Environmental mercury is frequently observed to be associated with natural organic matter in aquatic environments. The present study assesses the potential binding of Hg2+, Hg degrees, CH3Hg+ and (CH3)(2)Hg with natural organic matter by hydrophobic and ionic mechanisms. The findings suggest: (1) although potential hydrophobic binding with natural organic matter will likely occur in the following sequence (CH3)(2)Hg > Hg degrees > CH3HgX (where X = OH- or Cl-), none of these species appear to be strongly hydrophobic and hence, hydrophobic processes cannot explain observed organic matter-mercury associations in low-solids-content aquatic systems; (2) hydrophobic binding mechanisms of the various mercury species are insufficient to explain observed environmental bioconcentration factors; (3) ionic mercury binding with carboxyl-type sites on natural organic carbon is not sufficiently energetic to explain observed Hg-organic matter associations in the environment; and (4) environmental mercury binding with organic matter probably occurs through ionic reactions with naturally occurring sulfhydryl binding sites. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Loux, NT (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 54 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 17 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI NORTHWOOD PA PO BOX 81,, NORTHWOOD, MIDDX, ENGLAND HA6 3DN SN 0954-2299 J9 CHEM SPEC BIOAVAILAB JI Chem. Speciation Bioavail. PY 1998 VL 10 IS 4 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.3184/095422998782775754 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 202MQ UT WOS:000080656600001 ER PT J AU Boulos, PF Mau, RE Clark, RM AF Boulos, PF Mau, RE Clark, RM TI Analytical equations of storage reservoir water quality SO CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE distribution storage; water quality; analytical approach; mathematical modeling ID MODELS; TANKS AB Distribution system water quality protection is an integral aspect of public water supply management. Effective regulatory compliance requires a thorough understanding of the transport and mixing processes in storage reservoirs and their impacts on effluent water quality. This paper presents the development and verification of an explicit mathematical model of distribution storage water quality. The mathematical model is based on a compartmental representation of the reservoir continuum and is formulated analytically from mass balance relationships. The equations are applicable to separate inlet and outlet configuration reservoirs with simultaneous dual-directional flow. Previous models considered a common inlet/outlet reservoir configuration with unidirectional flow. The performance of the proposed model is illustrated by application to actual reservoir data taken from previous papers. The developed model should prove to be a valuable tool for assessing the effects of alternative designs or operational policies for optimizing distribution water quality. C1 Water Distribut Technol Dept, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. Municipal Serv Dept, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Boulos, PF (reprint author), Water Distribut Technol Dept, 300 N Lake Ave,Suite 1200, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1028-6608 J9 CIV ENG ENVIRON SYST JI Civ. Eng. Environ. Syst. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 3 BP 171 EP 186 DI 10.1080/02630259808970238 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 161RT UT WOS:000078303300001 ER PT J AU Kirilenko, AP Solomon, AM AF Kirilenko, AP Solomon, AM TI Modeling dynamic vegetation response to rapid climate change using bioclimatic classification SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL CARBON STORAGE; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; FOREST DECLINE; CO2; ECOSYSTEMS; FUTURE; BIODIVERSITY; SENSITIVITY AB Modeling potential global redistribution of terrestrial vegetation frequently is based on bioclimatic classifications which relate static regional vegetation zones (biomes) to a set of static climate parameters. The equilibrium character of the relationships limits our confidence in their application to scenarios of rapidly changing climate. Such assessments could be improved if vegetation migration and succession would be incorporated as response variables in model simulations. We developed the model MOVE (Migration Of VEgetation), to simulate the geographical implications of different rates of plant extirpation and in-migration. We used the model to study the potential impact on terrestrial carbon stocks of climate shifts hypothesized from a doubling of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration. The model indicates that the terrestrial vegetation and soil could release carbon; the amount of this carbon pulse depends on the rate of migration relative to the rate of climate change. New temperate and boreal biomes, not found on the landscape today, increase rapidly in area during the first 100 years of simulated response to climate change. Their presence for several centuries and their gradual disappearance after the climate ceases to change adds uncertainty in calculating future terrestrial carbon fluxes. C1 US EPA, NHEERL WED, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Kirilenko, AP (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL WED, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 81 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JAN PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1 BP 15 EP 49 DI 10.1023/A:1005379630126 PG 35 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZA206 UT WOS:000072339800003 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK AF Gullett, BK TI Special issue on the Fifth International Congress on Toxic Combustion By-Products - Preface SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 134 IS 1-6 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1080/00102209808924122 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 262XH UT WOS:000084093200001 ER PT J AU Oser, H Thanner, R Grotheer, HH Gullett, BK Natschke, D Raghunathan, K AF Oser, H Thanner, R Grotheer, HH Gullett, BK Natschke, D Raghunathan, K TI Lowly chlorinated dibenzodioxins as TEQ indicators. A combined approach using spectroscopic measurements with DLR jet-REMPI and statistical correlations with waste combustor emissions SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion by-Products: Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON, RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO SP NIEHS, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, USAF, Wright Lab, Sandia Natl Lab, Coalit Responsible Waster Incinerat, Cement Kiln Recycling Coalit, Univ Dayton HO UNIV DAYTON, RES INST DE resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization; emission monitor; polychlorinated dibenzodioxin; polychlorinated dibenzofuran ID LASER MASS-SPECTROMETRY; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; SELECTIVE IONIZATION; P-DIOXINS; INCINERATORS; GAS AB Continuous monitoring of trace gas species in incineration processes can serve two purposes: (i) monitoring precursors of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) or other indicator species in the raw gas will enable use of their on-line signal for process optimization, and (ii) monitoring stack gas emissions for regulated species will establish compliance records. The sensitivities required for the first application are in the order of 10 parts per trillion by volume (10 x 10(-12) or 10 pptv) and are now accessible with advanced methods such as jet-based, resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI). The compliance application requires the ability to measure PCDD/F toxicity equivalents (TEQ) and would necessitate detection limits in the order of 0.001 pptv. These limits have not yet been achieved, and so REMPI-based compliance monitoring can only be indirectly approached by either pre-analysis concentration techniques or use of relatively abundant indicator substances that obey a known relationship to TEQ values. This paper describes an approach toward the second application through use of lowly chlorinated tone to three chlorines) dioxins as indicator substances. The method of jet-REMPI is briefly described, and measurements of unchlorinated dioxin, 2-monochlorodibenzodioxin, and 2,7-dichlorodibenzodioxin are presented, for the third compound, a very favourable detection limit on the order of 10 pptv was projected. The indicator approach is further substantiated by measuring actual PCDD/F concentrations in the raw flue gas of a pilot scale, waste burning incinerator and by analyzing these data for correlations between the lowly chlorinated PCDD/F and the TEQ values. The extent to which these correlations are site and industry independent remains to be determined. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Deutsch Forsch Anstalt Luft & Raumfahrt DLR, Stuttgart, Germany. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 6 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 134 IS 1-6 BP 201 EP 220 DI 10.1080/00102209808924133 PG 20 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 262XH UT WOS:000084093200012 ER PT J AU Linak, WP Wendt, JOL AF Linak, WP Wendt, JOL TI Partitioning of the refractory metals, nickel and chromium, in combustion systems SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion by-Products: Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON, RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO SP NIEHS, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, USAF, Wright Lab, Sandia Natl Lab, Coalit Responsible Waster Incinerat, Cement Kiln Recycling Coalit, Univ Dayton HO UNIV DAYTON, RES INST DE waste incineration; chromium speciation; hexavalent chromium; metal transformations; transition metals; particle formation ID SWIRL FLAME INCINERATOR; TRACE-ELEMENTS; COAL; MECHANISMS; EMISSIONS; WASTES AB The partitioning of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) in a laboratory scale combustor was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical predictions based on chemical equilibrium indicate that chlorine significantly increases the volatility of Ni because of the formations of Ni-chloride compounds. Chlorine's predicted effect on Cr volatility at high temperatures (> 700 K) was minimal, although some volatile Cr-chloride compounds were predicted at low temperatures (< 700 K). Experimental studies employed a 59 kW laboratory scale combustor with a swirling natural gas diffusion flame through which aqueous Ni and Cr solutions were sprayed. Particle size distributions (PSDs) in the stack were measured by three different techniques: electrical mobility and inertial impaction for sampled aerosols and light scattering for in-situ analyses. All three methods produced consistent PSDs. Experimental data for Ni were also consistent with the theoretical predictions, and confirmed the large increase in Ni volatility due to chlorine. Also consistent with equilibria, experimental data for Cr(III, VI) failed to indicate notable increases in volatility due to chlorine addition. However, introducing Cr(VI) in the feed produced smaller Cr particles in the exhaust than did Cr(III). Experimental evidence suggests that, contrary to equilibrium predictions, Cr(VI) vaporized in the flame while Cr(III) did not. This result, however, may not be related to the initial Cr valency but, rather, due to the particular choice of Cr(III) [Cr(NO3)(3)] and Cr(VI) [CrO3] species examined. Speciation of Cr in the exhaust, however, was independent of the initial Cr valency, with exhaust values of Cr(VI) typically less than 1% of the total Cr measured. Based on color and solubility, a large fraction of the sampled Cr was believed to be Cr2O3. The Cr(VI) fraction in the exhaust was enhanced slightly by chlorine, but reduced to below analytical detection limits by the addition of small (stoichiometric with respect to Cr) quantities of sulfur. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Linak, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 134 IS 1-6 BP 291 EP 314 DI 10.1080/00102209808924137 PG 24 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 262XH UT WOS:000084093200016 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Ryan, JV AF Lemieux, PM Ryan, JV TI Enhanced formation of chlorinated PICs by the addition of bromine SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion by-Products: Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON, RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO SP NIEHS, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, USAF, Wright Lab, Sandia Natl Lab, Coalit Responsible Waster Incinerat, Cement Kiln Recycling Coalit, Univ Dayton HO UNIV DAYTON, RES INST DE incineration; products of incomplete combustion; emissions ID GAS-PHASE FORMATION; FLY-ASH; PYROLYSIS AB A systematic series of experiments were performed on a pilot-scale rotary kiln incinerator simulator in which liquid surrogate wastes containing varied levels of chlorine and bromine were burned. The surrogate wastes used were a series of mixtures of methylene chloride and methylene bromide. The two primary independent variables of interest were the molar halogen input rate and the bromine/chlorine ratio. These tests were prompted by observations made on a previous study on the same facility where an increase in feed bromine concentration resulted in a dramatic increase in emissions of chlorinated products of incomplete combustion (PICs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs). However, these previous observations were made on a single outlying test point where the bromine content of the feed was inadvertently increased, and no verification or duplication of this phenomenon was made at the time. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate, in a more controlled manner, whether the presence of bromine can impact emissions, particularly chlorinated species, some of which are suspected precursors of PCDDs/PCDFs. During these tests, 19 different volatile organic PICs were measured using on-line gas chromatography. The emissions of the volatile organic PICs and carbon monoxide were then correlated against the molar halogen input rate and the bromine/chlorine ratio. It was found that certain volatile organic PICs, such as carbon tetrachloride, are decreased by the addition of bromine, but others, including tetrachloroethylene, are dramatically increased by the addition of bromine. Also, the addition of bromine significantly increased the total number of PICs formed. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 134 IS 1-6 BP 367 EP 387 DI 10.1080/00102209808924141 PG 21 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 262XH UT WOS:000084093200020 ER PT J AU Miller, CA Linak, WP King, C Wendt, JOL AF Miller, CA Linak, WP King, C Wendt, JOL TI Fine particle emissions from heavy fuel oil combustion in a firetube package boiler SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion by-Products: Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON, RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO SP NIEHS, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, USAF, Wright Lab, Sandia Natl Lab, Coalit Responsible Waster Incinerat, Cement Kiln Recycling Coalit, Univ Dayton HO UNIV DAYTON, RES INST DE residual oil combustion; particle emissions; size distributions; trace elements; particle formation; submicron aerosol ID AIR-POLLUTION; METAL; ADMISSIONS; MECHANISMS AB Combustion is a significant source of fine particulate matter (PM) emissions, and heavy oil combustion is suspected of producing particulate emissions with potentially significant toxicity. This paper is concerned with the characterization of particulate emissions from a practical boiler burning heavy fuel oils. The purpose of the study was to identify possible mechanisms that might relate both the combustion process and the fuel burned to the size segregated characterization of the fine particles formed, and consequently to their propensity to cause pulmonary injury. The data presented, therefore, help suggest specific fundamental issues which define directions for future research in this area. In this initial study, samples of PM were taken from the stack of a commercial 732 kW (2.5 x 10(6) Btu/hr) rated firetube boiler burning four different heavy fuel oils, including two grades and three sulfur contents. Submicron and supermicron particle size distributions (PSDs) were measured using an in-stack cascade impactor, a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and an insitu light scattering system. Size classified bulk samples were also collected using a high volume dilution sampler. Finally, EPA Method 5 (total particulate) and Method 60 (metal analyses) samples were extracted and analyzed. Measured PSDs showed evidence of a submicron accumulation mode between 0.07 and 0.08 mu m diameter. PM less than 2.5 mu m diameter (PM2.5) which included the accumulation mode and a significant portion of a broad coarse mode, comprised between 30 and 50% of the total PM mass emissions. Small particles less than 0.25 mu m diameter contained significant quantities of metals and sulfates, while larger particles (> 2.5 mu m) were composed primarily (70-95%) of cenospheric carbon. These and related data are interpreted in the light of possible mechanisms governing the partitioning of toxic metals from heavy oil combustion. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Miller, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 28 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 7 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 134 IS 1-6 BP 477 EP 502 DI 10.1080/00102209808924146 PG 26 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 262XH UT WOS:000084093200025 ER PT B AU Wayland, R Lewicki, C AF Wayland, R Lewicki, C BE Just, RE Netanyahu, S TI Evolving legal and institutional responses to interjurisdictional water management issues in the US SO CONFLICT AND COOPERATION ON TRANS-BOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES SE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND POLICY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the International-Water-and-Resource-Economics-Consortium on Conflict and Cooperation on Trans-Boundary Water Resources CY APR 13-16, 1997 CL ANNAPOLIS, MD SP Int Water & Resource Econ Consortium AB A watershed-based approach can be an effective means for solving complex interjurisdictional aquatic habitat and water pollution issues. Federal laws that address these issues have tended to focus on particular pollutants and sources. Consequently: they have not resulted in an integrated environmental management approach, which is what is needed to protect waters from the cumulative impacts of a multitude of activities occurring across political jurisdictions. Through improved program integration, the watershed approach can reduce costly duplication of efforts and conflicting actions among various political entities that have jurisdiction over a water body. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA BN 0-7923-8106-8 J9 NAT RES MAN PY 1998 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA BM83T UT WOS:000079880000007 ER PT B AU Cook, MB Currey, GW Lesser, B AF Cook, MB Currey, GW Lesser, B BE Whipple, W TI Making watershed management work for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System SO COORDINATION: WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB The Clean Water Act and its implementing regulations attempt to control urban wastewater flows (continuous flows from publicly owned treatment works and intermittent wet weather flows such as storm water from municipal separate storm sewer systems, storm water from industrial sources, combined sewer overflows or CSOs, and sanitary sewer overflows or SSOs) by regulating them as separate "point sources" of pollution under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). This approach leads to the iterative imposition of multiple overlays of monitoring and control requirements, each addressing a different pollution component. In addition, some significant pollution sources may be overlooked. The Agency is considering a framework for "watershed permitting" as an alternative to separate permitting of individual pollutant discharge sources. In urban areas, such a permitting system would include a coordinated approach to addressing many sources in one permit or a few permits, including both urban wet weather and continuous sources of pollution. Where this system of permitting is adopted, it will help to highlight the most critical pollution control needs of a watershed and community and allow those needs to be addressed in the most effective and least costly manner consistent with the goals of the Clean Water Act. C1 US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cook, MB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0338-4 PY 1998 BP 179 EP 184 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BM53P UT WOS:000079047700028 ER PT B AU Wayland, RH AF Wayland, RH BE Whipple, W TI Back to basins: Nature shows the way SO COORDINATION: WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB There is an exciting evolution underway in water quality protection and water resources management, away from single-objective, single-agency, single-facility efforts towards collaborative and comprehensive management pursued on a watershed (catchment or basin) approach. EPA has been promoting such a paradigm shift in its water programs, and assisting its state partners to do so for several years. These efforts are receiving additional emphasis under the Clean Water Action plan commissioned by the Vice President. The environmental and policy basis for this change, how it alters some of the traditional roles of EPA, states, tribes, industry, local government, and EPA's commitment to provide technical and financial incentives to broaden and speed the change that is underway will be described. While the '60's and '70's attempts at such approaches were ahead of their time, the widespread adoption of BAT controls for point source dischargers, the need for other means to effectively address runoff pollution, the rise of the watershed council movement at the grass roots level, efficiency considerations, and the emergence of new modeling and information management technology, have all created a more hospitable climate for these changes. Tn addition, the success of early models of watershed management -- the Chesapeake Bay Program and National Estuary Program -- provides valuable lessons that can be applied in pursuing the more pervasive application of watershed management. The presentation will describe how EPA has "realigned" several key aspects of the programs authorized under the Clean Water Act to remove barriers to watershed management, how the Agency has supported complementary State program redirections, and key features of the Clean Water Action Plan commissioned by the Vice President on the 25th anniversary of the Clean Water Act. The development, release, and planned upgrades for the "Surf Your Watershed" and "Index of Watershed Indicators" sites on the World Wide Web are summarized, and their role in more effectively communicating information to the general public and professionals on the condition and vulnerability of 2,111 watersheds at the USGS eight-digit Hydrologic Unit scale. Also described is the desktop modeling software, BASINs, which EPA is making available to states and tribes to allow them to more efficiently address their responsibilities under the "TMDL" provisions of the Clean Water Act. C1 US EPA, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watersheds, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wayland, RH (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watersheds, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0338-4 PY 1998 BP 229 EP 230 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BM53P UT WOS:000079047700035 ER PT J AU Liu, JP Brannen, KC Grayson, DR Morrow, AL Devaud, LL Lauder, JM AF Liu, JP Brannen, KC Grayson, DR Morrow, AL Devaud, LL Lauder, JM TI Prenatal exposure to the pesticide dieldrin or the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline differentially alters expression of GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNAs in fetal rat brainstem SO DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Review DE neurotransmitters; fetal brain development; RT-PCR; gene expression ID GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC-ACID; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; ROOT GANGLION NEURONS; MESSENGER-RNAS; A-RECEPTOR; ALPHA-SUBUNIT; BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; CHLORIDE CHANNELS; SPINAL-CORD AB We have previously shown that GABA acts as a trophic signal for monoamine neurons in embryonic day 14 (E14) rat brainstem cultures [Liu et al., J Neurosci 1997a; 17:2420-2428]. The organochlorine pesticide dieldrin and the classical GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline interfere with the trophic actions of GABA and alter expression of several GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNA transcripts in these cultures [Liu et al., J Neurosci Res 1997b;49:645-653]. In the present study, we investigated whether prenatal exposure to dieldrin or bicuculline from E12-17 would alter mRNA expression of alpha 1, beta 3, gamma 1, gamma 2S and gamma 2L GABA(A) receptor subunits in fetal (E17) rat brainstem using competitive RT-PCR to absolutely quantify these transcripts. The effects of dieldrin and bicuculline on expression of GABA(A) receptor subunit transcripts were similar across subunits. Dieldrin and bicuculline decreased expression of alpha 1, beta 3 and gamma 1 transcripts compared to vehicle-injected controls, but did not significantly alter expression of gamma 2S and gamma 2L transcripts. Taken together, these studies indicate that in utero exposure to organochlorine pesticides acting as GABA(A) receptor antagonists may alter the expression and subunit composition of developing GABA(A) receptors. If these changes persist, they could have longlasting effects on developing GABAergic neural circuitry, GABA(A) receptor function and GABA-mediated behaviors. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Alcohol Studies, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Allegheny Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Allegheny Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Lauder, JM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, CB No 7090, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM unclau@med.unc.edu RI Grayson, Dennis/K-1447-2015 OI Grayson, Dennis/0000-0002-4544-5869 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07017] NR 106 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-5866 J9 DEV NEUROSCI-BASEL JI Dev. Neurosci. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 20 IS 1 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1159/000017302 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences SC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZF143 UT WOS:000072867200009 PM 9600394 ER PT B AU Olsen, AR Stevens, DL White, D AF Olsen, AR Stevens, DL White, D BE Weisberg, S TI Application of global grids in environmental sampling SO DIMENSION REDUCTION, COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY AND INFORMATION SE COMPUTING SCIENCE AND STATISTICS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Symposium on Interface Between Computing Science and Statistics CY MAY 13-16, 1998 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN SP Nat Security Agcy, Univ Minnesota, Coll Liberal Arts, SAS Inst Inc DE survey design; discrete global grid; spatial survey design; environmental sampling; systematic sampling ID MONITORING PROGRAM; DESIGN AB Survey designs have been applied to environmental and natural resource issues for many years. However, the breadth of available survey design approaches has been limited - many times to simple random, stratified random, or systematic designs. A substantial theory has been developed to address finite population sampling, driven mainly from problems associated with surveying human populations or institutions. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the development of survey designs that address environmental and natural resource specific issues. The paper begins with a brief overview of survey design approaches used by several major Federal environmental and natural resource programs. The overview will highlight characteristics of the resources being sampled that suggest alternative design approaches are needed. One characteristic seemingly shared by all is the desire to have the survey design spread the sample points out over space, hence the use of systematic grids is common. Building on this background, we will make a case for having a single global grid structure. The proposed grid structure enables a wide range of survey designs to be developed. In each case, a design is available that appropriately considers the characteristics of the natural resource to be sampled. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Olsen, AR (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERFACE FOUNDATION NORTH AMERICA PI FAIRFAX PA PO BOX 7460, FAIRFAX, VA 22039-7460 USA BN 1-886658-05-6 J9 COMP SCI STAT PY 1998 VL 30 BP 279 EP 284 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BN90B UT WOS:000083408300048 ER PT J AU Lash, LH Qian, W Putt, DA Jacobs, K Elfarra, AA Krause, RJ Parker, JC AF Lash, LH Qian, W Putt, DA Jacobs, K Elfarra, AA Krause, RJ Parker, JC TI Glutathione conjugation of trichloroethylene in rats and mice: Sex-, species-, and tissue-dependent differences SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article ID ISOLATED KIDNEY-CELLS; URINARY METABOLITE; MERCAPTURIC ACIDS; TOXICITY; LIVER; BIOTRANSFORMATION; PHARMACOKINETICS; IDENTIFICATION; ACTIVATION; MICROSOMES AB Glutathione (GSH) conjugation of trichloroethylene (Tri) to form S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG) has been implicated in the nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity of Tri, Marked sex-and species-dependent differences exist, however, in the susceptibility to Tri-induced renal toxicity, with the male rat being the most susceptible, The present study, therefore, focuses on potential differences in the initial step of the GSH pathway, Rates of DCVG formation were measured in suspensions of isolated renal cortical cells and isolated hepatocytes from male and female Fischer 344 rats and in kidney and liver microsomes and cytosol from male and female Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice to determine a sex-and species-dependent differences in GSH conjugation correlate with susceptibility to renal toxicity from Tri, Rates of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) with gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide and glycylglycine as substrates and GSH S-transferase (GST) with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate were also measured in liver and kidney subcellular fractions to provide further information on the biochemical basis of susceptibility to Tri, Rates of DCVG formation in rat kidney cells and kidney subcellular fractions were 5- to 20-fold lower than those in rat hepatocytes and liver subcellular fractions. Rates of DCVG formation in kidney cells and subcellular fractions were comparable in male and female rats with the exception of male rat kidney microsomes, where DCVG formation was below the limit of detection, and those in liver cells and subcellular fractions were >3-fold higher in male rats than in female rats, Rates of DCVG formation in mouse kidney subcellular fractions were approximately 10-fold higher than in corresponding fractions from the rat, whereas those in mouse liver subcellular fractions were 4- to 8-fold higher than in corresponding rat tissues, with rates in male mouse liver cytosol and microsomes being modestly higher than in corresponding fractions from female mice. GGT activity was barely detectable in livers, was about 20-fold higher in rat kidneys than in mouse kidneys, and was slightly higher in female rat kidneys than in male rat kidneys, GST activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate exhibited tissue-, sex-, and species-dependent patterns that were generally similar to those with Tri as the substrate, These results suggest that the higher susceptibility to Tri-induced renal toxicity of male rats as compared with female rats correlates with rates of DCVG formation. The high rates of DCVG formation in mice, however, indicate that other factors, possibly including differences in activities of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase or N-acetyltransferase, may also be important determinants of the susceptibility to Tri. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Detroit, MI USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [K04-DK02090] NR 30 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 12 EP 19 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YV142 UT WOS:000071793600003 PM 9443846 ER PT B AU Bradbury, S Hermens, J Karcher, W Niemi, G Purdy, R Richards, C AF Bradbury, S Hermens, J Karcher, W Niemi, G Purdy, R Richards, C BE Reinert, KH Bartell, SM Biddinger, GR TI Obtaining data for ecological risk assessment SO ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEM: A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN SE SETAC SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Pellston Workshop on Ecological Risk Assessment Modeling CY AUG 23-28, 1994 CL PELLSTON, MI SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem C1 US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Bradbury, S (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-11-2 J9 SETAC SP P PY 1998 BP 29 EP 37 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Ecology SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK99F UT WOS:000074021200005 ER PT S AU Adler, K Grant, M Schroeer, W AF Adler, K Grant, M Schroeer, W GP NRC TI Emissions reduction potential of the congestion mitigation and air quality improvement program - A preliminary assessment SO ENERGY, AIR QUALITY AND FUELS 1998 SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) program provides funds to states for projects designed to help attain the national ambient air quality standards. However, to date there has been no attempt to quantify the national emissions effects of the CMAQ program or its potential. States are requested to provide estimates of emissions reductions associated with projects funded by the CMAQ program to FHWA. These reports provide a rich source of data for analysis of the CMAQ program, although the data have various limitations. A methodology to estimate potential effects of the CMAQ program on emissions of volatile organic compounds, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide using data provided by the states to FHWA is presented. Using this methodology, a preliminary assessment of the emissions effect of the CMAQ program from its inception in 1992 through 2005 is presented. It is suggested that the CMAQ program is playing a significant role in reducing emissions nationwide. Emissions estimates are sensitive to assumptions about project cost-effectiveness and years of effect. In addition, various limitations in the national database of CMAQ projects are noted. The use of consistent methodologies for estimating the effects of programs nationwide is recommended to improve the accuracy of national emission reduction estimates. C1 US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Apogee Res Inc, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Apogee Res Inc, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. RP Adler, K (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-06514-3 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 1998 IS 1641 BP 81 EP 88 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation SC Engineering; Transportation GA BN48S UT WOS:000082013600010 ER PT B AU Billets, S Koglin, E AF Billets, S Koglin, E BE Ricketts, J TI Overview of the EPA's verification program for site characterization technologies SO ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL VISIONS FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th World Energy Engineering Congress (WEEC) CY NOV 19-21, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Natl Assoc State Energy Officials, US Dept Commerce, US DOE, Off Natl Programs, US Gen Serv Adm, Natl Assoc Energy Serv Co, Power Marketing Assoc, Atlanta Gas Light Co, Gas Res Inst, Amer Gas Cooling Ctr, Ind Ctr Inc AB The goal of the Consortium for Site Characterization Technology is to increase the use of new characterization and monitoring technologies in assessing and remediating contaminated sites. To attain this goal, the Consortium will: 1) Identify, demonstrate, evaluate, verify, and transfer information about innovative and alternative monitoring, measurement, and site characterization technologies to developers, users, and regulators. 2) Define and demonstrate a process for verifying the performance of innovative site characterization technologies. developing this process the Consortium will facilitate independent testing and demonstration that can generate the data necessary to evaluate and verify performance. This paper describes the need for establishing this program and the process which will be used to achieve the goal. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Billets, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FAIRMONT PRESS INC PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA BN 0-88173-289-3 PY 1998 BP 395 EP 399 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR93V UT WOS:000168119300052 ER PT B AU Robertson, GL AF Robertson, GL BE Ricketts, J TI Field portable GC/MS for measuring volatile organics in soil and water SO ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL VISIONS FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th World Energy Engineering Congress (WEEC) CY NOV 19-21, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Natl Assoc State Energy Officials, US Dept Commerce, US DOE, Off Natl Programs, US Gen Serv Adm, Natl Assoc Energy Serv Co, Power Marketing Assoc, Atlanta Gas Light Co, Gas Res Inst, Amer Gas Cooling Ctr, Ind Ctr Inc AB A field demonstration of portable mass spectrometers was held at two hazardous waste sites. These demonstrations were sponsored by the Consortium for Site Characterization Technology (CSCT) as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) program. The CSCT is a partnership between the EPA, the Departments of Defense and Energy (DoD and DOE) and the private sector, all of whom share the goal of increasing the use of innovative characterization technologies in assessing contaminated sites. The CSCT conducts demonstrations to show that new and innovative field-deployable measurement technologies perform as claimed by the developers and to provide a verified data set that confirms the performance of the technology. These demonstrations are intended to give potential users the information needed to determine the applicability of the technology for their uses. The demonstrations were held at the DOE Savannah River Site, Aiken, South Carolina in July 1995 and at Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda, Michigan in September 1995. Instruments demonstrated included the Bruker-Franzen Analytical EM640(TM) mobile gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, the Teledyne Electronic Technologies 3DQ(TM) Discovery ion trap mass spectrometer with a direct injection inlet system (developed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems at Oak Ridge National Laboratory), and the Viking Instruments Corporation Spectra Trak 672(TM) transportable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. The demonstration was designed to evaluate whether the instruments met the developers' performance goals for a variety of media and analytes under field conditions. At each location, samples of soil gas, ground water, and soil were analyzed for volatile organic compounds. The instruments were operated by developer personnel. The samples were analyzed by developer-selected methods. Split samples were analyzed by standard analytical methods at commercial laboratories to provide a reference for verifying the performance of the instruments. The study design, execution, and results will be presented. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Robertson, GL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU FAIRMONT PRESS INC PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA BN 0-88173-289-3 PY 1998 BP 401 EP 407 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR93V UT WOS:000168119300053 ER PT B AU Hathaway, AM AF Hathaway, AM BE Ricketts, J TI Commercial buildings as power plants in a deregulated utility market a strategy for implementing the president's million roofs solar power initiative SO ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL VISIONS FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th World Energy Engineering Congress (WEEC) CY NOV 19-21, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Natl Assoc State Energy Officials, US Dept Commerce, US DOE, Off Natl Programs, US Gen Serv Adm, Natl Assoc Energy Serv Co, Power Marketing Assoc, Atlanta Gas Light Co, Gas Res Inst, Amer Gas Cooling Ctr, Ind Ctr Inc C1 US EPA, Energy Star Bldg Ally Prog, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hathaway, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Energy Star Bldg Ally Prog, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FAIRMONT PRESS INC PI LILBURN PA 700 INDIAN TRAIL, LILBURN, GA 30047 USA BN 0-88173-289-3 PY 1998 BP 475 EP 478 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR93V UT WOS:000168119300062 ER PT J AU Lee, CC Huffman, GL AF Lee, CC Huffman, GL TI Energy and mass balance calculations for incinerators SO ENERGY SOURCES LA English DT Article DE calculations for incinerators; heat balance; material balance AB Calculation of energy and mass balance within an incinerator is a very important part of designing and/or evaluating the incineration process. This article describes a simple computer model used to calculate an energy and mass balance for a rotary kiln incinerator. The main purpose of the model is to assist U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permit writers in evaluating the adequacy of the data submitted by applicants seeking incinerator permits. The calculation is based on the assumption that a thermodynamic equilibrium condition exists within the combustion chamber. Key parameters that the model can calculate include theoretical combustion air, excess air needed for actual combustion cases, flue gas flow rate, and exit temperature. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lee, CC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0090-8312 J9 ENERG SOURCE JI Energy Sources PD JAN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 1 BP 25 EP 33 PG 9 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YV085 UT WOS:000071788100003 ER PT J AU Tice, RR Furedi-Machacek, M Satterfield, D Udumudi, A Vasquez, M Dunnick, JK AF Tice, RR Furedi-Machacek, M Satterfield, D Udumudi, A Vasquez, M Dunnick, JK TI Measurement of micronucleated erythrocytes and DNA damage during chronic ingestion of phenolphthalein in transgenic female mice heterozygous for the p53 gene SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE genotoxicity; p53-deficient transgenic mouse; alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis; DNA damage; micronuclei; kinetochore; erythrocytes ID PERIPHERAL-BLOOD ERYTHROCYTES; BONE-MARROW DAMAGE; CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; EXPOSURE REGIMEN; ASSAY; ANEUPLOIDY; TOXICITY; GENOTOXICITY; LYMPHOCYTES; DEFICIENT AB Phenolphthalein, a common ingredient in nonprescription laxatives and a multisex, multispecies rodent carcinogen, was evaluated under chronic exposure conditions For genotoxicity in transgenic female mice heterozygous for the p53 gene (heterozygous TSG-p53(R) mice). Phenolphthalein was administered in the diet at 200, 375, 750, 3,000, and 12,000 ppm (corresponding to a time-weighted average of 37, 71, 146, 569, and 2,074 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 6 months (183 days). On days 39, 92, 137, and 183 of treatment, peripheral blood samples were collected and evaluated For the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE and MN-NCE, respectively), the percentage of PCE (%PCE) among total erythrocytes, and the extent of DNA damage (single strand breaks, alkali labile sites, DNA crosslinking) in leukocytes. In addition, the extent of DNA damage was evaluated in liver parenchymal cells sampled From mice at the end of the 6-month treatment period. DNA damage was evaluated using the alkaline (pH > 13) Single Cell Gel (SCG) assay. In addition, using a modified SCG technique, the frequencies of leukocytes and liver parenchymal cells with extremely low molecular weight DNA (indicative of apoptosis and/or necrosis) were determined. At each sample time, phenolphthalein induced a highly significant, dose-dependent increase in the Frequency of MN-PCE and MN-NCE and in %PCE. Maximal induction of MN-PCE and %PCE decreased with increasing treatment duration, most likely due to a treatment duration-dependent decrease in the relative amount of ingested phenolphthalein. A comparative analysis of the kinetochore status of MN in erythrocytes sampled from control mice and mice ingesting phenolphthalein at 12,000 ppm for 183 days indicates that the induced MN resulted predominantly but not exclusively from numerical chromosomal damage. The analysis for increased levels of DNA damage in blood leukocytes was inconclusive, with a small but statistically significant increase in DNA migration on days 39 and 137 but not on days 92 and 183. The extent of DNA migration in liver parenchymal cells sampled from mice at the end of treatment was not altered significantly. The frequencies of apoptotic and/or necrotic leukocytes and liver parenchymal cells were not increased among mice ingesting phenolphthalein. The lowest effective dose at which a significant genotoxic response (i.e., the induction of MN-NCE) was detected was 200 ppm, the lowest dose tested in this study. This dose in mice is comparable to doses (on a mg/m(2) basis) experienced by humans. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 Integrated Syst Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Tice, RR (reprint author), Integrated Syst Lab, POB 13501, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM trice@ils-inc.com FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-15321] NR 52 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 113 EP 124 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1998)31:2<113::AID-EM3>3.0.CO;2-N PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZE676 UT WOS:000072818900003 PM 9544189 ER PT J AU Lowe, XR de Stoppelaar, JM Bishop, J Cassel, M Hoebee, B Moore, D Wyrobek, AJ AF Lowe, XR de Stoppelaar, JM Bishop, J Cassel, M Hoebee, B Moore, D Wyrobek, AJ TI Epididymal sperm aneuploidies in three strains of rats detected by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE rat; epididymal sperm; aneuploidy; FISH ID PATERNAL AGE; IN-VIVO; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; MOUSE EMBRYOS; CHROMOSOME-Y; FISH; 1,3-BUTADIENE; SPERMATOZOA; NONDISJUNCTION; TRANSLOCATION AB A multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was developed to detect aneuploidy and diploidy in epididymal sperm of rats using DNA probes specific for chromosomes 4 and Y. Fourteen healthy young-adult rats from three strains were evaluated: inbred Fisher 344/N/ehs, outbred Sprague-Dawley, and outbred WU Wistar/CPB. The hybridization efficiency of the FISH procedure was >99.9%, the sex-ratio in sperm was similar to 1 as expected, and there was no significant variation among two independent scorers. No significant variations were detected within or among strains in the frequencies of sperm disomy for chromosome 4 (1-6.5 per 10,000 cells per animal) or the Y chromosome (0-2.5 per 10,000 cells per animal). There was a trend toward increased variation among Wister rats. The frequencies of sperm-carrying hyper- and hypohaploidy for chromosome 4 were similar, suggesting a symmetrical mechanism of chromosome gain and loss during meiosis. The frequencies of Y-Y-4-4 sperm, which represent genomic meiosis II errors, did not differ significantly across strains (0.1-0.7 per 10,000 cells per strain). This FISH method for detecting aneuploidy in rat epididymal sperm provides a promising interspecies biomarker of male germ cell aneuploidy and introduces the rot as on animal model for investigating the heritable risk to offspring associated with paternal genotype, physiology, and exposure to environmental mutagens. There appear to be no significant differences among young healthy rats, mice, and men in the baseline frequencies of sperm with Y chromosomal disomy, the only chromosome for which data currently exists for all three species. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotech Res Program, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Hlth Effects Res Lab, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Wyrobek, AJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotech Res Program, POB 808,L452,7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [IAG Y01-ES-10203-00] NR 56 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 125 EP 132 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1998)31:2<125::AID-EM4>3.3.CO;2-1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZE676 UT WOS:000072818900004 PM 9544190 ER PT J AU George, SE Allison, JC Brooks, LR Eischen, BT Kohan, MJ Warren, SH King, LC AF George, SE Allison, JC Brooks, LR Eischen, BT Kohan, MJ Warren, SH King, LC TI Modulation of 2,6-dinitrotoluene genotoxicity by alachlor treatment of Fischer 344 rats SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE 2,6-dinitrotoluene; intestinal metabolism; alachlor; urine mutagenicity; biomarkers; DNA adducts ID COMMERCIAL PESTICIDE APPLICATORS; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; HERBICIDE ALACHLOR; DNA-DAMAGE; MUTAGENICITY; METABOLITES; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; ACTIVATION; EXPOSURE AB Due to its widespread use as a preemergent herbicide, alachlor has been detected as a groundwater contaminant. The procarcinogen, 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT), a by-product of the munitions industry and a precursor to polyurethane production, is found in the manufacturing waste stream. This study explores the effect of alachlor treatment on the bioactivation of DNT by examining urine mutagenicity, intestinal enzymes, and hepatic DNA adducts to detect changes in metabolism. Five-week-old male rats were treated daily by gavage with 50 mg/kg of alachlor for up to 5 weeks while control animals received an equal volume of peanut oil. At 1, 3, and 5 weeks following the initial alachlor dose, animals were administered p.o. 75 mg/kg DNT or DMSO. Urine was collected for 24 hr in metabolism cages. Following incubation with sulfatase and beta-glucuronidase, urines were individually concentrated by C-18 solid phase extraction, dried under N-2, and prepared for bioassay in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation. Urine From peanut oil- and alachlor-treated rots was not mutagenic. Even though calf thymus DNA-alachlor adducts formed in vitro, no hepatic DNA adducts were detected in vivo in these two treatment groups. Interestingly, a significant increase in excretion of mutagenic urine from DNT-treated rats was observed following 3 weeks of alachlor treatment in the absence of S9 (690 +/- 130 vs. 339 +/- 28 revertants/ml) which corresponded to increased DNT-related hepatic DNA adduct formation (5.90 +/- 0.88 adducts/10(8) nucleotides vs. 10.56 x +/- 0.59 adducts/10(8) nucleotides [relative adduct level (RAL)]). Elevation in the production of mutagenic urine from control and treated animals was linked to increases in intestinal nitroreductase and beta-glucuronidase activities; however, the only significant alachlor-related effects were an increase in small intestinal 1-week beta-glucuronidase and 5-week dehydrochlorinase activities. The increased urine mutagenicity and hepatic DNA adduct formation indicates that alachlor has a transient effect on DNT bioactivation that apparently is unrelated to intestinal bioactivation. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP George, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM george.elizabeth@epamail.epa.gov NR 48 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1998 VL 31 IS 3 BP 274 EP 281 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1998)31:3<274::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-K PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZL138 UT WOS:000073402600009 PM 9585266 ER PT S AU Downing, D Noland, RB AF Downing, D Noland, RB GP NATL RES COUNCIL TI Environmental consequences of reducing the federal role in transportation - Legal framework SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) currently provides transportation grants to states financed by the High-way and Mass Transit Trust Funds and establishes a variety of requirements that seek to make environment a key factor in transportation planning and implementation. Devolution of the federal role would make states responsible for financing highway and transit improvements and for making related policy and program decisions. Although ISTEA is not primarily an environmental law, it contains numerous provisions that take into account the environmental implications of authorized activities. In addition, federal funding can trigger requirements for "major investment study" and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) processes that consider environmental impacts of proposed projects and allow for public comment. Devolution could affect the number of transportation projects subject to such scrutiny, where federal funding is the sole element that "federalizes" a project enough to make major investment study or NEPA requirements apply. And, although many other federal and state laws provide environmental protection, they typically do not focus on achieving an environmentally friendly transportation system. The impacts that devolution could have on environmental protection are explored here. The environmental provisions currently in ISTEA are reviewed and the potential role of NEPA and the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in a devolution environment is identified. Other federal or state laws that may be available to "stand in" for environmental provisions eliminated or weakened by devolution are explored, and the potential environmental impacts of a reduced federal role in transportation oversight are discussed. C1 Hagler Bailly, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Downing, D (reprint author), Hagler Bailly, 1530 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL ACAD SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-06471-6 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 1998 IS 1626 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Transportation SC Engineering; Transportation GA BN48B UT WOS:000081982800001 ER PT J AU Woo, YT Lai, DY Argus, MF Arcos, JC AF Woo, YT Lai, DY Argus, MF Arcos, JC TI An integrative approach of combining mechanistically complementary short-term predictive tests as a basis for assessing the carcinogenic potential of chemicals SO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS-PART C OF JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment - New Approaches for Assessing the Carcinogenic Potential of Chemicals CY DEC 04-07, 1996 CL AUSTIN, TEXAS ID TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; DNA-ADDUCTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; MECHANISMS; DIFFERENTIATION; HYPERPLASIA; RELEVANCE; RODENT C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Woo, YT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1059-0501 J9 ENVIRON CARCIN ECO R JI Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxical. Rev.-Pt. C J. Env. Sci. Health PY 1998 VL 16 IS 2 BP 101 EP 122 PG 22 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 153CR UT WOS:000077816000002 ER PT J AU Chiu, A Chiu, N Shi, XL Beaubier, J Dalal, NS AF Chiu, A Chiu, N Shi, XL Beaubier, J Dalal, NS TI Activation of a procarcinogen by reduction: Cr6+-> Cr5+-> Cr4+-> Cr3+ a case study by electron spin resonance (ESR/PMR) SO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS-PART C OF JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH LA English DT Review ID CHROMIUM(VI)-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE; HYDROXYL RADICAL GENERATION; KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CHROMIUM(V) FORMATION; HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM; CR(V) COMPLEXES; LIVE MICE; GLUTATHIONE AB Chromate is a human carcinogen. Since it does not form a covalent DNA adduct in vitro under physiological conditions, and is not mutagenic in vitro in the presence of cytochrome P450 preparations from liver, reduction of Cr6+ by cellular reductants to lower oxidation states such as Cr5+, Cr4+ is considered to be a critical step in the mechanism of carcinogenesis. Long-lived paramagnetic chromium species, Cr5+, Cr4+, Cr3+ are formed in the presence of coenzymes such as NAD(P)H, GSH, and cytochromes. These anionic complexes of reduced chromium are considered potential "penultimate" carcinogens. Various in vitro and in vivo studies from our group have demonstrated the formation of these ionic species using a modified paramagnetic spectroscopy approach, in this review, information is provided on the half-lives of formation and decay, free energy changes, atomic structures and reaction mechanisms of these compounds in situ, in vivo and in vitro, at the molecular, cellular-and organismic levels. Hydroxyl radical ( OH) can be generated from the reaction of these Cr5+, Cr4+ compounds with H2O2 by a Fenton-like reaction, as can be demonstrated by molecular spin traps. In addition to OH radical, a number of other free radicals may be generated from reaction of chromium with cellular reductants and peroxides. These radicals, particularly the hydroxyl radical, are considered the ultimate agents in chromium carcinogenesis. They may break phosophodiester bonds of the DNA double strands, and modify 2'-deoxyguanosine to form promutagenic 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the DNA structure. Genetic expressions are changed at the transcription level. Changes in genetic information may also be passed onto future generations through cell replications to the daughter cells. Thus. OH from the interaction of Cr5+, Cr4+ with H2O2 affects not only differentiation but also cell division, and leads to the development of cancer as a result. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab, Div Res, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Chem, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Chiu, A (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Shi, Xianglin/B-8588-2012 NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 9 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1059-0501 J9 ENVIRON CARCIN ECO R JI Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxical. Rev.-Pt. C J. Env. Sci. Health PY 1998 VL 16 IS 2 BP 135 EP 148 PG 14 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 153CR UT WOS:000077816000004 ER PT B AU Saulys, VJ AF Saulys, VJ BE Fonnum, F Paukstys, B Zeeb, BA Reimer, KJ TI US Environmental Protection Agency's Baltic technical assistance program: From capacity building to environmental security SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND REMEDIATION PRACTICES AT FORMER AND PRESENT MILITARY BASES SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Contamination and Remediation Practices at Former and Present Military Bases CY OCT 12-17, 1997 CL VILNIUS, LITHUANIA SP NATO C1 US EPA, Off Int Activ, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Saulys, VJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Int Activ, Reg 5,77 W Jackson Blvd R-19J, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5247-5 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1998 VL 48 BP 93 EP 102 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM14W UT WOS:000077804300009 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK AF Gullett, BK TI Preface - Combustion by-products: Management of risk SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 102YQ UT WOS:000074954200001 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK Raghunathan, K Dunn, JE AF Gullett, BK Raghunathan, K Dunn, JE TI The effect of cofiring high-sulfur coal with municipal waste on formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion By-Products - Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO HO UNIV DAYTON RES INST DE polychlorinated dibenzodioxin; polychlorinated dibenzofuran; PCDD; PCDF; waste combustion; refuse-derived fuel; coal; cofiring; sulfur dioxide; emissions ID COMBUSTION AB The effect of cofiring minor amounts (5-10 wt %) of high-sulfur coal with municipal refuse-derived fuel (RDF) on emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) was studied under a range of operating conditions. Through use of a 2(x) factorial test matrix the program examined the effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentration on preventing PCDD/F formation while accounting for differences in hydrogen chloride concentration, sorbent slurry injection, and various furnace operating conditions such as quench rate, residence time, and RDF feed rate. An understanding of the effect of coal- and operating-related parameters on the postcombustion formation of PCDD/F is expected to assist in developing strategies aimed at preventing PCDD/F formation. The test facility was a 0.6-MWt (2 x 10(6) Btu/h) pilot scale, grate-fired combustor, designed to mimic the solid fuel handling and combustion rates of field units. Results were analyzed by examining comparative-run-averaged yields and through development of a model based on regression methods with stepwise parameter selection. The run-averaged yields and model show that higher SO2 concentrations due to cofiring with coal result in significant suppression of PCDD/F formation, even when controlling for changes in other operating parameters. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div MD65, Natl Risk Management Res Lab MD65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Acurex Environm Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Math Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div MD65, Natl Risk Management Res Lab MD65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM bgullett@engineer.aeerl.epa.gov NR 13 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 59 EP 70 DI 10.1089/ees.1998.15.59 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 102YQ UT WOS:000074954200007 ER PT J AU Lee, CW Kilgroe, JD Raghunathan, K AF Lee, CW Kilgroe, JD Raghunathan, K TI Effect of soot and copper combustor deposits on dioxin emissions SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion By-Products - Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO HO UNIV DAYTON RES INST DE chlorinated waste incineration; dioxin emissions; soot and copper deposits; wall effects; memory effects ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; DE-NOVO-SYNTHESIS; FLY-ASH AB An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of residual soot and copper combustor deposits on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) during the combustion of a chlorinated waste. In a bench-scale setup, distillate fuel oil doped with copper compounds was fired under sooting conditions in a quartz reactor heated by a Linberg furnace to 900 degrees C. Soot- and copper-containing aerosols were carried by the hot flue gas and deposited on a separate quartz "deposition" tube connected to the exit of the quartz reactor. Selected experiments were also conducted to deposit either soot or copper on separate quartz deposition tubes. In a separate setup, 1,6-dichlorohexane was injected into a natural-gas-fired furnace reactor to produce a flue gas that contained 6.2% oxygen, 8.6% carbon dioxide, 10-50 ppm carbon monoxide, and 500 ppm hydrogen chloride. The deposition tubes were separately attached to the furnace reactor and a flue gas slip stream was passed through the tubes into a PCDD/F sampling train. The deposition tubes were maintained at 320 degrees C by an electrical heating tape. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) was injected near the flame zone of the furnace reactor in selected experiments. High levels of PCDD/Fs were measured at the exit of the deposition tubes containing both soot and copper deposits. No PCDD/Fs were found during experiments using a tube with only soot deposits, and trace amounts of PCDD/Fs were found with a deposition tube containing only copper deposits. Repeated experiments with the same deposition tube containing soot and copper deposits resulted in reductions in the amount of PCDD/Fs formed, indicating decreased formation with time. Significantly lower PCDD/F emissions were measured from the experiments with SO2 injection, indicating that SO2 is effective in suppressing PCDD/F formation reactions. It was also found that a deposition tube previously exposed to flue gases from 1,6-dichlorohexane incineration exhibited residual PCDD/F formation reactions when exposed to flue gases from the combustion of natural gas. The results demonstrate that the combustor deposits containing copper and soot can cause "memory effects" that can play an important role in the emissions of PCDD/Fs from commercial incinerators. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Technol Branch MO65, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Acurex Environm Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Lee, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Technol Branch MO65, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 71 EP 84 DI 10.1089/ees.1998.15.71 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 102YQ UT WOS:000074954200008 ER PT J AU Wu, CY Lee, TG Tyree, G Arar, E Biswas, P AF Wu, CY Lee, TG Tyree, G Arar, E Biswas, P TI Capture of mercury in combustion systems by in situ-generated titania particles with UV irradiation SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion By-Products - Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO HO UNIV DAYTON RES INST DE mercury; sorbents; titania; photooxidation; photocatalyst; combustion; aerosols; UV irradiation ID TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS; FLUE-GASES; WASTE INCINERATION; LEAD COMPOUNDS; POWER-PLANTS; VAPOR; SPECIATION; TRANSITION; CLUSTERS; CHLORIDE AB In situ-generated sorbent titania particles with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation have been shown to be effective in capture of mercury in combustor exhausts, Results of experiments conducted with the (1) sorbent precursor only, (2) mercury only, (3) mercury and UV irradiation, and (4) mercury, titania, and UV irradiation are presented to elucidate the mechanisms of the capture process, Capture efficiencies (percentage of Hg captured on the filter) as high as 96% were measured for mercury by titania with UV irradiation, A very high surface area titania sorbent was first formed, with mercury vapors condensing onto this surface, followed by photocatalytic oxidation and binding with the sorbent particles, The process has significant potential as a low-cost methodology for mercury control in practical combustion systems, Minimal retrofitting may be necessary as conventional particulate control devices such as electrostatic precipitators have coronas with UV radiation present. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Morehead State Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Morehead, KY 40351 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. RP Biswas, P (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, ML 71, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM pratim.biswas@uc.edu RI Lee, Tai Gyu/G-7962-2012 OI Lee, Tai Gyu/0000-0002-8900-1581 NR 55 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 6 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 137 EP 148 DI 10.1089/ees.1998.15.137 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104HG UT WOS:000075008200004 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, D AF Mukerjee, D TI Health risk of endocrine-disrupting ortho-substituted PCBs emitted from incinerators SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion By-Products - Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO HO UNIV DAYTON RES INST DE endocrine-disrupting chemicals; PCBs; breast milk; risk assessment ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; VITAMIN-K DEFICIENCY; HUMAN-MILK; BREAST-CANCER; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHENE; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; LIVER TUMORS; FOLLOW-UP; YU-CHENG AB In recent years, endocrine-disrupting activities by chemical emissions from combustion sources have generated considerable interest in the scientific community. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) emitted from combustion sources form a big group of extremely persistent and widely distributed toxic chemicals in the environment, Exposures to these chemicals occur through the food web. The residues of these chemicals have been detected in air, soil, sediment, fish, meat, dairy products, human adipose tissue, and mother's milk, The residues of PCBs and their metabolites are widely distributed in breast milk of mothers from industrial countries at concentrations that are about 10,000 times greater than the total levels of PCDDs/PCDFs. Ortho-substituted nonplanar PCBs are the primary PCB congeners that tend of bioaccumulate more in human milk than coplanar PCBs, In general, these chemicals are characterized by their high lipophilicity and long elimination half-lives. Disruption of the normal homeostasis of the endocrine functions can result in developmental, reproductive, neurotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, and other adverse health effects, The mechanisms of endocrine disruptive actions of these chemicals are not well understood. It is not known as to whether these chemicals act directly as hormones or modify the endocrine systems by binding to endocrine receptor sites, Disruption of normal endocrine-regulated functions by these chemicals represents an important consideration in risk assessment. An attempt has been made in this paper to examine direct or indirect impact of endocrine disrupting activities of ortho-substituted nonplanar PCBs and present a rationale for risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Ohio No Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ada, OH 45810 USA. Univ Kiel Klinikum, Inst Toxikol, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. RP Mukerjee, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Mukerjee.debdas@epamail.epa.gov NR 114 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 6 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 157 EP 169 DI 10.1089/ees.1998.15.157 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104HG UT WOS:000075008200006 ER PT B AU Lieberman, E AF Lieberman, E BE Boland, JJ Bell, ME Stakhiv, EZ TI Air pollution control technology and transferable pollution credits - Experience from the US Acid Rain Program SO ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Infrastructure Management CY APR 30-MAY 04, 1995 CL KIEV, UKRAINE SP NATO C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4866-4 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1998 VL 37 BP 47 EP 75 PG 29 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL14F UT WOS:000074436700002 ER PT J AU Bradford, DF Franson, SE Neale, AC Heggem, DT Miller, GR Canterbury, GE AF Bradford, DF Franson, SE Neale, AC Heggem, DT Miller, GR Canterbury, GE TI Bird species assemblages as indicators of biological integrity in Great Basin rangeland SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE biological integrity; bird; Great Basin; indicator; rangeland ID BREEDING PASSERINE BIRDS; WATER-QUALITY; MANAGEMENT; RESPONSES; SAGEBRUSH AB The study evaluates the potential for bird species assemblages to serve as indicators of biological integrity of rangelands in the Great Basin in much the same way that fish and invertebrate assemblages have been used as indicators in aquatic environments. Our approach was to identify metrics of the bird community using relatively simple sampling methods that reflect the degree of rangeland degradation and are consistent over a variety of vegetation types and geographic areas. We conducted the study in three range types (i.e., potential natural plant community types) in each of two widely separated areas of the Great Basin: south-eastern Idaho (sagebrush steppe range types) and west-central Utah (salt-desert shrub range types). Sites were selected in each range type to represent three levels of grazing impact, and in Idaho included sites modified for crested wheatgrass production. Birds were sampled by point counts on 9 100-m radius plots at 250-m spacing on each of 20 sites in each area during the breeding season. In sagebrush-steppe, 964 individuals in 8 species of passerine birds were used in analyses. Five metrics were significantly related to impact class, both when analyzed within range type and when analyzed with all range types combined. Species richness, relative abundance of shrub obligate species, and relative abundance of Brewer's sparrow were generally lower for the higher impact classes; whereas the reverse was true for dominance by a single species and for relative abundance of homed larks. In contrast, total number of individuals did not differ significantly as a function of impact class. In salt-desert shrub, a total of 843 birds in 4 species were included in analyses, 98% of which were homed larks. None of the metrics identified above was significantly related to impact class. Two metrics for breeding birds in sagebrush steppe (species richness and dominance) showed little overlap between values for the extremes of impact class, and thus they have potential as indicators of biological integrity. However, the sensitivity of these metrics appears to be greatest at the high impact end of the spectrum, which suggests they may have limited utility in distinguishing between sites having light and moderate impact. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Bradford, DF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. OI Heggem, Daniel/0000-0001-9238-3368 NR 38 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1 BP 1 EP 22 DI 10.1023/A:1005712405487 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YV702 UT WOS:000071854200001 ER PT J AU Grulke, NE Andersen, CP Fenn, ME Miller, PR AF Grulke, NE Andersen, CP Fenn, ME Miller, PR TI Ozone exposure and nitrogen deposition lowers root biomass of ponderosa pine in the San Bernardino Mountains, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE root biomass; ponderosa pine; ozone exposure; N deposition; root carbohydrates ID FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; DOUGLAS-FIR; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; CARBON; ALLOCATION; STAND; SATURATION; DYNAMICS AB Decreased root biomass in forest trees in response to anthropogenic pollutants is believed to be one of the first steps in forest health degradation. Although decreased root biomass has been observed in controlled experiments, ozone effects on mature tree roots in natural stands has not previously been documented. Here we report standing root biomass of ponderosa pine at three sites in the San Bernardino Mountains distributed along a known, long-term pollution gradient of ozone and nitrogen deposition. Trees at each site were assessed for foliar ozone injury and below-ground attributes, in addition to other environmental factors known to influence root growth. During the period of peak root growth in the spring, root biomass at the least polluted site was 6-14 times greater than that observed at the most polluted site. Known differences in climatic and edaphic factors among the sites potentially contributing to the observed response were discounted as primary contributors to the response since in most cases the site differences would have driven the patterns of root growth in the opposite direction to that observed. Differences in biotic competitive interactions, also known to affect root growth, did not explain the observed pattern for the same reason. The data suggests that elevated ozone, high nitrogen deposition, and possibly other contributing factors such as soil acidification are primarily responsible for lowering root biomass in ponderosa pine stands in the San Bernardino Mountains. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Grulke, NE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 49 TC 66 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1998 VL 103 IS 1 BP 63 EP 73 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00130-4 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 145XD UT WOS:000077396900009 ER PT J AU DeFoe, DL Ankley, GT AF DeFoe, DL Ankley, GT TI Influence of storage time on toxicity of freshwater sediments to benthic macroinvertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE sediment; storage; benthic invertebrates; survival; growth ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; WATER SEDIMENT; HYALELLA-AZTECA; COPPER; METALS; TESTS; DDT AB Guidance concerning recommended storage times for sediments to be used in toxicity tests generally has not been based upon systematically collected experimental data. The objective of this study was to better define the effects of storage time on toxicity of a series of freshwater sediments. Sixteen sediments with varying types of contaminants were collected, homogenized and stored at 4 degrees C in 1 liter aliquots, which were periodically tested for toxicity to the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus tentans after storage times of up to 101 weeks. The sediments ranged from non-toxic to extremely toxic (100% mortality) in IO-day assays, with several of the samples displaying an intermediate degree of toxicity (e.g. partial mortality, reduced growth).Biological responses in most of the samples did not vary with time relative to their statistical relationship to control values; samples identified initially as toxic (or non-toxic) tended to remain toxic (or non-toxic) regardless of when they were tested. The variations that were observed in biological responses over time generally were not systematic; that is, there were no apparent trends in samples becoming more (or less) toxic in the 10-day assays. This suggests that the source of at least some of the temporal changes in toxicity were due to inherent biological variability of the assays used to assess the sediments, rather than the effects of storage. In C. tentans tests with the least toxic sediments, among-replicate variability tended to be greater in initial assays than in tests with samples that had been stored for some period of time. This may have been due to the presence of indigenous competitive or predatory organisms that did not survive during prolonged storage. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1998 VL 99 IS 1 BP 123 EP 131 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00159-0 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZX030 UT WOS:000074473200014 PM 15093337 ER PT J AU Adgate, JL Willis, RD Buckley, TJ Chow, JC Watson, JG Rhoads, GG Lioy, PJ AF Adgate, JL Willis, RD Buckley, TJ Chow, JC Watson, JG Rhoads, GG Lioy, PJ TI Chemical mass balance source apportionment of lead in house dust SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MODELS; SYSTEM; SIZE AB Chemical mass balance was used to apportion the major proximate contributors of lead mass to house dust (HDPb) obtained from urban jersey City, NJ, homes of children at risk for lead exposure. Coarse (up to similar to 60 mu m) and PM10 ( <10 mu m) particle size fractions of vacuum dust samples from 64 residences with lead-based paints were analyzed for Ph and 16 other elements. Source profiles were developed to represent proximate source media contributors to HDPb pre-1960 interior lead-based paints, indoor air, and a crustal source profile that accounted for the contribution of yard soils and street dusts. On average for both size fractions the exterior proximate sources, i.e., crustal materials and deposited airborne particulates, were responsible for approximately two-thirds of the HDPb mass; the interior lead-based paint sources contributed the remaining third. Results indicate considerable variability in Pb source contributors between homes, but little difference in the source contributors to the two overlapping size fractions within homes. Effective reduction of HDPb levels will require control of both exterior and interior sources. C1 EOHSI, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Energy & Environm Engn Ctr, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Adgate, JL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Box 807 Mayo,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RI Watson, John/E-6869-2010; Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011 OI Watson, John/0000-0002-1752-6899; NR 31 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 108 EP 114 DI 10.1021/es970052x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YP503 UT WOS:000071284200037 ER PT J AU Kleindienst, TE Corse, EW Blanchard, FT Lonneman, WA AF Kleindienst, TE Corse, EW Blanchard, FT Lonneman, WA TI Evaluation of the performance of DNPH-coated silica gel and C-18 cartridges in the measurement of formaldehyde in the presence and absence of ozone SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; ALDEHYDES; AIR; 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE; INTERFERENCE AB Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important photochemical product generated during the oxidation of volatile organic compounds in the troposphere. Accurate HCHO concentrations are essential for developing a quantitative basis for ozone formation and represent a primary monitoring objective for the Photochemical Assessment and Monitoring Stations (PAMS). In the PAMS network, measurements of HCHO are conducted by a derivatization method using cartridges coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). In this study, a manifold system has been designed to evaluate the performance, accuracy, and importance of interferences of DNPH-coated silica gel and C-18 cartridges using gasphase calibration standards. Compared to the independent gas-phase calibration values, HCHO values from silica gel cartridges were typically 5% lower than the reference values over the range of 2-25 ppbv; C-18 cartridge values were systematically lower by 20%. These results were found to be independent of the level of humidity in the system. The HCHO measurements of the two cartridge systems were highly correlated and yielded the regression equation, [HCHO]C-18 = 0.84[HCHO]S-18 Gel. Measurement of HCHO in the presence of ozone by silica gel cartridges led to a negative interference, which has been widely reported. The magnitude of the interference was greater than 50% under conditions representative of urban environments (HCHO = 5 ppb; O-3 = 120 ppb). The interference was routinely removed through the use of a potassium iodide (KI) scrubber or denuder. However, these devices were found to require modest water concentrations (>4000 ppmv; RH > 10% at 25 degrees C) to remove ozone effectively. With the C-18 cartridges, the presence of ozone in the airstream produced a positive interference for the HCHO-hydrazone using standard analysis techniques. These results suggest that under ambient conditions offsetting errors are possible with the use of C-18 cartridges, if ozone removal devices are not used. However, with proper precautions, either of these cartridges can be a highly effective means of measuring formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in urban atmospheres. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Atmospher Res & Exposure Assessment lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kleindienst, TE (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, POB 12313, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 14 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 124 EP 130 DI 10.1021/es970205g PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YP503 UT WOS:000071284200039 ER PT J AU Bradbury, SP Mekenyan, OG Ankley, GT AF Bradbury, SP Mekenyan, OG Ankley, GT TI The role of ligand flexibility in predicting biological activity: Structure-activity relationships for aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen, and androgen receptor binding affinity SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE structure-activity relationships; receptor binding affinity; aryl hydrocarbon receptor; androgen receptor; estrogen receptor ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HALOGENATED BIPHENYLS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; HORMONE RECEPTOR; SURFACE MODELS; DYNAMIC QSAR; AH RECEPTOR; INDUCTION; CONFORMATIONS; DOMAIN AB Recent studies indicate that the potency and agonist or antagonist activity of steroid hormone ligands are dependent, in part, on ligand-receptor binding affinity as well as the conformation of the ligand-receptor complex. The binding of ligands to hormone receptors is thought to involve interactions by which shapes of both the receptor and ligand are modified in the formation of the ligand-receptor complex. As a consequence, it is essential to explore the significance of ligand flexibility in the development of screening-level structure-activity relationships. In this review, examples are provided of techniques used to generate and screen ligand conformers in the development of quantitative structure-activity relationships and active analogue search algorithms. The biological endpoint modeled was binding affinity of natural ligands and xenobiotics to the aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen, and androgen receptors. These approaches may be useful in future studies to evaluate relationships between ligand structure, receptor binding affinity, and, ultimately, transactivational events associated with receptor interactions with DNA response elements and associated proteins. An improved understanding of ligand-receptor interactions in the context of well-defined effector systems will enhance the development of credible predictive models that can be used to screen large sets of chemicals for potential agonist or antagonistic activity. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Bourgas, Higher Inst Chem Technol, Bourgas 8010, Bulgaria. RP Bradbury, SP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 73 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 15 EP 25 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0015:TROLFI>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YM971 UT WOS:000071120200003 ER PT J AU McTavish, K Stech, H Stay, F AF McTavish, K Stech, H Stay, F TI A modeling framework for exploring the population-level effects of endocrine disruptors SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE endocrine disruptors; effects modeling; age-structured populations; risk assessment; concentration response ID AQUATIC SYSTEMS; SURFACTANTS; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY; IDENTIFICATION; EFFLUENT AB Methods are proposed for modeling the population-level effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on age-structured populations. We present a framework for representing xenobiotic-induced impacts to reproductive, life-stage transition, and mortality rates. Numerical simulations are described addressing delayed disturbance and recovery dynamics and potential transgenerational effects. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Math & Stat, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP McTavish, K (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Math & Stat, 140 Campus Ctr,10 Univ Dr, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. EM kmctavi3@ub.d.umn.edu NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 58 EP 67 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0058:AMFFET>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YM971 UT WOS:000071120200009 ER PT J AU Ankley, G Mihaich, E Stahl, R Tillitt, D Colborn, T McMaster, S Miller, R Bantle, J Campbell, P Denslow, N Dickerson, R Folmar, L Fry, M Giesy, J Gray, LE Guiney, P Hutchinson, T Kennedy, S Kramer, V LeBlanc, G Mayes, M Nimrod, A Patino, R Peterson, R Purdy, R Ringer, R Thomas, P Touart, L Van der Kraak, G Zacharewski, T AF Ankley, G Mihaich, E Stahl, R Tillitt, D Colborn, T McMaster, S Miller, R Bantle, J Campbell, P Denslow, N Dickerson, R Folmar, L Fry, M Giesy, J Gray, LE Guiney, P Hutchinson, T Kennedy, S Kramer, V LeBlanc, G Mayes, M Nimrod, A Patino, R Peterson, R Purdy, R Ringer, R Thomas, P Touart, L Van der Kraak, G Zacharewski, T TI Overview of a workshop on screening methods for detecting potential (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic chemicals in wildlife SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE estrogen; androgen; endocrine disruption; wildlife; screening ID SPOTTED SEA-TROUT; DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; CHICKEN ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; LAKES-INFLUENCED SECTIONS; MEDAKA ORYZIAS-LATIPES; KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT; 3 MICHIGAN RIVERS; RAINBOW-TROUT; IN-VITRO; XENOPUS-LAEVIS AB The U.S. Congress has passed legislation requiring the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to develop, validate, and implement screening tests for identifying potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals within 3 years. To aid in the identification of methods suitable for this purpose, the U.S. EPA, the Chemical Manufacturers Association, and the World Wildlife Fund sponsored several workshops, including the present one, which dealt with wildlife species. This workshop was convened with 30 international scientists representing multiple disciplines in March 1997 in Kansas City, Missouri,USA. Participants at the meeting identified methods in terms of their ability to indicate (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic effects, particularly in the context of developmental and reproductive processes. Data derived from structure-activity relationship models and in vitro test systems, although useful in certain contexts, cannot at present replace in vivo tests as the sole basis for screening. A consensus was reached that existing mammalian test methods (e.g., with rats or mice) generally are suitable as screens for assessing potential (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic effects in mammalian wildlife. However, due to factors such as among-class variation in receptor structure and endocrine function, it is uncertain if these mammalian assays would be of broad utility as screens for other classes of vertebrate wildlife. Existing full and partial life-cycle tests with some avian and fish species could successfully identify chemicals causing endocrine disruption; however, these long term tests are not suitable for routine screening. However, a number of short term tests with species from these two classes exist that could serve as effective screening tools for chemicals inducing (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic effects. Existing methods suitable for identifying chemicals with these mechanisms of action in reptiles and amphibians are limited, but in the future, tests with species from these classes may prove highly effective as screens. In the case of invertebrate species, too little is known at present about the biological role of estrogens and androgens in reproduction and development to recommend specific assays. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Rhone Poulenc AG Co, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. DuPont Corp Remediat, Wilmington, DE 19805 USA. NBS, Midw Sci Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Dow Chem, Midland, MI 48674 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Ctr Tech, Strombeek Bever, Belgium. Univ Florida, Dept Biochem, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Clemson Univ, ENTOX, TIWET, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Avian Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. SC Johnson Wax, Racine, WI 53402 USA. Zeneca, Brixham Environm Lab, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham TQ5 8BA, Devon, England. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. Rohm & Haas Co, Dept Toxicol, Spring House, PA 19477 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Dow Chem, Hlth & Environm Sci, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. Univ Mississippi, Nat Prod Ctr, University, MS 38677 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Pharm, Madison, WI 53706 USA. 3M Co, Environm Lab, St Paul, MN 55144 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada. RP US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM epagta@du4500.dul.epa.gov NR 224 TC 241 Z9 252 U1 2 U2 32 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 68 EP 87 DI 10.1002/etc.5620170110 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YM971 UT WOS:000071120200010 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, J Wolf, C Lambright, C Kelce, W AF Gray, LE Ostby, J Wolf, C Lambright, C Kelce, W TI The value of mechanistic studies in laboratory animals for the prediction of reproductive effects in wildlife: Endocrine effects on mammalian sexual differentiation SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dioxins; phthalates; antiandrogens; estrogens; reproductive development ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS PCB; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-BINDING; MALE-RATS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE RATS; IN-UTERO; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; NEONATAL EXPOSURE; ANDROGENIC STATUS; PREOPTIC AREA AB Wildlife populations from contaminated ecosystems display a variety of reproductive alterations, including cryptorchidism in the Florida panther, small baculum in young male otters, small penises in alligators, sex reversal in fish, and altered social behavior in birds. The formation of biologically plausible hypotheses regarding disruption of reproduction in wildlife can be facilitated by mechanistic studies on laboratory animals. To this end, we are investigating the in vivo and in vitro effects of endocrine-disrupting toxicants in rodents. In vitro studies have used receptor binding and transfected cell assays to confirm the suspected mechanism of action, whereas in vivo rodent studies examine altered sexual differentiation. Antiandrogenic pesticides compete with the natural ligands for both rat and human androgen receptors, block androgen-induced gene expression in vitro and in vivo, delay puberty, reduce sex accessory,oland size, and alter male rat sex differentiation. In contrast, xenoestrogens affect female central nervous system sex differentiation and fecundity without producing malformations or infertility in-male offspring. Prenatal administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or the TCDD-like polychlorinated biphenyls produce yet another profile of effects in the offspring, reducing numbers of ejaculated sperm in male progeny and inducing urogenital malformations in females. Although phthalates are reported to be estrogenic in vitro, in vivo exposure causes developmental alterations that more closely resemble antiandrogenic activity. The mammalian data indicate that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals produces effects that are pathognomonic for mechanisms by which they act. Mechanistic information derived from mammalian studies can enhance our ability to predict toxicant effects on reproduction in fish and wildlife. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 84 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 109 EP 118 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0109:TVOMSI>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YM971 UT WOS:000071120200013 ER PT J AU Cantor, KP Lynch, CF Hildesheim, ME Dosemeci, M Lubin, J Alavanja, M Craun, G AF Cantor, KP Lynch, CF Hildesheim, ME Dosemeci, M Lubin, J Alavanja, M Craun, G TI Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts I. Risk of bladder cancer SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bladder neoplasms; water; chlorination; case control study; gender; trihalomethane; smoking; drinking water source ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; URINARY-TRACT; FLUID INTAKE; MORTALITY; IDENTIFICATION; ASSOCIATIONS AB We conducted a population-based case control study of bladder cancer in Iowa in 1986-1989 to evaluate the risk posed by tapwater containing chlorination byproducts. We combined information about residential history, drinking water source, beverage intake, and other factors with historical data from water utilities and measured contaminant levels to create in dices of past exposure to chlorination byproducts. The study comprised 1,123 cases and 1,983 controls who had data relat ing to at least 70% of their lifetime drinking water source. After we adjusted for potential confounders, we calculated odds ratios for duration of chlorinated surface water of 1.0 (referent), 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.5 for 0, 1-19, 20-39, 40-59, and greater than or equal to 60 years of use. We also found associations with total and average lifetime byproduct intake, as represented by trihalomethane estimates. Positive findings were restricted to men and to ever-smokers. Among men, odds ratios were 1.0 (referent), 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, and 1.9, and among ever smokers, 1.0, 1.1, 1.3, 1.0, and 2.2, after adjustment for intensity and timing of smoking. Among nonsmoking men and women, regardless of smoking habit, there was no association. Among men, smoking and exposure to chlorinated surface water mutually enhanced the risk of bladder cancer. The overall association of bladder cancer risk with duration of chlorinated surface water use that we found is consistent with the findings of other investigations, bur the differences in risk between men and women, and between smokers and nonsmokers, have not been widely observed. C1 NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, DCEG, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Prevent Med & Environm Hlth, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cantor, KP (reprint author), NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, DCEG, Execut Plaza N,Suite 418, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [5 KO7 CA01181, NCI NO1-CP-85614, NCI-NO1-CP-51026] NR 42 TC 217 Z9 225 U1 3 U2 33 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 21 EP 28 DI 10.1097/00001648-199801000-00007 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YM685 UT WOS:000071089500008 PM 9430264 ER PT J AU Hildesheim, ME Cantor, KP Lynch, CF Dosemeci, M Lubin, J Alavanja, M Craun, G AF Hildesheim, ME Cantor, KP Lynch, CF Dosemeci, M Lubin, J Alavanja, M Craun, G TI Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts II. Risk of colon and rectal cancers SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE colorectal neoplasms; drinking water; water source; chlorination; gender; trihalomethanes; diet; physical activity ID COLORECTAL-CANCER; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; MORTALITY-RATES; LOUISIANA; TRIHALOMETHANES; WISCONSIN; SITE AB We evaluated the association between chlorination byproducts and colon and rectal cancer risk in a population-based case-control study conducted in Iowa in 1986-1989. Data were gathered from 685 colon cancer cases, 655 rectal cancer cases, and 2,434 controls. We calculated odds ratios for the 560 colon cancer cases, 537 rectal cancer cases, and 1,983 controls for whom water exposure information was available for at lease 70% of their lifetime. We estimated exposure to chlorination byproducts with two types of measures: duration of lifetime at residences served by chlorinated water and estimated lifetime trihalomethane exposure. For rectal cancer, we observed an association with duration of chlorinated surface water use, with adjusted odds ratios of 1.1, 1.6, 1.6, and 2.6 for 1-19, 20-39, 40-59, and greater than or equal to 60 years of exposure, compared with no exposure. Rectal cancer risk was also associated with several different measures of estimated lifetime trihalomethane exposure. For colon cancer and subsites, we detected no important increase in risk associated with duration of chlorinated surface water, nor with trihalomethane estimates. When we evaluated chlorination byproducts jointly with other factors, we found larger relative risk estimates for rectal cancer among subjects with low dietary fiber intake. The risk related to greater than or equal to 40 years of exposure to a chlorinated surface water source was 2.4 (95% confidence interval = 1.5-4.0) for persons with low fiber intake and 0.9 (95% confidence interval = 0.4-1.8) for persons with high fiber intake, relative to the risk of persons with high-fiber diets and no exposure to chlorinated surface water. We observed a similar risk differential for low and high levels of physical activity. C1 NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, DCEG, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Prevent Med & Environm Hlth, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cantor, KP (reprint author), NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, DCEG, Execut Plaza N,Suite 418, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [5 KO7 CA01181, NCI NO1-CP-85614, NCI-NO1-CP-51026] NR 49 TC 107 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 29 EP 35 DI 10.1097/00001648-199801000-00008 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YM685 UT WOS:000071089500009 PM 9430265 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Mascini, M AF Rogers, KR Mascini, M TI Biosensors for field analytical monitoring SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE biosensors; environmental; monitoring; bioanalytical; sensors ID BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN-DEMAND; CONTINUOUS-FLOW IMMUNOSENSOR; HIGHLY-SENSITIVE MEASUREMENT; EVANESCENT-WAVE BIOSENSOR; FIBER OPTIC IMMUNOSENSOR; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; MICROBIAL SENSOR; ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB The development of cost-effective on-site methods for environmental monitoring is instrumental to managing risks posed by environmental contamination. Biosensors show the potential to complement both laboratory-based and field analytical methods for environmental monitoring. Although a wide variety of biosensors have been reported for potential environmental applications, relatively few of these have progressed into commercial markets. Advances in screening methods for areas such as toxicity, bioavailability, and multiple analytes, as well as incorporation of these devices as detectors in chromatographic systems, could possibly widen the market and allow these techniques to be more competitive. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Florence, Florence, Italy. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 166 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1998 VL 2 IS 6 BP 317 EP 331 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 147NV UT WOS:000077574100002 ER PT B AU Craig, HD Ferguson, GK Markos, AG Thorne, PG Jenkins, TF Witt-Smith, CA AF Craig, HD Ferguson, GK Markos, AG Thorne, PG Jenkins, TF Witt-Smith, CA BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Evaluation of on-site analytical methods for explosives in compost residues SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 1: RISK, RESOURCE, AND REGULATORY ISSUES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB Composting is an emerging ex-situ solid phase biological treatment technology for degradation of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives compounds in soil. A field demonstration was conducted to assess the performance of on-site analytical methods for explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in compost residues during full scale remediation at the Umatilla Chemical Depot (Hermiston, OR) and U.S. Naval Submarine Base (Bangor, WA) Superfund sites and pilot scale composting at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane (Crane, IN) RCRA Corrective Action site. Compost samples were analyzed by each of the on-site methods and results compared to laboratory analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (EPA SW-846 Method 8330). The on-site methods evaluated include the EnSys TNT and RDX colorimetric methods (EPA SW-846 Methods 8515 and 8510) with and without an organic matrix cleanup step, and the DTECH TNT and RDX immunoassay methods (EPA SW-846 Methods 4050 and 4051). Accuracy of the on-site methods were evaluated using linear regression analysis, relative percent difference (RPD), and field analytical to laboratory analytical (FA/LA) ratio comparison criteria. Over the range of conditions evaluated, the colorimetric methods for TNT and RDX with organic matrix cleanup steps showed the highest accuracy. Significant differences were noted for samples run by the colorimetric methods with and without the organic matrix cleanup steps. The immunoassay TNT and RDX methods also showed reasonable accuracy for analysis of compost residues. C1 US EPA, Portland, OR USA. RP Craig, HD (reprint author), US EPA, Reg X, Portland, OR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-056-X PY 1998 BP 13 EP 18 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54Q UT WOS:000075845900003 ER PT B AU O'Steen, WN AF O'Steen, WN BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Development of US EPA region 4 technical impracticability guidance SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 1: RISK, RESOURCE, AND REGULATORY ISSUES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Region 4 is developing a regional guidance document on the technical impracticability of groundwater restoration. Core principles have been developed by the U.S. EPA Region 4 which will frame the regional technical impracticability guidance. The regional guidance will address issues of both data generation and data interpretation in technical impracticability evaluations. The guidance will also define how the U.S. EPA Region 4 will address an area to which technical impracticability applies, based on cost and resource valuation considerations. The regional guidance will require that regardless of the timing of a technical impracticability request, the same questions applicable to the technical impracticability evaluation must be answered in a technical impracticability demonstration submitted to U.S. EPA Region 4. C1 US EPA, Atlanta, GA USA. RP O'Steen, WN (reprint author), US EPA, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-056-X PY 1998 BP 259 EP 263 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54Q UT WOS:000075845900043 ER PT B AU Lovelace, KA AF Lovelace, KA BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI EPA policy on the technical impracticability of ground-water cleanup SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 1: RISK, RESOURCE, AND REGULATORY ISSUES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB In responding to sites contaminated with toxic chemicals, cleanup of contaminated ground water has proven to be one of the most difficult problems facing the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Contaminated ground water has been found at approximately 85% of hazardous waste sites being remediated under EPA's Superfund program, and at a large proportion of facilities undergoing Corrective Action under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). One of the most important lessons learned during the implementation of these programs is that complex site conditions are more common than previously anticipated. A major goal of EPA's environmental cleanup programs is to return contaminated ground waters to a level of quality appropriate for the current or future uses of these resources. Drinking water standards generally are used as cleanup requirements for ground waters that are current or potential sources of drinking water. Although both programs have been successful at reducing the immediate health and environmental threats posed by the contaminated ground water, experience has shown that achieving these cleanup levels over the entire plume may not be possible at many sites with currently available remediation technologies. Where it can be demonstrated to EPA that these requirements cannot be attained due to specific site conditions, both the Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action programs allow cleanup requirements to be waived due to technical impracticability. EPA developed the Guidance for Evaluating the Technical Impracticability of Ground-Water Restoration in September 1993. This guidance established evaluation factors for determining whether ground-water cleanup requirements are technically achievable at a particular site, and how to establish an alternative cleanup strategy that fully protects human health and the environment. Site-specific data should be used to describe site conditions that make attainment of drinking water standards technically impracticable (TI). A TI waiver does not necessarily apply over the entire contaminant plume, and should only apply to that portion of the site where drinking water standards cannot be attained. Most importantly, a TI waiver is not a "walk away" solution. An alternative cleanup strategy must be selected that adequately protects human health and the environment, and may involve measures that have significant cost. An alternative cleanup strategy generally will be expected to: I) prevent exposures to contaminated ground water; 2) control sources of contamination; 3) restore as much of the contaminant plume as possible; and 4) prevent continued plume migration. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lovelace, KA (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-056-X PY 1998 BP 265 EP 270 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54Q UT WOS:000075845900044 ER PT B AU Kampbell, DH Stefanovic, M AF Kampbell, DH Stefanovic, M BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Real time assay for TCE in water samples SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 3: NATURAL ATTENUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB Remediation by natural attenuation was studied at four waste fuel/chlorinated solvent field spill sites. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was one of the ground-water quality parameters measured. A portable meter system is commercially available that can measure dissolved TCE in water samples. The technique is to create a small headspace in a water sample filled 40 mi, VOA vial. The TCE vapors generated in the headspace react with a sensor cap reagent on the VOA vial to form a violet color. The meter's optics measure density of the color which is proportional to TCE in the water by Henry's Law. Measurements by the meter were compared to duplicate sample analyses by a VOA standard method. Correlation between the duplicate analyses for 47 samples ranged from 0.939 to 0.996 for the four field sites. Generally, the realtime meter technique performed satisfactorily. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Kampbell, DH (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-058-6 PY 1998 BP 123 EP 125 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54S UT WOS:000075846300021 ER PT B AU Brandon, B Nalipinski, M Ferrey, M Estuesta, P AF Brandon, B Nalipinski, M Ferrey, M Estuesta, P BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Measuring Mn+2 in ground water natural attenuation studies SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 3: NATURAL ATTENUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB In natural attenuation studies, it is important to characterize the oxidation-reduction status of ground water in predicting the fate of chlorinated aliphatic compounds such as perchloroethylene or trichloroethylene. This has normally included sampling for oxygen, nitrate, reduced iron, sulfate, sulfide, and methane. However, the oxidation/reduction status of ground water is not always made clear by focusing solely on these analytes, and reduced manganese (in addition to the compounds listed above) may be important in determining the actual redox status of ground water. In addition, the reductive processes associated with the degradation of organic chemicals in ground water at one site has resulted in elevated levels of reduced manganese in downgradient portions of the ground water system. C1 US EPA, Boston, MA USA. RP Brandon, B (reprint author), US EPA, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-058-6 PY 1998 BP 193 EP 198 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54S UT WOS:000075846300032 ER PT B AU Tabak, HH Govind, R AF Tabak, HH Govind, R BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Application of bioremediation testing protocol to pah contaminated aged soils SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 4: BIOREMEDIATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB Treatability studies are critical for successful implementation of both in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation technologies. Few contaminated sites are identical and experience can only be applied within limits. Many variables governing the efficacy of bioremediation processes are a function of environmental conditions, type of contaminants and contaminated media. A systematic protocol has been developed to determine the bioavailability and biokinetics of soil contaminants. Based on this protocol, experimental studies have been conducted using microcosms and soil slurry, wafer and column bioreactors. In this paper, results are presented on the application of soil microcosms to an aged soil, contaminated with several low and high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), obtained from the Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation site in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Six microcosm reactors were set-up to study natural attenuation and the effect of additives (nutrients, surfactants, and inducers). C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-059-4 PY 1998 BP 55 EP 63 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Microbiology; Toxicology GA BL54T UT WOS:000075848500010 ER PT B AU Compton, HR Scogin, G Johnson, W Miller, TF Mohn, MF Crouse, DG Weston, PF AF Compton, HR Scogin, G Johnson, W Miller, TF Mohn, MF Crouse, DG Weston, PF BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Bioremediation of pentachlorophenol: A pilot-scale study SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 4: BIOREMEDIATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB A pilot-scale solid-phase bioremediation study was implemented at a former woodtreating facility in Alabama to determine the optimum mixture of amendments required to reduce soil pentachlorophenol (PCP) levels to below 50 milligrams per kilogram. Studies were conducted to determine whether the soil contained PCP-degrading microbes. Six 5.5-metric ton pilot-scale test plots were constructed, of which four were amended with sawdust. The sawdust-amended plots showed the highest rate of PCP removal, with about 90% removed after 30 days. Two plots were bioaugmented with native PCP-degrading microbes. Soluble chloride in the soil was measured to monitor PCP degradation. A full-scale operation was successfully implemented based on the pilot-scale study results. C1 US EPA, Edison, NJ USA. RP Compton, HR (reprint author), US EPA, Edison, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-059-4 PY 1998 BP 143 EP 148 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Microbiology; Toxicology GA BL54T UT WOS:000075848500023 ER PT B AU Compton, HR Haroski, DM Hirsh, SR AF Compton, HR Haroski, DM Hirsh, SR BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Pilot-scale use of trees to address VOC contamination SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 4: BIOREMEDIATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB High levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), primarily 1,1,2,2,-tetrachloroethane and trichloroethene, were detected in the groundwater at the J-Field Toxic Pits Site of Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Maryland. In April 1996, as part of a phytoremediation study at this site, 183 hybrid poplar trees (Populus deltoides x trichocarpa) were planted on a 4000-m(2) plot. The objectives were interception and containment of the flow of VOCs in the surficial aquifer and removal or destruction of VOCs in groundwater using enhanced natural mechanisms. Because phytoremediation is an emerging technology, extensive evaluation was performed to determine the fate of contaminants and optimal monitoring methods. The results of sample collections from the early-, mid- and late-growing season of the second year indicate that several study objectives have been met. Field data for plant tissues, transpiration gas, and condensate water indicate the presence of VOCs and their degradation products, implying the uptake of these compounds by the trees. Results from installed lysimeters and groundwater wells have indicated a potential drawdown effect from the trees. There is some evidence that the trees have had a positive effect on the soil nematode community. This study indicates that phytoremediation may be an effective treatment technology for VOCs in soils and groundwater. C1 US EPA, Edison, NJ USA. RP Compton, HR (reprint author), US EPA, Edison, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-059-4 PY 1998 BP 245 EP 250 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Microbiology; Toxicology GA BL54T UT WOS:000075848500039 ER PT B AU Davis, EL Heron, G AF Davis, EL Heron, G BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Research issues for thermal remediation SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 5: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB In order to optimize thermal remediation techniques, all of the effects of heat on the subsurface system must be understood and taken into consideration during the remediation. Research is needed to provide a better understanding of the effects on temperature on capillarity in soils. This should include laboratory data on the effect of temperature on displacement pressures which is needed to determine the potential for downward movement of DNAPLS. Solubility data as a function of temperature over the temperature range of interest in thermal remediation is lacking for many organic contaminants and thus temperature effects on Henry's constant is not known. Movement of vapors and liquids in response to thermal gradients also requires additional research to understand the implications for thermal remediation. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Davis, EL (reprint author), US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-060-8 PY 1998 BP 49 EP 55 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54U UT WOS:000075849200008 ER PT B AU Davis, EL AF Davis, EL BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Hot water injection for the remediation of oily wastes SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 5: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB In recent years a number of sites have been identified where viscous oils of low solubility and volatility are contaminating the subsurface. Raising the temperature of these oils will generally reduce the viscosity by an order of magnitude or greater, which can greatly increase their recovery as a separate phase. One dimensional hot water displacement experiments have shown 15 to 30 percent increases in the recovery of viscous oils after the injection of 10 pore volumes of water by increasing the temperature from 10 degrees C to 50 degrees C. Greater recoveries may be possible with continued hot water injection. The efficiency of the displacement in terms of oil recovery versus pore volumes of water injected is dependent on the oil properties and the grain size distribution of the sand. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Davis, EL (reprint author), US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-060-8 PY 1998 BP 115 EP 120 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54U UT WOS:000075849200018 ER PT B AU DiGiulio, DC Brusseau, ML Ravi, V AF DiGiulio, DC Brusseau, ML Ravi, V BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Use of diffusion modeling to aid assessment of rate-limited vapor transport for SVE closure SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 5: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB In this paper, we provide an example of a partial assessment of field-scale, rate-limited vapor transport modeling to support SVE closure decision making. Specifically, we simulate concentration reduction in a clay lense surrounded by more permeable soils in which mass removal during SVE is completely controlled by diffusion. We estimate the time to reach 10 ug/kg trichloroethylene in soil at four moisture saturation levels. At the saturation level observed in the field (95%), it may take in excess of 80 years to reach 10 ug/kg TCE while for a significantly reduced saturation level (86%) this concentration can be reached in just over 15 years. In the former case, for a well characterized, designed, and monitored SVE system where future contaminant mass flux to ground-water is expected to be insignificant, it would appear that this simulation supports closure. Decision making ill the latter case is less clear and will likely depend heavily on the adequacy of site characterization, design, monitoring, and mass flux modeling. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP DiGiulio, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-060-8 PY 1998 BP 155 EP 160 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54U UT WOS:000075849200024 ER PT B AU Su, CM Puls, RW AF Su, CM Puls, RW BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Temperature effect on reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene by zero-valent metals SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 5: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB Laboratory batch tests were conducted to investigate the influence of temperature (10, 25, 40, and 55 degrees C) on degradation of trichloroethene (TCE) by zero-valent metals and HCl-treated metals. The metals tested include Fisher electrolytic iron, Aldrich iron, Peerless iron, Master Builders iron, Fisher tin powder, Aldrich tin powder, Aldrich tin granules, and HCl-washed metals of iron and tin. The TCE dechlorination data can be fit satisfactorily with pseudo-first order kinetic rate equations with the rate constants ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 h(-1) for Fisher electrolytic iron, 0.005 to 0.06 h(-1) for Peerless iron and Master Builders iron, and 0.0003 to 0.05 h(-1) for tin metals. The Aldrich iron showed the lowest reactivity. The rate constant increased with increasing temperature and can be described by the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy ranged from 32.2 to 39.4 kJ mol(-1) for the virgin iron metals, indicative of a diffusion-limited reduction process, and 40.5 to 76.8 kJ mol(-1) for the virgin tin metals. Temperature effect was more significant for the tin metals. The HCl-washing enhanced the dechlorination rate and decreased the activation energy for all tested metals with exception of Aldrich iron. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-060-8 PY 1998 BP 317 EP 322 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54U UT WOS:000075849200049 ER PT B AU Lewis, RF Dooley, MA Johnson, JC Murray, WA AF Lewis, RF Dooley, MA Johnson, JC Murray, WA BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Sequential anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation of chlorinated solvents: Pilot-scale field demonstration SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 6: DESIGNING AND APPLYING TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lewis, RF (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-061-6 PY 1998 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54V UT WOS:000075849600001 ER PT B AU Sewell, GW DeFlaun, MF Baek, NH Lutz, E Weesner, B Mahaffey, B AF Sewell, GW DeFlaun, MF Baek, NH Lutz, E Weesner, B Mahaffey, B BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Performance evaluation of an in situ anaerobic biotreatment system for chlorinated solvents. SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 6: DESIGNING AND APPLYING TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB A pilot scale demonstration of nutrient injection to stimulate in situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvents was performed at the Pinellas Science, Technology and Research (STAR) Center, formerly the U.S. Department of Energy Pinellas Plant in Large, Florida. This project was implemented (January through June, 1997) for the Innovative Treatment Remediation Demonstration (ITRD) program to evaluate reductive anaerobic biological in situ treatment technologies (RABITT) as an innovative remedy. Based on laboratory studies and additional site characterizations, a vertical flow system with two horizontal wells and a series of infiltration galleries was constructed, allowing development of an effective ground water recirculation pattern to enable continuous nutrient (benzoate, lactate, and methanol) addition and enhance system performance. The performance of this system was closely monitored by tracking ground water flow rates, measuring hydraulic head changes in the aquifer, analyzing flow paths and biotransformation pathways. A three dimensional aquifer monitoring network was used to measure nutrient movement and associated contaminant degradation. Extracted ground water was also continuously monitoring for contaminants before recirculation. Significant dechlorination was observed in areas where nutrients were effectively delivered. Evaluation of the results suggests the process is applicable and cost effective with appropriate implementation, and site characterization. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Sewell, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-061-6 PY 1998 BP 15 EP 20 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54V UT WOS:000075849600003 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Kadiiska, MB Xiang, QH Mason, RP AF Ghio, AJ Kadiiska, MB Xiang, QH Mason, RP TI In vivo evidence of free radical formation after asbestos instillation: An ESR spin trapping investigation SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE crocidolite; POBN; lungs; radicals; rats; free radicals ID INDUCED LIPID-PEROXIDATION; RAT-LIVER MICROSOMES; CROCIDOLITE ASBESTOS; SOYBEAN LIPOXYGENASE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; ADDUCTS; LUNG; IDENTIFICATION; GENERATION; DISEASES AB Tt has been postulated that the in vivo toxicity of asbestos results from its catalysis of free radical generation. We examined in vivo radical production using electron spin resonance (ESR) coupled with the spin trap alpha(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-t-butylnitrone (4-POBN); 180 day-old rats were intratracheally instilled with either 500 mu g crocidolite or saline. Twenty-four hours later, histologic examination revealed a neutrophilic inflammatory response. ESR spectroscopy of the chloroform extract from lungs exposed to asbestos gave a spectrum consistent with a carbon-centered radical adduct, while those spectra from lungs instilled with saline revealed a much weaker signal. This same radical formation persisted and, even one month after instillation, could be detected in the lungs of rats exposed to asbestos. The 4-POBN adducts detected by ESR are very similar to, if not identical with, ethyl and pentyl radical adducts, providing evidence of in vivo lipid peroxidation resulting from asbestos exposure. We conclude that, after instillation of crocidolite in the rat, ESR analysis of lung tissue demonstrates in vivo free radical production. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,DURHAM,NC 27710. NIEHS,LAB PHARMACOL & CHEM,NIH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 24 IS 1 BP 11 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00063-4 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YK775 UT WOS:A1998YK77500002 PM 9436609 ER PT J AU Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL Nzengung, V AF Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL Nzengung, V TI Green plants: A terrestrial sink for atmospheric CH3Br SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID METHYL-BROMIDE; OCEAN; BIOSYNTHESIS; HALOMETHANES; METHANETHIOL; DEGRADATION AB Methyl bromide is reactively removed from air by the foliage of all 9 herbaceous, 18 deciduous, and 12 coniferous plants we have tested: in a process that appears enzymatic. Excised plant leaves yielded removal rates directly proportional to leaf surface area and first-order in CH3Br concentration from 10 ppmv to 500 pptv, the current limit of our experimental technique. Observed rate constants for different plants vary within a factor of about 100 with a lower value of 1x10(-3) hr(-1)cm(-2) in systems where the rate is not diffusion limited. This sink for atmospheric CH3Br could be significant in calculations of the global methyl bromide budget. C1 SUNY Coll Cortland, Dept Chem, Cortland, NY 13077 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Geol, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Jeffers, PM (reprint author), SUNY Coll Cortland, Dept Chem, Cortland, NY 13077 USA. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 1 BP 43 EP 46 DI 10.1029/97GL03476 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YQ302 UT WOS:000071371700013 ER PT J AU Stark, TD Arellano, D Evans, WD Wilson, VL Gonda, JM AF Stark, TD Arellano, D Evans, WD Wilson, VL Gonda, JM TI Unreinforced geosynthetic clay liner case history SO GEOSYNTHETICS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE geosynthetic clay liner; waste containment; strength; stability; shearbox ID SLOPE AB This paper describes a slope failure involving an unreinforced geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) in a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill liner system. The precise mechanism for the shear movement of the interim slope is not known. However, the significant damage observed in the upper components of the composite liner system suggests that the failure was translatory primarily along the interface between the recompacted soil liner and the overlying hydrated bentonite of the geomembrane-backed GCL. It also appears evident that the slope inclination, slope height, physical characteristics, e.g. high unit weight, of the waste, and possibly the overlying smooth geomembrane/geonet interface played a significant role in the movement. Design recommendations for interface strengths and stability analyses are also presented. C1 Univ Illinois, Newmark Civil Engn Lab 2217, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Newmark Civil Engn Lab 3212, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, Div Solid & Infect Waste Management, Cent Off, Columbus, OH 43216 USA. NE Dist Off, Div Solid & Infect Waste, Ohio Environm Protect Agcy, Twinsburg, OH 44087 USA. Earth Sci Consultants Inc, Akron, OH 44304 USA. RP Stark, TD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Newmark Civil Engn Lab 2217, 205 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU INDUSTRIAL FABRICS ASSOC INT PI ST PAUL PA 1801 COUNTY ROAD B W, ST PAUL, MN 55113-4052 USA SN 1072-6349 J9 GEOSYNTH INT JI Geosynth. Int. PY 1998 VL 5 IS 5 BP 521 EP 544 PG 24 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology; Materials Science GA 158AT UT WOS:000078094400004 ER PT B AU Kelce, WR Wilson, EM AF Kelce, WR Wilson, EM BE Zirkin, BR TI Developmental effects and molecular mechanisms of environmental antiandrogens SO GERM CELL DEVELOPMENT, DIVISION, DISRUPTION AND DEATH SE SERONO SYMPOSIA, USA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XIVth Testis Workshop on Germ Cell Development. Division, Disruption and Death CY FEB 19-22, 1997 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Serono Symposia USA Inc C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kelce, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-98368-6 J9 SERONO SYMP PY 1998 BP 178 EP 189 PG 12 WC Andrology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA BL14N UT WOS:000074440100017 ER PT J AU Gaston, G Brown, S Lorenzini, M Singh, KD AF Gaston, G Brown, S Lorenzini, M Singh, KD TI State and change in carbon pools in the forests of tropical Africa SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Africa; biomass; carbon pools; deforestation; forest degradation; global carbon budget; human population; land-use change ID LAND-USE CHANGE; LATIN-AMERICA; BIOME MODEL; LANDSCAPE; STORAGE; SOUTH; CYCLE AB To improve estimates of the state and change in C pools due to changes in land use in tropical forests of Africa, we combined spatially explicit estimates of biomass C density, obtained by modelling in a geographical information system (GIS), with new data on the area of forests (woody formations with a minimum of 10% crown cover) reported at subnational units for 1980 and 1990 by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAG). Estimates of the biomass C densities for grass/shrub savannas were also included using a simple model based on precipitation. The total C pool in above-and below-ground forests and grass/shrub savannas of Africa for 1980 was 50.8 Pg (10(15)g), with aboveground forest biomass accounting for 75% of the total, below-ground forest biomass for 21%, and grass/shrub savannas for 4%. Area weighted mean biomass C densities were about 180 Mg ha(-1) for lowland moist forests, 82 Mg ha(-1) for all forests, and 6 Mg ha(-1) for grass savannas. The total change in the aboveground forest C pool for the decade 1980-90 due to changes in land cover and use was estimated to be a decrease of 6.6 Pg C. Of this total, 43% was due to deforestation and 57% due to biomass reduction by other human activities. Six countries, mostly in central Africa, accounted for more than 73% of the total change in the C pool. The difference between state and change of C pool estimates made at the subnational scale and those made at the national scale proved to be insignificant across the region as a whole (2% for pools and -1% for change in pool) but potentially important to individual. countries (from +36% to -39% for pools and from +43% to -57% for change in pool). The differences between the two approaches may reflect a better match of the areas being deforested with the biomass C density of forests being cleared. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. UN, Dept Forestry, Food & Agr Org, I-00100 Rome, Italy. RP Brown, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 64 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 97 EP 114 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00114.x PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT247 UT WOS:000071580600010 ER PT S AU Libelo, EL Stauffer, TB Shelley, T Antworth, CA MacIntyre, WG Bugna, G AF Libelo, EL Stauffer, TB Shelley, T Antworth, CA MacIntyre, WG Bugna, G BE Herbert, M Kovar, K TI Processes contributing to natural attenuation of fuel hydrocarbons in groundwater: a field study with known initial conditions SO GROUNDWATER QUALITY: REMEDIATION AND PROTECTION SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Groundwater Quality - Remediation and Protection (GQ 98) CY SEP 21-25, 1998 CL TUBINGEN, GERMANY SP Univ Tubingen, Geol Inst, Appl Geol Grp, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater AB A test release of a model weathered jet fuel is being used to study the geochemical and biochemical processes that contribute to natural attenuation of hydrocarbons in groundwater. To study initial development and stabilization of a dissolved plume with known initial conditions a subsurface residual NAPL hydrocarbon mixture was emplaced in the well characterized and highly instrumented heterogeneous aquifer at the Columbus AFB, groundwater test site. Groundwater moving through the source zone under natural hydraulic gradients is dissolving the hydrocarbons and transporting the dissolved hydrocarbon plume downgradient. Background sampling of groundwater and aquifer solids was done prior to source emplacement to characterize the site geochemistry and the anaerobic and aerobic microbiology. Continued sampling is characterizing changes in redox conditions and microbiological numbers and diversities associated with natural attenuation, The dissolved hydrocarbon plume appears to have stabilized within a few weeks of emplacement, and microbial processes are limiting plume propagation to within 20 m downgradient from the source. Dissolved oxygen depletion, the formation of Fe2+ along with dissolved hydrogen and microbial evidence suggest that the plume has shifted from aerobic to anaerobic conditions near the source. Stable carbon isotope ratios confirm that microbial degradation is responsible for hydrocarbon attenuation. Observed natural attenuation is correlated with microbial and geochemical changes in the aquifer. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Libelo, EL (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SE,MS 7507C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-55-4 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 250 BP 221 EP 227 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BM76Y UT WOS:000079718200033 ER PT S AU Puls, RW Blowes, DW Gillham, RW AF Puls, RW Blowes, DW Gillham, RW BE Herbert, M Kovar, K TI Emplacement verification and long-term performance monitoring of a permeable reactive barrier at the USCG Support Center, Elizabeth City, North Carolina SO GROUNDWATER QUALITY: REMEDIATION AND PROTECTION SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Groundwater Quality - Remediation and Protection (GQ 98) CY SEP 21-25, 1998 CL TUBINGEN, GERMANY SP Univ Tubingen, Geol Inst, Appl Geol Grp, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater ID IRON AB A continuous hanging iron wall was installed in June 1996, at the US Coast Guard (USCG) Support Center near Elizabeth City, North Carolina, United States, to treat overlapping plumes of chromate and chlorinated solvent compounds. The wall was emplaced using a continuous trenching machine whereby native soil and aquifer sediment was removed, and the Iron simultaneously emplaced, in one continuous excavation and fill operation, To date there have been six quarterly rounds of performance monitoring of the wall which are summarized in this paper. At this time, this is the only full-scale continuous "hanging" wall installed as a permeable reactive barrier to remediate both chlorinated solvent compounds and chromate in groundwater. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Puls, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-55-4 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 250 BP 459 EP 466 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BM76Y UT WOS:000079718200069 ER PT J AU Wolbarst, AB Mauro, J AF Wolbarst, AB Mauro, J TI Response to the second letter of Van Verst and Wells SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. S Cohen & Associates, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RP Wolbarst, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 74 IS 1 BP 116 EP 117 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA YM718 UT WOS:000071093900018 ER PT J AU Chen, ASC Randall, P AF Chen, ASC Randall, P TI Environmental emissions from two wood-treating operations SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE CCA; ACQ; wood preservatives; air emissions; leaching; ammonia emissions AB This study compared environmental emissions from a wood-treating plant using ammoniacal copper/quaternary ammonium compound, Type B formulation (ACQ-B) as an alternative wood preservative to chromated copper arsenate (CCA). The most obvious change in environmental emissions was the elimination of arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr), which eliminated the generation of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) wastes and the risk of contaminating the environment with these RCRA-regulated metals. ACQ-B, however. produced a greater amount of air emissions, mainly as ammonia (NH3). Wood products treated with either preservative demonstrated leachable characteristics. The amounts of active ingredients leached were estimated based on exposure of treated rough-cut timber to about 114mm of artificial rainfall 4 days after treatment. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus Operat, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Chen, ASC (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus Operat, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RI Randall, Paul/M-6232-2014 NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 1998 VL 52 IS 1 BP 27 EP 36 DI 10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.1.27 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA YW633 UT WOS:000071956700005 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, SM Yu, YS Akim, LG Bailey, GW AF Shevchenko, SM Yu, YS Akim, LG Bailey, GW TI Comparing surface morphology of lignin-carbohydrate complex and humic substances: AFM/VR approach SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE lignin-carbohydrate complex; humic substances; atomic force microscopy; virtual reality; soil chemistry; surface morphology ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CELL-WALLS; SPRUCE; BONDS; ACID; PULP; ULTRASTRUCTURE; LIGNIFICATION; IMAGES AB Surface morphologies of softwood and hardwood lignin-carbohydrate complexes, and of humic and fulvic acids (the products of biochemical degradation of plant matter in soil) were examined under identical conditions using atomic force microscopy coupled with transformation of digital images into Virtual reality. The structural organization of the observed surfaces did not always coincide with that found previously using electron microscopy, suggesting that sample preparation played a significant role in the formation of aggregates. Morphological differences were observed in the samples that belonged to the same class of materials and to different classes. The morphologies of lignin-carbohydrate complexes and humic and fulvic acids followed a similar pattern, however, suggesting similarities in the chemical structure of both classes of compounds. C1 Dyncorp TAI, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA USA. RP Shevchenko, SM (reprint author), Univ Victoria, Dept Chem, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada. NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 1998 VL 52 IS 2 BP 149 EP 156 DI 10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.2.149 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA ZG705 UT WOS:000073031100007 ER PT J AU Reed-Judkins, DK Farris, JL Cherry, DS Cairns, J AF Reed-Judkins, DK Farris, JL Cherry, DS Cairns, J TI Foodborne uptake and sublethal effects of copper and zinc to freshwater snails SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE snail; mollusc; copper; sinc; foodborne; sublethal ID HEAVY-METALS; TOXICITY; WATER; IMPACT; POPULATION; POLLUTION; AUFWUCHS; STREAMS; QUALITY; CADMIUM AB Snail habitat selection was strongly influenced in this research by measured copper (Cu) contribution from a power plant discharge. Laboratory feeding studies showed that the snail Leptoxis praerosa significantly bioconcentrated Cu when fed aufwuchs containing 564 (+/- 269) mu g Cu g(-1) but did not have significant cellulolytic enzyme activity impairment. No foodborne zinc (Zn) bioconcentration was found from aufwuchs containing up to 20 000 (+/- 18 400) mu g Zn g(-1). These results suggest that water column Cu concentrations leading to impairment via feeding mechanisms can be an order of magnitude higher than concentrations causing impairments via waterborne exposures. Therefore, foodborne uptake might be expected to contribute to toxicity rather than dominate toxicity in most conditions where waterborne concentrations of metals occur. Changes in food quality appeared to have a greater overall effect on snail populations than foodborne uptake of metals alone. Snail populations took 2 years to recover following intensive metal treatment on the plant discharge and subsequent reduction of measured metal concentrations in both water and aufwuchs. C1 US EPA, OST 4304, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Arkansas State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, State Univ, AR 72467 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Reed-Judkins, DK (reprint author), US EPA, OST 4304, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 47 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PY 1998 VL 364 BP 105 EP 118 PN 2 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 100HX UT WOS:000074811700001 ER PT J AU Sibley, PK Benoit, DA Ankley, GT AF Sibley, PK Benoit, DA Ankley, GT TI Life cycle and behavioural assessments of the influence of substrate particle size on Chironomus tentans (Diptera : Chironomidae) in laboratory assays SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Chironomus tentans; particle Size; sediment toxicity tests; biological endpoints; behaviour ID SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENT; INVERTEBRATES; DETRITIVORES; SELECTION; PREDATORS; ORGANISMS; FOOD AB Identifying and understanding factors that affect interpretation of sediment toxicity is critical to the development and standardization of sediment test methods. In this study, we evaluated the influence of sediment particle size on survival, growth, emergence, and reproduction in a life cycle test with the midge Chironomus tentans, and on substrate selection behaviour of C. tentans larvae. In the life cycle assessment, larval development was followed for one generation on six substrates with mean particle sizes of 8, 146, 218, 306, 448, and 592 mu m. For behavioural tests, first and third instar larvae were provided with a choice between paired substrates, with and without equal quantities of food. Survival of larvae at 20 d was not affected by particle size; however, survival of larvae at test completion was significantly reduced (65.6%) in the 8 mu m substrate. Larval growth was not systematically related to particle size. Total emergence was significantly lower in the 8 and 592 mu m substrates (50 and 53.1%, respectively) relative to the other substrates, reflecting the lower survival in these treatments. In addition, time to first emergence was significantly longer, and the rate of emergence depressed, in the 8 mu m treatment. Reproductive output (mean eggs/female) was not significantly different among substrates, although fewer egg masses were produced in the 592 and 8 mu m substrates. In behavioural tests, third instar larvae exhibited a weak preference for the smaller of two grain sizes when food was equally available, but this was not systematically related to the absolute difference in mean grain size. In contrast, first instar larvae consistently selected the smaller of two grain sizes when food was equally available; for these larvae, substrate selection was significantly correlated with the absolute difference in mean grain size. When food supply differed between substrates, a significantly higher proportion of both first and third instar larvae selected the substrate with food, independent of particle size. Together, the life cycle and behavioural data from this study suggest that sediment particle size, by itself, should not significantly influence interpretation of the results of toxicity tests with C. tentans. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Sibley, PK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PY 1998 VL 361 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZN537 UT WOS:000073655800001 ER PT J AU Canada, AT Schulman, SR Winsett, DW Pinkerton, KE Costa, D AF Canada, AT Schulman, SR Winsett, DW Pinkerton, KE Costa, D TI Hyperoxia-induced airway hyperreactivity in neonatal guinea pigs is not inflammation dependent SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEUTROPENIC RABBITS; OXYGEN-TOXICITY; IMMATURE RATS; LUNG INJURY; EXPOSURE; OZONE; NEUTROPHILS; REACTIVITY; INFLUX AB A high percentage of neonatal human infants exposed to prolonged assisted ventilation with supplemental oxygen develop airway hyperreactivity. In order to demonstrate that this effect could be replicated in guinea pigs, 4-day-old pups were exposed either to air or 70% oxygen for 4 days. Nine days later each group was subjected to a histamine challenge and differences in respiratory mechanics were determined. The airway pressure response of the hyperoxia group was significantly greater and the respiratory compliance was significantly less than those of the air-exposed pups. The role of inflammation was assessed both by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and by histopathology on animals I day after discontinuation of the exposures. There were no differences between the two groups in BAL protein, total cell count, or the white blood cell (WBC) differential. Histology did not show any evidence of a difference between the two groups in inflammation or in airway remodeling. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, ETD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Inst Toxicol & Environm Hlth, Davis, CA USA. US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Canada, AT (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710 USA. EM Canad002@mc.duke.edu NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 15 EP 25 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YR138 UT WOS:000071463900002 ER PT S AU Landers, DH Hughes, RM Paulsen, SG Larsen, DR Omernik, JM AF Landers, DH Hughes, RM Paulsen, SG Larsen, DR Omernik, JM BE Williams, WD Sladeckova, A TI How can regionalization and survey sampling make limnological research more relevant? SO INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS - VOL 26, PT 5 SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology CY 1995 CL SAO PAULO, BRAZIL SP Int Assoc Theoret & Appl Limnol C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Landers, DH (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 3-510-54050-6 J9 INT VER THEOR ANGEW PY 1998 VL 26 BP 2428 EP 2436 PN 5 PG 3 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BL56N UT WOS:000075897900063 ER PT B AU Belke, JC AF Belke, JC GP AICHE AICHE AICHE TI Recurring causes of recent chemical accidents SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON RELIABILITY AND RISK MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference and Workshop on Reliability and Risk Management CY SEP 15-18, 1998 CL SAN ANTONIO RIVERWALK, TX SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers Ctr Chem Process Safety, ASME Int, US EPA, Hlth & Safety Execut, European Federat Chem Engn (Working Party Loss Prevent, European Process Safety Ctr AB The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have investigated recent accidents at petroleum refineries, chemical manufacturing facilities, tolling operations, chemical distributors, and other types of facilities. Recurring causes of these accidents include inadequate process hazards analysis, use of inappropriate or poorly designed equipment, inadequate indications of process condition, and others. Of particular note, installation of emissions or pollution control equipment has preceded several significant accidents, highlighting the need for stronger systems for management of change. Other recent accidents have been preceded by a series of similar accidents, near-misses, or low-level failures, pointing to the need for more attention to lessons-learned implementation and more thorough company investigation of near-misses and low-level failures as means of avoiding major accidents. This paper presents brief case studies of several recent chemical accidents investigated by EPA and OSHA, and illustrates common root causes and other recurring themes of those accidents. These accident investigations were conducted by the EPA/OSHA Joint Chemical Accident Investigation Team. The aim of this team is to identify the root, or underlying, causes of major chemical accidents and to develop recommendations to prevent future similar accidents. C1 US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Belke, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-8169-0768-4 PY 1998 BP 459 EP 468 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BM59Q UT WOS:000079197300030 ER PT B AU Ferris, J AF Ferris, J GP AICHE AICHE AICHE TI Closing the loop: Case study: EPA/OSHA Joint Chemical Accident Investigation Report - Napp Technologies, Inc. SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON RELIABILITY AND RISK MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference and Workshop on Reliability and Risk Management CY SEP 15-18, 1998 CL SAN ANTONIO RIVERWALK, TX SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers Ctr Chem Process Safety, ASME Int, US EPA, Hlth & Safety Execut, European Federat Chem Engn (Working Party Loss Prevent, European Process Safety Ctr C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ferris, J (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-8169-0768-4 PY 1998 BP 469 EP 479 PG 11 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BM59Q UT WOS:000079197300031 ER PT J AU Bursey, JT McGaughey, JF Martz, RF Merrill, RG Morris, CM Suggs, JC AF Bursey, JT McGaughey, JF Martz, RF Merrill, RG Morris, CM Suggs, JC TI Evaluation of candidate procedures for the preparation of audit materials for analysis of semivolatile organic compounds SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE semivolatile organic compounds; audit materials; EPA procedures AB Audit materials for the SemiVOST method (SW-846 Sampling Method 0010 and Analytical Method 8270) and Standard Operating Procedures for preparation of these audit materials have been developed and are now available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The audit materials consist of spiked XAD-2(R) sorbent. Two procedures were considered: gaseous spiking and liquid spiking. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) were prepared based on experience in preparing and analyzing the audit materials. An interlaboratory study involving three laboratories was planned to evaluate the ruggedness and transferability of the standard operating procedures. The initial interlaboratory study was unsuccessful in obtaining a complete data set; however it did demonstrate that a two-week hold time before sorbent extraction did not decrease recoveries of the spiked semivolatile organic compounds. The SOPs were revised after the first interlaboratory study, and a second study involved four laboratories. Three laboratories prepared the audit materials according to the SOPs and all four laboratories analyzed the spiked samples. The complete set of analytical data was statistically evaluated to judge the effectiveness of the SOPs in preparing the audit materials. EPA procedures for preparing audit standards had not been available previously. C1 Eastern Res Grp, Morrisville, NC 27560 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Qual Assurance Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bursey, JT (reprint author), Eastern Res Grp, POB 2010, Morrisville, NC 27560 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 1998 VL 71 IS 1 BP 57 EP 71 DI 10.1080/03067319808032617 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 165VW UT WOS:000078543400004 ER PT J AU Betowski, LD Winnik, W Marcus, AB Pyle, SM AF Betowski, LD Winnik, W Marcus, AB Pyle, SM TI The nature of C10H2+ in mass spectra of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE ab initio calculations; density functional theory (DFT) calculations; collision activated dissociation (CAD); polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ID CARBON MOLECULES; IONS AB Ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to determine the heats of reaction for the process C16H10+ --> C10H2+ that takes place in an ion trap mass spectrometer. Comparisons have been made with the experimental and derived data available for this process. The theoretical values at the DFT level verify the experimental heats of reaction within 0.4-0.8 eV. Furthermore, the structure of the product ion, C10H2+, has been investigated. Several structures have been proposed, and the ab initio and DFT geometry optimizations and frequency calculations have been performed to determine the most stable species. At the level of theory and the approximations that were used in this work, the linear form of C10H2+ is the most stable species of three different geometries considered. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Betowski, LD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 173 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0168-1176(97)00268-1 PG 13 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA ZC763 UT WOS:000072615300003 ER PT J AU Branch, S Francis, BM Rosen, MB Brownie, CF Held, GA Chernoff, N AF Branch, Stacy Francis, Bettina M. Rosen, Mitchell B. Brownie, Cecil F. Held, Gary A. Chernoff, Neil TI Differentially Expressed Genes Associated with 5-Aza-2 '-Deoxycytidine-Induced Hindlimb Defects in the Swiss Webster Mouse SO JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 5-Aza-2 '-deoxycytidine; Subtractive Hybridization; Phocomelia; Developmental Toxicology AB 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (d-AZA) inhibits methylation of DNA, a process that serves as an epigenetic regulator of gene expression. We have shown that d-AZA causes temporally related defects in mice. Gestational day (GD) 10 treatment induced severe long-bone defects of the hindlimb but not the forelimb. Exposure of younger embryos (GD 8 or 9) does not induce similar defects in forelimbs. This limb-dependent response suggests that methylation alterations in genes specific for fore- or hindlimbs may contribute to the observed pattern of defects. Subtraction hybridization (SH) studies were conducted to identify differential expression of DNA subsequent to the administration of d-AZA to mice on GD 10. Hind limb buds collected from both treated and untreated embryos at 4, 12, and 24 hours post-treatment were used. A clone isolated from the untreated sample (down-regulation in treated tissue) was identified as a member of the murine B1 family of repetitive sequences. The two other clones isolated from the treated tissue (up-regulation) were homologous to avian myogenic regulatory protein mRNA and activin receptor type II gene. Both species are active during embryogenesis. These findings suggest that the isolated clones may have roles in abnormal embryonic development when inappropriately expressed. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Toxicol 12: 135-141, 1998 C1 [Branch, Stacy] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Francis, Bettina M.] Univ Illinois, Inst Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Rosen, Mitchell B.; Held, Gary A.; Chernoff, Neil] US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Brownie, Cecil F.] N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Branch, S (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, 840 Method Rd,Unit 4, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM Stacy_Branch@ncsu.edu RI Matthews Branch, Stacy/E-6200-2017 OI Matthews Branch, Stacy/0000-0002-1048-6097 NR 46 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1095-6670 J9 J BIOCHEM MOL TOXIC JI J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 135 EP 141 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA V27VZ UT WOS:000208642000001 PM 9522272 ER PT J AU Nejad, H Safarpour, MM Cavalier, T Picard, C Souza, M Krynitsky, AJ Chiu, S Miller, P Stout, SJ AF Nejad, H Safarpour, MM Cavalier, T Picard, C Souza, M Krynitsky, AJ Chiu, S Miller, P Stout, SJ TI Capillary electrophoresis determinative and LC-MS confirmatory method for screening selected imidazolinone herbicides from soil SO JOURNAL OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; imidazolinone herbicides; micellar electrokinetic chromatography ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LEVEL AB Residues of imazapyr, imazamox, imazapic, imazethapyr, imazaquin, and imazamethabenz (meta and para) are extracted from soil with 0.5 N sodium hydroxide. The pH is adjusted to 2.0-2.2, and the resulting precipitate is filtered. Compounds are trapped onto a tC18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, then eluted from the cartridge and passed through a strong anion exchange (SAX) SPE cartridge onto a benzenesulfonic acid strong cation exchange (SCX) cartridge using ethyl acetate. After eluting the analytes from the SCX cartridge using saturated potassium chloride in methanol, the solution is evaporated and redissolved in 1% formic acid in water. The sample is then desalted using a tC18 SPE cartridge and eluted with methanol. After evaporating the methanol to dryness, the compounds are partitioned from acidic solution (pH 3.5) into methylene chloride. The methylene chloride is evaporated to dryness and the residues are then dissolved in Milli-Q water (Millipore, Bedford, MA, U.S.A.) in preparation for analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Results are calculated by direct comparison of the sample peak heights to the peak heights of bracketing standards. The validated sensitivity of the method (LOQ, limit of quantitation) is 2.0 ppb for each compound. Confirmation for individual residues greater than 2.0 ppb is provided by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESMS) of the final extract. C1 Amer Cyanamid Co, Agr Prod Res Div, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. US EPA, Analyt Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU I S C TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS, INC PI SHELTON PA 30 CONTROLS DR, BOX 828, SHELTON, CT 06484-0828 USA SN 1079-5383 J9 J CAPILLARY ELECTROP JI J. Capillary Electrophor. PD JAN-APR PY 1998 VL 5 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 87 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Electrochemistry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Electrochemistry GA 191ND UT WOS:000080027700013 PM 10327374 ER PT J AU Cash, CG AF Cash, CG TI Simple means of computing the Kekule structure count for toroidal polyhex fullerenes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL BENZENOIDS; CARBON CAGES; RESONANCE; C-60 AB A simple method is presented for determining the Kekule structure count of toroidal polyhex fullerenes, along with the computer source code used. Toroidal fullerenes, unlike spherical fullerenes, can consist entirely of hexagonal faces, and those that do are alternant hydrocarbons (with zero hydrogens). For alternant hydrocarbons, the square of the Kekule structure count is equal to the permanent of the adjacency matrix. Also, for alternant structures, the adjacency matrix for n atoms can be written in such a way that only an n/2 x n/2 matrix need be evaluated. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, CG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1 BP 58 EP 61 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA YT877 UT WOS:000071655100008 ER PT J AU Clark, RM AF Clark, RM TI Chlorine demand and TTHM formation kinetics: A second-order model SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Much effort has been expended in attempting to develop mathematical models for chlorine demand in water and wastewater. Most of these efforts have centered around the use of first-order functions or modifications of first-order functions. Recently there has also been interest in characterizing the formation of total trihalomethanes. These efforts have taken on new meaning because of the importance of maintaining chlorine residuals for microbial protection and concerns over the formation of trihalomethanes in drinking water distribution systems. This paper applies second-order kinetics to describe both of these relationships, using data collected from a recent collaborative study between the EPA and the American Water Works Association Research Foundation. It demonstrates that TTHM formation can be characterized as a function of chlorine demand. C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resource Div, Natl Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resource Div, Natl Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 9 TC 92 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 25 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN PY 1998 VL 124 IS 1 BP 16 EP 24 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:1(16) PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YM231 UT WOS:000071042900007 ER PT J AU Tsiros, LX Ambrose, RB AF Tsiros, LX Ambrose, RB TI Environmental screening modeling of mercury in the upper everglades of South Florida SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE mercury; everglades; modeling; simulation; WASP model ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY; WATERS; LAKES; AREA AB This screening modeling analysis examines mercury sources and fate in the upper canals of the South Florida Everglades. Mass balance modeling techniques are applied along with available data to examine the relative importance of external sources and internal cycling of mercury and the relative influence of several transport and transformation processes. WASP5, a general dynamic mass balance model for aquatic systems, was modified to represent elemental mercury, divalent mercury, and methyl mercury. A new soil mercury mass balance model was developed to track the transport of these mercury components from soil surfaces to the water via surface runoff. Subsurface now (drainage) loads were estimated on a seasonal basis using information from a modified simulation model for muck soil hydraulics and transport. Predicted mercury concentrations in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) canals were compared to observed data provided by a region-wide statistical sampling program. The modeling system reproduced the average mercury dynamics observed in the EAA canals during four surveys within a 2-year period. Results indicate that despite the complexity of the upper South Florida Everglades ecosystem, the modeling system provides a plausible description of the average mercury dynamics in the EAA canals. Mercury concentrations in the canals appear to be dominated by runoff loading events from the EAA during the wet season, and by subsurface flow (drainage) loading between events and during the dry season. Predicted mercury concentrations in water leaving the EAA are similar to or slightly less than average concentrations in downstream marsh environments for most of the year. Predicted concentrations following large rainfall events, however, are significantly higher than concentrations in the downstream marsh. These results must be considered as tentative due to the screening-level character of the modeling study. They point to more detailed field monitoring and process studies which could confirm these findings. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Tsiros, LX (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 BP 497 EP 525 PG 29 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZN088 UT WOS:000073608400001 ER PT J AU Chen, CT Tafuri, AN Rahman, M Foerst, MB AF Chen, CT Tafuri, AN Rahman, M Foerst, MB TI Chemical oxidation treatment of petroleum contaminated soil using Fenton's reagent SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Fenton's reagent; underground storage tank; hydrogen peroxide; ferrous sulfate; remediation of contaminated soil; hydroxyl radical; diesel fuel; 2-methylnaphthalene; n-hexadecane ID CATALYZED HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE AB Fenton's reagent, a strong oxidant, was evaluated for suitability to treat soils contaminated with 2-methylnaphthalene (an aromatic compound), n-hexdecane (an aliphatic compound) and diesel fuel (a complicated hydrocarbon mixture). Laboratory-scale results show that Fenton's reagent reacts rapidly with these materials in soil, and will completely mineralize them if enough hydrogen peroxide is added. The effectiveness of the reaction at neutral pH indicates that it should be easier and more cost-effective to apply this technology since no pH adjustment is required prior to soil treatment. Further investigation is required to identify the reaction mechanisms and optimize the parameters to attain the most cost-effective full scale application of this technology. C1 US Environmental Protection Agency, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. IT Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45246 USA. RP Chen, CT (reprint author), US Environmental Protection Agency, Urban Watershed Management Branch, 2890 Woodbridge Ave,MS-104, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 7 U2 12 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 987 EP 1008 PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 108GW UT WOS:000075258700003 ER PT J AU Tsiros, JX Haidouti, C Chronopoulou, A AF Tsiros, JX Haidouti, C Chronopoulou, A TI Airborne fluoride contamination of soils and olive trees near an aluminum plant. Measurements and simulations SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE soil pollution; fluoride; olive tree; aluminum; simulation modeling; environmental models ID VEGETATION; SMELTERS; NORWAY AB Data from a multimedia survey on fluoride contamination in the vicinity of an aluminum plant are presented and applied along with multimedia-based simulation modeling techniques in order to investigate the long term response of fluoride in soils and seasonal trends of accumulation by olive trees. Results from the modeling analysis are in fair agreement with observed data. Soils show elevated fluoride concentrations that decrease with distance from the source and depth below the surface. Fluoride is largely retained in the upper 5 cm of soil. Sensitivity analyses showed that accumulation of fluoride is dominated by atmospheric loading. The strong retention of fluoride in the calcareous soils of the area with high organic matter and clay content, is also an important factor for controlling its accumulation in these soils. In the case of olive tree leaves, direct deposition is the main source for fluoride accumulation during the year; washoff is the dominant sink during the wet months; during dry months, however, physical processes such as wind removal, growth dilution, etc appear to be the dominant sinks controlling fluoride accumulation in vegetation. In general, the modeling effort provides a plausible description of the long term response of fluoride in soils and also of the seasonal dynamics of its accumulation in vegetation. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Agr Univ Athens, Athens 11855, Greece. RP Tsiros, JX (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 1998 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1309 EP 1324 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 125EA UT WOS:000076223400004 ER PT J AU Tabak, HH Govind, R Gao, C Fu, C AF Tabak, HH Govind, R Gao, C Fu, C TI Protocol for evaluating biokinetics and attainable end-points of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil treatment SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; biokinetics; end-points; soil; biotreatment; bioreactors ID BIOREMEDIATION; CREOSOTE; SYSTEMS AB This paper describes quantitation of biodegradation kinetics in soil slurry and compacted soil systems using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as the test contaminants. The experimental protocol, elaborated in this paper, results in the measurement of biokinetic parameters which can be used to quantitate both exsitu and in-situ bioremediation rates and assess the attainable end-points. Biodegradation studies were conducted for naphthalene using soil slurry, soil wafer and soil column reactors. Microcosm reactors were set-up to acclimate soil microbiota, and carbon dioxide evolution was used as a measure of acclimation. It was found that reasonable degree of PAH acclimation was achieved after 250 days of microcosm operation. Abiotic adsorption/desorption studies Bowed that equilibrium was achieved in about 20 hours and approximately 45% of the initial amount of naphthalene is adsorbed by the time equilibrium is attained. Further, desorption was much slower than adsorption with equilibrium. being attained in 40 hours. Soil slurry studies conducted in the respirometer showed that oxygen uptake occurred after an acclimation time of about 42 hours and that the PAHs were completely biodegraded. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 1998 VL 33 IS 8 BP 1533 EP 1567 PG 35 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 143GN UT WOS:000077247000002 ER PT J AU Dykstra, CR Meyer, MW Warnke, DK Karasov, WH Andersen, DE Bowerman, WW Giesy, JP AF Dykstra, CR Meyer, MW Warnke, DK Karasov, WH Andersen, DE Bowerman, WW Giesy, JP TI Low reproductive rates of Lake Superior bald eagles: Low food delivery rates or environmental contaminants? SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bald eagle; DDE; PCBs; Lake Superior; food; reproductive rates ID GREAT-LAKES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SHELL THICKNESS; HERRING-GULLS; PRODUCTIVITY; EGGS; RESIDUES; ABNORMALITIES; PESTICIDE; RECOVERY AB Reproductive rate (productivity) of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nesting on the shores of Lake Superior was significantly less than that of neighboring eagles nesting in inland Wisconsin (1.0 vs. 1.3 young per breeding attempt, 1989-1993), and at other inland lake/riverine habitats in the Great Lakes Basin. It is possible that the current causes of low productivity on Lake Superior might include exposure to organochlorine contaminants and/or low food availability. Levels of dichloro diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in addled eggs and eaglet blood from Lake Superior and inland Wisconsin reference sites were measured. Food delivery rates by parent eagles to nestlings, a possible index to food availability, were quantified at both locations. Concentrations of both DDE and total PCBs in addled eggs declined significantly front 1969 to 1993 (p < 0.001, p = 0.006 respectively), and current concentrations of DDE are at or below the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for reproductive impairment. Concentrations of DDE and total PCBs in plasma were greater in individual nestlings from the shores of Lake Superior than in nestlings at inland locations (18.9 mu g/kg vs. 3.0 mu g/kg DDE, p < 0.001, and 109.1 mu g/kg vs. 42.6 mu g/kg, p = 0.002), but were not correlated to the 5-year average history of productivity for the territory (p > 0.05). Food delivery rates by parent eagles to nestlings at Lake Superior were 56% lower than those to inland nestlings (2.16 vs. 4.87 prey items per day, p = 0.002). Food delivery rates were significantly correlated to average 5-year productivity for inland Wisconsin reference sites (p < 0.001, r(2) = 0.90), although not for Lake Superior sites (p = 0.593). It is concluded that it is likely that the current low productivity of Lake Superior eagles is at least partly attributable to low food availability, but some other factor, possibly PCBs, may also contribute to low productivity. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Cooperat Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Natl Biol Serv, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Eagle Environm Inc, Haslett, MI 48840 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Dykstra, CR (reprint author), US EPA, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, NERL, Mail Stop 642,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 1 BP 32 EP 44 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZG031 UT WOS:000072958100004 ER PT J AU Brazner, J DeVita, W AF Brazner, J DeVita, W TI PCBs, DDE, and mercury in young-of-the-year littoral fishes from Green Bay, Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE PCBs; DDE; mercury; young-of-the-year forage fish; Green Bay; Lake Michigan; wetlands ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL RESIDUES; SPOTTAIL SHINERS; GREAT-LAKES; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; WATER; SEDIMENTS; RIVER AB Forage fish were collected in August and September, 1991 to characterize the influence of human disturbance at 23 coastal wetlands and beaches in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Disturbance characterization included analysis of contaminant residues (total PCBs, p,p'-DDE, and total mercury) in young-of-the-year fish for at least one species per site. Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) were the primary species sampled. Residue concentration differences among species were minimal. Residues of PCBs were highest of the three compounds measured and were the only residues that exceeded International Joint Commission Aquatic Life Guidelines: all 14 fish samples from the lower bay exceeded the 100 ng/g PCB guideline. Based on the concentration gradient measured, the Fox River is the primary source of PCBs; whereas, the more evenly distributed p,p'-DDE and mercury appear to originate mostly from nonpoint sources. The high percentage of more-chlorinated PCB homologs in upper bay fish supports the hypothesis that less-chlorinated PCBs volatilize more quickly and therefore are less abundant farther from their source. Habitat-specific delta suggest that contaminants (particularly PCBs) are more available to biota at beaches than at wetlands. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Environm Task Force Lab, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. RP Brazner, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 1 BP 83 EP 92 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZG031 UT WOS:000072958100008 ER PT J AU Brazner, JC Tanner, DK Jensen, DA Lemke, A AF Brazner, JC Tanner, DK Jensen, DA Lemke, A TI Relative abundance and distribution of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) in a Lake Superior coastal wetland fish assemblage SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control CY 1995 CL THUNDER BAY, MICHIGAN DE ruffe; coastal wetland; fish assemblage; microhabitats; fyke-nets; St. Louis Allouez Bay; Lake Superior ID STABLE-ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES; FOOD-WEB; COMPETITION; PERCH; DIET AB Fish assemblages from Allouez Bay Wetland in the St. Louis River estuary were sampled with fyke-nets from May to October, 1995, to characterize typical use patterns in different seasons and microhabitats. The relative abundance and distribution of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) in these habitats was of interest because their recent invasion into the Great Lakes has the potential to disrupt native fish assemblages. A total of 15,867 fish comprised of 34 species were captured in 2,300 h of netting. The majority of fish over the whole study were caught in the outer marsh (63%, 9,957 individuals), and seasonally during late June (7,384 individuals/4 net-nights) and early May (2,281 individuals). Yellow perch (Perca flavescens), brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides), and silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum) were the most abundant species, comprising 85 percent of the total catch. Ruffe was the seventh most abundant species captured (294 individuals), comprising only two percent of the total catch. They were the fifth most abundant species in the outer marsh, but only thirteenth most abundant in the inner marsh. Ninety-one percent of all ruffe (268 individuals) were caught in the outer marsh. Of the 75 species by life-stage combinations derived by classifying all individuals captured into one of 3 life stage categories (YOY, yearling, and adult), yearling ruffe were the twelfth h most abundant, adult ruffe were sixteenth, and YOY ruffe were twenty-seventh. While ruffe have been rite most abundant fish captured in bottom trawls in St. Louis River estuary during the 1990s, our results indicate the invasion of ruffe in shallow, heavily vegetated areas like those in Allouez Bay has been much less successful. Our results also suggest further degradation of coastal wetlands and other vegetated habitats would eliminate significant refugia from ruffe competition and could lead to increased dominance of ruffe in shallow water habitats in the Great Lakes. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sea Grant Program, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. Natl Senior Citizens Educ & Res Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Brazner, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM EPAJB@DU4500.dul.epa.gov NR 42 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 17 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 293 EP 303 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400012 ER PT J AU Bronte, CR Evrard, LM Brown, WP Mayo, KR Edwards, AJ AF Bronte, CR Evrard, LM Brown, WP Mayo, KR Edwards, AJ TI Fish community changes in the St. Louis River estuary, Lake Superior, 1989-1996: Is it ruffe or population dynamics? SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control CY 1995 CL THUNDER BAY, MICHIGAN DE ruffe; Gymnocephalus cernuus; native species; Lake Superior; population dynamics; recruitment ID GYMNOCEPHALUS-CERNUUS; PERCA-FLUVIATILIS; 2 PERCIDS; COMPETITION; DIET AB Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) have been implicated in density declines of native species through egg predation and competition for food in some European waters where they were introduced. Density estimates for ruffe and principal native fishes in the St. Louis River estuary (western Lake Superior) were developed for 1989 to 1996 to measure changes in the fish community in response to an unintentional introduction of ruffe. During the study, ruffe density increased and the densities of several native species decreased. The reductions of native stocks to the natural population dynamics of the same species from Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior (an area with very few ruffe) were developed, where there was a 24-year record of density. Using these data, short- and long-term variations in catch and correlations among species within years were compared, and species-specific distributions were developed of observed trends in abundance of native fishes in Chequamegon Bay indexed by the slopes of densities across years. Front these distributions and our observed trend-line slopes from the St. Louis River, probabilities of measuring negative change at the magnitude observed in the St. Louis River were estimated. Compared with trends in Chequamegon Bay, there was a high probability of obtaining the negative slopes measured for most species, which suggests natural population dynamics could explain, the declines rather than interactions with ruffe. Variable recruitment, which was not related to ruffe density, and associated density-dependent changes in mortality likely were responsible for density declines of native species. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Red Lake Dept Nat Resources, Red Lake, MN 56671 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. 1854 Author, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. RP Bronte, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, 2800 Lake Shore Dr E, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. NR 42 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 309 EP 318 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400014 ER PT J AU Mayo, KR Selgeby, JH McDonald, ME AF Mayo, KR Selgeby, JH McDonald, ME TI A bioenergetics modeling evaluation of top-down control of ruffe in the St. Louis River, western Lake Superior SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control CY 1995 CL THUNDER BAY, MICHIGAN DE bioenergetics modeling; Lake Superior; predators; ruffe; St. Louis River; top-down control ID PIKE ESOX-LUCIUS; NORTHERN PIKE; GYMNOCEPHALUS-CERNUUS; SELECTIVE PREDATION; YELLOW PERCH; PREY; MICHIGAN; BIOMANIPULATION; WALLEYES; GROWTH AB Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), were accidentally introduced into the St. Louis River estuary, western Lake Superior, in the mid 1980s and it was feared that they might affect native fish through predation on eggs and competition for forage and habitat. In an effort to control the abundance of ruffe and limit dispersal, a top-down control strategy using predators was implemented in 1989. We used bioenergetics modeling to examine the efficacy of top-down control in the St. Louis River from 1991 to 1994. Five predators-northern pike (Esox lucius), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum), small mouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens)-were modeled to determine their consumption of ruffe and four other native prey species-spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius), emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus). Although predators ate as much as 47% of the ruffe biomass in I year, they were not able to halt the increase in ruffe abundance. The St. Louis River is an open system that allows predators to move freely out of the system, and the biomass of managed predators did not increase. A selectivity index showed all five predators selected the native prey and avoided ruffe. The St. Louis River has several predator and prey species creating many complex predator-prey interactions; and top-down control of ruffe by the predators examined in this study did not occur. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sea Grant Program, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Mayo, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 9,75 Hawthorne St CMO-3, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. EM mayo.kathy@epamail.epa.gov NR 69 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 329 EP 342 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400016 ER PT J AU Endicott, D Kreis, RG Mackelburg, L Kandt, D AF Endicott, D Kreis, RG Mackelburg, L Kandt, D TI Modeling PCB bioaccumulation by the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha); PCBs; bioaccumulation model; Saginaw Bay ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; FILTRATION-RATE; GREAT-LAKES; BIOENERGETICS; CONGENERS; MICHIGAN; ONTARIO; RIVER; SIZE AB Zebra mussels were collected from navigation buoys in Saginaw Bay and the lower Saginaw River and analyzed for PCBs. Total PCB concentrations ranged from 0.076 to 1.2 mu g/g, with the highest values for zebra mussels collected near the mouth of the Saginaw River. These data were combined with PCB concentration measurements in water and suspended solids to calculate congener-specific partition coefficients and bioaccumulation factors. Lipid-normalized bioaccumulation factors for PCB congeners ranged from 10(5.6) to 10(7.0). A model based on three-phase equilibrium partitioning and a bioaccumulation mass balance were applied to simulate the concentration ratios. Model results provided an unbiased best fit of the observed partition coefficients and bioaccumulation factors, as well as optimum parameter estimates. PCB fluxes mediated by zebra mussels were calculated from the model. Transfer across the gut was found to be the predominant route of PCB uptake for zebra mussels. Egestion and fecal excretion were estimated to generate a PCB flux of 1 to 30 mu g/m(2)/d at zebra mussel densities reported for the Great Lakes. This flux exceeds the gross settling flux of PCBs to inner Saginaw Bay, demonstrating the potential of zebra mussels to alter particle and contaminant fluxes in the Great Lakes ecosystem. Zebra mussels may contain as much PCBs as the surficial sediments in Saginaw Bay. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Alpha Omega Chem Co, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. RP Endicott, D (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 52 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 411 EP 426 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400024 ER PT J AU Makarewicz, JC Bertram, P Lewis, TW AF Makarewicz, JC Bertram, P Lewis, TW TI Changes in phytoplankton size-class abundance and species composition coinciding with changes in water chemistry and zooplankton community structure of Lake Michigan, 1983 to 1992 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Michigan; phytoplankton; trophic interactions; food web; zooplankton ID DYNAMICS; PREDATION; DIAPTOMUS; BYTHOTREPHES; INVASION; INSHORE AB Phytoplankton and zooplankton were collected at offshore sites of Lake Michigan during 37 cruises in the spring and summer from 1983 to 1992. For the period, 39 common phytoplankton species accounted for 96.0% of the total abundance and 85.6% of the biomass. Over the 10-year study, the lake-wide average spring and summer phytoplankton biomass in the pelagic waters ranged from 0.27 to 1.2 g/m(3) (mean. +/- S.E. = 0.54 +/- 0.03 g/m3) and phytoplankton abundance ranged from 5,132 to 39,780 cells/mL (mean +/- S.E. = 18,291 +/- 822 cells/mL). Mesotrophic diatoms accounted for 47.2% of the total phytoplankton biomass. The lack of a trend in the ratio of mesotrophic to eutrophic diatom indicator species suggested that no change in trophic status of the pelagic region occurred during the 1983 to 92 period; that is, the water quality of the offshore of Lake Michigan did not change. A year-to-year shift in dominance from one mesotrophic diatom species to another was evident. Over the 10-year period, flagellates accounted for 52.2% of the summer phytoplankton biomass. The data support the concept of a shift in summer species composition away from blue-green algae dominance to flagellates prior to 1982. However after 1987 the relative importance of the > 70 mu m size class increased to over 21% of the phytoplankton abundance in the spring and over 55% in the summer. In particular, the colonial blue-greens, Anacystis and Aphanothece, became substantially more prevalent during the summer, while the flagellates, Chromulina and Ochromonas, decreased in abundance. The changes in the relative abundance of phytoplankton size classes and species composition were examined to determine if they correlated with either the top-down mediated changes in the zooplankton community during the 1980s and 1990s or with any bottom-up variability in nutrient chemistry. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested a significant portion of the variability of the spring and summer phytoplankton size classes from 1983-1992 (88.0% and 99.2%, respectively) was explained by environmental axis I. Primary determinants of relative abundance of phytoplankton size class included nutrients (silica, total phosphorus, and N:P ratio) and abundance of some species of zooplankton. Specifically, Diaptomus minutus, D. ashlandi, D. sicilis, and Daphnia galeata mendotae were inversely correlated with the 0 to 10 mu m size class, which we interpret as a grazing effect on phytoplankton size structure, and positively correlated with an increase in abundance of the > 70 mu m size class of phytoplankton. CCA suggested that top-down and bottom-up effects were affecting phytoplankton size composition and abundance simultaneously. C1 SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Biol Sci, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Makarewicz, JC (reprint author), SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Biol Sci, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. EM jmakarew@acspr1.acs.brockport.edu NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 22 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 3 BP 637 EP 657 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134HT UT WOS:000076738000013 ER PT J AU Anderson, DJ Bloem, TB Higgins, JV AF Anderson, DJ Bloem, TB Higgins, JV TI Sub-sampling technique for the determination of particulate-phase organic carbon in water SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE particulate organic carbon; water; sampling methodology ID LAKE-MICHIGAN WATER; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; NITROGEN; ANALYZER; PCBS AB A procedure for determining particulate-phase organic carbon (POC) in water was developed and applied to the analysis of samples from the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. Water samples were filtered through 0.7 mu M pore-size glass fiber filters which were sub-sampled to introduce measurable quantities of particulate matter into a Carlo Erba EA-1108 elemental analyzer The sub-sampling technique allowed quick filtration of water samples, typically I to 4 liters for open-lake locations, using 47 mm diameter filters while metering the small size requirement of the combustion chamber. The defection limit of the instantaneous combustion procedure was 2.9 mu g of carbon per sub-sample, which translates to 28 mu g/L POC for a sample volume of I liter. The precision of the sub-samples averaged 6.2% coefficient of variation (CV), which was comparable to the precision of replicate water samples (6.6% CV). C1 US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. Grace Analyt Lab Inc, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. RP Anderson, DJ (reprint author), Adv Bioanalyt Serv Inc, 15 Catherwood Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 4 BP 838 EP 844 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168KL UT WOS:000078691900006 ER PT J AU Ye, MY Shen, Y West, CC Lyon, WG AF Ye, MY Shen, Y West, CC Lyon, WG TI Analysis of ferric and ferrous ions in soil extracts by ion chromatography SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER MINERALIZATION; IRON; SEDIMENTS; REDUCTION; DISSOLUTION; FE(III) AB A method using ion chromatography (IC) for the analysis of ferrous (Fe (2+)) and ferric (Fe (3+)) ions in soil extracts has been developed. This method uses an ion exchange column with detection at 520 nm after post-column derivatization. Selectivity is achieved by using an anionic chelating agent, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, to form anionic complexes with ferric and ferrous ions. Using this method, both ferric and ferrous ions can be analyzed directly and simultaneously. The soil extractions were carried out with both 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 0.36 M oxalate under anaerobic conditions. Ferric and ferrous ions were stable in either 0.5 M HCl solution or deionized water at pH similar to 1.7 when stored outside of a glove box. Ferrous ion was readily oxidized to ferric ion in aqueous solutions at pH values above 4.0 and in 0.36 M oxalate solutions at all pH values. In addition, we note that ferric ion in 0.5 M HCl was detectably reduced to ferrous ion when stored for 24 hours in a glove bos containing a few percent of hydrogen gas. The study indicated that there was no interference in the HPLC analysis from the common cations Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+. C1 US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Res Council, RSKL, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Ye, MY (reprint author), US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 15 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 1998 VL 21 IS 4 BP 551 EP 565 DI 10.1080/10826079808001239 PG 15 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA ZA611 UT WOS:000072382000008 ER PT J AU Brumley, WC Latorre, E Kelliher, V Marcus, A Knowles, DE AF Brumley, WC Latorre, E Kelliher, V Marcus, A Knowles, DE TI Determination of chlordane in soil by LC/GC/ECD and LC/GC/EC NIMS with comparison of ASE, SFE, and Soxhlet extraction SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; TOXAPHENE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHORESIS; METABOLITES; RESIDUES AB Chlordane is a polychlorinated mixture that was used as a long-lived pesticide and now is considered a potential endocrine-disrupting compound. The Environmental Sciences Division is involved in modernizing methods for a number of analytes that are potential target substances for dietary studies, endocrine disrupter studies, Superfund site monitoring, and human exposure studies. In this work, chlordane is determined in soils using each of three different liquid phase/supercritical fluid (CO2) extractions followed by a two-dimensional chromatographic separation based on high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) followed by GC/electron capture detection (GC/ECD) and GC/electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/EC NIMS). Liquid phase extractions were carried out using accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and Soxhlet extraction. The preparative liquid chromatographic part of the work is used in an off-line fractionation mode of HPGPC. Further cleanup is afforded by solid-phase extraction using silica cartridges. Soils spiked at 2 ppm, 0.2 ppm, and 0.02 ppm were quantitated using GC/ECD and GC/EC NIMS with recoveries usually greater than 80%. Soil from a Superfund site and a standard reference material sediment were analyzed as examples of real samples. The modernized methodology developed in this work should offer improved approaches for Superfund analyses and for monitoring methods used in determining potential exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds while minimizing solvent usage compared to previous methodology. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Dionex Corp, Salt Lake Tech Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. RP Brumley, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 1998 VL 21 IS 8 BP 1199 EP 1216 DI 10.1080/10826079808006594 PG 18 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA ZN431 UT WOS:000073645200009 ER PT J AU El-Mallakh, RS Rubin, H Baumgartner, DL AF El-Mallakh, RS Rubin, H Baumgartner, DL TI Trends in funding for medical entomological research SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Mood Disorders Res Program, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. US EPA, Pesticide Program Sect, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP El-Mallakh, RS (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Mood Disorders Res Program, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZH728 UT WOS:000073141700001 PM 9542338 ER PT J AU Rivera, R Medina, VF Larson, SL McCutcheon, SC AF Rivera, R Medina, VF Larson, SL McCutcheon, SC TI Phytotreatment of TNT-contaminated groundwater SO JOURNAL OF SOIL CONTAMINATION LA English DT Article DE munitions; RDX; HMX; phyto-reactors; phytoremediation AB Phytoremediation is a viable technique for treating nitroaromatic compounds, particularly munitions. Continuous flow phyto-reactor studies were conducted at the following three influent concentrations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT): 1, 5, and 10 ppm. A control was also prepared with an influent TNT concentration of 5 ppm. Flow rates were systematically reduced to increase hydraulic retention times (HRT) which ranged from 12 to 76 days. initially, the control reactor removed TNT as efficiently as the plant reactors. With time, however, the efficiency of the control became less than that of the plant reactors, suggesting that adsorption was initially the mechanism for removal. Up to 100% of the TNT was removed. Aminodinitrotoluene (ADNT) effluent concentration was higher for higher TNT influent concentrations. Increasing the retention time reduced ADNT concentration in the effluent. Supplementary batch studies confirmed that ADNT and diaminonitrotoluene (DANT) were phytodegraded. Preliminary batch studies were also conducted on the degradation of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) and HMX(Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5, 7-tetraazocine). These batch studies indicated that the degradation of RDX was slower than that for TNT. A study with HMX indicated that the removal rates were reasonable, but required a lag phase. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Civil Engn, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. USA, Corp Engineers, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Medina, VF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tri Cities,100 Sprout Rd, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 10 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1058-8337 J9 J SOIL CONTAM JI J. Soil Contam. PY 1998 VL 7 IS 4 BP 511 EP 529 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 108EP UT WOS:000075253300007 ER PT J AU Chadha, A McKelvey, LD Mangis, JK AF Chadha, A McKelvey, LD Mangis, JK TI Targeting lead in the multimedia environment in the continental United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-HEALTH; NHANES AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) lead attainment strategy for air is being expanded to address geographic areas with the potential for multimedia, multipathway exposures to lead. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology is used to coordinate information from various databases to identify areas of potential concern. The data retrieval and decision processes used in identifying priority sources from each medium and in evaluating identified areas of concern are described in this paper Only EPA databases with reliable locational information were used to facilitate accurate mapping and allow correlation with other data sources. The sources of lead loadings to air, water, and soils were mapped using either latitude and longitude or zip code, or county centroids for data lacking longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates (such as the drinking water data). A multimedia cluster of lead sources was identified at the county level, since all the facility data in the five databases could be mapped to this level. An impact factor and weighting system was devised to combine the information on the number of facilities and their relative size in developing a ranking of the multimedia lead clusters of concern in each region. The counties with the highest number of points were considered clusters of highest concern for multimedia lead sources. Two separate lists of the clusters were developed according to a point system. One identified 10 multimedia lead clusters in each of the 10 EPA regions, and the other identified the 100 clusters of highest concern in the country as a whole. The project is designed to be a first step in targeting future-efforts to identify potential environmental problems associated with lead. The analyses presented in this paper provide a first look at the areas in the country where there is a potential for multimedia exposure to lead. A more refined analysis at the zip code level was subsequently developed to provide a good understanding of the issues pertaining to potential exposure at the neighborhood level. The results of this analysis will ultimately help the EPA and the states to target implementation and enforcement in areas of high potential lead exposures. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, SAIC, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. US EPA, Integrated Policy & Strategies Grp, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, QAQPS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Chadha, A (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, SAIC, 1710 Goodridge Dr, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. RI Brower, Susan/C-7090-2009 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 1 BP 3 EP 15 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YV257 UT WOS:000071805100001 PM 15655993 ER PT J AU Lewis, CW Henry, RC Shreffler, JH AF Lewis, CW Henry, RC Shreffler, JH TI An exploratory look at hydrocarbon data from the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations network SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB This paper describes some characteristics of speciated nonmethane organic compound (NMOC) data collected in 1994 at five Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) and archived in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS). Topics include data completeness, distribution of individual NMOCs in concentration categories relative to minimum detectable levels, percentage of total NMOC associated with the sum of the 55 PAMS target compounds, and use of scatterplots to diagnose chromatographic misidentification of compounds. This is an early examination of a database that is expanding rapidly, and the insights presented here may be useful to both the producers and future users of the data for establishing consistency and quality control. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Civil Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Lewis, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-47, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Henry, Ronald/B-2497-2012 NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 1 BP 71 EP 76 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YV257 UT WOS:000071805100009 PM 15656001 ER PT J AU McKinney, JD Waller, CL AF McKinney, JD Waller, CL TI Molecular determinants of hormone mimicry: Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon environmental agents SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; AH RECEPTOR; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; FIELD ANALYSIS; BINDING; MODEL; RAT; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; FLEXIBILITY AB The potential of ostensibly structurally diverse environmental chemicals to modulate endocrine processes in biological systems has been recognized. Difficulty in classifying endocrine system modulators by chemical structure may in large part be due to lack of understanding of mechanisms of action. New developments in understanding nuclear receptor mechanisms of hormone action support a more complex mechanism, possibly involving dimerization/aggregation events leading to multimeric receptor complexes in agonist action. Because of the requirement for high structural specificity in agonist action, it is suggested that most environmental chemicals of concern are likely to function as imperfect hormones with partial agonist-antagonist properties, especially at environmentally realistic concentrations. In the absence of having appropriately placed molecular recognition domains to affect agonist action, partial agonism-antagonism may be associated with favorable low-energy conformational flexibility and complementary receptor protein flexibility. The halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons are of particular concern as hormone mimics since they often have (1) similar molecular recognition factors but in many cases relatively more flexible structures, (2) similar bulk physicochemical properties controlling uptake and distribution in biological systems, and (3) are relatively more resistant to metabolism and elimination. Some important molecular reactivity properties underlying thyromimetic and estrogenic actions of some of these chemicals are identified and described in terms of structure-activity relationships (SARs). It is proposed that specificity of hormone action in the nucleus could be associated with differential interaction of ligand-bound receptor dimeric forms with other transcription factors specific to the target cell. The small-molecule ligand can be viewed as playing a central, multifunctional role in nuclear receptor action as an organic unmasking and reclustering agent for critical macromolecules. Evidence is discussed in support of a nuclear heterodimerization model for dioxin and related compound action involving a structural transition mechanism. These models with some molecular detail also have utility in understanding the different structural properties of agonists and antagonists. There would appear to be ample opportunities for environmental chemicals to act as antagonists for multiple receptor systems with little more than anchor-ring similarities in structure. The application of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity (3D QSAR) models incorporating such structural information should be a useful adjunct for identifying endocrine system modulating chemicals. This data has implications for (1) improved drug design, (2) understanding of chemical interaction toxicity, (3) removing undesirable chemicals from our environment, and (4) reducing their chemical release. C1 US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch MD74, ETD, HERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP McKinney, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch MD74, ETD, HERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 42 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1093-7404 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health-Pt b-Crit. Rev. PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 1 IS 1 BP 27 EP 58 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZB418 UT WOS:000072470500002 PM 9487092 ER PT J AU Culver, TB Shenk, GW AF Culver, TB Shenk, GW TI Dynamic optimal ground water remediation by granular activated carbon SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT; DESIGN; OPTIMIZATION; ALGORITHM AB Objective functions to describe the operating and capital costs of granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment are incorporated into a management model for dynamic optimal pump-and-treat groundwater remediation design. The optimization approach, quasi-Newton differential dynamic programming including a constant shift in the Hessian Matrix, could not reliably handle the nonconvex objective functions for GAC system. To avoid the nonconvexity, linearized iterative approximations of operating costs were used to solve the multiple management period problem, although this approach does not guarantee global optimality for the original nonconvex objective function. Repeated optimizations assuming different size absorbers were required to consider the fixed costs of the GAC system. Basing the cost function on concentrations at the beginning of each management period provided reasonable conservative cost estimates. Dynamic policies were found to be superior to steady-state policies even when capital costs of treatment were included. This work suggests that improvements in the differential dynamic programming algorithm may be needed for it to be a robust technique for realistic nonconvex objective functions. C1 Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program Off, Annapolis, MD USA. RP Culver, TB (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RI Culver, Teresa/B-3128-2009 NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 124 IS 1 BP 59 EP 64 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1998)124:1(59) PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YL691 UT WOS:000070982500008 ER PT S AU Gilbert, ME AF Gilbert, ME BE Corcoran, ME Moshe, SL TI Perforant path kindling, NMDA antagonism, and late paired pulse depression SO KINDLING 5 SE ADVANCES IN BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Kindling CY JUN 27-30, 1996 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP Parke Davis, Warner Lambert Co, CIBA GENEVA, Hoechst Marion Roussel Inc, Univ Toronto, Bloorview Epilepsy Res Program, Abbott Labs, McNeil Pharm Corp, Wallace Labs C1 US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD 74B, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0099-9962 BN 0-306-45805-5 J9 ADV BEHAV BIOL PY 1998 VL 48 BP 421 EP 433 PG 3 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA BK63A UT WOS:000072808800030 ER PT J AU Tapper, MA Hicks, RE AF Tapper, MA Hicks, RE TI Temperate viruses and lysogeny in Lake Superior bacterioplankton SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; DISSOLVED DNA; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; SURFACE MICROLAYER; MARINE; BACTERIA; WATERS; MORTALITY; BAY; BACTERIOPHAGES AB The morphology and abundance of free viruses were measured in spring, summer, and fall at one site in Lake Superior. Free viral head sizes ranged from 10 to 70 nn and tail length ranged from 10 to 110 nm. The vast majority (98%) of free viral head sizes were less than or equal to 60 nm, smaller than reported in most freshwater habitats. Most of these free viruses (70%) had polyhedral heads and tails, indicative of bacteriophage. Free viral abundance only ranged from 0.1 to 9 x 10(6) viruses ml(-1) in the surface microlayer (top 20 mu m) and subsurface water (20 m) in Lake Superior, but viruses were 2-15 times more abundant in the surface microlayer. This difference may be due to the enrichment of bacterial hosts, higher levels of UV light that induce temperate phage, or differences in viral burst sizes in the surface microlayer relative to subsurface water. Bacterioplankton were always more abundant than free viruses in both the surface microlayer and subsurface water, which resulted in some of the lowest virus-to-bacterium ratios reported for marine or freshwater environments. Temperate viruses from both habitats responded equally to mitomycin-C and UV light treatments used to induce prophage into lytic cycles. An estimated 0.1-7.4% of the bacterioplankton from this site in Lake Superior contained temperate prophage depending on viral burst sizes that were assumed. Three times more bacteria in the surface microlayer may contain temperate viruses compared to bacterioplankton in subsurface waters. In the western arm of Lake Superior, bacterioplankton infected by temperate phage may be more important for the survival of bacteriophage populations than as future carbon sources for new microbial production. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Tapper, MA (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 47 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 95 EP 103 PG 9 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZN894 UT WOS:000073694200012 ER PT S AU Thurman, NC Wolf, JK Hetrick, JA Parsons, LL Barrett, MR Liu, L Effland, WR Behl, E AF Thurman, NC Wolf, JK Hetrick, JA Parsons, LL Barrett, MR Liu, L Effland, WR Behl, E BE Fuhr, F Hance, RJ Plimmer, JR Nelson, JO TI Evaluating pesticide fate and transport: I. The use of lysimeter, field, and groundwater monitoring studies SO LYSIMETER CONCEPT: ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF PESTICIDES SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on the Lysimeter Concept - Environmental Behavior of Pesticides, at the 213th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 13-17, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem ID SOIL; CONTAMINATION; MACROPORES AB Monolith lysimeters are not required for pesticide registration nor are they used routinely for evaluating the fate and transport of pesticides in the United States. Lysimeters may serve as a valuable link in the interpretation of laboratory and field environmental fate data for pesticides. However, several factors need to be considered in this interpretation, including 1) spatial variability of soil and site properties; 2) soil hydrology; and 3) tracking of the pesticide. Lysimeter design can cause unpredictable experimental artifacts in soil hydrology which may not represent actual field conditions. Natural water flow pathways in the soil may be disrupted through barrier effects of the lysimeter wall and disruption of the hydraulic gradient at the lower boundary of the lysimeter. Analysis of in-situ soil morphological and physicochemical properties provides important information for interpretation of lysimeter data. The link between field and lysimeter data can be evaluated using spatial variability information of soil properties and mass balance analysis. Spatial variability data can aid in designing the lysimeter at a scale appropriate to better represent natural field conditions. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Enviromn Fate & Effects Div 7507C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Thurman, NC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Enviromn Fate & Effects Div 7507C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3568-6 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1998 VL 699 BP 213 EP 224 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN25E UT WOS:000081277300016 ER PT S AU Barrett, MR Liu, L Nelson, HP Thurman, NC Hetrick, JA Parsons, LL Wolf, JK Behl, E AF Barrett, MR Liu, L Nelson, HP Thurman, NC Hetrick, JA Parsons, LL Wolf, JK Behl, E BE Fuhr, F Hance, RJ Plimmer, JR Nelson, JO TI Evaluating pesticide fate and transport: II. Mass balance and tracking SO LYSIMETER CONCEPT: ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Lysimeter Concept - Environmental Behavior of Pesticides, at the 213th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 13-17, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem ID 4 DEPTHS; DEGRADATION; LYSIMETERS; SOIL AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has relied on the small-scale prospective ground-water monitoring (SSGWM) study to evaluate the ground-water contamination potential of mobile and persistent pesticides for a number of years. Unlike in monolith lysimeter studies, mass balance of the applied pesticide cannot be determined in open field studies (such as the SSGWM study) without making assumptions about the distribution of residues in the subsurface environment. However, the recommended vadose zone pore-water and saturated zone ground-water sampling scheme in SSGWM studies may facilitate an approximation of mass balance of many pesticides with high leaching potential for an extended period. In one example, the mass of pesticide residues (including degradates) in ground water and the lower part of the vadose zone nearly two years after application represented the majority of the originally applied material. This high mass balance in a field study can be attributed to a combination of adequate sampling design and a high environmental persistence of pesticide residues. Open field studies like the SSGWM study and closed-system studies like the monolith lysimeter studies can be used together to provide a more complete picture of how leaching amounts relate to the level of ground-water contamination that may occur and how much mass of the pesticide is likely to leach under a variety of conditions. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Environm Fate & Effects Div 7507C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Barrett, MR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Environm Fate & Effects Div 7507C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3568-6 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1998 VL 699 BP 225 EP 237 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN25E UT WOS:000081277300017 ER PT J AU Hannach, G Sigleo, AC AF Hannach, G Sigleo, AC TI Photoinduction of UV-absorbing compounds in six species of marine phytoplankton SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE UV; UV-B radiation; phytoplankton; mycosporine-like amino acids; photoprotection ID ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION; AMINO-ACIDS; OZONE DEPLETION; ANTARCTIC PHYTOPLANKTON; SPECTRAL ABSORPTION; PROROCENTRUM-MICANS; CHLOROPHYLL-A; HIGHER-PLANTS; CELL-VOLUME; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB High fluence PAR (photosynthetically active radiation, 400-700 nm), UV-A (320-400 nm), and UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation were tested for their ability to stimulate the production of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in 6 diverse species of marine phytoplankton. Dunaliella tertiolecta, Thalassiosira weissflogii, Pyramimonas parkeae, Pavlova gyrans and Isochrysis sp, were grown under (1) low fluence PAR (LL, 25 to 75 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)), (2) high fluence PAR (HL, 255 to 290 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)), (3) PAR+UV-A (240 to 268 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) and 4910 mW m(-2), respectively) and (4) PAR+UV-A+UV-B (103, 216, or 304 mW m-2 weighted UV-B). Amphidinium carterae was grown under similar conditions in LL but reduced levels of PAR and UV radiation were used in the other treatments. UV-B supplementation caused a significant depression (23-57 %) in the chi a-specific growth rate of all species except P. gyrans, which received the second lowest UV-B dose. The quantum yield of fluorescence for photosystem II declined by 4-17 % with exposure to UV-A and/or UV-A+UV-B. The 2 prymnesiophytes exhibited the highest and the dinoflagellate the lowest resistance to UV-B radiation. In vivo absorption spectra indicated that only P, gyrans has a pronounced UV maximum. Of the 3 MAA compounds detected in P. gyrans, only 1 with peak absorption in the UV-A range was photoinducible. The other species examined exhibited relatively small in vivo UV absorption peaks. In these species, only 1 MAA was detected, a compound with peak absorption in the UV-B range and limited inducibility. UV-B radiation more effectively induced MAAs than UV-A or HL in 4 of the 6 species. In P, gyrans large increases in the concentration of the inducible MAA were obtained with HL and with UV-A+UV-B radiation. Relative to LL cells, W-B-exposed P. gyrans exhibited a 145-fold MAA increase accompanied by an Ii-fold increase in the in vivo UV absorption In all other species HL had minimal or no effect on MAA production. UV-A radiation effectively increased the chi a-specific MAA content in Isochrysis sp. (77%), T. weissflogii (73%), and P, parkeae (43%), and UV-B supplementation increased it by a further 141% in Isochrysis sp, and 95 % in P. parkeae. On a cell volume basis, UV-B also approximately doubled the MAA concentration in the latter 2 species. We conclude that, although MAAs may be commonly present in phytoplankton cells, an ability to produce significant amounts of these compounds through photoinduction is limited to certain species or taxa, particularly some prymnesiophytes and dinoflagellates. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Sigleo, AC (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM sigleo.anne@epamail.epa.gov NR 60 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 174 BP 207 EP 222 DI 10.3354/meps174207 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 152XB UT WOS:000077801500018 ER PT J AU Kelly, JR AF Kelly, JR TI Quantification and potential role of ocean nutrient loading to Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, USA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE estuary nutrient budgets; ocean loading; Boston Harbor ID NARRAGANSETT-BAY; NITROGEN; CARBON; WATER AB While tidal flushing helps export most of the nitrogen added to Boston Harbor (MA, USA) from land sources (>8000 mmol N m(-2) yr(-1); 90% in sewage effluent) to the offshore waters of Massachusetts Bay, the tidal inflow also brings material into the Harbor. For Boston Harbor and many other coastal embayments, tidal inputs must be quantified if we are to develop complete nutrient budgets. This study quantifies tidal input of nutrients and suspended solids (i.e. 'ocean loading') and predicts the future role of ocean loading after sewage effluent discharge is diverted away from the Harbor to a location about 15 km into the Bay. Ocean loading is determined by simple box modeling using data sets available for the 1994 annual cycle. Critical data for modeling include a series of surveys on which high-resolution data for salinity and turbidity were collected using in situ sensors housed in a towed instrument package (i.e, a 'towfish'); surveys covered 2 transects in and out of the 2 Harbor inlets which regulate tidal exchange. Study results show that ocean loading dominates the input-output budgets of nutrients and suspended solids, generally providing more than twice the loading from present land sources. Results further suggest that, although the absolute values of ocean loading will decrease after effluent diversion, the relative contribution of the ocean to the Harbor budget will increase. predictive modeling suggests that total nitrogen concentrations will decrease about 20 % and dissolved inorganic concentrations will decrease about 50% from present levels; these predicted decreases are smaller than one would calculate if the ocean loading term of budgets were neglected. Ocean loading thus will have a role in the nature of Harbor recovery from the planned sewage diversion. RP Kelly, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM kelly.johnr@epa.gov NR 26 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 173 BP 53 EP 65 DI 10.3354/meps173053 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 140NH UT WOS:000077093600005 ER PT J AU Nguyen, TT Dinh, KT AF Nguyen, TT Dinh, KT TI Characterizations of normal distributions supporting goodness-of-fit tests based on sample skewness and sample kurtosis SO METRIKA LA English DT Article DE conditional density function; characteristic function; EDF moment AB Two characterizations of normal distributions based on the third conditional moment and the fourth conditional moment, respectively, are given. These results theoretically support the goodness-of-fit tests for normal distributions using the sample skewness and the sample kurtosis. C1 Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM tnguyen@bgnet.bgsu.edu; dinh.khoan@epamail.epa.gov NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU PHYSICA VERLAG GMBH PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, 69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0026-1335 J9 METRIKA JI Metrika PY 1998 VL 48 IS 1 BP 21 EP 30 DI 10.1007/s001840050002 PG 10 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 128CR UT WOS:000076388100002 ER PT S AU Lee, JJ AF Lee, JJ BE Boardman, J FavisMortlock, D TI Cross-scale aspects of EPA erosion studies SO MODELLING SOIL EROSION BY WATER SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SERIES I, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Global Change - Modelling Soil Erosion by Water CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL UNIV OXFORD, OXFORD, ENGLAND SP NATO HO UNIV OXFORD ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; SOIL-EROSION AB Studies at US EPA's NHEERL/WED facility have focused on two broad aspects of soil erosion within the context of global change: (1) the effects of soil erosion on carbon budgets, especially on the release or sequestration of CO2 by soils; and (2) the potential effects of global change on soil erosion as an environmental issue. These issues generally are addressed on regional and decadal scales. The main approach has been to apply a site scale, daily timestep model (the Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, EPIC) to selected sites for decades to centuries, and to aggregate the outputs to estimate regional responses to changes in climate and management. Two methods of aggregation are used. In the first, sites are selected or constructed to represent categories of land use, land management, and/or climate. The definition of 'representative' is usually at least somewhat qualitative, and might be based primarily on availability of data. In contrast, the second method employs a statistical approach. The target population, the selection criteria, and the probability of selection are rigorously defined. Means, standard deviations, and other descriptors of the population are obtained through the statistical structure of the sampling scheme. In this paper, results from a sensitivity analysis of wind and water erosion to climate change are used to illustrate the statistical approach. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lee, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1431-7125 BN 3-540-64034-7 J9 NATO ASI SER SER I PY 1998 VL 55 BP 191 EP 199 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM47T UT WOS:000078857000014 ER PT S AU O'Callaghan, JP Martin, PM Mass, MJ AF O'Callaghan, JP Martin, PM Mass, MJ BE Ali, SF TI The MAP kinase cascade is activated prior to the induction of gliosis in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of dopaminergic neurotoxicity SO NEUROCHEMISTRY OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: COCAINE, IBOGAINE, AND SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse - Cocaine, Ibogaine, and Substituted Amphetamines CY JUL 16-18, 1997 CL HAMILTON, BERMUDA SP Int Soc Neurochem, Amer Soc Neurochem, Res Biochem Int, Servier Amerique, Warner Lambert Co, Parke Davis, Neurosci Res Div, US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; PHOSPHORYLATION; EXPRESSION AB Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) provokes microglial activation and astrocytic hypertrophy at the site of damage, The signaling events that underlie these cellular responses remain unknown. Recent evidence has implicated tyrosine phosphorylation systems, in general, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade, in particular, in the mediation of growth-associated events linked to neural degeneration, such as glial activation.(1) Moreover, an increase in the mRNA coding for the 14.3.3 protein, a known regulator of the MAP kinase pathway,(2) appears to be involved in methamphetamine neurotoxicity.3 To examine the potential role of these protein kinase pathways in drug-induced damage to the CNS, we used the dopaminergic neurotoxicant, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), to damage nerve terminals in the mouse neostriatum and elicit a glial reaction, The onset of reactive gnosis then was verified by Northern blot analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA and qualified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of GFAP (protein). A single administration of MPTP (12.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)) to the C57B1/6J mouse resulted in a 10-fold increase in GFAP mRNA by 1 day and a 4-fold increase in GFAP (protein) by 2 days, To determine the potential role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and MAP kinase activation in these events, blots of striatal homogenates were probed with antibodies directed against phospho-tyr 204 and phospho-thr 202, residues corresponding to the active sites of p42/44 MAP kinase. After mice were sacrificed by focused microwave irradiation to preserve steady-state phosphorylation, proteins from striatal homogenates were resolved by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Immunoblots of these samples showed a number of phosphotyrosine-labeled bands, but there were no apparent differences between control and MPTP groups, In contrast, phospho-MAP kinase was elevated over 1.5-fold, 3-6 hours post MPTP. These findings are suggestive of a role of the MAP kinase cascade in the early phase of injury-induced glial activation. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HELD, TMBB, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Family Hlth Int, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP O'Callaghan, JP (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HELD, TMBB, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM jdo5@cdc.gov RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-145-6 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1998 VL 844 BP 40 EP 49 PG 10 WC Substance Abuse; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences SC Substance Abuse; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BL26D UT WOS:000074929000005 PM 9668663 ER PT S AU Miller, DB Ali, SF O'Callaghan, JP Laws, SC AF Miller, DB Ali, SF O'Callaghan, JP Laws, SC BE Ali, SF TI The impact of gender and estrogen on striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity SO NEUROCHEMISTRY OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: COCAINE, IBOGAINE, AND SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse - Cocaine, Ibogaine, and Substituted Amphetamines CY JUL 16-18, 1997 CL HAMILTON, BERMUDA SP Int Soc Neurochem, Amer Soc Neurochem, Res Biochem Int, Servier Amerique, Warner Lambert Co, Parke Davis, Neurosci Res Div, US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res ID MPTP-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY; FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; RAT-BRAIN; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; CD-1 MICE; RELEASE; 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; INCREASES; MOUSE AB The reproductive properties of estrogen are well established, but it is now evident that this steroid hormone has substantial modulatory capabilities in nonreproductive systems. For example, estrogen may be neuroprotective as Alzheimer's disease progresses more slowly in women receiving hormone replacement therapy, and Parkinson's disease affects more men than women. Gender affects both the functional and biochemical responses of the nigral-striatal pathway to dopaminergically active compounds, To begin to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effects of estrogen in this pathway, we first determined if gender affected the dopaminergic striatal neurotoxicity induced by two different neurotoxicants, 1-methgl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and methamphetamine (METH). Both agents induced greater neurotoxicity in males than females as evidenced by greater striatal dopamine (DA) depletions. An examination of striatal levels of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium ion (MPP+) following MPTP treatment established that the observed gender differences were not due to metabolic/pharmacokinetic variables, The neurotoxicity of MPTP was then examined in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Estrogen replacement reduced the DA, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) depletions as web as the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) elevation induced by MPTP, which indicates that estrogen has neuroprotective properties in this model of striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Surprisingly, estrogen supplementation did not protect against the neurotoxic effects of MPTP in intact 2-yr-old intact female mice, suggesting that low endogenous levels of estrogen may provide neuroprotection. C1 Ctr Dis Control, NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Neurotoxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Branch, Div Dev Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Miller, DB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Miller, Diane/O-2927-2013; O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 36 TC 191 Z9 195 U1 0 U2 6 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-145-6 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1998 VL 844 BP 153 EP 165 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08230.x PG 13 WC Substance Abuse; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences SC Substance Abuse; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BL26D UT WOS:000074929000015 PM 9668673 ER PT B AU Vogt, C Lin, S Worthington, R AF Vogt, C Lin, S Worthington, R GP MTS MTS TI Dredging and the environment: Outlook for efficient, effective, and timely dredging of the nation's ports and harbors: A progress report by the national dredging team SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 US EPA, Oceans & Coastal Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Vogt, C (reprint author), US EPA, Oceans & Coastal Protect Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 103 EP 108 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300021 ER PT B AU Vogt, C Hurld, K AF Vogt, C Hurld, K GP MTS MTS TI Perspectives on marine environmental quality today SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB This paper addresses marine environmental quality through a "pressure-state-response" approach. "Pressure" is the demand placed upon the marine environment and its resources by users, pollution, and land-based activities. "State" describes the current conditions resulting from these pressures. "Response" is what is being done in the U.S. to address the pressures. C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Vogt, C (reprint author), US Environm Protect Agcy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 826 EP 830 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300162 ER PT B AU Titus, J AF Titus, J GP MTS MTS TI Rising seas, coastal erosion, and the takings clause: How local governments and property owners can help protect wetlands and beaches SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Titus, J (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 1123 EP 1125 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300220 ER PT B AU Vanlandingham, DS Gross, MA AF Vanlandingham, DS Gross, MA BE Sievers, DM TI Contaminant distribution in intermittent sand filters SO ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDIVIDUAL AND SMALL COMMUNITY SEWAGE SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems CY MAR 08-10, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Soc Engn Agri Food Biol Syst, ASTM, Alternat Wastewater Management Assoc, Amer Soc Agron, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Land Improvement Contractors Amer, Natl Assoc Water Tranporters, Natl Environm Training Ctr Small Communities, Natl Onsite Wastewater Recycling Assoc Inc, Natl Sanit Fdn Int, Natl Small Flows Clearinghouse, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, Soil Sci Soc Amer, US Public Hlth Serv, Indian Hlth Serv, Amer Publ Hlth Assoc, Natl Environm Hlth Assoc DE bacteriophage; intermittent sand filter; virus removal AB Intermittent sand filtration of septic tank effluent has shown promise as a viable method of protecting groundwater supplies from the public health hazard of viral contamination, However, Little is known about the effects of filter size or hydraulic loading rate upon the viral removal efficiency of intermittent sand filters. Six columns, ranging in size from 15 cm (6 inches) to 46 cm (18 inches) in diameter were filled with 0.66 m (2 ft.) of medium concrete sand having an effective diameter (d(10)) of 0.32 mm and a uniformity coefficient of 2.2. Dechlorinated tap water containing MS2 bacteriophage was applied to the tilters at 5.1, 8.1, 12.2, and 16.3 cm d(-1) (1.25, 2, 3, and 4 gal d(-1) ft(-2)), and effluent samples were collected from a grid of sampling cells located under each filter column, Using the gridded sampling capture, each 7 cm(2) area of the filter effluent was isolated for analysis. The samples were analyzed for phage titer using plaque assays in Escherichia coli cells. The ability of varying diameters of sand filter columns to remove viruses was demonstrated. Although increasing hydraulic loading rate caused treatment efficiency to deteriorate, average removal efficiencies ranged from 88.953 percent to 99.956 percent. Contour maps of effluent samples show that regions of filter media containing large interstitial pore spaces, such as along the filter wall, promote preferential flow and treatment degradation. In addition to hydraulic loading rate, the degree of preferential now occurring in a filter column is shown to be governed by column diameter. Large diameter filters proved to be more efficient virus adsorbers than small-diameter filters, suggesting that studies conducted using small-diameter columns may underestimate the treatment capacity of filters used in field conditions. C1 US EPA, RCRA Correct Act, Dallas, TX USA. RP Vanlandingham, DS (reprint author), US EPA, RCRA Correct Act, Reg 6, Dallas, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 0-929355-91-1 PY 1998 BP 380 EP 387 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BK85X UT WOS:000073679700044 ER PT J AU Akim, LG Schmitt-Kopplin, P Bailey, GW AF Akim, LG Schmitt-Kopplin, P Bailey, GW TI Reductive splitting of humic substances with dry hydrogen iodide SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE humic substances; lignin; lignin-carbohydrate complex; reductive splitting; hydrogen iodide; oligomeric products; NMR ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; ORGANIC-MATTER; FOREST SOILS; C-13 NMR; LIGNIN; HUMIFICATION; LITTER; ACIDS AB The procedure of mild hydrogen iodide for reductive splitting, developed earlier for selective splitting of etheric bonds in lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complex, has been applied successfully to the depolymerization of humic and fulvic acids of both soil and aquatic origin. Molecular mass distribution patterns analyzed by gel-permeation chromatography showed that the aromatic products were similar to lignins except for the absence of monomeric products. The oligomeric units can be treated as branching points from lignin where phenyl-propane units are connected mainly by non-broken carbon-carbon bonds. Such homopolymer segments are slowly degraded during humification processes and can play a role in the overall structure of humic substances: These lignin-derived fragments comprise the major part of aromatic structures in humic substances. The experiments support the idea of the preservation of lignin structural features during humification. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. GSF Inst Okol Chem, D-85356 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. RP Akim, LG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 325 EP 336 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00135-6 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZL992 UT WOS:000073494000005 ER PT J AU Bhatia, AV Chaudhary, SK Hernandez, O AF Bhatia, AV Chaudhary, SK Hernandez, O TI 4-dimethylamino-N-triphenylmethylpyridinium chloride SO ORGANIC SYNTHESES, VOL 75 SE ORGANIC SYNTHESES LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOSIDES; TRITYLATION C1 Abbott Labs, Chem Dev Dept, N Chicago, IL 60064 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Biol, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7402, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bhatia, AV (reprint author), Abbott Labs, Chem Dev Dept, D-54Z, N Chicago, IL 60064 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0078-6209 J9 ORG SYNTH PY 1998 VL 75 BP 184 EP 188 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA BL63A UT WOS:000076054800023 ER PT J AU Hutton, P AF Hutton, P TI Policy and regulations for new organisms supporting sustainable pest management in the United States SO PHYTOPROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT OECD Workshop on Sustainable Pest Management Safe Utilization of New Organisms in Biological Control CY SEP 27-30, 1998 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP OECD C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Biopesticide & Pollut Prevent Div, Microbial Pesticides Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hutton, P (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Biopesticide & Pollut Prevent Div, Microbial Pesticides Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU QUEBEC SOC PROTECT PLANTS PI ST FOY PA PHYTOPROTECTION, 3488 CHEMIN SAINTE-FOY, ST FOY, QUEBEC G1X 2S8, CANADA SN 0031-9511 J9 PHYTOPROTECTION JI Phytoprotection PY 1998 VL 79 SU S BP 22 EP 25 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 192PA UT WOS:000080086500006 ER PT B AU Chu, MML AF Chu, MML BE Mosleh, A Bari, RA TI Setting an environmental agenda: Scientific foundation for comparative risk analysis SO PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT (PSAM 4), VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management CY SEP 13-18, 1998 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Int Assoc Probabilist Safety Assessment & Management, Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Nucl Soc, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Atom Energy Soc Japan, European Nucl Soc, European Safety & Reliabil Assoc, Fed Aviat Adm, Human Factors Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engineers, Int Atom Energy Agcy, European Union, Joint Res Ctr, NASA, Org Econ Cooperat & Dev, Soc Risk Analy, Syst Safety Soc, UK Safety & Reliabil Soc, US Coast Guard, US DOE, US Nucl Regulatory Commiss, Associated Univ Inc, Beta Corp Int, BOOZ ALLEN & HAMILTON Inc, Brookhaven Sci Associates, ERIN Engn & Res Inc, PLG Inc, Sci Applicat Int Corp, SCIENTECH INC, Univ Maryland, Ctr Technol Risk Stud AB Many factors influence the environmental agenda. While a solid scientific foundation should improve the prospect for cost effective policy and action, change is difficult, and various factors - risk perception, economic impact, value judgements, trust between the public and industry, and confidence in government play a role in decision making. Trust - with verification - between government, industry, and the public is essential. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chu, MML (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 3-540-76262-0 PY 1998 BP 767 EP 772 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP34L UT WOS:000084758100116 ER PT B AU Link, TE Alexander, MA AF Link, TE Alexander, MA GP SAS USERS GRP INT SAS USERS GRP INT SAS USERS GRP INT TI Pushing SAS/AF (R) and FRAME entries in MVS to the limit: The USEPA's AIRS graphics system SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAS USERS GROUP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Annual SAS-Users-Group International Conference (SUGI 23) CY MAR 22-25, 1998 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP SAS Users Grp C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Link, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAS INST INC PI CARY PA SAS CIRCLE, PO BOX 8000, CARY, NC 27511 USA BN 1-58025-149-8 PY 1998 BP 69 EP 77 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BN07X UT WOS:000080606400012 ER PT B AU Mintz, D Mintz, NG AF Mintz, D Mintz, NG GP SAS USERS GRP INT SAS USERS GRP INT SAS USERS GRP INT TI Macro = magic; Where number of graphics = many; Customizing your graphics code with macros SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAS USERS GROUP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Annual SAS-Users-Group International Conference (SUGI 23) CY MAR 22-25, 1998 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP SAS Users Grp AB Macros can make rerunning SAS(R) code almost effortless. Once a macro is set up properly, all the arguments can be changed in a single line of code. This is especially helpful when generating graphics. When applied to graphics code, macros can generate the same graphic multiple times with different titles, axis labels, input data sets, etc. just by changing these attributes in the macro statement. This paper will show you, step by step, how to create a macro for graphics use. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mintz, D (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAS INST INC PI CARY PA SAS CIRCLE, PO BOX 8000, CARY, NC 27511 USA BN 1-58025-149-8 PY 1998 BP 255 EP 258 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BN07X UT WOS:000080606400038 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Sovocool, GW Donnelly, JR Genicola, FA Gurka, DF AF Grange, AH Sovocool, GW Donnelly, JR Genicola, FA Gurka, DF TI Identification of pollutants in a municipal well using high resolution mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; IONS AB elevated incidence of childhood cancer was observed near a contaminated site. Trace amounts of several isomeric compounds were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in a concentrated extract of municipal well water. No matching library mass spectra were found and Fourier transform IR and NMR analyses were not feasible due to the low concentration of the compounds. Mass peak profiling from selected-ion-recording data (MPPSIRD) provided the sensitivity and scan speed necessary to acquire mass peak profiles at mass resolutions of 10000 to 20000 for the molecular ion (M+.) and 10 fragment ions as capillary GC peaks eluted. Using a profile generation model (PGM), the elemental composition of the molecular ion was determined from the exact masses and abundances of the M, M + 1 and M + 2 profiles. Fragment ion compositions were determined from their exact masses based on the elements in the molecular ion. Exact mass differences between the molecular and fragment ions corresponded to unique combinations of atoms for the neutral losses, Consequent reduction of the number of possible structures for the fragment ions simplified mass spectral interpretation. After inspecting library mass spectra for smaller molecules, isomeric structures were hypothesized with cyano and alkylcyano groups attached to tetralin. A literature search found such isomers produced by an industrial polymer synthesis. Three isomers in a standard from polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile provided the same mass spectra and GC retention times as isomers in the extract. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. New Jersey Dept Environm Protect, Off Qual Assurance, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1998 VL 12 IS 17 BP 1161 EP 1169 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19980915)12:17<1161::AID-RCM288>3.0.CO;2-K PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 115KZ UT WOS:000075665000005 PM 9737007 ER PT J AU Kelce, WR Gray, LE Wilson, EM AF Kelce, WR Gray, LE Wilson, EM TI Antiandrogens as environmental endocrine disruptors SO REPRODUCTION FERTILITY AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Genes and Environment in Human Reproductive Disorders CY NOV 30-DEC 01, 1997 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA SP Serono Colloquia Australasia ID ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; ISOLATED HYPOSPADIAS; CHANGING PARAMETERS; UROGENITAL TRACT; SEMEN QUALITY; IN-VIVO; VINCLOZOLIN; GENE; DDT AB Steroid hormone receptors control fundamental events in embryonic development and sex differentiation through their function as ligand-inducible transcription factors. The consequences of disrupting these processes can be especially profound during development due to the crucial role hormones play in controlling transient and irreversible developmental processes. Several environmental chemicals, including metabolites of the fungicide vinclozolin and the pesticide DDT, disrupt male reproductive development and function by inhibiting androgen receptor mediated events. A variety of in vitro and in vivo approaches have been used to determine the molecular basis of environmental antiandrogen toxicity. These chemicals commonly bind androgen receptor with moderate affinity and act as antagonists by inhibiting transcription of androgen dependent genes. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Labs Reprod Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Kelce, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM wkelce@med.unc.edu NR 66 TC 117 Z9 123 U1 5 U2 10 PU C S I R O PUBLICATIONS PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1031-3613 J9 REPROD FERT DEVELOP JI Reprod. Fertil. Dev. PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 105 EP 111 DI 10.1071/R98051 PG 7 WC Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA 111UT UT WOS:000075457100014 PM 9727600 ER PT S AU Dix, DJ Hong, RL AF Dix, DJ Hong, RL BE DelMazo, J TI Protective mechanisms in germ cells: Stress proteins in spermatogenesis SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY: IN VITRO GERM CELL DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, FROM SCIENCE TO SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEMAND SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Reproductive Toxicology CY OCT 08-10, 1997 CL GRANADA, SPAIN SP Biotechnol Programme, European Commiss DG XII ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN-60; SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; RAT TESTIS; EXPRESSION; MOUSE; GENE; HSP70-2; SPERMATOCYTES; APOPTOSIS AB A wide range of environmental exposures trigger protective mechanisms in reproductive tissues which are mediated by stress or heat shock proteins (HSPs). These stress proteins maintain normal cellular functions such as protein synthesis, as well as assist in resisting and recovering from toxicant-induced cellular damage. Over the past decade a number of laboratories have examined the expression and potential functions of these stress proteins during gametogenesis (reviewed in Dir, 1997a) and in reproductive toxicology (Dix, 1997b). This paper reviews the expression of HSPs in testes, presents a detailed analysis of the function of Hsp70-2 during the meiotic phase of spermatogenesis, and concludes with a discussion of stress-inducible HSPs and putative protective mechanisms. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-46025-4 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 1998 VL 444 BP 137 EP 144 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA BL97E UT WOS:000077323600016 PM 10026943 ER PT B AU Mauriello, DA Rodier, D Stay, F AF Mauriello, DA Rodier, D Stay, F BE Newman, MC Strojan, CL TI Application of simulation models to the risk assessment process SO RISK ASSESSMENT: LOGIC AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Risk Assessment - Logic and Measurement CY AUG 19-21, 1996 CL AIKEN, SC SP Savannah River Ecol Lab C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mauriello, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 310 NORTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 USA BN 1-57504-048-4 PY 1998 BP 45 EP 67 PG 23 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL91P UT WOS:000077133500004 ER PT B AU Andreasen, JK Norton, SB AF Andreasen, JK Norton, SB BE Haimes, YY Moser, DA Stakhiv, EZ TI Ecological risk assessment SO RISK-BASED DECISION MAKING IN WATER RESOURCES VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Engineering Foundation Conference on Risk-Based Decision Making in Water Resources CY OCT 12-17, 1997 CL SANTA BARBARA, CA SP Engn Fdn, Univ Council Water Resources, ASCE Water Resources Planning & Management Div AB Ecological risk assessment, which grew out of the need to quantitatively evaluate the effects of human activities on non-human components of the environment, provides a critical element for environmental decision making by giving risk managers a process for considering available scientific information in selecting a course of action. Ecological risk assessment organizes and analyzes data, information, assumptions, and uncertainties to evaluate the likelihood of adverse ecological effects. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Andreasen, JK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0347-3 PY 1998 BP 143 EP 151 PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BN19R UT WOS:000081048000012 ER PT J AU Perciasepe, R AF Perciasepe, R TI EPA: Ocean protection challenges - 'Daunting but manageable' SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Perciasepe, R (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1 BP 25 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA YU446 UT WOS:000071718100009 ER PT J AU Taylor, HS MacKay, WP Herrick, JE Guerrero, RA Whitford, WG AF Taylor, HS MacKay, WP Herrick, JE Guerrero, RA Whitford, WG TI Comparison of field methods to detect termite activity in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert (Isoptera) SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES; URBAN-ENVIRONMENT; RHINOTERMITIDAE; POPULATION; WOOD; SOIL; TEMPERATURE; ECOSYSTEMS; MOISTURE; DENSITY AB The subterranean termites, Gnathamitermes tubiformans (Buckley) and Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux), play an essential role in terrestrial ecosystems of the northern Chihuahuan Desert. They regulate nutrient turnover, contribute to patterns of nutrient concentration, and determine the diversity and heterogeneity of desert plant communities. Therefore, they are considered keystone species in northern Chilluahuan Desert ecosystems. Our objectives were to compare the efficiency and cost effectiveness of six field procedures to detect termite activity. Efficiency was defined as the relative ability to attract termites during a given period of time. Cost effectiveness was based on the number of hours involved in preparing, handling and processing the samples, The methods included artificial baits, natural baits, and litter sweeps. The specific baits were: uncoated corrugated cardboard blocks, unscented generic rolls of toilet paper, cattle dung, fluff grass (Dasyochloa pulchella), and soap-tree yucca (Yucca elata) stalks. In addition, termites were collected with litter sweeps. Results show that cattle dung is the most efficient in detecting termite activity, and litter sweeps the most cost effective, although also least efficient. The results of this study will benefit future termite studies on consumption rates, and relative population densities. C1 Univ Texas, Centennial Museum, Lab Environm Biol, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. ARS, USDA, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Taylor, HS (reprint author), Univ Texas, Centennial Museum, Lab Environm Biol, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZW865 UT WOS:000074456100001 ER PT B AU Kern, JS Turner, DP Dodson, RF AF Kern, JS Turner, DP Dodson, RF BE Lal, R Kimble, JM Follett, RF Stewart, BA TI Spatial patterns of soil organic carbon pool size in the Northwestern United States SO SOIL PROCESSES AND THE CARBON CYCLE SE ADVANCES IN SOIL SCIENCE-BOCA RATON LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Carbon Sequestration in Soils CY JUL, 1996 CL OHIO STATE UNIV, COLUMBUS, OH SP USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Agr Res Serv, Forest Serv, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Ohio State Univ HO OHIO STATE UNIV C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Kern, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-7441-3 J9 ADV SOIL S PY 1998 BP 29 EP 43 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BK14T UT WOS:000071337600003 ER PT J AU Mileson, BE Chambers, JE Chen, WL Dettbarn, W Ehrich, M Eldefrawi, AT Gaylor, DW Hamernik, K Hodgson, E Karczmar, AG Padilla, S Pope, CN Richardson, RJ Saunders, DR Sheets, LP Sultatos, LG Wallace, KB AF Mileson, BE Chambers, JE Chen, WL Dettbarn, W Ehrich, M Eldefrawi, AT Gaylor, DW Hamernik, K Hodgson, E Karczmar, AG Padilla, S Pope, CN Richardson, RJ Saunders, DR Sheets, LP Sultatos, LG Wallace, KB TI Common mechanism of toxicity: A case study of organophosphorus pesticides SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; BRAIN; CHLORPYRIFOS; RATS; INHIBITION; EXPOSURES; SYSTEM AB The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) requires the EPA to consider "available information concerning the cumulative effects of such residues and other substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity...in establishing, modifying, leaving in effect, or revoking a tolerance for a pesticide chemical residue." This directive raises a number of scientific questions to be answered before the FQPA can be implemented. Among these questions is: What constitutes a common mechanism of toxicity? The ILSI Risk Science Institute (RSI) convened a group of experts to examine this and other scientific questions using the organophosphorus (OF) pesticides as the case study. OP pesticides share some characteristics attributed to compounds that act by a common mechanism, but produce a variety of clinical signs of toxicity not identical for all OP pesticides. The Working Group generated a testable hypothesis, anticholinesterase OP pesticides act by a common mechanism of toxicity, and generated alternative hypotheses that, if true, would cause rejection of the initial hypothesis and provide criteria for subgrouping OP compounds. Some of the alternate hypotheses were rejected outright and the rest were not supported by adequate data. The Working Group concluded that OP pesticides act by a common mechanism of toxicity if they inhibit acetylcholinesterase by phosphorylation and elicit any spectrum of cholinergic effects. An approach similar to that developed for OP pesticides could be used to determine if other classes or groups of pesticides that share structural and toxicological characteristics act by a common mechanism of toxicity or by distinct mechanisms. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 ILSI Risk Sci Inst, Washington, DC 20002 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN 46206 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Edward Hines Jr VA Hosp, Hines, IL 60141 USA. Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NE Louisiana Univ, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Technol Serv Grp, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Bayer Corp, Dept Toxicol, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP ILSI Risk Sci Inst, Washington, DC 20002 USA. OI Richardson, Rudy/0000-0002-2028-5723 NR 58 TC 227 Z9 250 U1 3 U2 43 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 EI 1096-0929 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 41 IS 1 BP 8 EP 20 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZC636 UT WOS:000072601400002 PM 9520337 ER PT J AU Fischer, LJ Seegal, RF Ganey, PE Pessah, IN Kodavanti, PRS AF Fischer, LJ Seegal, RF Ganey, PE Pessah, IN Kodavanti, PRS TI Symposium overview: Toxicity of non-coplanar PCBs SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 1997 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Soc Toxicol ID CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; PHORBOL ESTER BINDING; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; RAT CEREBELLUM; PHOSPHOLIPASE A(2); INSULIN-SECRETION; NADPH OXIDASE; RINM5F CELLS AB Research into the mechanism of toxicity of PCBs has focused on the Ah receptor, However, it is becoming increasingly clear that certain ortho-chlorine-substituted, non-coplanar PCB congeners having low affinity for the Ah receptor exhibit important biological activities. Actions of non-coplanar PCB congeners in a variety of biological systems have been discovered and the mechanisms for these effects are being elucidated. The objectives of this symposium are to examine the state of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of toxic action of non-coplanar PCBs and to identify similarities and differences using a variety of biological systems. Effects to be considered will include: neurotoxicity, estrogenicity, insulin release, neutrophil function, calcium regulation, and relevant signal transduction systems. Finally, the symposium addresses the need to consider non-coplanar congeners within the context of risk assessment. The use of Ah-receptor binding and its associated biological effects to assess the total toxicity of PCBs may no longer be defensible because of the actions produced by non-coplanar congeners. This symposium provides documentation for that conclusion and focuses attention on emerging mechanisms of PCB action that have received relatively little attention to date. The topics presented should be of interest to toxicologists interested in mechanisms of action, in PCB risk assessment, and in regulatory toxicology. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Mol Biosci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Fischer, LJ (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 75 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 41 IS 1 BP 49 EP 61 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZC636 UT WOS:000072601400006 ER PT J AU Mortensen, SR Brimijoin, S Hooper, MJ Padilla, S AF Mortensen, SR Brimijoin, S Hooper, MJ Padilla, S TI Comparison of the in vitro sensitivity of rat acetylcholinesterase to chlorpyrifos-oxon: What do tissue IC50 values represent? SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; CHOLINESTERASE; INHIBITION; PARAOXON; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS; DETOXICATION; PARATHION; ESTERASE AB The toxicological literature is replete with studies which have attempted to correlate differences in vivo sensitivity to anticholinesterases with a common in vitro measure: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) IC50 values, Generally, it is assumed that these IC50 values reflect the intrinsic sensitivity of the AChE molecule to the inhibitor, Our goal was to ascertain whether differences in AChE sensitivity to an organophosphate (i.e.,IC50 values) are due to varying properties of the enzyme molecule (i.e. present assumption) or to extrinsic factors, Tissue samples were obtained from immature and adult Long-Evans rats, AChE IC50 values were determined by incubating tissue homogenates with chlorpyrifos-oxon (active metabolite of chlorpyrifos-oxon, a common organophosphate insecticide) for 30 min at 26 degrees C, and then measuring residual AChE activity, The following IC50 values were noted for postnatal day 4 and adult animals, respectively: brain, 10 nM for both ages; liver, 96 and 527 nM ; plasma, 18 and 326 nM. Thus, the "apparent" sensitivity of AChE was prone to vary dramatically with age and tissue type, In contrast, when AChE was isolated from the same tissues by immunoprecipitation, there were no age-or tissue related differences (IC50 approximate to 3 nM in every case), These data show clearly that IC50 values from a crude homogenate do not measure the true sensitivity of AChE to the inhibitor. Presumably, for chlorpyrifos-oxon, at least, the tissue IC50 values depend greatly on a tissue's propensity to sequester or hydrolyze-chlorpyrifos-oxon. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Cellular & Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Clemson Univ, Inst Wildlife & Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Pharmacol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. RP Mortensen, SR (reprint author), US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Cellular & Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Hooper, Michael/0000-0002-4161-8961 NR 21 TC 70 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 148 IS 1 BP 46 EP 49 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8287 PG 4 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV620 UT WOS:000071845400006 PM 9465262 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, J AF Gray, LE Ostby, J TI Effects of pesticides and toxic substances on behavioral and morphological reproductive development: Endocrine versus nonendocrine mechanisms SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Work Session on Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals - Neural Endocrine and Behavioral Effects CY NOV 05-10, 1995 CL ETTORE MAJORANA CTR SCI CULTURE, ERICE, ITALY SP Int Sch Ethol HO ETTORE MAJORANA CTR SCI CULTURE DE behavior; CNS; endocrine-disrupting chemicals; hypothalamus; reproductive development; sex dimorphism ID SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC NUCLEUS; PREOPTIC AREA; FEMALE RATS; SEX-DIFFERENTIATION; POSTNATAL INFLUENCE; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN-BRAIN; IN-UTERO; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; METHOXYCHLOR AB Exposure to toxic substances or pesticides during critical perinatal developmental periods can alter reproductive and central nervous system (CNS) function in a manner that does not compromise the growth and viability of the fetus but causes functional alterations that become apparent later in life. While some "CNS/behavioral teratogens" are mutagenic or alter cell division, other chemicals produce alterations of CNS development via endocrine-mediated mechanisms. The following discussion will focus on studies conducted primarily in our laboratory thar describe how pesticides and toxic substances alter development of the reproductive and central nervous systems as a consequence of organizational or activational exposures. Abnormal behavior and morphology can result from exposure to endocrine-disrupting toxicants by altering organization of the CNS during critical stages of life or-activation of behavior after puberty Some of the toxicants that alter rodent sexual differentiation include xenoestrogens, antiandrogenic pesticides, and dioxin-like toxic substances. Chemicals that alter sex-linked nonreproductive and reproductive CNS development via nonhormonal mechanisms are also discussed in order to demonstrate that multiple mechanisms of action are involved in the development of behavioral abnormalities in pre- and perinatally exposed offspring. The fact that reproductive function (behavioral, biochemical,and morphological) can be altered via such a wide variety of mechanisms indicates that hazard identification in this area cannot rely solely on the detection of endocrine activity. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray@herl45.herl.epa.gov NR 50 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 5 U2 7 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-APR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1-2 BP 159 EP 184 PG 26 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YR675 UT WOS:000071519000010 PM 9460174 ER PT J AU Brock, JW Melnyk, LJ Caudill, SP Needham, LL Bond, AE AF Brock, JW Melnyk, LJ Caudill, SP Needham, LL Bond, AE TI Serum levels of several organochlorine pesticides in farmers correspond with dietary exposure and local use history SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Work Session on Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals - Neural Endocrine and Behavioral Effects CY NOV 05-10, 1995 CL ETTORE MAJORANA CTR SCI CULTURE, ERICE, ITALY SP Int Sch Ethol HO ETTORE MAJORANA CTR SCI CULTURE DE agricultural workers; biomonitoring; chlorinated pesticides; chlordane; diet; dieldrin; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; reference dose; serum ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CANCER; METABOLITES AB In response to reported increased cancer risks among farmers, the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) was designed to examine health outcomes and environmental exposures among farm families in the United States. In the pilot phase of the AHS, food, beverage, air; dermal, dust, surface wipe, and biological specimens (blood and urine) were collected and analyzed for six farm families in two states (IA and NC). in addition, questionnaires were administered to examine previous pesticide use. This paper reports the organochlorine pesticide results of the serum and dietary analyses as well as questionnaire results from the pilot exposure study of farmers and their families. Note, no organochlorine pesticides were reported as currently being applied to the study farms. In all human serum samples examined, typical U.S. population levels were found for the majority of the pesticides. In addition, human serum levels of organochlorine pesticides showed no significant daily or seasonal variation. However; serum trans-nonachlor levels were found to be higher in people living on the two farms in North Carolina than in people living on the four farms in Iowa (p < 0.05). Further, unusually high dieldrin levels were found in serum samples from a farmer and spouse living on an Iowa farm, and these levels were significantly higher than those of people living on the other farms (p < 0.05). Dieldrin was persistent in the foods consumed on the same Iowa farm where family members showed elevated serum levels. In addition, dietary samples from th North Carolina farms exhibited high levels of chlordane. No organochlorine pesticides were found in any of the drinking water samples. Dietary dieldrin levels on the same Iowa farm exceeded the oral reference dose (RfD) eight- to eleven-fold (50 ng/kg-day). No other pesticide exceeded the RfD. However, dietary chlordane levels at a North Carolina farm reached 17% of the RfD. Previous use of aldrin on a Iowa farm corresponded to dieldrin found in the diet and in the serum of the farmer and spouse. Previous reported use of chlordane on the North Carolina farms corresponded with measurable dietary levels of chlordane and higher serum trans-nonachlor levels than the levels in Iowa farm families. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Brock, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 21 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-APR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1-2 BP 275 EP 289 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YR675 UT WOS:000071519000016 PM 9460180 ER PT S AU Gardiner, DM AF Gardiner, DM BE Wadsworth, KG TI Potential impacts of climate change SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-THIRD NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference on Changing Resource Values in Challenging Times CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP USDA Animan & Plant Health Inspect Serv, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bureau Reclamat, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Protect Agency, Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Bureau Land Management, USDA Forest Serv, Fed Cartridge Co, Natl Rifle Assoc, Sea World/Busch Gardens, Nat Resources Convervat Serv, Educ & Extens Serv, Wildlife Soc, Congress Sportsmens Fdn, Izaak Walton League Amer, Amer Fisheries Soc, Conservat Fund C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gardiner, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 1998 VL 63 BP 38 EP 43 PG 6 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BL70F UT WOS:000076392100007 ER PT S AU Beshers, E Hayduk, B Noland, RB AF Beshers, E Hayduk, B Noland, RB GP NRC TI Devolution of surface transportation - Preliminary assessment of revenue and financial aspects SO TRANSPORTATION FINANCE, ECONOMICS, AND MANAGEMENT SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB Recently, the topic of devolution of the federal role in surface transportation has been actively discussed. The impact on state finances, however, has not yet been analyzed. The way in which a reduction in federal transportation funding (as envisioned by legislation recently proposed by Rep. John Kasich and Sen. Connie Mack) would affect state financing is examined in this paper. This is combined with an assessment of states' need for financing and their ability to make up any funding shortfalls. The results of this analysis indicate that, although most states would require smaller increases in their fuel taxes than the drop in federal taxes, many would have difficulty making up this shortfall. Many of these same states also have a great need to maintain their transportation infrastructure. Even if the specific issues were to change were devolution imminent, this research provides a useful analysis of the financial issues. A brief discussion of the possible environmental effects of devolution and reduced highway spending is included. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Beshers, E (reprint author), 1530 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-06521-6 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 1998 IS 1649 BP 26 EP 36 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation SC Engineering; Transportation GA BN49A UT WOS:000082030800004 ER PT B AU Preston, CE Thomas, JV AF Preston, CE Thomas, JV BE Easa, S Samdahl, D TI Quantifying the emissions benefits of transportation efficiency and SOV travel reduction programs SO TRANSPORTATION, LAND USE, AND AIR QUALITY, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS: MAKING THE CONNECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Transportation, Land Use, and Air Quality CY MAY 17-20, 1998 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Urban Transportat Div, Fed Highway Adm, Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Assoc State Highway & Transportat Officals, Inst Transportat Engineers, Canadian Soc Civil Engn, Natl Assoc County Engineers, ASCE Urban Planning & Dev Div, ASCE United Kingdom Int Grp AB Many sensible and cost effective initiatives face a common challenge: the benefits which they generate are either difficult to quantify or long term in nature. In fact, many of the most cost effective public policies in arenas such as health care, human services, and education are effective because they address long term structural problems. The same is true of many investments and programs to reduce pollution from the transportation sector. Some of the most effective initiatives, such as land use planning, improved urban design and alternative transit infrastructure investment, have the greatest potential to achieve emissions reductions because they address structural aspects of urban sprawl and the dependence on individual passenger car travel, Many travel reduction policies and programs, such as telecommuting, carpool/vanpool/paratransit and other innovative transit initiatives, do show immediate results. However, the near term benefits from other initiatives with significant long term potential to reduce emissions often prove difficult to quantify. The support for transportation efficiency initiatives, particularly those that involve federal funding, increasingly depends upon justification of the investments and programs in terms of short term, quantifiable results. Therefore, there is a need to develop better means of measuring and accounting for their benefits. The needs are both practical and theoretical. From the practical side, there is a need to further develop an annual reporting infrastructure to provide a more comprehensive accounting of local projects that are part of a national program, such as EPA's Transportation Partners. From the theoretical side, there is still a need to further develop the tools of measurement and quantification for many types of transportation efficiency initiatives. C1 US EPA, Energy & Transportat Sectors Div, Off Policy Dev, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0341-4 PY 1998 BP 316 EP 325 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology; Urban Studies SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Transportation; Urban Studies GA BT64Y UT WOS:000173641300034 ER PT B AU Braverman, T Cowherd, C Grelinger, MA AF Braverman, T Cowherd, C Grelinger, MA BE Washington, SP TI Particulate matter roadway hotspots SO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND AIR QUALITY III - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS: EMERGING STRATEGIES AND WORKING SOLUTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Transportation Planning and Air Quality III CY AUG 17-20, 1997 CL LAKE TAHOE, CA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Urban Transportat Div, Environm & Energy Aspects Transportat Comm, Fed Highway Adm, Transportat Res Board, US EPA AB The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of intersections and roadways to PM-10 or PM-2.5* hot spots (areas of significant pollutant concentrations). This study was conducted in two independent phases. The first phase analyzed three recent years of nationwide AIRS/AQS data (1994-1996) to determine the PM-IO concentration differences between 22 microscale (hot spot) monitors and associated neighborhood scale monitors. The second phase entailed a field testing program conducted near a major arterial intersection in the City of Lakewood, a suburb of Denver, Colorado. In the Deliver study, 24-hr PM-IO samples were collected (a) downwind of the intersection of Alameda and Kipling, (b)) at a mid-block location on Kipling, and (c) at a nearby neighborhood site, during the period from February 20 through March 4, 1997. The sampling program yielded average PM-10 roadway impacts that were of the same order as those determined in the historical review. The intersection impact was approximately twice as large as the mid-block impact. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Braverman, T (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0355-4 PY 1998 BP 113 EP 122 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Transportation SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Transportation GA BL59U UT WOS:000075967100010 ER PT B AU Miller, CA Touati, AD Becker, J Wendt, JOL AF Miller, CA Touati, AD Becker, J Wendt, JOL BE Burgess, AR Dryer, FL TI NOx abatement by fuel-lean reburning: Laboratory combustor and pilot-scale package boiler results SO TWENTY-SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM (INTERNATIONAL) ON COMBUSTION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Combustion CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO SP Combust Inst, Aerometr Inc, Air Force Off Sci Res, Army Res Off, Arthur D Little, Chevron Res & Technol Co, CONSOL Inc, Elsevier Sci Inc, ENERGIA Inc, Engn Management Consultants, EXXON Res & Engn Co, Ford Motor Co, Gas Res Inst, Gen Elect R & D Ctr, Gordon & Breach Publishers Inc, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Owens Brockway Glass Containers, Phillip Morris Corp, PPG Industries Inc, React Engn Int, Res Ind Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Sawyer Associates, United Technol Res Ctr HO UNIV COLORADO AB Although nitrogen oxides (NO,) abatement by reburning or secondary fuel addition has been demonstrated in the field, its application has heretofore been reserved primarily for overall fuel-rich or reducing conditions in the reburning zone. Contrary to predictions by detailed kinetic modeling of premixed systems, the unmixed environments often present in large full-scale units allow substantial NOx reduction under overall fuel-lean conditions in the reburning zone. To explore this further, two experimental studies were conducted. First, systematic tests in a 17-kW down-flow laboratory combustor, in which nitric oxide (NO) in the oxidant was destroyed in long, axial, methane/air, diffusion flames, showed that substantial reduction of NO was possible under overall fuel-lean conditions. Variations of burner Reynolds number showed that this was a first-order process with respect to primary NO concentration under laminar flow conditions, but approximately second order with respect to primary NO under turbulent diffusion flame conditions. These results were then corroborated by tests in a pilot-scale, 0.9-MW, package boiler simulator, in which reburning natural gas was introduced, in an axial coflowing mode, into a flue gas containing almost 6% O-2 and NO concentrations ranging from 600 to 2600 ppm. These larger-scale, turbulent flow tests also showed that fuel-lean reburning could achieve 40%-50% NO destruction with carbon monoxide emissions of less than 100 ppm, and that the effectiveness of fuel-lean reburning depended only weakly on reburning zone temperature, with a maximum effectiveness at a modestly cool flue gas temperature of 1000 K. These results, which differ markedly from those for conventional fuel-rich reburning, are interpreted in light of pertinent mechanisms. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Miller, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BLVD, SUITE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA PY 1998 BP 3189 EP 3195 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA BN87V UT WOS:000083308600368 ER PT J AU Haley, CJ Eirkson, C Geil, S Mahanes, B AF Haley, CJ Eirkson, C Geil, S Mahanes, B TI US Food and Drug Administration Ecological Risk Assessments for drugs used in aquaculture and in terrestrial animals SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NRSP-7/FDA Workshop on Drugs in Aquaculture - Current Status - Future Goals CY SEP 29-30, 1994 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP US Dept HHS, FDA, Ctr Vet Med, US Dept Agr, CSREES, Natl Res Support Project 7 C1 US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Haley, CJ (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, 7500 Standish Pl, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PY 1998 VL 40 SU 2 BP 52 EP 55 PG 4 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 137ZM UT WOS:000076947000017 PM 9823587 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Ryan, JV AF Lemieux, PM Ryan, JV TI Enhanced formation of dioxins and furans from combustion devices by addition of trace quantities of bromine SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PYROLYSIS AB Past pilot-scale experimental studies have shown a dramatic increase in the formation of certain chlorinated products of incomplete combustion (PICs) caused by the addition of trace amounts of bromine (Br). Emissions of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, generated as PICs from the fuel-lean combustion of methylene chloride, were enhanced by up to 3 orders of magnitude by introducing Pr in the form of methylene bromide at a constant halogen molar input rate with a 1:10 Br/chlorine (Cl) molar ratio. The two chlorinated PICs in question are both potential ring growth precursors, which could lead to enhanced formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs). The experiments described in this paper expand on this earlier work by examining the effect of trace amounts of Br on the formation of PCDDs/PCDFs, in addition to other chlorinated, brominated, and mixed bromo-chloro organic PICs. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lemieux.paul@epamail.epa.gov NR 17 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1998 VL 18 IS 6-8 BP 361 EP 370 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00121-4 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 179EB UT WOS:000079311700002 ER PT J AU Reisman, DJ Brady-Roberts, E AF Reisman, DJ Brady-Roberts, E TI An overview of the US EPA's multiple pathway exposure methodology SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB The US Environmental Protection Agency's National Center for Environmental Assessment is finalizing its updated approach to assessing the health risks from direct and indirect exposure to combustion emissions. The prior 1990 Indirect Exposure Methodology has been used frequently in the early part of this decade, while the new methodology considers more pathways for agent transfer and exposure. This advanced methodology is not limited to exposure from combustion emissions as the approach lends itself to assessing indirect exposure to other agents in various exposure scenarios. The purpose of this presentation is to alert the user community to the new methodology and discuss its impacts on risk assessment. A brief overview of the exposure pathways, along with the inherent uncertainties of the MPE and the risk characterization, are presented. Other associated documentation is presented and referenced. The paper concludes with a discussion of the planned implementation of the MPE and the Agency program guidance for use with RCRA combustor permitting and risk assessments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Reisman, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1998 VL 18 IS 6-8 BP 371 EP 376 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00122-6 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 179EB UT WOS:000079311700003 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Ryan, JV French, NB Haas, WJ Priebe, S Burns, DB AF Lemieux, PM Ryan, JV French, NB Haas, WJ Priebe, S Burns, DB TI Results of the September 1997 DOE/EPA demonstration of multimetal continuous emission monitoring technologies SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB In September 1997, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) co-sponsored a demonstration of several multimetal continuous emission monitors (CEMs). The demonstration, performed at the EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division's combustion laboratory in Research Triangle Park, NC, involved the side-by-side testing of seven multimetal CEMs at various stages of commercialization. A series of tests were performed to compare results from the multimetal CEMs to Method 0060, the EPA reference method (RM) for metals emission measurements, using the relative accuracy test audit (RATA) protocol. The EPA operated the test facility and performed the RM sampling, and each multimetal CEM was operated by the instrument's respective developer. To accomplish these tests, an aqueous solution of six toxic metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury), along with flyash from a coal-fired utility boiler, was injected into the afterburner of the EPAs rotary kiln incinerator simulator facility to generate a combustor flue gas with realistic post-flue gas cleaning system particulate loadings and target metals concentrations of approximately 15 and 75 mu g/m(3), which constituted the low and high concentration test conditions. The multimetal CEMs that participated in the test included two laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) systems, two inductively coupled plasma (ICP) systems, a spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SIBS) system, a hazardous element sampling train with X-ray fluorescence (HEST/XRF), and a microwave plasma system. Ten RM-CEM sample pairs were taken at both the low and high concentration test conditions, and the relative accuracies of the multimetal CEMs were calculated. This test provided performance data that will be used to assess the current state of the art in multimetal CEMs. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Sky& Inc, Oakland, CA 94611 USA. Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Lab, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 16 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1998 VL 18 IS 6-8 BP 385 EP 391 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00123-8 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 179EB UT WOS:000079311700005 ER PT J AU Ryan, JV Lemieux, PM Preston, WT AF Ryan, JV Lemieux, PM Preston, WT TI Near-real-time measurement of trace volatile organic compounds from combustion processes using an on-line gas chromatograph SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB The US EPA's current regulatory approach for combustion and incineration sources considers the use of real-time continuous emission monitors (CEMs) for particulate, metals, and organic compounds to monitor source emissions. Currently, the CEM technologies to support this approach have not been thoroughly developed and/or demonstrated. The EPA's Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division has developed a near-real-time volatile organic compound (VOC) GEM, using an on-line gas chromatograph (OLGC), capable of measuring over 20 VOCs at concentrations typically present in well-operated combustion systems. The OLGC system consists of a sample delivery system, a sample concentrator, and a GC equipped with both flame ionization and electron capture detectors. Application of the OLGC system was initially demonstrated through participation in the 1995 US EPA/DOE CEM demonstration program. Additional work has improved system performance, including increased automation and improved calibration technique. During pilot-scale incineration testing, measurement performance was examined in detail through comparisons to various CEM performance criteria. Specifically, calibration error, calibration drift error, and system bias were examined as a function of full scale (absolute error) and gas concentration (relative error). Although OLGC measurement performance was not able to meet standard EPA CEM measurement performance criteria, measurement performance was encouraging. The system demonstrated the ability to perform hourly trace level VOC measurements (0-100 ppbv) for as many as 23 different VOCs with boiling points ranging from -23.7 to 180.5 degrees C at a known level of measurement performance. This system is a suitable alternative to VOC reference method measurements which may be performed only intermittently. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Ryan, JV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 1998 VL 18 IS 6-8 BP 403 EP 410 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00124-X PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 179EB UT WOS:000079311700007 ER PT J AU Chandrakanth, MS Amy, GL AF Chandrakanth, MS Amy, GL TI Effects of NOM source variations and calcium complexation capacity on ozone-induced particle destabilization SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE natural organic matter (NOM); ozone; calcium; complexation; particle; stability ID NATURAL ORGANIC-MATTER; PREOZONATION; AGGREGATION; STABILITY AB Laboratory bench-scale experiments were conducted to elucidate the effect of ozone on the colloidal stability of particles coated with natural organic matter (NOM) derived from different sources. Four types of NOM (three surface water and one groundwater) were studied. Experiments were conducted in the absence and presence of calcium. The results revealed that flocculation benefits from ozonation are dependent on the specific NOM being studied. For some NOM sources, flocculation benefits can be attributed to a significant increase in association with calcium after ozonation. The magnitude of the increase in calcium association is dependent on the type of NOM being studied and its reactivity to ozonation. Calcium association with NOM can be expected to increase after ozonation only if ozone affects the number of functional groups that specifically complex calcium. The results also indicated that calcium-NOM association can be related to the oxygen content of NOM. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Chandrakanth, MS (reprint author), US EPA, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00104-8 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA YM857 UT WOS:000071108600016 ER PT B AU Yezzi, JJ Sullivan, D Tafuri, AN AF Yezzi, JJ Sullivan, D Tafuri, AN BE Loucks, ED TI Thailand-US Center for Technology Partnership SO WATER RESOURCES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB A Memorandum of Agreement (MOA, 1997) on Environmental Technology Transfer and Development was signed in May 1997 between the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) of the Kingdom of Thailand and the State of New Jersey. The Agreement established a joint Center for Environmental Technology Transfer and Development (CETTAD) for collaboration in the areas of environmental and energy technologies. The CETTAD will provide training; education; technology transfer; joint research, development and demonstration of advanced technologies; and overall engineering support for Thailand' s expanding environmental and energy programs. The CETTAD will encourage joint marketing and business opportunities between Thailand, New Jersey and United States industry in the Asian and Indochina regions through their participation in the Center. C1 US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Yezzi, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0343-0 PY 1998 BP 36 EP 41 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36A UT WOS:000081696300006 ER PT B AU Salazar, M AF Salazar, M BE Loucks, ED TI Benefiting environmental bottom line through pollution prevention in Ecuador, South America SO WATER RESOURCES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB How do you implement environmental protection where there are no regulations to force industry's hand? You show key sectors that prevention pays. The United States Agency for International Development/Global Environment Center has implemented the Environmental Pollution Prevention Project (EP3) world wide since 1993 and it has shown that prevention can be both environmentally and cost effective. The strategy of the project has been to try to influence the developing environmental culture by highlighting the benefits of prevention as the main principle in total environmental management. The scope of the project included collaborations with industry, government, academia, and professional and nongovernmental organizations. One of the main principles of the project in Ecuador was to put emphasis on the economic benefits of pollution prevention in a slowly developing environmental regulatory venue. Direct interventions in industrial sites provided evidence that there were plenty of opportunities for savings with no or low investments. C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Salazar, M (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 4606,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0343-0 PY 1998 BP 49 EP 54 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36A UT WOS:000081696300008 ER PT B AU Liao, SL Field, R Sullivan, D Fan, CY AF Liao, SL Field, R Sullivan, D Fan, CY BE Loucks, ED TI Implementing municipal stormwater management program: An overview of planning and administration SO WATER RESOURCES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB According to Clean Water Act's mandate, municipalities regulated under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program must, at a minimum, achieve technology-based requirements as a first step toward achieving loading reductions consistent with applicable water quality standards. In order to help municipalities implement their stormwater management programs (SWMPs) in a practical and cost-effective manner, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been developing a number of guidance manuals for assisting municipalities to implement their SWMPs. This paper summarizes the contents of the first volume of a two-volume manual currently being developed by EPA's Office of Wastewater Management and Office of Research and Development to: (1) provide a basic seven-step process for effective decision-making and long-term planning; (2) suggest practical guidance for municipalities to best implement their SWMPs; and (3) provide a watershed protection approach (an integrated, holistic strategy) for more effectively restoring and protecting aquatic ecosystems and protecting human health. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch,Wet Weather Flo, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Liao, SL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch,Wet Weather Flo, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0343-0 PY 1998 BP 517 EP 522 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36A UT WOS:000081696300087 ER PT B AU Liao, SL Field, R Yu, SL AF Liao, SL Field, R Yu, SL BE Loucks, ED TI Constructed wetlands for stormwater management: Applications, design, and evaluation SO WATER RESOURCES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB An analysis model, VirginiA Stormwater WETland Simulation Model (VASWETS) based on a double-layer (water column and substratum) box approach, was successfully developed to model the fate of pollutant transport in bucket wetlands. Results obtained indicate that the model has the ability to predict and optimize performance and to compare design criteria of stormwater (SW)-wetland systems. Design graphs for system-performance prediction and a comparative pollutant removal analysis for different detention times and pond/wetland (P/W) volume ratios for SW-P/W-management applications, both developed from the model calculations, are also included. A newly funded EPA bench-scale (continuous) and field-scale wetland/disinfection channel study will further examine and verify the model's algorithm for nutrient and pollutant dynamics at a variety of detention times and nutrient and metal loadings for three plant species. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resouce Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch,Wet Weather Flo, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Liao, SL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resouce Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch,Wet Weather Flo, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 7 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0343-0 PY 1998 BP 523 EP 528 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36A UT WOS:000081696300088 ER PT B AU Fan, CY Field, R O'Connor, TP Stinson, MK AF Fan, CY Field, R O'Connor, TP Stinson, MK BE Loucks, ED TI Urban wet-weather flows toxic pollutants: Characterization and enhanced sedimentation treatment SO WATER RESOURCES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago ID SIZE AB This paper presents a brief overview of sources of toxic pollutants in the urban watershed and of a treatment approach, specifically the high-rate, microcarrier-weighted flocculation and sedimentation process, for removing these toxic pollutants, as well. Urban wet-weather flow (WWF), which includes sanitary sewer overflow (SSO), combined sewer overflow (CSO), and stormwater discharge (SWD), contains significant quantities of toxic substances. WWF related toxic pollutants are major contributors to the degradation of receiving waters. Urban storm runoff contains a greater variety of toxic pollutants than sanitary wastewater. Field studies have identified such priority pollutants as benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), pesticides, and toxic heavy metals. In urban WWF, toxic pollutants are primarily associated with the small-size particles, ranging from <50 mu m to <10 mu m, that are difficult to remove by conventional WWF sedimentation technologies. Advanced sedimentation systems show promise of reasonable effectiveness for removing these small-size particles containing these toxic pollutants. Importantly, these advanced sedimentation processes operate effectively at high-rates which is a needed attribute for the economical treatment of storm-generated high flowrates. The new sedimentation technologies use either the addition of an inert microcarrier with the addition of chemicals or the recirculation of chemically conditioned sludge. The Micosep(R) (International Water Solutions Corporation) and the Actiflo(R) (Omnium de Traitement et de Valorisation [OTV]) use recycled microcarriers (e.g. microsand), while DensaDeg(R) (Infilco Degremont, Inc.) uses sludge. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Fan, CY (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. OI O'Connor, Thomas/0000-0002-5643-644X NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0343-0 PY 1998 BP 535 EP 540 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36A UT WOS:000081696300090 ER PT B AU Borst, M AF Borst, M BE Loucks, ED TI Planned EPA research in urban watershed modeling SO WATER RESOURCES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB Many mathematical watershed planning and management models exist. Various organizations, public and private, are using and developing these models. This paper outlines the EPA research direction for modeling efforts supporting the urban watershed over the next few years. EPA's modeling research plan relies heavily on past efforts, and following Agency policy, recognizes the ultimate user is the local community. The peer-reviewed EPA Wet Weather Flow Research Plan(1) broadly outlines the plan and it was the topic of a targeted three-day discussion in Edison, NJ. C1 US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Borst, M (reprint author), US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0343-0 PY 1998 BP 541 EP 546 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN36A UT WOS:000081696300091 ER PT J AU Wilson, GJ Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Brenner, RC Acheson, CM AF Wilson, GJ Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Brenner, RC Acheson, CM TI Anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol using GAC fluidized bed reactors: Optimization of the empty bed contact time SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Biennial Conference of the International-Association-on-Water-Quality CY JUN 21-26, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Int Assoc Water Quality DE PCP; anaerobic; EBCT; fluidized bed; activated carbon; chlorophenols ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; SLUDGE; MICROORGANISMS; CHLOROPHENOLS; SORPTION; SOILS; FRESH AB An integrated reactor system has been developed to remediate pentachlorophenol (PCP) containing wastes using sequential anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation. Anaerobically, PCP was degraded to approximately equimolar concentrations (>99%) of chlorophenol (CP) in a granular activated carbon (GAC) fluidized bed reactor (FBR) at empty bed contact times (EBCTs) ranging from 18.6 to 2.3 hr. However, at lower EBCTs, chlorophenol concentrations decreased to less than 10% of the influent PCP concentration. The optimal EBCT was determined to be 2.3 hr based on PCP conversion to CPs and stable reactor operation. Decreasing the EBCT fourfold did not inhibit degradation of PCP and its intermediates, and thus, removal of PCP is possible at lower detention times providing a significant cost advantage. Analytical grade PCP was fed via syringe pumps into a GAC FBR at an influent concentration of 200 mg/L. Acting as the primary substrate, ethanol was also fed at a concentration of 1388 mg/L. Effluent PCP and chlorinated phenolic compounds were analyzed weekly to evaluate reactor performance. Biodegradation pathways were also identified. 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) was the predominant CP. Concentrations of 3-CP follow the same trends as 3,5-dichlorophenol (DCP) concentrations. In a similar manner, 4-chlorophenol concentrations correlate with 3,4-DCP concentrations. A second stage aerobic GAC FBR was added after the anaerobic bioreactor which removed the remaining CP and phenols. No phenol or CP has been observed in the effluent or on the GAG. Overall, the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading was reduced from 34 g/L*d to less than 1.36 g/L*d. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wilson, GJ (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 741 Balwin Hall ML 0071, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 7 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00602-7 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 147KN UT WOS:000077567400003 ER PT J AU Miller, KM Suidan, MT Sorial, GA Khodadoust, AP Acheson, CM Brenner, RC AF Miller, KM Suidan, MT Sorial, GA Khodadoust, AP Acheson, CM Brenner, RC TI Anaerobic treatment of soil wash fluids from a wood preserving site SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Biennial Conference of the International-Association-on-Water-Quality CY JUN 21-26, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Int Assoc Water Quality DE activated carbon; anaerobic; fluidized-bed; PAHs; PCP ID HYDROCARBONS; NAPHTHALENE; SEDIMENTS AB An integrated system has been developed to remediate soils contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This system involves the coupling of two treatment technologies, soil solvent washing and anaerobic biotreatment of the extract. Specifically, this study evaluated the effectiveness of the granular activated carbon (GAC) fluidized-bed reactor to treat a synthetic waste stream of PCP and four PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, pyrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene) under anaerobic conditions. This waste stream was intended to simulate the wash fluids from a soil washing process treating soils from a wood preserving site. The reactor achieved a removal efficiency of greater than 99.8% for PCP with conversion to its dechlorination intermediates ranging from 47% to 77%. Effluent, carbon extraction, and isotherm data also indicate that naphthalene and acenaphthene were removed from the liquid phase with efficiencies of 86% and 93%, respectively. Effluent levels of pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were extremely low due to the adsorptive capacity of GAC for these compounds. Experimental evidence does not suggest that these compounds were chemically transformed within the reactor. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Miller, KM (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 741 Baldwin Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 7 BP 63 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00608-8 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 147KN UT WOS:000077567400010 ER PT J AU Topudurti, K Wojciechowski, M Anagnostopoulos, S Eilers, R AF Topudurti, K Wojciechowski, M Anagnostopoulos, S Eilers, R TI Field evaluation of a photocatalytic oxidation technology SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Biennial Conference of the International-Association-on-Water-Quality CY JUN 21-26, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Int Assoc Water Quality DE photocatalytic oxidation; ultraviolet radiation; titanium dioxide; volatile organic compounds; chemical oxidation; advanced oxidation AB A commercial-scale photocatalytic oxidation system developed by Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix) was evaluated to generate performance and cost data for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). High percent removals (up to 99.9%) were observed for aromatic and unsaturated VOCs. However, saturated VOC removals were insignificant. Oxidant addition to the contaminated groundwater significantly improved the treatment system performance. The Matrix system performance was reproducible under identical operating conditions. Treatment by the Matrix system did not reduce the groundwater toxicity for water fleas and fathead minnows at the 95% confidence level. Toxicity reduction achieved through VOC removal appears to have been negated by the formation of toxic byproducts including aldehydes and haloacetic acids. Estimated treatment costs are about $7.60 per 1,000 litres of groundwater. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tetra Tech EM Inc, Kyoto 60601, Japan. US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Topudurti, K (reprint author), Tetra Tech EM Inc, 200 E Randolph Dr,Suite 4700, Kyoto 60601, Japan. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IWA PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 7 BP 117 EP 125 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00629-5 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 147KN UT WOS:000077567400016 ER PT J AU Thomann, RV Linker, LC AF Thomann, RV Linker, LC TI Contemporary issues in watershed and water quality modeling for eutrophication control SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Eutrophication Research : State of the Art - Inputs, Processes, Effects, Modelling, Management CY AUG 28-29, 1997 CL WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS DE bivalve; dissolved oxygen; eutrophication; nitrogen; phosphorus; water quality model; watershed model ID CHESAPEAKE BAY AB Three issues are discussed: controllability of nonpoint nutrient loadings using watershed models; the sometimes counter intuitive results from eutrophication models from nutrient controls for coastal waters; and the potential significant interaction of improvement in habitat for suspension feeding bivalves. For the Chesapeake Bay watershed model, and for Limit of Technology (LOT) controls, a 16% and 45% reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, is calculated. For the Bay, it is concluded that removal of phosphorus only is less effective than nitrogen in improving bottom water DO because of differential transport of nitrogen downstream. For the Delaware estuary, a significant decline in phytoplankton chlorophyll has been observed in the absence of any nutrient controls but in the presence of improved DO. A simple model is offered that hypothesized an increase iii benthic bivalve filtration of overlying water as a result of improvement in DO. (C) 1998 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Manhattan Coll, Dept Environm Engn, Riverdale, NY 10471 USA. US EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. RP Thomann, RV (reprint author), Manhattan Coll, Dept Environm Engn, Riverdale, NY 10471 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 37 IS 3 BP 93 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00060-2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA ZM335 UT WOS:000073528200012 ER PT S AU Shaw, SE Regli, S AF Shaw, SE Regli, S GP INT WATER SERV ASSOC INT WATER SERV ASSOC TI American regulations regarding residual disinfectant practices SO WATER SUPPLY, VOL 16, NOS 3/4 - 1998: IWSA INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZED CONFERENCE SE WATER SUPPLY : THE REVIEW JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER SUPPLY ASSOCIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IWSA International Specialized Conference on Drinking Water Distribution With or Without Disinfectant Residual CY SEP 28-30, 1998 CL MULHEIM AN RUHR, GERMANY SP Int Water Serv Assoc, IWW, DVGW AB In the United States the majority of water systems provide a disinfectant residual in the distribution system. At present only surface water systems are required to do so by regulation. This paper discusses forthcoming and longterm regulations and how they may affect water treatment and distribution system water quality, operations and maintenance. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Shaw, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND SN 0735-1917 J9 WATER SUPP PY 1998 VL 16 IS 3-4 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources SC Chemistry; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources GA BM56B UT WOS:000079101700004 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ AF Gordon, CJ TI Behavioral thermoregulatory response to chlorpyrifos in the rat SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE temperature regulation; temperature gradient; behavioral thermoregulation; motor activity; hypothermia; hyperthermia; fever ID DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE; LABORATORY MAMMALS; BODY-TEMPERATURE; INSECTICIDES; BRAIN; FEVER AB Chlorpyrifos (CHP) is a heavily used organophosphorous-based insecticide that elicits thermoregulatory dysfunction in the rat characterized by an initial period of hypothermia followed by a delayed hyperthermia lasting 24-72 h after exposure. The purpose of the present study was to determine (1) if the delayed hyperthermia is linked to CHP-induced hypothermia and (2) if the hypothermia and delayed hyperthermia are regulated by the CNS thermoregulatory centers. Core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA) of female Long-Evans rats were monitored via radiotelemetry. Rats housed in a temperature gradient were administered the control vehicle or CHP (25 mg/kg (p.o.)) while T-c, MA and ambient temperature (T-a) preferred by rats in the gradient (i.e. selected T-a) were recorded. There was an initial reduction in T-c concomitant with a decrease in selected T-a. A gradual recovery in T-c occurred during the first night along with a preference for warmer T-a's and depressed MA. The day after CHP there was an elevation in T-c but no change in selected T-a, suggesting that the delayed rise in T-c was regulated. In another experiment, the hypothermic effects of CHP (25 mg/kg (p.o.)) were blocked by raising T-a from 22 to 31 degrees C immediately after CHP administration. Non-heated rats administered CHP underwent a marked period of hypothermia followed by an elevation in diurnal T-c for 2 days. Heated rats showed no hypothermic response but did undergo a hyperthermic response 48 h after CHP. MA was reduced during the first night after CHP in both non-heated and heated groups. Overall, the CHP-induced hyperthermia is not dependent on the development of hypothermia. Behavioral thermoregulatory observations suggest that both hypothermia and hyperthermia are regulated by CNS thermoregulatory centers. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 31 PY 1997 VL 124 IS 3 BP 165 EP 171 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00147-9 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YW588 UT WOS:000071951400001 PM 9482118 ER PT J AU Burke, RA Zepp, RG Tarr, MA Miller, WL Stocks, BJ AF Burke, RA Zepp, RG Tarr, MA Miller, WL Stocks, BJ TI Effect of fire on soil-atmosphere exchange of methane and carbon dioxide in Canadian boreal forest sites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; WATER CONTENT; RESPIRATION; FLUXES; CO2; ECOSYSTEMS; CONSUMPTION; TEMPERATURE; EVOLUTION; EMISSIONS AB During the spring and summer of 1994 we monitored soil-atmosphere exchanges of methane and carbon dioxide at upland sites in the Canadian boreal forest near the northern study area (NSA) of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). The effects of fire on methane and carbon dioxide exchange in black spruce stands developed on clay soils were evaluated by measuring fluxes with dark chambers in unburned stands and stands burned in 1994, 1992, and 1987. Similar measurements were made in jack pine stands developed on sandy soils, one unburned and the other burned in 1989. All of the sites were net sinks of atmospheric methane with median fluxes ranging from -0.3 to -1.4 mg CH4-C m(-2) d(-1). Median fluxes of carbon dioxide from the forest floor to the atmosphere ranged between 1 and 2 g C m(-2) d(-1). Both ecosystem characteristics (e.g., soil and vegetation type) and burning history (time since burn and fire intensity) appear to have some effect on atmospheric methane consumption and carbon dioxide emission by these forest soils. In general, the jack pine sites were stronger methane sinks and had lower carbon dioxide emissions than the black spruce sites. After a few years of recovery, the burned sites tended to be slightly stronger methane sinks than unburned controls. Our results suggest that soil CO2 effluxes from upland black spruce stands may not be immediately impacted by fire, possibly maintained at preburn levels by microbial decomposition of labile compounds released as a result of the fire. By 2 years postfire there appears to be a significant reduction in sail CO2 flux, due to the loss of tree root and moss respiration and possibly to the depletion of fire-related labile compounds. The observed recovery of soil respiration rates to preburn levels by 7 years postburn is probably due to the respiration of regrowing vegetation and the combined effects of elevated soil temperatures (about 4 degrees to 5 degrees C warmer than unburned sites) and improved litter quality on soil microbial activities. We estimate that soil CO2 emissions from recently burned boreal forest soils in the northern hemisphere could be of the order of 0.35 Pg C yr(-1), which is in good agreement with a previous estimate that was derived in a different manner. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Forestry Canada, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 5M7, Canada. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA USA. RP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM burke.roger@epamail.epa.gov; matcm@jazz.ucc.uno.edu; millerwl@ac.dal.ca; bstocks@am.glfc.forestry.ca NR 52 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29289 EP 29300 DI 10.1029/97JD01331 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900047 ER PT J AU Zepp, RG Miller, WL Tarr, MA Burke, RA Stocks, BJ AF Zepp, RG Miller, WL Tarr, MA Burke, RA Stocks, BJ TI Soil-atmosphere fluxes of carbon monoxide during early stages of postfire succession in upland Canadian boreal forests SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OXIDATION; AMMONIUM; CLIMATE; SAVANNA; FIRE; CO; EMISSIONS; MOISTURE; METHANE; MATTER AB Soil-atmosphere fluxes of carbon monoxide (GO) were investigated during BOREAS 1994 (June to September 1994) in forest sites near the northern study area (NSA) of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). Fluxes and related ancillary data were measured for both upland black spruce (located on poorly drained clay-textured soils) and jack pine sites (well-drained sandy soils) that were in early stages of succession following stand replacement fires that occurred within 7 years of BOREAS 1993. Nearby control stands that had not burned in the past 80 years were studied for comparison. Net fluxes measured by using transparent closed chambers were generally positive at the warmer, sunlit burn sites but negative (sink activity) in the shaded, cooler control sites. Carbon monoxide uptake in controls, which was first order with respect to CO concentration, was little affected by covering the sampling chambers to exclude light. Median deposition velocities calculated from the uptake fluxes were 0.015 cm s(-1) at the black spruce control site and 0.0055 cm s(-1) at the jack pine control site, at the lower end of the range of values observed by others in tropical and temperate ecosystems. Daytime CO fluxes at the burn sites were generally positive (10(11)-10(12) molecules cm(-2) s(-1)) and were lowered when solar irradiance was excluded from the chambers by covering or when cloudiness or smoke reduced the light intensity. Net fluxes at the burn sites were controlled by competition between abiotic production, mainly at the surface, and by oxidation deeper in the soil. Abiotic production, which was attributable to photoproduction and thermal decomposition of the surface organic layer and charcoal, strongly correlated with incident solar irradiance, and thus the greatest fluxes were observed during midday. Results of these studies indicate that the locally dependent changes in boreal fire return intervals that are linked to global climate change represent an important biospheric/physical feedback that is likely to alter the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of CO. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosys Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Canadian Forest Serv, Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada. RP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosys Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM zepp.richard@epamail.epa.gov; millerwl@ac.dal.ca; matcm@jazz.ucc.uno.edu; bstocks@am.glfc.forestry.ca NR 41 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29301 EP 29311 DI 10.1029/97JD01326 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900048 ER PT J AU Bourbonniere, RA Miller, WL Zepp, RG AF Bourbonniere, RA Miller, WL Zepp, RG TI Distribution, flux, and photochemical production of carbon monoxide in a boreal beaver impoundment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; SEA-WATER; NATURAL-WATERS; TRACE GASES; SEAWATER; CONSUMPTION; METHANE; OCEAN; CYCLE; LAKE AB Photochemical transformations are important processes in the production and distribution of carbon monoxide (GO) in lakes and oceans. Initial studies of dissolved CO concentrations, CO fluxes, and in situ photochemical production were conducted at a boreal forest beaver pond near Thompson, Manitoba. Dissolved CO concentration profiles are characterized by stronger vertical gradients during the summer months. Midday integrated CO content of the upper water column ranges from 5-6 mu mol/m(2) in the summer to 3-4 mu mol/m(2) in the autumn. Surface concentrations of dissolved CO increase after sunrise in both summer and fall, attaining up to 120 nmol/L by late afternoon in the summer compared with 50 nmol/L for the same time in the autumn. The do supersaturation ratio for this pond ranges from 37 to 875, which is 4-7 times higher than other freshwater systems studied. CO flux across the air-water interface, measured in static floating quartz chambers, tracks well with UV-A, UV-B, and full spectrum solar irradiance in the summer. The maximum flux measured at solar noon of 1.6 nmol/m(2)/s on Julian day 168 in June 1994 was 5 times higher than that measured at the same time of day and location on Julian day 269 in September 1995. The depth to which photochemical production of CO occurs is limited in these dark waters because of the strong absorbance of solar radiation by dissolved organic matter. In situ exposure experiments, conducted over 24 daylight hours, under autumn light conditions, indicated that up to 20 nmol of CO can be produced photochemically at 5 cm depth from 1 mg of dissolved organic carbon, rapidly decreasing to less than one fourth that amount below 7 cm depth. In situ photoproduction rates compare favorably with those from a theoretical model (GCSOLAR). Measured static fluxes are similar to what would be expected from a simple laminar film diffusive flux model given the measured supersaturation ratios or the in situ photoproduction rates as input values. C1 Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, 867 Lakeshore Rd,POB 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. EM rick.bourbon@CCIW.ca NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29321 EP 29329 DI 10.1029/97JD02234 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900050 ER PT J AU Lilly, PD Andersen, ME Ross, TM Pegram, RA AF Lilly, PD Andersen, ME Ross, TM Pegram, RA TI Physiologically based estimation of in vivo rates of bromodichloromethane metabolism SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bromodichloromethane; physiologically based modeling; rates of metabolism; water disinfection by-products ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; KINETIC CONSTANTS; BY-PRODUCTS; CHLOROFORM; MICROSOMES; PHARMACOKINETICS; DIHALOMETHANES; ACTIVATION; HALOFORMS; OXIDATION AB Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a rodent carcinogen formed by chlorination of drinking water containing bromide and organic precursors. BDCM is a member of the class of disinfection by-products known as trihalomethanes (THMs), compounds that have been shown to be carcinogenic in rodents. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed and applied to provide estimates of the rates of metabolism of BDCM in vivo in rats. The model consists of five compartments (liver, kidney, fat and slowly and rapidly perfused tissues). Tissue partition coefficients were determined using a modified vial equilibration technique and rates of metabolism were estimated by fitting data obtained from stable metabolite (bromide ion, (Br-)) analysis following 4 h constant concentration BDCM inhalation exposure (50-3200 ppm) and closed chamber gas uptake experiments. Metabolism was described using a single saturable pathway representing a high capacity, high affinity process (V-maxc = 12.8 mg/h/kg; K-m = 0.5 mg/l). Rate constants obtained from Br- data adequately described data from gas uptake experiments and literature data on exhalation of (CO)-C-14 and (CO2)-C-14, produced following oral gavage with C-14-BDCM. Pretreatment with trans-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), an inhibitor of CYP2E1, increased the apparent K-m from 0.5 to 225 mg/l indicating that CYP2E1 is the major P450 isoform involved in the bioactivation of BDCM to reactive intermediates. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Div Expt Toxicol, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Pegram, RA (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Div Expt Toxicol, Pharmacokinet Branch, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 38 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 124 IS 2 BP 141 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00146-7 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YT936 UT WOS:000071661400007 PM 9458004 ER PT J AU Boufadel, MC Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Boufadel, MC Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI Density-dependent flow in one-dimensional variably-saturated media SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE finite element; beaches; coupled-flow; saltwater; freshwater ID FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL; RICHARDS EQUATION; NUMERICAL-SOLUTION; SALTWATER INTRUSION; CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT; UNSATURATED SOIL; WATER; INFILTRATION; RETENTION; ZONE AB A one-dimensional finite element model is developed to simulate density-dependent now of saltwater in variably saturated media. The Bow and solute equations were solved in a coupled mode (iterative), in a partially coupled mode (non-iterative), and in a completely decoupled mode. Pressure head was considered as the dependent variable in the fluid motion equation, and a backward Euler scheme with mass lumping was used for time discretization of both flow and transport equations. The modified Picard method was used in the Bow equation to solve for pressure heads. The model was verified by comparison to an analytical test function and published numerical results. It was found that density effects on the Bow decreased with the pressure head. However, significant effects can still be observed at relatively low (negative) pressure heads. The density dependence effects were st their maxima at steady state. Partial coupling of the flow and transport equations was shown to give satisfactory results in comparison with full coupling. The advantage in partial coupling is a reduced amount of numerical computation. The finite element formulation of the model is presented in a form that allows a person with finite difference expertise to implement it easily. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM msuidan@boss.cee.uc.edu NR 49 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD DEC 25 PY 1997 VL 202 IS 1-4 BP 280 EP 301 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00074-7 PG 22 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YT785 UT WOS:000071644800017 ER PT J AU Schmitt, P Garrison, AW Freitag, D Kettrup, A AF Schmitt, P Garrison, AW Freitag, D Kettrup, A TI Application of cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography to the separations of selected neutral pesticides and their enantiomers SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE enantiomer separation; buffer composition; pesticides; organophosphorus compounds; DDT congeners; phenoxy acids, methyl esters; metolachlor; cyclodextrins ID CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; PHENOXY ACID HERBICIDES; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RESOLUTION GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; CHIRAL SEPARATION; CATIONIC HERBICIDES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SERUM-ALBUMIN; WATER AB The environmental chemistry of chiral pesticides is receiving increased attention - enantiomeric ratios are being measured and enantioselective degradation processes are being reported. The requisite analysis involves separation of the various enantiomers. Mixtures of three classes of chiral pesticides - organophosphorus, DDT congeners and methyl esters of phenoxy acids - were separately tested for separation, first by non-chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Generally, the components of each mixture were so strongly adsorbed by the micelles that they coeluted with the micelles. Then, different concentrations of an organic modifier, methanol or acetonitrile, were added. Only the five organophosphorus pesticides were separated efficiently; components of the other mixtures still migrated with the micelles. Each of six cyclodextrins (CD) - alpha-, beta-, gamma-, hydroxypropyl-beta-, dimethyl-beta- and trimethyl-beta-CD, were then added to the borate-SDS buffer, with and without the organic modifier, to test for separation of the non-chiral compounds and the enantiomers of the chiral racemates by CD-MEKC. The enantiomers of malathion, ruelene and dialifos were separated by hydroxypropyl-beta-CD, beta-CD and/or gamma-CD, while the enantiomers of isofenfos and fenamifos could not be separated. gamma-CD with methanol modifier allowed baseline separation of the three phenoxy acid methyl esters and of the enantiomers of fenoprop methyl ester, but none of the CDs separated the enantiomers of mecoprop and dichlorprop methyl esters. The use of gamma-CD with acetonitrile modifier resulted in excellent separation of six DDT congeners, o,p'- and p,p'-DDT, -DDD and DDE, as well as baseline separation of the enantiomers of the chiral members of this series, o,p'-DDT and -DDD. Finally, attempts were made to separate the four enantiomers of the herbicide metolachlor; three of the enantiomers were separated by gamma-CD with methanol. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit GMBH, Inst Ecol Chem, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Schmitt, P (reprint author), GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit GMBH, Inst Okol Chem, Schulstr 10, D-85356 Freising, Germany. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 47 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD DEC 19 PY 1997 VL 792 IS 1-2 BP 419 EP 429 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00798-X PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA YT286 UT WOS:000071584900030 ER PT J AU DeAngelo, AB Daniel, FB Most, BM Olson, GR AF DeAngelo, AB Daniel, FB Most, BM Olson, GR TI Failure of monochloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid administered in the drinking water to produce liver cancer in male F344/N rats SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID 90 DAY TOXICITY; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; CHLOROACETIC ACIDS; BY-PRODUCTS; MOUSE; MUTAGENICITY; METABOLITES; INDUCTION; CARCINOGENICITY; CHLORINATION AB The chlorinated acetic acids monochloroacetic acid (MCA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are found as chlorine disinfection by-products in finished drinking-water supplier. TCA has been demonstrated to be a mouse liver carcinogen. A chronic study in which male Fischer 344/N rats were exposed for 104 wk to TCA and MCA in the drinking water is described. Animals, 28 d old, were exposed to 0.05, 0.5, or 2 g/L MCA, or 0.05, 0.5, or 5 g/L TCA. The 2.0 g/L MCA was lowered in stages to 1 g/L when the animals began to exhibit signs of toxicity. A time-weighted mean daily MCA concentration (MDC) of 1.1 g/L was calculated over the 104-wk exposure period. Time-weighted mean daily doses (MDD) based upon measured water consumption were 3.5, 26.1, and 59.9 mg/kg/d for 0.05, 0.5, and 1.1 g/L MCA, respectively; TCA MDD were 3.6, 32.5, and 363.8 mg/kg/d. Nonneoplastic hepatic changes were for the most part spontaneous and age related. No evidence of hepatic neoplasia was found at any of the MCA or TCA doses. The incidence of neoplastic lesions at other sites was not enhanced over that in the control group. Drinking water concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.5 g/L MCA produced a moderate to severe toxicity as reflected by a depressed water consumption and growth rate. A no-observed-effects level (NOEL) for carcinogenicity of 0.5 g/L (26.1 mg/kg/d) MCA was calculated. TCA at drinking water levels as high as 5 g/L produced only minimal toxicity and growth inhibition and provided a NOEL of 364 mg/kg/d. Our results demonstrate that under the conditions of this bioassay, MCA and TCA were not tumorigenic in the male F344/N rat. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. PATHOL ASSOCIATES INC,W CHESTER,OH. RP DeAngelo, AB (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD 68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 49 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD DEC 12 PY 1997 VL 52 IS 5 BP 425 EP 445 DI 10.1080/009841097159557 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YG950 UT WOS:A1997YG95000003 PM 9388534 ER PT J AU Reddy, G Reddy, TV Choudhury, H Daniel, FB Leach, GJ AF Reddy, G Reddy, TV Choudhury, H Daniel, FB Leach, GJ TI Assessment of environmental hazards of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID FISCHER-344 RATS; TOXICITY; TRINITROTOLUENE; ENCEPHALOPATHY AB The remedial investigation/feasibility studies conducted at certain Army installations showed a need to clean up contaminated sites, where high levels of ammunition chemicals such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB), and their degradation products/metabolites were detected in surface soil and groundwater. TNB is a photodegradation product of TNT; it is not easily degraded, and persists in the environment. The toxicity data on TNB are scanty. Hence the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1988 (U.S. EPA, 1997) developed a reference dose (RfD) for TNB (0.00005 mg/kg/d for chronic toxicity) based on the toxicity of DNB, which is structurally similar to TNB. Since then we have completed acute, subacute, subchronic, chronic, reproductive, and developmental toxicity studies and toxicokinetics studies. We have reviewed the mammalian toxicity data for TNB and have determined the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) and low observed adverse effect levels (LOAEL) for subchronic, chronic, reproductive, and developmental toxicity. Based on the newly determined NOAEL and LOAEL values, we have now developed a new RfD for TNB (0.03 mg/kg/d), based on the chronic toxic effects on hematology and histopathological changes in testes and kidney. C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Reddy, G (reprint author), USA,CTR HLTH PROMOT & PREVENT MED,ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND,MD 21010, USA. NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD DEC 12 PY 1997 VL 52 IS 5 BP 447 EP 460 DI 10.1080/009841097159566 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YG950 UT WOS:A1997YG95000004 PM 9388535 ER PT J AU Dellarco, VL Kimmel, CA AF Dellarco, VL Kimmel, CA TI Risk assessment of environmental agents for developmental toxicity: current and emerging approaches SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE developmental toxicity; congenital anomaly; zygote; in utero carcinogenesis; risk assessment ID N-NITROSOUREA EXPOSURE; ALPHA TGF-ALPHA; CONGENITAL-MALFORMATIONS; GENETIC-DISEASE; ETHYLENE-OXIDE; MOUSE ZYGOTES; CLEFT-LIP; ANOMALIES; MICE; ASSOCIATION C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8601, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dellarco, VL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8601, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM dellarco.vicki@epamail.epa.gov NR 76 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 EI 1873-135X J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD DEC 12 PY 1997 VL 396 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 205 EP 218 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00185-1 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YN777 UT WOS:000071205500014 PM 9434870 ER PT J AU Jiang, JS Vane, LM Sikdar, SK AF Jiang, JS Vane, LM Sikdar, SK TI Recovery of VOCs from surfactant solutions by pervaporation SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pervaporation; liquid permeability and separations; surfactant; soil remediation; water treatment ID ENHANCED SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION; TREAT REMEDIATION; WATER; REMOVAL; SOLUBILIZATION; TECHNOLOGIES; HYDROCARBONS; MIXTURES; PUMP AB Surfactant-based processes are emerging as promising technologies to enhance conventional pump-and-treat methods for remediating soils contaminated with nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), primarily due to the potential to significantly reduce the remediation time. In order to reuse the surfactant, thereby making the process more economical, the NAPLs must be separated from the surfactant solution. Pervaporation was identified as a potential technology for removing volatile NAPLs from surfactant solutions. Initial tests with 1,1,1 -trichloroethane (TCA) in an aqueous solution of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 showed that the surfactant had a negligible effect on both flux and selectivity at concentrations of up to four times the critical micelle concentration (4 x CMC). Further tests with a 40 x CMC surfactant solution yielded moderately lower TCA fluxes and selectivities than comparable aqueous solutions without surfactant. The reduced pervaporation performance at higher surfactant and TCA concentrations were found to result from two effects: (1) increases in the viscosity of the solution, which increases the liquid-side boundary layer mass transfer resistance and (2) partitioning of TCA into the micelles, thereby reducing the effective extramicellar concentration. Despite these reductions in performance, pervaporation was found to be quite capable of removing this volatile NAPL from the surfactant solutions. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 33 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD DEC 10 PY 1997 VL 136 IS 1-2 BP 233 EP 247 DI 10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00169-5 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA YK275 UT WOS:A1997YK27500021 ER PT J AU Kim, BS Smialowicz, RJ AF Kim, BS Smialowicz, RJ TI The role of metabolism in 2-methoxyethanol-induced suppression of in vitro polyclonal antibody responses by rat and mouse lymphocytes SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antibody response; hepatocytes; immunosuppression; lymphocytes; 2-methoxyacetaldehyde; 2-methoxyacetic acid; 2-methoxyethanol; rats; mice ID ETHYLENE-GLYCOL MONOMETHYL; 2-METHOXYACETIC ACID; METHOXYACETIC ACID; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; TESTICULAR TOXICITY; MURINE SPLENOCYTES; FISCHER-344 RATS; MIXED CULTURES; ETHER EGME; IN-VITRO AB Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the glycol ether 2-methoxyethanol (ME) produces immunosuppression in the rat but not in the mouse. To investigate possible mechanisms for this species difference in ME-induced immunotoxicity, the effects of ME and its metabolites, 2-methoxyacetic acid (MAA) and 2-methoxyacetaldehyde (MAAD), on in vitro polyclonal antibody responses by Fisher 344 rat and B6C3F1 mouse lymphocytes, were studied. MAAD and MAA suppressed IgM and IgG production by both mouse and rat lymphocytes at non-cytotoxic doses. However, ME had no effect on antibody production by either mouse or rat lymphocytes. Lower concentrations of MAA suppressed rat lymphocyte IgM and IgG production (at 0.5 and 1.0 mM MAA, respectively) compared with mouse lymphocytes (2.0 mM MAA). IgM and IgG production by both rat and mouse lymphocytes was suppressed at comparable concentrations of MAAD (0.3 mM MAAD). The role that metabolism of ME to its immunosuppressive forms plays in this in vitro suppression was demonstrated using hepatocyte-lymphocyte co-cultures. IgM production by both mouse and rat lymphocytes was suppressed at a lower concentration of ME following co-culture with mouse (12.5 mM ME) versus rat (25 and 50 mM ME) hepatocytes. These in vitro results indicate that rat lymphocytes are more sensitive to MAA than are mouse lymphocytes and that mouse hepatocytes have a greater capacity to metabolize ME to its immunosuppressive metabolites than do rat hepatocytes. In addition, MAAD is more immunotoxic than MAA, suggesting that this metabolite may be the proximate immunotoxicant. These observation may partially explain the species differences in ME-induced immunosuppression in vivo. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 51 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 5 PY 1997 VL 123 IS 3 BP 227 EP 239 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00117-0 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YD153 UT WOS:A1997YD15300007 PM 9355941 ER PT J AU Kari, F Hatch, G Slade, R Crissman, K Simeonova, PP Luster, M AF Kari, F Hatch, G Slade, R Crissman, K Simeonova, PP Luster, M TI Dietary restriction mitigates ozone-induced lung inflammation in rats: A role for endogenous antioxidants SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOOD RESTRICTION; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; ASCORBIC-ACID; GUINEA-PIGS; TRANSPORT; ENZYMES; LIVER; ACCUMULATION; EXPRESSION; SUBSTANCES AB Studies were undertaken to determine whether dietary restriction protects against acute pulmonary oxidant challenge, Male F344 rats were ed NIH-31 diet either ad libitum or at restricted levels equal to 75% that of ad libitum intake. After 3 wk of dietary adaptation, animals were exposed by inhalation to 2.0 ppm ozone (O-3) for 2 h or chamber air and evaluated for cellular and biochemical indices of pulmonary toxicity. Compared to air controls, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from O-3 exposed ad libitum fed rats contained increased protein (145 versus 380 mu g/ml), PMN infiltration (0 versus 11%) and fibronectin (45 versus 607 U/ml). Diet restriction abrogated these indicators of pulmonary inflammation induced by ozone. Binding of O-18(3) to BALF protein and cells was significantly decreased in diet restricted rats while BALF ascorbate and glutathione levels, bill not alpha-tocopherol or urate, were elevated compared to an libitum fed rats. Taken together, these results indicate that dietary restriction affords protection against O-3-induced oxidant toxicity. Protection is mediated partially by increases in ascorbate in the fluid bathing the lung surface, thereby providing an antioxidant sink which minimizes the ability of O-3 to reach biological targets. C1 NIOSH, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Environm Immunol & Neurobiol Sect, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Luster, M (reprint author), NIOSH, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd,Mailstop 3014, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 17 IS 6 BP 740 EP 747 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA YL873 UT WOS:000071002400010 PM 9409561 ER PT J AU Genthner, BR Townsend, GT Blattmann, BO AF Genthner, BR Townsend, GT Blattmann, BO TI Reduction of 3-chlorobenzoate, 3-bromobenzoate, and benzoate to corresponding alcohols by Desulfomicrobium escambiense, isolated from a 3-chlorobenzoate-dechlorinating coculture SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DESULFOMONILE-TIEDJEI; SP-NOV; DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM; AROMATIC-ALDEHYDES; AQUATIC SEDIMENTS; STRAIN DCB-1; DEHALOGENATION; DECHLORINATION; OXIDATION AB An anaerobic bacterial coculture which dechlorinated 3-chlorobenzoate (3CB) to benzoate was obtained by single-colony isolation from an anaerobic bacterial consortium which completely degraded 3CB in defined medium. Of 29 additional halogenated aromatic compounds tested, the coculture removed the meta halogen from 2,3- and 2,5-dichlorobenzoate, 3-bromobenzoate (3BB), 5-chlorovanillate (5CV), and 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate. Dechlorinating activity in the coculture required the presence of pyruvate. 5CV was also O-demethoxylated. The coculture contained two cell types: a short, straight gram-negative rod and a long, thin, curved gram-positive rod. The short rod, Desulfomicrobium escambiense, was recently isolated and identified as a new sulfate-reducing bacterial species (B. R. Sharak Genthner, S. D. Friedman, and R. Devereux, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:889-892, 1997; B. R. Sharak Genthner, G. Mundfrom, and R. Devereux, Arch. Microbiol. 161:215-219, 1994). D. escambiense did not dehalogenate any of the compounds dehalogenated by the coculture, nor did it O-demethoxylate 5CV or vanillate. However, D. escambiense reduced 3CB, 3BB, and benzoate to their respective benzyl alcohols. Reduction to alcohols required the presence of pyruvate, which was transformed to acetate, lactate, and succinate in the presence or absence of 3CB, 3BB, or benzoate. Alcohol formation did not occur in pyruvate-sulfate medium. Under these conditions, sulfate was preferentially reduced. Other electron donors that supported the growth of D. escambiense during sulfate reduction did not support benzoate reduction to benzyl alcohol. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP Genthner, BR (reprint author), UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,11000 UNIV PKWY,PENSACOLA,FL 32514, USA. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 63 IS 12 BP 4698 EP 4703 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YK709 UT WOS:A1997YK70900012 PM 9471962 ER PT J AU Johnson, CH Rice, EW Reasoner, DJ AF Johnson, CH Rice, EW Reasoner, DJ TI Inactivation of Helicobacter pylori by chlorination SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER; MONOCHLORAMINE; INFECTION AB Three strains of Helicobacter pylori were studied to determine their resistance to chlorination. The organisms were readily inactivated by free chlorine and should therefore be controlled by disinfection practices normally employed in the treatment of drinking water. RP Johnson, CH (reprint author), US EPA,WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES DIV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 17 TC 42 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 63 IS 12 BP 4969 EP 4970 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YK709 UT WOS:A1997YK70900054 PM 9406419 ER PT J AU Allen-Gil, SM Landers, DH Wade, TL Sericano, JL Lasorsa, BK Crecelius, EA Curtis, LR AF Allen-Gil, SM Landers, DH Wade, TL Sericano, JL Lasorsa, BK Crecelius, EA Curtis, LR TI Heavy metal, organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl contamination in Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryi) in northern Alaska SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE heavy metals; organochlorine pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls; Spermophilus parryi; northern Alaska ID BEAR URSUS-MARITIMUS; MARINE FOOD-CHAINS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; PERSISTENT POLLUTANTS; ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS; DIETARY MIREX; PCB; MAMMALS; POPULATION; SEDIMENTS AB Heavy metal and organochlorine (OC) concentrations, including organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), were determined in arctic ground squirrels; (Spermophilus, parryi!) from three sites in the Brooks Range of northern Alaska in 1991-93. Heavy metals were present in most squirrel livers collected, with concentrations of trace elements (As, Cd, Hg, Ni, and Pb) averaging below 1 mu g/g wet weight. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,p'-DDE, gamma hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH), trans-nonachlor, and PCBs 138, 153, and 170 were the most frequently detected OCs in fat and liver. Average concentrations of individual OC analytes were below 20 ng/g wet weight in liver and below 15 ng/g wet weight in fat. Rank correlations indicate that concentrations of heavy metals and of OCs accumulate in concert with one another (As, Cd, Cu, and Zn; PCBs 138, 170, and 180). Although heavy metal and OC concentrations are low relative to other areas and other arctic species, the occurrence of these compounds illustrates the global pervasiveness of persistent organic compounds and the potential for bioaccumulation in the terrestrial arctic food web. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Geochem & Environm Res Grp, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Battelle Pacific NW Div, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Allen-Gil, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Wade, Terry/A-4012-2012 NR 67 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD DEC PY 1997 VL 50 IS 4 BP 323 EP 333 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA YR363 UT WOS:000071487900005 ER PT J AU Hagerman, LM Aneja, VP Lonneman, WA AF Hagerman, LM Aneja, VP Lonneman, WA TI Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons in the rural southeast United States SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE speciated non-methane hydrocarbons; rural; biogenics; annual measurements ID NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; SEASONAL-VARIATION; URBAN; TROPOSPHERE; ISOPRENE; AIR; ATMOSPHERES; EMISSIONS; ATLANTA; RATIOS AB Measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons, as well as ozone, meteorological and trace gas data, made at four rural sites located within the southeastern United States as a part of the Southern Oxidants Study are compared. The C-2-C-10 hydrocarbons were obtained during the 1200-1300 local time period, once every six days from September 1992 through October 1993. The light molecular weight alkanes (ethane, propane, rr-butane, iso-butane, ethene and acetylene) display a seasonal variation of a winter maximum and summer minimum. Isoprene was virtually non-existent during the winter at all sites, and averaged From 9.8 ppbC (Yorkville, Georgia) to 21.15 ppbC(Centreville, Alabama) during the summer. The Clo terpene concentration was largest during the summer period with averages ranging between 3.19 ppbC (Centreville, Alabama) and 6.38 ppbC (Oak Grove, Mississippi); winter time concentrations ranged from 1.25 to 1.9 ppbC for all sites. Propylene-equivalent concentrations were calculated to account for differences in reaction rates between the hydroxyl radical and individual hydrocarbons, and to thereby estimate their relative contribution to ozone, especially in regard to the highly reactive biogenic compounds such as isoprene. The propy-equivalent concentrations from the biogenics represent at least 65% of the total non-methane hydrocarbon sum at these four sites during the summer season. A plot of ozone versus NOy-NO highlights the NOx limited relationship of this region. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MARINE EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 40 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 23 BP 4017 EP 4038 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00223-9 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XZ760 UT WOS:A1997XZ76000016 ER PT J AU Zuelke, KA Jones, DP Perreault, SD AF Zuelke, KA Jones, DP Perreault, SD TI Glutathione oxidation is associated with altered microtubule function and disrupted fertilization in mature hamster oocytes SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID SULFHYDRYL-GROUPS; CHINESE-HAMSTER; MOUSE; MATURATION; DISULFIDE; RELEVANCE; MITOSIS; DIAMIDE; AGENTS; CELLS AB We hypothesized that depletion of glutathione (GSH) with diamide, a relatively specific GSH oxidant, may alter the meiotic spindle apparatus in mature hamster oocytes. Immunofluorescent analysis of oocytes exposed to diamide for 1.5 or 3 h revealed time-and concentration-dependent disruption of spindle morphology accompanied by chromosome clumping. In oocytes first cultured in diamide for 1.5 h and then in diamide-free medium for 1.5 or 3 h, microtubules appeared to repolymerize, but normal spindle structure was not regained. HPLC confirmed that diamide oxidized oocyte GSH under conditions identical to those associated with spindle-related abnormalities. Exposure of oocytes to 25 or 50 mu M diamide before in vitro fertilization did not affect their ability to undergo fertilization. A significant proportion of the fertilized oocytes that had been exposed to 50 mu M diamide before insemination exhibited abnormal multiple female pronuclei with an apparently normal male pronucleus. These observations indicate that mature hamster oocytes are susceptible to oxidative stress during the critical period that precedes fertilization and provide further evidence that GSH plays important roles in oocyte spindle function and pronucleus development. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,ATLANTA,GA 30322. US EPA,DIV REPROD TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Zuelke, KA (reprint author), VICTORIAN INST ANIM SCI,DIV MOL BIOL & GENET,ATTWOOD,VIC 3049,AUSTRALIA. RI Zuelke, Kurt/H-8609-2013 NR 29 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 57 IS 6 BP 1413 EP 1419 DI 10.1095/biolreprod57.6.1413 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA YJ458 UT WOS:A1997YJ45800019 PM 9408248 ER PT J AU Clark, LS Albertini, RJ Nicklas, JA AF Clark, LS Albertini, RJ Nicklas, JA TI The aminothiol WR-1065 protects T lymphocytes from ionizing radiation-induced deletions of the HPRT gene SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE LOCUS; NEUTRON-INDUCED MUTATIONS; V79 CELLS; S-2-(3-AMINOPROPYLAMINO)-ETHYLPHOSPHOROTHIOIC ACID; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; DOSE-RESPONSE; CHO CELLS; MUTANTS; DNA AB Aminothiols, such as WR-2721 and its active free thiol, WR-1065, reduce mutations from ionizing radiation in exponentially growing cells, In this study, human noncycling G(o) T lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to gamma-irradiation in the presence or absence of WR-1065. The five treatment groups were: (a) control; (b) treatment with 4 mM WR-1065; (c) treatment with 3 Gy of gamma-irradiation from a Cs-137 source; and (d) and (e) treatment with WR-1065 30 min prior to or 3 h after 3 Gy of gamma-irradiation, respectively, A total of 224 cloned HPRT mutants representing 179 independent mutations were analyzed for genetic alterations using multiplex PCR, Ionizing radiation alone significantly increased the percentage of mutations with gross structural alterations compared to controls (P = 0.02). Although the frequency of such large structural mutations was not different from control cells treated with WR-1065 alone, this aminothiol significantly reduced their frequency among irradiated mutants (P = 0.01) when the radioprotector was present during the irradiation, Addition of WR-1065 3 h postirradiation also greatly reduced the percentage of gross structural alterations; however, due to small numbers, this was not statistically significant, This is the first demonstration that the antimutagenicity of WR-1065 in human cells specifically protects against these kinds of large-scale DNA alterations induced by ionizing radiation, WR-1065 and similar aminothiol compounds may afford protection against radiation-induced mutations through polyamine-like processes, e.g., stabilization of chromatin structure, inhibition of cell proliferation, and influences on DNA repair systems. C1 Univ Vermont, Genet Toxicol Lab, Burlington, VT 05401 USA. RP Clark, LS (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Genet & Cellular Toxicol Branch, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA30688] NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 6 IS 12 BP 1033 EP 1037 PG 5 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YP217 UT WOS:000071254300009 PM 9419399 ER PT J AU Gerlach, RW VanEmon, JM AF Gerlach, RW VanEmon, JM TI Site evaluation of field portable pentachlorophenol immunoassays SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID EPA AB Four pentachlorophenol (PCP) enzyme immunoassays for environmental analysis have been evaluated through the U.S. EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) prog;ram Three assays were formatted for on-site field use and one assay could be used in a field laboratory setting. The assays are designed to provide quick on-site results for either soil or aqueous matrices during the cleanup or characterization of hazardous waste sites. The principal intended use of the data is for screening purposes. C1 US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV, LAS VEGAS, NV 89193 USA. RP Gerlach, RW (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SERV CO, 980 KELLY JOHNSON DR, LAS VEGAS, NV 89119 USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 EI 1879-1298 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 11 BP 2727 EP 2749 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00331-7 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YF737 UT WOS:A1997YF73700025 ER PT J AU Thompson, NE Stamnes, RL Koelling, MA AF Thompson, NE Stamnes, RL Koelling, MA TI Wonderwall SO CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 HAYWARD BAKER INC,SEATTLE,WA. RP Thompson, NE (reprint author), US EPA,SEATTLE,WA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0885-7024 J9 CIVIL ENG JI Civil Eng. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 67 IS 12 BP 41 EP 43 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA YH972 UT WOS:A1997YH97200026 ER PT J AU Su, CM Suarez, DL AF Su, CM Suarez, DL TI In situ infrared speciation of absorbed carbonate on aluminum and iron oxide SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared; carbonate adsorption; electrophoretic mobility; infrared; point of zero charge; point of zero net proton charge; x-ray diffraction ID ADSORBED CARBONATE; SOLUTION INTERFACE; GOETHITE; SURFACE; ADSORPTION; HYDROXIDE; CHARGE; FTIR; COMPLEXATION; BICARBONATE AB Surface adsorption mechanisms of dissolved inorganic carbon species on soil minerals are not well understood. Traditional infrared (IR) study of adsorbed species of inorganic carbon using air-dried samples may not reveal true species in the solid/water interface in suspension. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on interfacial carbonate speciation between solid and aqueous phases. The interaction of bicarbonate and carbonate ions with X-ray amorphous (am) Al and Fe oxides, gibbsite (gamma-Al(OH)(3)) and goethite ((alpha-FeOOH) was examined by electrophoresis and in sitar attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The presence of carbonate lowered the electrophoretic mobility and decreased the point of zero charge (PZC) of all minerals, implying specific adsorption. Inner-sphere complexation of bicarbonate and carbonate was supported by a lowering in the anion sym metry due to the interaction with Al and Fe oxide surfaces. Only complexed monodentate carbonate was identified in am-Al(OH)(3)/aqueous solution at pH 4.1-7.8 when the solid was reacted with either NaHCO3 or Na2CO3 solutions. Am-Al(OH)(3) was transformed to a crystalline sodium aluminum hydroxy carbonate, dawsonite [NaAl(CO3)(OH)(2)], and bayerite (alpha-Al(OH)(3)) after reacting with 1.0 M NB2CO3 for 24 h. Gibbsite adsorbed much less carbonate than am-Al(OH)(3) such that adsorbed carbonate on gibbsite gave weal; IR absorption. It is probable that monodentate carbonate is also the complexed species on gibbsite. Evidence suggesting the presence of both surface complexed bicarbonate and carbonate species in the interfacial region of am-Fe(OH)(3) in suspension and the dependence of their relative distribution on solution pH is shown. Only monodentate carbonate was found in the interfacial region of goethite in 1.0 M NaHCO3. A ligand exchange reaction was proposed to describe the interaction of bicarbonate and carbonate with the surface functional groups of Al and Fe oxides. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 34 TC 151 Z9 153 U1 5 U2 53 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 814 EP 825 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450605 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA YU369 UT WOS:000071710200005 ER PT J AU Bukowski, JA Wartenberg, D AF Bukowski, JA Wartenberg, D TI An alternative approach for investigating the carcinogenicity of indoor air pollution: Pets as sentinels of environmental cancer risk SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE animal sentinel; cancer; epidemiology; indoor air; pets; pollution ID CANINE MALIGNANT-LYMPHOMA; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID HERBICIDES; LUNG-CANCER; PASSIVE SMOKING; TOBACCO-SMOKE; BLADDER-CANCER; INTERSPECIES COMPARISONS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; RESIDENTIAL RADON; ANIMAL BIOASSAYS AB Traditionally, the cancer risks associated with radon, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and similar indoor residential exposures have been evaluated through either laboratory experiments in rodents or epidemiology studies in people. Laboratory studies have the advantage of being controlled experiments, but their utility as estimators of human risk is limited by the uncertainties of extrapolating from rodents, to people and from high doses to those typically experienced in the home. These experiments also subject animals to noxious exposures, causing suffering that map be considered cruel. Traditional epidemiology studies evaluate human risk directly, at the exposure levels present in residences; however, these studies are limited by their potential For misclassification, biased recall, and uncontrolled confounding. Thr long rime intervals involved between exposure and disease (often 30 years or more) make accurate recall particularly problematic. In this paper we discuss the limitations of these traditional approaches, especially as they relate to residential studies of radon and ETS. The problems associated with the maximum tolerated dose in rodent bioassays and exposure misclassification in traditional epidemiology are particularly examined. A third approach that supplements the traditional approaches and overcomes some of their limitations is suggested. This approach, dubbed per epidemiology, estimates residential cancer risk examining the exposure experience of pet dogs with naturally occurring cancers. The history of yet epidemiology is reviewed and its strengths and limitations are examined. C1 UMDNJ, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Environm & Community Med, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. RP Bukowski, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 112 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 105 IS 12 BP 1312 EP 1319 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZE681 UT WOS:000072819500014 PM 9405322 ER PT J AU Levin, ED Schmechel, DE Burkholder, JM Glasgow, HB Deamer-Melia, NJ Moser, VC Harry, GJ AF Levin, ED Schmechel, DE Burkholder, JM Glasgow, HB Deamer-Melia, NJ Moser, VC Harry, GJ TI Persisting learning deficits in rats after exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 1997 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Soc Toxicol DE dinoflagellates; learning; memory; persisting; Pfiesteria; radial-arm maze; toxic ID RADIAL-ARM MAZE; FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; TOXIC ESTUARINE DINOFLAGELLATE; REPEATED ACQUISITION AB Pfiesteria piscicida and other toxic Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates have been implicated as a cause of fish kill in North Carolina estuaries and elsewhere. Accidental exposure of humans to P. piscicida has been reported to cause a complex syndrome including cognitive impairment. The current project was conducted to experimental assess the possibility of cognitive effects of P. piscicida exposure in rats. Samples of water from Aquaria in which P. piscicida zoospores were killing fish frozen, a procedure that has been found to induce encystment. Thawed samples were injected into albino Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant learning impairment was documented in rats administered samples P. piscicida that were recently frozen. Prolonged storage of Pfiesteria samples diminished the effect. No effect was seen in the recall of a previously learned task, but when the rats were called upon to learn a new task, the Pfiesteria-treated animals showed a significant learning deficit. This effect persisted up to at least 10 weeks after a single injection of Pfiesteria. The Pfiesteria-induced learning deficit did not seem associated with any obvious debilitation or health impairment of the exposed rats. Deficits in habitation of arousal and rearing behavior were detected using a functional observational battery. No Pfiesteria-induced effects on blood count and white cell differential or in a standard pathological screening of brain, liver, lung, kidney, and spleen tissue were seen at 2 months after exposure. These studies document a persistent learning impairment in rats after exposure to the dinoflagellate P. piscicida in otherwise physically well-appearing rats. This effect may partially model the symptoms of cognitive impairments that humans have shown after Pfiesteria exposure. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Neurobehav Res Lab, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol & Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27705 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Levin, ED (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Neurobehav Res Lab, 341 Bell Bldg,Box 3412, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 19 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 105 IS 12 BP 1320 EP 1325 DI 10.1289/ehp.971051320 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZE681 UT WOS:000072819500015 PM 9405328 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Mahaffey, KR Jameson, CW Vidal, M Law, AJ Mizon, KJ Smith, AJM Korsch, MJ AF Gulson, BL Mahaffey, KR Jameson, CW Vidal, M Law, AJ Mizon, KJ Smith, AJM Korsch, MJ TI Dietary lead intakes for mother/child pairs and relevance to pharmacokinetic models SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE child; diet; lead isotopes; models; mother ID BLOOD LEAD; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; NUTRITIONAL FACTORS; NATIONAL-HEALTH; HUMAN SKELETON; UNITED-STATES; METABOLISM; ABSORPTION; BONE; FOOD AB Blood and environmental samples, including a quarterly G-day duplicate diet, for nine mother/child pairs from Eastern Europe have been monitored for 12 to > 24 months with high precision stable lead isotope analysis to evaluate the changes that occur when the subjects moved from one environment. (Eastern Europe) to another with different stable lead isotopes (Australia). The children were between 6 and 11 years of age and the mothers were between 29 and 37 pars of age. These data were compared with an Australian control mother/child pair, aged 31 and 6 years, respectively. A rationale for undertaking this study of mother/child pairs was to evaluate if there were differences in the patterns and clearance rates of lead from blood in children compared with their mothers. Blood lead concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 3.9 mu g/dl in the children and between 1.8 and 4.5 mu g/dl in the mothers, but the mean of differences between each mother and her child did not differ significantly from zero, Duplicate diets contained from 2.4 to 31.8 mu g Pb/kg diet; the mean +/- standard deviation was 5.5 +/- 2.1 mu g Pb/kg and total daily dietary intakes ranged from 1.6 to 21.3 mu g/day. Mean daily dietary intakes relative to body weight showed that the intake fur children was approximately double that for the mothers (0.218 vs, 0.113 mu g Pb/kg body weight/day), The correlations between blood lead concentration and mean daily dietary intake either relative to body weight or total dietary intake did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05), Estimation of the lead coming from skeletal (endogenous) sources relative to the contribution from environmental (exogenous) sources ranges from 8 to 70% for the mothers and 12 to 66% for the children. The difference between mothers and children is not statistically significant (p = 0.28). The children do not appear to achieve the Australian lead isotopic profile at a faster rate than their mothers, These data provide evidence that the absorption or uptake of lead from dietary sources is similar in adult females and children of the age in this study. In spire of lower bone lead and faster bone remodeling and recycling in children compared with adult females, we see no differences between the mothers and their children in overall contribution of tissue lead to blood lead, Results from this study suggest that fractional absorption of ingested lead by children 6-11 years of age is comparable with absorption patterns observed among adult females in the 29-37-year-old age range. Because pharmacokinetic models apply a 40-50% absorption even for a 7-year-old children, further investigations on fractional absorption of ingested lead Ly young children are warranted. Further investigations are especially needed in younger children than those who were subjects in the current study, particularly children in the 1-3-year-old age range. In addition, the effect of nutritional status and patterns of food intake on children's lead absorption require investigation, particularly given the increased prevalence of marginal nutritional status among low-income populations that are at increased risk of elevated elevated blood lead levels. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. CSIRO, Div Explorat & Min, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Macquarie Univ, CSIRO, Div Math & Informat Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 42 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 105 IS 12 BP 1334 EP 1342 DI 10.2307/3433753 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZE681 UT WOS:000072819500017 PM 9405326 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, WM AF Vatavuk, WM TI Air pollution control cost indexes - Update #2 SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vatavuk, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP W17 EP W19 DI 10.1002/ep.3300160410 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZM962 UT WOS:000073593900003 ER PT J AU Cadle, SH Mulawa, PA Ball, J Donase, C Weibel, A Sagebiel, JC Knapp, KT Snow, R AF Cadle, SH Mulawa, PA Ball, J Donase, C Weibel, A Sagebiel, JC Knapp, KT Snow, R TI Particulate emission rates from in use high emitting vehicles recruited in Orange County, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM AB One hundred three in-use vehicles identified as high hydrocarbon and/or carbon monoxide emitters by remote sensing and roadside visual, underhood checks during a 1995 South Coast Air Quality Management District program were tested on the IM240 cycle using a transportable dynamometer. Seventy-one of these vehicles were repaired as part of the program and were retested. Seventeen vehicles in the fleet initially emitted visible smoke from the tailpipe and were classified as ''smokers''. The fleet ranged in age from 6 to 22 years, with a median age of 12.3 years. Exhaust HC, CO, NOx, and particulate emissions (PM-10) were measured. PM-10 mass and the elemental and carbonaceous composition of the particulate matter were determined. The average fleet PM-10 emission rate was 0.138 g/mi, while the average emission rate for smokers was 0.395 g/mi. It was concluded that the casual observation of smoking vehicles was not very successful in identifying high PM-10 emitting vehicles. The particulate matter composition was primarily carbonaceous, with a variable distribution between the elemental and organic carbon fractions, and showed no significant difference in the percent organic carbon fraction between smokers and non-smokers. The PM composition differed, on average, between pre-repair and post-repair samples. The effect of the California Smog Check repair program on PM emission rates could not be evaluated due to concerns regarding the effect of vehicle conditioning on these measurements. C1 GM CORP,CTR RES & DEV,WARREN,MI 48090. FORD MOTOR CO,SCI RES LABS,DEARBORN,MI 48121. CHRYSLER CORP,AUBURN HILLS,MI 48236. EEEC,DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV 89506. US EPA,MOBILE SOURCE EMISS BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 19 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 5 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3405 EP 3412 DI 10.1021/es9700257 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200033 ER PT J AU Sayles, GD You, GR Wang, MX Kupferle, MJ AF Sayles, GD You, GR Wang, MX Kupferle, MJ TI DDT, DDD, and DDE dechlorination by zero-valent iron SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEGRADATION; SURFACTANTS; METAL; WATER AB Traditionally, destruction of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] for environmental remediation required high-energy processes such as incineration. Here, the capability of powdered zero-valent: iron to dechlorinate DDT and related compounds at room temperature was investigated. Specifically, DDT, DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], and DDE [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene] transformation by powdered zero-valent iron in buffered anaerobic aqueous solution was studied at 20 degrees C, with and without the presence of nonionic surfactant Triton X-114. The iron was successful at dechlorinating DDT, DDD, and DDE. The tares of dechlorination of DDT and DDE were independent of the amount of iron, with or without surfactant. The rates with surfactant present were much higher than without. Initial first-order transformation rates for DDT, DDD, and DDE were determined. For example, the initial first-order rate of DDT dechlorination was 1.7 +/- 0.4 and 3.0 +/- 0.8 day(-1) or, normalized by the specific iron surface area, 0.016 +/- 0.004 and 0.029 +/- 0.008 L m(-2) h(-1), without and with surfactant, respectively. A mechanistic model was constructed that qualitatively fit the observed kinetic data, indicating that the rate of dechlorination of the solid-phase (crystalline) reactants was limited by the rate of dissolution into the aqueous phase. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP Sayles, GD (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 16 TC 185 Z9 201 U1 3 U2 62 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3448 EP 3454 DI 10.1021/es9701669 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200039 ER PT J AU Mekenyan, O Ivanov, J Karabunarliev, S Bradbury, SP Ankley, GT Karcher, W AF Mekenyan, O Ivanov, J Karabunarliev, S Bradbury, SP Ankley, GT Karcher, W TI A computationally-based hazard identification algorithm that incorporates ligand flexibility .1. Identification of potential androgen receptor ligands SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE MODELS; BINDING; CONFORMATIONS; MOLECULES; ESTROGENS; AGONISTS; DESIGN; SHAPE; SITE AB To advance techniques for screening large data sets of diverse structures for toxicologically active compounds, an algorithm was developed that is not dependent upon a predetermined and specified toxicophore or an alignment of conformers to a lead compound. Instead, the approach provides the means to identify and quantify specific global and local stereoelectronic characteristics associated with active compounds through a comparison of energetically reasonable conformer distributions for specific descriptors. To illustrate the algorithm, the stereoelectronic requirements associated with the binding affinity of 28 steroidal and non-steroidal ligands to the androgen receptor were defined. Common ranges of interatomic distances, atomic charges, and atom polarizabilities of oxygen atoms for conformers of the ligands with the highest affinity for the androgen receptor (most active) did not overlap with those identified for conformers with the lowest binding affinity (least active). Using a set of stereoelectronic parameters that provided a maximal measure of pairwise similarity among the conformers of the most active ligands, a model was developed to screen compounds for binding affinity. The model was capable of discriminating inactive ligands, as defined by a specified binding affinity threshold. This modeling technique could be a useful initial component in an integrated approach of employing computational and toxicological techniques in hazard identifications for targe databases. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. BOURGAS UNIV AS ZLATAROV,BURGAS 8010,BULGARIA. JOINT RES CTR,INST ENVIRONM,EUROPEAN CHEM BUR,I-21020 ISPRA,VARESE,ITALY. NR 45 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3702 EP 3711 DI 10.1021/es970451s PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ882 UT WOS:A1997YJ88200075 ER PT J AU Kimmel, CA Neumann, DA AF Kimmel, CA Neumann, DA TI Accounting for susceptibility in risk assessment: current practice and new directions SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual NHEERL Symposium on Susceptibility and Risk Assessment CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SP NHEERL DE human variability; susceptibility; risk assessment; cancer; noncancer ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; BREAST-MILK; INFANTS; CLEFTS; RATS AB Differences in susceptibility between individuals can lead to variability in response to chemical exposures which in turn modify the risk of illness. As a means of exploring the basis for such differences in susceptibility, a project was undertaken to determine what data were available on the range of response variability for several health effects: neurotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and cancer. In addition, modeling approaches for characterizing response variability were examined and evaluated. The main goal of this effort was to determine whether human response variability was adequately accounted for in the current risk assessment procedures for human health effects. The conclusions of the project were that few data are available, both because variability has rarely been the primary focus of study, and because data are not usually reported in such a way that response variability can be determined. Several recommendations were made to facilitate better characterization of interindividual variability, including the study of variability in available human data (e.g. the NHANES database) and allowing greater access to raw data from epidemiologic studies. In addition, the identification of relevant biomarkers, improved understanding of sources of variability, interaction of chemical effects with other exposures or pre-existing disease, and retrospective evaluations of risk assessments were recommended. It is hoped that these recommendations will stimulate research on susceptibility and response variability and encourage the reporting of data in a way that facilitates analysis of interindividual variability in response. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ILSI Risk Sci Inst, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Kimmel, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 189 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(97)10011-4 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV460 UT WOS:000071826600002 PM 21781821 ER PT J AU Fowle, JR AF Fowle, JR TI Accounting for susceptibility in risk assessment: The need for full disclosure SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual NHEERL Symposium on Susceptibility and Risk Assessment CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SP NHEERL DE risk assessment; risk characterization; environmental susceptibility; science policy; environmental law; Food Quality Protection Act AB Many Environmental Laws create the unrealistic expectation that science can be used to determine 'safety'. The many uncertainties surrounding environmental risks, as well as individual, group and societal differences about what is considered 'safe', make it inevitable that policy decisions must be made. It is appropriate that such decisions be shaped by politics and social issues, as well as be informed by science and economics, but care should be taken to distinguish between policy and fact. Not much is known about the nature and magnitude of environmental susceptibilities. Credible environmental decisions require that scientists, risk assessors and decision-makers acknowledge this, and that they take care to distinguish policy calls from scientific fact. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Sci Advisory Board, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fowle, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci Advisory Board, 1400, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 247 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(97)10018-7 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV460 UT WOS:000071826600009 PM 21781828 ER PT J AU McCurdy, T AF McCurdy, T TI Human activities that may lead to high inhaled intake doses in children aged 6-13 SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual NHEERL Symposium on Susceptibility and Risk Assessment CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SP NHEERL DE children; ozone pollution; breathing rate; hourly intake dose ID PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; RESPIRATORY RESPONSES; OZONE; EXPOSURE; POLLUTANTS; TOXICITY; ASTHMA; MODELS; TIME AB This paper focuses on possible activities of children aged 6-13 that may make them susceptible to high hourly intake doses of ozone (O-3) air pollution. Data from an O-3 exposure modeling exercise indicates that relatively few hours can account for a significant amount of the total cumulative ozone intake dose (D-I(T)) received in a year. While O-3 concentration levels affected the hourly intake dose (D-Ih) more than breathing rate ((V) over dot(E)), there was a distinct and significant relationship between (V) over dot(E) and D-Ih when hours in a year were stratified by concentration levels. By investigating the (V) over dot(E) levels associated with high dose hours, it appears that activities with an hourly (V) over dot(E) rate of between 25 and 45 l/min can lead to high intake doses of O-3. The exercise literature was reviewed to ascertain which activities could lead to that range of (V) over dot(E)'s and be sustained by children for 1 h. A list of such activities was developed. If an analyst is interested only in modeling high D-Ih hours for children aged 6-13, an efficient approach might be to focus on those activities and estimate D-I(T) for the other hours in an aggregated manner. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Risk & Exposure Assessment Grp, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP McCurdy, T (reprint author), US EPA, Risk & Exposure Assessment Grp, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 251 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(97)10019-9 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV460 UT WOS:000071826600010 PM 21781829 ER PT J AU Moore, MM AF Moore, MM TI Genetic and acquired determinants of individual susceptibility: Introduction SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Moore, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 271 EP 272 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(97)10021-7 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV460 UT WOS:000071826600012 PM 21781831 ER PT J AU Rogers, JM AF Rogers, JM TI Life stage and its Impact on risk of environmentally-induced adverse effects: Introduction SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rogers, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 299 EP 300 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(97)10027-8 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV460 UT WOS:000071826600018 PM 21781837 ER PT J AU Keen, CL Taubeneck, MW Zidenberg-Cherr, S Daston, GP Rogers, JM AF Keen, CL Taubeneck, MW Zidenberg-Cherr, S Daston, GP Rogers, JM TI Toxicant exposure and trace element metabolism in pregnancy SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual NHEERL Symposium on Susceptibility and Risk Assessment CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SP NHEERL DE zinc; pregnancy; development; nutrition-toxicology; environmental toxicants ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ZINC-DEFICIENCY; MATERNAL ZINC; DIETARY ZINC; RAT; SUPPLEMENTATION; COPPER; MICE; TERATOGENICITY; DEPRIVATION AB A review of the literature provides support for the concept that maternal nutritional status has a significant influence on embryonic and fetal development. The consumption of 'poor' diets has been shown to be a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcome, while the provision of selected nutritional supplements prior to and during pregnancy has been associated with improved pregnancy outcome. Despite the above, it has been difficult to identify specific nutrient deficiencies as causative factors of abnormal development. One explanation for this failure is that embryo/fetal nutritional deficiencies can arise through a number of mechanisms in addition to a low maternal intake of a nutrient(s). Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that the developmental toxicity of a number of teratogens can be ascribed, in part, to their ability to induce alterations in the partitioning of essential trace elements between the maternal and fetal unit. An implication of the above hypothesis is that maternal diet can be an important modulator of the developmental toxicity of several agents. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Miami Valley Lab, Cincinnati, OH USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Keen, CL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 301 EP 308 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(97)10028-X PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV460 UT WOS:000071826600019 PM 21781838 ER PT J AU Chapman, RS Watkinson, WP Dreher, KL Costa, DL AF Chapman, RS Watkinson, WP Dreher, KL Costa, DL TI Ambient particulate matter and respiratory and cardiovascular illness in adults: particle-borne transition metals and the heart-lung axis SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual NHEERL Symposium on Susceptibility and Risk Assessment CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL DURHAM, NC SP NHEERL DE respiratory illness; cardiovascular illness; transition metals ID OXIDANT GENERATION; AIR; RISK AB Epidemiological studies have consistently shown associations of exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with severe health effects, including mortality and hospitalization, in adults. From the standpoints of both relative risk and attributable risk, the public health burden of ambient PM exposure is potentially greatest in elderly adults with underlying cardiopulmonary illness. Recent experimental data suggest that PM-borne transition metals have toxicity that could be mechanistically relevant to PM-related epidemiological findings. These data may prove to be especially relevant in elderly adults with cardiopulmonary illness. At the same time, important uncertainties remain in the epidemiological and experimental databases, such that the true degree of correspondence between the two is not yet known. In our opinion, this combination of emerging experimental-epidemiological coherence and remaining uncertainty imparts high priority to further research into the health effects of PM-borne transition metals. This research should not be confined to the respiratory system. Rather, it should examine the entire heart-lung axis and should probably consider other body systems (e.g. the vascular system) as well. In this research, close interdisciplinary communication should be sustained and experimental and epidemiological approaches should be coordinated to the maximum feasible extent. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Environm Media & Assessment Grp, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP US EPA, Environm Media & Assessment Grp, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Mail Drop 52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 34 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 EI 1872-7077 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 331 EP 338 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(97)10031-X PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV460 UT WOS:000071826600023 PM 21781842 ER PT J AU Boyes, WK Dourson, ML Patterson, J Tilson, HA Sette, WF MacPhail, RC Li, AA O'Donoghue, JL AF Boyes, WK Dourson, ML Patterson, J Tilson, HA Sette, WF MacPhail, RC Li, AA O'Donoghue, JL TI EPA's neurotoxicity risk assessment guidelines SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material AB The proposed Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1995c Fed. Reg. 60(192), 52032-52056) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were the subject of a workshop at the 1997 Meeting of the Society of Toxicology. The workshop considered the role of guidelines in the risk assessment process, the primary features, scientific basis, and implications of the guidelines for EPA program offices, as well as for industrial neurotoxicologists from the perspectives of both pesticides and toxic substances regulation. The U,S, National Academy of Sciences (NAS, 1983, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process) established a framework for distinguishing risk management from risk assessment, the latter being the result of integrating hazard identification, hazard characterization, and exposure assessment data. The guidelines are intended to establish operating principles that will be used when examining data in a risk assessment context. The proposed neurotoxicity risk assessment guidelines provide a conceptual framework for deciding whether or not a chemically induced effect can be considered to be evidence of neurotoxicity, Topics in the proposed guidelines include structural and functional effects, dose-response and -duration considerations, and relationships between effects. Among the issues that must be considered are the multiplicity of chemical effects, the levels of biological organization in the nervous system, and the tests, measurements, and protocols used. Judgment of the adversity of an effect depends heavily on the amount and types of data available. The attribution of a chemically induced effect to an action on the nervous system depends on several factors such as the quality of the study, the nature of the outcome, dose-response and time-response relationships, and the possible involvement of nonneural factors. The guidelines will also serve as a reference for those conducting neurotoxicity testing, as well as establish a consistent approach to neurotoxicity risk assessment by regulators. Extending this approach through international harmonization would be advantageous to the development of products for a worldwide market. Thus, both risk assessors and regulated industries have a large stake in the guidelines to provide a framework that will lead to accurate risk assessment decisions. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Toxicol Excellence Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO USA. Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY USA. RP Boyes, WK (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 2 BP 175 EP 184 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2388 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YT071 UT WOS:000071561100002 PM 9441713 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM Hedge, JL Laskey, J AF Cummings, AM Hedge, JL Laskey, J TI Ketoconazole impairs early pregnancy and the decidual cell response via alterations in ovarian function SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW-DOSE KETOCONAZOLE; ANDROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS; STEROIDOGENESIS; INVITRO; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; METHOXYCHLOR; INHIBITION; AROMATASE; ENZYMES; RATS AB Ketoconazole (KCZ) is an imidazole antifungal agent that also affects P450 enzymes of the mammalian steroidogenic system. Several steps in the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway are known to be inhibited by KCZ, but previous work has failed to address the ramifications of such inhibition with respect to early pregnancy. In initial studies, Holtzman rats (8-10/group) were administered 10-100 mg/kg KCZ during days 1-8 of pregnancy. On day 9, evaluations revealed a reduction at both 75 and 100 mg KCZ/kg in the number of implantation sites and serum progesterone levels as well as an increase in ovarian weight. The decidual cell response (DCR) was blocked by KCZ in parallel with decreased serum progesterone and increased ovarian weight, indicating direct interference with uterine function. KCZ had no effect when given to long-term-ovariectomized rats that were hormone supplemented to permit the DCR, indicating that the ovary was at least one site of KCZ action on early pregnancy. Measurement of ovarian progesterone production in vitro from ovaries removed from rats treated in vivo with KCZ indicated a decline in progesterone production, suggesting a direct effect of KCZ on ovarian steroidogenesis. These data demonstrate that KCZ can compromise early pregnancy and appears to do so by inhibiting progesterone synthesis in the ovary. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cummings, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 40 IS 2 BP 238 EP 246 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2392 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YT071 UT WOS:000071561100009 PM 9441720 ER PT J AU Church, MR Driscoll, CT AF Church, MR Driscoll, CT TI Nitrogen cycling in forested catchments: A Chapman Conference SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; TERM CHANGES; NITRATE LOSS; NEW-YORK; SATURATION; DEPOSITION; ADDITIONS; PATTERNS; FLUXES AB The American Geophysical Union sponsored a Chapman Conference on ''Nitrogen Cycling in Forested Catchments'' on September 16-20, 1996. This conference brought together scientists from many disciplines to share recent observations and to discuss advances in the study of nitrogen (N) cycling in forests. Conference presentations and discussions focused on mechanisms controlling the retention and losses of N in forests and on the effects of atmospheric deposition, land use, and climate on watershed N loss. The importance of dissolved organic nitrogen in the biogeochemistry of N was a subject of considerable discussion. Several critical issues were identified for future research on N cycling in forested catchments. C1 SYRACUSE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,SYRACUSE,NY 13244. RP Church, MR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 613 EP 616 DI 10.1029/97GB01626 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YK118 UT WOS:A1997YK11800009 ER PT J AU Paul, CJ Puls, RW AF Paul, CJ Puls, RW TI Impact of turbidity on TCE and degradation products in ground water SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID MONITORING WELLS; SAMPLING MECHANISMS; METALS AB Elevated particulate concentrations in ground water samples can bias contaminant concentration data. This has been particularly problematic for metal analyses where artificially increased turbidity levels can affect metals concentrations and confound interpretation of the data. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the impact of particulates on trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichloroethylene (c-DCE), and vinyl chloride concentrations. Laboratory batch studies and field investigations were conducted to evaluate the effects of suspended solids on VOC concentrations in ground water samples analyzed by purge-and-trap gas chromatography. Three different solids were used to assess the effects of suspended particulates. The solids were aquifer material from a field site in North Carolina and two reference clay minerals (kaolinite and Namontmorillonite). During the laboratory portion of this study, the solids were used to determine effects on TCE concentrations under controlled laboratory conditions. The same solids were used in a field study to compare the laboratory results with field results. Solids were added to the sample vials prior to sample collection to intentionally increase turbidity levels in the water samples. Results of the study indicate essentially no decrease in TCE, c-DCE, or vinyl chloride concentrations due to increased turbidity levels. RP Paul, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,RS KERR ENVIRONM RES CTR,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 1 BP 128 EP 133 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1997.tb01192.x PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA WJ751 UT WOS:A1997WJ75100012 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI If ecological risk assessment is the answer, what is the question? SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Meeting of the Risk-Assessment-and-Policy-Association CY MAR 06-07, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Risk Assessment & Policy Assoc DE ecological risk assessment; ecosystem health; ecological health; decision making; environmental protection; biological diversity AB Ecological risk assessment has become a commonly used tool in policy analysis, but its use is controversial. Opinions are diverse; they range from enthusiastic support to caustic dismissal. Much of the controversy with using risk assessment in ecological policy analysis revolves around defining the initial policy question or problem to be assessed. In formulating the "question" in ecological risk assessment, the nature of the analytical technique forces analysts to make assumptions of values and priorities; these assumptions may not be the same as those of the public or their elected or appointed representatives. Specifically, much of the difficulty with applying risk assessment is that, by definition, risk is adverse. Deciding which ecological changes are adverse (undesired) and which are beneficial (desired) is likely to be the primary political debate. Ecological conditions and changes are classified by the values and priorities of the person or administrative body doing the classification; ecological condition or change in itself is neither good nor bad, beneficial nor adverse, healthy nor degraded. One method often used to determine which ecological conditions or changes are adverse is to apply the human "health" metaphor to ecosystems or ecological components. However, application of the concept of ecosystem health is fraught with value-based requirements which are difficult and probably impossible to attain. Formulating the question is, or at least should be, driven by societal values, preferences, and priorities, but this is difficult to do in a pluralistic society. Better ways to evaluate and measure public values, preferences, and priorities in framing ecological questions are needed to enhance the utility of ecological risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 3 IS 6 BP 921 EP 928 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YP705 UT WOS:000071305700001 ER PT J AU Larsen, DP AF Larsen, DP TI Sample survey design issues for bioassessment of inland aquatic ecosystems SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE sample surveys; bioassessment; aquatic ecosystems; lakes; streams; monitoring designs ID LAKE SURVEY; EASTERN C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Larsen, DP (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 3 IS 6 BP 979 EP 991 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YP705 UT WOS:000071305700007 ER PT J AU Chang, JCS Tichenor, BA Guo, Z Krebs, KA AF Chang, JCS Tichenor, BA Guo, Z Krebs, KA TI Substrate effects on VOC emissions from a latex paint SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE latex paint; substrate; VOC; emissions; chamber; model AB The effects of two substrates - a stainless steel plate and a gypsum board - on the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from a latex paint were evaluated by environmental chamber tests. It was found that the amount of VOCs emitted from the painted stainless steel was 2 to 10 times more than that from the painted gypsum board during the 2-week test period. The dominant chemical species emitted were also different between the two substrates. Data analysis indicated that most VOC emissions from the painted stainless steel occurred in the first 100 h via a fast, evaporation-like process. On the other hand, the majority of the gypsum board VOCs were emitted in a later stage via a slow, diffusion-controlled process. There were measurable emissions of VOCs 11 months after paint application on the gypsum board. It is suggested that, instead of the routinely used substrates such as stainless steel plates, real substrates such as wood or gypsum board should be used for the evaluation of emissions in indoor environments. (C) Indoor Air (1997). C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Acurex Environm Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Chang, JCS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 8 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 241 EP 247 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1997.00003.x PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YU883 UT WOS:000071765600003 ER PT J AU Lee, JG Madden, MC Hatch, G Bottei, G Peden, D Adler, K Devlin, R AF Lee, JG Madden, MC Hatch, G Bottei, G Peden, D Adler, K Devlin, R TI Ozone-induced DNA single strand breaks in human and guinea pig lung cells in vivo SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; RAT LUNGS; DAMAGE; EXPOSURE; REPAIR; ASSAY; INHALATION; INHIBITION; ELUTION; INVIVO AB Ozone (O-3) has been postulated to induce DNA damage and has been shown to be mildly tumorigenic in some studies utilizing long-term rodent exposures. We investigated lung DNA damage induced by controlled O-3 exposure in vivo in guinea pigs and human subjects. We specifically examined DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) using the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. Guinea pigs were exposed for 2 h to air, 0.4 ppm O-3, or 1.0 ppm O-3 and lung cells were collected by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial scraping within I h after exposure. Both the 0.4 and 1.0 ppm O-3 exposures induced significant increases in SSB in both the BAL cells and tracheal cells as indicated by an increased cell DNA length in electrophoresized agarose gel. The increase in DNA SSB was a more sensitive biomarker of exposure compared to more traditional biomarkers (BAL total protein and lactate dehydrogenase, alterations in BAL cell differential), which changed only at the 1.0 ppm exposure. In an initial study with human volunteers, BAL and bronchial epithelial cells were collected from human volunteers 1-2 h after an air or 0.4 ppm O-3 exposure in vivo without exercise. BAL cells (primarily macrophages) and bronchial epithelial cells showed no change in DNA SSB compared to the air-exposed controls. in a second study, DNA SSB in bronchial epithelial cells and BAL cells collected from exercising subjects exposed to 0.4 ppm O-3 were not altered by steroid (prednisone, beclomethasone) pretreatment compared to placebo treatment However the bronchial epithelial cell DNA SSB values in the O-3-exposed, placebo-pretreated group were significantly increased compared to values (air or O-3 exposed, no exercise) in the first study. The dosimetry of O-3 deposition in the guinea pig and human subjects appeared similar based on the amount of O-18 (derived from O-18-labeled O-3) found in the BAL cell fraction. These data suggest that O, exposure at 0.4 ppm induces DNA SSB in rodent and human lung cells, although the effect of exercise on the increase of human lung cell SSB is unclear. Formation of DNA SSB may be an indicator of the tumorigenic potential of O-3. Additionally, DNA SSB can potentially be a good biomarker of O-3 exposure in humans and animal model systems. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,SCH VET MED,RALEIGH,NC 27606. OI LEE, JIANN-GWU/0000-0002-4321-0185 NR 39 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 9 IS 9 BP 811 EP 828 PG 18 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YG964 UT WOS:A1997YG96400001 ER PT J AU Fradkin, L AF Fradkin, L TI EPA's CRADA agreements: Sharing expertise with industry SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS AND PRACTICE LA English DT Article DE environmental research; technology transfer AB Innovative environmental technologies are a key part of EPA's strategy to protect the environment and give U.S. companies new opportunities and a competitive edge in the global marketplace. At EPA, we are working closely with U.S. businesses, academia and the scientific community to help develop and market new technologies to achieve our environmental and economic goals. RP Fradkin, L (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CINCINNATI INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING PI CINCINNATI PA UNIV CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI, OH 45221-0116 SN 1072-4761 J9 INT J IND ENG-APPL P JI Int. J. Ind. Eng.-Appl. Pract. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 4 BP 236 EP 243 PG 8 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA YK810 UT WOS:A1997YK81000004 ER PT J AU Frost, F Craun, GF Calderon, R Hubbs, SA AF Frost, F Craun, GF Calderon, R Hubbs, SA TI So many oocysts, so few outbreaks SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 SW Ctr Managed Care Res, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. Gunther F Craun & Associates, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Louisville Water Co, Louisville, KY 40206 USA. RP Frost, F (reprint author), SW Ctr Managed Care Res, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 0 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 12 BP 8 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YM867 UT WOS:000071109600005 ER PT J AU Davies, C Fraser, DL Hertzler, PC Jones, RT AF Davies, C Fraser, DL Hertzler, PC Jones, RT TI USEPA's infrastructure needs survey SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The nation's 55,000 community water systems must make significant investments to install, upgrade, or replace infrastructure to ensure the provision of safe drinking water to their 243 million customers. The US Environmental Protection Agency's first-ever national drinking water infrastructure needs survey, conducted in 1995, estimates that these systems must invest a minimum of $138.4 billion in the next 20 years. Of this total, $76.8 billion is for infrastructure improvements needed now to protect public health. A portion of the total, $12.1 billion, is for infrastructure improvements related to standards established under the Safe Drinking Water Act. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Cadmus Grp, Waltham, MA 02154 USA. Cadmus Grp, Alexandria, VA 22311 USA. Environm Engn Associates, Helena, MT 59601 USA. RP Davies, C (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW,Room 1105 E Tower,MS 4606, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 89 IS 12 BP 30 EP 38 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YM867 UT WOS:000071109600009 ER PT J AU Peden, DB Boehlecke, B Horstman, D Devlin, R AF Peden, DB Boehlecke, B Horstman, D Devlin, R TI Prolonged acute exposure to 0.16 ppm ozone induces eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthmatic subjects with allergies SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ozone; asthma; eosinophils; air pollution ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; RESPONSES; POLLUTION; RESPONSIVENESS; CHALLENGE; CYTOKINES; ANTIGEN; RELEASE AB Background: Increased ambient ozone levels have been associated with increased asthma morbidity in epidemiologic studies. Given that asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and increased sensitivity to airway irritants, it has been suggested that asthmatic subjects may be particularly sensitive to the effect of ozone. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to 0.16 ppm ozone induces eosinophilic inflammation in the lower airways of asthmatic subjects. Methods: Eight asthmatic subjects sensitive to mites were exposed to 0.16 ppm ozone and clean air on separate occasions no less than 4 weeks apart in a double-blind, randomized fashion followed by bronchoscopy 18 hours later. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial lavage fluid were examined for eosinophils. Results: Ozone induced significant increases in airway eosinophils, especially in bronchial lavage fluid. Conclusions: Ozone exposure results in increased eosinophilic inflammation in the lower airways of asthmatic subjects with allergies. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Pulm Med & Allergy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Peden, DB (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Sch Med, CB 7310,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00046] NR 25 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 100 IS 6 BP 802 EP 808 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70277-X PN 1 PG 7 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA YQ151 UT WOS:000071353600014 PM 9438490 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG AF Whitford, WG TI Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grasslands of North America SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; breeding birds; desert grasslands; desertification; exotic species; rodents ID KANGAROO RAT MOUNDS; SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; DIVERSITY; HABITAT AB Studies of breeding birds and small mammals were conducted at a series of sites that form a gradient of severity of desertification. Desert grassland sites represented the least changed landscape units and mesquite coppice dunes represented the most severe degradation, an irreversibly degraded landscape unit. The hypothesis that desertification reduces species diversity was not supported by the data. Species richness and diversities (Shannon-Weaver H') of breeding birds were higher in the desertified areas than in the grassland with one exception. Data from a site dominated by the exotic African grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana, in south-eastern Arizona showed that breeding bird diversity was lower at that site than at a site in the same region that was dominated by native grasses. Species richness, diversity (H'), and abundance of small mammals were also higher in desertified areas than in desert grassland. Most grassland species of birds and mammals persist in the desertified habitats and species that are characteristic of shrublands colonize desertified desert grasslands. This accounts for the increases in species richness. However some species such as the banner-tailed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis, are eliminated when grassland degrades to mesquite coppice dune or eroded creosotebush communities. These data suggest that other measures of faunal biodiversity such as Keystone species may be better measures of the impact of desertification on animal biodiversity. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range,POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 37 TC 59 Z9 68 U1 4 U2 36 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 4 BP 709 EP 720 DI 10.1006/jare.1997.0313 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YM095 UT WOS:000071027900011 ER PT J AU Guerin, JL Stickle, WB AF Guerin, JL Stickle, WB TI A comparative study of two sympatric species within the genus Callinectes: osmoregulation, long-term acclimation to salinity and the effects of salinity on growth and moulting SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Callinectes; feeding; growth; moulting; osmoregulation; salinity ID JUVENILE BLUE CRABS; C-SAPIDUS; SIMILIS; SURVIVAL; BAY AB Juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, and lesser blue crabs, C. similis Williams, were exposed to a range of salinities for 67 days to determine if salinity exerted species specific differential effects on growth and moulting. Growth was measured in terms of carapace width, wet weight, dry weight and ash-free dry weight. Growth rates of the two species (% increase in dry weight/day) were differentially affected by salinity. C. similis juveniles exposed to 5 parts per thousand grew significantly slower than those exposed to 10 parts per thousand, with those at 30 parts per thousand exhibiting intermediate growth rates. Salinity had no effect on growth rates of C. sapidus by any measure of weight or carapace width. C. sapidus grew at faster rates than C. similis at low salinity as measured by wet and dry weight, and at all treatments as measured by carapace width. Growth per moult (wet weight) of C. similis was greater than that of C. sapidus. However, intermoult periods of C. similis were longer and exhibited a more pronounced effect of salinity than those of C. sapidus. Feeding rates and hemolymph osmolalities were measured at the beginning and end of the 67 day exposure period. Weight-adjusted feeding rate of C. sapidus increased significantly after 67 days exposure to low salinity, whereas that of C. similis decreased significantly. Each species exhibited a decline in hemolymph osmolality at low salinities by the end of the exposure period. In order to determine if either species exhibits an ontogenetic shift in ability to regulate hemolymph osmolality, juvenile and adult C. sapidus and C. similis were collected and exposed to a range of salinities for measurement of hemolymph osmolalities. These crabs were collected and exposed separately from those used in the 67 day exposure. Adult C. sapidus maintained higher hemolymph osmolalities than juveniles when exposed to low salinities (less than or equal to 25 parts per thousand). Hemolymph osmolalities of adult C. similis exposed to low salinity varied with salinity of collection site. Those from a high salinity site (30 parts per thousand) exhibited hemolymph osmolalities no different than juveniles when exposed to salinities of 2.5 and 10 parts per thousand. Those from a lower salinity site (22 parts per thousand) exhibited greater hemolymph osmolalities than juveniles, osmoregulating at levels insignificantly different from adult C. sapidus. Results of this study indicate that although previously published studies may have overestimated the effects of low salinity on C. similis relative to it's more euryhaline congener C. sapidus, effects of salinity alone are probably sufficient to limit this species' distribution to waters of 10 parts per thousand or greater. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Zool & Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Guerin, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 27 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 218 IS 2 BP 165 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00070-1 PG 22 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YR565 UT WOS:000071508000001 ER PT J AU Wilson, WE Suh, HH AF Wilson, WE Suh, HH TI Fine particles and coarse particles: Concentration relationships relevant to epidemiologic studies SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Seminar on Trends in Aerosol Research CY JAN, 1995 CL GERHARD MERCATOR UNIV, DUISBURG, GERMANY HO GERHARD MERCATOR UNIV ID UNITED-STATES; ACID AEROSOLS; AIR-POLLUTION; METROPOLITAN PHILADELPHIA; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; SPATIAL VARIATION; DAILY MORTALITY; DRY DEPOSITION; INDOOR; AMMONIA AB Fine particles and coarse particles are defined in terms of the modal structure of particle size distributions typically observed in the atmosphere. Differences between the various modes are discussed. The fractions of fine and coarse particles collected in specific size ranges, such as total suspended particulate matter (TSP), PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(10-2.5), are shown. Correlations of 24-h concentrations of PM(2.5), PM(10), and PM(10-2.5) at the same site show that, in Philadelphia and St. Louis, PM(2.5), is highly correlated with PM(10) but poorly correlated with PM(10-2.5). Among sites distributed across these urban areas, the site-to-site correlations of 24-h PM concentrations are high for PM(2.5) but not for PM(10-2.5). This indicates that a PM measurement at a central monitor can serve as a better indicator of the community-wide concentration of fine particles than of coarse particles. The fraction of ambient outdoor particles found suspended indoors is greater for fine particles than for coarse particles because of the difference in indoor lifetimes. Consideration of these relationships leads to the hypothesis that the statistical associations found between daily PM indicators and health outcomes may be the result of variations in the fine particle component of the atmospheric aerosol, not of variations in the coarse component. As a result, epidemiologic studies using PM(10) or TSP may provide more useful information on the acute health effects of fine particles than coarse particles. Fine and coarse particles are separate classes of pollutants and should be measured separately in research and epidemiologic studies. PM(2.5) and PM(10-2.5) are indicators or surrogates, but not measurements, of fine and coarse particles. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Harvard Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Wilson, WE (reprint author), US EPA, MD-52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM wilson.william@epamail.epa.gov NR 66 TC 312 Z9 326 U1 6 U2 41 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 47 IS 12 BP 1238 EP 1249 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YR221 UT WOS:000071473100001 PM 9448515 ER PT J AU Geller, AC Hufford, D Miller, DR Sun, T Wyatt, SW Reilley, B Bewerse, B Lisco, J Brooks, D Grupenhoff, J Weary, P Lew, RA Koh, HK AF Geller, AC Hufford, D Miller, DR Sun, T Wyatt, SW Reilley, B Bewerse, B Lisco, J Brooks, D Grupenhoff, J Weary, P Lew, RA Koh, HK TI Evaluation of the ultraviolet index: Media reactions and public response SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SKIN-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; SUN EXPOSURE; MELANOMA AB Background: In response to the increasing rate of skin cancer, particularly melanoma in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Weather Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Association of Physicians for the Environment, and the American Academy of Dermatology, developed the Ultraviolet Index (WI) to inform the public of the strength of the sun's rays and advise on methods for sun protection. Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the extent to which television stations and newspapers reported the WI and assess the public's response to it. Methods: To evaluate the effect of this effort, we surveyed television weather forecasters at 185 stations and examined weather pages in 54 newspapers in 58 cities that received the UVI reports. We also conducted a population probability telephone survey of 700 white adults (18 years of age and older) in these 58 cities. Results: Seventy-one percent of the 169 stations that provided survey data for both 1994 and 1995 broadcast the UVI; 61% of newspapers reported the WI. Nearly 64% of the 700 respondents (n = 445) had heard of the UVI. Of these respondents, 38% (n = 170) stated that they or their family changed their sun protection practices as a result of the UVI. Conclusion: The majority of television weather forecasters and newspapers reported the UVI. Most of the public was aware of the UVI, causing some to change sun protection practices. Further evaluation is required to maximize the effect of the UVI on sun protection practices. C1 Boston Med Ctr, Dept Dermatol, Boston, MA USA. Boston Med Ctr, Canc Prevent & Control Ctr, Boston, MA USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Chron Dis Surveillance Branch, Boston, MA USA. Natl Assoc Phys Environm, Washington, DC USA. Amer Acad Dermatol, Schaumburg, IL USA. RP Geller, AC (reprint author), Boston Univ, Sch Med, DOB 801A,80 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118 USA. NR 15 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0190-9622 J9 J AM ACAD DERMATOL JI J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 935 EP 941 DI 10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70068-9 PG 7 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA YM517 UT WOS:000071072700004 PM 9418760 ER PT J AU Ferraro, SP Cole, FA AF Ferraro, SP Cole, FA TI Effects of DDT sediment-contamination on macrofaunal community structure and composition in San Francisco Bay SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA BIGHT; POWER; SITE AB The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of sediment contamination on the benthic macrofauna and to predict macrofaunal changes following remediation at a Superfund (uncontrolled hazardous waste) site in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. DDT and its metabolites (Sigma DDT) were the contaminants of concern. With few small-scale exceptions, all (>100) other sediment contaminants ever measured at the site were present at background or non-toxic levels. In hierarchical regressions [Y = f(X-1, X-2, X-3), where X-1 = sediment %silt + clay, X-2 = sediment total organic carbon (OC), and X-3 = log(10) (Sigma DDT mu g g(-1) OC)] with data from samples collected at the study site, log(10)(Sigma DDT mu g g(-1) OC) explained a highly significant amount of the variance in the infaunal index (II) and log(10)(number of Amphipoda excluding Grandidierella japonica + 1) after statistically controlling for the potential effects of sediment %silt + clay and OC. The ratios of change of II and log(10)(number of Amphipoda excluding G. japonica + 1) with respect to log(10)(Sigma DDT mu g g(-1) OC) were about -9:1 and -0.4:1, respectively. Most of the 92 species collected were present af low to moderate densities over the entire range of Sigma DDT sediment concentrations. The bivalve Theora lubrica, tubificids, most polychaetes, a tanaid (Zeuxo normani), and an amphipod (G. japonica), were common, while four other amphipods (Ampelisca abdita, Corophium heteroceratum, Photis brevipes, Dulichia rhabdoplastis), a phoronid (Phoronis cf. pallida); a bivalve (Cryptomya californica), and a cumacean (Eudorella pacifica), were rare or absent from sites with high Sigma DDT sediment-concentrations. C1 US EPA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ferraro, SP (reprint author), US EPA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 53 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 130 IS 2 BP 323 EP 334 DI 10.1007/s002270050252 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YQ927 UT WOS:000071438600021 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ Oshiro, WM Padnos, BK AF Bushnell, PJ Oshiro, WM Padnos, BK TI Detection of visual signals by rats: effects of chlordiazepoxide and cholinergic and adrenergic drugs on sustained attention SO PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adrenergic; arousal; attention; chlordiazepoxide; cholinergic; clonidine; idazoxan; mecamylamine; muscarinic; nicotine; pilocarpine; scopolamine; signal detection ID BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR LIGANDS; REACTION-TIME-TASK; BASAL FOREBRAIN; BEHAVIORAL VIGILANCE; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS; NUCLEUS BASALIS; AGED MONKEYS; SCOPOLAMINE; MEMORY AB Central cholinergic and adrenergic pathways support the attentional processes necessary for detecting and reporting temporally unpredictable stimuli. To assess the functional effects of pharmacological manipulations of these pathways, male Long-Evans rats performed a two-choice: discrete-trial signal-detection task in which food was provided for pressing one lever after presentation of a signal (a 300-ms light flash), and for pressing a second lever at the end of a trial lacking a signal. Seven signal intensities were presented during each I-h session in a pseudo-random order across three 100-trial blocks. After acquisition of a stable performance baseline, the acute effects of chlordiazepoxide (0, 3, 5, 8 mg/kg IP), pilocarpine (0, 1.0, 1.8, 3.0 mg/kg SC), scopolamine (0, 0.030, 0.056, 0.100 mg/kg SC), nicotine (0, 0.08, 0.25, 0.75 mg/kg SC), mecamylamine (0, 1.8, 3.0: 5.6 mg/kg IP), clonidine (0, 0.003, 0.010, 0.030 mg/kg SC), and idazoxan (0, 1, 3, 10 mg/kg SC) were assessed. Five measures of performance were analyzed: response failures; the proportion of "hits" [P(hit): the proportion of correct responses on signal trials]; the proportion of "false-alarms" [P(fa): the proportion of incorrect responses on non-signal trials]; and response times (RT) for hits and for correct rejections. All drugs which slowed responding affected RT for hits and correct rejections equivalently, suggesting little or no influence of motor slowing on choice accuracy. Chlordiazepoxide reduced P(hit) at low signal intensities only, without affecting P(fa) or RT, consistent with sensory impairment (reduced visual sensitivity). All other drugs except nicotine reduced P(hit) at high signal intensities preferentially, suggesting a non-visual source of the impairment. Scopolamine, mecamylamine and clonidine affected both P(hit) and P(fa); pilocarpine and idazoxan reduced P(hit) without affecting: P(fa). Nicotine at 0.75 mg/kg decreased P(hit) in the first block of trials; at 0.08 mg/kg it increased P(hit) in the second block; no dose affected P(fa). RTs were increased by pilocarpine, scopolamine, mecamylamine and clonidine, but not by nicotine or idazoxan. The data suggest that drugs which reduce cholinergic or adrenergic tone (scopolamine, mecamylamine and clonidine) impair sustained attention by decreasing the detection of signals and by increasing the false alarm rate, whereas drugs which elevate cholinergic or adrenergic tone (pilocarpine, nicotine and idazoxan) decrease attention by impairing detection of signals without affecting the false alarm rate. In contrast, the GABA-facilitating drug chlordiazepoxide appeared to affect visual thresholds rather than attention. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 74 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0033-3158 J9 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY JI Psychopharmacology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 134 IS 3 BP 230 EP 241 DI 10.1007/s002130050446 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA YL994 UT WOS:000071016700003 PM 9438673 ER PT J AU Gibson, MC deMonsabert, SM Orme-Zavaleta, J AF Gibson, MC deMonsabert, SM Orme-Zavaleta, J TI Comparison of noncancer risk assessment approaches for use in deriving drinking water criteria SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT; ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; UNCERTAINTY; TOXICANTS; INCEPTION; EVOLUTION; CHEMICALS; ISSUES; NOAEL AB The development and promulgation of drinking water regulations to protect exposed human populations from contaminants that may occur in public drinking water supplies has been a major regulatory concern and effort of the United States Environmental Protection Agency for decades. Risk assessment, as applied in the development of drinking water regulations, involves the quantification of the level below which adverse health effects are not expected to occur. Traditionally, the oral reference dose (RfD) has been the preferred approach for characterizing these noncancer health risks. The benchmark dose approach to derive RfDs has increasingly:gained scientific and regulatory acceptance as a risk assessment methodology since its introduction in 1984. Similarly, the use of categorical regression techniques mere introduced at about the same time. The objective of this paper is to present an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of each risk assessment method as related to the development of drinking water criteria for noncarcinogenic chemicals. The data base requirements, performance record, mathematical or statistical basis, and other parameters are described and compared. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 Karch & Associates Inc, Washington, DC 20006 USA. George Mason Univ, Civil Environm & Infrastruct Engn Program, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gibson, MC (reprint author), Karch & Associates Inc, Washington, DC 20006 USA. NR 49 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 243 EP 256 DI 10.1006/rtph.1997.1150 PG 14 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV364 UT WOS:000071815800001 PM 9441915 ER PT J AU Simon, TW AF Simon, TW TI Combining physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling with Monte Carlo simulation to derive an acute inhalation guidance value for trichloroethylene SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NONCANCER RISK ASSESSMENT; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; UNCERTAINTY FACTORS; CHLORAL HYDRATE; SAFETY FACTORS; METABOLISM; EXPOSURE; HUMANS; VARIABILITY; RATS AB Using the Monte Carlo method and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling an occupational inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene consisting of 7 h of exposure per day for 5 days was simulated in populations of men and women of 5000 individuals each. The endpoint of concern for occupational exposure was drowsiness. The toxicologic condition leading to drowsiness was assumed to be high levels of both trichloroethanol and trichloroethylene. Therefore, the output of the simulation or dose metric was the maximum value of the sum of the concentration of trichloroethylene in blood and the concentration of trichloroethanol within its volume of distribution occurring within 1 week of exposure. The distributions of the dose metric in the simulated populations were lognormal. To protect 99% of a worker population, a concentration of 30 ppm over a 7-h period of the work day should not be exceeded. Subjecting a susceptible individual (the 99th percentile of the dose metric) to 200 ppm (the ACGIH short-term exposure limit or STEL) for 15 min twice a day over a work week necessitates a 2.5-h rest in fresh air following the STEL exposure to allow the blood concentrations of trichloroethylene and trichloroethanol to drop to levels that would not cause drowsiness. Both the OSHA PEL and the ACGIH TLV are greater than the value of 30 ppm derived here. As well. as suggesting a new occupational guidance value, this study provides an example of this method of guidance value derivation. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Atlanta Fed Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Simon, TW (reprint author), US EPA, Atlanta Fed Ctr, Reg 4,61 Forsyth St SW, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RI Simon, Ted/M-9188-2013 OI Simon, Ted/0000-0001-9405-3020 NR 61 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 257 EP 270 DI 10.1006/rtph.1997.1168 PG 14 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YV364 UT WOS:000071815800002 PM 9441916 ER PT J AU Kentula, ME AF Kentula, ME TI A comparison of approaches to prioritizing sites for riparian restoration SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WETLAND AB This study compares the results of Olson and Harris (1997) and Russell et al. (1997) in their work to prioritize sites for riparian restoration in the San Luis Rey River watershed. Olson and Harris defined reaches of the mainstem and evaluated the relative potential for restoration and protection based on cover of natural vegetation, land use, and connectivity. Then they used data on geomorphic conditions, plant species composition, and community structure to prescribe strategies for restoration. Russell et al. used a modeling approach within a geographic information system to combine data on wetness and land use/land cover to identify areas with potential for protection and restoration. They prioritized the areas based on patch size and proximity to extant riparian habitat. The mainstem and associated floodplain defined by Olson and Harris was more than twice the size of the area defined by Russell et al., because Olson and Harris considered the entire valley floor, whereas Russell et al. used a wetness index to identify saturated zones within the floodplain. For seven of the twelve management units delineated along the mainstem, the two studies agreed on a strategy of restoration or protection. They differed on two. No comparison could be made of the three units for which Olson and Harris used project review, a unique category. Agreement of the results is due to the similarity of criteria used to identify and rank sites for protection and restoration; disagreement is due primarily to the level of resolution of the data. Both approaches have potential for use in watershed-level planning. The predictive power of the two approaches may be maximized when they are used in a complementary fashion. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Kentula, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 5 IS 4 SU S BP 69 EP 74 DI 10.1111/j.1526-100X.1997.00069.x PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YQ020 UT WOS:000071339400009 ER PT J AU Landers, DH AF Landers, DH TI Riparian restoration: Current status and the reach to the future SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; PERSPECTIVE; INTEGRITY AB Nine articles in the special issue of Restoration Ecology addressing the subject of site selection for riparian restoration activities were critically examined for this review. The approaches described make significant and original contributions to the field of riparian restoration. All are interdisciplinary to some extent, often combining the fields of hydrology, geomorphology, and biology in the design of restorations. A common component among the articles is that they take a broad view, if not a watershed view, of restoration site selection. The approaches can be generally described as top-down strategic approaches to siting restorations, as opposed to the more methods-and site-driven bottom-up, or tactical, approach. All the articles recognize the importance of developing endpoints related to the ecological function of riparian ecosystems. They succeed in their quest for these indicators of ecological function to varying degrees. The most common indicator used in these papers is riparian vegetation. Several additional elements of scientific investigation, if successfully pursued, could provide vital information and advance our understanding of riparian restoration: developing interdisciplinary approaches more fully; defining endpoints and reference conditions; implementing multiple scale approaches; viewing restorations as experimental ecosystem manipulations; developing a philosophy regarding exotic species; incorporating geographic information systems more often; and integrating science, society, and politics. The foundation provided by the contributions in this issue should provide a strong basis for the rapid advancement of future research in the area of riparian restoration. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Landers, DH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 5 IS 4 SU S BP 113 EP 121 DI 10.1111/j.1526-100X.1997.00113.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YQ020 UT WOS:000071339400013 ER PT J AU Griffith, SM Owen, JS Horwath, WR Wigington, PJ Baham, JE Elliott, LF AF Griffith, SM Owen, JS Horwath, WR Wigington, PJ Baham, JE Elliott, LF TI Nitrogen movement and water quality at a poorly-drained agricultural and riparian site in the Pacific Northwest (Reprinted from Plant nutrition for sustainable food production and environment, 1997) SO SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Reprint CT 13th International Plant Nutrition Colloquium CY SEP 13-19, 1997 CL TOKYO UNIV AGR, TOKYO, JAPAN SP Japanese Soc Soil & Plant Nutr, Sci Council Japan, Int Council Plant Nutr HO TOKYO UNIV AGR DE ammonium; denitrification; Lolium perenne L.; nitrate; seed production; soil redox ID FOREST; FILTERS AB Grass seed cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest account for about half of the cool-season forage and turf grass seed production in the world. Grass seed cropping systems are intensely managed with inorganic fertilizers to sustain production. Much of the land where grass seed production occurs in western Oregon is marginally productive for most other crops because of the poorly drained soil conditions. The role of riparian areas bordering grass seed fields in moderating surface water and groundwater quality is not well understood. A study sire in western Oregon was instrumented to determine how riparian areas bordering grass seed fields process N and thereby influence water quality. The site consisted of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed field, a riparian area, and an intermittent creek. Groundwater levels were monitored during the fall of 1995 to the late spring of 1996 and a complete set of samples were collected every two weeks from wells with water and analyzed for NO3(-) and NH4(+). Total fertilizer applied to the crop was 200 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), Data indicated a lateral subsurface hydrologic flow path from the cultivated field through the riparian zone, to the creek. Averaged over the season (November 1995 - June 1996), riparian zone A and C horizon groundwater mean NO3(-) concentration was mostly undetectable and less than 3.8 mg L-1 in the agricultural field. At all sampling concentration was higher in the field than in the riparian zone. Seasonal mean groundwater NH4(+) concentrations for the riparian and field A and C horizons were less than or equal to 0.2 mg L-1, Annual crop net N accumulation was 144 kg N ha(-1). Riparian soil electrode potentials (Eh) at 25 and 45 cm averaged -200 to -100 mV during the wet cycle, whereas the field ranged between 0 to +50 mV. Collectively, findings indicate that both crop and riparian processes at the Lake Creek site are responsible for reducing shallow groundwater NO3(-) to low levels. C1 Oregon State Univ, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Griffith, SM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU JAPANESE SOC SOIL SCIENCE PLANT NUTRITION PI TOKYO PA BUSINESS CENTER ACAD SOC JAPAN 16-9, HONKOMAGOME 5-CHOME, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN SN 0038-0768 J9 SOIL SCI PLANT NUTR JI Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 43 SI SI BP 1025 EP 1030 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA ZB142 UT WOS:000072440600017 ER PT J AU DeVito, MJ Diliberto, JJ Ross, DG Menache, MG Birnbaum, LS AF DeVito, MJ Diliberto, JJ Ross, DG Menache, MG Birnbaum, LS TI Dose-response relationships for polyhalogenated dioxins and dibenzofurans following subchronic treatment in mice I. CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzyme activity in liver, lung, and skin SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; P-DIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MALE-RATS; INDUCTION; PCDFS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; DISPOSITION AB The dose-response relationships for induction of liver, lung, and skin ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and liver acetanilide-4-hydroxylase (ACOH) activity following subchronic exposure to either 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1-PeCDF), 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), or octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) were determined in female B6C3F1 mice in order to estimate the relative enzyme inducing potency of these chemicals in three different tissues. The relative potencies were calculated based on tissue concentrations as well as administered dose. A dose-dependent induction of EROD activity in liver, lung, and skin and of ACOH activity in liver was found for all seven chemicals. When based on administered dose, the relative potencies for specific congeners did not vary substantially among tissues. The relative potencies for TCDF and 1-PeCDF, congeners which have much shorter half-lives than TCDD, increased for all enzymes when estimated from tissue concentrations. The relative potency of OCDF, which is poorly absorbed, was greater when estimated from tissue concentrations than when estimated from administered dose. 4-PeCDF is highly sequestered in hepatic tissue and when the relative potency was estimated based on tissue concentration, its potency for skin enzyme induction increased. These data indicate that the relative potency of these chemicals is influenced not only by the relative binding affinity to the Ah receptor, but also by differences in pharmacokinetic properties of these chemicals. In addition, it may be useful to derive two sets of toxic equivalency factor values, one used for estimating intake equivalents and the other for estimating tissue equivalents. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Extrapolat Modeling, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP DeVito, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 53 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 147 IS 2 BP 267 EP 280 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8261 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YR553 UT WOS:000071506800011 PM 9439722 ER PT J AU Andersen, CP Wilson, R Plocher, M Hogsett, WE AF Andersen, CP Wilson, R Plocher, M Hogsett, WE TI Carry-over effects of ozone on root growth and carbohydrate concentrations of ponderosa pine seedlings SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbohydrates; carry-over effects; needle senescence; ozone stress; Pinus ponderosa; resource allocation; root production ID CARBON ALLOCATION; EXPOSURES; SYMBIOSIS; DIOXIDE AB Ozone exposure decreases belowground carbon allocation and root growth of plants; however, the extent to which these effects persist and the cumulative impact of ozone stress on plant growth are poorly understood. To evaluate the potential for plant compensation, we followed the progression of ozone effects, with particular emphasis on the development of new roots. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl, ex Laws.) seedlings were exposed to ozone for 2 years. Following removal of the seedlings from ozone, root growth was assessed to characterize the carry-over effects on new root production, and carbohydrate concentrations were measured to determine if allocation strategies differed among ozone treatments. Four months after removal from ozone, dormant seedlings had significantly lower starch concentrations in stems, coarse roots and fine roots than control seedlings. Following root flushing, starch concentrations in all seedlings decreased, with ozone-treated seedlings containing significantly less starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose and total monosaccharides than control seedlings. There was some evidence that stem starch was mobilized to compensate partially for the lower concentrations of root starch in ozone-treated seedlings; however, there was significantly less new root production in seedlings previously exposed to ozone for 2 years than in control seedlings. Early senescence of older needle age classes, perhaps resulting in inadequate available photosynthate, may be responsible for the reduction in new root production during the year following exposure to ozone. Stored carbohydrate reserves? which were depleted in seedlings previously exposed to ozone, were insufficient to compensate for the ozone-induced reduction in canopy photosynthate. We conclude that there are carry-over effects of ozone exposure on ponderosa pine seedlings, including an enhanced potential for seedling susceptibility to other stresses even in respite years when ozone concentrations are low. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. DYNAMAC CORP,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Andersen, CP (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 28 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 17 IS 12 BP 805 EP 811 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YG017 UT WOS:A1997YG01700007 ER PT J AU Rao, PSC Annable, MD Sillan, RK Dai, DP Hatfield, K Graham, WD Wood, AL Enfield, CG AF Rao, PSC Annable, MD Sillan, RK Dai, DP Hatfield, K Graham, WD Wood, AL Enfield, CG TI Field-scale evaluation of in situ cosolvent flushing for enhanced aquifer remediation SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS; WATER-MISCIBLE SOLVENTS; COAL-TAR DISSOLUTION; SOILS; SORPTION AB A comprehensive, field-scale evaluation of in situ cosolvent flushing for enhanced remediation of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-contaminated aquifers was performed in a hydraulically isolated test cell (about 4.3 m x 3.6 m) constructed at a field site at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. This sand-gravel-cobble surficial aquifer, underlain by a deep clay confining unit at about 6 m below ground surface, was contaminated with a multicomponent NAPL as a result of jet fuel and chlorinated solvent disposal during the 1940s and 1950s. The water table within the test cell was raised to create a 1.5 m saturated flow zone that contained the NAPL smear zone. The cosolvent flushing test consisted of pumping about 40,000 L (approximately nine pore volumes) of a ternary cosolvent mixture (70% ethanol, 12% n-pentanol, and 18% water) through the test cell over a period of 10 days, followed by flushing with water for another 20 days. Several methods for assessing site remediation yielded consistent results, indicating that on the average >85% mass of the several target contaminants was removed as a result of the cosolvent flushing; NAPL constituent removal effectiveness was greater (90-99(+)%) in the upper 1-m zone, in comparison to about 70-80% in the bottom 0.5-m zone near the clay confining unit. Various interacting factors that control the hydrodynamic sweep efficiency, and the NAPL removal effectiveness during cosolvent flushing in this unconfined aquifer are discussed. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. UNIV FLORIDA,INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM HYDROL SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL. NR 47 TC 121 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2673 EP 2686 DI 10.1029/97WR02145 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA YJ964 UT WOS:A1997YJ96400005 ER PT J AU Jackson, MA Stack, HF Waters, MD AF Jackson, MA Stack, HF Waters, MD TI Activity profiles of carcinogenicity data: Application in hazard identification and risk assessment SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE rodent carcinogenicity; graphic activity profile; hazard identification; risk assessment; potency ranking ID NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; POTENCY DATABASE; ANIMAL BIOASSAYS; CHRONOLOGICAL SUPPLEMENT; HALOGENATED PROPANES; UNCERTAINTY; CHEMICALS; BROMINE; TD50 AB Animal cancer data play a primary role in human risk assessment due to the limited epidemiological data. The current database of test results from the NCI/NTP rodent bioassays provide valuable information concerning the carcinogenic potential of hundreds of environmental agents. An approach is presented to reduce and graphically display these data as activity profiles to allow visualization and assessment of tumor response trends across multiple parameters, e.g. species, sex, target site, and route of exposure. Spreadsheet graphics are used to construct the profiles organized on the multiple parameters of carcinogenicity in a format that enables comparative analysis among chemicals. Several example applications are described to illustrate the value of activity profiles in hazard identification and risk assessment. The NCI/NTP data used in developing this concept are from the Carcinogen Potency Database (CPDB) compiled by Gold et al. (Environ. Health Perspect. 103 (Suppl. 8) (1995) 3-122). Computer links to the underlying details in the CPDB are maintained such that specific histopathologies at individual tumor sites, duration of the study, dose-response data, and notes related to diet, survival, treatments, and the authors evaluation are available to aid in the assessment process. The profiles display carcinogen potency based on the tumorigenic dose rate 50 (TD50), i.e. the chronic dose rate that would induce tumors in half of the test animals at the end of their standard lifespan adjusting for spontaneous tumors. The TD50 values provide an index for establishing a relative potency ranking of the chemicals for any specific parameter, such as species or target site. An example ranking of hepatocarcinogens is presented to illustrate relative potencies for chemical analogs. The rank order indicates that the degree and type of halogenation of alkanes has a direct bearing on the carcinogenic potency of these compounds. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Integrated Syst Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Waters, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 394 IS 1-3 BP 113 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00123-X PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YM149 UT WOS:000071034400014 PM 9434850 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AD Auletta, AE Clive, D Kirby, PE Moore, MM Myhr, BC AF Mitchell, AD Auletta, AE Clive, D Kirby, PE Moore, MM Myhr, BC TI The L5178Y/tk(+/-) mouse lymphoma specific gene and chromosomal mutation assay - A phase III report of the US Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox program SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID THYMIDINE KINASE LOCUS; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; TRIFLUOROTHYMIDINE-RESISTANT MUTANTS; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION SYSTEM; MAMMALIAN-MICROSOME ASSAY; CHROMATID EXCHANGE TESTS; TERM MUTAGENICITY ASSAYS; L5178Y TK+/; CODED CHEMICALS; MUTAGENESIS ASSAY AB The L5178Y/tk(+/-)-3.7.2C mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) which detects mutations affecting the heterozygous thymidine kinase (rk) locus is capable of responding to chemicals acting as clastogens as well as point mutagens. Improvements in the assay to enhance detection of this spectrum of genetic events are summarized, and criteria for evaluating the data are defined. Using these criteria, the Phase III Work Group reviewed and evaluated literature containing MLA results published from 1976 through 1993. The data base included 602 chemicals of which 343 were evaluated as positive, 44 negative, 18 equivocal, 54 apparently inappropriate for evaluation in this test system with the published protocols, and 142 that were inadequately tested, and thus a definitive call could not be made. The overall performance of the assay is summarized by chemical class, and the outcome of testing 260 chemicals in the MLA is compared with Gene-Tox and National Toxicology Program evaluations of rodent carcinogenesis bioassay results for the same chemicals. Based on the Work Group's evaluation of published MLA data for chemicals that were considered adequately tested, it is concluded that for most chemicals the L5178Y/tk(+/-) mouse lymphoma assay is eminently well suited for genotoxicity testing and for predicting the potential for carcinogenicity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Genesys Res Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Sitek Res Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Covance Labs Inc, Vienna, VA 22182 USA. RP Mitchell, AD (reprint author), Genesys Res Inc, POB 14165, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 154 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 394 IS 1-3 BP 177 EP 303 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00115-0 PG 127 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YM149 UT WOS:000071034400020 PM 9434856 ER PT J AU Rahman, Q Norwood, J Hatch, G AF Rahman, Q Norwood, J Hatch, G TI Evidence that exposure of particulate air pollutants to human and rat alveolar macrophages leads to differential oxidative response SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITES; ASBESTOS CARCINOGENESIS; FREE-RADICALS; TOXICITY; PARTICLES; ENZYMES; INJURY; LUNG AB Macrophages and inflammatory cells generate active oxygen species in the process of killing and degrading microorganisms. Air pollutant particles may be ingested by macrophages and stimulate the same mechanisms to produce a long term oxidative burden to the lung if particles are not degraded. In the present study human and rat alveolar macrophages (AM) were compared in their response to inhaled particles using luminol dependent chemiluminescence (CL) and peroxide dependent CL assays. Cytotoxicity was measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant. Human AM produced more oxidants than rat AM whether, unstimulated, after addition of particles or addition of particles then peroxidase. Human AM also had a different spectrum of response to the same particles. Our results suggest that human macrophages produce more reactive oxygen species in respond to particles than rat AM. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Rahman, Q (reprint author), IND TOXICOL RES CTR,POB 80,MG MARG,LUCKNOW 226001,UTTAR PRADESH,INDIA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD NOV 26 PY 1997 VL 240 IS 3 BP 669 EP 672 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7373 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA YK696 UT WOS:A1997YK69600028 PM 9398623 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM Hastings, SB Brooks, LR Eischen, BT Bell, DA Watson, MA Felton, JS Sandler, R Kohlmeier, L AF DeMarini, DM Hastings, SB Brooks, LR Eischen, BT Bell, DA Watson, MA Felton, JS Sandler, R Kohlmeier, L TI Pilot study of free and conjugated urinary mutagenicity during consumption of pan-fried meats: possible modulation by cruciferous vegetables, glutathione S-transferase-M1, and N-acetyltransferase-2 SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE urinary mutagenicity; diet; phenotype ID S-TRANSFERASE M1; COLON-CANCER; COLORECTAL-CANCER; BRUSSELS-SPROUTS; HETEROCYCLIC AMINES; CARCINOGEN-METABOLISM; GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; CYTOCHROME P4501A2; AROMATIC-AMINES; RISK AB Epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that consumption of fried meats in conjunction with certain genotypes of phase I and II metabolism genes poses an elevated risk for colorectal cancer. Parallel to this, the consumption of cruciferous vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer. Therefore, we designed a 6-week pilot feeding study to evaluate the effect of these variables on urinary mutagenicity, which is a biomarker associated with fried-meat consumption. Eight subjects were fed fried meats daily for six weeks; four ate cruciferous vegetables, and four ate non-cruciferous vegetables, Urinary mutagenicity was evaluated in the presence of S9 in strain YG1024 of Salmonella, which is a frameshift strain that overproduces acetyltransferase. C18/methanol extracts of 24-h urines collected once each week were tested unhydrolyzed (free mutagenicity) and hydrolyzed (total mutagenicity); the difference between the two was the conjugated mutagenicity. Although not significant, the levels of conjugated urinary mutagenicity doubled among crucifera consumers and decreased to 30% of the initial levels among non-crucifera consumers, suggesting the possibility that crucifera may enhance the level of conjugated urinary mutagenicity resulting from consumption of fried meats. Such an effect would be consistent with the documented ability of cruciferous vegetables to induce phase II enzymes. The NAT2 rapid phenotype was significantly associated with similar to 2-fold increases in conjugated(p = 0.05) and total (p = 0.004) urinary mutagenicity relative to NAT2 slow subjects, consistent with the elevated risk confirmed by the NAT2 rapid phenotype for colorectal cancer among meat consumers, An similar to 2-fold increase in urinary mutagenicity among the GSTMI(-) subjects relative to the GSTM1(+) subjects approached significance for free (p = 0.18) and total (p = 0.13) urinary mutagenicity. This is the first report on (a) the mutagenicity of hydrolyzed urine, which was consistently more mutagenic than unhydrolyzed urine; (b) the potential enhancement of conjugated urinary mutagenicity by crucifera; and (c) the association of the rapid NAT2 and possibly the GSTM1(-) phenotype with elevated levels of fried meat-associated urinary mutagenicity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT NUTR,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 78 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD NOV 19 PY 1997 VL 381 IS 1 BP 83 EP 96 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00152-8 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YH086 UT WOS:A1997YH08600010 PM 9403034 ER PT J AU Olszyk, DM Wise, C AF Olszyk, DM Wise, C TI Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and O-3 on rice and flacca tomato SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; ozone; Oryza sativa L.; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION; AIR-POLLUTANTS; CHRONIC OZONE; B RADIATION; GROWTH; RESPONSES; REGIMES; SEEDLINGS; EXPOSURE; BIOMASS AB Atmospheric concentrations of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O-3) are increasing, with potentially dramatic effects on plants. This study was conducted to determine interactive effects of CO2 and O-3 on rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR 74) and a 'wilty' mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. flacca). Plants were grown from seed in a glasshouse and exposed for 28 days to ambient or elevated CO2 (approximate to 400 or 700 mu l l(-1) CO2) and/or ambient or elevated O-3 (peak/valley pattern of exposure with cumulative totals of approximate to 1 or 44 mu l l(-1) h). Elevated CO2 alleviated O-3-associated decreases in allocation of biomass to roots, as indicated by a decreased root:shoot ratio (p < 0.05), and also reduced injury from O-3 as indicated by leaf greenness readings for one experiment(p < 0.05). By itself, elevated CO2 resulted in increases in total plant and individual organ(root, leaf, stem) dry weights and root:shoot ratio and elevated O-3 resulted in increases in main culm leaf number and a decrease in stem dry weight (p < 0.05). Elevated CO2 had no significant effect on the tendency for O-3-induced biomass reductions of flacca tomato. For flacca, elevated CO2 alone increased shoot and root biomass (p < 0.05), and elevated O-3 alone tended to decrease biomass for both parameters, but only at p = 0.09 and O.11, respectively. This study was preliminary, as the environmental conditions in these experiments may have altered O-3 and CO2 responses of the plants. However, these results provided additional evidence that elevated CO2 inhibits adverse effects of O-3 on plants, and that the interactive response may be mediated by stomata. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Olszyk, DM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD NOV 17 PY 1997 VL 66 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00085-6 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YK687 UT WOS:A1997YK68700001 ER PT J AU Kozak, KR Abbott, B Hankinson, O AF Kozak, KR Abbott, B Hankinson, O TI ARNT-deficient mice and placental differentiation SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN; GROWTH-FACTOR; MOUSE EMBRYO; EXPRESSION PATTERNS; FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS; TYROSINE KINASE; STEM-CELLS; GENE; FLT-1 AB We used homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to generate mice heterozygous for an aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT) null mutation. These mice were intercrossed, but no live homozygous Amt -/- knockout mice were produced among 64 newborns. Homozygotes die in utero between 9.5 and 10.5 days of gestation. Abnormalities included neural tube closure defects, forebrain hypoplasia, delayed rotation of the embryo, placental hemorrhaging, and visceral arch abnormalities. However, the primary cause of lethality appears to be failure of the embryonic component of the placenta to vascularize and form the labyrinthine spongiotrophoblast. This may be related to ARNT's known role in hypoxic induction of angiogenesis. We found no defects in yolk sac circulation. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,JONSSON COMPREHENS CANC CTR,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST MOL BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES06439] NR 28 TC 211 Z9 212 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 191 IS 2 BP 297 EP 305 DI 10.1006/dbio.1997.8758 PG 9 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA YH801 UT WOS:A1997YH80100011 PM 9398442 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Kidnapped: Child abduction in America - Fass,PS SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA,KANSAS CITY,KS, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 122 IS 19 BP 68 EP 68 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA YF993 UT WOS:A1997YF99300154 ER PT J AU Davis, DL Kjellstrom, T Slooff, R McGartland, A Atkinson, D Barbour, W Hohenstein, W Nagelhout, P Woodruff, T Divita, F Wilson, J Schwartz, J AF Davis, DL Kjellstrom, T Slooff, R McGartland, A Atkinson, D Barbour, W Hohenstein, W Nagelhout, P Woodruff, T Divita, F Wilson, J Schwartz, J TI Short-term improvements in public health from global-climate policies on fossil-fuel combustion: an interim report SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; MORTALITY AB Background Most public-health assessments of climate control policies have focused on long-term impacts of global change. Our interdisciplinary working group assesses likely short-term impacts on public health. Methods We combined models of energy consumption, carbon emissions, and associated atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentration under two different forecasts: business-as-usual (BAU); and a hypothetical climate-policy scenario, where developed and developing countries undertake significant reductions in carbon emissions. Findings We predict that by 2020, 700 000 avoidable deaths (90% CI 385 000-1 034 000) will occur annually as a result of additional PM exposure under the BAU forecasts when compared with the climate-policy scenario. From 2000 to 2020, the cumulative impact on public health related to the difference in PM exposure could total 8 million deaths globally (90% CI 4.4-11.9 million). In the USA alone, the avoidable number of annual deaths from PM exposure in 2020 (without climate-change-control policy) would equal in magnitude deaths associated with human immunodeficiency diseases or all liver diseases in 1995. Interpretation The mortality estimates are indicative of the magnitude of the likely health benefits of the climate-policy scenario examined and are not precise predictions of avoidable deaths. While characterised by considerable uncertainty, the short-term public-health impacts of reduced PM exposures associated with greenhouse-gas reductions are likely to be substantial even under the most conservative set of assumptions. C1 WHO,GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. ABT ASSOCIATES INC,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. RP Davis, DL (reprint author), WORLD RESOURCES INST,1709 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20006, USA. NR 55 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 8 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD NOV 8 PY 1997 VL 350 IS 9088 BP 1341 EP 1349 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10209-4 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YE872 UT WOS:A1997YE87200007 ER PT J AU Bowyer, JR Pleil, JD AF Bowyer, JR Pleil, JD TI Comparison of supercritical fluid extraction and Soxhlet extraction of organic compounds from carpet samples SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE extraction methods; carpet; alkanes; phenylcyclohexenes ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PETROLEUM-HYDROCARBONS; SOIL; POLLUTANTS AB Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and Soxhlet extraction were applied to a common set of samples to determine their relative efficiencies for the measurement of a variety of organic compounds and their comparability as laboratory techniques. For this test, a variety of carpet samples were extracted by both SFE and Soxhlet methods and the extraction solutions were analyzed via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results relative to an internal standard spike were then compared statistically by their relative standard deviations, an F-test for precision, and their averages within a 95% confidence level. Compounds of possible environmental exposure concern were used as some of the selected compounds for comparison. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Bowyer, JR (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,POB 12313,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 7 PY 1997 VL 787 IS 1-2 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00624-9 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA YH101 UT WOS:A1997YH10100017 ER PT J AU Lindsay, AE AF Lindsay, AE TI EPA takes interest in Penncap-M bee losses; Urges better beekeeping reports of losses SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Letter RP Lindsay, AE (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,FIELD & EXTERNAL AFFAIRS DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 137 IS 11 BP 767 EP 767 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YD480 UT WOS:A1997YD48000002 ER PT J AU Weintraub, M AF Weintraub, M TI Racism and lead poisoning SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Letter ID SEGREGATION RP Weintraub, M (reprint author), US EPA,REG IX,75 HAWTHORNE ST,MAIL CODE CMD-4-2,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105, USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD NOV PY 1997 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1871 EP 1872 DI 10.2105/AJPH.87.11.1871-a PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YE940 UT WOS:A1997YE94000029 PM 9366653 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Samet, JM Quay, J Wortman, IA Richards, JH Kennedy, TP Devlin, RB AF Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Samet, JM Quay, J Wortman, IA Richards, JH Kennedy, TP Devlin, RB TI Ferritin expression after in vitro exposures of human alveolar macrophages to silica is iron-dependent SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELEMENT-BINDING-PROTEIN; RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; RNA-BINDING; PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES; ACONITASE; ASBESTOS; INVITRO; TRANSFERRIN; METABOLISM; SURFACE AB The increased availability of catalytically active iron after silica exposure can present an oxidative injury to a living system. Sequestration of reactive iron would, therefore, confer a protective effect. The intracellular storage of iron by ferritin within macrophages can limit the potential for radical generation and cellular injury resulting from exposure to a metal chelate. We tested the hypothesis that in vitro exposure of human alveolar macrophages to silica increases the expression of ferritin through a posttranscriptional mechanism. Exposure of 1.0 x 10(6) macrophages to 100 mu g/ml silica for 4 h increased light-subunit (L)-ferritin protein concentrations in both cell supernatants and lysates. Inclusion of 1.0 mM deferoxamine in the reaction mixtures inhibited increases in ferritin after silica. To test for a posttranscriptional regulation of ferritin protein expression, cells were incubated with acid-washed particles, silica with complexed zinc cation, and silica with complexed iron cation. L-ferritin protein concentrations were increased in both cell supernatants and lysates after 4 h of exposure to silica with complexed iron cation. There were no increases in L-ferritin after incubations with acid-washed particles or silica with complexed zinc cation. There were no significant differences in levels of L-ferritin cDNA between any of the exposures, suggesting a posttranscriptional control of ferritin expression. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. CAROLINAS MED CTR,CHARLOTTE,NC 28203. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 17 IS 5 BP 533 EP 540 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA YG287 UT WOS:A1997YG28700001 PM 9374104 ER PT J AU Dye, JA Adler, KB Richards, JH Dreher, KL AF Dye, JA Adler, KB Richards, JH Dreher, KL TI Epithelial injury induced by exposure to residual oil fly-ash particles: Role of reactive oxygen species? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYL RADICAL PRODUCTION; INSTILLATION IN-VIVO; NF-KAPPA-B; AIR-POLLUTION; LUNG INJURY; GLUTATHIONE SYNTHESIS; REPERFUSION INJURY; XANTHINE-OXIDASE; NITRIC-OXIDE; DIMETHYLTHIOUREA AB Exposure of animals to airborne particulates is associated with pulmonary injury and inflammation, In the studies described here, primary cultures of rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells were exposed to suspensions of residual oil fly ash (ROFA), ROFA exposure resulted in progressive cytotoxicity whereby the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released was significantly greater at 24 h than at 6 h after exposure, In a dose-dependent manner, exposure to 5, 10, or 20 mu g/cm(2) of ROFA for 24 h resulted in cytotoxicity and detachment of cells from the collagen matrix, along with altered permeability of the RTE cell layer, ROFA exposure caused cellular glutathione levels to decrease, producing a condition of oxidative stress in the RTE cells, Treatment of RTE cells with buthionine sulfoxamine, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase, was found to augment ROFA-induced cytotoxicity, Treatment with dimethylthiourea (DMTU) inhibited ROFA-induced LDH release and permeability changes in a dose-dependent manner, Treatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-G-monomethyl-D-arginine (D-NMA) for 24 h was without effect, In rats intratracheally instilled with ROFA (500 mu g/rat), intraperitoneal administration of DMTU (500 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the degree of pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation present at 24 h, Overall, these in vitro findings suggest that ROFA-induced RTE cell injury may be mediated by hydroxyl-radical-like reactive oxygen species (i.e., species scavenged by DMTU) that are generated via non-nitric oxide pathways, The delay in induction of maximal RTE cell injury may reflect the time necessary to produce an oxidative burden by depleting antioxidant defenses such as cellular glutathione. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT ANAT PHYSIOL SCI & RADIOL,RALEIGH,NC 27606. RP Dye, JA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ETD,PTB,MD-82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 48 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 17 IS 5 BP 625 EP 633 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA YG287 UT WOS:A1997YG28700011 PM 9374114 ER PT J AU Barkay, T Gillman, M Turner, RR AF Barkay, T Gillman, M Turner, RR TI Effects of dissolved organic carbon and salinity on bioavailability of mercury SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BIOLUMINESCENT BACTERIA; TRANSCRIPTIONAL FUSION; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; GENE-EXPRESSION; METHYLATION; METHYLMERCURY; INVIVO; FISH AB Hypotheses that dissolved organic carbon (DOG) and electrochemical charge affect the rate of methylmercury [CH3Hg(I)] synthesis by modulating the availability of ionic mercury [Hg(II)] to bacteria were tested by using a mer-lux bioindicator (O. Selifonova, R, Burlage, and T, Barkay, Appl, Environ, Microbiol, 59:3083-3090, 1993), A decline in Hg(II)-dependent light production was observed in the presence of increasing concentrations of DOG, and this decline was more pronounced at pH 7 than at pH 5, suggesting that DOC is a factor controlling the bioavailability of Hg(LI). A thermodynamic model (MINTEQA2) was used to select assay conditions that clearly distinguished among various Hg(II) species, By using this approach, it was shown that negatively charged forms of mercuric chloride (HgCl3-/HgCl42-) induced less light production than the electrochemically neutral form (HgCl2), and no difference was observed between the two neutral forms, HgCl2 and Hg(OH)(2), These results suggest that the negative charge of Hg(II) species reduces their availability to bacteria and may be one reason why accumulation of CH3Hg(I) is more often reported to occur in freshwater than in estuarine and marine biota. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,PENSACOLA,FL 32514. NR 42 TC 203 Z9 220 U1 8 U2 60 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 63 IS 11 BP 4267 EP 4271 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YE281 UT WOS:A1997YE28100020 PM 9361413 ER PT J AU Allen-Gil, SM Gubala, CP Wilson, R Landers, DH Wade, TL Sericano, JL Curtis, LR AF Allen-Gil, SM Gubala, CP Wilson, R Landers, DH Wade, TL Sericano, JL Curtis, LR TI Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments and biota from four US Arctic lakes SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE FOOD-CHAINS; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; PERSISTENT POLLUTANTS; FRESH-WATER; CONTAMINANTS; MERCURY; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; DEPOSITION; PROGRAM AB Organochlorine (OC) concentrations in surface sediment, snails (Lymnea sp.), and two freshwater fish species (grayling, Thymallus arcticus; and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush) from four lakes in the US Arctic were determined. In surface sediment, chlorinated benzenes (including hexachlorobenzene, HCB), and p,p'-DDT were the primary analytes detected (max = 0.7 ng/g dry wt), while individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were always below 0.1 ng/g. A wider range of compounds and higher concentrations were found in lake trout, the top predatory fish species in the same lakes. The concentration ranges for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLORs), DDTs, and PCBs in lake trout and grayling were similar to those reported for other arctic freshwater fish (1-100 ng/g wet wt), but one to two orders of magnitude lower than Great Lakes salmonids. Nitrogen isotope analysis confirmed that differences in OC concentrations between grayling and lake trout are explained partly by differences in food web position. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Inst Nat Syst Engn, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Geochem & Environm Res Grp, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Coll Publ & Allied Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. RP Allen-Gil, SM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Wade, Terry/A-4012-2012 NR 45 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 25 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 378 EP 387 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YN353 UT WOS:000071159400005 PM 9419256 ER PT J AU Hurst, CJ Roman, MC Garland, JL Obenhuber, DC Brittain, AM AF Hurst, CJ Roman, MC Garland, JL Obenhuber, DC Brittain, AM TI Microbiological aspects of space exploration SO ASM NEWS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS CONTROL BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,ENVIRONM CONTROL & LIFE SUPPORT BRANCH,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812. ADV LIFE SUPPORT & SPACE BIOL GRP,KENNEDY SPACE CTR,FL. NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812. HAWAII PACIFIC COLL,HONOLULU,HI. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0044-7897 J9 ASM NEWS JI ASM News PD NOV PY 1997 VL 63 IS 11 BP 611 EP 615 PG 21 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YF693 UT WOS:A1997YF69300015 ER PT J AU Chiaradia, M Gulson, BL James, M Jameson, CW Johnson, D AF Chiaradia, M Gulson, BL James, M Jameson, CW Johnson, D TI Identification of secondary lead sources in the air of an urban environment SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Pb; urban air; gasoline; lead isotopes ID AIRBORNE LEAD; BLOOD LEAD; PETROL; STREET; DUST; SOIL; CONTAMINATION; PARTICLES; CHILDREN; CADMIUM AB High precision lead isotopic data have been measured from particulates deposited on filters from two suburbs of Sydney (NSW, Australia) and gasoline from two main brands to evaluate the source of lead in air following the phasing out of leaded gasoline in Sydney in 1986 and a 25% reduction of lead in leaded gasoline in 1994. These measures have resulted in a 75% reduction of lead in Sydney air nowadays. Despite these positive figures, our results indicate that gasoline still accounts for more than 90% of the lead in the atmosphere of this city. However, when compared with an earlier investigation carried out in the period 1979-1981, our data show that a background source with a Pb-206/Pb-204 isotopic ratio higher than petrol has become detectable. We have used a best fitting mathematical procedure to identify the isotopic ratio and percentage contribution of this source to the air. The values that we have obtained are similar to 18.2 and similar to 7%, respectively, for the Pb-206/Pb-204 ratio and the percentage contribution. Several local background sources are considered, including natural lead from soils, wood burning, coal burning in power stations and aircraft propellants. We also draw attention to the similarity of the background isotopic composition in Sydney air and isotopic ratios measured in snows of Antarctica. (C) 1997. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 CSIRO,EM,N RYDE,NSW 2113,AUSTRALIA. MACQUARIE UNIV,GRAD SCH ENVIRONM,SYDNEY,NSW 2109,AUSTRALIA. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NEW S WALES ENVIRONM PROTECT AUTHOR,LIDCOMBE,NSW 2141,AUSTRALIA. NR 29 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 31 IS 21 BP 3511 EP 3521 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00218-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XV754 UT WOS:A1997XV75400003 ER PT J AU Clarke, JF Edgerton, ES Martin, BE AF Clarke, JF Edgerton, ES Martin, BE TI Dry deposition calculations for the clean air status and trends network SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE dry deposition; deposition velocities; sulfur dioxide; nitric acid; ozone ID SO2; FLUXES; SULFUR AB The National Dry Deposition Network (NDDN) was established in 1986 to document the magnitude, spatial variability, and trends in dry deposition across the United States. Currently, the network operates as a component of the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet). Dry deposition is not measured directly in CASTNet, but is determined by an inferential approach (i.e. fluxes are calculated as the product bf measured ambient concentration and a modeled deposition velocity). Chemical species include ozone, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, sulfur dioxide, and nitric acid. The temporal resolution for the ambient concentration measurements and dry deposition flux calculations is hourly for ozone and weekly for the other species. This paper describes the 50-station CASTNet dry deposition network, discusses dry deposition calculation procedures and presents dry deposition data for sulfur dioxide and nitric acid for 1991. Sources of uncertainty in dry deposition estimates are also discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN INC,DURHAM,NC 27713. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,DIV AIR EXPOSURE RES,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NOAA,ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV,AIR RESOURCES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 20 TC 116 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 31 IS 21 BP 3667 EP 3678 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00141-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XV754 UT WOS:A1997XV75400017 ER PT J AU Mun, HT Whitford, WG AF Mun, HT Whitford, WG TI Changes in mass and chemistry of plant roots during long-term decomposition on a Chihuahuan Desert watershed SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE decomposition; Chihuahuan Desert; lignin; mass loss; nitrogen immobilization ID LITTER DECOMPOSITION; FORESTED ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; ORGANIC-MATTER; SOIL-MOISTURE; BURIED LITTER; FINE ROOTS; MICROARTHROPODS; PATTERNS; LIGNIN AB We studied the spatial and temporal patterns of decomposition of roots of a desert sub-shrub, a herbaceous annual, and four species of perennial grasses at several locations on nitrogen fertilized and unfertilized transects on a Chihuahuan Desert watershed for 3.5 years. There were few significant differences between the decomposition rates of roots on the NH4NO3 fertilized and unfertilized transects. Decomposition of all roots followed a two-phase pattern: early rapid mass loss followed by a long period of low mass loss. Rates of decomposition were negatively correlated with the initial lignin content of the roots (r=0.90). Mass loss rates of the roots of the herbaceous annual, Baileya multiradiata, were significantly higher than those of the grasses and the shrub, probably as a result of subterranean termites feeding on B. multiradiata root material. The only location where mass loss rates were significantly different was the dry lake bed, where mass loss rates were lower than those recorded on the upper watershed. The spatial differences in mass loss rates in the dry lake were attributable to the high clay content of the soils, which reduced water availability, and to the absence of termites. Non-polar substances in decomposing roots decreased rapidly during the first year, then decreased at a low but fairly constant rate. Water-soluble compounds decreased rapidly (50-60% of initial concentration) during the first 3-6 months. Lignin concentrations of roots of perennial grasses were higher than those of herbaceous annual plants and woody shrubs. Lignin concentrations increased in all species during decomposition. The chemical changes in decomposing roots followed the patterns described for decomposing litter in mesic environments. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89196 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD NOV PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 16 EP 22 DI 10.1007/s003740050336 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YL865 UT WOS:000071001600002 ER PT J AU Leavitt, SA DeAngelo, AB George, MH Ross, JA AF Leavitt, SA DeAngelo, AB George, MH Ross, JA TI Assessment of the mutagenicity of dichloroacetic acid in lacI transgenic B6C3F1 mouse liver SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; STRAND BREAKS; MUTATION; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; INDUCTION; MICE; CARCINOGENICITY; METABOLITES; HEPATOCYTES; SPECTRA AB Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is a chlorination byproduct found in finished drinking water, When administered in drinking water this chemical has been shown to produce hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in B6C3F1 mice over the animal's lifetime, In this study, we investigated whether mutant frequencies were increased in mouse liver using treatment protocols that yielded significant tumor induction, DCA was administered continuously at either 1.0 or 3.5 g/l in drinking water to male transgenic B6C3F1 mice harboring the bacterial lad gene, Groups of five or six animals were killed at 4, 10 or 60 weeks and livers removed, At both 4 and 10 weeks of treatment, there was no significant difference in mutant frequency between the treated and control animals at either dose level, At 60 weeks, mice treated with 1.0 g/l DCA showed a 1.3-fold increase in mutant frequency over concurrent controls (P = 0.05), Mice treated with 3.5 g/l DCA for 60 weeks had a 2.3-fold increase in mutant frequency over the concurrent controls (P = 0.002), The mutation spectrum recovered from mice treated with 3.5 g/l DCA for 60 weeks contained G:C-->A:T transitions (32.79%) and G:C-->T:A transversions (21.31%), In contrast, G:C-->A:T transitions comprised 53.19% of the recovered mutants among control animals, Although only 19.15% of mutations among the controls were at T:A sites, 32.79% of the mutations from DCA-treated animals were at T:A sites, This is consistent with the previous observation that the proportion of mutations at T:A sites in codon 61 of the H-ras gene was increased in DCA-induced liver tumors in B6C3F1 mice. The present study demonstrates DCA-associated mutagenicity in the mouse liver under conditions in which DCA produces hepatic tumors. RP Leavitt, SA (reprint author), US EPA,BIOCHEM & PATHOBIOL BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 18 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD NOV PY 1997 VL 18 IS 11 BP 2101 EP 2106 DI 10.1093/carcin/18.11.2101 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA YG756 UT WOS:A1997YG75600011 PM 9395208 ER PT J AU Thompson, JA AF Thompson, JA TI Cellular fluorescence capacity as an endpoint in algal toxicity testing SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES; RAPID PHOTOSYNTHETIC ADAPTATION; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; MECHANISMS AB The use of a cellular fluorescence capacity (CFC) index as a toxicity end point for the alga, Selenastrum copricornutum was examined. The index is calculated from algal fluorescence before (F) and after (F-d) the addition of the herbicide 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) and is expressed as a proportion [(F-d-F)/F-d]. CFC was compared to algal growth response in 96-hours in bioassays with copper, zinc, pentachlorophenol, a complex mixture obtained from a sewage treatment works effluent and four sediment pore water samples. Although not always as sensitive as the 96-hour growth response, CFC was usually more sensitive than the 24-hour growth response and was able to detect the toxicity of copper to the alga species as early as 5 hours. CFC was a useful endpoint in toxicity determinations and demonstrated potential as a rapid short term screening response for toxicity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Thompson, JA (reprint author), US EPA,MED DULUTH,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 9 BP 2027 EP 2037 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00226-9 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ533 UT WOS:A1997YJ53300013 ER PT J AU Boethling, RS Howard, PH Stiteler, W Hueber, A AF Boethling, RS Howard, PH Stiteler, W Hueber, A TI Does the semi-continuous activated sludge (SCAS) test predict removal in secondary treatment? SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article AB The semi-continuous activated sludge (SCAS) test was formalized by the U.S. Soap and Detergent Association in 1965. The SCAS procedure has also been adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as a test for inherent biodegradability and by the U.S. EPA as a test guideline (40CFR 835.3120) under the Toxic Substances Control Act. To investigate whether the SCAS test may be used to predict removal in full-scale activated sludge treatment systems, we first collected all available SCAS data for organic chemicals, and then retrieved data from full-, pilot-or bench-scale continuous-feed activated sludge (GAS) studies for the chemicals that had SCAS data. The intersected file was subjected to statistical analysis. Conclusions were as follows: (i) SCAS data were strongly clustered at high (>90 %) removal; (ii) for SCAS removal >90 %, it is probable that removal in the field will be >50 %; (iii) however, for SCAS removal <90 % adequate treatability cannot be predicted with confidence. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 SYRACUSE RES CORP,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. RP Boethling, RS (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7406,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 1997 VL 35 IS 10 BP 2119 EP 2130 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00291-9 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YF273 UT WOS:A1997YF27300002 ER PT J AU Dix, DJ Allen, JW Collins, BW Poorman-Allen, P Mori, C Blizard, DR Brown, PR Goulding, EH Strong, BD Eddy, EM AF Dix, DJ Allen, JW Collins, BW Poorman-Allen, P Mori, C Blizard, DR Brown, PR Goulding, EH Strong, BD Eddy, EM TI HSP70-2 is required for desynapsis of synaptonemal complexes during meiotic prophase in juvenile and adult mouse spermatocytes SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE heat shock protein; HSP70; meiosis; spermatogenesis; synaptonemal complex; mouse ID DEVELOPMENTALLY-REGULATED EXPRESSION; RAD51 RECOMBINATION PROTEIN; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; DNA MISMATCH REPAIR; SPERMATOGENIC CELLS; CDC2 PROTEIN; GERM-CELL; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; FIBROUS SHEATH; GENE FAMILY AB Spermatogenic cells synthesize a unique 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70-2) during prophase of meiosis I, and targeted disruption of the Hsp 70-2 gene has shown that this protein is required for spermatogenic cell differentiation in adult mice, HSP70-2 is associated with synaptonemal complexes formed between paired homologous chromosomes during meiotic prephase, The present study focuses on the nearly synchronous first wave of spermatogenesis in 12- to 28-day old juvenile mice to determine more precisely when HSP70-2 is required and what meiotic processes are affected by its absence. Spermatogenesis in homozygous mutant mice (Hsp70-2(-/-)) proceeded normally until day 15 when increasing numbers of pachytene spermatocytes became apoptotic and differentiation of cells beyond the pachytene stage began to falter, Synaptonemal complexes assembled in Hsp 70-2(-/-) mice and spermatocytes developed through the final pachytene substage, However, synaptonemal complexes failed to desynapse and normal diplotene spermatocytes were not observed, Metaphase spermatocytes were not seen in tissue sections from testes of Hsp70-2(-/-) mice, and expression of mRNAs and antigens characteristic of late pachytene spermatocytes (e.g., cyclin Al) and development of spermatids did not occur. Thus, HSP70-2 is required for synaptonemal complex desynapsis, and its absence severely impairs the transition of spermatogenic cells through the late meiotic stages and results in apoptosis beginning with the first wave of germ cell development in juvenile mice. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Div Med Safety Evaluat, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Kyoto 60601, Japan. NIEHS, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 54 TC 161 Z9 170 U1 0 U2 6 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD NOV PY 1997 VL 124 IS 22 BP 4595 EP 4603 PG 9 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA YM889 UT WOS:000071111800017 PM 9409676 ER PT J AU Touart, LW Maciorowski, AF AF Touart, LW Maciorowski, AF TI Information needs for pesticide registration in the United States SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); field studies; pesticide registration in the United States; pesticides; risk management; US Environmental Protection Agency policies AB Historically, the tiered data-gathering process of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) relied on aquatic field studies in its highest tier to complete an ecological risk assessment. A 1992 policy decision deemphasized requirements for field testing and placed greater emphasis on more realistic exposure estimates, laboratory-derived risk criteria, and early risk mitigation. Currently, ecological risk assessments of pesticides as performed by the OPP require two fundamental components: (1) an effects dose-response profile for selected species, and (2) an exposure profile for representative species relevant to the endpoints being considered. Additional information, though useful, is not generally considered essential for effective risk management decisions. It is the existing policy of the OPP to make expeditious decisions to attempt to mitigate the risk concerns identified with laboratory-derived data rather than postpone action until these risks are further characterized by field data. Experimental field studies and bio-monitoring studies can still be used in both prospective and ongoing assessments of pesticide risks. Such studies provide useful information for risk assessment and subsequent risk-management decisions. Since the original presentation in August 1994, the OPP brought its risk assessment methodology to the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. In May 1996, this panel advised the OPP to reconsider its 1992 policy regarding field studies. The OPP is in the process of re-evaluating this policy. RP Touart, LW (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 13 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1086 EP 1093 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YD790 UT WOS:A1997YD79000002 ER PT J AU Nabholz, JV Clements, RG Zeeman, MG AF Nabholz, JV Clements, RG Zeeman, MG TI Information needs for risk assessment in EPA's office of pollution prevention and toxics SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE field study; industrial chemicals; microcosm; pesticides; test protocols; tiered testing; Toxic Substances Control Act; toxicity testing; US Environmental Protection Agency policy AB The information needs of the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT; a part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) are broad. We prefer to have all relevant data about an industrial chemical before risk assessment. This information includes physical/chemical properties, fate and transport in the environment, and environmental toxicity. However, OPPT's needs are constrained by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA), since TSCA does not require any testing of new chemicals prior to notification. While TSCA has broad information-gathering power, OPPT has to justify the need for the data and has to define the type of information needed generally by writing test protocols. When risk assessments have to be done in the absence of measured data for a chemical substance, then OPPT uses structure-activity relationships (SAR) to fill in data gaps. RP Nabholz, JV (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM EFFECTS BRANCH,HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW DIV,OFF POLLUT & TOX,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1094 EP 1098 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YD790 UT WOS:A1997YD79000003 ER PT J AU Rakocinski, CF Brown, SS Gaston, GR Heard, RW Walker, WW Summers, JK AF Rakocinski, CF Brown, SS Gaston, GR Heard, RW Walker, WW Summers, JK TI Macrobenthic responses to natural and contaminant-related gradients in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE benthic index of biotic integrity; canonical correspondence analysis (CCA); contaminant gradients; contamination-induced shifts in trophic diversity; estuarine gradients, natural and contaminant related; estuarine macrobenthic community structure; Gulf of Mexico, northern; macrobenthic indicator taxa; macrobenthic responses to sediment contamination; principal component analysis (PCA); sediment contamination; stress-related changes in species composition ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; FRIERFJORD-LANGESUNDFJORD; BENTHIC COMMUNITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS; MEIOBENTHIC COMMUNITY; MESOCOSM EXPERIMENT; POLLUTION GRADIENT; ORGANIC ENRICHMENT; TAXONOMIC LEVEL AB Effects of pollution on biotic integrity are difficult to identify when correlations occur between environmental gradients and contaminant effects, as they do in estuaries. In this broad-scale study, we used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to distinguish influences of natural and contaminant-related gradients on macrobenthic community structure among 319 sites from estuaries throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico. Natural gradients in salinity, depth, and sediment composition obscured the detection of macrobenthic responses to sediment contamination. After adjusting for natural environmental variability, however, partial CCA revealed important macrobenthic variation in relation to sediment contamination. A rotated principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished five composite environmental factors, each largely reflecting contaminant or natural variation. Two complex gradients in sediment contamination identified by the PCA diverged in partial CCA space and correlated with different macrobenthic indicator taxa. Contaminant gradients represented variation in two different classes of sediment contaminants: trace metals and organic chemicals. Dispersion patterns of CCA site coordinates enabled cross validation of implied contamination-related variation in community function and the utility of several interpretive or management metrics. Trophic diversity decreased with sediment contamination, linking shifts in macrobenthic community function and community structure along contaminant gradients. The CCA model complemented an earlier benthic index developed from these data to examine biotic integrity, but the benthic index could not discern macrobenthic responses to the different contaminant gradients. Neither was the benthic index useful for showing transitions in macrobenthic community structure commensurate with different levels of contamination. Ampelisca amphipod sediment bioassays were inadequate for identifying contaminant effects on biotic integrity, whereas Mysidopsis mysid sediment bioassays conservatively reflected sediment contamination and associated macrobenthic indicators. C1 UNIV MISSISSIPPI, DEPT BIOL, UNIVERSITY, MS 38677 USA. US EPA, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. RP Rakocinski, CF (reprint author), GULF COAST RES LAB, USM, IMS, POB 7000, OCEAN SPRINGS, MS 39566 USA. RI Rakocinski, Chet/B-1240-2009 OI Rakocinski, Chet/0000-0002-1552-358X NR 73 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 8 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1278 EP 1298 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YD790 UT WOS:A1997YD79000021 ER PT J AU Kahl, MD Makynen, EA Kosian, PA Ankley, GT AF Kahl, MD Makynen, EA Kosian, PA Ankley, GT TI Toxicity of 4-nonylphenol in a life-cycle test with the midge Chironomus tentans SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID ALKYLPHENOL POLYETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; BEHAVIOR; TRANSFORMATION AB A life-cycle test with the macroinvertebrate Chironomus tentans was conducted with 4-nonylphenol. The chironomids mere exposed to a series of concentrations of 4-nonylphenol via the water, in an intermittent (2 times/day) water renewal system. The test included evaluation of a number of developmental (e.g., growth) and reproductive (e.g., emergence, fecundity, viability) endpoints through parental and into F-1 generations. Reductions in survival were observed in 20-day-old larvae at the highest test concentration, which corresponded to no-observable- and lowest-observable-effect concentrations of 42 and 91 mu g/liter, respectively. No significant effects on larval growth (20 days), organism survival past 20 days, emergence success or pattern, sex ratio, fecundity, or egg viability were observed at any treatment level. Qualitative observations indicated an increase in deformed egg masses at the highest test concentrations; however, the biological significance of this is uncertain. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 19 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 38 IS 2 BP 155 EP 160 DI 10.1006/eesa.1997.1572 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YM936 UT WOS:000071116700011 PM 9417858 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S AF Mukerjee, S TI Untitled SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Letter ID PARTICLE RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 23 IS 6 BP 879 EP 879 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00099-8 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ018 UT WOS:A1997YJ01800014 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI Ecological risk assessment: Use, abuse, and alternatives SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; risk decision making; risk management; ecological consequence assessment RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 21 IS 6 BP 808 EP 812 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XX882 UT WOS:A1997XX88200004 ER PT J AU Mayer, FL AF Mayer, FL TI Long-range direction for SETAC SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Mayer, FL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,SOC ENVIRONM TOXICOL & CHEM,GULF BREEZE,FL, USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2211 EP 2212 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2211:LRDFS>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YC088 UT WOS:A1997YC08800001 ER PT J AU Xu, N Vandegrift, S Fine, DD Sewell, GW AF Xu, N Vandegrift, S Fine, DD Sewell, GW TI Ion-exclusion chromatographic determination of carboxylic acids used to support the microbially mediated reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carboxylic acids; dechlorination; tetrachloroethene; ion-exclusion chromatography ID ANAEROBIC AQUIFER MICROCOSMS; FATTY-ACIDS; STIMULATION; DEGRADATION; ELUTION AB An analytical method was developed for the determination of lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in environmental microcosm samples using ion-exclusion chromatography. The chromatographic behavior of various eluents was studied to determine the optimum analytical conditions for eluent concentration and flow rate. Matrix effects caused by inorganic anions including carbonate were investigated. Methods for carbonate removal were also examined. Sub mg/L detection limits and small analytical variations (less than 1%) were obtained with all five acids. Calibration curves with regression coefficients (r(2)) Of 0.998 to 1.000 were obtained for acid concentrations ranging from 2.00 to 200.00 mg/L. The total run time for five carboxylic acids was less than 20 min with a relatively small sample volume requirement (similar to 0.5 ml). The recoveries of the acids from microcosm samples were between 80 to 102%. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUBSURFACE PROTECT & REMEDIAT DIV,ADA,OK 74821. NATL RES COUNCIL,ADA,OK 74821. MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,ADA,OK 74821. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2242 EP 2248 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2242:IECDOC>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YC088 UT WOS:A1997YC08800007 ER PT J AU Ammann, LP Waller, WT Kennedy, JH Dickson, KL Mayer, FL AF Ammann, LP Waller, WT Kennedy, JH Dickson, KL Mayer, FL TI Power, sample size and taxonomic sufficiency for measures of impact in aquatic systems SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE microcosm; taxonomic sufficiency; statistics; power ID ESTUARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITIES; CALIFORNIA BIGHT MACROBENTHOS; ASSESSING POLLUTION IMPACTS; LEVEL SUFFICIENT; FENVALERATE; PHTHALATE; SEDIMENT AB As part of a larger program to examine the relationships between laboratory and ambient toxicity, data from a series of 28 marine microcosm experiments, which included both laboratory and held studies, were reanalyzed. The statistical methods applied to the data include log-linear regression models (general and robust) for richness and taxa count data (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species) and Gaussian linear models (general and robust) for community metrics diversity and evenness (Shannon-Weiner's, Simpson's, and Brillouin's) and similarity (Bray-Curtis). In addition, taxonomic sufficiency was determined for each of the metrics examined. For each of the analyses performed, both the statistical power of the analysis and the sample sizes required to achieve a desired level of power were determined. New methods are presented to deal with zero count data. Suggestions on how the power of microcosm tests used in toxicity testing can be increased are provided. The statistical programs developed for the analyses applied to the data analyzed were done in S-PLUS. The programs and directions for their application have been placed on an anonymous FTP site at the University of North Texas. C1 UNIV N TEXAS,DENTON,TX 76203. UNIV TEXAS,RICHARDSON,TX 75083. US EPA,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2421 EP 2431 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2421:PSSATS>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YC088 UT WOS:A1997YC08800031 ER PT J AU Schwartz, J Levin, R Hodge, K AF Schwartz, J Levin, R Hodge, K TI Drinking water turbidity and pediatric hospital use for gastrointestinal illness in Philadelphia SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE water turbidity; hospital admissions; children; enteric diseases ID PROSPECTIVE-PAYMENT SYSTEM; AIR-POLLUTION; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAK; DISEASE; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GASTROENTERITIS; CONSUMPTION; GIARDIASIS; ADMISSIONS AB Recent outbreaks have demonstrated that serious infectious gastrointestinal illness related to drinking water supplies remains a problem in the United States. The magnitude is unknown, but children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are considered at highest risk. We examined the association between daily measures of drinking water turbidity and both emergency visits and admissions to Children's Hospital of Philadelphia for gastrointestinal illness, controlling for time trends, seasonal patterns, and temperature. We found that an interquartile range increase in turbidity levels in Philadelphia drinking water was associated with a 9.9% increase [95% confidence limits (CL) = 2.9%, 17.3%] in gastrointestinal emergency visits for children age 3 years and older 4 days later. For children age 2 years and younger, an association was found with a lag of 10 days (5.9% increase; 95% CL = 0.2, 12.0). For admissions, a similar pattern was seen. For children over 2 years old, an increase of 31.1% (95% CL = 10.8%, 55%) was seen with a lag of 5-6 days. For younger children, an increase of 13.1% (95% CL = 3.0, 24.3) was seen 13 days later. This association occurred in a filtered water supply in compliance with current federal standards. C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT BIOSTAT,BOSTON,MA 02215. HARVARD UNIV,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT MED,CHANNING LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Schwartz, J (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-0002]; OHS HRSA HHS [ST32ES07142] NR 37 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 IS 6 BP 615 EP 620 DI 10.1097/00001648-199710000-00001 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YB072 UT WOS:A1997YB07200005 PM 9345659 ER PT J AU Narotsky, MG Pegram, RA Kavlock, RJ AF Narotsky, MG Pegram, RA Kavlock, RJ TI Effect of dosing vehicle on the developmental toxicity of bromodichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride in rats SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Teratology-Society 34th Annual Meeting CY JUN 25-30, 1994 CL LAS CROABAS, PR SP Teratol Soc ID DRINKING-WATER; MICE; TERATOLOGY; CHLOROFORM; OIL AB Several halocarbons have been shown to cause full-litter resorption (FLR) in Fischer-344 rats when administered orally in corn oil. Since halocarbons often occur as contaminants of drinking water, we sought to determine the influence of the vehicle, aqueous versus lipid, on the developmental toxicity of two of these agents. In separate assays, bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were administered by gavage to Fischer-344 rats on gestation days (GD) 6-15 at 0, 25, 50, or 75 mg/kg/day in either corn oil or an aqueous vehicle containing 10% Emulphor EL-620. Dams were allowed to deliver and the litters were examined postnatally. Uteri of females that did not deliver were stained with 10% ammonium sulfide to detect FLR. Effects of both agents on maternal weight gain were slightly more pronounced in the aqueous vehicle at lower doses, but at the highest dose, CCl4 was more maternally toxic in corn oil. Developmentally, both agents caused FLR at 50 and 75 mg/kg in both vehicles. At 75 mg/kg, dams receiving corn oil had significantly higher rates of FLR (83% for BDCM, 67% for CCl4) compared to their aqueous-vehicle counterparts (21% for BDCM, 8% for CCl4). Blood concentrations of BDCM following GD-6 gavage revealed a shorter elimination half-life in the aqueous dosing vehicle (2.7 h) compared to the oil vehicle (3.6 h). Benchmark doses of CCl4 were similar for the oil (18.9 mg/kg) and aqueous (14.0 mg/kg) vehicles. For BDCM, the corn oil vehicle yielded a less conservative (i.e., higher) value (39.3 mg/kg) than the aqueous vehicle (11.3 mg/kg), reflecting different confidence intervals around the estimated 5%-effect dose levels. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Narotsky, MG (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 40 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 40 IS 1 BP 30 EP 36 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2376 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YK776 UT WOS:A1997YK77600003 PM 9398485 ER PT J AU Nishida, N Farmer, JD Kodavanti, PRS Tilson, HA MacPhail, RC AF Nishida, N Farmer, JD Kodavanti, PRS Tilson, HA MacPhail, RC TI Effects of acute and repeated exposures to aroclor 1254 in adult rats: Motor activity and flavor aversion conditioning SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; Aroclor 1254; motor activity; flavor-aversion conditioning; rats ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TASTE-AVERSION; MONKEYS; BRAIN; PCBS AB While considerable research has focused on the neurotoxicity of developmental exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls, including Aroclor 1254, relatively little is known about exposures in adult animals. This study investigated the behavioral effects of acute and repeated Aroclor 1254 exposures to adult rats on motor activity and flavor aversion conditioning. Male Long-Evans rats (60 days old) were tested for motor activity in a photocell device after acute (0, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg, po) or repeated (0, 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg/day, po, 5 days/week for 4 to 6 weeks) exposure to Aroclor 1254. Motor activity was decreased dose-dependently at doses of 300 mg/kg or more after acute exposure. Severe body weight loss and deaths occurred at 1000 mg/kg. Recovery of activity occurred over 9 weeks but was incomplete. After repeated exposure, motor activity was decreased dose-dependently at doses of 30 mg/kg or more, and severe weight loss and deaths occurred at 100 mg/kg. In contrast to acute exposure, complete recovery of activity occurred 3 weeks after exposure. Additional rats were water deprived (30 min/day) and received acute po administration of Aroclor 1254 (0, 10, 15, 25, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg) shortly after consuming a saccharin solution. Three days later they were given the choice between consuming saccharin or water, and saccharin preferences were recorded. Saccharin preference was decreased at doses of 25 mg/kg or more. Additional experiments determined the effect of repeated saccharin-Aroclor 1254 pairings (0, 3.75, 7.5, or 15 mg/kg/day, 14 days) followed by a choice test 1 day after the last dose. Repeated exposure to 15 mg/kg produced robust flavor aversion conditioning. Repeated exposure to 7.5 mg/kg produced flavor aversion conditioning in four of 12 rats. These results demonstrate that Aroclor 1254 causes hypoactivity and flavor aversions in adult rats; the no observable effect level (NOEL) for motor activity was 100 mg/kg for acute exposure and 10 mg/kg for repeated exposure for a period of up to 6 weeks. The acute NOEL for flavor aversion conditioning was 15 mg/kg while the repeated NOEL was 7.5 mg/kg. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. TAKEDA CHEM IND LTD,DRUG SAFETY RES LABS,OSAKA 532,JAPAN. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 40 IS 1 BP 68 EP 74 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2352 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YK776 UT WOS:A1997YK77600007 PM 9398489 ER PT J AU Lilly, PD Ross, TM Pegram, RA AF Lilly, PD Ross, TM Pegram, RA TI Trihalomethane comparative toxicity: Acute renal and hepatic toxicity of chloroform and bromodichloromethane following aqueous gavage SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 13-17, 1994 CL DALLAS, TX SP Soc Toxicol ID REGENERATIVE CELL-PROLIFERATION; CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; CORN-OIL; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY; DOSING VEHICLES; B6C3F1 MICE; AD-LIBITUM; F344 RATS AB Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and chloroform (CHCl3) are by-products of drinking water chlorination and are the two most prevalent trihalomethanes (THMs) in finished drinking water, To date, no comprehensive comparison of the acute renal and hepatic effects of BDCM and CHCl3 following oral gavage in an aqueous dosing vehicle has been conducted. To characterize BDCM- and CHCl3-induced nephro-and hepatotoxicity following aqueous gavage and compare directly the responses between these THMs, 95-day-old male F-344 rats were given single oral doses of 0.0, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, or 3.0 mmol BDCM or CHCl3/kg body wt in an aqueous 10% Emulphor solution, Compound-related hepatic and renal damage was evaluated by quantitating clinical toxicity markers in the serum and urine, respectively, Both THMs appear to be equally hepatotoxic after 24 h, but BDCM caused significantly greater elevations in serum hepatotoxicity markers than CHCl3 at 48 h following exposure to 2.0 and 3.0 mmol/kg, In addition to causing more persistent liver toxicity than CHCl3, BDCM also appears to be slightly more toxic to the kidney at lower doses, Potency differences between the two THMs may be due to pharmacokinetic dissimilarities such as greater metabolism of BDCM to reactive metabolites or more extensive partitioning of BDCM into kidneys and fat depots, resulting in prolonged target tissue exposure. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [2-T32 ES07126-11] NR 43 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 40 IS 1 BP 101 EP 110 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2372 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YK776 UT WOS:A1997YK77600010 PM 9398492 ER PT J AU Chapin, RE Harris, MW Davis, BJ Ward, SM Wilson, RE Mauney, MA Lockhart, AC Smialowicz, RJ Moser, VC Burka, LT Collins, BJ Haskins, EA Allen, JD Judd, L Purdie, WA Harris, HL Lee, CA Corniffe, GM AF Chapin, RE Harris, MW Davis, BJ Ward, SM Wilson, RE Mauney, MA Lockhart, AC Smialowicz, RJ Moser, VC Burka, LT Collins, BJ Haskins, EA Allen, JD Judd, L Purdie, WA Harris, HL Lee, CA Corniffe, GM TI The effects of perinatal/juvenile methoxychlor exposure on adult rat nervous, immune, and reproductive system function SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DECIDUAL CELL RESPONSE; OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; SPERM COUNTS; FEMALE RATS; MICE; IMMUNOTOXICITY; ESTROGEN; METABOLITES; SENSITIVITY; PROSTATE AB In order to address data gaps identified by the NAS report Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children, a study was performed using methoxychlor (MXC). Female rats were gavaged with MXC at 0, 5, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day for the week before and the week after birth, whereupon the pups were directly dosed with MXC from postnatal day (pnd) 7. Some dams were killed pnd7 and milli and plasma were assayed for MXC and metabolites. For one cohort of juveniles, treatment stopped at pnd21; a modified functional observational battery was used to assess neurobehavioral changes. Other cohorts of juveniles were dosed until pnd42 and evaluated for changes to the immune system and for reproductive toxicity. Dose-dependent amounts of MXC and metabolites were present in milk and plasma of darns and pups. The high dose of MXC reduced litter size by approximate to 17%. Ano-genital distance was unchanged, although vaginal opening was accelerated in all treated groups, and male prepuce separation was delayed at the middle and high doses by 8 and 34 days, respectively. In the neurobehavioral evaluation, high-dose males were more excitable, but other changes were inconsistent and insubstantial. A decrease in the antibody plaque-forming cell response was seen in males only. Adult estrous cyclicity was disrupted at 50 and 150MXC, doses which also showed reduced rates of pregnancy and delivery. Uterine weights (corrected for pregnancy) were reduced in all treated pregnant females. High-dose males impregnated fewer untreated females; epididymal sperm count and testis weight were reduced at the high, or top two, doses, respectively. All groups of treated females showed uterine dysplasias and less mammary alveolar development; estrous levels of follicle stimulating hormone were lower in all treated groups, and estrus progesterone levels were lower at 50 and 150 MXC, attributed to fewer corpora lutea secondary to ovulation defects. These data collectively show that the primary adult effects of early exposure to MXC are reproductive, show that 5 mg/kg/day is not a NO(A)EL in rats with this exposure paradigm (based on changes in day of vaginal opening, pubertal ovary weights, adult uterine and seminal vesicle weights, and female hormone data) and imply that the sites of action are both central and peripheral. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 NIEHS, LAB EXPT PATHOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, CHEM GRP, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. ANALYT SCI INC, DURHAM, NC 27713 USA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB, EXPT TOXICOL DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Chapin, RE (reprint author), NIEHS, REPROD TOXICOL GRP, NATL TOXICOL PROGRAM, MD B3-05, POB 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-25332, N01-ES-15307] NR 64 TC 188 Z9 195 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 40 IS 1 BP 138 EP 157 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2381 PG 20 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YK776 UT WOS:A1997YK77600014 PM 9398496 ER PT J AU Farland, WH Tuxen, LC AF Farland, WH Tuxen, LC TI New directions in cancer risk assessment: Accuracy, precision, credibility, and uncertainty SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; cancer guidelines; uncertainty; PCBs C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8601, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Farland, WH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8601, Off Res & Dev, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 3 IS 5 BP 667 EP 671 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YM752 UT WOS:000071097300003 ER PT J AU Jachim, JA Freeman, GB Turbini, LJ AF Jachim, JA Freeman, GB Turbini, LJ TI Use of surface insulation resistance and contact angle measurements to characterize the interactions of three water soluble fluxes with FR-4 substrates SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY PART B-ADVANCED PACKAGING LA English DT Article DE conductive anodic filament; corrosion; surface insulation resistance; water soluble fluxes AB Soldering flux chemistry and its interaction with the printed wiring board have been important reliability concerns for a number of years, Post Vietnam investigation of military hardware revealed corrosion in some areas [1], The test method most frequently used to assess the corrosion potential of flux residues is surface insulation resistance (SIR) testing, This paper will give some background on surface insulation resistance testing and will report on its application to three different water soluble fluxes, The appearance of surface dendrites will be linked to test procedures that allowed water condensation on the board surface, Subsurface conductive anodic filament formation will be associated with the use of fluxes which contained polyglycols. The use of contact angle measurements to assess the effect of the soldering flux residues on the board will be demonstrated. C1 MAS INC,NORCROSS,GA 30092. GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH MAT SCI & ENGN,ATLANTA,GA 30332. RP Jachim, JA (reprint author), US EPA,AIR & RADIAT TECHNOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 1070-9894 J9 IEEE T COMPON PACK B JI IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. Part B-Adv. Packag. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4 BP 443 EP 451 DI 10.1109/96.641513 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA YD590 UT WOS:A1997YD59000011 ER PT J AU Pontius, F AF Pontius, F TI The revolving loan fund SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 LEHIGH CTY AUTHOR,ALLENTOWN,PA 18106. US EPA,DWSRF PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. CONSUMERS WATER CO,PORTLAND,ME 04112. GEORGIA ENVIRONM FACIL AUTHOR,DWSRF PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30303. METROPOLITAN WATER DIST SO CALIF,LOS ANGELES,CA 90071. AWWA,DENVER,CO 80235. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 89 IS 11 BP 28 EP & PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YF909 UT WOS:A1997YF90900016 ER PT J AU Slott, VL Jeffay, SC Dyer, CJ Barbee, RR Perreault, SD AF Slott, VL Jeffay, SC Dyer, CJ Barbee, RR Perreault, SD TI Sperm motion predicts fertility in male hamsters treated with alpha-chlorohydrin SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE computer-assisted sperm analysis; sperm motility; sperm velocity; reproductive toxicology; capacitation ID MOTILITY; RAT; EPICHLOROHYDRIN; SPERMATOZOA; INHIBITION; INVITRO AB An understanding of the relationship between altered sperm motion and sperm function (fertility) is important when interpreting the biological significance of toxicant-induced changes in sperm velocity in rodent test species, Previous studies showed that a brief (4-day) exposure of male hamsters to the model chemical alpha-chlorohydrin (ACH) results in significant deficits in epididymal and uterine sperm velocity, which are associated with both a delay and a failure of fertilization in vivo. To characterize this effect in terms of fertility, similarly treated male hamsters were bred to untreated females and pups were counted the day before parturition. ACH treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decline in the percentage of sperm-positive females that were pregnant at the end of gestation (100, 78, 67, 22, and 0 where males were treated with 0, 33, 49, 66, and 83 mg ACH/kg/day, respectively), Cauda epididymal sperm from the same males were assayed for motion characteristics using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), and for fertilizing ability in vitro. While the percentage of motile sperm was unaffected by ACH treatment, sperm velocity declined in a dose-dependent manner at all ACH treatment levels, Futhermore, the velocity of sperm from infertile males was shifted downward consistently across the entire velocity distribution. Since treated males tended to either be infertile (no pups) or have near normal litter size, the correlation between sperm velocity and litter size was nonlinear. Therefore, logistic regression models using velocity cut-off values were the most useful models for predicting fertility. These results support the contention that fertility relies on there being a sufficient number of sperm that exceed a velocity threshold. Sperm from treated males were also less likely to support in vitro fertilization (IVF), providing further evidence of impaired sperm function associated with acute exposure to ACH. C1 US EPA,MD 72,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV MISSOURI,COLUMBIA,MD. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 18 IS 6 BP 708 EP 716 PG 9 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YL445 UT WOS:A1997YL44500017 PM 9432144 ER PT J AU Viscusi, WK Hamilton, JT Dockins, PC AF Viscusi, WK Hamilton, JT Dockins, PC TI Conservative versus mean risk assessments: Implications for superfund policies SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; SOIL INGESTION; DISTRIBUTIONS; INFORMATION; CHILDREN; WATER AB This paper explores how a shift to more central estimates of risk would affect EPA decisions to remediate hazardous waste sites in the Superfund program. Analysis of 141 sites indicates that the EPA's use of conservative parameter values results in risk estimates that are 27 times greater than those based on mean values. Over 40% of sites requiring remediation would shift into the discretionary cleanup range if mean parameters were used. Though this paper examines the effect of using mean parameters for contaminant concentrations, exposure duration, and ingestion rates, additional adjustments for other conservative parameters might increase this effect. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Law, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Duke Univ, Sanford Inst Publ Policy, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Viscusi, WK (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Law, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 34 IS 3 BP 187 EP 206 DI 10.1006/jeem.1997.1012 PG 20 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZH732 UT WOS:000073142100001 ER PT J AU Rossman, LA AF Rossman, LA TI When has a model been sufficiently calibrated and tested to be put to efficient use? SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Rossman, LA (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 1997 VL 123 IS 11 BP 1070 EP 1071 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:11(1070) PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YC176 UT WOS:A1997YC17600003 ER PT J AU Baldwin, R Bethem, RA Boyd, RK Budde, WL Cairns, T Gibbons, RD Henion, JD Kaiser, MA Lewis, DL MAtusik, JE Sphon, JA Stephany, RW Trubey, RK AF Baldwin, R Bethem, RA Boyd, RK Budde, WL Cairns, T Gibbons, RD Henion, JD Kaiser, MA Lewis, DL MAtusik, JE Sphon, JA Stephany, RW Trubey, RK TI 1996 ASMS Fall Workshop: Limits to Confirmation, Quantitation, and Detection SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CRITERIA; QUALITY C1 ALTA ANALYT LAB,EL DORADO HILLS,CA. NATL RES COUNCIL,HALIFAX,NS,CANADA. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. PSYCHEMED CORP,CULVER CITY,CA. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT BIOMETR,CHICAGO,IL. ADV BIOANALYT SERV INC,ITHACA,NY. DUPONT CENT RES & DEV,CORP CTR ANALYT SCI,WILMINGTON,DE. RADIAN INT,AUSTIN,TX. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,DAMICO MASS SPECTROMETRY LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,RIVM,NL-3720 BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. DUPONT AGR PROD,WILMINGTON,DE. RP Baldwin, R (reprint author), US FDA,DIV FIELD SCI,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857, USA. NR 36 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 IS 11 BP 1180 EP 1190 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA YB445 UT WOS:A1997YB44500009 ER PT J AU Acevedo, MF Ablan, M Dickson, KL Waller, WT Mayer, FL Morton, M AF Acevedo, MF Ablan, M Dickson, KL Waller, WT Mayer, FL Morton, M TI Estimating pesticide exposure in tidal streams of Leadenwah Creek, South Carolina SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB This article estimates the potential exposure of estuarine organisms to two pesticides (azinphosmethyl and fenvalerate) in a tidal stream of Leadenwah Creek near the Edisto River, South Carolina, during four runoff episodes. Exposure is calculated from simulation runs of the one-dimensional transport equation solved by an implicit finite difference method. Calibration was done for each episode by adjusting three conditions (runoff starting lime, duration, and flow) and a correction to the dispersion coefficient in order to match the continuously measured salinity transients. First-order rate constants used by the fate component were calculated from half-life valuer reported in the literature. Baseline scenarios for each episode and each pesticide were derived by using the same conditions obtained in the salinity reins and adjusting the pesticide loading in order to mimic the few data points of measured pesticide concentrations. In all baseline scenarios, pesticide concentration rises following the initial burst of runoff (also noticeable as an abrupt drop in salinity) and then oscillates, forced by the tidal cycle. These oscillations are dominated by transport, while fate imposes a secular decaying trend. Ten additional scenarios for each episode were obtained from the baseline scenario by randomly varying three pesticide load parameters (starting time and duration of runoff, and pesticide discharge) using a Latin hypercubes design. Two exposure metrics were calculated from the stimulated and the measured pesticide concentration: maximum and lime average, which was obtained by integrating the curve and dividing by the time period. The metrics calculated from the baseline runs are relatively close to the data-derived metrics, because the baseline runs attempted to mimic the data. For each one of the two metrics and all pesticide-episode combinations, several statistics of the set of 11 scenarios were also calculated: minimum and maximum, mid-range, mean, standard deviation, and median. The mean +/- standard deviation interval of the simulation-derived value consistently brackets the data-derived value for the maximum metric, but not for the time-average metric. This may indicate that even if the maximum value is correctly captured in the field sample, the time-average exposure could be in error when calculated directly from the field data due to undersampling of the pesticide time series. The methodology developed here attempts to reconstruct the possible exposure from the sparse sampling of the pesticide concentration during the runoff episodes; only when the number of field samples is high and regularly spaced is it possible to have confidence in the reconstruction of the curve. The shape of the curve cannot be inferred from the field measurements alone; as expected, tidal movement makes the pesticide concentration swing up and down. This result has important implications because the biological community would be subject to repetitive pulses of exposure to the chemicals. The baseline simulations can be used to derive a pulse-exposure metric by calculating the sum of ratios of the time average of the threshold-exceeding concentrations to the time average of the toxic threshold during intervals of above-threshold concentration. This metric is species specific and extrapolates laboratory toxicity data in order to compare pulse exposure to mortality rates measured in the field. C1 US EPA,GULF BREEZE ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL. RP Acevedo, MF (reprint author), UNIV N TEXAS,INST APPL SCI,DENTON,TX 76203, USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD NOV PY 1997 VL 52 IS 4 BP 295 EP 316 DI 10.1080/009841097159593 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YC412 UT WOS:A1997YC41200002 PM 9354176 ER PT J AU Shaffer, BT Lighthart, B AF Shaffer, BT Lighthart, B TI Survey of culturable airborne bacteria at four diverse locations in Oregon: Urban, rural, forest, and coastal SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANTS AB To determine the risks of microbial air pollution from microorganisms used for pesticides and bioremediation, or emanating from composting, fermentation tanks, or other agricultural and urban sources, airborne microbial levels must be evaluated. This study surveyed the atmospheric load of culturable bacteria at four locations in Oregon: a city street, a rye grass field, a Douglas fir forest, and a bluff on the Pacific coast. Samples (20-60 min each) were taken using slit and six-stage cascade samplers. Samples were taken over two 10- or 24-h periods, depending on the site. Meteorological measurements were made at each location. The quantity and type of bacteria found varied by location and time. The highest average number of bacteria during daylight hours was exhibited at the urban site (609 cfu/m(3)), followed by the forest site (522 cfu/m(3)), then the rural site (242 cfu/m(3)), with the lowest concentration found at the coastal site (103 cfu/m(3)). During the 24-h sampling periods at the rural site, bacterial concentration, in general, tended to increase at sunrise, decrease during the solar noon hours, gradually increase until sunset, then decrease into the evening, with the lowest concentrations occurring between 2100 and 0500 hours. Pigmented bacteria represented between 21 and 62% of the total bacteria sampled; the highest percentage of pigmented bacteria was found al the rural site, and the lowest percentage at the forest site. Bacillus was found to be the most abundant single genus represented at all locations (12-45%). The majority of bacteria found were associated with particles greater than 3 mu m aerodynamic diameter. Information gathered from this survey combined with data from the literature and future surveys will contribute to the detection and description of microbial air pollution. C1 US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,OFF RES & DEV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRNM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. NR 24 TC 114 Z9 132 U1 3 U2 24 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 34 IS 3 BP 167 EP 177 DI 10.1007/s002489900046 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA YB111 UT WOS:A1997YB11100001 ER PT J AU Welch, JE Klinefelter, GR Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Smith, KT Barbee, RR AF Welch, JE Klinefelter, GR Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Smith, KT Barbee, RR TI A 22 kDa sperm protein (SP22) correlated with rat fertility exhibits homology with the DJ-1/thiJ family of proteins. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 SU S BP 1889 EP 1889 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA YF096 UT WOS:A1997YF09601882 ER PT J AU Mori, C Nakamura, N Welch, JE Gotoh, H Goulding, EH Fujioka, M Eddy, EM AF Mori, C Nakamura, N Welch, JE Gotoh, H Goulding, EH Fujioka, M Eddy, EM TI Alternative exon use during transcription of the type 1 hexokinase gene in mouse spermatogenic cells. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN. KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,CENT LAB ELECT MICROSCOPY,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN. NIEHS,LRDT,NIH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,DTD,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 SU S BP 1890 EP 1890 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA YF096 UT WOS:A1997YF09601885 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF Benane, SG House, DE AF Blackman, CF Benane, SG House, DE TI Inhibition of gap junction communication by some halogenated compounds can be ameliorated by melatonin. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 SU S BP 2421 EP 2421 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA YF096 UT WOS:A1997YF09602413 ER PT J AU Wang, X Blackman, CF House, DE AF Wang, X Blackman, CF House, DE TI The effect of trichloroacetic acid on intercellular communication in mice primary hepatocytes possesses a serum dependency. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1997 VL 8 SU S BP 2422 EP 2422 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA YF096 UT WOS:A1997YF09602416 ER PT J AU Geller, AM Hudnell, HK AF Geller, AM Hudnell, HK TI Critical issues in the use and analysis of the Lanthony Desaturate Color Vision test SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE color vision; color discrimination; human neurotoxicology; neurobehavioral test battery; solvent ID MUNSELL 100-HUE TEST; STYRENE-EXPOSED WORKERS; PANEL D-15; CHROMATIC DISCRIMINATION; AUDITORY NEUROTOXICITY; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; CARBON-DISULFIDE; DEFICIENCIES; SENSITIVITY; DYSFUNCTION AB The Lanthony Desaturate Color Vision test (D-15d) has been used to demonstrate the incidence of acquired color vision defects resulting from toxic exposure. The D-15d is a sensitive test designed to grade color deficiencies, but results can be difficult to interpret beyond the qualitative level, and the high incidence of errors reported for controls in some toxicology studies raises questions about how to effectively use this test. This article reviews standard administration of the test, physical determinants of performance, classification of acquired color vision defects, and methods of analysis that have been used to quantify results. The basis for a new method of analysis is discussed, illustrating the source of some characteristic errors, and recommendations are made for test protocols to attempt to more closely identify the type of color vision loss with the goal of identifying the site of toxicological insult. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. RP Geller, AM (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,NTD,MD 74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [F32 ES05678] NR 73 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 19 IS 6 BP 455 EP 465 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(97)00046-9 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA YF815 UT WOS:A1997YF81500005 PM 9392781 ER PT J AU O'Malley, VP Burke, RA Schlotzhauer, WS AF O'Malley, VP Burke, RA Schlotzhauer, WS TI Using GC-MS/Combustion/IRMS to determine the C-13/C-12 ratios of individual hydrocarbons produced from the combustion of biomass materials - application to biomass burning SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE stable carbon isotopes; GC-MS/C/IRMS; n-alkanes; PAH; biomass burning ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NORMAL-ALKANE DISTRIBUTIONS; RECENT MARINE-SEDIMENTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CARBON ISOTOPE; PLANTS; ORIGIN; FIRES; COAL AB Simultaneous mass spectral detection and stable carbon isotope analysis was performed on individual indigenous n-alkanes isolated from single C-4 and C-3 plant species and on a series of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) produced from the combustion of these same biomass materials. The analysis technique used a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC-MS/C/IRMS). Precision (2 sigma) for replicate measurements of individual compounds in standard solutions using this novel configuration ranged between 0.2 and 0.5 parts per thousand for n-alkanes and 0.3 and 0.8 parts per thousand for PAH. Accuracy of the n-alkane measurements ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 parts per thousand and that of the PAH measurements ranged between 0.2 and 0.9 parts per thousand. Replicate GC-MS/C/IRMS measurements on the combustion-derived n-alkene/alkane pairs were performed to within a precision of between 0.1 and 1.1 parts per thousand and the precision for the combustion PAH was similar to the standard PAH solution. No notable isotopic effects were observed when altering the temperature of the combustion process from 900 to 700 degrees C, or as a result of the individual n-alkenes/alkanes partitioning between the gaseous and condensate fractions. Combustion-derived n-alkenes/alkanes ranged from C-11 to C-31, and the C-4-derived n-alkenes/alkanes were approx. 8 parts per thousand more enriched in C-13 than the C-3-derived compounds. Both the C-4 and C-3-derived n-alkeneslalkanes (C-20-C-30) were isotopically similar to the indigenous n-alkanes and were 2-3 parts per thousand more depleted in C-13 than the lower mol. wt (C-11-C-19) n-alkenes/alkanes, suggesting an independent origin for the lower mol. wt compounds. Combustion-generated C-4 and C-3-derived 2-, 3-, and 4-ring PAH were also isotopically distinct (Delta delta = 10 parts per thousand). Unlike the n-alkenes/alkanes, no compound-to-compound variations were observed between the low and high mel. wt PAH. This study demonstrates that the isotopic composition of original plant biomass material is mainly preserved in the aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAH generated by its combustion. Consequently, analyses of these compounds in sediments impacted by fire occurrences may provide useful information about paleo-fire activity that may help elucidate the impact biomass burning may have had and could have on climate-biosphere interactions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA, Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP O'Malley, VP (reprint author), Forbairt, Atmosphere Environm Dept, Dublin 9, Ireland. NR 54 TC 62 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 27 IS 7-8 BP 567 EP 581 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00087-9 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YT905 UT WOS:000071658300015 ER PT J AU Pergantis, SA Winnik, W Heithmar, EM Cullen, WR AF Pergantis, SA Winnik, W Heithmar, EM Cullen, WR TI Investigation of arsine-generating reactions using deuterium-labeled reagents and mass spectrometry SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE arsenate; arsines; arsenic; arsenite; dimethylarsinic acid; hydride generation; methylarsonic acid ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; SUB-MICROGRAM DETERMINATION; HYDRIDE-GENERATION; PLASMA EMISSION; SELENIUM; ANTIMONY; INTERFERENCES; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECIATION; BISMUTH AB Mass spectrometry was used to detect transfer of deuterium from labeled reagents to arsines following hydride-generation reactions. The arsine gases liberated from the reactions of arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid with HCl and NaBD4 in H2O, or with DCl and NaBH4 in D2O, were examined. Differences in the mode of deuterium incorporation for the various arsines were detected. These results may help explain some of the observed variations in arsine-generation efficiency for various arsenic compounds present in environmental and biological samples. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RI Pergantis, Spiros/D-4022-2009; OI Pergantis, Spiros A./0000-0002-9077-7870 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD NOV PY 1997 VL 44 IS 11 BP 1941 EP 1947 DI 10.1016/S0039-9140(96)02079-6 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XX570 UT WOS:A1997XX57000003 PM 18966938 ER PT J AU Styblo, M Thomas, DJ AF Styblo, M Thomas, DJ TI Binding of arsenicals to proteins in an in vitro methylation system SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SODIUM ARSENITE; INTRACELLULAR INTERACTION; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES; STEROID BINDING; IN-VITRO; RAT; LIVER; ARSENATE; THIOLS AB The dynamics of interactions between rat liver cytosolic proteins and arsenicals were examined in an in vitro methylation system that contained cytosol, glutathione, S-adenosylmethionine, and 1 mu M [As-73]arsenite. After incubation at 37 degrees C for up to 90 min, low-molecular-weight components of the assay system (<10 kDa) were removed by ultrafiltration and cytosolic proteins were separated by size-exclusion chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 gel. Five As-73-labeled protein peaks were found in chromatographic profiles. The estimated molecular masses of As-73-labeled proteins eluting in the three earliest peaks were as follows: V-o, greater than or equal to 1000 kDa; A, 135 kDa; and B, 38 kDa. Peak C eluted immediately before the total volume (V-T) of the chromatographic column; peak D eluted after the V-T. As-73 bound to proteins was released by CuCl treatment and speciated by thin-layer chromatography. Amounts and ratios of inorganic As, methyl As, and dimethyl As associated with cytosolic proteins depended upon the incubation interval. Inorganic As was present in all protein peaks. Methyl As was primarily associated with peaks A and C; dimethyl As was associated with peaks B and C. To examine the effect of valence on the binding of methylarsenicals to cytosolic proteins, trivalent or pentavalent C-14-labeled methyl As or dimethyl As was incubated in an in vitro system designed to minimize the enzymatically catalyzed production of methylated arsenicals. Proteins in peaks A, B, and C bound preferentially trivalent methyl and dimethyl As. Peak D bound either trivalent or pentavalent methyl and dimethyl As. Protein-bound inorganic and methyl As were substrates for the production of dimethyl As in an in vitro methylation system, suggesting a role for protein-bound arsenicals in the biomethylation of this metalloid. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, PHARMACOKINET BRANCH, ETD, NHEERL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, CURRICULUM TOXICOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. NR 42 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X EI 1096-0333 J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 147 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8256 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YE974 UT WOS:A1997YE97400001 PM 9356301 ER PT J AU Blumenthal, GM Kohn, MC Portier, CJ AF Blumenthal, GM Kohn, MC Portier, CJ TI A mathematical model of production, distribution, and metabolism of melatonin in mammalian systems SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEROTONIN N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE; BLOOD PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; RAT PINEAL-GLAND; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; PLASMA MELATONIN; RECEPTOR; LIGHT; EXPRESSION; MECHANISM; ALGORITHM AB Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone which is currently receiving considerable attention as a treatment for jet lag, a treatment for insomnia and, by some, a possible ''magic bullet'' for delaying the effects of aging and preventing cancer. Production of melatonin is focused primarily in the pineal gland with very wide daily shifts in production controlled by the day/night cycle. The potential for increased disease as a consequence of lower or higher than average production of this hormone has not been well studied, although potential environmental agents may modulate circulating levels (e.g., electric and magnetic fields). In this manuscript, a physiologically realistic mathematical model for the production, distribution, and metabolism of melatonin is developed as a precursor to a future study of the role of chemicals and environmental agents in altering this system. Values for key aspects of the system (e.g., diurnal rates of production of the hormone in the pineal gland) were obtained from the literature and the model was validated against data on circulating levels. The mathematical equations and model parameters are presented. (C) 1997 Academic Press. RP Blumenthal, GM (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, LAB COMPUTAT BIOL & RISK ANAL, POB 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. RI Portier, Christopher/A-3160-2010 OI Portier, Christopher/0000-0002-0954-0279 NR 33 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 147 IS 1 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8247 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YE974 UT WOS:A1997YE97400010 PM 9356310 ER PT J AU Hall, LL George, SE Kohan, MJ Styblo, M Thomas, DJ AF Hall, LL George, SE Kohan, MJ Styblo, M Thomas, DJ TI In vitro methylation of inorganic arsenic in mouse intestinal cecum SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 10-14, 1996 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Soc Toxicol ID RAT-LIVER CYTOSOL; IN-VITRO; PURIFICATION; GLUTATHIONE; ERYTHROCYTES; INVITRO; PROTEIN; THIOLS; PLASMA AB The capacity of mouse intestinal cecal microflora to methylate inorganic arsenicals (iAs) was examined in vitro under conditions of restricted bacterial growth. Cecal contents incubated under anaerobic conditions at 37 degrees C for 21 hr methylated up to 40% of either 0.1 mu M arsenite (iAs(III)) or 0.1 mu M arsenate (iAs(V)). Methylarsenic (MAs) was the predominant metabolite; however, about 3% of either substrate was converted to dimethylarsenic (DMAs). Over the first 6 hr, the rate of methylation was several times greater for iAs(III) than for iAs(V). There was a 3-hr delay in the production of methylated metabolites from iAs(V), suggesting that reduction of iAs(V) to iAs(III) before methylation could be rate limiting. Over the concentration range of 0.1 to 10 mu M of iAS(IlI) or iAS(V), there was an approximately linear increase in the production of MAs and DMAs. There was evidence of saturation or inhibition of methylation at 100 mu M of either substrate. Substrate concentration had little effect on MAs/DMAs ratio. Incubation of cecal contents at 0 degrees C abolished methylation of either arsenical. Under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, cecal tissue homogenates produced little MAs or DMAs from either arsenical. Addition of potential methyl group donors, L-methionine and methylcobalamin, into cecal contents significantly increased the rate of methylation, especially for iAs(V). Addition of glutathione, but not L-cysteine, had a similar effect. Selenite, a recognized inhibitor of iAs methylation in mammalian tissues, inhibited methylation of either substrate by cecal contents. These data suggest that cecal microflora are a high capacity methylation system that might contribute significantly to methylation of iAs in intact animals. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,FRANK PORTER GRAHAM CHILD DEV CTR,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,GENET & CELLULAR TOXICOL BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 32 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 147 IS 1 BP 101 EP 109 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8269 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YE974 UT WOS:A1997YE97400012 PM 9356312 ER PT J AU Wang, XF Santostefano, MJ Evans, MV Richardson, VM Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS AF Wang, XF Santostefano, MJ Evans, MV Richardson, VM Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS TI Determination of parameters responsible for pharmacokinetic behavior of TCDD in female Sprague-Dawley rats SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; DOSE-RESPONSE; AH-RECEPTOR; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; METHOTREXATE PHARMACOKINETICS; CYTOCHROME-P-450 ISOZYMES; MODEL; LIVER; EXCRETION AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most toxic member of a class of planar and halogenated chemicals. Improvements in exposure assessment of TCDD require scientific information on the distribution of TCDD in target tissues and cellular responses induced by TCDD. Since 1980, several physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for TCDD and related compounds have been reported. Some of these models incorporated the induction of a hepatic binding protein in response to interactions of TCDD, the Ah receptor, and DNA binding sites and described the TCDD disposition in a biological system for certain data sets. Due to the limitations of the available experimental data, different values for the same physical parameters of these models were obtained from the different studies. The inconsistencies of the parameter values limit the application of PBPK models to risk assessment. Therefore, further refinement of previous models is necessary. This paper develops an improved PBPK model to describe TCDD disposition in eight target tissues. The interaction of TCDD with the Ah receptor and with hepatic inducible CYP1A2 were also incorporated into the model. This model accurately described the time course distribution of TCDD following a single oral dose of 10 mu g/kg, as well as the TCDD concentration on Day 3 after six different doses, 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 10, and 30 mu g TCDD/kg, in target tissues. This study extends previous TCDD models by illustrating the validity and the limitation of the model and providing further confirmation of the potential PBPK model for us in optimal experimental design and extrapolation across doses and routes of exposure. In addition, this study demonstrated some critical issues in PBPK modeling. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Wang, XF (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 66 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 147 IS 1 BP 151 EP 168 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8242 PG 18 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YE974 UT WOS:A1997YE97400018 PM 9356318 ER PT J AU Saleh, MA Ahmed, AE Kamel, A Dary, C AF Saleh, MA Ahmed, AE Kamel, A Dary, C TI Determination of the distribution of malathion in rats following various routes of administration by whole-body electronic autoradiography SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE electronic autoradiography; malathion; organophosphorus insecticides; pharmacokinetics; whole body autoradiography AB The distribution of [C-14]-malathion, an organophosphorus pesticide, in rats after intravenous, oral and dermal administration was carried out using electronic autoradiography of whole body sections of treated animals. The study indicated that a major difference in the disposition of [C-14]-malathion occurred following various routes of administration to rats. Following intravenous administration, the liver and kidney accumulated extremely high levels of the chemical. After oral administration, [C-14]-malathion absorption from the stomach was slow and its excretion followed mostly the fecal route. Dermal application of [C-14]-malathion may represent a high risk for exposure to the organophosphorus pesticide where the entire skin, not only the sire of application, may act as reservoir for the compound. C1 UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,DEPT PATHOL,GALVESTON,TX 77550. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Saleh, MA (reprint author), TEXAS SO UNIV,DEPT CHEM,ENVIRONM CHEM & TOXICOL LAB,HOUSTON,TX 77004, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 13 IS 6 BP 751 EP 758 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YG640 UT WOS:A1997YG64000005 PM 9399420 ER PT J AU Sommer, T Baxter, R Herbold, B AF Sommer, T Baxter, R Herbold, B TI Resilience of splittail in the Sacramento San Joaquin estuary SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; CALIFORNIA AB Splittail Pogonichthys macrolepidotus, an endemic cyprinid of the Sacramento-San Joaquin estuary, has been proposed for listing as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Almost continuous low outflow conditions in the estuary from 1987 to 1994 led to reduced abundance of young splittails, but adult abundance did not decline consistently except in the downstream portion of the species' range. This range had decreased primarily as a result of historical levee and dam construction but did not appear to have changed substantially in the past 20 years. The distribution of young splittails appears to be relatively plastic on an interannual basis. Evidence of the resilience of the species was seen when high freshwater outflows in extremely wet years (such as 1982, 1983, 1986, and 1995) resulted in high numbers of young splittails. Splittail year-class strength was positively related to freshwater outflow during the spawning season. High outflow inundates the floodplain, which provides spawning, rearing, and foraging habitat. The relatively long life span, high reproductive capacity, and broad environmental tolerances of splittails are contrasted with delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus and longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys, other native species of special concern in the system. C1 Calif Dept Water Resources, Environm Serv Off, Sacramento, CA 95816 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Bay Delta Div, Stockton, CA 95205 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Sommer, T (reprint author), Calif Dept Water Resources, Environm Serv Off, 3251 S St, Sacramento, CA 95816 USA. NR 31 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 126 IS 6 BP 961 EP 976 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0961:ROSITS>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZB623 UT WOS:000072491100008 ER PT J AU Ponugoti, PR Dahab, MF Surampalli, R AF Ponugoti, PR Dahab, MF Surampalli, R TI Effects of different biosolids treatment systems on pathogen and pathogen indicator reduction SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pathogen reduction; pathogenic indicators; biosolids; aerobic digestion; anaerobic digestion; composting; lagoon treatment AB In this study, the effectiveness of different treatment systems in reducing pathogenic density levels was evaluated according to the criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency municipal sludge rule (40 CFR Part 503 Rule). In a year-long effort, wastewater and biosolids samples were analyzed for both indicator, and pathogenic organisms from different existing treatment systems. The results indicate that anaerobic digestion was superior to aerobic digestion in reducing pathogen density levels under the given field conditions. Composting was far more superior to both anaerobic and aerobic digestion. This study demonstrates that the Class B requirements under the 503 Rule are reasonable and can be achievable by most existing treatment systems, whereas the Class A requirements under the same rule may not be easily achieved by many existing treatment works. The effects of volatile solids loading rates on anaerobic and aerobic digester performance were investigated. Under anaerobic digestion conditions, the log reductions in fecal coliform and fecal streptococci appeared to be dependent on volatile suspended solids (VSS) loading rates. However, this trend was not evident in aerobic digestion systems sampled. Salmonella density reductions did not appear to be dependent on VSS loading rates in either case. C1 US EPA,KANSAS CITY,KS. RP Ponugoti, PR (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,W348 NEBRASKA HALL,LINCOLN,NE 68588, USA. NR 13 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 69 IS 7 BP 1195 EP 1206 DI 10.2175/106143097X125948 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA YK565 UT WOS:A1997YK56500002 ER PT J AU Jones, KW Berry, WJ Borsay, DJ Cline, HT Conner, WC Fullmer, CS AF Jones, KW Berry, WJ Borsay, DJ Cline, HT Conner, WC Fullmer, CS TI Applications of synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission (SRIXE) SO X-RAY SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ROS 17/2.8 CELLS; LEAD; CALCIUM; MICROTOMOGRAPHY; OSTEOCALCIN; ABSORPTION; MICROSCOPY; PARTICLES; BONE; CD AB Synchrotron radiation-induced x-ray emission (SRIXE) is now a proven analytical method For the determination of trace elements, It is notable for spatial resolutions of less than 10 mu m and minimum detection limits that can be as low as 1 ppm by weight, The approach to SRIXE measurements in use at the Brookhaven National Synchrotron Eight Source is summarized to illustrate the experimental approach to SRIXE. Application of SRIXE to several different questions are then discussed. The particular examples presented deal with the detection of trace amounts of (1) toxic metals in marine worms, tadpole brains and chick tibia and (2) catalysts in polyolefin polymerization particles. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,AMHERST,MA 01103. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Jones, KW (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0049-8246 J9 X-RAY SPECTROM JI X-Ray Spectrom. PD NOV-DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 350 EP 358 PG 9 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA YG793 UT WOS:A1997YG79300007 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Heats of formation of curved PAHs and C-60: Graph theoretical vs MM3(92) predictions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID ADJACENCY MATRICES; FULLERENES; CHEMISTRY; ALGORITHM AB Correlations of graph theoretical parameters with Delta H-f(o) of buckminsterfullerene and 28 proposed precursor molecules were investigated. The 29 molecules examined divided cleanly into groups of 19 and 10 structures, with Delta(f)(o) for the smaller group depending only on the number of carbon atoms (r = 0.9730). Delta H-f(o) for the larger group was successfully predicted with a two-parameter equation (r = 0.9987). One of the parameters had been used previously to predict Delta H-f(o) for all-hexagon polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but not for PAHs containing pentagons. The other parameter had not previously been used with PAHs. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA,RISK ASSESSMENT DIV 7403,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 23 PY 1997 VL 101 IS 43 BP 8094 EP 8097 DI 10.1021/jp971302z PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YD603 UT WOS:A1997YD60300026 ER PT J AU Gehrs, BC Riddle, MM Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ AF Gehrs, BC Riddle, MM Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ TI Alterations in the developing immune system of the F344 rat after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin .1. Effects on the fetus and the neonate SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE F344 rat; fetus; neonate; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-diosin ID THYMIC EPITHELIUM; DIOXIN TCDD; THYMOCYTES; FETAL; MICE; PROLIFERATION; DIBENZOFURANS; PREGNANCY; MECHANISM; LIVER AB Perinatal exposure of rodents to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been shown to result in thymic atrophy and cell-mediated immune suppression at lower doses than are required to produce those effects following adult exposure. This study was designed to examine the effects that in utero TCDD exposure has on thymocyte development in the rat. Timed-bred pregnant F344 rats were given 0, 1.0, or 3.0 mu g TCDD/kg body weight by gavage on gestational day 14 (GD14). On GD19 or GD22/postnatal day one (PD1), the dams were euthanized, and the dams and their offspring were examined for organ weight and thymus phenotypic alterations. GD19 fetuses from the 3.0 mu g TCDD/kg maternal exposure group exhibited decreases in relative thymus weight and thymic cellularity. There were a decreased percentage of CD3(-)/CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes and an increased percentage of CD3(-)/CD4-CD8+ thymocytes in these fetuses, but there were no alterations in the CD3(+) subsets. No effects were seen in the GD19 fetuses from the 1.0 mu g TCDD/kg dosage group. In the TCDD-exposed GD22/PD1 offspring thymic atrophy was no longer present, but there was an increase in the relative liver weight. In addition, there were decreased percentages of CD3(-)/CD4(-)CD8(-), CD3(+)/CD4(-)CD8(-), and CD3(+)/CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes and an increased percentage of CD3(+)/CD4(-)CD8(+) thymocytes. The CD3(+)/CD4(-)CD8(-) and CD3(+)/CD4(-)CD8(+) cell populations were the most sensitive, with changes appearing at both 1.0 and 3.0 mu g TCDD/kg maternal exposures. The TCDD-exposed GD19 dams exhibited an increased relative liver weight, a decreased relative thymus weight, and alterations in thymic CD3(+) populations. Three days later the relative organ weights had recovered in the dams, but the phenotypic alterations were seen in CD3(-) as well as CD3(+) thymocyte subsets. These results indicate that the developing rat fetal thymus is susceptible to the effects of TCDD. In addition, pregnant rats and their offspring showed similar alterations in thymocytic phenotypes. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5 T32 ES07126] NR 29 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD OCT 19 PY 1997 VL 122 IS 3 BP 219 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00098-X PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XX863 UT WOS:A1997XX86300007 PM 9328222 ER PT J AU Gehrs, BC Riddle, MM Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ AF Gehrs, BC Riddle, MM Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ TI Alterations in the developing immune system of the F344 rat after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin .2. Effects on the pup and the adult SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immune system; perinatal exposure; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ID CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; T-CELLS; TCDD; DIOXINS; DIBENZOFURANS; FOOD; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOTOXICITY AB Our recent work showed that in utero 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure produced alterations in fetal and neonatal thymocyte subpopulations. This study was designed to determine the persistence and functional significance of these alterations. One group of timed-bred pregnant F344 rats was dosed with 3.0 mu g TCDD/kg by gavage on gestational day 14 (GD14). The immune function of the perinatally-exposed offspring and age-marched controls were assessed at 14-17 weeks old. Examination of the organ weights and splenic phenotypes showed that TCDD exposure increased the spleen/body weight ratio, decreased the thymus/body weight ratio, and decreased the percentage of splenic CD3(+)/CD4(-)CD8(-) cells in both genders. The delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was suppressed in both the TCDD-exposed males and females. The lymphoproliferative (LP) responses to T-cell and B-cell mitogens and the antibody response to sheep red blood cells were not affected by perinatal TCDD exposure in either gender except for a suppressed LP response to PWM in the females. A second set of timed-pregnant F344 rats was dosed with 0 or 1.0 mu g TCDD/kg on GD14. One day after birth litters were cross-fostered to produce control, placental-only, lactational-only, and placental/lactational exposure groups. The organ weights and thymic and splenic phenotypes of these pups were assayed 1, 2, or 3 weeks post-partum, while the DTH response was assessed in 5-month-old males. Increased liver/body weight ratios, decreased percentages of thymic CD3(+)/CD4(-)CD8(-) cells, and increased percentages of thymic CD3(+)/CD4(-)CD8(+) cells were seen through 3 weeks old in both genders after TCDD exposure. The severity of the effects was related to the route of exposure (i.e. placental/lactational > lactational > placental). The DTH response to BSA was suppressed in the males receiving both placental and lactational exposure. These results suggest that the immunotoxic effects of perinatal TCDD exposure of rats persist into adulthood and that suppression of the DTH response may represent the most sensitive biomarker for TCDD-induced immunotoxicity in this species. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5 T32 ES07126] NR 32 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD OCT 19 PY 1997 VL 122 IS 3 BP 229 EP 240 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00099-1 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XX863 UT WOS:A1997XX86300008 PM 9328223 ER PT J AU LopezAvila, V Liu, Y Beckert, WF AF LopezAvila, V Liu, Y Beckert, WF TI Interlaboratory evaluation of an off-line supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography with atomic emission detection method for the determination of organotin compounds in soil and sediments SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; organotin compounds ID ELECTROSPRAY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; SODIUM TETRAETHYLBORATE; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; BUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS; RIVER SEDIMENT; SPECIATION; DERIVATIZATION AB A collaborative study was Conducted, with eight laboratories participating, to determine the method accuracy and precision of an off-line supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method for organotin compounds. This method involves extraction of organotin compounds from solid matrixes with supercritical carbon dioxide, modified with 5% methanol, at 450 atm and 60 degrees C for 20 min in the static mode followed by 30 min in the dynamic mode. The extracted material was collected in either methylene chloride or on a C-18-bonded silica trap followed by a methylene chloride rinse. The extracted material was derivatized with pentyl magnesium bromide and analyzed by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED). The study design was based on the AOAC blind-replicate design with balanced replicates. The study samples consisted of three solid matrixes that were spiked with organotin compounds at 1000 ng/g (as Sn) and one unspiked matrix that contained dibutyltin and tributyltin compounds at independently determined levels. The results of this interlaboratory study indicate that the SFE method works satisfactorily for the tri- and tetra-substituted organotin compounds but that the di- and mono-substituted organotin compounds are quite difficult to extract under these conditions. Higher pressures and different modifiers may be required to enable extraction of the mono- and di-substituted organotin compounds from soils and sediments. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP LopezAvila, V (reprint author), MIDWEST RES INST,CALIF OPERAT,555-C CLYDE AVE,MT VIEW,CA 94043, USA. NR 22 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 17 PY 1997 VL 785 IS 1-2 BP 279 EP 288 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00682-1 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA YH098 UT WOS:A1997YH09800026 ER PT J AU Marchetti, F Lowe, X Bishop, J Wyrobek, AJ AF Marchetti, F Lowe, X Bishop, J Wyrobek, AJ TI Identification and characterization of chromosomal abnormalities in mouse zygotes that are predictive of pregnancy wastage and de novo translocations at birth. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, BBRP, Livermore, CA USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 4 SU S MA 755 BP A133 EP A133 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA YQ995 UT WOS:000071446000756 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA AF Magnuson, ML Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA TI Speciation of selenium and arsenic compounds by capillary electrophoresis with hydrodynamically modified electroosmotic flow and on-line reduction of selenium(VI) to selenium(IV) with hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection SO ANALYST LA English DT Article DE speciation; selenium; arsenic; capillary electrophoresis; hydride generation; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ID ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; GAS-LIQUID SEPARATOR; ONLINE MICROWAVE REDUCTION; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; MEMBRANE GAS; FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; INJECTION; SYSTEM; GROUNDWATER AB Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine four arsenicals and two selenium species, Selenate (Se-VI) was reduced on-line to selenite (Se-IV) by mixing the CE effluent with concentrated HCl, A microporous PTFE tube was used as a gas-liquid separator to eliminate the (ArCl)-Ar-40-Cl-37 and (ArCl)-Ar-40-Cl-35 interference from Se-77 and As-75, respectively, The direction of the electroosmotic flow during CE was reversed with hydrodynamic pressure, which allowed increased freedom of buffer choice, For conventional pressure injection, method detection limits for Se-IV and Se-VI based on seven replicate injections were 10 and 24 pg, respectively, Recoveries of Se-IV and Se-VI in drinking mater were measured. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,CHEM EXPOSURE RES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 35 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD OCT PY 1997 VL 122 IS 10 BP 1057 EP 1061 DI 10.1039/a703039h PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YB273 UT WOS:A1997YB27300010 PM 9463955 ER PT J AU Pergantis, SA Heithmar, EM Hinners, TA AF Pergantis, SA Heithmar, EM Hinners, TA TI Speciation of arsenic animal feed additives by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO ANALYST LA English DT Article DE arsenic; speciation; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; microbore high-performance liquid chromatography; reference materials; animal feed additives ID ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS; ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION; ACID; PIGS; SEPARATION AB Phenylarsonic compounds have been used as poultry and swine feed additives for the purpose of growth promotion and disease prevention, Owing to the lack of suitable analytical methods, however, knowledge of their metabolism, environmental fate and impact remains incomplete, In order to compensate for this, analytical procedures were developed that allow the speciation of arsenic animal feed additives by using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography (mu HPLC) coupled on-line with ICP-MS, More specifically, reversed-phase (RP) chromatographic methods were optimised to achieve the separation of various phenylarsonic acids from each other and from the more toxic inorganic arsenic compounds, This mode of chromatography, however, exhibits limitations, especially in the presence of naturally occurring organoarsenic compounds, The application of RP ion-pairing chromatography eliminates such shortcomings by minimising the co-elution of arsenic species, In general, the mu HPLC-ICP-MS methods developed in this study provide high selectivity, extremely good sensitivity, low limits of detection (low-ppb or sub-pg amounts of As), require small sample volumes (<1 mu l), minimise waste and operate most efficiently under low mobile-phase flow rates (15-40 mu l min(-1)), which are compatible for use with other types of mass spectrometers, e.g., electrospray, Reference materials containing naturally occurring arsenic compounds were spiked with phenylarsonic compounds and then analysed by using the procedures developed in this study. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RI Pergantis, Spiros/D-4022-2009; OI Pergantis, Spiros A./0000-0002-9077-7870 NR 24 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD OCT PY 1997 VL 122 IS 10 BP 1063 EP 1068 DI 10.1039/a702691i PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YB273 UT WOS:A1997YB27300011 PM 9463956 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Kohl, SD Riddick, LA Glass, T AF Rogers, KR Kohl, SD Riddick, LA Glass, T TI Detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using a fluorescence immunoanalyzer SO ANALYST LA English DT Article DE 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; fluoroimmunoassay; KinExA immunoanalyzer ID SENSOR; FLUOROIMMUNOASSAY; IMMUNOASSAYS; 2,4-D; ELISA AB A flow immunoassay method for the measurement of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was developed. The competitive fluorescence immunoassay relies on the use of antibody- or antigen-coated poly(methyl methacrylate) particles (98 mu m diameter) as a renewable solid phase. The assay exhibits a dynamic range of 0.1-100 mu g l(-1) using a monoclonal antibody or alternatively 10 mu g l(-1) to 10 mg l(-1) using commercially available antiserum. The assay is demonstrated in buffered saline solution as well as in aquatic environmental media, The relative errors for the environmental matrices were similar to those for the buffer control, The precision of concentration values calculated at 1 mg l(-1) (for the assay using antiserum) mere +/-0.28, +/-0.27 and +/-0.43 mg l(-1) for the buffer, well mater and river water matrices, respectively. The method shows cross-reactivity with compounds of closely related structure but little cross-reactivity with compounds dissimilar in structure to 2,4-D. The proposed automated competitive immunoassay method is rapid (between 7 and 15 min per assay), simple and potentially portable. C1 SAPIDYNE INC,BOISE,ID 83706. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 20 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD OCT PY 1997 VL 122 IS 10 BP 1107 EP 1111 DI 10.1039/a701511i PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YB273 UT WOS:A1997YB27300019 PM 9463964 ER PT J AU RooneyVarga, JN Devereux, R Evans, RS Hines, ME AF RooneyVarga, JN Devereux, R Evans, RS Hines, ME TI Seasonal changes in the relative abundance of uncultivated sulfate-reducing bacteria in a salt marsh sediment and in the rhizosphere of Spartina alterniflora SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; DIVERSITY; DNA; SOIL; ENVIRONMENTS; COMMUNITIES; EXTRACTION; OXIDATION; LOISEL AB Phylogenetic diversity and community composition of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a salt marsh sediment and in the rhizosphere of Spartina alterniflora were investigated, Uncultivated Desulfobacteriaceae family-related phylotypes were studied by selectively amplifying 16S rRNA gene fragments from DNA extracted from salt marsh rhizosphere samples, Two novel phylotypes were retrieved from rhizosphere samples, with A01 having 89.1% sequence similarity with Desulfococcus multivorans and 4D19 having 96.3% sequence similarity with Desulfosarcina variabilis, Additionally, six sequences that were extremely closely related to Desulfococcus multivorans (99% sequence similarity) were found, Reference RNAs containing sequences identical to corresponding cloned regions of A01 or 4D19 16S rRNA were synthesized via in vitro transcription and were used in subsequent quantitative membrane hybridization experiments, Oligonucleotide probes A01-183 and 4D19-189 were designed to specifically target these two novel phylotypes and were tested for target specificity against synthesized RNA and reference RNAs extracted from pure cultures. The newly designed probes were then used, together with eubacterial probes, to determine the relative abundances of the novel phylotypes in the salt marsh sediment and the rhizosphere. Mean relative abundances of A01-183 and 4D19-189 targets were 7.5 and 3.4%, respectively, suggesting that the target organisms of A01-183 and, to a lesser extent, of 4D19-189 play an important role in the salt marsh sediment and the Spartina rhizosphere, A seasonal trend of increased A01 relative abundance during the period of vegetative plant growth was evident, suggesting a close interaction between A01 and S, alterniflora. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE,DURHAM,NH 03824. US EPA,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 42 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 63 IS 10 BP 3895 EP 3901 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XY723 UT WOS:A1997XY72300023 PM 9327553 ER PT J AU Prahalad, AK Ross, JA Nelson, GB Roop, BC King, LC Nesnow, S Mass, MJ AF Prahalad, AK Ross, JA Nelson, GB Roop, BC King, LC Nesnow, S Mass, MJ TI Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-induced DNA adduction, tumorigenicity, and Ki-ras oncogene mutations in strain A/J mouse lung SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; REGION DIOL-EPOXIDES; TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGEN DIBENZOPYRENE; EMBRYO CELL-CULTURES; FJORD-REGION; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; COVALENT BINDING; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; MAMMALIAN-CELLS AB Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), an environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is the most potent carcinogen ever tested in mouse skin and rat mammary gland. In this study, DB[a,l]P was examined for DNA adduction, tumorigenicity, and induction of Ki-ras oncogene mutations in tumor DNA in strain A/J mouse lung. Groups of mice received a single i.p. injection of 0.3, 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 mg/kg DB[a,l]P in tricaprylin. Following treatment, DNA adducts were measured at times between 1 and 28 days, while tumors were counted at 250 days and analyzed for the occurrence of point mutations in codons 12 and 61 of the Ki-ras oncogene. DB[a,l]P in strain A/J mouse lung induced six major and four minor DNA adducts. Maximal levels of adduction occurred between 5 and 10 days after injection followed by a gradual decrease. DB[a,l]P-DNA adducts in lung tissue were derived from both anti- and syn-11,12-dihydroxy-13,14-epoxy-11,12,13,14-tetrahydrodibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]PDE) and both deoxyadenosine (dAdo) and deoxyguanosine (dGuo) residues in DNA as revealed by cochromatography The major adduct was identified as a product of the reaction of an anti-DB[a,l]PDE with dAdo in DNA. DB[a,l]P induced significant numbers of lung adenomas in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose (6.0 mg/kg) yielding 16.1 adenomas/mouse. In tricaprylin-treated control animals, there were 0.67 adenomas/mouse. Based on the administered dose, DB[a,l]P was more active than other environmental carcinogens including benzo[a]pyrene. As a function of time-integrated DNA adduct levels, DB[a,l]P induced lung adenomas with about the same potency as other PAHs, suggesting that the adducts formed by DB[a,l]P are similar in carcinogenic potency to other PAHs in the strain A/J mouse lung model. Analysis of the Ki-ras mutation spectrum in DB[a,l]P-induced lung tumors revealed the predominant mutations to be G-->T transversions in the first base of codon 12, A-->G transitions in the second base of codon 12, and A-->T transversions in the second or third base of codon 61, concordant with the DNA adduct profile. C1 US EPA,BIOCHEM & PATHOBIOL BRANCH MD68,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 59 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD OCT PY 1997 VL 18 IS 10 BP 1955 EP 1963 DI 10.1093/carcin/18.10.1955 PG 9 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA YB225 UT WOS:A1997YB22500016 PM 9364006 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Davis, C Nelson, G Ross, JA Allison, J Adams, L King, LC AF Nesnow, S Davis, C Nelson, G Ross, JA Allison, J Adams, L King, LC TI Comparison of the morphological transforming activities of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in C3H10T1/2CL8 cells and characterization of the dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-DNA adducts SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POSTLABELED DNA-ADDUCTS; MOUSE SKIN; DIOL EPOXIDES; FJORD-REGION; CARCINOGEN DIBENZOPYRENE; POSTCONFLUENCE INHIBITION; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; LIVER-MICROSOMES; MAMMALIAN-CELLS AB C3H10T1/2CL8 (C3H10T1/2) mouse embryo fibroblasts were used to study the in vitro carcinogenic activities of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The morphological transforming activities of these rodent carcinogens were compared using replicate concentration-response studies, In concentration ranges where both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were active, DB[a,l]P proved to be four to 12 times as potent as B[a]P based on concentration, At lower concentrations DB[a,l]P was active at 0.10 and 0.20 mu M, concentrations where B[a]P was inactive, This makes DB[a,l]P the most potent non-methylated PAH evaluated to date in C3H10T1/2 cells, DNA adducts of DB[a,l]P in C3H10T1/2 cells were analyzed by both TLC and TLC/HPLC P-32-postlabeling methods using mononucleotide 3'-phosphate adduct standards derived from the reactions of anti-DB[a,l]P-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide (anti-DB[a,l]PDE) and syn-DB[a,l]P-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide (syn-DB[a,l]PDE) with deoxyadenosine 3'-monophosphate and deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate. All of the DNA adducts observed in C3H10T1/2 cells treated with DB[a,l]P were identified as being derived from the metabolism of DB[a,l]P to its fjord region diol epoxides through DB[a,l]P-11,12-diol. The predominant adduct was identified as an anti-DB[a,l]PDE-deoxyadenosine adduct, Other major adducts were anti-DB[a,l]PDE-deoxyguanosine and syn-DB[a,l]PDE-deoxyadenosine adducts with minor amounts of syn-DB[a,l]PDE-deoxyguanosine adducts, These DNA adduct data are consistent with similar findings of DB[a,l]PDE-deoxyadenosine adducts in mouse skin studies and human mammary cells in culture. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA,BIOCHEM & PATHOBIOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 34 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD OCT PY 1997 VL 18 IS 10 BP 1973 EP 1978 DI 10.1093/carcin/18.10.1973 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA YB225 UT WOS:A1997YB22500018 PM 9364008 ER PT J AU Kadiiska, MB Mason, RP Dreher, KL Costa, DL Ghio, AJ AF Kadiiska, MB Mason, RP Dreher, KL Costa, DL Ghio, AJ TI In vivo evidence of free radical formation in the rat lung after exposure to an emission source air pollution particle SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-VIVO; OXIDANT GENERATION; DNA-DAMAGE; ADDUCTS; METALS; ACID; ALPHA-(4-PYRIDYL-1-OXIDE)-N-TERT-BUTYLNITRONE; HYDROPEROXIDES; IDENTIFICATION; INHALATION AB Exposure to air pollution particles can be associated with increased human morbidity and mortality. The mechanism(s) of lung injury remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that lung exposure to oil fly ash (an emission source air; pollution particle) causes in vivo free radical production. Electron spin resonance (ESR) in conjunction with the spin trap alpha-(4-pyridyl 1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN) was used to detect radical adducts. Rats were instilled with 500 mu g of either oil fly ash or saline, Twenty-four hours later, ESR spectroscopy of the chloroform extract from lungs of animals exposed to the oil fly ash gave a spectrum consistent with a carbon-centered radical adduct (hyperfine coupling constants a(N) = 15.0 G and a(beta)(H) = 2.5 G), while those spectra from lungs instilled with saline revealed a much weaker signal. This signal was reproduced by instilling animals with the soluble fraction of the ail fly ash, which contains soluble metal compounds. The same signal was observed after instillation of either a mixture of vanadium, nickel, and iron sulfates or VOSO4 alone, We conclude that, after instillation of an air pollution par-tide in the rat, ESR analysis of lung tissue demonstrates in vivo free radical production, This generation of free radicals appears to be associated with soluble metals in the oil fly ash. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,HSD,CRB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NIEHS,LAB PHARMACOL & CHEM,NIH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 40 TC 125 Z9 130 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 10 IS 10 BP 1104 EP 1108 DI 10.1021/tx970049r PG 5 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA YB089 UT WOS:A1997YB08900007 PM 9348432 ER EF