FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU EDGELL, KW LONGBOTTOM, JE JOYCE, RJ ARAR, E ARNOLD, T CAPITO, J DOVI, R DRAGOTTA, D GROHSE, P JACKSON, P JOYCE, R MITCHELL, B NORTHINGTON, J PRATT, W ROEHL, R SCUTT, C SHERWELL, J SHOOP, C SURVESKI, T TUCKER, D WHITE, V WILLIAMS, F WOLF, W STANLEY, J AF EDGELL, KW LONGBOTTOM, JE JOYCE, RJ ARAR, E ARNOLD, T CAPITO, J DOVI, R DRAGOTTA, D GROHSE, P JACKSON, P JOYCE, R MITCHELL, B NORTHINGTON, J PRATT, W ROEHL, R SCUTT, C SHERWELL, J SHOOP, C SURVESKI, T TUCKER, D WHITE, V WILLIAMS, F WOLF, W STANLEY, J TI ION-CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DISSOLVED HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IN DRINKING-WATER, GROUNDWATER, AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE-WATER EFFLUENTS - COLLABORATIVE STUDY SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB A collaborative study was conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) on an ion chromatographic method for the determination of hexavalent chromium (U.S. EPA method 218.6, and the ASTM equivalent method). This study was designed to determine the mean recovery and precision of analyses for hexavalent chromium in reagent water, drinking water, groundwater, and industrial wastewaters. The study design was based on Youden's nonreplicate plan for collaborative studies of analytical methods. The test waters were spiked with hexavalent chromium at 8 concentration levels, prepared as 4 Youden pairs. A fifth Youden concentration pair was also included to determine method performance close to the method detection limit. Twenty-one laboratories were instructed to filter their test waters through a 0.45 mum filter and to adjust the pH of the filtrate to 9-9.5 with an ammonium sulfate/ammonium hydroxide buffer solution before spiking with the hexavalent chromium concentrates. A known volume, 50-250 muL, was injected into an ion chromatograph which separated the Cr(VI), as CrO4(2-), on an anion exchange column. After separation, the Cr(VI) was derivatized with diphenylcarbazide and the colored complex was detected at 530 nm. The submitted data were corrected for background concentrations and analyzed by applying ASTM D-2777-86 statistical procedures and a U.S. EPA computer program. U.S. EPA method 218.6 and the equivalent ASTM method were judged acceptable for the measurement of hexavalent chromium concentrations at 1-1000 mug Cr(VI)/L. The study found that the use of a single linear calibration extending over 3 orders of magnitude yielded biased results at the very lowest concentration levels. Shorter range calibration curves yielded more accurate results. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests indicated that method performance was significantly different between the reagent water matrix and the other matrixes used. The recovery of Cr(VI) from the other matrixes was lower at all concentration levels with slightly less precision when compared with the reagent water data set. For reagent water, the mean recovery and the overall and single-analyst relative standard deviations were 105%, 7.8% and 3.9%, respectively. For the other matrixes, the same values were 96.7%, 11.9% and 6.3%, respectively. The method was adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. DIONEX CHEM CORP,SUNNYVALE,CA 94086. TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,CINCINNATI,OH. AMER ELECT POWER CO,COLUMBUS,OH. SAN DIEGO GAS & ELECT CO,SAN DIEGO,CA 92112. WASTE MANAGEMENT INC,GENEVA,IL. DUPONT CO INC,NEWARK,DE. RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. WATERS,MILFORD,MA. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHOR,MUSCLE SHOALS,AL. W COAST ANALYT SERV,SANTA FE SPRINGS,CA. ENSECO RMAL,ARVADA,CO. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,BERKELEY,CA 94704. DOFASCO LTD,HAMILTON,ON,CANADA. RADIAN CORP,AUSTIN,TX. TENNESSEE EASTMAN CO,KINGSTON,TX. TRAVELERS INSURANCE CO,HARTFORD,CT. CITY SAN JOSE WPCP,SAN JOSE,CA. DEPT ENVIRONM RESOURCES,HARRISBURG,PA. MANVILLE,LITTLETON,CO. CAROLINA POWER & LIGHT CO,NEW HILL,NC. MIDWEST RES INST,KANSAS CITY,MO. RP EDGELL, KW (reprint author), BIONET CORP,16 TRIANGLE PK DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45246, USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 77 IS 4 BP 994 EP 1004 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NY376 UT WOS:A1994NY37600040 ER PT J AU LONGBOTTOM, JE MARTIN, TD EDGELL, KW LONG, SE PLANTZ, MR WARDEN, BE BARAONA, R BENCIVENGO, D CARDENAS, D FAIRES, L GERLACH, D KING, W LAING, G LORD, C PLANTZ, M RETTBERG, T TAN, S TYE, D WALLACE, G AF LONGBOTTOM, JE MARTIN, TD EDGELL, KW LONG, SE PLANTZ, MR WARDEN, BE BARAONA, R BENCIVENGO, D CARDENAS, D FAIRES, L GERLACH, D KING, W LAING, G LORD, C PLANTZ, M RETTBERG, T TAN, S TYE, D WALLACE, G TI DETERMINATION OF TRACE-ELEMENTS IN WATER BY INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY - COLLABORATIVE STUDY SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB A joint U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)-AOAC interlaboratory method validation study was conducted on U.S. EPA method 200.8, Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. The purpose of the study was to determine and compare the mean recovery and precision of the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses for 20 trace elements in reagent water, drinking water, and ground-water. The formal study was based on Youden's nonreplicate plan for collaborative tests of analytical methods. The test waters were spiked with the 20 trace elements at 6 concentration levels in the 0.8-200 mug/L range, prepared as 3 Youden pairs. Thirteen collaborators spiked 100 mL aliquots of the test waters, acidified them with 1 mL concentrated HN03 and 0.5 mL concentrated HCl, reduced the volume to 20 mL by heating in an open beaker at 85-degrees-C, refluxed them for 30 min at 95-degrees-C, and diluted them to 50 mL. After centrifuging or settling the samples, a 20 mL portion of the supernatant was diluted to 50 mL and analyzed by ICP-MS. Related experiments evaluated the method performance in wastewater and wastewater digestate at a single concentration pair, and an alternative nitric acid digestion procedure. Mean recoveries for reagent water, drinking water, and groundwater were generally 95-105% with between-laboratory relative standard deviations about 4-8%. The method also worked well with wastewaters and digestate, with between-laboratory relative standard deviations averaging 8% and recoveries averaging 100%. Recoveries of silver, however, were low in all matrixes at concentrations over 100 mug/L. The nitric acid digestion procedure was comparable in accuracy and precision to the mixed-acid digestion in U.S. EPA method 200.8. The method was adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. C1 BIONET CORP,CINCINNATI,OH 45246. TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. WMI ENVIRONM MONITORING LABS,GENEVA,IL. LOCKHEED ENGN & SCI,HOUSTON,TX. US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20242. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. PENN BUR LABS,HARRISBURG,PA. PHILLIPS PETR CO,BARTLESVILLE,OK 74004. VG INSTRUMENTS,DANVERS,MA. PERKIN ELMER CORP,NORWALK,CT 06856. RP LONGBOTTOM, JE (reprint author), US EPA,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 77 IS 4 BP 1004 EP 1023 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NY376 UT WOS:A1994NY37600041 ER PT J AU EATON, RW NITTERAUER, JD AF EATON, RW NITTERAUER, JD TI BIOTRANSFORMATION OF BENZOTHIOPHENE BY ISOPROPYLBENZENE-DEGRADING BACTERIA SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CREOSOTE-CONTAMINATED MATERIALS; BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES; MICROCOCCUS SP STRAIN-12B; BENCH-SCALE EVALUATION; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; PHASE BIOREMEDIATION; METABOLISM; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; NAPHTHALENE; DEGRADATION AB Isopropylbenzene-degrading bacteria, including Pseudomonas putida RE204, transform benzothiophene to a mixture of compounds. Induced strain RE204 and a number of its Tn5 mutant derivatives were used to accumulate these compounds and their precursors from benzothiophene. These metabolites were subsequently identified by H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. When strain RE204 was incubated with benzothiophene, it produced a bright yellow compound, identified as trans-4-[3-hydroxy-2-thienyl]-2-oxobut-3-enoate, formed by the rearrangement of cis-4-(3-keto-2,3-dihydrothienyl)-2-hydroxybuta-2,4-dienoate, the product of 3-isopropylcatechol-2,3-dioxygenase-catalyzed ring cleavage of 4,5-dihydroqbenzothiophene, as well as 2-mercaptophenylglyoxalate and 2'-mercaptomandelaldehyde. A dihydrodiol dehydrogenase-deficient mutant, strain RE213, converted benzothiophene to cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzothiophene and 2'-mercaptomandelaldehyde; neither trans-4-[3-hydroxy-2-thienyl]-2-oxobut-3-enoate nor 2-mercaptophenylglyoxalate was detected. Cell extracts of strain RE204 catalyzed the conversion of cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzothiophene to trans-4-[3-hydroxy-2-thienyl]-2-oxobut-3-enoate in the presence of NAD(+). Under the same conditions, extracts of the 3-isopropylcatechol-2,3-dioxygenase-deficient mutant RE215 acted on cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzothiophene forming 4,5-dihydroxybenzothiophene. These data indicate that oxidation of benzothiophene by strain RE204 is initiated at either ring. Transformation initiated at the 4,5 position on the benzene ring proceeds by three enzyme-catalyzed reactions through ring cleavage. The sequence of events that occurs following attack at the 2,3 position of the thiophene ring is less clear, but it is proposed that 2,3 dioxygenation yields a product that is both a cis-dihydrodiol and a thiohemiacetal, which as a result of this structure undergoes two competing reactions: either spontaneous opening of the ring, yielding 2'-mercaptomandelaldehyde, or oxidation by the dihydrodiol dehydrogenase to another thiohemiacetal, 2-hydroxy-3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene, which is not a substrate for the ring cleavage dioxygenase but which spontaneously opens to form 2-mercaptophenylglyoxaldehyde and subsequently 2-mercaptophenylglyoxalate. The yellow product, trans-4-[3-hydroxy-2-thienyl]-2-oxobut-3-enoate, is a structural analog of trans-o-hydroqbenzylidenepyruvate, an intermediate of the naphthalene catabolic pathway; extracts of recombinant bacteria containing trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate hydratase-aldolase catalyzed the conversion of trans-4-[3-hydroxy-2-thienyl]-2-oxobut-3-enoate to 3-hydroxythiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, which could then be further acted on, in the presence of NAD(+), by extracts of recombinant bacteria containing the subsequent enzyme of the naphthalene pathway, salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase. C1 TECH RESOURCES INC, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72205 USA. RP EATON, RW (reprint author), US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, 1 SABINE ISL DR, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 43 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 176 IS 13 BP 3992 EP 4002 PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA NU758 UT WOS:A1994NU75800020 PM 8021182 ER PT J AU MCCUTCHEON, SC WIESNER, MR AF MCCUTCHEON, SC WIESNER, MR TI ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION - RETROSPECTIVE AND FUTURE CHALLENGES SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 RICE UNIV,HOUSTON,TX 77251. RP MCCUTCHEON, SC (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30601, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 120 IS 4 BP 721 EP 722 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:4(721) PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NY323 UT WOS:A1994NY32300001 ER PT J AU MCCUTCHEON, SC AF MCCUTCHEON, SC TI SPECIAL ISSUE ON DRINKING-WATER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP MCCUTCHEON, SC (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30601, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 120 IS 4 BP 723 EP 724 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:4(723) PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NY323 UT WOS:A1994NY32300002 ER PT J AU LYKINS, BW AF LYKINS, BW TI ALTERNATIVE DRINKING-WATER DISINFECTION SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP LYKINS, BW (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 120 IS 4 BP 725 EP 725 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:4(725) PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NY323 UT WOS:A1994NY32300003 ER PT J AU LYKINS, BW KOFFSKEY, WE PATTERSON, KS AF LYKINS, BW KOFFSKEY, WE PATTERSON, KS TI ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTANTS FOR DRINKING-WATER TREATMENT SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID BROMIDE AB During a one-yr study at Jefferson Parish, La., the chemical. microbiological, and mutagenic effects of using the major drinking water disinfectants (chlorine, chlorine dioxide. chloramine, ozone) were evaluated. Tests were performed on samples collected from various treatment streams. These tests evaluated 18 of the halogenated disinfection by-products, surrogates such as total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic halide (TOX). microorganisms such as MS2 phage, coliforms, and heterotrophs, assimilable organic carbon, and mutagenicity. The best treatment scheme to control halogenated disinfection by-products was ozone followed by chloramination. However, the total impact of disinfection has to be evaluated before selecting appropriate disinfectants. There appears to be no disinfectant(s) that is applicable for all situations. C1 JEFFERSON PARISH DEPT PUBL UTILIT,JEFFERSON,LA 70121. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP LYKINS, BW (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 14 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 120 IS 4 BP 745 EP 758 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:4(745) PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NY323 UT WOS:A1994NY32300005 ER PT J AU LYKINS, BW CLARK, RM AF LYKINS, BW CLARK, RM TI UNITED-STATES DRINKING-WATER REGULATIONS - TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND COST SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments have imposed a large number of new regulations on the U.S. drinking-water industry. A major set of regulations currently under consideration will control disinfectants and disinfection by-products. Included in the development of these regulations is an Information Collection Rule and an Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. These rules will require monitoring for microorganisms such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and viruses. Certain surface-water systems may be required to remove microbiological contaminants above levels currently required by the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Also included in these rules will be monitoring requirements for disinfection by-products and evaluation of precursor removal technologies. As various regulations are promulgated, regulators and those associated with the drinking-water industry need to be cognizant of the potential impact of treatment to control one contaminant or group of contaminants on control of other contaminants. Compliance with drinking-water regulations mandated under the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments has been estimated to cost about $1.6 billion. RP LYKINS, BW (reprint author), US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,SYST & FIELD EVALUAT BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 120 IS 4 BP 783 EP 802 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:4(783) PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NY323 UT WOS:A1994NY32300007 ER PT J AU ROSSMAN, LA CLARK, RM GRAYMAN, WM AF ROSSMAN, LA CLARK, RM GRAYMAN, WM TI MODELING CHLORINE RESIDUALS IN DRINKING-WATER DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID QUALITY AB A mass-transfer-based model is developed for predicting chlorine decay in drinking-water distribution networks, The model considers first-order reactions of chlorine to occur both in the bulk flow and at the pipe wall. The overall rate of the wall reaction is a function of the rate of mass transfer of chlorine to the wall and is therefore dependent on pipe geometry and flow regime. The model can thus explain field observations that show higher chlorine decay rates associated with smaller pipe sizes and higher flow velocities. It has been incorporated into a computer program called EPANET that can perform dynamic water-quality simulations on complex pipe networks. The model is applied to chlorine measurements taken at nine locations over 53 h from a portion of the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority's service area. Good agreement with observed chlorine levels is obtained at locations where the hydraulics are well characterized. The model should prove to be a valuable tool for managing chlorine-disinfection practices in drinking-water distribution systems. C1 US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,RREL,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP ROSSMAN, LA (reprint author), US EPA,RREL,ENGN & COST SECT,26 W M L KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 9 TC 207 Z9 214 U1 6 U2 48 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 120 IS 4 BP 803 EP 820 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:4(803) PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NY323 UT WOS:A1994NY32300008 ER PT J AU MEYER, W SCHUSTER, RL SABOL, MA AF MEYER, W SCHUSTER, RL SABOL, MA TI POTENTIAL FOR SEEPAGE EROSION OF LANDSLIDE DAM SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The failure potential of the debris-avalanche dam at Castle Lake near Mount St. HelenS, Washington, by three processes of seepage erosion: (1) Heave; (2) piping; and (3) internal erosion, is examined. A three-dimensional groundwater model of the dam was constructed and used in conjunction with properties of the blockage material to examine the dam's stability against failure by heave and piping, Results indicated that the dam is stable against piping but potentially locally unstable against heave. Comparison of physical properties of the blockage materials with critical physical properties for embankment dams that have experienced distress because of internal erosion shows the blockage to be marginally stable against internal erosion. A ground-water mound as much as 10 m (35 ft) above lake level formed in the dam and is responsible for creating vertical hydraulic gradients capable of inducing heave. Similar mounds may exist in embankment dams of comparable geometry and hydraulic conductivity. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. US EPA,SEATTLE,WA 98101. RP MEYER, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,677 ALA MOANA BLVD,STE 415,HONOLULU,HI 96813, USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9410 J9 J GEOTECH ENG-ASCE JI J. Geotech. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL PY 1994 VL 120 IS 7 BP 1211 EP 1229 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:7(1211) PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA NT549 UT WOS:A1994NT54900007 ER PT J AU TOBIA, RJ CAMACHO, JM AUGUSTIN, P GRIFFITHS, RA FREDERICK, RM AF TOBIA, RJ CAMACHO, JM AUGUSTIN, P GRIFFITHS, RA FREDERICK, RM TI WASHING STUDIES FOR PCP AND CREOSOTE-CONTAMINATED SOIL SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB The Environmental Protection Agency has conducted a series of bench-scale and pilot-scale studies to evaluate the feasibility of washing pentachlorophenol (PCP) and creosote from the soil at an abandoned wood-treatment Superfund site in Pensacola, FL. The high sand content and low silt/fines content of the soil made soil washing a promising alternative to incineration. The bench-scale tests confirmed the feasibility of washing the PCP and the carcinogenic creosote compounds from the soil using a nonionic surfactant at a pH of nine to ten and a water temperature of approximately 120-degrees-F. The target concentrations for total creosote were not achieved, but the results were sufficiently close to warrant further testing. The pilot-scale tests using the EPA's mobile Volume Reduction Unit produced residual PCP, carcinogenic creosote, and total creosote levels below the target levels. The tests also produced comparison data on the effects of surfactant concentration, pH, temperature, and liquid:solid ratio. C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,2890 WOODBRIDGE AVE,EDISON,NJ 08837. ROY F WESTON INC,EDISON,NJ 08837. US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 3 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 38 IS 1 BP 145 EP 161 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(94)00036-0 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NY327 UT WOS:A1994NY32700011 ER PT J AU OLBINA, R HAFNE, RM AF OLBINA, R HAFNE, RM TI TESTING OF A WASTE GENERATION PREDICTION MODEL IN THE PAINT AND LACQUER INDUSTRY SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB A framework of a coating production and waste generation in COLOR - Paint, Lacquer and Resin Industry is outlined. A mathematical model of industrial production and waste generation system is presented. Parameters of the system are precisely defined. Data collection, organization and evaluation of the model testing are shown. A waste generation prediction model is applied in COLOR, and cost analysis of coating production generating waste is determined. C1 COLOR PAINT LACQUER & RESIN IND,MEDVODE 61215,SLOVENIA. RP OLBINA, R (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 38 IS 1 BP 207 EP 216 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(94)00030-1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NY327 UT WOS:A1994NY32700014 ER PT J AU BUSHNELL, PJ KELLY, KL WARD, TR AF BUSHNELL, PJ KELLY, KL WARD, TR TI REPEATED INHIBITION OF CHOLINESTERASE BY CHLORPYRIFOS IN RATS - BEHAVIORAL, NEUROCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INDEXES OF TOLERANCE SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID RADIAL-ARM MAZE; REPEATED EXPOSURE; ANTAGONISTS; PERFORMANCE; BINDING; DFP; DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE; RADIOLIGAND; SENSITIVITY; RECEPTORS AB Previous work from this laboratory showed that daily s.c. injections of the organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate caused prolonged inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in whole blood and brain and downregulation of muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system; these changes were accompanied by progressive, persistent deterioration of working memory and motor function. Further, a single s.c. injection of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (O,O',-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothionate, CPF), caused neurochemical changes of the same magnitude and duration, but transient impairment of working memory and motor slowing. In the present study, weekly injections of CPF (0, 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg s.c.) inhibited ChE activity in whole blood of rats by 60% to 90% after 5 weeks; the highest dose also induced tremor, working memory impairment and motor slowing in daily delayed matching-to-position/visual discrimination tests. Reducing the CPF injection frequency to every other week relieved the inhibition of whole blood ChE activity (to 50%-75% of control) and ameliorated all the behavioral deficits. Reinstatement of weekly CPF injections (0, 15, 30, or 45 mg/kg) for 10 weeks inhibited whole blood ChE activity by 75% to 90%. Tremor was not observed during this period; however, motor slowing and working memory impairment persisted throughout the dosing period in all treated groups. Pharmacological evidence for tolerance to the muscarinic effects of CPF was observed on trial completion in the daily delayed matching-to-position/visual discrimination task: CPF-treated rats were supersensitive to scopolamine and subsensitive to pilocarpine. Nicotine reversed the reduction in trial completion associated with CPF. Changes in sensitivity to mecamylamine, d-amphetamine and haloperidol were not observed. Taken together, these studies indicate that inhibition of ChE activity by repeated injection of CPF produces a constellation of behavioral effects not evident after a single CPF treatment, even though both treatment regimens caused prolonged inhibition of ChE activity and downregulation of central muscarinic receptors. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ENVIRONM SERV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP BUSHNELL, PJ (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,MD 74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 42 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0022-3565 J9 J PHARMACOL EXP THER JI J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 270 IS 1 BP 15 EP 25 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA PC025 UT WOS:A1994PC02500003 PM 7518512 ER PT J AU TRUST, KA FOWLES, JR HOOPER, MJ FAIRBROTHER, A AF TRUST, KA FOWLES, JR HOOPER, MJ FAIRBROTHER, A TI CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE EFFECTS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION OF EUROPEAN STARLINGS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE EUROPEAN STARLING; STURNUS VULGARIS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; IMMUNITY; LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENESIS; MACROPHAGE PHAGOCYTOSIS; HEMAGGLUTINATION ID CHICKEN; MALLARDS; ASSAY AB We developed and tested a battery of immune function assays on adult European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) exposed to the immunotoxicant cyclophosphamide (CY). Starlings were injected intraperitoneally for three consecutive days with saline or 20 mg/kg CY. Cyclophosphamide did not affect body mass or packed cell volume. However, spleen to body mass ratios and the number of viable spleen cells were lower in CY-treated birds when compared to controls. Peripheral white blood cell numbers were reduced in CY-treated starlings, and the decrease affected all cell types. Phagocytic ability of macrophages cultured from peripheral blood monocytes was impaired in cells from CY-treated birds. Additionally, CY treatment resulted in decreased lymphocyte blastogenesis to the T-cell mitogen Concanavalin A, The hemagglutination response to sheep erythrocytes was lower in birds that had received CY. Thus, these immunological methods detected chemically-induced immune dysfunction in starlings. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,INST WILDLIFE & ENVIRONM TOXICOL,CLEMSON,SC 29670. OREGON STATE UNIV,TOXICOL PROGRAM,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. OI Hooper, Michael/0000-0002-4161-8961 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [NIEHS ES04696] NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 30 IS 3 BP 328 EP 334 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NY684 UT WOS:A1994NY68400003 PM 7933273 ER PT J AU WEBER, DD ENGLUND, EJ AF WEBER, DD ENGLUND, EJ TI EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATORS .2. SO MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE KRIGING; GEOSTATISTICS; SPATIAL ESTIMATION; INVERSE-DISTANCE ESTIMATION AB The performance of several variations on ordinary kriging and inverse distance estimators is evaluated. Mean squared errors (MSE) were calculated for estimates made on multiple resamplings from five exhaustive data bases representing two distinctly different types of estimation problem. Ordinary kriging, when performed with variograms estimated from the sample data, was more robust than inverse-distance methods to the type of estimation problem, and to the choice of estimation parameters such as number of neighbors. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP WEBER, DD (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,HARRY REID CTR ENVIRONM STUDIES,4505 S MARYLAND PKWY,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154, USA. RI Nhu, Viet Ha/A-9309-2011 OI Nhu, Viet Ha/0000-0003-1812-950X NR 9 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0882-8121 J9 MATH GEOL JI Math. Geol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 26 IS 5 BP 589 EP 603 DI 10.1007/BF02089243 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA PQ386 UT WOS:A1994PQ38600004 ER PT J AU TENNANT, RW PRESCOTT, DM PUCK, TT SLAGA, TJ SAFFIOTTI, U WOGAN, GN NESNOW, S MCCLAIN, RM AF TENNANT, RW PRESCOTT, DM PUCK, TT SLAGA, TJ SAFFIOTTI, U WOGAN, GN NESNOW, S MCCLAIN, RM TI 8TH ASPEN CANCER CONFERENCE - MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY IN RELATION TO THE GENETICS OF ANIMAL AND HUMAN NEOPLASIA SO MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT MOLEC CELLULAR & DEV BIOL,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,ELEANOR ROOSEVELT INST CANC RES,DENVER,CO 80206. UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,SCI PK RES DIV,SMITHVILLE,TX 78957. NCI,DIV CANC ETIOL,EXPTL PATHOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892. MIT,WHITAKER COLL,DIV TOXICOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. MIT,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC,DEPT TOXICOL & PATHOL,NUTLEY,NJ 07110. RP TENNANT, RW (reprint author), NIEHS,ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS LAB,POB 12233,MD B3-09,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0899-1987 J9 MOL CARCINOGEN JI Mol. Carcinog. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 10 IS 3 BP 117 EP 124 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA NZ797 UT WOS:A1994NZ79700001 PM 8043194 ER PT J AU NESNOW, S BECK, S ROSENBLUM, S LASLEY, J TIANO, HF HOSOKAWA, M CRESPI, CL LANGENBACH, R AF NESNOW, S BECK, S ROSENBLUM, S LASLEY, J TIANO, HF HOSOKAWA, M CRESPI, CL LANGENBACH, R TI N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE AND 4-(METHYLNITROSAMINO)-1-(3-PYRIDYL)-1-BUTANONE INDUCED MORPHOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF C3H/10T1/2CL8 CELLS EXPRESSING HUMAN CYTOCHROME-P450 2A6 SO MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE; 4-(METHYLNITROSAMINO)-1-(3-PYRIDYL)-1-BUTANONE; MORPHOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION; 10T1/2 CELLS; CYP2A6 ID MOUSE EMBRYO FIBROBLASTS; HA-RAS ONCOGENE; RADIATION-INDUCED TRANSFORMATION; DNA ADDUCT FORMATION; C3H-10T1/2 CELLS; C3H10T1/2CL8 CELLS; POSTCONFLUENCE INHIBITION; CHEMICAL ONCOGENESIS; ACTIVATION SYSTEMS; LIVER-MICROSOMES AB Transfection of specific genes into cells capable of expressing chemically induced morphological cell transformation provides a valuable approach to study the mechanisms of action of carcinogens. A human cytochrome P450 isozyme, CYP2A6, has been successfully expressed from a retroviral vector in transformable C3H/10T1/2 (10T1/2) mouse embryo fibroblasts and these resulting 10T1/2 clones were evaluated for the cytotoxic and transforming activities of two nitrosamines, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN). 10T1/2 clone 29 cells, which expressed high levels of CYP2A6 activity, were responsive to the cytotoxic and morphological transforming effects of DEN or NNK on a concentration-related basis. In 10T1/2 clone 29 cells, DEN at 600 mu g/ml decreased cell survival to 67%, and induced 0.5 type II&III foci/dish. NNK at 400 mu g/ml administered to 10T1/2 clone 29 cells decreased survival to 57% and induced 0.43 type II&III foci/dish. Wild-type 10T1/2 cells and 10T1/2 clone 4 cells (infected with the vector but not expressing the CYP2A6 activity) were unresponsive. These results indicate that expression of a cDNA coding for cytochrome P450 in 10T1/2 cells can provide information about the role of the enzyme in the activities of chemical carcinogens and also increase the sensitivity of 10T1/2 cells to a larger number of classes of chemical carcinogens. C1 ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NIEHS,ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. GENTEST CORP,WOBURN,MA 01801. RP NESNOW, S (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH,MD-86,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [Y01-ES-00186] NR 51 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8262 J9 MUTAT RES PD JUL PY 1994 VL 324 IS 3 BP 93 EP 102 DI 10.1016/0165-7992(94)90052-3 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA NW488 UT WOS:A1994NW48800002 PM 8022436 ER PT J AU GOLUB, MS CHERNOFF, GF AF GOLUB, MS CHERNOFF, GF TI ISSUES IN REGULATORY PROTECTION OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN THE WORKPLACE SO OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE-STATE OF THE ART REVIEWS LA English DT Article RP GOLUB, MS (reprint author), US EPA,OFF ENVIRONM HLTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT,REPROD & CANC HAZARD ASSESSMENT SECT,601 N 7TH ST,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 SN 0885-114X J9 OCCUP MED JI Occup. Med.-State Art Rev. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 9 IS 3 BP 373 EP 386 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA PP098 UT WOS:A1994PP09800003 PM 7831587 ER PT J AU SIOUTAS, C KOUTRAKIS, P BURTON, RM AF SIOUTAS, C KOUTRAKIS, P BURTON, RM TI A HIGH-VOLUME SMALL CUTPOINT VIRTUAL IMPACTOR FOR SEPARATION OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE FROM GASEOUS-POLLUTANTS SO PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE COLLECTION CHARACTERISTICS; FILTER PACK SYSTEM; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; DIFFUSION DENUDER; ANNULAR DENUDER; AIR-POLLUTION; NITRIC-ACID; AEROSOL; PERFORMANCE; NITRATE AB This paper discusses the development of an alternative technology to sample separately the gas and particulate phases of atmospheric pollutants. The key feature of this technique is the utilization of a slit nozzle virtual impactor with a small 50% cutpoint (0.1 mu m) to sample atmospheric pollutants at high flow rates (225 LPM). In contrast to the diffusion denuder/filter pack and impactor/filter pack techniques, which collect gas and particulate phases sequentially, the two phases are separated in a virtual impactor and collected independently, to eliminate sampling artifacts. The virtual impactor has been characterized in laboratory studies using fluorescent monodisperse aerosols, and in field studies by comparing its performance to the performance of a collocated dichotomous sampler. The results indicate that the minor flow (consisting of particles in the range O.l 2.O degrees C in rats in the acrylic cage but had no effect on T-c of rats in the wire-screen cage. The marked effect of cage type on basal thermoregulatory processes and thermogenic response to MDMA should be useful in the design and interpretation of many pharmacological studies. RP GORDON, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 56 IS 1 BP 73 EP 79 DI 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90263-1 PG 7 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA NP669 UT WOS:A1994NP66900010 PM 7916156 ER PT J AU SLOTT, VL LINDER, RE DYER, CJ AF SLOTT, VL LINDER, RE DYER, CJ TI METHOD OF EUTHANASIA DOES NOT AFFECT SPERM MOTILITY IN THE LABORATORY RAT SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Note DE RAT SPERM; SPERM MOTILITY; ANESTHESIA ID SPERMATOZOA; HALOTHANE AB To determine if anesthetic agents used in laboratory animal euthanasia affected sperm motion parameters, rats (n = 10 per group) were euthanized by one or 5 different methods: decapitation alone, or decapitation following either ether, halothane, or Nembutal anesthesia, or CO2 asphyxiation. Sperm were collected from the distal cauda epididymis, diluted, and videotaped for computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA; HTM-2030, Hamilton-Thorn Research, Beverly, MA). The percentage of motile sperm (MOT), their straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), linear index (LINX), and linearity (LIN) were measured on greater-than-or-equal-to 200 motile sperm per sample. No significant differences in any of these 6 motion parameters were found among the treatment groups. Thus, none of these 5 methods of euthanasia affect sperm motion as assessed by CASA methods, making them equally suitable for use in reproductive toxicology studies. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP SLOTT, VL (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,MD-8,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 8 IS 4 BP 371 EP 374 DI 10.1016/0890-6238(94)90053-1 PG 4 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA NY947 UT WOS:A1994NY94700010 PM 7949762 ER PT J AU LEBREC, H BURLESON, GR AF LEBREC, H BURLESON, GR TI INFLUENZA-VIRUS HOST-RESISTANCE MODELS IN MICE AND RATS - UTILIZATION FOR IMMUNE FUNCTION ASSESSMENT AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INFLUENZA VIRUS; IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY; RAT; MOUSE ID INTERFERON-GAMMA; OZONE EXPOSURE; T-CELLS; INFECTION; RECOMBINANT; MACROPHAGES; INDUCTION; LUNGS AB Each year influenza viruses are responsible for epidemic respiratory diseases with excess morbidity and mortality. The severity of influenza disease ranges from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract infections involving pneumonia, bronchiolitis and coincidental bacterial super-infections. The immune response to influenza viruses can be schematically divided into a cascade of non-specific and specific functions. These functions are involved at different well defined time points after infection. We describe in this manuscript three influenza models utilized in our laboratory: (i) a highly virulent influenza virus (influenza A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) virus) adapted to B6C3F1 mice, (ii) a mouse-adapted influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) virus, and (iii) a rat-adapted influenza virus (RAIV) model (influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2)). This rat-adapted influenza model has been mainly utilized as a model to assess local immunotoxic effects of inhaled environmental pollutants such as phosgene. These host resistance models are also useful for assessing the effect of systemically-induced immunosuppression or immunomodulation by drugs or chemicals on the local pulmonary immune response to influenza virus. The comparison of these different models allowed two major conclusions: (a) viral replication and mortality are two different endpoints and are not necessarily linked (no mortality was observed with Port Chalmers virus in the mouse although the virus replicates to high titers in the lung with a kinetic pattern comparable to the one obtained with Hong Kong virus), (b) mortality, viral replication, and immune function assessment are different endpoints that can be used, depending on the question addressed. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,IMMUNOTOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 43 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 1 PY 1994 VL 91 IS 2 BP 179 EP 188 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(94)90143-0 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA PD513 UT WOS:A1994PD51300006 PM 8059441 ER PT J AU SLOTKIN, TA LAU, C MCCOOK, EC LAPPI, SE SEIDLER, FJ AF SLOTKIN, TA LAU, C MCCOOK, EC LAPPI, SE SEIDLER, FJ TI GLUCOCORTICOIDS ENHANCE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING VIA ADENYLATE-CYCLASE AT 3 DISTINCT LOCI IN THE FETUS - A MECHANISM FOR HETEROLOGOUS TERATOGENIC SENSITIZATION SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FETAL DEXAMETHASONE EXPOSURE; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY; ADRENERGIC-RECEPTOR-BINDING; PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE; NEONATAL RAT; ONTOGENIC TRANSITION; CELL-DIFFERENTIATION; PERIPHERAL-TISSUES; BRAIN-REGIONS; CLEFT-PALATE AB Although high doses of glucocorticoids are teratogenic, endogenous hormones are necessary for development. Because of the central role of cAMP to control cell differentiation, we examined the dose dependence, tissue selectivity, and critical periods involved in glucocorticoid regulation of fetal intracellular signaling mediated by adenylate cyclase. Pregnant rats were given dexamethasone at doses spanning the threshold for therapeutic effects (0.05, 0.2, and 0.8 mg/kg) on either Gestational Days 11, 12, and 13 or Days 17, 18, and 19. Development of adenylate cyclase was evaluated in cell membrane preparations using basal activity in the absence or presence of GTP, maximal G-protein activation by fluoride, and maximal catalytic subunit stimulation by forskolin-Mn2+. Even at the lowest dose, dexamethasone on gestational days 11 through 13 enhanced fetal adenylate cyclase activity by accelerating development of both the G-protein component and the catalytic subunit. As a result, supersensitivity of the response to beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation by isoproterenol was also produced, even though development of beta-adrenergic receptors was unaffected. Treatment with dexamethasone later in gestation similarly fostered development of both G-protein and catalytic subunit components, with selectivity for liver and heart as opposed to brain. Again, heterologous sensitization to isoproterenol stimulation was demonstrable; in addition, late gestational treatment elevated yet a third signal transduction locus, the beta-adrenergic receptor binding site. These effects are likely contributors to glucocorticoid teratogenesis (high doses) or to more subtle disruption of cell development (low doses); because adenylate cyclase is at the convergence of multiple neuronal, hormonal, and environmental inputs, glucocorticoids may sensitize the cell to heterologous stimuli, lowering the threshold for teratogenesis by other agents. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP SLOTKIN, TA (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA. NR 48 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 127 IS 1 BP 64 EP 75 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1140 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NX879 UT WOS:A1994NX87900009 PM 8048055 ER PT J AU ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH THOMAS, DJ ROGERS, JM AF ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH THOMAS, DJ ROGERS, JM TI TRIBUTYLTIN AND DEXAMETHASONE INDUCE APOPTOSIS IN RAT THYMOCYTES BY MUTUALLY ANTAGONISTIC MECHANISMS SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; MEDIATED EXCHANGE DIFFUSION; NORMAL-BUTYLTIN CHLORIDE; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; DNA FRAGMENTATION; MOUSE THYMOCYTES; MACROMOLECULAR-SYNTHESIS; PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES; INTRACELLULAR CA2+ AB The nuclei of apoptotic thymocytes can be identified by flow cytometry as a subpopulation exhibiting reduced DNA content. We observed that rat thymocyte cultures exposed to 1.0-2.5 mu M tri-n-butyltin methoxide (TBT) exhibited a rapid time- and concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis, with > 85% of cells exhibiting reduced DNA content within 1 hr after exposure to 2.0-2.5 mu M TBT. In contrast, exposure to 1.0 mu M dexamethasone phosphate (DEX) resulted in a gradual time-dependent increase to similar to 45% induction of apoptosis by 6 hr versus similar to 15% spontaneous induction in controls. However, simultaneous exposure to TBT and DEX resulted in a decreased response: although TBT concentrations between 0.1 and 0.5 mu M did not induce apoptosis, they reduced the ability of DEX to initiate apoptosis; while at TBT concentrations greater than or equal to 1.0 mu M, simultaneous exposure to DEX substantially decreased the extent of TBT-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, while treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide or the protein kinase C inhibitor H-7 completely blocked DEX-induced apoptosis, neither significantly reduced induction of apoptosis by TBT. Taken together, the toxicant-specific differences in the timing and extent of apoptotic induction and the dissimilar responses to CHX and H-7 suggest that TBT and DEX initiate endonuclease-mediated apoptotic cell death through different mechanisms. Moreover, the ability of each agent to retard the action of the other suggests that these mechanisms are directly or indirectly antagonistic. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP ZUCKER, RM (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 60 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 127 IS 1 BP 163 EP 170 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1150 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NX879 UT WOS:A1994NX87900019 PM 8048048 ER PT J AU MENG, L MOYLE, PB HERBOLD, B AF MENG, L MOYLE, PB HERBOLD, B TI CHANGES IN ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF NATIVE AND INTRODUCED FISHES OF SUISUN MARSH SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN ESTUARY; STRIPED BASS; CALIFORNIA AB Overall fish abundance, abundance of introduced, native, and seasonal fish groups, and species diversity declined over a 14-year period in Suisun Marsh, a portion of the San Francisco Bay estuary, and were associated with decreases in freshwater outflow and increases in salinity. Fish groups showed different patterns of abundance; large fluctuations in introduced and seasonal fish groups contrasted with a steady decline in native fish. Native species were found more often in small, dead-end sloughs, seasonal species were found in larger sloughs, and introduced species were found in both habitats. Fish assemblage structure was les's predictable than in an earlier (and shorter) study of the same community. Mixed groups of native and introduced species with similar freshwater and seasonal needs reflected effects of drought and increasing water diversions from the estuary. Chameleon goby Tridentiger trigonocephalus and yellowfin goby Acanthogobius flavimanus, two introduced species, fluctuated greatly in abundance in recent years, whereas other species declined steadily. Changes in fish abundance in the marsh reflect estuary-wide changes and suggest that environmental disturbances coupled with introduced species are altering fish communities and hastening native fish declines. C1 US EPA,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105. RP MENG, L (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES BIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 21 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 123 IS 4 BP 498 EP 507 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0498:CIAADO>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA NZ674 UT WOS:A1994NZ67400005 ER PT J AU STRAYER, D NELSON, DR ODONNELL, EB AF STRAYER, D NELSON, DR ODONNELL, EB TI TARDIGRADES FROM SHALLOW GROUNDWATERS IN SOUTHEASTERN NEW-YORK, WITH THE FIRST RECORD OF THULINIA FROM NORTH-AMERICA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Six species of tardigrades were found to inhabit the fresh waters of hyporheic zones and springs in southeastern New York. The most abundant species was Thulinia ruffoi, a member of a genus that has not been found previously in North America. Tardigrades were scarce at most sites, typically constituting less than 1% of the invertebrate community. However, tardigrades made up 18% of invertebrates in springs and 5% in the hyporheic zone of the East Branch of Wappinger Creek. At the latter site, there was seasonal fluctuation in the abundance of tardigrades, with peak densities and oviposition occurring in the spring. C1 E TENNESSEE STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,JOHNSON CITY,TN 37614. US EPA,EASTERN DIST HEADQUARTERS,MARLBOROUGH,CT 06447. RP STRAYER, D (reprint author), INST ECOSYST STUDIES,BOX AB,MILLBROOK,NY 12545, USA. RI Strayer, David/H-3788-2011 NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MICROSCOPICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0003-0023 J9 T AM MICROSC SOC PD JUL PY 1994 VL 113 IS 3 BP 325 EP 332 DI 10.2307/3226626 PG 8 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA PF721 UT WOS:A1994PF72100008 ER PT J AU KHODADOUST, AP WAGNER, JA SUIDAN, MT SAFFERMAN, SI AF KHODADOUST, AP WAGNER, JA SUIDAN, MT SAFFERMAN, SI TI SOLVENT WASHING OF PCP CONTAMINATED SOILS WITH ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF WASH FLUIDS SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ABOVEGROUND; ANAEROBICS; CHLOROPHENOLS; ETHANOL; EXPANDED-BED; IN-SITU; PCP; SOIL WASHING; SOIL FLUSHING AB A solvent washing procedure for the removal of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from contaminated soils is presented. This procedure can be used in both in-situ and above-ground soil washing applications. The in-situ solvent washing (flushing) of soil was simulated by continuously flushing solvent through a packed bed of soil until the effluent PCP concentrations decrease to below the detection limit. The above-ground (ex-situ) soil washing was simulated by batch tests (reverse isotherms) conducted on PCP contaminated soil. Acetone was found to be less effective than ethanol in flushing PCP from contaminated soil. Soil solvent flushing was evaluated for 20 X 40, 60 X 80, and 100 X 140 U.S. Mesh size soil fractions loaded with 100 ppm of PCP. The flushing solvent, 95% ethanol, was applied at three different flow rates. Lower solvent flow rates were more effective, for the same solvent throughput, than higher flow rates in extracting PCP thus suggesting that desorption kinetics was rate limiting. The 20 X 40 U.S. Mesh soil was flushed with various ethanol and water mixtures; the 75% ethanol solution removed more PCP than other mixtures. Batch extraction tests, conducted on 20 X 40, 100 X 140 U.S. Mesh size soil and the clay fraction of the same soil, revealed that 50% and 75% ethanol and water solutions consistently removed the highest amounts of PCP. The wash fluids were fed to an expanded-bed anaerobic granular activated carbon (GAC) bioreactor, where the PCP content of the wash fluid was biodegraded and the ethanol served as the primary substrate. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,741 BALDWIN ML 0071,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,RREL,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 66 IS 5 BP 692 EP 697 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA NZ255 UT WOS:A1994NZ25500006 ER PT J AU GERON, CD GUENTHER, AB PIERCE, TE AF GERON, CD GUENTHER, AB PIERCE, TE TI AN IMPROVED MODEL FOR ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS FROM FORESTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BIOGENIC HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS; LEAF-AREA; RATE VARIABILITY; FOLIAR BIOMASS; LODGEPOLE PINE; DOUGLAS-FIR; ISOPRENE; STANDS; LIGHT; TEMPERATURE AB Regional estimates of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are important inputs for models of atmospheric chemistry and carbon budgets. Since forests are the primary emitters of BVOCs, it is important to develop reliable estimates of their areal coverage and BVOC emission rate. A new system is developed to estimate these emissions for specific tree genera at hourly and county level resolution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis Eastwide Database is used to describe the areal extent, species composition, and tree diameter distributions of United States forests. Horizontal canopy occupancy by genera is then estimated as a function of diameter at breast height. Growing season peak foliar masses are derived from the empirical literature for canopies of deciduous and coniferous genera. A simple canopy model is used to adjust photosynthetically active solar radiation at five vertical levels in the canopy. Leaf temperature and photosynthetically active radiation derived from ambient conditions above the forest canopy are then used to drive empirical equations to estimate genus level emission rates of BVOCs vertically through forest canopies. These genera level estimates are then aggregated to regional levels for comparison with the regulatory model currently used and for input into air quality models. The proposed model yields isoprene emission rate estimates for specific countries that are 5 to 10 times higher (and total BVOC emission rates that are 3 to 5 times higher) than the Environmental Protection Agency BVOC emission rate model currently used. Emission estimates of isoprene and monoterpenes from the new system compare favorably with rates measured at various forested sites in the United States. C1 NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, DIV ATMOSPHER CHEM, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, AIR RESOURCES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. RP GERON, CD (reprint author), US EPA, AIR & ENGN RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 45 TC 205 Z9 219 U1 3 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 20 PY 1994 VL 99 IS D6 BP 12773 EP 12791 DI 10.1029/94JD00246 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NT337 UT WOS:A1994NT33700001 ER PT J AU KOHRING, LL RINGELBERG, DB DEVEREUX, R STAHL, DA MITTELMAN, MW WHITE, DC AF KOHRING, LL RINGELBERG, DB DEVEREUX, R STAHL, DA MITTELMAN, MW WHITE, DC TI COMPARISON OF PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS BASED ON PHOSPHOLIPID FATTY-ACID PROFILES AND RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCE SIMILARITIES AMONG DISSIMILATORY SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE FATTY ACID PATTERN; RNA SEQUENCE; PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP; BACTERIAL EVOLUTION; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA ID SP-NOV; BIOMARKERS AB Twenty-five isolates of dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria were clustered based on similarity analysis of their phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA). Of these, 22 showed that phylogenetic relationships based on the sequence similarity of their 16S rRNA directly paralleled the PLFA relationships. Desulfobacter latus and Desulfobacter curvatus grouped with the other Desulfobacter spp. by 16S rRNA comparison but not with the PLFA analysis as they contained significantly more monoenoic PLFA than the others. Similarly, Desulfovibrio africanus clustered with the Desulfovibrio spp. by 16S rRNA but not with them when analyzed by PLFA patterns because of higher monoenoic PLFA content. Otherwise, clustering obtained with either analysis was essentially congruent. The relationships defined by PLFA patterns appeared robust to shifts in nutrients and terminal electron accepters. Additional analyses utilizing the lipopolysaccharide-lipid A hydroxy fatty acid patterns appeared not to shift the relationships based on PLFA significantly except when completely absent, as in Gram-positive bacteria. Phylogenetic relationships between isolates defined by 16S rRNA sequence divergence represent a selection clearly different from the multi-enzyme activities responsible for the PLFA patterns. Determination of bacterial relationships based on different selective pressures for various cellular components provides more clues to evolutionary history leading to a more rational nomenclature. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,CTR ENVIRONM BIOTECHNOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37932. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET PATHOL,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 16 TC 114 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 1994 VL 119 IS 3 BP 303 EP 308 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06905.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA NT213 UT WOS:A1994NT21300008 PM 7519575 ER PT J AU DEVLIN, RB MCKINNON, KP NOAH, T BECKER, S KOREN, HS AF DEVLIN, RB MCKINNON, KP NOAH, T BECKER, S KOREN, HS TI OZONE-INDUCED RELEASE OF CYTOKINES AND FIBRONECTIN BY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES AND AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BEAS 2B CELLS; INTERLEUKIN-6; INTERLEUKIN-8 ID HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; SQUAMOUS DIFFERENTIATION; ADULT-RATS; PPM OZONE; EXPOSURE; INFLAMMATION; INVITRO; METABOLISM; LINE; FIBROBLASTS AB Acute exposure of animals and humans to ozone results in decrements in lung function, development of airway hyperreactivity, inflammation, edema, damage to pulmonary cells, and production of several compounds with tissue damaging, fibrinogenic or fibrotic potential. The contribution of airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages to these processes is unclear. In this study we have directly exposed human alveolar macrophages and human airway epithelial cells to ozone in vitro and measured the cytotoxic effects of ozone, as well as the production of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), and fibronectin, all of which are substantially elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of humans exposed to ozone. Cells were grown on rigid, collagen-impregnated filter supports, and the interaction of cells with ozone facilitated by exposing them to the gas with medium below the support but no medium on top of the cells. The results show that, although macrophages are much more sensitive to ozone than epithelial cells, they do not produce increased amounts of IL-6, IL-8, or fibronectin following ozone exposure. In contrast, epithelial cells produce substantially more of all three proteins following ozone exposure, and both IL-6 and fibronectin are secreted vectorially. An immortalized human airway epithelial cell line (BEAS 2B) was used in these experiments since human airway epithelial cells are infrequently available for in vitro studies. Data from this study extend previous findings which suggest that the BEAS cell line is a useful model to study the interaction between airway epithelial cells and environmental toxicants. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. TRC ENVIRONM CORP,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. RP DEVLIN, RB (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,MED RES BLDG B,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 30 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0002-9513 J9 AM J PHYSIOL JI Am. J. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 266 IS 6 BP L612 EP L619 PN 1 PG 8 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA NV809 UT WOS:A1994NV80900084 PM 8023949 ER PT J AU FREEMAN, JA JOHNSON, JV YOST, RA KUEHL, DW AF FREEMAN, JA JOHNSON, JV YOST, RA KUEHL, DW TI GAS-PHASE ION-MOLECULE REACTIONS - A MODEL FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICALLY REACTIVE ELECTROPHILIC CONTAMINANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MUTAGENICITY; CARCINOGENS; MECHANISMS AB A promising instrumental technique has been investigated to rapidly screen complex environmental samples for chemical contaminants having the propensity to covalently bond to biomacromolecules such as DNA. Radical molecular ions of pyridine, a model compound for nucleophilic bases of DNA, were mass-selected and allowed to react with electrophilic environmental contaminants in the collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Analytes were introduced into the collision cell via a gas chromatographic column. Reactive chemicals are then characterized by scanning Q3 to identify associative reaction products. A good qualitative correlation was observed for the gas-phase reactivity of a series of electrophilic reagents with both their alkylating reactivity in solution (4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine) and AMES test mutagenicity which had been previously published. Femtomole limits of detection for specific associative reaction products were demonstrated. Gas-phase reactions of ions of environmental contaminants (introduced into the source) with neutral pyridine (in the collision cell) were also investigated. Reactions of the radical molecular ion of the allyl reagents with neutral pyridine were similar to results from the mass-selected reaction of the pyridine radical molecular ion with neutral allylic reagents. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT CHEM,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. US EPA,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 1 PY 1994 VL 66 IS 11 BP 1902 EP 1910 DI 10.1021/ac00083a021 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA NP020 UT WOS:A1994NP02000023 PM 8030792 ER PT J AU KROST, KJ MCCLENNY, WA AF KROST, KJ MCCLENNY, WA TI FT-IR TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY FOR QUANTITATION OF AMMONIUM BISULFATE IN FINE-PARTICULATE MATTER COLLECTED ON TEFLON(R) FILTERS SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE FT-IR; ACID AEROSOLS; AMMONIUM BISULFATE; TEFLON(R) FILTERS ID SULFATE AB A quantitative measurement method for the determination of fine-particle bisulfate in ammonium bisulfate collected from the ambient air onto Teflon(R) filters is described. Infrared absorbance measurements of the Teflon(R) filters are made before and after particle collection. Subtraction of the two spectra reveals the absorbance spectrum of the particles. The presence of bisulfate is identified by characteristic and unique spectral features including prominent absorption bands at 1050 and 870 cm-1. The integrated band absorbance at 870 cm-1 is used for quantitation. Wet chemical measurements of sulfate and hydrogen ion in synthetically generated ammonium bisulfate standards are used in calibration. The lower limit of detection for the bisulfate ion is 150 nanomoles. This amount corresponds to the ammonium bisulfate which would be collected from an air volume containing 1.2-microgram/m3 samples for 24 hours at 10.0 L/min. This method provides a specific, nondestructive, direct measurement of ammonium bisulfate. As such, the method has distinct advantages over indirect methods for the determination of bisulfate ion. RP KROST, KJ (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA PO BOX 1438, FREDERICK, MD 21701 SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 48 IS 6 BP 702 EP 705 DI 10.1366/000370294774368983 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA NW363 UT WOS:A1994NW36300012 ER PT J AU MCCLENNY, WA KROST, KJ DAUGHTREY, EH WILLIAMS, DD ALLEN, GA AF MCCLENNY, WA KROST, KJ DAUGHTREY, EH WILLIAMS, DD ALLEN, GA TI SPECIATION OF AMBIENT SULFATE PARTICULATE MATTER USING FT-IR-BASED ABSORPTION TO COMPLEMENT WET CHEMICAL AND THERMAL SPECIATION MEASUREMENTS SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE AEROSOLS; FT-IR; AIR QUALITY; PARTICLES; ACIDITY; INFRARED; SPECTROSCOPY ID ACIDITY; AEROSOLS AB The direct, nondestructive, infrared transmission measurement of fine particles (<2.5 mum) on Teflon(R) filters was successfully used to unambiguously identify and to quantify ammonium bisulfate in particle samples collected from the ambient air. The samples were collected at 10 L/min over 23 hours for 24 consecutive summer days (21 July-14 August) in 1991 in a rural setting near State College, PA. These measurements were combined with wet chemical measurements of the same samples to infer the partition of particulate sulfate as ammonium sulfate. ammonium bisulfate, and sulfate associated with excess free hydrogen ion. A second set of independent wet chemical measurements of samples taken during the same time period were included in the analysis. The evidence for particle reactions on the filter and of some neutralization of acid sulfate by ammonia during sample processing is examined. Highly variable sulfate speciation is observed, including sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate without ammonium bisulfate. Subject to the current limitations of the technique, sulfate as ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, and sulfuric acid is estimated in the approximate proportions of 3.0:5.5:1 for the overall study. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. RP MCCLENNY, WA (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA PO BOX 1438, FREDERICK, MD 21701 SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 48 IS 6 BP 706 EP 712 DI 10.1366/000370294774368956 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA NW363 UT WOS:A1994NW36300013 ER PT J AU MILLER, DC BODY, DE SINNETT, JC POUCHER, SL SEWALL, J SLECZKOWSKI, DJ AF MILLER, DC BODY, DE SINNETT, JC POUCHER, SL SEWALL, J SLECZKOWSKI, DJ TI A REDUCED DISSOLVED-OXYGEN TEST SYSTEM FOR MARINE ORGANISMS SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article AB A flow-through test system was designed to examine minimum dissolved oxygen (D.O.) requirements of marine animals. The system provides up to six treatment concentrations between 0.3 mg D.O./l and saturation. Sea water is degassed in a vacuum-evacuated packed column and the treatment concentrations are controlled electronically by time-proportional mixing of water from degassed and air-saturated seawater reservoirs. The system has proven capable of reliable continuous operation for test periods as long as 28 days, with the reduced D.O. treatments controlled to +/- 0.15 mg/l s.d. at flows greater-than-or-equal-to 10 ml/min and to +/- 0.25 mg/l s.d. at lower flow rates. C1 SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. ASCI,NEWPORT,OR 97365. ROW SCI INC,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP MILLER, DC (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUN 1 PY 1994 VL 123 IS 1-2 BP 167 EP 171 DI 10.1016/0044-8486(94)90129-5 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA NT619 UT WOS:A1994NT61900016 ER PT J AU WALKER, MK COOK, PM BATTERMAN, AR BUTTERWORTH, BC BERINI, C LIBAL, JJ HUFNAGLE, LC PETERSON, RE AF WALKER, MK COOK, PM BATTERMAN, AR BUTTERWORTH, BC BERINI, C LIBAL, JJ HUFNAGLE, LC PETERSON, RE TI TRANSLOCATION OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN FROM ADULT FEMALE LAKE TROUT (SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH) TO OOCYTES - EFFECTS ON EARLY-LIFE STAGE DEVELOPMENT AND SAC FRY SURVIVAL SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; MEDAKA ORYZIAS-LATIPES; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; GREAT-LAKES; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; FERTILIZED-EGGS AB There were no signs of overt toxicity in sexually mature female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exposed to either a control or a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-containing diet for 11 wk prier to spawning. At spawning the maternally derived egg TCDD concentrations were 42 +/- 4 and 43 +/- 6% of the maternal skeletal muscle TCDD concentration on a lipid and wet weight basis, respectively. Egg TCDD concentrations of 233-387 pg TCDD/g egg (wet weight) resulted in nonviable oocytes, while concentrations of 50-152 pg/g resulted in a dose-related increase in sac fry mortality associated with yolk sac edema, craniofacial alterations, and arrested development, resembling blue-sac disease. The dose-response relationship for sac fry mortality associated with blue-sac disease was essentially identical to that observed when fertilized lake trout eggs were exposed to either waterborne or injected TCDD. The no and lowest observable adverse effect levels for sac fry mortality were 23 and 50 pg/g (maternal egg exposure), 34 and 40 pg/g (waterborne egg exposure), and 44 and 55 pg/g (egg injection). LD(50)s, based on egg TCDD concentration, were 58 (36-90), 69 (64-75), and 80 (68-91) pg/g (95% fiducial limits) following egg exposure via maternal, waterborne, or injection routes, respectively. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH PHARM,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR ENVIRONM TOXICOL,MADISON,WI 53706. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. ASCI CORP,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 57 TC 70 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 51 IS 6 BP 1410 EP 1419 DI 10.1139/f94-141 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA PG146 UT WOS:A1994PG14600020 ER PT J AU GEYER, HJ SCHEUNERT, I BRUGGEMANN, R MATTHIES, M STEINBERG, CEW ZITKO, V KETTRUP, A GARRISON, W AF GEYER, HJ SCHEUNERT, I BRUGGEMANN, R MATTHIES, M STEINBERG, CEW ZITKO, V KETTRUP, A GARRISON, W TI THE RELEVANCE OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LIPID-CONTENT TO THE TOXICITY OF LIPOPHILIC CHEMICALS - TOXICITY OF LINDANE TO DIFFERENT FISH SPECIES SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER FISH; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; CLARIAS-BATRACHUS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; HETEROPNEUSTES-FOSSILIS; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ANGUILLA-ANGUILLA; FAT-CONTENT; GAMMA-BHC AB The acute toxicity (48-hr LC(50)) of lindane (gamma-HCH) to 16 fish species, belonging to eight families, ranges from 22 to 900 mu g/liter (mean: 150 mu g/liter). A significant positive linear relationship between the lipid content (% on a wet weight basis) of the fishes and their toxicity to gamma-HCH was found. If the toxicity is referred to 1% lipid, 48-hr LC(50) values range between 13.2 and 32 mu g/liter, and thus the coefficient of variation of the mean is reduced from 139 to 22%. It is concluded that the lipids of aquatic organisms serve as a protective reservoir against the toxic effects of lindane and other lipophilic, relatively persistent organic chemicals, because they are bioconcentrated mainly in the body lipids. Therefore, in organisms with high lipid content, only a relatively small fraction of the hydrophobic chemical can reach target organs (nerves, liver, etc.) and/or receptors. For comparing toxicity data of organic chemicals to aquatic organisms, the total lipid content of the organisms must be considered. The results of this investigation are important in comparative environmental toxicology for risk assessment of freshwater and marine organisms. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 GSF FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM UMWELT & GESUNDHEIT GMBH,INST BODENOKOL,D-85764 NEUHERBERG,GERMANY. GSF FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM UMWELT & GESUNDHEIT GMBH,PROJEKTGRP UMWELTGEFAHRDUNGSPOTENTIALE CHEM,D-85764 NEUHERBERG,GERMANY. UNIV OSNABRUCK,D-49069 OSNABRUCK,GERMANY. FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,DIV MARINE CHEM,ST ANDREWS E0G 2X0,NB,CANADA. TECH UNIV MUNICH,INST CHEM,LEHRSTUHL OKOL CHEM,D-85350 FREISING,GERMANY. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP GEYER, HJ (reprint author), GSF FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM UMWELT & GESUNDHEIT GMBH,INST OKOL CHEM,INGOLSTADTER LANDSTR 1,D-85764 NEUHERBERG,GERMANY. NR 92 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 1 BP 53 EP 70 DI 10.1006/eesa.1994.1034 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NT854 UT WOS:A1994NT85400006 PM 7523068 ER PT J AU STANTON, ME FREEMAN, JH AF STANTON, ME FREEMAN, JH TI EYEBLINK CONDITIONING IN THE INFANT RAT - AN ANIMAL-MODEL OF LEARNING IN DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Tots and Toxins: Altered Brains, at the Annual International Conference of the Learning-Disabilities-Association: Thirty Years of Building Bridges Together CY FEB 22-26, 1993 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP LEARNING DISABIL ASSOC, RES COMM, NIEHS, US EPA, NATL FDN BRAIN RES DE DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY; LEARNING DISORDERS; EYEBLINK CONDITIONING; CEREBELLUM; HIPPOCAMPUS ID NICTITATING-MEMBRANE RESPONSE; EYELID RESPONSES; SELECTIVE VULNERABILITY; DELAYED ALTERNATION; HIPPOCAMPAL REGION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RABBIT; LESIONS; EXPOSURE; STIMULUS AB Classical conditioning of the eyeblink reflex is a relatively simple procedure for studying associative learning that was first developed for use with human subjects more than half a century ago. The use of this procedure in laboratory animals by psychologists and neuroscientists over the past 30 years has produced a powerful animal model for studying the behavioral and biological mechanisms of learning. As a result, eyeblink conditioning is beginning to be pursued as a very promising model for predicting and understanding human learning and memory disorders. Among the many advantages of this procedure are (a) the fact that ii can be carried out in the same manner in both humans and laboratory animals; (b) the many ways in which it permits one to characterize changes in learning at the behavioral level; (c) the readiness with which hypotheses regarding the neurological basis of behavioral disorders can be formulated and tested; (di the fact that it can be used in the same way across the life-span; and ie) its ability to distinguish, from normative groups, populations suffering from neurological conditions associated with impaired learning and memory, including those produced by exposure to neurotoxicants. in this article, we argue that these properties oi eyeblink conditioning make it an excellent model system for studying early impairments of learning and memory in developmental neurotoxicology. We also review progress that has been made in our laboratory in developing a rodent model of infant eyeblink conditioning for this purpose. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP STANTON, ME (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 84 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 102 SU 2 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.2307/3431830 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA NW701 UT WOS:A1994NW70100011 PM 7925184 ER PT J AU MILLER, CA SRIVASTAVA, RK RYAN, JV AF MILLER, CA SRIVASTAVA, RK RYAN, JV TI EMISSIONS OF ORGANIC HAZARDOUS AIR-POLLUTANTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF PULVERIZED COAL IN A SMALL-SCALE COMBUSTOR SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACE-ELEMENTS AB The emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from the combustion of pulverized coal have become an important issue in light of the requirements of Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, which impose emission limits on 189 compounds and compound classes. Although previous field and laboratory studies have examined the emissions of some HAPs from coal combustion sources, no work has been done to evaluate the emissions of a broad range of these compounds, particularly in the case of organics. Therefore, a study was conducted at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory to characterize emissions of 76 organic HAPs in the flue gases from the combustion of pulverized coal in a small-scale down-fired combustor. The combustor was operated under different conditions to simulate baseline, high excess air firing, and nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) controls by combustion modifications. Samples were extracted near the combustor exit, upstream of any pollution control equipment. Data collected indicate that relatively low levels of organic HAPs are present in the flue gases for any of the combustion conditions; however, several compounds were present that have not been reported in previous studies. To the extent these small-scale tests accurately simulate full-scale units, estimates based on these experiments indicate that the total HAP emissions from a large utility power plant are not likely to increase significantly due to the installation of combustion modification techniques for NO(x) control. C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP MILLER, CA (reprint author), US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,MD-65,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1150 EP 1158 DI 10.1021/es00055a028 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NP277 UT WOS:A1994NP27700032 PM 22176244 ER PT J AU ADAMS, RL WEBER, EJ BAUGHMAN, GL AF ADAMS, RL WEBER, EJ BAUGHMAN, GL TI PHOTOLYSIS OF SMOKE DYES ON SOILS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SMOKE DYES; PHOTOLYSIS; SOIL; SINGLET OXYGEN ID SINGLET OXYGEN; DISPERSE DYES; AZO DYES; SURFACES AB Photolysis of an azo, a quinophthalone, and several anthraquinone smoke dyes was studied on soil surfaces. Initially, rapid photodegradation of each dye occurred, followed by a period of much slower rate of loss, indicating that the remaining fraction of the dye was photochemically protected. The average mean depths of photolysis ranged from 0.33 to 0.68 mm for outdoor studies and from 0.42 to 0.73 mm for lab studies. The magnitude of the mean depths of photolysis suggests that photodegradation of the dyes occurs through indirect photochemical processes. Photolysis products for only two of the dyes could be identified. Photolysis of Disperse Red 9 resulted in the formation of 1-aminoanthraquinone, whereas Solvent Yellow 33 photodegraded to give 2-carboxyquinoline and phthalic anhydride. Reaction mechanisms involving sensitized photo-oxidation by singlet oxygen are consistent with the formation of these reaction products. C1 TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 6 BP 889 EP 896 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[889:POSDOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NN343 UT WOS:A1994NN34300007 ER PT J AU SWARTZ, RC COLE, FA LAMBERSON, JO FERRARO, SP SCHULTS, DW DEBEN, WA LEE, H OZRETICH, RJ AF SWARTZ, RC COLE, FA LAMBERSON, JO FERRARO, SP SCHULTS, DW DEBEN, WA LEE, H OZRETICH, RJ TI SEDIMENT TOXICITY, CONTAMINATION AND AMPHIPOD ABUNDANCE AT A DDT-CONTAMINATED AND DIELDRIN-CONTAMINATED SITE IN SAN-FRANCISCO BAY SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SEDIMENT TOXICITY; DDT; DIELDRIN; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; AMPHIPODS ID RHEPOXYNIUS-ABRONIUS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; INFAUNAL AMPHIPOD; ORGANIC-CARBON; WASHINGTON; MIXTURES; CADMIUM; WATER AB Sediment toxicity to the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius, sediment contamination, and the abundance of amphipods were examined along a contamination gradient in the Lauritzen Channel and adjacent parts of Richmond Harbor, California. Dieldrin and DDT were formulated and ground at this site from 1945 to 1966. Sediment contamination by both dieldrin and the sum of DDT and its metabolites (SIGMADDT) was positively correlated with sediment toxicity and negatively correlated with the abundance of amphipods excluding Grandidierella japonica. The maximum dieldrin and SIGMADDT concentrations in toxic units were 0.018 and 9.43, respectively, indicating that SIGMADDT was the dominant ecotoxicological factor. Concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, and metals were not sufficient to cause appreciable toxicity, except at one PAH-contaminated station. Relations between SIGMADDT, sediment toxicity, and amphipod abundance are similar at three SIGMADDT-contaminated sites. The 10-d LC50 for SIGMADDT in field-collected sediment was 2,500 mug/g organic carbon (OC) for Eohaustorius estuarius in this study, 1,040 mug/g OC for Rhepoxynius abronius exposed to Palos Verdes Shelf, California, sediment, and 2,580 mug/g OC for Hyalella azteca exposed to sediment from a freshwater stream system near Huntsville, Alabama. The threshold for 10-d sediment toxicity occurred at about 300 mug SIGMADDT/g OC. The abundance of amphipods (except Grandidierella japonica) was reduced at SIGMADDT concentrations > 100 mug/g OC. Correlations between toxicity, contamination, and biology indicate that acute sediment toxicity to Eohaustorius estuarius, Rhepoxynius abronius, or Hyalella azteca in lab tests provides reliable evidence of biologically adverse sediment contamination in the field. RP SWARTZ, RC (reprint author), US EPA,2111 SE MARINE SCI DR,NEWPORT,OR 97365, USA. NR 37 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 14 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 6 BP 949 EP 962 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[949:STCAAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NN343 UT WOS:A1994NN34300014 ER PT J AU ENGLE, VD SUMMERS, JK GASTON, GR AF ENGLE, VD SUMMERS, JK GASTON, GR TI A BENTHIC INDEX OF ENVIRONMENTAL-CONDITION OF GULF-OF-MEXICO ESTUARIES SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID INVERTEBRATES COROPHIUM-VOLUTATOR; MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES; SIMILARITY INDEXES; MACOMA-BALTHICA; WATER-QUALITY; NORTHERN GULF; POLLUTION; LOUISIANA; TEMPERATURE; DIVERSITY AB An index was developed for estuarine macrobenthos in the Gulf of Mexico that discriminated between areas with degraded environmental conditions and areas with undegraded or reference conditions. Test sites were identified as degraded or reference based on criteria for dissolved oxygen levels, sediment toxicity tests, and sediment contamination. Discriminant analysis was used to identify a suite of measures of benthic community composition and diversity that would most successfully distinguish degraded from undegraded sites. The resultant benthic index was composed of a linear combination of three factors: the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the proportion of total benthic abundance as tubificid oligochaetes, and the proportion of total benthic abundance as bivalve molluscs. This index was used to evaluate the spatial patterns of degraded benthic resources in the Gulf of Mexico. C1 TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV MISSISSIPPI,DEPT BIOL,UNIVERSITY,MS 38677. NR 47 TC 90 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 8 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1994 VL 17 IS 2 BP 372 EP 384 DI 10.2307/1352670 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA PK142 UT WOS:A1994PK14200006 ER PT J AU PULS, RW CLARK, DA CARLSON, C VARDY, J AF PULS, RW CLARK, DA CARLSON, C VARDY, J TI CHARACTERIZATION OF CHROMIUM-CONTAMINATED SOILS USING FIELD-PORTABLE X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB A detailed characterization of the underlying and adjacent soils near a chrome plating shop utilized field-portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a screening tool. XRF permitted real-time acquisition of estimates for total metal content of soils. A trailer-mounted soil coring unit was used to recover soil samples for XRF analyses. This approach minimized the number of samples required for adequate characterization of the chromium distribution in the soils at the site and permitted immediate delineation of source 'hot spots.' The nondestructive nature of the XRF analyses permitted correlation analysis using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques. Correlation between XRF and ICP was very good (r2 = 0.95) but the XRF analyses underestimated the total chromium concentrations, probably because of inappropriate calibration samples. RP PULS, RW (reprint author), US EPA,RS KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,SUBSURFACE SYST BRANCH,POB 1198,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 0 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 1994 VL 14 IS 3 BP 111 EP 115 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00471.x PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA NZ373 UT WOS:A1994NZ37300007 ER PT J AU MARCINOWSKI, F LUCAS, RM YEAGER, WM AF MARCINOWSKI, F LUCAS, RM YEAGER, WM TI NATIONAL AND REGIONAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF AIRBORNE RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN UNITED-STATES HOMES SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE RADON; SURVEYS; RADIOACTIVITY, INDOOR; RISK ESTIMATES ID RN-222 AB The National Residential Radon Survey was conducted during 1989 and 1990 to provide data on the frequency distribution of annual average radon concentrations in U.S. residences nationwide, in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defined Regions, and in subgroups of the housing stock. The National Residential Radon Survey also provided housing and demographic data and a preliminary assessment of the relationship of housing and geographical characteristics to residential radon concentrations. This paper focuses solely on the national and regional estimates of annual average radon concentrations. A stratified, three-stage sampling procedure was used to select housing units for the survey. Data were collected through personal interviews with residents and placement of alpha track detectors in each level of the residences for 12 mo. The survey found an arithmetic annual average radon concentration in U.S. homes of 46.3 +/- 4.4 Bq m-3 (1.25 +/- 0.12 pCi L-1). About 6.0 +/- 1.4% of homes (5.8 million) had radon levels greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's action level for mitigation of 148 Bq m-3 (4 pCi L-1). Concentrations varied significantly across Environmental Protection Agency Regions. A lognormal distribution was found to closely approximate the major distributions of radon concentrations. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. RP MARCINOWSKI, F (reprint author), US EPA, OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR 6604J, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 9 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 66 IS 6 BP 699 EP 706 DI 10.1097/00004032-199406000-00009 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA NM106 UT WOS:A1994NM10600010 PM 8181942 ER PT J AU SHUKAIRY, HM MILTNER, RJ SUMMERS, RS AF SHUKAIRY, HM MILTNER, RJ SUMMERS, RS TI BROMIDES EFFECT ON DBP FORMATION, SPECIATION, AND CONTROL .1. OZONATION SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; RATE CONSTANTS; OZONE; WATER; ION; KINETICS; PRODUCTS; BROMATE; THM C1 US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP SHUKAIRY, HM (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,MAIL LOCAT 71,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 31 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 86 IS 6 BP 72 EP 87 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA NT467 UT WOS:A1994NT46700012 ER PT J AU MCDONNELL, WF SMITH, MV AF MCDONNELL, WF SMITH, MV TI DESCRIPTION OF ACUTE OZONE RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF EXPOSURE RATE AND TOTAL INHALED DOSE SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PULMONARY FUNCTION; MODELS; LOGISTIC FUNCTION; EXPOSURE RESPONSE; DOSE RESPONSE ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION CHANGES; MODERATE EXERCISE; ACUTE INHALATION; 0.12 PPM; MODEL; DOGS AB The magnitude of respiratory responses to short-term ozone exposure is known to be a function of the exposure variables concentration (C), duration of exposure (T), and minute ventilation (VE) during exposure. The purpose of this study was to identify a mathematical model that described ozone-induced mean decrements in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) as a function of exposure rate (C X VE) and total inhaled dose (C X VE X T). Three hundred seventy-four young male nonsmokers participated in 504 exposures to several concentrations of ozone for 2 or 6.6 h. Mean percent change in FEV(1) was calculated for each hour of exposure and was fit to the exposure variables by use of nonlinear models. We identified a general sigmoid-shaped model that well described the observed mean response in terms of exposure rate and total inhaled dose over a wide range of C and T. By fixing the value of a single parameter, this model reduces to a simpler form, which was adequate for description of responses over narrower ranges of exposure conditions. We concluded that the observed mean responses to short-term ozone exposure were adequately described by the nonlinear models identified in this study and that models of this form may be useful for description of responses over a wide range of C and T. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MVS BIOMATH,RALEIGH,NC 27603. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 76 IS 6 BP 2776 EP 2784 PG 9 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA NR916 UT WOS:A1994NR91600071 PM 7928912 ER PT J AU SUMRALL, LB SURAMPALLI, RY BANERJI, SK SIEVERS, DM AF SUMRALL, LB SURAMPALLI, RY BANERJI, SK SIEVERS, DM TI PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEM SO JOURNAL OF COLD REGIONS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID WASTEWATER AB The objectives of this study were to determine effective vegetation species that had the ability and efficiency to improve the effluent quality of an existing wastewater wetland treatment system. Channels were constructed down the length of one cell of the existing wetland trough and planted with the selected plant materials, which included bullrushes (Scirpus validus) and arrowhead (Sagitarria latifolia). Removal efficiencies for BOD5, total suspended solids (TSS), and ammonia-nitrogen were monitored and shown to be influenced more significantly by hydraulic retention times than the presence of introduced vegetation. However, when retention times were adequate, removal efficiencies did reach similar levels as those documented by other researchers using these plant species. C1 US EPA,KANSAS CITY,KS 66117. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP SUMRALL, LB (reprint author), RESOURCE TECHNOL INC,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87113, USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0887-381X J9 J COLD REG ENG JI J. Cold Reg. Eng. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 8 IS 2 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1994)8:2(35) PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA QA985 UT WOS:A1994QA98500001 ER PT J AU CHINTALA, MM FORD, SE FISHER, WS ASHTONALCOX, KA AF CHINTALA, MM FORD, SE FISHER, WS ASHTONALCOX, KA TI OYSTER SERUM AGGLUTININS AND RESISTANCE TO PROTOZOAN PARASITES SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE EASTERN OYSTER; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; PERKINSUS-MARINUS; HAPLOSPORIDIUM-NELSONI; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; LECTINS; AGGLUTININS; HEMOLYMPH PROTEIN ID HAPLOSPORIDIUM-NELSONI MSX; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; DELAWARE BAY; BINDING; HEMOCYTES; PATHOGEN; PROTEIN AB Serum agglutinins or lectins are reported to be induced in marine molluscs by exposure to bacteria and may enhance bacterial clearance from the host; however, there is a little information on possible relationships between lectins and protozoan parasites of molluscs. Two protozoans, Haplosporidium nelsoni and Perkinsus marinus, cause mortality of eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. We tested the hypothesis that if hemolymph agglutinins or other hemolymph proteins are important in the defense against these parasites, oysters with high ''baseline'' (pre-exposure) levels, or oysters that produce these substances after challenge, should have lower parasite burdens and survive longer than animals without these characteristics. In May 1990, individually labelled oysters were placed in Chesapeake Bay, MD, where they were exposed primarily to P. marinus, and in Delaware Bay, NJ, where they were exposed to both parasites. Changes in parasite densities, total protein, and agglutination titers were followed by repeated sampling of hemolymph from individual animals over a year. Oysters in Delaware Bay were affected initially by H. nelsoni, but mortalities from both parasites reduced survival to only 10% by September 1990. In Chesapeake Bay, mortalities were attributed to P. marinus only and survival was 36% by May 1991. There was no correlation between survival time and individual protein concentrations in samples from both locations collected during the pre-exposure or post-exposure/pre-mortality periods. The high mortality rate in Delaware Bay precluded hemolymph sampling after September 1990, but continued collections in Chesapeake Bay showed that protein concentrations eventually became inversely correlated with parasite burdens and survival time. This happened, however, only after most oysters had systemic P. marinus infections and were beginning to die. Agglutination titers were not correlated with parasite densities or survival time. We conclude that the serum agglutinins tested play no role in defense against either H. nelsoni or P. marinus, and that differences in total protein were related to pathology rather than disease resistance. C1 UNIV MARYLAND SYST, HORN POINT ENVIRONM LAB, CAMBRIDGE, MD 21613 USA. RUTGERS STATE UNIV, DEPT MARINE & COASTAL SCI, HASKIN SHELLFISH RES LAB, PORT NORRIS, NJ 08349 USA. US EPA, CTR MARINE & ESTUARINE DIS RES, GULF BREEZE ENVIRONM RES LAB, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 1 BP 115 EP 121 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA NW806 UT WOS:A1994NW80600016 ER PT J AU RILEY, GJ WARREN, JL GOIDEL, ES AF RILEY, GJ WARREN, JL GOIDEL, ES TI ASSESSMENT AND CHANGES IN REPORTED TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS BETWEEN 1989 AND 1990 SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB This study presents results of the first statistically designed study to determine reasons for reported Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) releases and transfers changing from year to year. Data for the study were collected through telephone interviews with a stratified random sample of 1,206 facilities. Each facility was asked to explain the extent to which three factors - source reduction, production fluctuation, and measurement change - contributed to reported changes in TRI releases and transfers between 1989 and 1990. Participants responses were weighted and estimates of the reasons for change were calculated for industry and national levels. The results show that source reduction had the greatest impact on net quantity change - at least 45 percent of the total net reductions. However, all three variables contributed to both increases and decreases in releases and transfers. Therefore, comparing the aggregated results of each variable can be difficult since the true eff ect of each variable may be masked by quantity increases and decreases which have canceled each other out. C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,DIV POLLUT PREVENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP RILEY, GJ (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST,CTR ECON RES,ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT SYST PROGRAM,POB 12194,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 44 IS 6 BP 769 EP 772 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR323 UT WOS:A1994NR32300001 ER PT J AU KAPLAN, N PICKETT, D SODERBERG, E MEYERS, J AF KAPLAN, N PICKETT, D SODERBERG, E MEYERS, J TI IAPCS - A COMPUTER-MODEL THAT EVALUATES POLLUTION-CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR UTILITY BOILERS SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The IAPCS model, developed by U.S. EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory and made available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, can be used by utility companies, architectural and engineering companies, and regulatory agencies at all levels of government to evaluate commercially available technologies for control of SO2, NO(x), and particulate matter emissions from coal-fired utility boilers with respect to performance and cost. The model is considered to be a useful tool to compare alternative control strategies to be used by utilities to comply with the requirements of the CAA, and to evaluate the sensitivity of control costs with respect to many of the significant variables affecting costs. To illustrate the use of the model for site-specific studies, the authors used the model to estimate control costs for SO2 and NO(x) control at Detroit Edison's Monroe plant and two hypothetical plants under consideration and at three plants operated by New York State Electric and Gas Corporation. The economic and technical assumptions used to drive the model were those proposed by the utilities if cited, and if not cited, the model default values were used. The economic format and methodologies for costs cited in the Electric Power Research Institute's Technical Assessment Guide are used in the IAPCS model. Depending on the specific conditions and assumptions for the cases evaluated, SO2 control costs ranged from $417 to $3,159 per ton of SO2 removed, and NO(x) control costs ranged from $461 to $3,537 per ton of NO(x) removed or reduced. C1 RADIAN CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NEW YORK STATE ELECT & GAS CORP,BINGHAMTON,NY 13902. DETROIT EDISON CO,DETROIT,MI 48226. RP KAPLAN, N (reprint author), US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 44 IS 6 BP 773 EP 780 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR323 UT WOS:A1994NR32300002 ER PT J AU STUMP, FD KNAPP, KT SIUDAK, PD SNOW, RF RAY, WD AF STUMP, FD KNAPP, KT SIUDAK, PD SNOW, RF RAY, WD TI INFLUENCE OF OXYGENATED FUELS ON THE EMISSIONS FROM 3 PRE-1985 LIGHT-DUTY PASSENGER VEHICLES SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MOTOR-VEHICLE; ORGANIC EMISSIONS; 105-DEGREES-F AB Tailpipe and evaporative emissions from three pre-1985 passenger motor vehicles operating on an oxygenated blend fuel and on a nonoxygenated base fuel were characterized. Emission data were collected for vehicles operating over the Federal Test Procedure at 40, 75, and 90-degrees-F to simulate ambient driving conditions. The two fuels tested were a commercial summer grade regular gasoline (the nonoxygenated base fuel) and an oxygenated fuel containing 9.5 percent methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), more olefins, and fewer aromatics than the base fuel. The emissions measured were total hydrocarbons (THCs), speciated hydrocarbons, speciated aldehydes, carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), benzene, and 1,3-butadiene. This study showed no pattern of tailpipe regulated emission reduction when oxygenated fuel was used. Tailpipe emissions from the 1984 Buick Century without a catalyst and the 1977 Mustang with catalyst decreased with the MTBE fuel. However, emissions from the 1984 Buick Century and the 1980 Chevrolet Citation, both fitted with catalysts increased. The vehicles emitted more 1,3-butadiene and, in general, more NO(x) when operated with the base fuel. THC, CO, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene emissions from both fuels and all vehicles, in general, decreased with increasing test temperature, whereas NO(x) emissions, in general, increased with increasing test temperature. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and total aldehydes also showed a decrease in emissions as test temperature increased. More formaldehyde was emitted when the MTBE fuel was used. Evaporative, diurnal, and hot soak emissions from the base fuel were greater than those from the MTBE fuel. The evaporated emissions from both fuels increased with increasing test temperatures. Diurnal data indicate that canister conditioning (bringing the evaporative charcoal canister to equilibrium) is required before testing. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP STUMP, FD (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 13 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 44 IS 6 BP 781 EP 786 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR323 UT WOS:A1994NR32300003 ER PT J AU AARON, CS BOLCSFOLDI, G GLATT, HR MOORE, M NISHI, Y STANKOWSKI, L THEISS, J THOMPSON, E AF AARON, CS BOLCSFOLDI, G GLATT, HR MOORE, M NISHI, Y STANKOWSKI, L THEISS, J THOMPSON, E TI MAMMALIAN-CELL GENE MUTATION ASSAYS WORKING GROUP-REPORT SO MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Standardisation of Genotoxicity Test Procedures CY FEB, 1993 CL MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA DE MAMMALIAN CELL GENE MUTATION ASSAY; L5178Y TK+/-; STANDARDIZATION AB As part of the International Workshop on Standardization of Genotoxicity Test Procedures, in Melbourne, 27-28 February 1993, various international guidelines were examined with respect to protocol issues in the area of mammalian cell gene mutation assays. The working group on mammalian cell gene mutation assays discussed a wide range of protocol issues related to study design; in most cases the recommendations are reasonably consistent with existing guidelines. Agreement was reached on several issues as follows. The upper limit of concentration for testing non-toxic substances should be 10 mM or 5 mg/ml, whichever is lower. For testing toxic substances the criteria of an acceptable upper limit of concentration should yield 10-20% survival. Any of several established mammalian cell mutation assays (L5178Y TK+/-, CHO/HPRT, AS52/XPRT, V79/HPRT) can be used to evaluate mutagenesis in mammalian cells; the ouabain (Na/K-ATPase) system is not an acceptable mutation assay for routine evaluation of mutagenesis in mammalian cells. Ability to recover small colonies must be convincingly demonstrated when using the L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay. In the mouse lymphoma assay (L5278Y TK+/-), colonies in positive controls and at least two (if available) representative positive doses of the test compound should be sized if a positive response is seen; in the event of a negative response due to the test compound, colony sizing of the positive control is necessary to validate the conduct of the assay. Testing both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation is necessary. It was not possible to come to a firm conclusion about the length of treatment. There was a general agreement that extended treatment times (>2 cell cycles) often bear more disadvantages than advantages and should only be used with adequate justification. It is not necessary to repeat clear positive or clear negative tests when the assay has been adequately performed; this recommendation differs significantly from the UK guidelines. If treatment groups are not replicated, the numbers of doses tested should be increased; this recommendation differs significantly from the UK guidelines. Each laboratory should establish a historical database for the performance of a given assay in that laboratory. C1 ASTRA RES CTR AB,SAFETY ASSESSMENT,S-15185 SODERTALJE,SWEDEN. UNIV MAINZ,W-6500 MAINZ,GERMANY. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. JAPAN TOBACCO INC,LIFE SCI RES LAB,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA 227,JAPAN. PHARMAKON RES INST,WAVERLY,PA 18471. WARNER LAMBERT PARKE DAVIS,PARKE DAVIS PHARMACEUT RES,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,CINCINNATI,OH 45239. RP AARON, CS (reprint author), UPJOHN CO,INVEST TOXICOL 72283005,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001, USA. OI Glatt, Hansruedi/0000-0001-6053-0562 NR 3 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8262 J9 MUTAT RES PD JUN PY 1994 VL 312 IS 3 BP 235 EP 239 DI 10.1016/0165-1161(94)90038-8 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA NQ875 UT WOS:A1994NQ87500006 PM 7514737 ER PT J AU DEAMER, NJ OCALLAGHAN, JP GENTER, MB AF DEAMER, NJ OCALLAGHAN, JP GENTER, MB TI OLFACTORY TOXICITY RESULTING FROM DERMAL APPLICATION OF 2,6-DICHLOROBENZONITRILE (DICHLOBENIL) IN THE C57BL MOUSE SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 2,6-DICHLOROBENZONITRILE; OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM; DICHLOBENIL; OLFACTORY BULB; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP) ID ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; NASAL-MUCOSA; HERBICIDE DICHLOBENIL; MICE; RATS; ACTIVATION; DEFICITS; BINDING; TISSUES; NEURONS AB 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) is an herbicide which has previously been reported by other investigators to be toxic to the olfactory mucosa following intraperitoneal administration. The objective of this study was to determine whether a more occupationally-relevant route of pesticide exposure, namely dermal exposure to dichlobenil, also resulted in olfactory system damage. Male C57Bl mice were clipped and administered 0-200 mg/kg dichlobenil dermally in acetone either as a single dose or for five consecutive days. In addition, olfactory bulb glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) analysis was performed in order to determine whether the damage in the olfactory mucosa translated into damage which could be measured as an astroglial increase in GFAP concentration in the olfactory bulb, a marker of central nervous system neuronal loss. Olfactory mucosal histology revealed that single or multiple exposures to 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg dichlobenil dermally caused olfactory epithelial damage (primarily sensory cell loss) in the epithelium lining the dorsal medial meatus of the nasal cavity. While the olfactory epithelial lesions were much less severe than those caused by i.p. administration of dichlobenil, GFAP was significantly elevated in both the 150 and 200 mg/kg treatment groups, demonstrating that relatively minor damage to a portion of the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity can be detected in the central nervous system. (C) 1994 Intox Press, Inc. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT TOXICOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-00044] NR 28 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD SUM PY 1994 VL 15 IS 2 BP 287 EP 293 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA PB305 UT WOS:A1994PB30500005 PM 7991217 ER PT J AU EHRICH, M CORRELL, L VERONESI, B AF EHRICH, M CORRELL, L VERONESI, B TI NEUROPATHY TARGET ESTERASE INHIBITION BY ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ESTERS IN HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA-CELLS SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA; SH-SY5Y CELLS; NEUROPATHY TARGET ESTERASE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS-INDUCED DELAYED NEUROPATHY ID INDUCED DELAYED NEUROTOXICITY; ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; NERVE AGENTS; INVITRO; CULTURES AB Certain organophosphorus compounds (OPs) produce a delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) in man and some animal species. Capability to cause OPIDN is generally predicted in animal models by early and irreversible inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE, neurotoxic esterase). In this study, NTE inhibition in response to OP exposure was examined in cell culture, using the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Cells were exposed for 1 hr to equimolar (1 x 10(-5) M) concentrations of 6 OPs associated with OPIDN in vivo (including 2 protoxicants and 4 active (-P = O) toxicants), and 8 OPs that do not produce delayed neuropathy in animal models (including 5 protoxicants and 3 -P = O compounds). The -P = O compounds that cause OPIDN in animal models inhibited NTE > 60% at the test concentration; -P = O compounds that do not cause OPIDN in animal models inhibited NTE < 30%. Protoxicants did not inhibit NTE at the test concentration, reflecting their limited metabolism in the human cell line. These results indicate that human neuroblastoma cells have potential use in the initial screening of bioactive OPs with capability for causing OPIDN. (C) 1994 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP EHRICH, M (reprint author), VIRGINIA MARYLAND REG COLL VET MED,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 29 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD SUM PY 1994 VL 15 IS 2 BP 309 EP 313 PG 5 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA PB305 UT WOS:A1994PB30500007 PM 7991219 ER PT J AU ROZYNOV, BV LIUKKONEN, RJ CARLSON, RM KUEHL, DW SMOLIAKOVA, IP CAPLE, R KUEHL, CJ SMIT, WA AF ROZYNOV, BV LIUKKONEN, RJ CARLSON, RM KUEHL, DW SMOLIAKOVA, IP CAPLE, R KUEHL, CJ SMIT, WA TI MASS-SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF 3,4,6-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-C-GLUCOPYRANOSIDES CONTAINING XC6H4S SUBSTITUENTS OF C(2) SO ORGANIC MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID SPECTROMETRY AB Electron impact mass spectra (70 eV) were generated for tri-O-benzyl-D-glucal and six XC6H5S substituted 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-C-glucosides which had been modified at C(2) by the introduction of an XC6H4S fragment (where X = CH3 or Cl) in an effort to understand better fragmentation processes for the structural characterization of this important class of compounds. The model compounds which were synthesized were glucoside derivatives of CH2CHO, C(CH3)2CHO, CHCH=CHCO , C6H, and CN. For all O-benzylated compounds, the benzyl moiety was the base ion; however, the molecule ion of each modified glucoside was significantly abundant. A characteristic feature of S-containing C-glucosides was an abundant CH3C6H5S-CHCH-CH, ion at m/z 163. Fragmentation of these C-glucosides was interpreted in terms of positive charge localization on the molecule ion according to rules for normal carbohydrates. Knowledge of the fragmentation on the S-containing C-glucosides should be useful for the characterization of additional new analogues. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CHEM,DULUTH,MN 55812. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. ND ZELINSKII INST ORGAN CHEM,MOSCOW 117913,RUSSIA. RP ROZYNOV, BV (reprint author), MM SHEMYAKIM BIORGAN CHEM INST,1610 MIKLUKHO MAKLAYA STR,MOSCOW 117871,RUSSIA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0030-493X J9 ORG MASS SPECTROM JI Org. Mass Spectrom. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 6 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.1002/oms.1210290608 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Organic; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA NT223 UT WOS:A1994NT22300007 ER PT J AU HOOK, JW JACOX, PJ SPENCE, JW AF HOOK, JW JACOX, PJ SPENCE, JW TI ACID-RAIN EFFECTS ON THE EXTERIOR DURABILITY OF ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS ON WOOD SO PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Organic Coatings Science and Technology CY JUL 12-16, 1993 CL ATHENS, GREECE DE ACID RAIN; ACID WET DEPOSITION; CALCIUM CARBONATE; SODIUM POTASSIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; ACRYLIC LATEX PAINT; WEATHERING; YELLOWING; CRACKING; MILDEW ID LATEX PAINT FILMS; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; DEPOSITION; EXPOSURE AB Acid rain is an important consequence of pollutants generated by modern industrial societies and is known to cause damage to ecological systems, construction materials and cultural artifacts. The assessment of the damage caused to paint films has included laboratory, exposure chamber, and exterior weathering experiments. This study uses visual assessment of paints applied directly to southern yellow pine and exposed at 30-degrees south to either natural acid rain or deionized water spray sites in North Carolina and Ohio to determine damage by acid rain. An acrylic latex paint with a pigment volume concentration (PVC) of 52 and a volume solids (VS) of 35% was formulated with calcium carbonate or sodium potassium alumino-silicate extenders. This high PVC paint formulation is one known to stress the binding capacity of the latex and thus produce early grain cracking failures over bare wood. Major effects observed include severe yellowing and increased mildewing of the carbonate containing paints exposed to acid rain. While acid rain can damage exterior paints, much of the damage can be minimized by careful selection of the polymers and pigments used in the formulation. C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP HOOK, JW (reprint author), ROHM & HAAS CO,727 NORRISTOWN RD,SPRING HOUSE,PA 19477, USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE 1 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE 1, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9440 J9 PROG ORG COAT JI Prog. Org. Coat. PD JUN-SEP PY 1994 VL 24 IS 1-4 BP 175 EP 188 DI 10.1016/0033-0655(94)85013-5 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA PF107 UT WOS:A1994PF10700013 ER PT J AU BARTON, HA MATTIE, DR PEIRANO, WB AF BARTON, HA MATTIE, DR PEIRANO, WB TI THE RISK ASSESSMENT PARADIGM AFTER 10 YEARS - POLICY AND PRACTICE THEN, NOW, AND IN THE FUTURE - INTRODUCTION SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARMSTRONG LAB,DIV TOXICOL,WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB,OH 45433. US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 3 BP 217 EP 217 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00235.x PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA NR536 UT WOS:A1994NR53600001 ER PT J AU BARNES, DG AF BARNES, DG TI TIMES ARE TOUGH - BROTHER, CAN YOU PARADIGM SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Risk Assessment Paradigm After Ten Years: Policy and Practice Then, Now, and in the Future CY APR 05-08, 1993 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OH SP USAF, ARMSTRONG LAB, TOXICOL DIV, USN, NAVAL MED RES INST DETACHMENT, USA, ARMY BIOMED RES & DEV LAB, US EPA, ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF, NATL RES COUNCIL, COMM TOXICOL DE RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; PARADIGM; NATIONAL-ACADEMY-OF-SCIENCES AB Ten years ago, the National Academy of Science released its risk assessment/risk management (RA/RM) ''paradigm'' that served to crystallize much of the early thinking about these concepts. By defining RA as a four-step process, operationally independent from RM, the paradigm has presented society with a scheme, or a conceptually common framework, for addressing many risky situations (e.g., carcinogens, noncarcinogens, and chemical mixtures). The procedure has facilitated decision-making in a wide variety of situations and has identified the most important research needs. The past decade, however, has revealed that additional progress is needed. These areas include addressing the appropriate interaction (not isolation) between RA and RM, improving the methods for assessing risks from mixtures, dealing with ''adversity of effect,'' deciding whether ''hazard'' should imply an exposure to environmental conditions or to laboratory conditions, and evolving the concept to include both health and ecological risk. Interest in and expectations of risk assessment are increasing rapidly. The emerging concept of ''comparative risk'' (i.e., distinguishing between large risks and smaller risks that may be qualitatively different) is at a level comparable to that held by the concept of ''risk'' just 10 years ago. Comparative risk stands in need of a paradigm of its own, especially given the current economic limitations. ''Times are tough; Brother, can you paradigm?'' RP BARNES, DG (reprint author), US EPA,SCI ADVISORY BOARD,401 M ST SW A101,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 3 BP 219 EP 223 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00236.x PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA NR536 UT WOS:A1994NR53600002 ER PT J AU JARABEK, AM FISHER, JW RUBENSTEIN, R LIPSCOMB, JC WILLIAMS, RJ VINEGAR, A MCDOUGAL, JN AF JARABEK, AM FISHER, JW RUBENSTEIN, R LIPSCOMB, JC WILLIAMS, RJ VINEGAR, A MCDOUGAL, JN TI MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS AID THE SEARCH FOR CFC SUBSTITUTES - RISK ASSESSMENT OF HCFC-123 AS AN EXAMPLE SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Risk Assessment Paradigm After Ten Years: Policy and Practice Then, Now, and in the Future CY APR 05-08, 1993 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OH SP USAF, ARMSTRONG LAB, TOXICOL DIV, USN, NAVAL MED RES INST DETACHMENT, USA, ARMY BIOMED RES & DEV LAB, US EPA, ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF, NATL RES COUNCIL, COMM TOXICOL DE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; HCF-123; PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING; RISK ASSESSMENT ID HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS; HALOTHANE HEPATOTOXICITY; TOXICITY; MODEL; RATS AB An international consensus on the need to reduce the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting gases such as the halons led to the adoptions of the 1987 Montreal Protocol and Title VI of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, ''Protecting Stratospheric Ozone.'' These agreements included major provisions for reducing and eventually phasing out production and use of CFCs and halons as well as advancing the development of replacement chemicals. Because of the ubiquitous use and benefits of CFCs and halons, an expeditious search for safe replacements to meet the legislative deadlines is of critical importance. Toxicity testing and health risk assessment programs were established to evaluate the health and environmental impact of these replacement chemicals. Development and implementation of these programs as well as the structural-activity relationships significant for the development of the replacement chemicals are described below. A dose-response evaluation for the health risk assessment of the replacement chemical HCFC-123 (2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) is also presented to show an innovative use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. This is based on a parallelogram approach using data on the anesthetic gas halothane, a structural analog to HCFC-123. Halothane and HCFC-123 both form the same metabolite, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), indicative of the same metabolic oxidative pathway attributed to hepatotoxicity. The parallelogram approach demonstrates the application of template model structures and shows how PBPK modeling, together with judicious experimental design, can be used to improve the accuracy of health risk assessment and to decrease the need for extensive laboratory animal testing. C1 ARMSTRONG LAB,DIV TOXICOL,DAYTON,OH. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,DAYTON,OH. US EPA,DIV STRATOSPHER PROTECT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP JARABEK, AM (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF MD52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 52 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 3 BP 231 EP 250 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00238.x PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA NR536 UT WOS:A1994NR53600004 PM 8029495 ER PT J AU VELAZQUEZ, SF MCGINNIS, PM VATER, ST STITELER, WS KNAUF, LA SCHOENY, RS AF VELAZQUEZ, SF MCGINNIS, PM VATER, ST STITELER, WS KNAUF, LA SCHOENY, RS TI COMBINATION OF CANCER DATA IN QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENTS - CASE-STUDY USING BROMODICHLOROMETHANE SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Risk Assessment Paradigm After Ten Years: Policy and Practice Then, Now, and in the Future CY APR 05-08, 1993 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OH SP USAF, ARMSTRONG LAB, TOXICOL DIV, USN, NAVAL MED RES INST DETACHMENT, USA, ARMY BIOMED RES & DEV LAB, US EPA, ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF, NATL RES COUNCIL, COMM TOXICOL DE CARCINOGENIC POTENCY; STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY; COMBINED DATA SETS ID DRINKING-WATER; CHLOROFORM; MICE; CARCINOGENICITY; RATS AB There are often several data sets that may be used in developing a quantitative risk estimate for a carcinogen. These estimates are usually based, however, on the dose-response data for tumor incidences from a single sex/strain/species of animal. When appropriate, the use of more data should result in a higher level of confidence in the risk estimate. The decision to use more than one data set (e.g., representing different animal sexes, strains, species, or tumor sites) can be made following biological and statistical analyses of the compatibility of these data sets. Biological analysis involves consideration of factors such as the relevance of the animal models, study design and execution, dose selection and route of administration, the mechanism of action of the agent, its pharmacokinetics, any species- and/or sex-specific effects, and tumor site specificity. If the biological analysis does not prohibit combining data sets, statistical compatibility of the data sets is then investigated. A generalized likelihood ratio test is proposed for determining the compatibility of different data sets with respect to a common dose-response model, such as the linearized multistage model. The biological and statistical factors influencing the decision to combine data sets are described, followed by a case study of bromodichloromethane. C1 SYRACUSE RES CORP,CINCINNATI,OH 45206. RP VELAZQUEZ, SF (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING JR DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 3 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00243.x PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA NR536 UT WOS:A1994NR53600009 PM 8029500 ER PT J AU PATTON, DE AF PATTON, DE TI THE NAS RISK PARADIGM AS A MEDIUM FOR COMMUNICATION SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Risk Assessment Paradigm After Ten Years: Policy and Practice Then, Now, and in the Future CY APR 05-08, 1993 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OH SP USAF, ARMSTRONG LAB, TOXICOL DIV, USN, NAVAL MED RES INST DETACHMENT, USA, ARMY BIOMED RES & DEV LAB, US EPA, ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF, NATL RES COUNCIL, COMM TOXICOL DE NAS PARADIGM; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK COMMUNICATION AB Many journalists, public interest groups and other recipients of risk assessment information are familiar with the National Academy of Sciences risk assessment paradigm. From time to time, paradigm concepts appear in news features or community group discussions on environmental issues. With knowledge of the paradigm common to scientists, journalists, and other interested parties, the paradigm is a potentially important medium for communication between risk scientists, journalists, and the public. Specifically, the paradigm offers widely-accepted organizing principles for presenting risk information, a common language for addressing a variety of issues and concepts, and a flexible analytical system that accommodates the diversity of scientific information and policy perspectives that characterize the risk assessment process. In addition, the paradigm outlines important relationships and distinctions between risk assessment and risk management. Informed and creative use of these features of the paradigm can guide and simplify interviews between journalists or community groups and their expert sources, clarify presentation of risk information, and promote collaboration between risk scientists, journalists, and others to assure complete, objective and fair comment on risk issues of interest to the public. RP PATTON, DE (reprint author), US EPA,RISK ASSESSMENT FORUM,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 3 BP 375 EP 378 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00254.x PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA NR536 UT WOS:A1994NR53600020 ER PT J AU ANDREWS, JE EBRONMCCOY, M COPELAND, F GLENNON, JJ AF ANDREWS, JE EBRONMCCOY, M COPELAND, F GLENNON, JJ TI EVALUATION OF THE DYSMORPHOGENIC EFFECTS OF PROCARBAZINE, BENZYLAZOXYPROCARBAZINE, AND METHYLAZOXYPROCARBAZINE IN WHOLE-EMBRYO CULTURE SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAT EMBRYOS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; INVITRO; TERATOGENICITY; INVIVO; METABOLITES; ACTIVATION; SYSTEM; CELLS AB Serum from procarbazine (PCZ)-treated rats is dysmorphogenic to rat embryos cultured in vitro, but PCZ is not effective when added directly to culture medium, even with an exogenous metabolizing system. Methylazoxyprocarbazine (MPCZ) is a metabolite which we have identified by HPLC in the dysmorphogenic serum of PCZ-treated rats. PCZ, MPCZ, and benzyl-azoxyprocarbazine (BPCZ, an isomer of MPCZ) were tested in rat whole embryo culture to determine their effects on embryo development. The parent compound, PCZ, produced no effect on embryo growth or development at concentrations up to 200 mu g/ml. MPCZ proved to be the most potent of the agents tested. There was significant embryo lethality at concentrations of greater than or equal to 10 mu g/ml while 25 mu g/ml had significantly reduced embryonic developmental score (DEVS), and 35 mu g/ml reduced DEVS, head length, and somite number. There was 89% embryo lethality at the 50 mu g/ml exposure level. At concentrations >5 mu g/ml, there were significant increases in anomalies, primarily, failure of neural tube closure, erratic neural seam, and microcephaly. In contrast, BPCZ produced embryo lethality and reductions in DEVS only at 100 mu g/ml. These data suggest that MPCZ, which has been identified in PCZ-treated rat serum, may be the proximate dysmorphogenic metabolite of PCZ. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 MAGELLAN LABS CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP ANDREWS, JE (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 126 IS 2 BP 260 EP 266 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1115 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NT258 UT WOS:A1994NT25800008 PM 8209378 ER PT J AU KELCE, WR MONOSSON, E GAMCSIK, MP LAWS, SC GRAY, LE AF KELCE, WR MONOSSON, E GAMCSIK, MP LAWS, SC GRAY, LE TI ENVIRONMENTAL HORMONE DISRUPTORS - EVIDENCE THAT VINCLOZOLIN DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY IS MEDIATED BY ANTIANDROGENIC METABOLITES SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAT VENTRAL PROSTATE; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; FUNGICIDE VINCLOZOLIN; CYPROTERONE-ACETATE; ESTROGEN-RECEPTORS; BINDING; FLUTAMIDE; TRANSLOCATION; HYDROLYSIS; SYSTEMS AB Recent studies with vinclozolin, a dicarboximide fungicide, demonstrate that perinatal exposure to 100 mg vinclozolin/kg/ day from Gestational Day 14 through Postnatal Day 3 inhibits morphological sex differentiation. At 1 year, treated male rats exhibited hypospadias, cleft phallus, suprainguinal ectopic testes, a vaginal pouch, epididymal and testicular granulomas, and atrophic seminal vesicles and ventral prostate glands. This pattern of malformations suggests that this fungicide possesses antiandrogenic activity. To test this hypothesis, we examined the ability of vinclozolin to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to the more potent androgen 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone via 5 alpha-reductase (EC 1.3.1.22) and to compete with androgen for binding to the androgen receptor. The results indicate that neither vinclozolin nor its degradation products, 2-[[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-carbamoyl]oxy]-2-methyl-3-butenoic acid (M1) and 3',5'-dichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-enanilide (M2), inhibit 5 alpha-reductase activity. Although the ability of vinclozolin to compete with androgen for binding to the androgen receptor was weak (K-i > 700 mu M), the two vinclozolin metabolites, M1 and M2, were effective antagonists of androgen receptor binding (K-i = 92 and 9.7 mu M, respectively). As the concentrations of M1 in the serum of pregnant rats and their pups on Postnatal Day 3 meet or exceed the in vitro k(i) for androgen receptor inhibition, we suggest that the demasculinizing effects of vinclozolin exposure in vivo also may be mediated via the antiandrogenic metabolites M1 and/or M2. (C) Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DIV NMR RES,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP KELCE, WR (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,POB 12313,2 TRIANGLE DR,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 32 TC 365 Z9 374 U1 1 U2 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 126 IS 2 BP 276 EP 285 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1117 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NT258 UT WOS:A1994NT25800010 PM 8209380 ER PT J AU MILLS, LJ NELSON, SM MALCOLM, AR AF MILLS, LJ NELSON, SM MALCOLM, AR TI EFFECTS OF SELECTED ANTI-TUMOR-PROMOTING CHEMICALS ON METABOLIC COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINESE-HAMSTER V79 CELLS SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; HEPATOCYTE INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION; JUNCTIONAL MEMBRANE-PERMEABILITY; ARACHIDONIC-ACID METABOLISM; PHORBOL-MYRISTATE ACETATE; CYCLIC-AMP; MOUSE SKIN; LUNG FIBROBLASTS; GAP-JUNCTIONS; INHIBITION AB Many tumor-promoting chemicals inhibit gap junctional communication between cells. We investigated the possibility that antipromoting chemicals may act inversely and enhance gap junctional communication. The V79/metabolic cooperation assay is an in vitro test that measures gap junctional communication indirectly by determining the extent of metabolic cooperation between mutant and wild-type V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts in culture. Six in vivo antipromoters (caffeine, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), phenidone, dibromoacetophenone, tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), and acetic acid) were tested in this assay to assess their effects on metabolic cooperation. Caffeine, IBMX, phenidone, and dibremoacetophenone had no effect on metabolic cooperation, while TPCK slightly inhibited metabolic cooperation in one V79 assay. Acetic acid appeared to facilitate metabolic cooperation. In tests where an antipromoter was combined with the established tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), acetic acid, caffeine, and IBMX counteracted PMA-induced inhibition of metabolic cooperation, while phenidone, dibromoacetophenone, and TPCK had little effect. These results indicate that some antipromoters interfere with the ability of a tumor-promoting chemical to inhibit metabolic cooperation and suggest that alteration of gap junctional communication can be a mechanism of antipromoter action. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP MILLS, LJ (reprint author), SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI, USA. NR 62 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 126 IS 2 BP 338 EP 344 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1124 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NT258 UT WOS:A1994NT25800017 PM 7516098 ER PT J AU CALLEMAN, CJ WU, Y HE, F TIAN, G BERGMARK, E ZHANG, S DENG, H WANG, Y CROFTON, KM FENNELL, T COSTA, LG AF CALLEMAN, CJ WU, Y HE, F TIAN, G BERGMARK, E ZHANG, S DENG, H WANG, Y CROFTON, KM FENNELL, T COSTA, LG TI RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS IN A GROUP OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO ACRYLAMIDE SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOGLOBIN ADDUCT FORMATION; METABOLITE GLYCIDAMIDE; RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; RAT; NEUROPATHY; NERVE AB A study was performed among 41 workers heavily exposed to a mixture of acrylamide and acrylonitrile in the city of Xinxiang, Henan province, People's Republic of China. The workers underwent a complete medical and neurological examination and provided blood and urine for the determination of several biomarkers of exposure. Among the exposed workers, signs and symptoms indicating peripheral neuropathy were found with statistically significant increased frequencies compared to a group of controls from the same city. Based on neuropathic signs and symptoms and quantifiable indicators of peripheral nervous dysfunction, such as vibration thresholds and electroneuromyography measurements, a neurotoxicity index (NIn) specific for acrylamide-induced peripheral neuropathy was designed. The NIn, which adequately predicted the clinical diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy, was significantly correlated with the levels of mercapturic acids in 24-hr urine, hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide, accumulated in vivo doses of acrylamide, employment time, and vibration sensitivity. The NIn was correlated also with hemoglobin adducts of acrylonitrile, which was explained primarily by a correlation between acrylamide and acrylonitrile exposure in this workshop. However, it was not significantly correlated with momentary measures of exposure such as concentrations of acrylamide in the air or in the plasma of exposed workers. This study is the first in which adduct monitoring has been applied to the same group of individuals in which adverse health effects have been observed. The results seem to indicate that hemoglobin adducts are useful as predictors of acrylamide-induced peripheral neuropathy and that measurements of vibration thresholds are useful for identifying early neurotoxic effects in workplaces with hazardous exposures to acrylamide. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,SEATTLE,WA 98195. CHINESE ACAD PREVENT MED,INST OCCUPAT MED,BEIJING 100050,PEOPLES R CHINA. INST OCCUPAT MED,HENON,PEOPLES R CHINA. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RI Fennell, Tim/D-9936-2013; Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 28 TC 108 Z9 110 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 126 IS 2 BP 361 EP 371 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1127 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NT258 UT WOS:A1994NT25800020 PM 8209389 ER PT J AU HUNTER, ES TUGMAN, JA SULIK, KK SADLER, TW AF HUNTER, ES TUGMAN, JA SULIK, KK SADLER, TW TI EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL ON MOUSE EMBRYOS IN-VITRO SO TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO LA English DT Article ID FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; RAT EMBRYOS; PROXIMATE TERATOGEN; DEVELOPING INVITRO; ACETALDEHYDE; MICE AB The adverse developmental effects of ethanol consumption have been documented in humans and in animal models. In animal models, the organ system affected by ethanol administration is dependent on the point in gestation at which the xenobiotic is administered. Previous studies have shown that an exposure of 24-48 hr beginning at the early somite stage in rodent conceptuses alters neural tube closure in vitro. However, the concentration and time dependency of this effect have not been fully defined. Whole embryo culture was therefore used to expose 3-6-somite mouse conceptuses (ICR strain) to ethanol at 300, 450, 600 and 800 mg/dl. The higher concentrations were selected to approximate the peak serum ethanol concentrations that have been shown to be teratogenic in vivo. A 24-hr exposure produced a concentration-dependent increase in neural tube defects (NTDs) and concomitant growth retardation. When shorter exposure periods were used (8, 10, 12 or 20 hr) the incidence of NTDs was dependent on the ethanol concentration and exposure period. At the 600 and 800 mg/dl concentrations an exposure of 8 hr or more produced NTDs, but shorter periods (4 and 6 hr) did not affect neural tube closure when evaluated at the end of a 24-hr culture period. At the 450 mg/dl concentration a 20-hr exposure induced NTDs, but a 12-hr exposure to this lever did not. Exposure of conceptuses to ethanol for periods similar to their half-life in vivo did not induce NTDs and the highest concentration produced only a trend towards a reduction in protein content. When the incidence of NTDs was plotted against the area under the time and concentration curve (AUC) the correlation coefficient was 0.5779. An analysis of covariance indicated that the relationships between NTDs and AUC were similar at the 300 and 450 mg/dl concentrations and also at the 600 and 800 mg/dl concentrations. In contrast, the relationships between embryonic protein content and AUC did not differ at the 300, 450 and 600 mg/dl concentrations, but all differed from that at the 800 mg/dl level. These results indicate that ethanol-induced NTDs do not appear to be due solely to embryonic growth retardation. Additionally, ethanol-induced neural tube defects are a function of duration of exposure as well as of peak serum concentration. C1 NIEHS,NATL TOXICOL PROGRAM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27516. RP HUNTER, ES (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,MD 67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0887-2333 J9 TOXICOL IN VITRO JI Toxicol. Vitro PD JUN PY 1994 VL 8 IS 3 BP 413 EP & DI 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90163-5 PG 0 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NU845 UT WOS:A1994NU84500013 PM 20692933 ER PT J AU RAHMAN, MS HALL, LL HUGHES, MF AF RAHMAN, MS HALL, LL HUGHES, MF TI IN-VITRO PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION OF SODIUM ARSENATE IN B6C3F(1) MICE SO TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-SKIN; INVITRO; SOIL; WATER; BENZOPYRENE; INVIVO AB We report the investigation of the percutaneous absorption of sodium [As-73]arsenate through skin of female B6C3F(1) mice under various conditions of exposure. In vitro diffusion experiments were conducted for 24 hr using previously clipped full-thickness dorsal skin in a flow-through system with HEPES-buffered Hanks' balanced salt solution as the receptor fluid. Doses of 5, 50, 500 or 5000 ng were applied to the skin surface (area = 0.64 cm(2)) as the solid compound, in aqueous vehicle (100 and 250 mu l) or in sail (23 mg/cm(2)). Dermal absorption was quantified by summing the amounts of arsenate-derived radioactivity in the receptor fluid and skin following washing of the skin surface to remove unpenetrated compound. Absorption of sodium arsenate increased linearly with the applied dose from all exposure vehicles, with a constant fraction of the dose being absorbed. Maximum absorption (62% of the applied dose) was obtained from the 100-mu l aqueous vehicle and the skin contained a higher level of the compound than the receptor fluid. Soil provided the least (<0.3% of the applied dose) absorption of the chemical, with the major portion (68%) of the absorbed dose residing within the skin. Even short-term (1 hr) dermal exposure to arsenate in water resulted in the passage of the chemical into the skin, which, on further perfusion (23 hr), passed into the receptor fluid. Thus, the exposure vehicle plays an important role in the in vitro dermal absorption of sodium arsenate in B6C3F, mice, with the aqueous vehicle providing greater absorption than the soil. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0887-2333 J9 TOXICOL IN VITRO JI Toxicol. Vitro PD JUN PY 1994 VL 8 IS 3 BP 441 EP 448 DI 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90166-X PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NU845 UT WOS:A1994NU84500016 PM 20692936 ER PT J AU LEWTAS, J AF LEWTAS, J TI HUMAN EXPOSURE TO COMPLEX-MIXTURES OF AIR-POLLUTANTS SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th European Meeting of Environmental Hygiene CY JUN 09-11, 1993 CL WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP WAGENINGEN AGR UNIV, HEINRICH HEINE UNIV DUSSEL, MED INST ENVIRONM HYG, DUTCH MINIST WELF HLTH & CUTURAL AFFAIRS, ROYAL NETHERLANDS ACAD SCI, ALFRED KRUPP VONBOHLEN & HALBACH FDN ESSEN DE COMBUSTION EMISSIONS; POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC MATTER (POM); DNA ADDUCTS; TUMORIGENICITY; BIOMARKERS; AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS; WOODSTOVES; URBAN AIR; COKE OVEN EMISSIONS; TOBACCO SMOKE ID DNA DAMAGE; ADDUCTS; LUNG AB Human exposure to complex mixtures of polycylic organic matter (POM) from the products of incomplete combustion contribute to the potential lung cancer risk in urban areas. The most ubiquitous emission sources outdoors in populated areas are residential motor vehicles and residential heating, while environmental tobacco smoke is usually the major combustion source in indoor air. In addition to these urban combustion sources, there are industrial and municipal sources that may also have a significant impact on human exposure to carcinogenic agents due to their high DNA adduct and tumor initiating potency. This review focuses on new approaches to assess human exposure to POM using source apportionment, personal exposure monitoring, and biomarker methods. RP LEWTAS, J (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD 68A,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 20 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 72 IS 1-3 BP 163 EP 169 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90024-8 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NQ118 UT WOS:A1994NQ11800023 PM 8202929 ER PT J AU ROSEN, MB FRANCIS, BM CHERNOFF, N AF ROSEN, MB FRANCIS, BM CHERNOFF, N TI SUBTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION - A TECHNIQUE FOR THE ISOLATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE SUBTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION; GENE EXPRESSION; MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT; SUPERNUMERARY RIBS ID MESSENGER-RNA; CDNA CLONING; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; SUPERNUMERARY RIBS; MATERNAL STRESS; NK-CELL; PROTEIN; IDENTIFICATION; INDUCTION; LIBRARY AB The technique of subtractive hybridization has been successfully used to isolate and identify rare and/or differentially expressed genes in specific tissues or under specific conditions. This technique allows for the isolation and subsequent identification of cDNA clones that can represent as little as 0.01% of the original mRNA population. Alterations in gene expression are invariably closely related to the primary initiation of changes in normal embryonic development, if not the primary event itself. Similarly, manifestations of cellular/tissue toxicity will be reflected in changes in gene expression of the target sites. The ability to isolate changing gene species, and subsequently to characterize the protein(s) they form, means that subtractive hybridization is potentially a powerful tool for characterizing both normal and abnormal conditions in animals and plants. This report reviews some of the recent applications of this technique, details a protocol we have used successfully in studies on abnormal mammalian development, and briefly describes our results. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV ILLINOIS,INST ENVIRONM SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 4 IS 2 BP 135 EP 147 DI 10.3109/15376519409061541 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NM699 UT WOS:A1994NM69900006 ER PT J AU REISH, DJ OSHIDA, PS MEARNS, AJ GINN, TC AF REISH, DJ OSHIDA, PS MEARNS, AJ GINN, TC TI EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON SALTWATER ORGANISMS SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PORPOISE PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; TRACE-METALS; OIL-SPILL; MYTILUS-EDULIS; CRUDE-OIL; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; BIVALVE MOLLUSKS; MERETRIX-LUSORIA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA C1 US EPA,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. NOAA,SEATTLE,WA 98115. PTI ENVIRONM SCI INC,BELLEVUE,WA. RP REISH, DJ (reprint author), CALIF STATE UNIV LONG BEACH,DEPT BIOL,LONG BEACH,CA 90840, USA. NR 151 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 66 IS 4 BP 623 EP 635 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA NW438 UT WOS:A1994NW43800037 ER PT J AU GUBALA, CP BRANCH, C ROUNDY, N LANDERS, D AF GUBALA, CP BRANCH, C ROUNDY, N LANDERS, D TI AUTOMATED GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM CHARTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES - A LIMNOLOGIC CASE-STUDY SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Note DE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; LIMNOLOGY AB An efficient, automated system for the collection of spatially variant environmental data has been designed and tested in a limnologic setting. The technique links differentially corrected global positioning system (GPS) data directly with that of a digital environmental sensor. The entire system is fully compatible with geographic information system (GIS) applications and can be utilized for a plethora of applications requiring the simultaneous recording of precise (2-5 m) global position and environmental response variables. A limnologic application of the combination of GPS with an external sensor illustrated the efficacy of this technique. Linking an advanced fathometer directly to GPS through a common data logger facilitated the precise mapping of the physical and biological attributes of a lake in central Oregon. The output from this application was compared to results from a traditional aquatic mapping method, requiring fixed velocity navigation along a set transect. The GPS-fathometry technique greatly out performed the latter method. C1 TRIMBLE NAVIGAT LTD,SUNNYVALE,CA 94088. AMER PIONEER INC,SEATTLE,WA 98107. US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP GUBALA, CP (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 30 PY 1994 VL 148 IS 1 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90378-6 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NN424 UT WOS:A1994NN42400012 ER PT J AU CHIU, N BARRY, T PUSKIN, J NELSON, N AF CHIU, N BARRY, T PUSKIN, J NELSON, N TI RADON RISK ESTIMATES SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA,OFF REGULATORY MANAGEMENT & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC. US EPA,OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP CHIU, N (reprint author), US EPA,OFF SCI & TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 27 PY 1994 VL 264 IS 5163 BP 1239 EP 1240 DI 10.1126/science.8191276 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA NN767 UT WOS:A1994NN76700007 PM 8191276 ER PT J AU KNAPP, KT AF KNAPP, KT TI ON-ROAD VEHICLE EMISSIONS - UNITED-STATES STUDIES SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Highway Pollution CY MAY 18-22, 1992 CL MADRID, SPAIN DE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; CARBON MONOXIDE; AMBIENT AIR; MOBILE SOURCES; REAL-WORLD MEASUREMENTS; MODEL PREDICTIONS; PORTABLE DYNAMOMETER; TUNNEL STUDY AB Several recent events in mobile sources emissions measurements have caused a major reassessment of the amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the ambient air attributed to mobile sources. These include the comparison of real-world in-use vehicle emissions with those predicted by mobile emission factor models and the development of cross-road remote sensors for measuring emissions from in-use passing vehicles. The real-world measurements were generally higher than model predictions. A tunnel study in the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) found two-fold to seven-fold differences. Additional real-world studies, including the remote sensor, roadside I/M inspections and testing on the US Environmental Protection Agency portable dynamometer have shown that 50% of the tailpipe emissions come from only 10% of the vehicles and 80% come from 20% of the vehicles. This paper describes the portable dynamometer study and several tunnel studies. RP KNAPP, KT (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 23 PY 1994 VL 147 BP 209 EP 215 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NN064 UT WOS:A1994NN06400028 ER PT J AU GEORGE, SE CHADWICK, RW KOHAN, MJ ALLISON, JC WILLIAMS, RW CHANG, JJ AF GEORGE, SE CHADWICK, RW KOHAN, MJ ALLISON, JC WILLIAMS, RW CHANG, JJ TI ROLE OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN THE ACTIVATION OF THE PROMUTAGEN 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE TO MUTAGENIC URINE METABOLITES AND COMPARISON OF GI ENZYME-ACTIVITIES IN GERM-FREE AND CONVENTIONALIZED MALE FISCHER-344 RATS SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE; NITROREDUCTASE; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; GERM-FREE; URINE GENOTOXICITY; AZO REDUCTASE ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; GUT FLORA; CD-1 MICE; HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; DINITROTOLUENES; GENOTOXICITY; EXCRETION; BINDING; INVIVO AB After male germ-free and conventionalized Fischer 344 rats were administered per os (p.o.) 75 mg/kg 2,6-DNT, intestinal nitroreductase, beta-glucuronidase, and azo reductase activities were lower in the cecum and large intestine of germ-free animals. However, there was no significant difference in the small intestinal nitroreductase and azo reductase compared to the conventionalized counterparts. This indicated a potential mucosal source for the enzymes. Urines from germ-free rats (1144 +/- 64 revertants/ml) were less mutagenic than those from conventionalized animals (1467 +/- 171 revertants/ml) in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 without S9. In the presence of S9, urine from conventionalized animals (894 +/- 56 revertants/ml) was more mutagenic than that from germ-free rats (686 +/- 60 revertants/ml). The presence of the intestinal flora plays an important role in the activation of 2,6-DNT but other metabolic pathways, such as the small intestinal mucosal and/or hepatic enzymes, are present that can generate excreted genotoxicants. C1 ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV N CAROLINA,DIV LAB ANIM MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP GEORGE, SE (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,MD 68A,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD MAY 16 PY 1994 VL 79 IS 2 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1016/0304-3835(94)90258-5 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA NR577 UT WOS:A1994NR57700009 PM 8019977 ER PT J AU ALLIS, JW ROBINSON, BL AF ALLIS, JW ROBINSON, BL TI A KINETIC ASSAY FOR P-NITROPHENOL HYDROXYLASE IN RAT-LIVER MICROSOMES SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID INDUCIBLE CYTOCHROME-P-450 ISOZYME; DRUG-METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; CATALYTIC ACTIVITY; ETHANOL; INDUCTION; OXIDATION; HAMSTERS AB A real-time kinetic method for measuring the activity of microsomal p-nitrophenol hydroxylase, in which the rate is measured directly by uv-visible spectrophotometry, is described. The method is based on the fact that the reaction product, 4-nitrocatechol, absorbs at 480 nm and longer wavelengths while the absorbance of the reactant, p-nitrophenol, decreases to baseline at these wavelengths. The conditions of the assay are similar to the incubation conditions of the Reinke and Moyer method. The advantages of the new method include simplicity, direct measurement of the rate rather than use of a timed assay, and elimination of experimental steps such as changing pH and centrifugation before spectrophotometric reading. The new method produces results that are comparable to and may be more reproducible than those of the Reinke and Moyer method. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. RP ALLIS, JW (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD MAY 15 PY 1994 VL 219 IS 1 BP 49 EP 52 DI 10.1006/abio.1994.1230 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA NK804 UT WOS:A1994NK80400008 PM 8059955 ER PT J AU RYGIEWICZ, PT ANDERSEN, CP AF RYGIEWICZ, PT ANDERSEN, CP TI MYCORRHIZAE ALTER QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF CARBON ALLOCATED BELOW GROUND SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SOIL; SEEDLINGS; HYPHAE; ROOTS; FLOW; CO2 AB PLANTS and sails are a critically important element in the global carbon-energy equation. It is estimated that in forest ecosystems over two-thirds of the carbon is contained in soils and peat deposits(1). Despite the importance of forest soils in the global carbon cycle, fluxes of carbon associated with fundamental processes and soil functional groups are inadequately quantified, limiting our understanding of carbon movement and sequestration in soils. We report here the direct measurement of carbon id and through all major pools of a mycorrhizal (fungus-root) coniferous seedling (a complete carbon budget). The mycorrhizal symbiont reduces overall retention of carbon in the plant-fungus symbiosis by increasing carbon in roots and below-ground respiration and reducing its retention and release above ground. Below ground, mycorrhizal plants shifted allocation of carbon to pools that are rapidly turned over, primarily to fine roots and fungal hyphae, and host root and fungal respiration. Mycorrhizae alter the size of below-ground carbon pools, the quality and, therefore, the retention time of carbon below ground. Our data indicate that if elevated atmospheric CO2 and altered climate stressors alter mycorrhizal colonization in forests, the role of forests in sequestering carbon could be altered. RP RYGIEWICZ, PT (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 21 TC 184 Z9 191 U1 2 U2 51 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 5 PY 1994 VL 369 IS 6475 BP 58 EP 60 DI 10.1038/369058a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA NJ860 UT WOS:A1994NJ86000052 ER PT J AU TIMBERLAKE, DL MARSHALL, M SCOTT, J AF TIMBERLAKE, DL MARSHALL, M SCOTT, J TI EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL RELEASES AND WORKER EXPOSURES FROM FILTER PRESS OPERATIONS SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WORKPLACE AB The exposures (inhalation and dermal) and releases (air, water, solids, and process streams) associated with the filtration of industrial wastewater sludge from an electronics manufacturing plant were characterized. Chemical releases and worker exposures for a target chemical (total copper) were measured over four operational cycles. Various aspects of the filtration operation believed to influence the measurement values were documented. Worker exposures associated with the discreet stages of the filter operation were measured. Ventilation patterns around the filter press were also monitored. The workers' time-weighted average exposures to total copper during the 113-minute operational cycle ranged from 3.1 to 25 mug/m3 (2.2 geometric standard deviation, 6.4 mug/m3 geometric mean concentration). The manual removal of filter cake comprised only 15% of the time in an average filtration cycle, but produced 72% of the workers' inhalation exposure. During this cake-removal stage, inhalation exposures ranged from 11 mug/m3 to 130 mug/m3 (2.5 geometric standard deviation, 30 mug/m3 geometric mean concentration). Differences in worker technique may account for the large range of inhalation exposures during the cake-removal stage. Exposures and releases were successfully determined for a single unit operation, as well as for the discreet stages of operation. The data generated will enable EPA to more accurately estimate worker exposures and chemical releases for new chemicals as required by the Toxic Substances Control Act. The approach utilized will benefit industrial hygienists in providing estimates of worker exposures and aid in the targeting of survey sampling. C1 SW RES INST,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78228. RP TIMBERLAKE, DL (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 55 IS 5 BP 438 EP 442 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1994)055<0438:EOCRAW>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA NJ102 UT WOS:A1994NJ10200008 PM 8209847 ER PT J AU PAGE, SD AF PAGE, SD TI INDOOR RADON - A CASE-STUDY IN RISK COMMUNICATION SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Medicine for the 21st-Century: Challenges in Personal and Public Health Promotion CY FEB, 1992 CL PALM SPRINGS, CA SP AMER MED ASSOC, ANNENBERG CTR EISENHOWER, ANNENBERG WASHINGTON PROGRAM, US EPA, W K KELLOG FDN AB Two key questions have influenced the development and implementation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program to reduce the public health risks of indoor radon-gas; the answers may also apply to other preventive health care programs. First, how can we best communicate risk? Risk communication research indicates that simple message, persuasion, and prescriptive guidance will best encourage citizens to protect themselves from voluntary risks (within the control of the individual), such as radon. However, scientists expect technical information, logical and unemotional appeals, and detailed explanations of uncertainty. An appropriate balance between the persuasive and the technical will encourage public action and assuage the scientific community. Second, what environmental health care problems should we focus on? Public concern with involuntary risks imposed by an external force, such as hazardous waste dumps, drive our environmental health agenda. Consequently, because government decision-makers respond to public perceptions and pressures, which they frequently support, the largest fraction of the government's resources and the most aggressive protection programs are typically reserved for environmental health problems that pose involuntary risks. The experience of the EPA's Radon Program suggests that major gains in public health protection could be achieved through communication that effectively persuades people to accept personal responsibility for preventing voluntary risks, such as radon, and a more informed dialogue between the scientific community and the public concerning national priorities for environmental health protection. If we cannot accomplish this improved dialogue, we will continue to spend enormous sums of money pursuing involuntary risks that promise a smaller payoff for society than preventable voluntary risks, like smoking, failure to use seat belts, and radon exposure, which individuals can address. RP PAGE, SD (reprint author), US EPA,DIV RADON,501 3RD ST,JUDICIARY SQ,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 10 IS 3 SU S BP 15 EP 18 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA NW377 UT WOS:A1994NW37700005 PM 7917448 ER PT J AU NEWMAN, MA VALANIS, BG SCHOENY, RS HEE, SQ AF NEWMAN, MA VALANIS, BG SCHOENY, RS HEE, SQ TI URINARY BIOLOGICAL MONITORING MARKERS OF ANTICANCER DRUG EXPOSURE IN ONCOLOGY NURSES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Note ID ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS; CYTOSTATIC DRUGS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; ADRIAMYCIN; EXCRETION; AGENTS; ASSAY AB People handling anticancer drugs or their wastes may absorb these potent genotoxic agents. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of some general urinary markers among 24 female oncology nurses handling these drugs in comparison with 25 ''unexposed'' nurses. The markers were the Salmonella typhimurium reverse and forward mutation assays, total thioethers, and D-glucaric acid. The reverse mutation assay was the most specific and sensitive marker for anti-cancer drug exposure. Use of the marker battery was no great advantage as a screening tool relative to use of the reverse mutation assay alone. Better recording of work practices in nurse work logs would have improved interpretation of results. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH PUBL HLTH,CTR ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. HLTH ENVIRONM INC,CINCINNATI,OH. KAISER PERMANENTE CTR HLTH RES,PORTLAND,OR. US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 1994 VL 84 IS 5 BP 852 EP 855 DI 10.2105/AJPH.84.5.852 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA NN151 UT WOS:A1994NN15100032 PM 8179062 ER PT J AU SHIRAZI, MA BENNETT, RS RINGER, RK AF SHIRAZI, MA BENNETT, RS RINGER, RK TI AN INTERPRETATION OF TOXICITY RESPONSE OF BOBWHITE QUAIL WITH RESPECT TO DURATION OF EXPOSURE SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Avian dietary toxicity tests were conducted with seven pesticides, two age groups (2 and 16 weeks old) of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and two durations (5 and 28 days) of exposure. Results were analyzed with an emphasis placed upon comparing mortalities on similar test conditions. An analysis that used the entire dose-time-response results led to the calculation of a common measure (asymptotic rate e) of temporal development of the response surface and served as a basis of comparison of diverse test results. The asymptotic median lethal concentrations were designated by ALC50 and the median lethal concentrations at the end of a test period by LC50. It was found that: (1) Young birds in 5- and 28-day tests were more sensitive to incremental increases in the duration of exposure than adults. (2) Young birds were less sensitive to incremental increases of dietary concentration than adults only in the 5-day test and displayed delayed response patterns in six of seven chemicals in those tests. (3) LC50 values of 5-day tests of young birds were greater than LC50 values of 28-day tests, but the corresponding ALC50s were smaller in 5-day tests than 28-day tests. (4) ALC50s for 28-day tests were lower for young birds than for adults. The analysis based on the whole response surface can be used in the design of experiments, in utilizing less than optimum test results due to difficulties encountered during the test in selecting optimum dietary concentration, in linking results of short term exposure with long-term exposure, and in interpreting results of variable exposure tests on a common basis. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP SHIRAZI, MA (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 26 IS 4 BP 417 EP 424 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NC035 UT WOS:A1994NC03500001 PM 8198426 ER PT J AU LANG, DS BECKER, S CLARK, GC DEVLIN, RB KOREN, HS AF LANG, DS BECKER, S CLARK, GC DEVLIN, RB KOREN, HS TI LACK OF DIRECT IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD) ON HUMAN PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS IN-VITRO SO ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD); HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES; SURFACE ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; MITOGEN STIMULATION IN VITRO; CYTOCHROME P450 (CYP1A1) ENZYME INDUCTION ID PRIMATE CALLITHRIX-JACCHUS; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS; IMMUNOLOGICAL EVALUATION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; INVITRO MODEL; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; MICE AB A wide variety of immunosuppressive effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in experimental animals has been documented. In contrast, the impact of dioxin on the human immune system remains controversial, although adverse health effects have been reported in humans after occupational or accidental exposure to dioxin. Recently, Neubert et al. (1991) found that a dose-dependent decrease of peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) subpopulations in humans and nonhuman primates, including helper-inducer/memory cells (CD4(+)CD29(+)) and B cells (CD20(+)) occurred in pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated cultures at concentrations as low as 10(-2)-10(-14) M TCDD. Therefore, the direct effects of dioxin on human PBL subpopulations have been studied, in order to determine their usefulness as sensitive biomarkers for human dioxin exposure. Lymphocyte cultures from healthy individuals were treated with 10(-7) M-10(-14) M TCDD in the absence and presence of stimulation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or anti-CDS monoclonal antibody (moAb; OKT3) for 3 days. Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1) enzyme induction, one of the best studied direct biological study, all stimulated lymphocyte cultures showed a dose-dependent significant increase of CYP1A1 activity at dioxin concentrations of 10(-7) and 10(-9) M. No enzyme activity could be detected at lower concentrations of TCDD. On the other hand, neither alteration in surface marker distribution nor suppression of lymphocyte proliferation could be demonstrated in mitogen-activated cells following any concentration of TCDD treatment. These data suggest that the inducibility of CYP1A1 enzyme activity is not correlated with direct immunotoxic effects in vitro in human PBL. In contrast to a previous report by Neubert et al. (1991), lymphoproliferation and phenotypes of human PBL are resistant to dioxin exposure in vitro and therefore appeared not to be useful as sensitive biomarkers in human exposure studies.effects of TCDD on numerous cell types, was assayed in parallel by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity. Percentages of the different lymphocytes subsets, including CD2 (T cells); CD4; CD45 RA (suppressor-inducer/virgin T cells); CD4 CD29; CD8; CD19 (B cells) as well as interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor (CD25) and class II antigen (HLA-DR) expression, were analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA synthesis was determined by H-3-thymidine uptake after 3 days of culture. In the present study, all stimulated lymphocyte cultures showed a dose-dependent significant increase of CYP1A1 activity at dioxin concentrations of 10(-7) and 10(-9) M. No enzyme activity could be detected at lower concentrations of TCDD. On the other hand, neither alteration in surface marker distribution nor suppression of lymphocyte proliferation could be demonstrated in mitogen-activated cells following any concentration of TCDD treatment. These data suggest that the inducibility of CYP1A1 enzyme activity is not correlated with direct immunotoxic effects in vitro in human PBL. In contrast to a previous report by Neubert et al. (1991), lymphoproliferation and phenotypes of human PBL are resistant to dioxin exposure in vitro and therefore appeared not to be useful as sensitive biomarkers in human exposure studies. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. TRC ENVIRONM CORP INC,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NIEHS,BIOCHEM RISK ANAL LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NR 45 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0340-5761 J9 ARCH TOXICOL JI Arch. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 68 IS 5 BP 296 EP 302 DI 10.1007/s002040050072 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NM035 UT WOS:A1994NM03500004 PM 8085940 ER PT J AU ZELENKA, MP WILSON, WE CHOW, JC LIOY, PJ AF ZELENKA, MP WILSON, WE CHOW, JC LIOY, PJ TI A COMBINED TTFA CMB RECEPTOR MODELING APPROACH AND ITS APPLICATION TO AIR-POLLUTION SOURCES IN CHINA SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE RECEPTOR MODEL; TARGET TRANSFORMATION FACTOR ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE; SOURCE PROFILE; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA ID CHEMICAL-ELEMENT BALANCES; FLY-ASH; IDENTIFICATION; AEROSOL AB The possibility of using a two step method of identifying and quantifying air pollution emissions in an urban environment was examined in this paper. The procedure uses a numerical model called Target Transformation Factor Analysis (TTFA) to estimate source emission profiles using ambient trace element air concentration data. The profiles estimated by TTFA are then employed in a Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) source apportionment analysis for an air shed. Other known sources are estimated using source signatures from the literature. The results show that TTFA can be used to provide quantitative estimates of air pollution source profiles for an urban center in China. The number of profiles for unique source types was limited for this data set since emissions from certain types of sources co-varied during each sampling day, Consequently, the CMB analyses that applied the TTFA source profiles needed to be supplemented with standard U.S. EPA source profiles. TTFA can identify source categories of airborne pollution for specific locations, as well as give quantitative data on the composition of the emissions from those source types. The source profiles obtained through a TTFA can be used in a chemical mass balance source apportionment calculation. Including source profiles estimated by TTFA in a chemical mass balance analysis provides a comprehensive source apportionment methodology which can help researchers more accurately characterize the air pollution source types that pose the greatest concern to human health. C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,JOINT GRAD TEACHING PROGRAM ENVIRONM SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. UMDNJ,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,DEPT ENVIRONM & COMMUNITY MED,PISCATAWAY,NJ. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV. ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH SCI INST,PISCATAWAY,NJ. RI Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011 NR 19 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 28 IS 8 BP 1425 EP 1435 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90205-4 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR411 UT WOS:A1994NR41100008 ER PT J AU LASKEY, JW KLINEFELTER, GR KELCE, WR EWING, LL AF LASKEY, JW KLINEFELTER, GR KELCE, WR EWING, LL TI EFFECTS OF ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE (EDS) ON ADULT AND IMMATURE RABBIT LEYDIG-CELLS - COMPARISON WITH EDS-TREATED RAT LEYDIG-CELLS SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION; INTERSTITIAL-TISSUE; STEROID-SECRETION; PERFUSED INVITRO; TESTOSTERONE; ANDROGEN; TESTIS; REGENERATION; INVIVO AB Ethane-dimethanesulfonate (EDS) has been shown to selectively kill Leydig cells and depress testosterone production in adult rats. A recent study has shown that immature rat Leydig cells are less sensitive to EDS exposure. There is evidence that the rabbit metabolizes EDS to methane sulfonic acid more rapidly than does the rat, reducing exposure to the parent compound. In the study reported here, we examined the effects of EDS on the Leydig cells in both adult and immature rabbits and compared the effects found with those previously reported in the rat. In vivo, EDS exposure demonstrated that Leydig cells from adult rabbits were affected, with both serum and interstitial testosterone production depressed. EDS effects in adult rabbits and rats were compared by exposing explants of testicular parenchyma to EDS in vitro and evaluating testosterone production. With this procedure, the rabbit testis was less sensitive to EDS treatment than the rat, with a 50% reduction rate (EC(50)) achieved with 2026 mu M EDS for the rabbit and with 336 mu M EDs for the rat. Perfusion of adult and immature rabbit testis with 430 mu M EDS demonstrated the insensitivity of the immature testis to EDS exposure: adult testosterone production was reduced 50% in 3.5 h, whereas no diminution was found in the immature rabbit. EDS exposure of interstitial cell preparations further demonstrated the insensitivity of immature rabbit Leydig cells, with an EC(50) of 4397 mu M compared to an EC(50) of 1137 mu M EDS in adult preparations. These and previously reported data in the rat provide evidence for the following order in Leydig cell sensitivity to EDS exposure: adult rat > adult rabbit > immature rat >> immature rabbit. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DIV REPROD BIOL,DEPT POPULAT DYNAM,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. RP LASKEY, JW (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 50 IS 5 BP 1151 EP 1160 DI 10.1095/biolreprod50.5.1151 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NG368 UT WOS:A1994NG36800022 PM 8025172 ER PT J AU DAVIS, WP THORNTON, KW LEVINSON, B AF DAVIS, WP THORNTON, KW LEVINSON, B TI FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE ON MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1992 Symposium on Florida Keys Regional Ecosystem CY NOV, 1992 CL MIAMI, FL SP ROSENSTIEL SCH, COOPERAT INST MARINE & ATOMOSPHER STUDIES, CTR MARINE & ENV ANAL, NOAA, NATL UNDERSEA RES PROGRAM, SE FISHERIES SCI CTR, ATLANT OCEANOG & METEOROL LAB, NATL SCI FDN, SIGMA XI ID SCIENCE; RISK; EPA AB Ecological assessment represents a current approach to bridge scientific research and knowledge to the information needs in development of policy and management decisions. Mangrove ecosystems were chosen as a representative community type to examine available knowledge and develop approaches to detection and evaluation of the ecological responses to elements of global climate change. Risk assessments and ecological assessments have some parallel procedures and we briefly compare some common objectives and approaches. The focus of the discussions is in the context of ecological assessment, gathering and evaluating of data most relevant to the south Florida mangroves and associated habitats, and the framework to combine diverse sets of scientific data for the broader or more generalized perspectives and long-term information needs of policy formulation. C1 FTN ASSOCIATES,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72211. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP DAVIS, WP (reprint author), US EPA,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 54 IS 3 BP 1045 EP 1058 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA PQ267 UT WOS:A1994PQ26700034 ER PT J AU POWELL, DM AF POWELL, DM TI SELECTING INNOVATIVE CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES - EPA RESOURCES SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS LA English DT Article RP POWELL, DM (reprint author), US EPA,TECHNOL INNOVAT OFF,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0360-7275 J9 CHEM ENG PROG JI Chem. Eng. Prog. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 90 IS 5 BP 33 EP 41 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA NM245 UT WOS:A1994NM24500015 ER PT J AU SCOTT, DR AF SCOTT, DR TI PATTERN-RECOGNITION EXPERT-SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFICATION OF TOXIC COMPOUNDS FROM LOW-RESOLUTION MASS-SPECTRA SO CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATING MOLECULAR-WEIGHTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS AB An empirical rule-based pattern recognition/expert system for classifying, estimating molecular weights and identifying low resolution mass spectra of toxic and other organic compounds has been developed and evaluated. The system was designed to accommodate low concentration spectra and provide some information for mixtures. It consists of a classifier followed by molecular weight estimators, filters and identification modules. Computed series of allowed molecular weights and selected base peaks for five classes are used in the filters to reduce misclassification and ensure correct identification. The target classes are nonhalobenzenes; chlorobenzenes; bromo- and bromochloroalkanes/ alkenes; mono- and dichloroalkanes/ alkenes; and tri-, tetra- and pentachloroalkanes/alkenes. The identification module for the 75 target compounds relies upon the high accuracy of the molecular weight estimators and base peak data for unique identification. The total system was extensively tested with reference spectra of 32 potential air pollutants, 99 randomly selected compounds, 37 gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) field spectra and with 400 pharmaceutical related spectra. Even with incomplete spectra the classification and identification performance was very good with accuracies of 97 (test, random and pharmaceutical) and 95% (field GC-MS). The median absolute deviations from the true molecular weights of the test, random, field and pharmaceutical spectra were 1-2 Da and the average absolute deviations were 6-10 Da. The program is very fast and runs on a personal computer. RP SCOTT, DR (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHERE RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7439 J9 CHEMOMETR INTELL LAB JI Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 23 IS 2 BP 351 EP 364 DI 10.1016/0169-7439(94)00010-7 PG 14 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics GA NN389 UT WOS:A1994NN38900007 ER PT J AU STEINBERG, SM POZIOMEK, EJ ENGELMANN, WH AF STEINBERG, SM POZIOMEK, EJ ENGELMANN, WH TI A REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS OF LUMINESCENCE TO MONITORING OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ROOM-TEMPERATURE PHOSPHORESCENCE; TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE; LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; EXCITED SHPOLSKII SPECTROMETRY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; SYNCHRONOUS FLUORESCENCE; FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AB The recent analytical literature on the application of luminescence techniques to the measurement of various classes of environmentally significant chemicals has been reviewed. Luminescent spectroscopy based methods are compared to other current techniques. Also, examples of recently developed applications of luminescence to environmental monitoring are provided. The advantages and disadvantages of luminescence measurements for field screening measurements are discussed. C1 UNIV NEVADA, HARRY REID CTR ENVIRONM STUDIES, LAS VEGAS, NV 89154 USA. US EPA, ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB, LAS VEGAS, NV 89193 USA. RP STEINBERG, SM (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA, DEPT CHEM, LAS VEGAS, NV 89154 USA. NR 166 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 EI 1879-1298 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY PY 1994 VL 28 IS 10 BP 1819 EP 1857 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(94)90029-9 PG 39 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NT206 UT WOS:A1994NT20600009 ER PT J AU DIXON, RK WINJUM, JK ANDRASKO, KJ LEE, JJ SCHROEDER, PE AF DIXON, RK WINJUM, JK ANDRASKO, KJ LEE, JJ SCHROEDER, PE TI INTEGRATED LAND-USE SYSTEMS - ASSESSMENT OF PROMISING AGROFOREST AND ALTERNATIVE LAND-USE PRACTICES TO ENHANCE CARBON CONSERVATION AND SEQUESTRATION SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID FOREST MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; SOIL CARBON; HUMID TROPICS; STORAGE; BUDGET; OPPORTUNITIES; ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN; INCREASE AB Degraded or sub-standard soils and marginal lands occupy a significant proportion of boreal, temperate and tropical biomes. Management of these lands with a wide range of existing, site-specific, integrated, agroforest systems represents a significant global opportunity to reduce the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Establishment of extensive agricultural, agroforest, and alternative land-use systems on marginal or degraded lands could sequester 0.82-2.2 Pg carbon (C) per year, globally, over a 50-year time-frame. Moreover, slowing soil degradation by alternative grassland management and by impeding desertification could conserve up to 0.5-1.5 Pg C annually, A global analysis of biologic and economic data from 94 nations representing diverse climatic and edaphic conditions reveals a range of integrated land-use systems which could be used to establish and manage vegetation on marginal or degraded lands. Promising land-use systems and practices identified to conserve and temporarily store C include agroforestry systems, fuelwood and fiber plantations, bioreserves, intercropping systems, and shelterbelts/windbreaks. For example, successful establishment of low-intensity agroforestry systems can store up to 70 Mg C/ha in boreal, temperate and tropical ecoregions. The mean initial cost of soil rehabilitation and revegetation ranges from $500-3,000/ha for the 94 nations surveyed. Natural regeneration of woody vegetation or agro-afforestation establishment costs were less than $1000/ha in temperate and tropical regions. The costs of C sequestration in soil and vegetation systems range from $1-69/Mg C, which compares favorably with other options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Although agroforestry system projects were recently established to conserve and sequester C in Guatemala and Malaysia, constraints to wide-spread implementation include social conditions (demographic factors, land tenure issues, market conditions, lack of infrastructure), economic obstacles (difficulty of demonstrating benefits of alternative systems, capital requirements, lack of financial incentives) and, ecologic considerations (limited knowledge of impacts and sustainability of some systems). C1 US EPA,OFF POLICY ANAL,DIV CLIMATE CHANGE,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP DIXON, RK (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NATL COUNCIL AIR & STREAM IMPROVEMENT,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 87 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 35 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD MAY PY 1994 VL 27 IS 1 BP 71 EP 92 DI 10.1007/BF01098474 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NU081 UT WOS:A1994NU08100007 ER PT J AU ANKLEY, GT THOMAS, NA DITORO, DM HANSEN, DJ MAHONY, JD BERRY, WJ SWARTZ, RC HOKE, RA GARRISON, AW ALLEN, HE ZARBA, CS AF ANKLEY, GT THOMAS, NA DITORO, DM HANSEN, DJ MAHONY, JD BERRY, WJ SWARTZ, RC HOKE, RA GARRISON, AW ALLEN, HE ZARBA, CS TI ASSESSING POTENTIAL BIOAVAILABILITY OF METALS IN SEDIMENTS - A PROPOSED APPROACH SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; QUALITY CRITERIA; TOXICITY; CADMIUM; NICKEL AB Due to anthropogenic inputs, elevated concentrations of metals frequently occur in aquatic sediments. In order to make defensible estimates of the potential risk of metals in sediments and/or develop sediment quality criteria for metals, it is essential to identify that fraction of the total metal in the sediments that is bioavailable. Studies with a variety of benthic invertebrates indicate that interstitial (pore) water concentrations of metals correspond very well with the bioavailability of metals in test sediments. Many factors may influence pore water concentrations of metals; however, in anaerobic sediments a key phase controlling partitioning of several cationic metals (cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc, copper) into pore water is acid volatile sulfide (AVS). In this paper, we present an overview of the technical basis for predicting bioavailability of cationic metals to benthic organisms based on pore water metal concentrations and metal-AVS relationships. Included are discussions of the advantages and limitations of metal bioavailability predictions based on these parameters, relative both to site-specific assessments and the development of sediment quality criteria. C1 HYDROQUAL INC,MAHWAH,NJ 07430. US EPA,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. MANHATTAN COLL,DEPT CHEM,BRONX,NY 10471. SAIC CORP,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. US EPA,HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR,NEWPORT,OR 97365. SAIC CORP,HACKENSACK,NJ 07601. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,NEWARK,DE 19716. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP ANKLEY, GT (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 21 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 18 IS 3 BP 331 EP 337 DI 10.1007/BF02393863 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NC568 UT WOS:A1994NC56800002 ER PT J AU THURSTON, GD ITO, K HAYES, CG BATES, DV LIPPMANN, M AF THURSTON, GD ITO, K HAYES, CG BATES, DV LIPPMANN, M TI RESPIRATORY HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS AND SUMMERTIME HAZE AIR-POLLUTION IN TORONTO, ONTARIO - CONSIDERATION OF THE ROLE OF ACID AEROSOLS SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; EMERGENCY ROOM ADMISSIONS; ALTERNATIVE MEASURES; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; SOUTHERN ONTARIO; DAILY MORTALITY; UTAH VALLEY; ASSOCIATIONS; ASTHMA; OZONE AB A study of air pollution and daily hospital admissions for respiratory causes was conducted in Toronto, Ontario. Fine aerosol (d(a) < 2.5 mu m) samples were collected daily at a central city site during July and August 1986, 1987, and 1988 and were subsequently extracted and analyzed for daily particulate phase aerosol strong acidity (H+) and sulfates (SO4=). Daily counts of respiratory admissions to 22 acute care hospitals and daily meteorological and environmental data (e.g. ozone [O-3], total suspended particulate matter [TSP], and thoracic particle mass [PM10] were also obtained. Regression analyses indicated that only the O-3, H+, and SO4= associations with respiratory and asthma admissions remained consistently significant after controlling for temperature. Even after excluding days with maximum 1-hr O-3 > 120 ppb, O-3 was still strongly significant. In the various model specifications considered, the relative particle metric strengths of association with admissions were generally H+ > SO4= > FP > PM10 > TSP, indicating that particle size and composition are of central importance in defining the adverse human health effects of particulate matter. On average, summertime haze air pollution was associated with 24% of all respiratory admissions (21% with O-3, 3% with H+). On peak pollution days, however, aerosol acidity yielded the highest relative risk estimates (e.g., RR = 1.5 at 391 nmole/m(3) H+), and summertime haze was associated with roughly half of all respiratory admissions. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT HLTH CARE & EPIDEMIOL,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. RP THURSTON, GD (reprint author), NYU,MED CTR,NELSON INST ENVIRONM MED,TUXEDO PK,NY 10987, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES00260] NR 38 TC 213 Z9 218 U1 3 U2 36 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 65 IS 2 BP 271 EP 290 DI 10.1006/enrs.1994.1037 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA NN495 UT WOS:A1994NN49500009 PM 8187742 ER PT J AU FARFEL, MR LEES, PSJ ROHDE, CA LIM, BS BANNON, D CHISOLM, JJ AF FARFEL, MR LEES, PSJ ROHDE, CA LIM, BS BANNON, D CHISOLM, JJ TI COMPARISON OF A WIPE AND A VACUUM COLLECTION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN RESIDENTIAL DUSTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HAND DUST; ABATEMENT; CHILDREN; PAINT; HOUSE; HOMES AB Lead-containing house dust is an important source of childhood lead exposure. Standard methods for collection of settled dust for evaluation of lead content have not been established. Little is known about the relationships between the various wipe and vacuum-based methods employed in past studies, preventing meaningful comparisons of results. This study characterized the relationship between a frequently used wipe dust collection method and a vacuum-based in-line filter method used to collect dust in a national survey of lead in paint and dust in U.S. housing. The correlation coefficient was 0.82 for estimates of lead loadings (PbD, mg/m(2)) from 71 pairs of side-by-side wipe and vacuum dust samples collected from uncarpeted floors, window sills, and exterior window wells in six dwellings. Geometric mean (GM) wipe PbD estimates exceeded those for vacuum samples by a factor of 3.9 and 5.7 for floors and window sills, respectively, findings consistent with the multiple sources of sample loss associated with the vacuum sampler. For window wells, the GM vacuum PbD estimate exceeded the GM wipe PbD estimate by a factor of 3.4, possibly due to the use of an alternative vacuum nozzle. The resulting increase in the estimated prevalence of U.S. homes with elevated dust lead loadings had wipe-sampling instead of vacuum-sampling methods been used in the national survey is discussed. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT BIOSTAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. KENNEDY KRIEGER INST,TRACE MET LAB,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. RP FARFEL, MR (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT HLTH POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 65 IS 2 BP 291 EP 301 DI 10.1006/enrs.1994.1038 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA NN495 UT WOS:A1994NN49500010 PM 8187743 ER PT J AU HENRY, RC LEWIS, CW COLLINS, JF AF HENRY, RC LEWIS, CW COLLINS, JF TI VEHICLE-RELATED HYDROCARBON SOURCE COMPOSITIONS FROM AMBIENT DATA - THE GRACE-SAFER METHOD SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EMISSIONS; BOSTON AB The composition of three volatile hydrocarbon sources (emissions from vehicles in motion, evaporation of whole gasoline, and gasoline headspace vapor) have been derived from 550 ambient, hourly concentration measurements of 37 C2-C-9 volatile organic compounds (VOC). The measurements were made by automated gas chromatograph in Atlanta, GA, during the summertime of 1990. The source compositions were obtained by a novel combination of graphical analysis and multivariate receptor modeling methodologies: GRACE (Graphical Ratio Analysis for Composition Estimates) and SAFER (Source Apportionment by Factors with Explicit Restrictions). For the relatively unreactive hydrocarbon species, the ambient-derived source compositions were in good agreement with direct source measurements made in Atlanta concurrent with the ambient measurements. The prominence of the whole gasoline profile in the ambient data was an unexpected result. The GRACE/SAFER method may provide a cost-effective alternative to the usual direct source measurement of profiles. C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP HENRY, RC (reprint author), UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,ENVIRONM ENGN PROGRAM,3620 S VERMONT AVE,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089, USA. RI Henry, Ronald/B-2497-2012 NR 22 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 823 EP 832 DI 10.1021/es00054a013 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NJ324 UT WOS:A1994NJ32400017 PM 22191823 ER PT J AU LIU, LJS OLSON, MP ALLEN, GA KOUTRAKIS, P MCDONNELL, WF GERRITY, TR AF LIU, LJS OLSON, MP ALLEN, GA KOUTRAKIS, P MCDONNELL, WF GERRITY, TR TI EVALUATION OF THE HARVARD OZONE PASSIVE SAMPLER ON HUMAN-SUBJECTS INDOORS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE AB Our study examined the performance of the Harvard ozone passive sampler, providing comprehensive evaluation results and investigation of ozone behavior around the human body through a series of chamber and indoor field tests. The results demonstrated excellent agreement between the passive and continuous measurements for both personal and indoor monitoring in an environmental exposure chamber. An ozone concentration gradient around the human body was found, most likely due to depletion and dilution effects. When the passive sampler was attached to a polystyrene backing plate and worn on the chest, ozone depletion on clothing was significantly reduced. Results from additional indoor field tests support those from the chamber study. The effective collection rate for personal samplers with backing placed on the chest was comparable for both chamber and field conditions, while the effective collection rate for microenvironmental samplers was lower in the field. C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115. UNIV N CAROLINA,US EPA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. NR 15 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 915 EP 923 DI 10.1021/es00054a024 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NJ324 UT WOS:A1994NJ32400028 PM 22191834 ER PT J AU LIN, ELC CORMIER, SM RACINE, RN AF LIN, ELC CORMIER, SM RACINE, RN TI SYNCHRONOUS FLUOROMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF METABOLITES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS IN THE BILE OF BROWN BULLHEAD SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SYNCHRONOUS FLUORESCENT SPECTRA; PAHS; FISH BILIARY METABOLITES; PYRENE; BENZO[A]PYRENE ID SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; PUGET-SOUND; ENGLISH SOLE; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; HEPATIC-LESIONS; FISH; WASHINGTON; FLUORESCENCE; DISPOSITION; TRIBUTARIES AB A synchronous fluorescent spectroscopy (SFS) method was developed to measure pyrene-type metabolites in the bile of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and to estimate the exposure of fish to PAHs in four Lake Erie tributaries collected in the spring and fall of 1990 and 1991. For comparison, fish biliary benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolites were also measured by HPLC/fluorescent detection (HPLC/F). Both methods showed that concentrations of biliary PAH metabolites of fish collected in polluted rivers were significantly higher than those collected from reference rivers. Concentrations of biliary metabolites of fish caught in the Black River were five to 20 times greater than those collected in Old Woman Creek by SFS and three to five times greater by HPLC/F. Fish from the Cuyahoga River had four to 24 times more biliary PAH metabolites than fish from Old Woman Creek, measured by SFS, and five to 10 times more, measured by HPLC/F. Brown bullhead from the Toussaint River had fewer PAH metabolites than fish from Old Woman Creek. Correlation analyses of the two sets of data obtained by SFS and HPLC/F showed significance by both Pearson's sample correlation and Spearman's rank correlation. This study indicates that pyrene-type metabolites determined by SFS can be used to estimate B[a]P-type metabolites in fish bile. SFS appears to be a highly sensitive method for detecting PAH metabolites and, because of its simplicity, a cost-efficient method for screening large numbers of samples for exposure to PAHs in fish. RP LIN, ELC (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,PHYSIOL & CLIN INDICATOR BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 43 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 13 IS 5 BP 707 EP 715 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[707:SFMOMO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NH591 UT WOS:A1994NH59100004 ER PT J AU TRUST, KA FAIRBROTHER, A HOOPER, MJ AF TRUST, KA FAIRBROTHER, A HOOPER, MJ TI EFFECTS OF 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE ON IMMUNE FUNCTION AND MIXED-FUNCTION OXYGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE EUROPEAN STARLING SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE EUROPEAN STARLING; 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; IMMUNOLOGY; MFO ID RED-TAILED HAWKS; ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; LYMPHOID-CELLS; ORAL-EXPOSURE; B6C3F1 MICE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; SUPPRESSION; HYDROCARBONS; MACROPHAGES; ACTIVATION AB Immune function and hepatic MFO activity were examined in adult and nestling starlings administered a synthetic PAH, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Methods used to examine the starling immune system included immunopathology, macrophage phagocytosis, lymphocyte blastogenesis to concanavalin A, and hemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Concomitant investigations of MFO activity were conducted in starlings ''posed to DMBA. Ethoxyresorurin 0-dealkylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin 0-depentylase (PROD) were used as indicators of hepatic MFO activity. Changes in MFO activity were compared to chemically altered immune responses following DMBA exposure. Subcutaneous exposure of adult starlings to 125 mg/kg DMBA resulted in suppression of lymphocyte blastogenesis and antibody production to SRBC. EROD and PROD activity were increased 2.8- and 3.4-fold, respectively. Lymphocyte blastogenesis was impaired in adult starlings orally exposed to 125 mg/kg DMBA. The immune system of nestling starlings exposed orally to 100 mg/kg DMBA was altered, as evidenced by decreased phagocytic ability of macrophages and inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis. Oral exposure to DMBA did not induce MFO activity in starlings of either age class. Effects of DMBA on immune function and MFO activity in starlings varied with the age of birds and route and length of chemical exposure. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,INST WILDLIFE & ENVIRONM TOXICOL,CLEMSON,SC 29670. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. OI Hooper, Michael/0000-0002-4161-8961 NR 38 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 13 IS 5 BP 821 EP 830 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[821:EODOIF]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NH591 UT WOS:A1994NH59100018 ER PT J AU NACCI, D CHEER, S JACKIM, E JUINIO, A AF NACCI, D CHEER, S JACKIM, E JUINIO, A TI SEMIAUTOMATED FLUOROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF NUCLEIC-ACIDS IN TISSUE-HOMOGENATES SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND WATER QUALITY LA English DT Article AB This report describes a technique that was developed to provide an efficient and accurate estimation of RNA: DNA ratios. These ratios have been used as an instantaneous measure of recent growth of individual aquatic organisms where morphometrics are not appropriate (e.g., field-collected species) or insufficiently sensitive (e.g., small life stages or species). In this semiautomated, sensitive method, ethidium bromide fluorescence was used to quantitate total nucleic acids in crude homogenates. Individual concentrations of RNA and DNA were determined by differences in fluorescence before and after elimination of RNA by digestion with RNase. Efficiency of the procedure was enhanced using a computer-driven multiwell plate scanning system (CYTOFLUOR, Millipore Corporation) to measure fluorescence at timed intervals and perform data manipulations. Routinely, detection limits of 0.1 mug DNA and 0.4 mug RNA were achieved, allowing the analysis of small, individual organisms. Fluorescence results of split samples were comparable with those obtained using a standard spectro-photometric method to quantitate nucleic acids. Coefficients of variation for replicate samples within an assay (1.6%) and for samples within replicate assays (5.6%) indicated good test reproducibility. Quantitative recoveries of nucleic acid standards spiked into tissue homogenates were generally high, averaging 91.0% for DNA and 119.0% for RNA. Factors affecting the fluorescence of ethidium bromide stained nucleic acids-e.g., nucleic acid source, crude homogenate components, and buffer composition-are discussed relative to assay performance. This method provides a rapid and reliable assessment of individual growth, an important sublethal toxicological end point, that is suitable for both laboratory and field studies. (C) 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. RP NACCI, D (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,NARRAGANSETT 27,TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1053-4725 J9 ENVIRON TOXIC WATER JI Environ. Toxicol. Water Quality PD MAY PY 1994 VL 9 IS 2 BP 123 EP 130 DI 10.1002/tox.2530090208 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA NH893 UT WOS:A1994NH89300007 ER PT J AU HO, KT MILLS, LJ MUELLER, C ANDERSON, SC MALCOLM, AR AF HO, KT MILLS, LJ MUELLER, C ANDERSON, SC MALCOLM, AR TI THE INFLUENCE OF SEDIMENT EXTRACT FRACTIONATION METHODS ON BIOASSAY RESULTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND WATER QUALITY LA English DT Article AB Four bioassays [Microtox(TM), Mutatox(TM), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), and metabolic cooperation] were used to analyze marine sediment extracts fractionated by two different methods: silica gel column chromatography and acid-base fractionation. Results indicated that a sediment extract fractionated with different methods can lead to different conclusions about the same sediment. This research also further evaluated the new, mutagenic, bacterial bioassay Mutatox. Mutatox generally correlated with SCE and the Salmonella typhimurium assays. This rapid, operationally simple bioassay has potential as a screening bioassay to detect genotoxic agents. (C) 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. RP HO, KT (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NARRAGANSETT 27,TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1053-4725 J9 ENVIRON TOXIC WATER JI Environ. Toxicol. Water Quality PD MAY PY 1994 VL 9 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1002/tox.2530090211 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA NH893 UT WOS:A1994NH89300010 ER PT J AU RANDALL, P AF RANDALL, P TI EPA OUTLINES WASTE MINIMIZATION OPTIONS FOR THE WOOD PRESERVING INDUSTRY SO HAZARDOUS WASTE CONSULTANT LA English DT Article RP RANDALL, P (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0738-0232 J9 HAZARDOUS WASTE CONS JI Hazard. Waste Consult. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 12 IS 3 BP A22 EP A26 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA NM860 UT WOS:A1994NM86000007 ER PT J AU MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y XUE, ZQ AF MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y XUE, ZQ TI INFLUENCES OF CARTILAGINOUS RINGS ON TRACHEOBRONCHIAL FLUID-DYNAMICS SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT MODEL; PARTICLE DEPOSITION PATTERNS; FIBER DEPOSITION; FIBROUS AEROSOL; HUMAN AIRWAYS; LUNG; RATS; FLOW; INHALATION; DOSIMETRY AB Fluid dynamics patterns within tracheobronchial (TB) airways reflect interactions between cartilaginous rings and inspiratory flow rates. The results of supercomputer simulations performed herein were complex, yet systematic. The effects of cartilaginous rings upon TB fluid dynamics patterns were investigated using FIDAP software. A sequence of cartilaginous ring morphologies was examined. The distributions of rings varied from contiguous to spaced. A range of physiologically realistic flow conditions was simulated corresponding to these physical states: sedentary, light, and heavy activity. At the lowest inspiratory flow rate (14 L min-1) the primary convection flow within an airway occupied a prominent portion of its cross-sectional area and ring effects were confined along the rough surface. At the highest inspiratory flow rate (120 L min-1) the core flow was very narrow, with the disturbances created at the irregular walls being propagated to the very center of the airway. The fluid dynamics analyses have applications to both inhalation toxicology programs and aerosol therapy protocols, since the motion of entrained particles will be inherently affected by airstreams. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT MED, DIV PULM DIS, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, CTR ENVIRONM MED & BIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT MATH, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. RP MARTONEN, TB (reprint author), US EPA, RADIOCHEM RES LAB, MAIL DROP 74, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 74 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0895-8378 EI 1091-7691 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 6 IS 3 BP 185 EP + DI 10.3109/08958379408995231 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NT320 UT WOS:A1994NT32000001 ER PT J AU SELGRADE, MK ZEISS, CR KAROL, MH SARLO, K KIMBER, I TEPPER, JS HENRY, MC AF SELGRADE, MK ZEISS, CR KAROL, MH SARLO, K KIMBER, I TEPPER, JS HENRY, MC TI WORKSHOP ON STATUS OF TEST METHODS FOR ASSESSING POTENTIAL OF CHEMICALS TO INDUCE RESPIRATORY ALLERGIC REACTIONS SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID PULMONARY HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSES; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT CHEMICALS; GUINEA-PIGS; IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES; NONINVASIVE TECHNIQUE; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; DELAYED-ONSET; ANIMAL-MODEL; INHALATION; SENSITIVITY AB Because of the association between allergy and asthma and the increasing incidence of morbidity and mortality due to asthma, there is growing concern over the potential of industrial chemicals to produce allergic reactions in the respiratory tract. Two classes of chemicals have been well studied in this area: diisocyanates and acid anhydrides. The Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) encounters such chemicals in their premanufacturing notice (PMN) program. This article is a summary of a workshop convened by OPPT in collaboration with EPA's Health Effects Research Laboratory to discuss presently available test methods that might be applied to potential chemical allergens during the PMN process, the types of chemicals that should be considered suspect, and the kinds of research and validation needed to improve our capability to make such predictions. Formal presentations by experts in the field summarized basic concepts associated with chemically mediated allergy (hypersensitivity), described several methods available in guinea pigs and mice to test for such activity, and described regulatory problems associated with chemically induced hypersensitivity. Informal discussions followed and recommendations were developed, including the following: The presence of chemical-specific cytophilic antibody in either guinea pig or mouse or an increase in total immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the mouse are useful markers for hazard identification of chemicals that might potentially cause respiratory allergy, and the mouse IgE test provides a potentially useful and economical means for screening chemicals for this effect. However, further validation of this test as well as other tests discussed in this workshop is needed, and criteria need to be established for what constitutes a positive IgE test. Chemicals testing positive in this preliminary screen would have to be further evaluated using an animal model of allergic bronchoconstriction in order to determine dose-response relationships and establish ''safe'' exposure levels. There was a general consensus that the options currently available for testing chemicals for their potential to induce respiratory allergy are far from ideal and that more research and validation are needed. C1 NORTHWESTERN UNIV,VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,CHICAGO,IL 60611. UNIV PITTSBURGH,PITTSBURGH,PA 15260. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,CINCINNATI,OH 45247. ZENECA CENT TOXICOL LAB,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP SELGRADE, MK (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD 92,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 6 IS 3 BP 303 EP 319 DI 10.3109/08958379408995238 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NT320 UT WOS:A1994NT32000008 ER PT J AU SHANAGHAN, PE AF SHANAGHAN, PE TI SMALL SYSTEMS AND SDWA REAUTHORIZATION SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SMALL WATER-SYSTEMS RP SHANAGHAN, PE (reprint author), US EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,MAIL CODE 4601,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 86 IS 5 BP 52 EP 62 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA NK937 UT WOS:A1994NK93700012 ER PT J AU BRIGANO, FA MCFARLAND, JP SHANAGHAN, PE BURTON, B AF BRIGANO, FA MCFARLAND, JP SHANAGHAN, PE BURTON, B TI DUAL-STAGE FILTRATION PROVES COST-EFFECTIVE SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,DRINKING WATER FIELD OPERAT BRANCH,SANTA ROSA,CA 95404. CULLIGAN INT CO,1 CULLIGAN PKWY,NORTHBROOK,IL 60062. WADE MILLER ASSOC INC,ARLINGTON,VA 22209. US EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 86 IS 5 BP 75 EP 88 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA NK937 UT WOS:A1994NK93700014 ER PT J AU MAIER, WE KODAVANTI, PRS HARRY, GJ TILSON, HA AF MAIER, WE KODAVANTI, PRS HARRY, GJ TILSON, HA TI SENSITIVITY OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASES IN DIFFERENT BRAIN-REGIONS TO POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASES; MITOCHONDRIA; BRAIN ID RAT-LIVER MITOCHONDRIA; NOREPINEPHRINE CONCENTRATIONS; PCBS; SYNAPTOSOMES; MECHANISM; EXPOSURE; DOPAMINE; MONKEYS; ATPASE; CELLS AB Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) mixtures contain a number of different congeners, some of which have been proposed to be neuroactive. Recent studies have suggested that ortho-substituted PCBs may be neuroactive, while 'dioxin-like' non-ortho-substituted congeners are not. This study compared the in vitro effects of a putative neuroactive ortho-biphenyl (2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl; DCBP) with that of a putative non-neuroactive congener lacking ortho-chlorine substitutions (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; PCBP) on Mg2+-ATPase activity in mitochondrial and synaptosomal preparations from striatum, hypothalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus. In these studies, DCBP significantly inhibited oligomycin-sensitive (OS) Mg2+-ATPase activity in all four brain regions in a concentration-dependent manner; PCBP, on the other hand, had no effect on OS Mg2+-ATPase activity in any brain region examined at concentrations up to 100 mu M. The striatum, a dopamine-rich region, was not preferentially sensitive to the effects of DCBP. Furthermore, DCBP did not inhibit synaptosomal Na+/ K+-ATPase activity, suggesting a specificity of action on OS Mg2+-ATPase. These data support previous structure-activity relationships, suggesting that ortho-substituted PCB congeners are neuroactive while non-ortho-substituted congeners are not. Disruption of mitochondrial oxidative energy production may play a role in the neuroactivity of ortho-chlorinated PCBs. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,CELLULAR & MOLEC TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NIEHS,DIV INTRAMURAL RES,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [NIEHS T32 ES07126] NR 31 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 3 BP 225 EP 229 DI 10.1002/jat.2550140313 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NQ006 UT WOS:A1994NQ00600013 PM 8083484 ER PT J AU REDDY, TV OLSON, GR DANIEL, FB ROBINSON, M AF REDDY, TV OLSON, GR DANIEL, FB ROBINSON, M TI CARCINOGENIC EVALUATION OF 2,3-DIMETHYL-2,3-DINITROBUTANE VIA THE MOUSE SKIN BIOASSAY SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Note DE 2,3-DIMETHYL-2,3-DINITROBUTANE; SENCAR MOUSE BIOASSAY ID MICE AB Female SENCAR mice initiated with 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dimitrobutane (DMDNB) and promoted with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorol-13-acetate (TPA) via the SENCAR mouse skin bioassay did not exhibit a significant increase in skin tumors. The mice received 20 mg kg(-1) DMDNB divided into six intragastric doses over 2 weeks and were promoted three times per week for 20 weeks. C1 PATHOL ASSOCIATES INC,W CHESTER,OH 45069. RP REDDY, TV (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 3 BP 231 EP 232 DI 10.1002/jat.2550140314 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NQ006 UT WOS:A1994NQ00600014 PM 8083485 ER PT J AU DAVIS, EL AF DAVIS, EL TI EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PORE-SIZE ON THE HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES AND FLOW OF A HYDROCARBON OIL IN THE SUBSURFACE SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GOVERNING MULTIPHASE FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; WATER-CONTENT; 2-PHASE FLOW; SOIL-WATER; 2 SOILS; CONDUCTIVITY; DEPENDENCE; MODEL; CURVES AB Capillary pressure relationships in a porous medium determine the distribution of immiscible fluids under static conditions and can largely influence the movement of the fluids when the system is not at equilibrium. Theory predicts that for a given porous medium, the effect of different fluid properties or changes in temperature on capillary pressure are due to changes in interfacial tension and contact angle of the system. The capillary pressure-saturation curves measured here for hydrocarbon oil-water do not have a constant capillary pressure ratio with saturation when compared to the water-air system, and changes in ratio were found when comparing the water-air curves measured at different temperatures. Thus, the scaling theory based on interfacial tensions and contact angles does not adequately account for differences in capillary pressures due to different fluid pairs or temperatures. Also, the curves show the residual wetting and nonwetting phase saturations are greatly affected by temperature and sometimes by the fluid pair, which is not accounted for in the scaling theory and cannot be predicted. When the capillary pressure-saturation relationship is extended to the calculation of relative permeabilities and the prediction of fluid flow in the subsurface, the differences in measured and scaled capillary pressure curves lead to differences in the predicted flow rates and saturations of the immiscible fluids in the subsurface. Thus, care must be used when applying capillary pressure-saturation data from one fluid system to that of another, or when applying it to different conditions. RP DAVIS, EL (reprint author), US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,POB 1198,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 57 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 16 IS 1 BP 55 EP 86 DI 10.1016/0169-7722(94)90072-8 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA NJ106 UT WOS:A1994NJ10600003 ER PT J AU MITSCH, WJ MCCUTCHEON, SC AF MITSCH, WJ MCCUTCHEON, SC TI ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - POTENTIAL FOR PROGRESS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30601. RP MITSCH, WJ (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 120 IS 3 BP 479 EP 480 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:3(479) PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NM610 UT WOS:A1994NM61000001 ER PT J AU MCCUTCHEON, SC WALSKI, TM AF MCCUTCHEON, SC WALSKI, TM TI ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERS - FRIEND OR FOE SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 WILKES UNIV,WILKES BARRE,PA. RP MCCUTCHEON, SC (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30601, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 120 IS 3 BP 480 EP 483 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NM610 UT WOS:A1994NM61000002 ER PT J AU MCCUTCHEON, SC AF MCCUTCHEON, SC TI 94 NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (NCEE) SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP MCCUTCHEON, SC (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30601, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 120 IS 3 BP 491 EP 491 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:3(491) PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NM610 UT WOS:A1994NM61000006 ER PT J AU RICHARDSON, TL EHRENREICH, L AF RICHARDSON, TL EHRENREICH, L TI SITE DEMONSTRATION OF THE TORONTO HARBOR COMMISSIONERS SOIL RECYCLING PROJECT SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in cooperation with the Toronto Harbour Commissioners (THC), conducted a Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration of the THC Soil Recycle Treatment Train. The treatment train consists of three technologies operated in sequence: a soil wash process, a metals removal process, and a biological treatment process. The THC conducted an extensive demonstration of the treatment train at a 55 tons per day pilot plant in order to evaluate an approach for remediation of industrial/commercial sites that are situated in the Toronto Port Industrial District (PID). Three soils were processed during the THC demonstration. The EPA SITE demonstration project examined, in detail, soil processing from one of the sites being evaluated as part of the overall THC project. Contaminants included organic compounds and heavy metals. It has been estimated by THC that as much as 2,200,000 tons of soil from locations within the PID may require some form of treatment due to heavy metal and/or organic contamination that resulted from various industrial processing operations. The objective of the SITE demonstration was to evaluate the,technical effectiveness of the process in relation to THC's target criteria. Gravel and sand that met the THC target criteria for medium to fine soil suitable for industrial/commercial sites was produced. The fine soil from the biological treatment process did not meet the target level of 2.4 ppm for benzo(a)pyrene. However, there was a significant reduction in polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. The metals removal process achieved reductions of greater than seventy percent for copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. C1 FRONTIER TECH ASSOCIATES,BUFFALO,NY 14221. RP RICHARDSON, TL (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 44 IS 5 BP 727 EP 731 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NN010 UT WOS:A1994NN01000012 ER PT J AU BECKMAN, WC NEWBOLD, RR TENG, CT MCLACHLAN, JA AF BECKMAN, WC NEWBOLD, RR TENG, CT MCLACHLAN, JA TI MOLECULAR FEMINIZATION OF MOUSE SEMINAL-VESICLE BY PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO DIETHYLSTILBESTROL - ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MESSENGER-RNA SO JOURNAL OF UROLOGY LA English DT Article DE DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; LACTOFERRIN; SEMINAL VESICLES; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ID GENE-EXPRESSION; LACTOTRANSFERRIN GENE; REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; MALE-MICE; SECRETION; PROTEIN; ESTROGEN; PROSTATE; ADENOCARCINOMA; ABNORMALITIES AB Exposure to estrogens during critical stages of development has been reported to cause irreversible changes in estrogen target tissues such as the reproductive tract. In fact, recent studies using mice describe prenatal estrogen exposure resulting in the expression of the major estrogen-inducible uterine secretory protein, lactoferrin (LF), by the seminal vesicles of the male offspring. Thus, we have studied the role of estrogens in abnormal and normal gene expression in the developing male reproductive tract using LF and seminal vesicle secretory protein IV (SVS IV), an androgen-regulated murine seminal vesicle secretory protein, as markers. Lactoferrin and SVS IV protein and mRNA expression were studied in histological samples by using the techniques of in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Seminal vesicle secretory protein IV was expressed in all (100%) epithelial cells of the control seminal vesicle, but this protein was decreased by castration. However, LF expression was undetectable by ISH or IHC in control seminal vesicle epithelium. Lactoferrin was inducible in 2% of the seminal vesicle epithelial cells from adult castrated mice treated with estradiol 17 beta (E(2); 20 mu g./kg./day for 3 days), indicating that a small percentage of the seminal vesicle cells could be induced to secrete LF after modification of the endocrine environment. Prenatal DES treatment (100 mu g./kg. maternal body weight on days 9 through 16 of gestation) resulted in the male offspring exhibiting constitutive expression of LF in 5% of the seminal vesicle epithelial cells, while expression of the androgen-regulated protein SVS IV was slightly decreased. The maximal contrast between LF and SVS IV expression was observed in prenatally DES-treated mice that were subsequently castrated as adults and further treated with E(2); LF was detected in 40% of the epithelial cells in these mice. Double immunostaining techniques revealed that epithelial cells which were making LF had ceased production of SVS IV. Since a large percentage of the epithelial cells in the intact prenatal DES exposed male was capable of expressing the normal gene product, SVS IV, it was concluded that DES treatment during prenatal development appears to imprint or induce estrogenic sensitivity in the adult seminal vesicle, causing increased production of LF. The results suggest that this altered protein response may be ah example of atypical gene expression in male reproductive tract tissues following hormonal manipulation early in development. C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, DIV INTRAMURAL RES, REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NR 37 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0022-5347 J9 J UROLOGY JI J. Urol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 151 IS 5 BP 1370 EP 1378 PG 9 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA NG390 UT WOS:A1994NG39000064 PM 8158792 ER PT J AU ALLEN, JW POORMANALLEN, P COLLINS, BW SONTAG, MR AF ALLEN, JW POORMANALLEN, P COLLINS, BW SONTAG, MR TI SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX ABERRATIONS IN THE PSEUDOAUTOSOMAL REGION OF X-CHROMOSOME, Y-CHROMOSOME IN IRRADIATED HAMSTERS SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID ARMENIAN HAMSTER; CYTOGENETIC OBSERVATIONS; CRICETULUS-MIGRATORIUS; CHROMATID COHESIVENESS; MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; LATERAL ELEMENTS; TOPOISOMERASE-II; NUCLEAR MATRIX; GERM-CELLS AB The effects of X-radiation, bleomycin and amsacrine (m-AMSA) on the meiotic chromosomes of male Armenian hamsters were determined by electron microscopic analysis of synaptonemal complex (SC) damage. Pachytene stage cells were analyzed 5 or 6 days following their treatment, at putative preleptotene-leptotene stages of meiosis. Of the multiple types of SC aberrations observed to be significantly increased over control levels, lateral element breakage and synaptic anomalies were most prevalent. The focus of these studies was on the sex chromosomes which, in the Armenian hamster, reveal an unusually well-defined pseudoautosomal region. In the XY pair, radiation and chemical treatments caused certain forms of structural and synaptic anomalies which appeared to be preferentially localized to telomeric and/or crossover regions. The nature of these specific aberrations, involving breakage, bridge formation and asynapsis, is not well understood; however, their distributions are suggestive of possible relationships with sites and processes of crossing over. C1 WELLCOME RES LABS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. RP ALLEN, JW (reprint author), US EPA, DIV GENET TOXICOL MD68, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD MAY PY 1994 VL 9 IS 3 BP 259 EP 267 DI 10.1093/mutage/9.3.259 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA NM558 UT WOS:A1994NM55800015 PM 7523835 ER PT J AU WATERS, MD NOLAN, C AF WATERS, MD NOLAN, C TI MEETING REPORT OF THE EC/US WORKSHOP ON GENETIC RISK ASSESSMENT - HUMAN GENETIC RISKS FROM EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS, FOCUSING ON THE FEASIBILITY OF A PARALLELOGRAM APPROACH SO MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material DE GENETIC RISK ASSESSMENT; PARALLELOGRAM APPROACH; DNA-ADDUCT DOSIMETRY; ETHYLENE OXIDE; 1,3-BUTADIENE; ACRYLAMIDE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ID ETHYLENE-OXIDE; HERITABLE TRANSLOCATIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENS; MALE-MICE; INDUCTION; MUTATIONS; CELLS; EXTRAPOLATION; ACRYLAMIDE; MOUSE AB This workshop was the concept of Professor Frits Sobels who passed away on the 6th of July 1993. The underlying idea of the Sobels' parallelogram approach is that an estimate (corrected by DNA-adduct dosimetry) of the genetic damage in human germ cells can be obtained by measuring a common endpoint in human and mouse somatic cells (such as gene mutation in lymphocytes) and in germ cells of mice, the desired target tissue inaccessible in humans. The main objective of the workshop was to identify the methodology, data requirements and mechanistic research to understand the human health impact of germ-cell mutagens. 4 chemicals were selected for review at the meeting: ethylene oxide, 1,3-butadiene, acrylamide and cyclophosphamide. The first 3 are important industrial chemicals with substantial use worldwide and, therefore, considerable potential human exposure. The 4th, cyclophosphamide, is a commonly used cancer chemotherapeutic agent. This first EC/US workshop on risk assessment was highly focused on the feasibility of the parallelogram concept to estimate potential germ-cell effects in humans. It represented an evaluation of current knowledge and the identification of future research needs for a more precise assessment of human genetic risks from exposure to mutagenic chemicals. C1 COMMISS EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,DG XII,B-1049 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM. RP WATERS, MD (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB MD51A,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8262 J9 MUTAT RES PD MAY 1 PY 1994 VL 307 IS 1 BP 411 EP 424 DI 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90314-X PG 14 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA NK025 UT WOS:A1994NK02500044 PM 7513821 ER PT J AU GOLDMAN, JM STOKER, TE COOPER, RL MCELROY, WK HEIN, JF AF GOLDMAN, JM STOKER, TE COOPER, RL MCELROY, WK HEIN, JF TI BLOCKADE OF OVULATION IN THE RAT BY THE FUNGICIDE SODIUM N-METHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EFFECTS ON THE LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SURGE AND ALTERATIONS IN HYPOTHALAMIC CATECHOLAMINES SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE OVULATION; CATECHOLAMINES; NOREPINEPHRINE; EPINEPHRINE; DOPAMINE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; DITHIOCARBAMATES ID LH-RELEASE; PROLACTIN SECRETION; OVARIECTOMIZED RATS; DOPAMINE; NOREPINEPHRINE; INVOLVEMENT; DITHIOCARBAMATE; ADRENALINE; METABOLISM; DEPLETION AB Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (SMD), also known as metam sodium, is a commonly employed soil fungicide and nematocide. Structurally related dithiocarbamates have been found to decrease norepinephrine (NE) synthesis by suppressing the activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Because brain hypothalamic catecholamine (CA) activity is involved in generating the proestrus afternoon surge in blood luteinizing hormone (LH) which stimulates the final stages of ovulation, this study explored the effect of SMD on this hormonal trigger and its relationship to changes in hypothalamic CAs. Ovariectomized, steroid-primed Long-Evans rats showed a dose-related (25-100 mg/kg, IP) suppression of the surge and a drop in NE when SMD was given at 1100 h, a few h prior to the expected LH rise. The surge effect was reversed by the a-adrenergic agonist clonidine. With cycling rats, a decline with dose (50-300 mg/kg, 1300 h, proestrus) was seen in the percentage of ovulating females, with earlier injections (0900 h) being less effective at the highest dose. At all doses, low circulating levels of LH and prolactin at 1600 h suggested either a blockade in the proestrus surges of each hormone or a displacement in their time of occurence. Anterior and posterior hypothalamic NE fell by 3 h postinjection and was accompanied by a rise in dopamine, while serotonin was unchanged. Although there was a distinct parallel between the alterations in regional CAs and the incidence of ovulation at the high doses of SMD, the relationship did not hold as the dose decreased. A similar dissociation between ovulation and CAs was seen when equimolar doses of SMD or methylisothiocyanate, a principal metabolite, were given by gavage. At the regional level of analysis employed, the data indicate that while IP injections of SMD are able to block the LH surge and ovulation in these rats, the dose-reponse relationship suggests that, along with induced alterations in CA metabolism, an additional factor may be involved in the observed effects. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP GOLDMAN, JM (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,MD-72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 50 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 16 IS 3 BP 257 EP 268 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(94)90047-7 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA NR091 UT WOS:A1994NR09100005 PM 7935259 ER PT J AU GORDON, CJ DUNCAN, WC AF GORDON, CJ DUNCAN, WC TI AUTONOMIC AND BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION IN THE GOLDEN-HAMSTER DURING SUBCHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF CLORGYLINE SO PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE TEMPERATURE REGULATION; BEHAVIOR; METABOLIC RATE; CORE TEMPERATURE; FOOD CONSUMPTION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; ANTIDEPRESSANT; CHRONIC TREATMENT ID MONOAMINE-OXIDASE INHIBITORS; BODY-TEMPERATURE; SYRIAN-HAMSTERS; RATS; PARGYLINE; STATES; BRAIN; DRUGS; SLEEP AB Chronic administration of clorgyline, a type-A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, leads to a decrease in peritoneal (i.e., core) temperature of golden hamsters. To better understand the mechanisms of clorgyline's thermoregulatory effects, autonomic and behavioral thermoregulatory effecters were measured in Syrian hamsters following chronic infusion of clorgyline via a minipump (2 mg/kg/day). Metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, motor activity, and core temperature were measured after 60 min of exposure to ambient temperatures (T-a) of 5, 20, 30, and 35 degrees C. Behavioral thermoregulatory responses were assessed by measuring selected T-a and motor activity of the same animals in a temperature gradient over the course of 23 h. Metabolic rate and motor activity were significantly elevated in clorgyline-treated hamsters exposed to a T-a of 5 degrees C. There were no effects of clorgyline on evaporative water loss. In the temperature gradient the mean selected T-a of clorgyline-treated hamsters was nearly equal to that of the saline-treated hamsters, 30.7 and 31.2 degrees C, respectively. On the other hand, the mode of selected T-a in the clorgyline group was 2.8 degrees C higher than that of the saline group. Motor activity in the gradient was significantly elevated and food consumption was depressed by clorgyline treatment. Overall, these findings indicate that chronic clorgyline treatment in the golden hamster results in novel autonomic and behavioral modification; it stimulates metabolic thermogenesis during cold exposure, but appears to increase the behavioral zone of thermoneutrality. This latter effect may mean an improvement in heat tolerance, suggesting that this drug might assist in the adaptation to warm temperatures. C1 NIMH,CLIN PSYCHOBIOL BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP GORDON, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0091-3057 J9 PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE JI Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 48 IS 1 BP 119 EP 125 DI 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90507-X PG 7 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA NG481 UT WOS:A1994NG48100019 PM 8029282 ER PT J AU LINDER, RE KLINEFELTER, GR STRADER, LF SUAREZ, JD ROBERTS, NL DYER, CJ AF LINDER, RE KLINEFELTER, GR STRADER, LF SUAREZ, JD ROBERTS, NL DYER, CJ TI SPERMATOTOXICITY OF DIBROMOACETIC ACID IN RATS AFTER 14 DAILY EXPOSURES SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DIBROMOACETIC ACID; RAT; SPERMATOTOXICITY, ACUTE; TESTIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; MORPHOLOGY; MOTILITY ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM; DRINKING-WATER; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; DICHLOROACETATE; TOXICITY; CYCLE; CHLORINATION; DURATION; SODIUM AB Halogenated acetic acids are major disinfection by-products of water chlorination and ozonation. Limited data in experimental animals indicate that repeated doses of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or single doses of dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) cause testicular damage. In the present study, spermatotoxic effects were investigated in rats given oral doses of 0, 10, 30, 90, or 270 mg DBAA/kg/day for 14 days. In rats dosed with 270 mg/kg/day, there were marked effects on epididymal sperm motility and morphology including the flagellar fusion of 2 or more sperm. Testis weight, epididymis weight, and testicular sperm head counts were mildly reduced relative to control, whereas epididymal sperm counts were substantially decreased. Histologic changes in the testis included retention of Step 19 spermatids in Stages IX to XII, abnormal development of late spermatids, and the formation of atypical structures resembling residual bodies that were observed predominantly in Stages X to XIV and I of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. At the dosage of 90 mg/kg/day, effects on spermiation, spermatid development, epididymal sperm counts, sperm motility, and sperm morphology were less severe than at the higher dosage. Reduced caput sperm counts and mild effects on spermiation also occurred at 30 and 10 mg/kg/day. These studies indicate that subchronic exposure to DBAA has the potential to affect reproductive outcome in the rat. Compared to previous studies of DCA (12), DBAA, on a molar basis, appears to be a stronger testicular toxicant than the dichloro analogue. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP LINDER, RE (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,MD 72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 32 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 8 IS 3 BP 251 EP 259 DI 10.1016/0890-6238(94)90009-4 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA NQ437 UT WOS:A1994NQ43700008 PM 8075514 ER PT J AU FOURNIE, JW VOGELBEIN, WK AF FOURNIE, JW VOGELBEIN, WK TI EXOCRINE PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS IN THE MUMMICHOG (FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS) FROM A CREOSOTE-CONTAMINATED SITE SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EXOCRINE PANCREAS; NEOPLASIA; FISH; POLLUTION AB A high prevalence of exocrine pancreatic neoplasms occurred in mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, from a creosote-contaminated site in the Elizabeth River, Virginia. A total of 20 neoplasms were found in a group of about 1,300 fish obtained at this site over a 2-yr period. Of 240 fish collected during October 1991, 3.3% had pancreatic neoplasms. Adjusted total lesion prevalence for large adult fish (Size Class III: total length = 75-85 mm; Size Class IV: total length > 85 mm) was 6.7%. Pancreatic neoplasms were not observed in 234 fish collected at this site during May 1991, nor were they found in 420 fish obtained during fall 1991 from 1 uncontaminated and 6 moderately contaminated localities. Lesions involved both mesenteric and intrahepatic exocrine pancreas and ranged from well-differentiated acinar cell adenomas to poorly differentiated acinar cell carcinomas. One fish had an atypical acinar cell focus. All specimens with pancreatic neoplasms also had hepatocellular lesions. This epizootic of exocrine pancreatic neoplasia is the first to be reported in a wild fish population. Based on chemical characterization of the site and limited experimental data on chemically induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in other small fish species, the neoplasms were probably caused by exposure of the mummichog to chemical carcinogens in their environment. RP FOURNIE, JW (reprint author), US EPA,CTR MARINE & ESTUARINE DIS RES,1 SABINE ISLAND DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 0 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 22 IS 3 BP 237 EP 247 PG 11 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA PG622 UT WOS:A1994PG62200002 PM 7817115 ER PT J AU ABBOTT, BD PERDEW, GH BIRNBAUM, LS AF ABBOTT, BD PERDEW, GH BIRNBAUM, LS TI AH RECEPTOR IN EMBRYONIC MOUSE PALATE AND EFFECTS OF TCDD ON RECEPTOR EXPRESSION SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EPITHELIAL-CELL DIFFERENTIATION; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN; CLEFT-PALATE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; DIOXIN RECEPTOR; GROWTH-FACTORS; ORGAN-CULTURE; RAT-LIVER; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; MICE AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most potent member of a family of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons which are widespread environmental contaminants. In animals the adverse biological effects of TCDD include carcinogenesis, reproductive toxicity, immune function alteration, hyperkeratosis, hepatotoxicity, thymic involution, and teratogenesis. In the mouse embryo, TCDD induces cleft palate through a mechanism which involves altered differentiation and proliferation of the palatal cells, resulting in the failure of opposing shelves to fuse. Cleft palate induction by TCDD requires the Ah receptor. This study examines the expression of the Ah receptor in secondary palate of control and TCDD-exposed C57BL/6N embryos using in situ hybridization, Northern blots, and immunohistochemistry. Ah receptor protein expression was significantly higher in epithelial versus mesenchymal cells, and regional differences in expression within the epithelium were statistically significant. TCDD exposure was shown to downregulate Ah receptor mRNA and protein throughout the palatal shelf and this occurred at both the teratogenic dose and the dose which was not sufficient to produce cleft palate. This study represents the first demonstration of the tissue and cellular localization of the Ah receptor, raising questions about the extrapolation of results from cultured tumor cells to those observed in vivo. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT FOODS & NUTR,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP ABBOTT, BD (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 52 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 126 IS 1 BP 16 EP 25 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1085 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NL854 UT WOS:A1994NL85400003 PM 8184424 ER PT J AU SHUEY, DL LAU, C LOGSDON, TR ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH NAROTSKY, MG SETZER, RW KAVLOCK, RJ ROGERS, JM AF SHUEY, DL LAU, C LOGSDON, TR ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH NAROTSKY, MG SETZER, RW KAVLOCK, RJ ROGERS, JM TI BIOLOGICALLY-BASED DOSE-RESPONSE MODELING IN DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY - BIOCHEMICAL AND CELLULAR SEQUELAE OF 5-FLUOROURACIL EXPOSURE IN THE DEVELOPING RAT SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE; DNA DISTRIBUTIONS; MOUSE FIBROBLASTS; GENE-EXPRESSION; BINDING; RISK AB Mechanistically based dose-response models for developmental toxicity require elucidation of critical biological events that intervene between maternal exposure and adverse developmental outcome. We have examined some of the major events in the rat embryo/fetus following a subcutaneous injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 0-40 mg/kg) to the dam on Day 14 of gestation. This treatment resulted in reduced fetal weight that was significant at doses of 20 mg/kg and higher, generalized reduced ossification at doses above 25 mg/kg, and wavy ribs at doses of 30 mg/kg and higher. Numerous malformations including cleft palate and hindlimb defects were substantially increased at doses of 35 and 40 mg/kg. 5-FU inhibits thymidylate synthetase (TS), resulting in inhibited growth of rapidly proliferating tissues. To identify early events in the pathogenesis of hindlimb defects, we examined the effects of 5-FU on TS activity, cell cycle, growth, and morphology in the developing hindlimb as a function of dose and time. The rate of decline of TS activity following 5-FU exposure was dose related, although maximal inhibition and recovery were similar at doses within (20 and 40 mg/kg) and below (10 mg/kg) the range of detectable developmental toxicity. Flow cytometric analysis of nuclei from embryonic hindlimbs revealed a transient increase in the percentage of cells in S phase and decrease in G(0)/G(1) phase 8 hr after maternal injection of 20-40 mg 5-FU/kg, but not at lower doses. Reduction in growth and morphometric changes of hindlimbs were observed only after maternal exposure to 40 mg/kg. The tissue specificity of these effects was examined by comparing the hindlimb with other embryonic tissues. There was also a dose-related decline of TS activity in the embryonic liver. However, the pattern of recovery of TS activity and cell cycle alterations were different in the liver than in the hindlimb, probably reflecting the higher cell proliferative rate in the liver at this stage. We have derived a quantitative, empirical model for induction of hindlimb defects based on TS inhibition and subsequent cellular events following 5-FU exposure. The model predicted a dose response similar to that of the observed data although the predicted curve was shifted toward lower doses. These results suggest that while this model may not capture all of the critical events involved in the induction of hindlimb defects following maternal exposure to 5-FU, it does reflect a central mechanism of its developmental toxicity. Biologically based dose-response modeling provides a framework for testing mechanistic hypotheses, and developing such models should ultimately improve our ability to perform risk assessments. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV RES SUPPORT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27701. NR 35 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 126 IS 1 BP 129 EP 144 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1099 PG 16 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NL854 UT WOS:A1994NL85400017 PM 8184423 ER PT J AU SHEETS, LP DOHERTY, JD LAW, MW REITER, LW CROFTON, KM AF SHEETS, LP DOHERTY, JD LAW, MW REITER, LW CROFTON, KM TI AGE-DEPENDENT DIFFERENCES IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RATS TO DELTAMETHRIN SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Note ID PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES; ADULT-RATS; DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS; FEMALE RATS; TOXICITY; METABOLISM; MECHANISMS; PESTICIDES; COCKROACH; SYSTEM AB Separate groups of weanling and adult rats were exposed to both behaviorally active and lethal doses of deltamethrin to examine age-dependent toxicity of a pyrethroid over a wide dose range. The acoustic startle response (ASR) was selected for comparison at low doses since it is a sensitive, quantifiable biological indicator of pyrethroid effects in rats. Acute mortality was included for comparison at the upper limit of the dose-response. Deltamethrin was administered by gavage as a single dose in corn oil for all tests. Effects on the ASR were comparable in 21- and 72-day-old rats, with a 4-mg/kg dose decreasing ASR amplitude by approximately 50% (ED50) at both ages. By comparison, LD50 values in 11-, 21- and 72-day old male rats were 5.1, 11, and 81 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, 11- and 21-day-old male rats were 16 and 7 times, respectively, more sensitive than adults to acute lethality. The concentration of deltamethrin was measured in whole-brain tissue from weanling and adult males treated with ED50 and LD50 doses. The brain concentration of deltamethrin at the ED50 dose of 4 mg/kg was higher in weanling rats than adults. This suggests a possible functional difference, with weanling rats being less susceptible than adults to a low dose. By comparison, there was an equivalent concentration of deltamethrin in brain tissue following an LD50 dose of 12 mg/kg in weanling rats and 80 mg/kg in adults. These results support age-related differences in pharmacokinetics as the basis for the markedly greater sensitivity of young rats to a lethal dose Of deltamethrin. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,DIV HLTH EFFECTS,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. US EPA,DIV BIOL & ECONOM ANAL,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP SHEETS, LP (reprint author), MILES INC,DIV AGR,17745 S METCALF,STILWELL,KS 66085, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 40 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 126 IS 1 BP 186 EP 190 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1106 PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NL854 UT WOS:A1994NL85400024 PM 8184428 ER PT J AU ANKLEY, GT LEONARD, EN MATTSON, VR AF ANKLEY, GT LEONARD, EN MATTSON, VR TI PREDICTION OF BIOACCUMULATION OF METALS FROM CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS BY THE OLIGOCHAETE, LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE METAL; BIOACCUMULATION; OLIGOCHAETE; INTERSTITIAL WATER; ACID VOLATILE SULFIDE ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; LOWER FOX RIVER; TUBIFICID WORMS; TRACE-METALS; GREEN BAY; CADMIUM; BIOAVAILABILITY; TOXICITY; CHIRONOMIDS; WISCONSIN AB Short-term tests with benthic species have shown that certain cationic metals (cadmium, nickel, lead. zinc, copper) in sediments are not bioavailable when acid volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations are sufficient to bind the metals, and/or when concentrations of metals in the sediment pore water are small. It was uncertain, however, whether a similar lack of bioavailability could be predicted when evaluating metal bioaccumulation in long-term exposures. In this study, we exposed the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus to sediments from the lower Fox River, Wisconsin, which contained elevated concentrations of metals. Based on solid-phase metal and AVS measurements, or pore water metal concentrations, metals in the sediments were predicted to be of minimal biological availability. After a 30 day exposure to the test sediments, L. variegatus contained concentrations of metals not significantly greater than those in control oligochaetes exposed only to Lake Superior water. This indicates that metal bioavailability models based on sediment AVS content and/or pore water concentrations may be valid for long-term as well as short-term exposures of benthic species. RP US EPA, 6201 CONGDON BLVD, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. NR 38 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1071 EP 1076 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(94)90192-9 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA NC448 UT WOS:A1994NC44800009 ER PT J AU BURSE, VW GROCE, DF CAUDILL, SP KORVER, MP PHILLIPS, DL MCCLURE, PC LAPEZA, CR HEAD, SL MILLER, DT BUCKLEY, DJ NASSIF, J TIMPERI, RJ GEORGE, PM AF BURSE, VW GROCE, DF CAUDILL, SP KORVER, MP PHILLIPS, DL MCCLURE, PC LAPEZA, CR HEAD, SL MILLER, DT BUCKLEY, DJ NASSIF, J TIMPERI, RJ GEORGE, PM TI DETERMINATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL LEVELS IN THE SERUM OF RESIDENTS AND IN THE HOMOGENATES OF SEAFOOD FROM THE NEW-BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS, AREA - A COMPARISON OF EXPOSURE SOURCES THROUGH PATTERN-RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE HUMAN SERUM; PCBS; LOBSTERS; BLUEFISH; PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS; CAPILLARY GLC ECD ID OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AROCLOR-1254; FISH AB We measured the residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the serum of 23 residents of the New Bedford, Massachusetts, area and from two homogenates each of bluefish and lobsters from the same area. We used congener-specific and total Aroclor quantitative approaches, both of which involved gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (electron ionization mode), we confirmed the presence of PCBs in the combined serum samples and in the aliquots of bluefish and lobsters. In measuring the PCB levels in serum, we found good agreement between the two electron capture detector approaches (r greater-than-or-equal-to 0.97) when the serum of specific congeners was compared to total Aroclor. We used univariate and multivariate quality control approaches to monitor these analyses. Analytical results for bluefish showed a better agreement between the two techniques than did those for lobsters; however, the small number of samples precluded any statistical comparison. We also measured levels of chlorinated pesticides in the serum samples of two groups of New Bedford residents, those with low PCB levels (< 15 ng/ml) and those with high PCB levels (greater-than-or-equal-to 15 ng/ml). We found that residents with high PCB levels also tended to have higher levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-di-(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE). The higher concentration of all three analytes appears to be influenced by employment in the capacitor industry, by seafood consumption, or both. Using Jaccard measures of similarity and principal component analysis we compared the gas chromatographic patterns of PCBs found in the serum of New Bedford area residents with high serum PCBs with the patterns found in homogenates of lobsters (inclusive of all edible portions except the roe), in homogenates of bluefish fillets taken from local waters, and in serum from goats fed selected technical Aroclors (e.g. Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1254, or 1260). The patterns found in human serum samples were similar to the patterns found in lobster homogenates. Both of these patterns closely resembled patterns found in the serum samples of the goat fed aroclor 1254, as demonstrated by both pattern recognition techniques. In addition, the chromatographic patterns of human serum and of lobsters and bluefish homogenates all indicated the presence of PCBs more characteristic of Aroclors 1016 or 1242. C1 MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,CTR LABS & COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,BOSTON,MA 02130. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP BURSE, VW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 28 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 29 PY 1994 VL 144 BP 153 EP 177 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90436-7 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NJ448 UT WOS:A1994NJ44800014 PM 8209226 ER PT J AU SHAFER, TJ NOSTRANDT, AC TILSON, HA MUNDY, WR AF SHAFER, TJ NOSTRANDT, AC TILSON, HA MUNDY, WR TI MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ALCL3 INHIBITION OF AGONIST-STIMULATED INOSITOL PHOSPHATE ACCUMULATION - ROLE OF CALCIUM, G-PROTEINS, PHOSPHOLIPASE-C AND PROTEIN-KINASE-C SO BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ALUMINUM; PHOSPHOINOSITIDE HYDROLYSIS; PROTEIN KINASE C; CAMP; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; BRAIN; SLICES ID RAT CEREBRAL-CORTEX; MEDIATED PHOSPHOINOSITIDE HYDROLYSIS; CORTICAL SLICES; NEUROBLASTOMA-CELLS; ORAL ALUMINUM; PHORBOL ESTER; CYCLIC-AMP; BRAIN; MODULATION; MEMBRANES AB Possible mechanisms of AlCl3-induced inhibition of agonist-stimulated inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation were investigated using rat brain cortex slices, synaptosomes or homogenates. Under conditions in which AlCl3 inhibits carbachol (CARB)-stimulated IP accumulation (G(p)-mediated), AlCl3 did not affect CARB (100 mu M)-induced decreases (G(i)-mediated) in 30 mu M forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. suggesting that AlCl3 may be specific for G(p)-mediated signal transduction. To determine whether AlCl3 interfered with G(p) function and/or phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PiPLC) activity, effects of AlCl3 on CARB- and Ca2+-stimulated IP accumulation were examined in cortical synaptosomes. AlCl3 (500 mu M) decreased CARB (1 mM)- and Ca2+ (20 mu M ionomycin)-stimulated IP accumulation to 77 and 75% of control, respectively, suggesting that AlCl3 may not directly affect G(p) activity, but does inhibit PiPLC activity. In cortical homogenates, AlCl3 (10-500 mu M) inhibited hydrolysis of [H-3]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by PiPLC in a concentration-dependent manner with an estimated IC50 of 100 mu M. The effects of AlCl3 on modulation of IP accumulation by extracellular Ca2+ and PKC were also examined as potential mechanisms. Decreasing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](e)) from 1.0 to 0.1 mM decreased CARB-stimulated IP accumulation in slices. AlCl3 (500 mu M) decreased significantly 1 mM CARB-stimulated IP accumulation in 1.0 and 0.1 mM Ca2+ solutions; however, the effect of AlCl3 on IP accumulation did not depend on [Ca2+](e). In cortical slices, inhibition of 1 mM CARB-stimulated IP accumulation by 500 mu M AlCl3 was not altered by the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PdBu, 1 mu M), or the PKC inhibitor H-7 (10 mu M), suggesting that AlCl3 does not interfere with IP accumulation by activation of PKC. Other studies found that AlCl3 (10-100 mu M) inhibited PKC activity in a concentration-dependent manner in both cytosolic and membrane fractions of cortical homogenates with an estimated IC50 of 60 mu M. These results support the hypothesis that AlCl3 inhibition of agonist-stimulated IP accumulation may be mediated by inhibition of PiPLC activity, rather than disruption of G-protein function or modulation of the IP signalling system by Ca2+ or PKC. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. RP SHAFER, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, CELLULAR & MOLEC TOXICOL BRANCH, MD-74B, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 55 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0006-2952 J9 BIOCHEM PHARMACOL JI Biochem. Pharmacol. PD APR 20 PY 1994 VL 47 IS 8 BP 1417 EP 1425 DI 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90342-5 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA NK848 UT WOS:A1994NK84800018 PM 8185649 ER PT J AU SMITH, PB TIANO, HF PHILPOT, RM NESNOW, S LANGENBACH, RJ AF SMITH, PB TIANO, HF PHILPOT, RM NESNOW, S LANGENBACH, RJ TI CYTOTOXICITY OF 4-IPOMEANOL (4-IPO) IN C3H/10T1/2 CELLS EXPRESSING PULMONARY CYTOCHROME-P-450 4B1 SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 WAKE FOREST UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27157. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 19 PY 1994 VL 8 IS 7 BP A1249 EP A1249 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA NH516 UT WOS:A1994NH51600161 ER PT J AU KODUKULA, PS PATTERSON, JW SURAMPALLI, RY AF KODUKULA, PS PATTERSON, JW SURAMPALLI, RY TI SORPTION AND PRECIPITATION OF METALS IN ACTIVATED-SLUDGE SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE SLUDGE; SORPTION; PRECIPITATION; METALS; ADSORPTION ID HEAVY-METALS; WASTEWATER; FATE AB A conceptual model describing the relative roles of sorption and precipitation processes for metals In solid-solution suspensions is presented. The model performance is demonstrated using experimental data on sorption and precipitation of metals in samples of activated sludge mixed liquor. Based on the experimental results presented here, it appears that, at total metal and mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations and pH values generally encountered in full-scale municipal (or combined municipal/industrial) activated sludge systems, metals are primarily removed by sorption processes. (C) 1994 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA,KANSAS CITY,KS 66117. WOODWARD CLYDE CONSULTANTS,OVERLAND PK,KS. PATTERSON ASSOCIATES INC,CHICAGO,IL. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD APR 15 PY 1994 VL 43 IS 9 BP 874 EP 880 DI 10.1002/bit.260430906 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA NA554 UT WOS:A1994NA55400005 PM 18615880 ER PT J AU DIAMANT, A FOURNIE, JW COURTNEY, LA AF DIAMANT, A FOURNIE, JW COURTNEY, LA TI X-CELL PSEUDOTUMORS IN A HARDHEAD CATFISH ARIUS-FELIS (ARIIDAE) FROM LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN, LOUISIANA, USA SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE X-CELL; ARIUS-FELIS; HARDHEAD CATFISH ID LIMANDA-LIMANDA L; DAB AB X-cell epidermal lesions are described from a single specimen of the hardhead catfish Arius felis (Ariidae). The lesions exhibited an unusual growth pattern but did not involve any visceral organs. Histologically, the lesions resembled those previously described for coldwater fishes. This is the first report of X-cell lesions from Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, USA, and the hardhead catfish represents the first warmwater species affected with the disease. C1 US EPA,CTR MARINE & ESTUARINE DIS RES,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD APR 14 PY 1994 VL 18 IS 3 BP 181 EP 185 DI 10.3354/dao018181 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA NP333 UT WOS:A1994NP33300005 ER PT J AU EVERSON, RB SCHREINEMACHERS, DM DEVLIN, RB KOREN, HS AF EVERSON, RB SCHREINEMACHERS, DM DEVLIN, RB KOREN, HS TI HOST DETERMINANTS OF CELLULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL-CONSTITUENTS OF BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUIDS - IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; EXPOSURE; OZONE; INFLAMMATION; REACTIVITY; MORTALITY; HUMANS AB The effects of demographic characteristics, exercise, environmental exposures, and other host factors on cellular and biochemical constituents of human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were investigated by studying more than 300 specimens obtained from normal volunteers and assayed in a single center. The BAL data demonstrated associations with race, smoking, exercise, skin-test reactions, and blood constituents, and weak or no associations with age, sex, pulmonary function tests (PFT), or ambient ozone exposure. The effect of exercise was relatively strong and more clearly characterized than in previous studies. Smoking effects were similar to those observed in other studies; our ability to study age and ambient ozone effects was greatly limited because of the homogeneity of the population under study. Blood constituents of the subjects also showed an association with level of exercise. Analysis of intraindividual and interindividual variability in BAL constituents results suggested that matching, although desirable, is not essential for the maintenance of adequate statistical power in BAL studies, so observational studies of the effects from air pollution on BAL fluids in humans could be effectively conducted using cross-sectional designs. RP EVERSON, RB (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH,ERC MAIL DROP 68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD APR PY 1994 VL 149 IS 4 BP 899 EP 904 PG 6 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA NP836 UT WOS:A1994NP83600009 PM 8143053 ER PT J AU LOPEZAVILA, V YOUNG, R BECKERT, WF AF LOPEZAVILA, V YOUNG, R BECKERT, WF TI MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS FROM STANDARD REFERENCE SOILS AND SEDIMENTS SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB As part of an ongoing evaluation of new sample preparation techniques by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), especially those that minimize waste solvents, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of organic compounds from solid materials (or ''matrices'') was evaluated. Six certified reference materials containing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and a few base/neutral/acidic compounds all of which are common pollutants of interest to the EPA were subjected to MAE in a closed-vessel microwave system with hexane/acetone (1:1) at different temperatures (80, 115, and 145-degrees-C) and for different periods of time (5, 10, and 20 min). For comparison, the same samples were subjected to room-temperature extraction by allowing the solvent mixture to stay in contact with the solid matrix the same amount of time as the microwave-extracted sample (including any cooling time). Whereas the average recovery at room temperature was approximately 52%, the MAE recoveries for the 17 PAHs (3 of which were deuterated PAHs that were spiked into these matrices) from the six matrices were 70% at 80-degrees-C, 75% at 115-degrees-C, and 75% at 145-degrees-C. Although the average recoveries increased slightly with extraction time, the increase was not statistically significant. The performance of the technique varied with the matrix and the analyte. Eleven PAHs had average recoveries in the 65-85% range, and three compounds (acenaphthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and fluorene) had recoveries of approximately 50%. The spiked-compound recoveries were 77% for acenaphthene-d10, 105% for fluoranthene-d10, and 85% for benzo[a]anthracene-d12. Experiments with 14 phenols and 20 organochlorine pesticides indicated that MAE is a viable alternative to the conventional Soxhlet/Soxtec and sonication techniques. The MAE technique requires smaller amounts of organic solvents, and sample throughput is increased by shorter extraction times (10 min) and by simultaneous extraction of up to 12 samples. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP LOPEZAVILA, V (reprint author), MIDWEST RES INST,CALIF OPERAT,625-B CLYDE AVE,MT VIEW,CA 94043, USA. NR 9 TC 303 Z9 310 U1 3 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD APR 1 PY 1994 VL 66 IS 7 BP 1097 EP 1106 DI 10.1021/ac00079a027 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ND415 UT WOS:A1994ND41500029 ER PT J AU MIDDAUGH, DP THOMAS, RL LANTZ, SE HEARD, CS MUELLER, JG AF MIDDAUGH, DP THOMAS, RL LANTZ, SE HEARD, CS MUELLER, JG TI FIELD-SCALE TESTING OF A HYPERFILTRATION UNIT FOR REMOVAL OF CREOSOTE AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL FROM GROUND-WATER - CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PENSACOLA; FLORIDA; SITE AB Chemical analyses and biological response data were used to assess the efficacy of a field-scale hyperfiltration unit in the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other organic compounds from creosote- and pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated ground water. The hyperfiltration unit consisted of four modules containing porous stainless steel tubes which were coated with a formed-in-place zirconium hydrous oxide-polyacrylic acid (ZOPA) membrane. A fivefold concentration of the feed water (80% volume reduction) with up to 97% removal of high molecular weight PAHs was achieved during pre-demonstration and field-demonstration runs of the hyperfiltration unit. Approximately 68% of PCP was removed by the unit. Removal of phenolics averaged 27% and 36%, respectively, for the two runs. Toxicological/teratogenic data for embryonic inland silver-sides, Menidia beryllina, indicated that 100%, 10%, and 1% solutions of the ground water sample, used in the pre-demonstration run, caused statistically significant (p less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) biological responses when compared to controls. Only the 1% solution of permeate in the pre-demonstration run was nontoxic/teratogenic. This 1% solution was also not very toxic in Microtox(R) tests. The 5-min EC50 was 56.44%. Acute toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia revealed a 48-h LC50 of > 1% permeate. Similar results were obtained in the field-demonstration run of the hyperfiltration unit. In this run, feed water was toxic/teratogenic to Menidia beryllina embryos at 100%, 10%, and 1% concentrations. Permeate from the field-demonstration run was embryo toxic/teratogenic at 100% and 10% concentrations but not at 1%. The Microtox(R) 5-min EC50 was 58.50% at the 1% concentration and the Ceriodaphnia 48-h LC50 was 5.6% permeate in the field-demonstration run. The Escambia County Utilities Authority set a pre-discharge requirement of non-toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia for 1% permeate solutions. Permeates from both runs, diluted to 1%, met the pre-condition of non-toxic responses in 48 h tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia. Meeting this requirement allowed for discharge of diluted permeate into the county's sanitary sewerage collector system. C1 US EPA,SBP TECHNOL INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP MIDDAUGH, DP (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,1 SABINE DR,SABINE ISL,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 26 IS 3 BP 309 EP 319 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MW822 UT WOS:A1994MW82200008 ER PT J AU MIDDAUGH, DP LANTZ, SE HEARD, CS MUELLER, JG AF MIDDAUGH, DP LANTZ, SE HEARD, CS MUELLER, JG TI FIELD-SCALE TESTING OF A 2-STAGE BIOREACTOR FOR REMOVAL OF CREOSOTE AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL FROM GROUND-WATER - CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; PENSACOLA; FLORIDA; SITE AB A two-stage, field-scale bioreactor system was used to determine the efficacy of bioremediation of creosote- and pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated ground water at the abandoned American Creosote Works (ACW) site in Pensacola, Florida. In separate 15-day runs of the field-scale (454L) system, bioreactor performance in the presence of specially-selected microbial inoculants was compared to that observed using non-specific biomass. In the first run, Bioreactor #1 was amended with nutrients, surfactants and microorganisms (strains CRE 1-13) that were isolated from soil at ACW and selectively cultured for their ability to biodegrade monitored creosote constituents. After 4 days of organism acclimation and degradation of organic contaminants, the batch system was converted to a flow-through regime. Effluent was transferred to Bioreactor #2 where Pseudomonas paucimobilis strain EPA 505 and Pseudomonas sp. strain SR 3 were introduced. A second 15-day bioreactor run was conducted using indigenous bacteria and microorganisms from a waste water treatment facility that was designed to treat effluents containing PAHs and phenolics. Bioreactor performance was evaluated by chemical analysis of feed water initially pumped into Bioreactor #1 and clarified effluent from Bioreactor #2. These materials were also tested for toxic/teratogenic responses with developing embryonic Menidia beryllina, with Microtox(R) 5-min EC50 tests, and with Ceriodaphnia dubia 48-h LC50 tests. Results obtained with specialty organisms in the first run of the field-scale bioreactor showed that, on average, 70.6% of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocycles were degraded. Only 36.9% of the pentachlorophenol (PCP) present was biodegraded, apparently because of low cell counts and incomplete induction of Pseudomonas sp. strain SR 3. A concomitant 67- to 74-fold decrease in toxicity was measured in Microtox(R) 5-min EC50 and Ceriodaphnia 48-h LC50 values, respectively. No reduction in toxicity/teratogenicity was measurable in tests with embryonic M. beryllina. In the second 15-day run of the bioreactor, microorganisms from an industrial waste water treatment facility averaged 51.0% biodegradation of PAHs and heterocycles. Degradation of PCP was 81.0%, a value substantially higher than in the first run. An 87-fold reduction in toxicity was measured with the Microtox(R) 5-min EC50, but only a 2.9-fold reduction in acute toxicity was measured in the Ceriodaphnia 48-L LC50 test. In the second bioreactor run, samples taken from Bioreactors #1 and #2 indicated reduced embryo toxicity/teratogenicity. At the 1% test concentration most embryos developed normally and hatched. Larvae were also normal. C1 US EPA,SBP TECHNOL INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP MIDDAUGH, DP (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 26 IS 3 BP 320 EP 328 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MW822 UT WOS:A1994MW82200009 ER PT J AU EDNEY, EO DRISCOLL, DJ CORSE, EW BLANCHARD, FT AF EDNEY, EO DRISCOLL, DJ CORSE, EW BLANCHARD, FT TI LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF INTERACTIONS OF IRRADIATED O-XYLENE/NOX/SO2/AIR MIXTURES WITH AQUEOUS-MEDIA CONTAINING SODIUM-FLUORIDE, SODIUM TRIFLUOROACETATE, AMMONIUM-NITRATE AND HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG; DEPOSITION; EVAPORATIVE LOSSES; TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID; HYDROFLUORIC ACID ID HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS HCFCS; HYDROFLUOROCARBONS HFCS; DEPOSITION; OXIDATION; SYSTEM AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate interactions between complex air mixtures and aqueous films containing hydrolysis products of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) oxidation products. The experiments consisted of exposing aqueous films containing mixtures of NH4NO3, H2O2 and either NaF or NaCF3COO on stainless steel panels to irradiated o-xylene/NO(x)/SO2/air mixtures. The complex air mixtures and exposed films were chemically analysed. Aliquots of the exposed films were then allowed to evaporate, after which the chemical composition of the remaining residual salt was determined. The data were used to determine how the chemical composition of the film influenced (1) the deposition of components of the complex air mixture to aqueous films and (2) the fate of film constituents during evaporation. For small H2O2 loadings the SO2 deposition was limited by the available oxidant. However, for the higher loadings, the uptake data were consistent with control by gas-phase mass transfer. Effective aqueous film deposition velocities for HCHO and CH3COCHO were 0.37 and 0.67 cm s-1, respectively. The evaporative anion loss data suggest that NO3-, NO2-, F-, HCOO- and CF3COO- were lost by evaporation of the corresponding acid. However, the possibility of other CF3COO- reactions occurring during evaporation could not be eliminated. The laboratory results show that depositions of HCFC and HFC oxidation products to acidic aqueous media that can undergo evaporation may not always serve as permanent sinks. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP EDNEY, EO (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1189 EP 1196 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90296-8 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR216 UT WOS:A1994NR21600012 ER PT J AU LIGHTHART, B SHAFFER, BT AF LIGHTHART, B SHAFFER, BT TI BACTERIAL FLUX FROM CHAPARRAL INTO THE ATMOSPHERE IN MIDSUMMER AT A HIGH DESERT LOCATION SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE BIOAEROSOL; MODEL; VEGETATION; RELEASE RATE; MICROORGANISMS AB Estimates of the bacterial flux for a daylight cycle were observed at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, Richland, WA, during June 1992, using a modified Bowen ratio method. The upward daytime bacterial flux was coupled with the solar radiation/sensible heat cycle, but commenced 2 h later in the morning and ceased 3 h earlier in the afternoon. During this period, the maximum flux was ca. 17,000 Colony Forming Units (CFU) m-2 h-1 occurring at solar noon, resulting in a total upward bacterial flux of ca. 76,000 CFU m-2 for the time period. During this same period, the integrated total viable bacterial concentration in the atmosphere was only 0.81% of total upward bacterial flux. The high temperatures (e.g. 45-degrees-C), low relative humidity (e.g. 10%), and particularly high solar radiation (e.g. 910 W m-2) are thought to be the lethal agents in the high desert atmosphere. The decreasing concentration of bacteria in the atmosphere was found to slow within 30 min of the initiation of the upward flux of bacteria. Even though the upward flux of bacteria decreased after solar noon, the bacterial concentration in the atmosphere continued to increase. Presumably, this is due to reduced solar radiation in the afternoon allowing greater survival of the released bacteria and smaller dilution of entering bacteria into the shallow nocturnal mixed layer. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP LIGHTHART, B (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 33 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1267 EP 1274 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90273-9 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR217 UT WOS:A1994NR21700004 ER PT J AU MONOSSON, E STEGEMAN, JJ AF MONOSSON, E STEGEMAN, JJ TI INDUCED CYTOCHROME-P4501A IN WINTER FLOUNDER, PLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS, FROM OFFSHORE AND COASTAL SITES SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISH FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; SCUP STENOTOMUS-CHRYSOPS; O-DEETHYLASE ACTIVITY; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; RAINBOW-TROUT; HEPATIC CYTOCHROME-P-450; MONOOXYGENASE ACTIVITY; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AH RECEPTOR AB Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), Aroclor 1254 (A1254), and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) were measured in liver of winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, from Boston Harbor, Mass., Hempsted Harbor, N.Y., Niantic, Conn., and an offshore site, Georges Bank. We also measured CYP1A content and activity in flounder from Passamaquoddy Bay, N.B. Concentrations of A1254 and TCB were the least in fish from Georges Bank (0.46 and 0.002 mug-g dry weight-1, respectively); concentrations in fish from Boston, Niantic, and Hempsted ranged from 7.6 to 11.3 mug.g-1 and from 0.013 to 0.024 mug.g-1. Immunodetected microsomal CYP1A contents (expressed as scup P450E equivalents) were 0.17 and 0.19 nmol.mg-1 in fish from Georges Bank and Passamaquoddy and 0.25-0.41 nmol.mg-1 in fish from Boston, Niantic, and Hempsted. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase specific activities likewise were greater in fish from Boston, Niantic, and Hempsted (1.7-2.4 nmol.min-1.mg-1) than in fish from Georges Bank or Passamaquoddy (0.83 and 0.61 nmol.min-1-mg-1). CYP1A content and activity were correlated with hepatic concentrations of A1254 and TCB. These data, together with data reported in previous studies, indicate that strong induction of CYP1A protein occurs in winter flounder populations along most of the industrialized east coast and that induction of CYP1A is common, but less strong, at sites distant from the urban centers of the Northeast. C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT BIOL,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. US EPA,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. NR 56 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 1994 VL 51 IS 4 BP 933 EP 941 DI 10.1139/f94-092 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA NR098 UT WOS:A1994NR09800018 ER PT J AU NESNOW, S ROSS, JA NELSON, G WILSON, K ROOP, BC JEFFERS, AJ GALATI, AJ STONER, GD SANGAIAH, R GOLD, A MASS, MJ AF NESNOW, S ROSS, JA NELSON, G WILSON, K ROOP, BC JEFFERS, AJ GALATI, AJ STONER, GD SANGAIAH, R GOLD, A MASS, MJ TI CYCLOPENTA[CD]PYRENE-INDUCED TUMORIGENICITY, KI-RAS CODON-12 MUTATIONS AND DNA-ADDUCTS IN STRAIN A/J MOUSE LUNG SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; MORPHOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; LIVER MICROSOMES; CYCLOPENTA(CD)PYRENE; MUTAGENESIS; TUMORS; CELLS; BENZACEANTHRYLENE; SENSITIVITY AB Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP) is a ubiquitous cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. CPP is highly genotoxic in bacterial and mammalian systems inducing gene mutations, sister chromatid exchanges and morphological transformation. CPP is a mouse skin carcinogen, a mouse skin tumor initiator and induces pulmonary tumors in newborn mice. We have examined the tumorigenic activity of CPP in strain A/J mice, have determined the formation and persistence of CPP-induced DNA adducts in lung tissue, and analyzed the mutational spectrum in the Ki-ras oncogene from CPP-induced tumors. CPP dissolved in tricaprylin was administered by i.p. injection to male A/J mice (20 mice/dose) at 0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Animals were killed 8 months later and the lungs removed, fixed, and surface adenomas enumerated. CPP proved to be highly tumorigenic in A/J mice in terms of inducing lung adenomas. The observed tumor multiplicities (Lung adenomas/mouse) were: 97.7 +/- 28.7 at 200 mg/kg, 32.8 +/- 15.4 at 100 mg/kg, 4.63 +/- 2.11 at 50 mg/kg and 0.58 +/- 0.82 at 10 mg/kg. Tricaprylin-treated controls produced 0.60 +/- 0.58 lung adenomas/mouse. Groups of mice treated under the same dosing conditions as those in the tumor studies were killed 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. The lungs were removed, and the DNA was subjected to DNA adduct analysis by the P-32-postlabeling method. Total CPP- DNA adducts in mouse lung peaked at day 3 with 5870 amol CPP adducts/mu g DNA after a single dose of 200 mg/kg. DNA adduct levels decreased to 1800 amol CPP adducts/mu g DNA at day 21. Qualitative DNA adduct analysis revealed four major adducts and one minor adduct. Co-chromatography of the lung DNA from CPP-treated mice with calf thymus DNA treated,vith CPP-3,4-oxide indicated that all DNA adducts were oxide derived and comparison with CPP-3,4-oxide-treated polydeoxyguanylic acid suggests that almost all of these adducts are CPP-3,4-oxide-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts. Ki-ras codon 12 mutation analysis of the DNA from tumors taken from the 100 and 200 mg/kg CPP dose groups demonstrated the following patterns: GGT-->CGT (50%); GGT-->GTT (15%); GGT-->TGT (25%); GGT-->GAT (10%). We conclude that CPP is highly tumorigenic in the A/J mouse lung adenoma model, being five times more active than benzo[a]pyrene. This is unlike the result of CPP as a mouse skin tumorigen or tumor initiator in which CPP is considerably less potent than benzo[a]pyrene. The increased activity of CPP may be related to the unique induction of the GGT-->CGT, Ki-ras codon 12 mutation. This conclusion is supported by related results observed with another aromatic hydrocarbon, benz[j]-aceanthrylene. C1 INTEGRATED LAB SYST INC, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. MED COLL OHIO, DEPT PATHOL, TOLEDO, OH 43699 USA. OHIO STATE UNIV, ARTHUR JAMES CANC HOSP, DEPT PREVENT MED, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH PUBL HLTH, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514 USA. RP NESNOW, S (reprint author), US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH MD68, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 36 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 EI 1460-2180 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD APR PY 1994 VL 15 IS 4 BP 601 EP 606 DI 10.1093/carcin/15.4.601 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA NE665 UT WOS:A1994NE66500007 PM 8149468 ER PT J AU BERLIN, OGW NOVAK, SM PORSCHEN, RK LONG, EG STELMA, GN SCHAEFFER, FW AF BERLIN, OGW NOVAK, SM PORSCHEN, RK LONG, EG STELMA, GN SCHAEFFER, FW TI RECOVERY OF CYCLOSPORA ORGANISMS FROM PATIENTS WITH PROLONGED DIARRHEA SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CYANOBACTERIUM-LIKE BODIES; TRAVELERS; PATHOGEN; NEPAL AB A newly recognized protozoan human parasite, Cyclospora has been incriminated as the cause of prolonged diarrhea. Five patients had episodes of diarrhea accompanied by nausea, weight loss, and/or low-grade fever for 10-45 days. Multiple fecal samples fixed in sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin contained spherical organisms measuring 8-10 mum in diameter; a modified concentration technique was used to detect them. The sediment was examined by direct microscopy and autofluorescence, and the identification was confirmed by acid-fast stain. All patients had visited either Mexico or Thailand. The presence of Cyclospora organisms in these patients shows that these can be etiologic agents of traveler's diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Fecal specimens from patients with unexplained diarrhea should be routinely examined for their presence. C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,MED CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP BERLIN, OGW (reprint author), MICROBIOL REFERENCE LAB,10703 PROGRESS WAY,CYPRESS,CA 90630, USA. NR 21 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1994 VL 18 IS 4 BP 606 EP 609 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA NE074 UT WOS:A1994NE07400016 PM 8038317 ER PT J AU DUPONT, HL CHAPPELL, CL STERLING, CR OKHUYSEN, PC ROSE, JB JAKUBOWSKI, W AF DUPONT, HL CHAPPELL, CL STERLING, CR OKHUYSEN, PC ROSE, JB JAKUBOWSKI, W TI INFECTIVITY OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM FOR ADULT HUMANS SO CLINICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV TEXAS,SCH PUBL HLTH,HOUSTON,TX 77025. UNIV ARIZONA,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV S FLORIDA,TAMPA,FL 33620. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0009-9279 J9 CLIN RES JI Clin. Res. PD APR PY 1994 VL 42 IS 2 BP A285 EP A285 PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA NF020 UT WOS:A1994NF02000989 ER PT J AU OBERHELMAN, LJ KOREN, H LEVEE, G COOPER, KD AF OBERHELMAN, LJ KOREN, H LEVEE, G COOPER, KD TI DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION BY UV-RADIATION IN DARK-VERSUS LIGHT-SKINNED HUMAN-SUBJECTS SO CLINICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT DERMATOL,IMMUNODERMATOL UNIT,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0009-9279 J9 CLIN RES JI Clin. Res. PD APR PY 1994 VL 42 IS 2 BP A277 EP A277 PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA NF020 UT WOS:A1994NF02000942 ER PT J AU MASTEN, LW BOERI, RL WALKER, JD AF MASTEN, LW BOERI, RL WALKER, JD TI STRATEGIES EMPLOYED TO DETERMINE THE ACUTE AQUATIC TOXICITY OF ETHYL BENZENE, A HIGHLY VOLATILE, POORLY WATER-SOLUBLE CHEMICAL SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID PRIORITY POLLUTANTS AB Studies are described in which ethyl benzene (EB) was tested to determine its acute toxicity to three marine organisms, Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia), mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia), and diatoms (Skeletonema costatum), and to one freshwater algae (Selenastrum capricornutum). The respective 96-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) values and 95% confidence intervals for EB in the flow-through studies with fish and mysid shrimp were 5.1 (4.4-5.7) mg/liter and 2.6 (2.0-3.3) mg/liter. While the 96-hr median effective concentrations (EC50's) for growth inhibition and 95% confidence intervals for the static studies with diatoms and algae were 7.7 (5.9-10.0) mg/liter and 3.6 (1.7-7.6) mg/liter, respectively. Problems were encountered in all four studies as a result of the high volatility and poor water solubility of EB in water and an apparent ''salting out'' effect noted in seawater. This effect was found particularly true in the diatom and algae studies where the salinity was increased with the addition of culture medium. Measures are described which were used to overcome this stability problem with EB. These included sealing the test systems tight without any air spaces to prevent the collection of EB vapors. Also, increased mixing of EB in the test solutions was found to be essential in the flow-through studies to maintain stable levels. In the case of the diatom and algal studies, since current EPA test guidelines were judged to be inadequate to overcome EB volatility from the test medium, a new closed test system had to be developed and employed, after validation with a nonvolatile reference toxicant in the new and conventional static test systems. The results of these studies indicate that previous reports underestimated the potential acute aquatic toxicity of EB by at least one order of magnitude. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the potential environmental impact of EB and the resultant regulatory actions. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 ENSECO INC,ENSECO MARBLEHEAD LAB,MARBLEHEAD,MA 01945. US EPA,TSCA,INTERAGCY TESTING COMM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP MASTEN, LW (reprint author), ARCO CHEM CO,TOXICOL & REGULATORY COMPLIANCE,16 CAMPUS BLVD,NEWTOWN SQ,PA 19073, USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD APR PY 1994 VL 27 IS 3 BP 335 EP 348 DI 10.1006/eesa.1994.1027 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NL882 UT WOS:A1994NL88200009 PM 7519552 ER PT J AU WOODRUFF, T WOLFF, MS DAVIS, DL HAYWARD, D AF WOODRUFF, T WOLFF, MS DAVIS, DL HAYWARD, D TI ORGANOCHLORINE EXPOSURE ESTIMATION IN THE STUDY OF CANCER ETIOLOGY SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE; BREAST-CANCER; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SERUM; PESTICIDES; LIPIDS; DDT; DIBENZOFURANS; HYDROCARBONS; CHEMICALS AB This paper discusses sampling and design considerations relevant to the estimation of exposure to organochlorine compounds in epidemiological studies. We consider exposures measured directly via biomarkers of exposure in the body. It is critical for the design, implementation, and evaluation of studies that epidemiologists and biostatisticians be familiar with methodological issues relevant to the direct measure of exposure. Etiologic, toxicokinetic, quality control and quality assurance, and statistical sampling are discussed. Finally, the limitations of these studies and the need for complete reporting of methods are discussed. (C) 1994 Academic Press,Inc. C1 CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED,NEW YORK,NY 10029. US DEPT HHS,OFF ASSISTANT SECRETARY HLTH,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. US FDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. RP WOODRUFF, T (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 41 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD APR PY 1994 VL 65 IS 1 BP 132 EP 144 DI 10.1006/enrs.1994.1026 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA NH586 UT WOS:A1994NH58600010 PM 8162880 ER PT J AU RICHARDSON, SD THRUSTON, AD COLLETTE, TW PATTERSON, KS LYKINS, BW MAJETICH, G ZHANG, Y AF RICHARDSON, SD THRUSTON, AD COLLETTE, TW PATTERSON, KS LYKINS, BW MAJETICH, G ZHANG, Y TI MULTISPECTRAL IDENTIFICATION OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING-WATER SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BY-PRODUCTS; CONTAMINANTS AB This paper discusses the identification of organic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) at a pilot plant in Evansville, IN, which uses chlorine dioxide as a primary disinfectant. Unconventional multispectral identification techniques (gas chromatography combined with high- and low-resolution electron-impact mass spectrometry, low-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) were used to identify more than 40 DBPs in finished water at a chlorine dioxide pilot plant in Evansville, IN. Treatment variations included the use of liquid versus gaseous chlorine dioxide and the use of residual chlorine. Among the more unusual compounds identified were a:series of maleic anhydrides, which are believed to have been formed from maleic acids during the extraction and concentration process, and halopropanones. C1 US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP RICHARDSON, SD (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 22 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 4 BP 592 EP 599 DI 10.1021/es00053a010 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ND550 UT WOS:A1994ND55000014 PM 22196540 ER PT J AU BURGESS, RM MORRISON, GE AF BURGESS, RM MORRISON, GE TI A SHORT-EXPOSURE, SUBLETHAL, SEDIMENT TOXICITY TEST USING THE MARINE BIVALVE MULINIA-LATERALIS - STATISTICAL DESIGN AND COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SEDIMENT TOXICITY METHOD; SUBLETHAL END POINT; ORGANISM CULTURE; STATISTICAL DESIGN; COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY ID URCHIN LYTECHINUS-PICTUS; SHORT-TERM; GROWTH AB Over the last 10 years a great deal of research effort has concentrated on determining the effects of contaminated sediments on aquatic organisms. For marine systems, this effort has emphasized acute sediment toxicity tests using amphipods, although a variety of other end points and species have been used. Another candidate species for marine, solid-phase, sublethal sediment toxicity testing is the bivalve Mulinia lateralis. Useful attributes of this euryhaline bivalve include a wide geographic distribution (along the North American Atlantic coast from Prince Edward Island to the Gulf of Mexico), easy lab culture, and amenability to toxicity testing applications (end points are mortality and growth [milligrams per organism dry weight]). Detailed in this paper are organism selection and culture, establishment of statistical design, and an estimate of organism mortality and sublethal response variability. Results of Mulinia lateralis toxicity tests with 65 contaminated sediments from eight sites are reported, as well as results of comparative toxicity tests using two amphipod species, Ampelisca abdita and Eohaustorius estuarius. Analysis of statistical power indicates treatment weight and survival responses that are 25% different from the site control responses can be detected with a probability of 95%. Results of comparative toxicity tests illustrate that although Mulinia lateralis and amphipod acute end points are relatively similar in sensitivity, utilization of the Mulinia lateralis sublethal growth end point greatly increases test sensitivity. This paper describes a new marine sediment toxicity test that complements the existing suite of marine sediment toxicity assessment techniques. RP BURGESS, RM (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 52 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1994 VL 13 IS 4 BP 571 EP 580 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NB182 UT WOS:A1994NB18200005 ER PT J AU ANKLEY, GT CALL, DJ COX, JS KAHL, MD HOKE, RA KOSIAN, PA AF ANKLEY, GT CALL, DJ COX, JS KAHL, MD HOKE, RA KOSIAN, PA TI ORGANIC-CARBON PARTITIONING AS A BASIS FOR PREDICTING THE TOXICITY OF CHLORPYRIFOS IN SEDIMENTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CHLORPYRIFOS; ORGANIC CARBON; PARTITIONING; TOXICITY; CHIRONOMUS-TENTANS ID QUALITY CRITERIA; CHEMICALS; WATER AB The objective of this study was to evaluate an organic carbon partitioning model for predicting bioavailability of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos in sediments, in support of the development of a sediment-quality criterion for the pesticide. Initial 10-d water-only toxicity tests were conducted with the midge Chironomus tentans to define the sensitivity of this species to chlorpyrifos. Two uncontaminated sediments with differing organic carbon contents (approximately 3 and 8.5%) were spiked with varying amounts of chlorpyrifos designed to result in equilibrium interstitial (pore) water concentrations that would bracket the effects concentrations observed in the water-only exposures. Ten-day toxicity tests with Chironomus tentans were conducted with the spiked sediments under conditions similar to those in the water-only exposure. Based on predicted pore-water concentrations of chlorpyrifos, results of the water-only and sediment tests were in close agreement. The water-only LC50 of chlorpyrifos to Chironomus tentans was 70 ng/L, whereas LC50 values based on predicted pore-water concentrations in the two test sediments were 40 and 70 ng/L. Total concentrations of chlorpyrifos measured in pore water from the test sediments were always at least an order of magnitude greater than predicted pore-water concentrations of the pesticide. However, upon correction for that fraction of the measured chlorpyrifos potentially bound to DOC in the pore water, measured and predicted chlorpyrifos concentrations were in much closer agreement, with the former typically about threefold greater than the latter. Overall, these results suggest that within the range of organic carbon tested in the present study, an equilibrium partitioning model based on organic carbon is appropriate for predicting the bioavailability of sediment-associated chlorpyrifos to benthic invertebrates. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN SUPER,LAKE SUPER RES INST,SUPERIOR,WI 54880. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,HACKENSACK,NJ 07601. RP ANKLEY, GT (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 22 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 14 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1994 VL 13 IS 4 BP 621 EP 626 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[621:OCPAAB]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NB182 UT WOS:A1994NB18200011 ER PT J AU ANKLEY, GT BENOIT, DA BALOGH, JC REYNOLDSON, TB DAY, KE HOKE, RA AF ANKLEY, GT BENOIT, DA BALOGH, JC REYNOLDSON, TB DAY, KE HOKE, RA TI EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL CONFOUNDING FACTORS IN SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS WITH 3 FRESH-WATER BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SEDIMENT; TOXICITY TEST; BIAS; FRESH WATER; INVERTEBRATES ID HYALELLA-AZTECA; ASSOCIATIONS; AMPHIPODA AB We examined the effects of natural sediment physicochemical properties on the results of lab tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the midge Chironomus tentans, and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Ten-day exposures with the three species were conducted with 50 uncontaminated sediment samples from Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior, and Ontario, which differed markedly with regard to characteristics such as grain-size distribution, organic carbon content, and mineralogical composition. Tests were conducted both with and without the addition of exogenous food. Survival of Hyalella azteca, survival and growth of Chironomus tentans, and survival/reproduction and growth of Lumbriculus variegatus were significantly greater in tests in which the animals were fed vs. those in which they were not. Approximately 10% of the tests in which Hyalella azteca was not fed and 80% of tests in which the amphipods were fed resulted in >80% survival, a common criterion for defining the acceptability of tests with Hyalella azteca in clean control sediments. Similarly, a relatively high percentage of the tests in which Chironomus tentans was not fed would have failed a control survival criterion of 70% for the midge. Hence, there is significant potential for false positive results if Hyalella azteca or Chironomus tentans is not fed during sediment tests. Predictive modeling of the assay results in relationship to sediment physicochemical characteristics failed to reveal any additional factors that influenced survival of Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans, or reproduction and growth of Lumbriculus variegatus in tests in which the organisms were fed. However, linear modeling did suggest that growth of fed as well as unfed Chironomus tentans may have been influenced by grain-size distribution of the test sediments. C1 SPECTRUM RES INC,DULUTH,MN 55804. NATL WATER RES INST BRANCH,BURLINGTON L7R 4A6,ON,CANADA. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,HACKENSACK,NJ 07601. RP ANKLEY, GT (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 49 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1994 VL 13 IS 4 BP 627 EP 635 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[627:EOPCFI]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NB182 UT WOS:A1994NB18200012 ER PT J AU MAYER, FL KRAUSE, GF BUCKLER, DR ELLERSIECK, MR LEE, GH AF MAYER, FL KRAUSE, GF BUCKLER, DR ELLERSIECK, MR LEE, GH TI PREDICTING CHRONIC LETHALITY OF CHEMICALS TO FISHES FROM ACUTE TOXICITY TEST DATA - CONCEPTS AND LINEAR-REGRESSION ANALYSIS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PREDICTION; CHRONIC TOXICITY; FISHES; LETHALITY; GROWTH ID EARLY LIFE STAGES; FATHEAD MINNOW; ENDPOINTS AB A comprehensive approach to predicting chronic lethality from acute toxicity data was developed in which simultaneous consideration is given to concentration, degree of response, and time course of effect. A consistent end point (lethality) and degree of response (0%) were used to compare acute and chronic tests. Predicted NOECs were highly accurate 84 to 92% of the time (within a factor of 2.0 of the limits of the maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations for lethality) and did not vary by more than a factor of 3.6 97% of the time when the technique was applied to a database of 18 chemicals and seven fish species. Growth effects can be predicted from chronic lethality, but reproductive or other chronic effects should not. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,AGR EXPTL STN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP MAYER, FL (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 58 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1994 VL 13 IS 4 BP 671 EP 678 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[671:PCLOCT]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NB182 UT WOS:A1994NB18200018 ER PT J AU PERCIASEPE, R AF PERCIASEPE, R TI EPAS WATERSHED APPROACH TO ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material RP PERCIASEPE, R (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD APR PY 1994 VL 19 IS 4 BP 4 EP & PG 0 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ND922 UT WOS:A1994ND92200001 ER PT J AU WHITBY, KE COLLINS, TFX WELSH, JJ BLACK, TN FLYNN, T SHACKELFORD, M WARE, SE ODONNELL, MW SUNDARESAN, PR AF WHITBY, KE COLLINS, TFX WELSH, JJ BLACK, TN FLYNN, T SHACKELFORD, M WARE, SE ODONNELL, MW SUNDARESAN, PR TI DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL AND VITAMIN-A SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; RETINOIC ACID; RAT; IDENTIFICATION; POTENTIATION; INGESTION; GESTATION; UPDATE AB The potential for ethanol (EtOH) to influence the developmental toxicity of vitamin A was investigated. 11 groups of approximately 31 FDA-bred Osborne-Mendel rats received either a control or isocaloric 6.4% EtOH liquid diet (containing 4000 IU vitamin A/litre) ad lib. The vehicle control, EtOH and pair-fed (pair-fed against the EtOH group) groups received corn oil (the vehicle) by gavage. Vitamin A was administered by gavage without EtOH at 40,000, 80,000, 120,000 or 160,000 IU/kg daily. Vitamin A was administered by gavage at 10,000, 20,000, 40,000 or 80,000IU/kg with EtOH ad lib., daily throughout the study. Combined EtOH and vitamin A resulted in significant reductions in maternal diet consumption and body weight when doses of vitamin A were as low as 10,000 IU/kg. The most severe effects on overall (days 0-20) maternal body weight gain were observed in the groups receiving 120,000 or 160,000 IU vitamin A/kg alone or EtOH in combination with 80,000 IU vitamin A/kg. The overall diet consumption (days 0-20) paralleled the overall weight gain. In general, pups exposed to ethanol and vitamin A had a tendency to weigh less than those exposed to vitamin A alone, but to weigh more than those exposed to EtOH alone. EtOH combined with vitamin A at 80,000 IU/kg resulted in an increased incidence of cleft palate relative to the vehicle control or either treatment alone. The incidence of exencephaly and protruding tongue was significantly greater in the group given vitamin A at 160,000 IU/kg, compared with the vehicle control group. The most consistent statistically significant skeletal finding in the groups receiving combined treatment was a treatment-related increased incidence of supernumerary ribs [14th rib (C7), 14th rib bud (L1) and 15 ribs]. In addition, the incidence of misshapen zygomatic arch was also significantly increased in the group exposed to EtOH and vitamin A at 80,000 IU/kg. The incidence of moderately enlarged renal pelvis and severely enlarged ureter proximal to the kidney was increased in the group exposed to EtOH and vitamin A at 80,000 IU/kg relative to the vehicle control, or either treatment alone. Therefore, for some of the endpoints examined in this investigation, it would appear that ethanol potentiates the developmental effects of vitamin A. C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP WHITBY, KE (reprint author), US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,200 C ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20204, USA. OI Flynn, Thomas/0000-0002-7248-0643 NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 32 IS 4 BP 305 EP 320 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90069-8 PG 16 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA NQ428 UT WOS:A1994NQ42800002 PM 8206426 ER PT J AU LASKEY, JW KELCE, WR KLINEFELTER, GR GRAY, LE EWING, LL AF LASKEY, JW KELCE, WR KLINEFELTER, GR GRAY, LE EWING, LL TI DISTRIBUTION OF [C-14] ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE IN IMMATURE AND ADULT MALE-RATS FOLLOWING AN ACUTE EXPOSURE SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; LEYDIG-CELLS; ETHYLENE-DIMETHANESULFONATE; SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION; INTERSTITIAL-TISSUE; GLUTATHIONE; REGENERATION; TRANSFERASES; METABOLISM; AGENTS AB In the adult rat, ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS) reduces testosterone (T) production by killing Leydig cells. Studies have also shown that acute EDS administration produces transient infertility and epididymal effects. Although these later effects were believed to be indirect results of the reduced Leydig cell T production, it was recently found that the epididymal effects were partially a direct result of in vivo EDS treatment. In contrast to the Leydig cells of the adult rat, immature Leydig cells are affected by EDS only at doses four- to sixfold higher than those that affect mature Leydig cells. In fact, the Leydig cells of the adult rat seem to be uniquely susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of EDS. Steroidogenesis in other organs, like the adrenal and ovary, are unaffected in vivo at doses that eliminate T production in males. In addition, studies have shown that doses of EDS that kill Leydig cells in vitro, isolated from the testes of adult rats, have no effect on similarly exposed hepatocytes. Hence, it was the objective of this study to describe the distribution and temporal fate of EDS in target (testes and epididymides) and nontarget tissues in immature and adult male rats and to determine if this information would explain either the age- or tissue-related susceptibility to EDS. We have concluded from this study that tissue distribution, integrated in vivo EDS dose, and differences in EDS metabolism are not the only factors contributing to the difference in sensitivity. The information collected in this study will enable us to use in vitro EDS concentrations for examination of the mechanism of action at doses relevant to those produced in vivo. (C) 1994 Society of Toxicology. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT POPULAT DYNAM,DIV REPROD BIOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. RP LASKEY, JW (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 22 IS 3 BP 319 EP 327 DI 10.1006/faat.1994.1038 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NG988 UT WOS:A1994NG98800001 PM 8050628 ER PT J AU LINDER, RE KLINEFELTER, GR STRADER, LF SUAREZ, JD DYER, CJ AF LINDER, RE KLINEFELTER, GR STRADER, LF SUAREZ, JD DYER, CJ TI ACUTE SPERMATOGENIC EFFECTS OF BROMOACETIC ACIDS SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; RAT; DICHLOROACETATE; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; SODIUM; CYCLE AB Chlorine and bromine can react with natural organic substances in source waters to form haloacetic acids, major disinfection by-products of water chlorination. Several toxic effects including testicular damage have been attributed to the chloroacetic acids but little information is available on the bromine analogues. In this report we present the results of acute toxicity and acute spermatotoxicity studies of monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) and dibromoacetic acid (DBAA). In adult male rats the acute oral toxicity of MBAA was 10-fold that of DBAA (LD50 177 vs 1737 mg/kg). No reproductive-related endpoints were affected in rats given a single dose of 100 mg MBAA/kg or 14 daily doses of 25 mg MBAA/kg/day. In rats dosed with DBAA, serum testosterone fell to 17% of control 2 days after a single dose of 1250 mg/kg but returned to control levels by Day 14. Marked effects on sperm motion were seen on post-treatment Days 14 and 28. Degenerative flagellar changes in cauda sperm were present on Day 14 while abnormal sperm head shapes and flagellar degeneration were observed in both caput and cauda sperm on Day 28. Histopathology indicated altered spermiation at all timepoints as evidenced by retention of Step 19 spermatids beyond Stage VIII of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Disorganization, distortion, and degeneration of late spermatids were also observed. On Day 14 structures resembling residual bodies were rarely seen in the testis but were numerous in the epididymis. Caput sperm counts were decreased on Day 2 and cauda sperm counts were decreased on Days 14 and 28. The data indicate that DBAA is a testicular toxicant in the rat with late and elongating spermatids being particularly susceptible germinal cells. (C) 1994 Society of Toxicology. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TOXICOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP LINDER, RE (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 29 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 22 IS 3 BP 422 EP 430 DI 10.1006/faat.1994.1048 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NG988 UT WOS:A1994NG98800011 PM 8050637 ER PT J AU COOPER, RL BARRETT, MA GOLDMAN, JM REHNBERG, GR MCELROY, WK STOKER, TE AF COOPER, RL BARRETT, MA GOLDMAN, JM REHNBERG, GR MCELROY, WK STOKER, TE TI PREGNANCY ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING XENOBIOTIC-INDUCED DELAYS IN OVULATION IN THE FEMALE RAT SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Note ID FOLLICLES; ATRESIA; CHLORDIMEFORM; ESTRADIOL; HAMSTER; MODEL AB Chlordimeform [N'-(4-chloro-o-tolyl)-N,N-dimethylformamidine] has been shown to cause a 1-day delay in the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) in ovariectomized, steroid-primed female rats, presumably through its ability to block CNS alpha-noradrenergic receptors and consequently CNS regulation of anterior pituitary function. In the present study, we determined whether a chlordimeform-induced delay in the ovulatory surge of LH would alter pregnancy outcome in intact females. Chlordimeform (50 mg/kg) or sodium pentobarbital (35 mg/kg), as a positive control, was administered in order to delay ovulation 24 (1-day delay) or 48 hr (2-day delay). Females were then housed with proven fertile males on the evening of proestrus (0-day delay group), the following evening (1-day delay group), or the evening after that (2-day delay group). The number of receptive females in each group, the mean lordosis quotient, and the number of sperm-positive females in each group were recorded. All females were killed oh Gestation Day 20. The number of pregnant females in the 1- or 2-day delay groups was reduced with both chlordimeform and pentobarbital. Also, delaying ovulation for 1 or 2 days with either compound resulted in a significant reduction in the number of live pups present on Gestation Day 20 and a decrease in the number of implantation sites. Litter size was not affected if the females were mated on the same day that treatment was administered (0-day delay). Pentobarbital did not alter the proportion of females showing sexual behavior or the mean lordosis quotient in the 0- and 1-day delay groups, although fewer 1-day females were sperm positive. The number of sexually active and sperm-positive females was reduced in the 2-day pentobarbital-delayed group. However, the lordosis quotient of those that were sexually active was not different than that of control. Similarly, in CDF-treated groups, the proportion of females showing sexual activity was reduced in the 0- and 2-day delayed groups. In contrast, sexual behavior was lower in the 0-day delayed females when tested 2 hr after lights out. These females did eventually mate, however, as confirmed by the high incidence of sperm positive smears the following morning. The number of sperm positive females was lower in both the 1- and 2-day chlordimeform-induced delay groups. Thus, brief exposures to compounds such as formamidine pesticide chlordimeform will result in not only a delay in breeding but, more importantly, a significant reduction in litter size. (C) 1994 Society of Toxicology. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP COOPER, RL (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 31 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 22 IS 3 BP 474 EP 480 DI 10.1006/faat.1994.1053 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NG988 UT WOS:A1994NG98800016 PM 8050642 ER PT J AU HEIZER, WD SANDLER, RS SEAL, E MURRAY, SC BUSBY, M SCHLIEBE, B PUSEK, S AF HEIZER, WD SANDLER, RS SEAL, E MURRAY, SC BUSBY, M SCHLIEBE, B PUSEK, S TI INTESTINAL EFFECTS OF SULFATE IN DRINKING-WATER ON NORMAL HUMAN-SUBJECTS SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DIV DIGEST DIS & NUTR,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR GASTROINTESTINAL BIOL & DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,CLIN RES BRANCH,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 1994 VL 106 IS 4 SU S BP A237 EP A237 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA NH909 UT WOS:A1994NH90900938 ER PT J AU PRICE, JG RIGBY, JG CHRISTENSEN, L HESS, R LAPOINTE, DD RAMELLI, AR DESILETS, M HOPPER, RD KLUESNER, T MARSHALL, S AF PRICE, JG RIGBY, JG CHRISTENSEN, L HESS, R LAPOINTE, DD RAMELLI, AR DESILETS, M HOPPER, RD KLUESNER, T MARSHALL, S TI RADON IN OUTDOOR AIR IN NEVADA SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE RADON; AIR SAMPLING; SOIL; GEOLOGY AB Measurements of radon at 50 sites with varying geology indicate that outdoor air in Nevada is comparable to that measured nationwide by Hopper et al. (1991). The statewide median of 15 Bq m-3 (0.4 pCi L-1) is essentially the same as the nationwide median. The range is considerable: from 2.6-52 Bq m-3 (0.07-1.40 pCi L-1). Variations in these measurements can generally be correlated with different concentrations of radon in soils and uranium and its progeny in rocks. Silica-rich igneous rocks (rhyolites and granites) appear to be the main sources of high levels of radon in outdoor air in Nevada. Concentrations of radon in outdoor air generally correlate with levels of radon in soil gas. Measurements taken from heights of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 m above the ground suggest that radon in outdoor air reflects the local geology throughout this range of heights. Towns for which >20% of the homes have indoor-air radon concentrations >48 Bq m-3 (4 pCi L-1) generally have relatively high soil-gas radon, relatively high outdoor-air radon, or both. C1 US EPA, LAS VEGAS, NV 89119 USA. UNIV NEVADA, NEVADA BUR MINES & GEOL, RENO, NV 89557 USA. NEVADA DIV HLTH, RADIOL HLTH SECT, CARSON CITY, NV 89710 USA. RP PRICE, JG (reprint author), NATL RES COUNCIL, BOARD EARTH SCI & RESOURCES, HA372, 2001 WISCONSIN AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20007 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD APR PY 1994 VL 66 IS 4 BP 433 EP 438 DI 10.1097/00004032-199404000-00009 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA NC101 UT WOS:A1994NC10100010 PM 8138410 ER PT J AU KIM, CS FISHER, DM LUTZ, DJ GERRITY, TR AF KIM, CS FISHER, DM LUTZ, DJ GERRITY, TR TI PARTICLE DEPOSITION IN BIFURCATING AIRWAY MODELS WITH VARYING AIRWAY GEOMETRY SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INERTIAL DEPOSITION; INHALED PARTICLES; CROSS-SECTION; BENDS; FLOW AB Local deposition efficiencies and deposition patterns of aerosol particles were studied experimentally in single bifurcation tube models with varying geometry. The diameter ratio (DR) of the daughter to parent tube was varied from 0.64 to 1.0 and a local obstruction was also imposed in some of the models. Monodispersed oil particles (size range = 3-7 mum dia.) tagged with uranine were generated as test aerosols and were drawn through the model at flow rates corresponding to Reynolds number (Re) of 283-3397. It was found that deposition of particles took place mainly on and in the immediate vicinity of the bifurcation ridge for Stokes number (Stk) greater-than-or-equal-to 0.03 regardless of tube geometries used. Deposition efficiency (DE) in the bifurcation region increased with increasing Stk but did not change with branching angles between 30-degrees and 45-degrees. The diameter ratio showed only a minor effect on DE. The results suggest that Stk may be the single most important factor for particle deposition in the bifurcating airways in the inertial regime. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP KIM, CS (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD APR PY 1994 VL 25 IS 3 BP 567 EP 581 DI 10.1016/0021-8502(94)90072-8 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NQ279 UT WOS:A1994NQ27900011 ER PT J AU AINLEY, DG RIBIC, CA FRASER, WR AF AINLEY, DG RIBIC, CA FRASER, WR TI ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AMONG MIGRANT AND RESIDENT SEABIRDS OF THE SCOTIA-WEDDELL CONFLUENCE REGION SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HABITAT EXPANSION; HABITAT PREFERENCE; RESIDENT AND MIGRATORY AVIFAUNAS; ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE; ANTARCTIC PELAGIC SEABIRDS ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ANTARCTICA; ABUNDANCE; WATERS; OCEAN; SEA; GROWTH; KRILL; BIRDS; ZONE AB 1. We quantitatively assess seasonal changes in community structure and habitat selection among seabirds in the Scotia-Weddell Confluence region, Antarctica. Additionally, we discuss the biological and physical factors underlying the patterns. Data were derived from strip-transects on closely-coordinated multidisciplinary cruises that characterized the physics and biology during spring 1983, autumn 1986 and winter 1988. 2. We describe for the first time ever for the Southern Ocean seasonal changes in seabird communities in terms of composition, using cluster analysis, as well as relative density and diversity among species. Sea-surface temperature, distance to the pack ice edge and ice type, all physical characteristics of habitat, were the most important environmental variables that affected assemblage composition. We identified three recurrent assemblages of species. One persistent assemblage, present year round, was associated with the pack ice; another was associated with open waters immediately adjacent to the ice; and a third was a far-from-ice assemblage. Only the two open-water assemblages changed markedly on a seasonal basis. 3. Close similarity of patterns in the spring 1983 data with those collected during spring 1976 in the Ross Sea, on the other side of Antarctica, supported our contention that we were comparing seasonal and not interannual differences in community structure. 4. In spite of a major reduction in the number and density of species in the open-water assemblages during winter, the pack-ice assemblage exhibited no habitat expansion, which might be expected if competition affected community structure and habitat selection. The pack ice, in contrast to the adjacent open water, is a habitat in which food is abundantly available year round for an assemblage of species specialized to exploit the opportunities present. Unspecialized species vacate the region when food becomes sparse. C1 US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RP POINT REYES BIRD OBSERV, STINSON BEACH, CA 94970 USA. NR 63 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8790 EI 1365-2656 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 63 IS 2 BP 347 EP 364 DI 10.2307/5553 PG 18 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA MZ057 UT WOS:A1994MZ05700012 ER PT J AU BENIGNUS, VA HAZUCHA, MJ SMITH, MV BROMBERG, PA AF BENIGNUS, VA HAZUCHA, MJ SMITH, MV BROMBERG, PA TI PREDICTION OF CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN FORMATION DUE TO TRANSIENT EXPOSURE TO CARBON-MONOXIDE SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CARBON MONOXIDE; CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN; ARTERIAL CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN; VENOUS CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN; ARTERIOVENOUS CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN DIFFERENCE ID CARBON-MONOXIDE AB Fifteen men were exposed to 6,683 ppm (CO)-O-18 for 3.09-6.65 min. Arterial and antecubital vein blood samples were drawn at 1-min intervals beginning at the start of (CO)-O-18 inhalation and ending 10 min later. Simultaneously, alveolar ventilation was calculated from the measured values of minute ventilation and dead space. All other parameters of the Coburn-Forster-Kane equation (CFKE), except the Haldane affinity ratio, were measured separately in each subject. Means of CFKE predictions of increases in venous HbCO (Delta HbCO) in samples collected similar to 2 min after cessation of exposure were accurate, but the range in errors of prediction for individual subjects was +/- 3.8% HbCO, depending on the time after exposure cessation. Increases in venous and arterial HbCO were inaccurately predicted during and immediately after HbCO formation, however. Venous blood was overestimated during CO uptake because of a delayed appearance of HbCO. Individual subjects differed markedly in the degree of delay of HbCO appearance in venous blood. Arterial Delta HbCO was consistently underestimated either by the CFKE or by predictions based on venous blood samples. Thus, exposure of such organs as brain or heart to HbCO may be substantially higher than expected during transient high-level CO exposure. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP BENIGNUS, VA (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,MAIL DROP 58,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 19 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 76 IS 4 BP 1739 EP 1745 PG 7 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA NG707 UT WOS:A1994NG70700048 PM 8045854 ER PT J AU FARLAND, W BAYARD, S JINOT, J AF FARLAND, W BAYARD, S JINOT, J TI ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE - A PUBLIC-HEALTH CONSPIRACY - A DISSENTING VIEW SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article RP FARLAND, W (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 47 IS 4 BP 335 EP 337 DI 10.1016/0895-4356(94)90153-8 PG 3 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA NG685 UT WOS:A1994NG68500002 PM 7730858 ER PT J AU JINOT, J BAYARD, S AF JINOT, J BAYARD, S TI RESPIRATORY HEALTH-EFFECTS OF PASSIVE SMOKING - EPAS WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE ANALYSIS SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE; PASSIVE SMOKING; LUNG CANCER; RESPIRATORY EFFECTS; SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME; ASTHMA ID ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; LUNG-CANCER RISK; NONSMOKING WOMEN; URINARY COTININE; EXPOSURE; CONDENSATE; CHILDREN; ASTHMA; RATS AB After an extensive review and assessment of the scientific evidence on the respiratory health effects of passive smoking, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has determined that the widespread exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the United States presents a serious and substantial public health impact. The Environmental Protection Agency concluded that environmental tobacco smoke causes lung cancer in adult nonsmokers and increases the risk for a variety of noncancer respiratory disorders, especially in children. This article reviews evidence presented in the Environmental Protection Agency's 1992 report on the respiratory health effects of passive smoking and responds to critical allegations levied by Gio Gori in his article ''Science, policy, and ethics: the case of environmental tobacco smoke'', appearing in the same issue of this journal. Several recent studies appearing since the cutoff date for inclusion in the EPA report are also discussed. RP JINOT, J (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 55 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 47 IS 4 BP 339 EP 349 DI 10.1016/0895-4356(94)90154-6 PG 11 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA NG685 UT WOS:A1994NG68500003 PM 7730859 ER PT J AU ABBOTT, BD MCNABB, FMA LAU, C AF ABBOTT, BD MCNABB, FMA LAU, C TI GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYONIC MOUSE SECONDARY PALATE SO JOURNAL OF CRANIOFACIAL GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GLUCOCORTICOID; PALATAL; EMBRYO; STEROID RECEPTOR ID INDUCED CLEFT-PALATE; MESSENGER-RNA; RAT; DEXAMETHASONE; MECHANISM; STRAINS; MICE AB The role of glucocorticoids and their interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) during embryonic growth and development has been a topic of interest and research for many years. Glucocorticoids are known to be teratogenic, and administration of these compounds during pregnancy produces cleft palate in the offspring. In the mouse, induction of cleft palate correlates with the level of palatal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. However, the specific patterns of GR expression during critical stages of palatal morphogenesis remain to be examined. In the present study, GR expression was evaluated in the developing palates of C57BL/6N mouse embryos on gestation days (GD) 12, 13, 14, and 15 by both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. On GD 12, GR mRNA was locally expressed in the region of palatal shelf outgrowth in both mesenchymal and epithelial cells, and GR was expressed uniformly throughout the developing shelf. A similar pattern of distribution occurred on GD 13 as the shelf became larger and elevated. By GD 14, GR was regionally expressed with higher levels in epithelial cells relative to mesenchyme. Chondrogenic regions strongly expressed GR. In different regions of oral and nasal epithelia localized patterns of expression were noted and may be related to differentiated state. Correspondingly, GR mRNA was expressed in epithelia and became regional in mesenchyme with abundant mRNA in regions of bone formation. On GD 15, oral and nasal epithelial cells showed mRNA, but mesenchymal levels were low except for chondrogenic regions. This pattern correlated with immunohistochemical localization of GR on GD 15. During palatogenesis the expression of mRNA correlated with immunodetectable GR peptide. GR localized initially within regions of active morphogenesis and subsequently within differentiating cells. This specificity of spatial and temporal expression supports the idea that GR is involved in regulation of regional growth and differentiation during palatogenesis. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP ABBOTT, BD (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL MD 67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0270-4145 J9 J CRAN GENET DEV BIO JI J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. PD APR-JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 2 BP 87 EP 96 PG 10 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA NN746 UT WOS:A1994NN74600002 PM 8071426 ER PT J AU LINDSTROM, AB HIGHSMITH, VR BUCKLEY, TJ PATE, WJ MICHAEL, LC AF LINDSTROM, AB HIGHSMITH, VR BUCKLEY, TJ PATE, WJ MICHAEL, LC TI GASOLINE-CONTAMINATED GROUND-WATER AS A SOURCE OF RESIDENTIAL BENZENE EXPOSURE - A CASE-STUDY SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB In a private residence using gasoline-contaminated ground water (approximately 300 mug/l benzene), a series of experiments were performed to assess the potential benzene exposures that may occur in the shower stall, bathroom, master bedroom, and living room as a result of a single 20-min. shower. Integrated fixed site SUMMA(TM)-polished canister and Tenax GC(R) air samples were collected in the target microenvironments over 20, 60, and 240 min. periods. These results were compared with the long-term personal Tenax GC(R) samples (6 h) and grab samples collected with glass, gas-tight syringes at 0, 10, 18, 20, 25, 25.5, and 30 min. Maximum benzene concentrations occurred in the shower stall (758-1670 mug/m3) and bathroom (366-498 mug/m3) during and immediately after the shower. Inhalation exposures in the shower stall during the 20-min. shower were 2.1-4.9 times higher than corresponding 20-min. bathroom exposures. The total benzene dose resulting from the shower was estimated to be approximately 281 mug, with 40% via inhalation and 60% via the dermal pathway. This total is 2 to 3.5 times higher than the mean inhalation dose received during a concurrent 6 h occupation of the house. These results indicate that domestic use of gasoline-contaminated water can produce relatively high benzene exposures that vary significantly according to an individual's proximity to the water use zone. The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The entire experiment was reviewed and approved by the Research Triangle Institute Human Subjects Review Committee. RP LINDSTROM, AB (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD APR-JUN PY 1994 VL 4 IS 2 BP 183 EP 195 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA NY959 UT WOS:A1994NY95900005 PM 7549473 ER PT J AU SANDELLI, GJ TROCCIOLA, JC SPIEGEL, RJ AF SANDELLI, GJ TROCCIOLA, JC SPIEGEL, RJ TI LANDFILL GAS PRETREATMENT FOR FUEL-CELL APPLICATIONS SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Grove Fuel Cell Symposium: The Science, Engineering and Practice of Fuel Cells CY SEP 28-OCT 01, 1993 CL IMPERIAL COLL, LONDON, ENGLAND SP ELSEVIER SCI LTD HO IMPERIAL COLL AB The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed regulations [1] to control air emissions from municipal solid waste landfills. If these regulations are adopted, they would require waste methane mitigation in order to prevent emission into the atmosphere and reduce the effect on global warming. One potential use of the waste methane is in a device which produces energy, the fuel cell. This device would reduce air emissions affecting global warming, acid rain, and other health and environmental issues. By producing useable energy, it would also reduce our dependency on foreign oil. This paper discusses the US EPA program underway at International Fuel Cells Corporation to demonstrate landfill methane control, and the fuel cell energy recovery concept. In this program, two critical issues needed to be addressed: (i) a landfill gas cleanup method that would remove contaminants from the gas sufficient for fuel cell operation, and (ii) successful operation of a commercial fuel cell power plant on that lower-heating value waste methane gas. C1 US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP SANDELLI, GJ (reprint author), INT FUEL CELLS CORP,195 GOVERNORS HIGHWAY,S WINDSOR,CT 06074, USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE 1 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE 1, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD APR PY 1994 VL 49 IS 1-3 BP 143 EP 149 DI 10.1016/0378-7753(93)01805-R PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA NP061 UT WOS:A1994NP06100011 ER PT J AU FAIRBROTHER, A FIX, M OHARA, T RIBIC, CA AF FAIRBROTHER, A FIX, M OHARA, T RIBIC, CA TI IMPAIRMENT OF GROWTH AND IMMUNE FUNCTION OF AVOCET CHICKS FROM SITES WITH ELEVATED SELENIUM, ARSENIC, AND BORON SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE AVOCET; RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA; SELENIUM; ARSENIC; BORON; IMMUNOTOXICITY; MORPHOMETRICS ID AQUATIC BIRDS; CALIFORNIA AB Avocets (Recurvirostra americana) hatched from eggs collected from the south Central Valley of California (USA) were studied to determine the impact of elevated concentrations of selenium, arsenic, and boron on the immune system and growth to maturity. Corcoran ponds were the reference site with low selenium (1.2 ppb) and arsenic (29 ppb) (boron not measured). Westfarmers Pond had elevated concentrations of selenium (319 ppb), arsenic (127 ppb), and boron (109 ppm). Pryse ponds also had elevated selenium, arsenic, and boron concentrations (13.9 ppb, 1,100 ppb, and 29.4 ppm, respectively). Size at hatch was significantly reduced (P less than or equal to 0.05) in birds from Westfarmers and Pryse ponds. The growth rate was faster, but mean adult size was reduced in birds from Pryse ponds. Avocet chicks from Pryse and Westfarmers ponds exposed solely through in ovo transfer of these elements had significantly increased heterophil:lymphocyte ratios. The phagocytic activity of macrophages also was significantly reduced in these birds, and Pryse Pond birds had an increased proliferative ability of lymphocytes in the presence of concanavalin A, a T-cell mitogen. Avocet chicks (less than or equal to 5 wk old) were captured from the various ponds and the same morphometric and immune function measurements made. The birds that were most severely impacted by exposure to these compounds were those that were collected from Pryse ponds. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. UNIV WISCONSIN,COLL VET MED,MADISON,WI 53706. RP FAIRBROTHER, A (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 38 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1994 VL 30 IS 2 BP 222 EP 233 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NF994 UT WOS:A1994NF99400013 PM 8028107 ER PT J AU SINGH, A SINGH, AK FLATMAN, G AF SINGH, A SINGH, AK FLATMAN, G TI ESTIMATION OF BACKGROUND LEVELS OF CONTAMINANTS SO MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ROBUST M-ESTIMATORS; INFLUENCE FUNCTION; BACKGROUND ESTIMATION; ROBUST CONFIDENCE LIMITS; SEPARATION OF MIXED SAMPLE ID MIXTURE AB Samples from hazardous waste site investigations frequently come from two or more statistical populations. Assessment of ''background'' levels of contaminants can be a significant problem. This problem is being investigated al the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas. This paper describes a statistical approach for assessing background levels from a dataset. The elevated values that may be associated with a plume or contaminated area of the site are separated from lower values that are assumed to represent background levels. It would be desirable to separate the two populations either spatially by Kriging the data or chronologically by a time series analysis, provided an adequate number of samples were properly collected in space and/or time. Unfortunately, quite often the data are too few in number or too improperly designed to support either spatial or time series analysis. Regulations typically call for nothing more than the mean and standard deviation of the background distribution. This paper provides a robust probabilistic approach for gaining this information from poorly collected data that are not suitable for above-mentioned alternative approaches. We assume that the site has some areas unaffected by the industrial activity, and that a subset of the given sample is from this clean part of the site. We can think of this multivariate data set as coming from two or more populations: the background population, and the contaminated populations (with varying degrees of contamination). Using robust M-estimators, we develop a procedure to classify the sample into component populations. We derive robust simultaneous confidence ellipsoids to establish background contamination levels. Some simulated as well as real examples from Superfund site investigations are included to illustrate these procedures. The method presented here is quite general and is suitable for many geological and biological applications. C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154. UNIV NEVADA,DEPT MATH,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154. RP SINGH, A (reprint author), LOCKHEED ENVIRONM SYST & TECHNOL CO,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0882-8121 J9 MATH GEOL JI Math. Geol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 26 IS 3 BP 361 EP 388 DI 10.1007/BF02089229 PG 28 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA NU021 UT WOS:A1994NU02100004 ER PT J AU PALM, CJ DONEGAN, K HARRIS, D SEIDLER, RJ AF PALM, CJ DONEGAN, K HARRIS, D SEIDLER, RJ TI QUANTIFICATION IN SOIL OF BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS VAR KURSTAKI DELTA-ENDOTOXIN FROM TRANSGENIC PLANTS SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS TOXIN; SOIL; TRANSGENIC PLANTS ID RESISTANCE; TOBACCO AB Transgenic plants that produce pesticidal proteins have the potential to release these products into the environment when the plants are incorporated into soil. This could result in novel exposure of soil organisms to these pesticidal proteins. There is a lack of knowledge about the fate and persistence of transgenic pesticidal products in the soil. A model system of transgenic cotton, which produces Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki delta-endotoxin (Bt toxin), was used to address this issue. Methods were developed to quantify Btk toxin in soil and soil/plant litter by extraction of the Btk toxin with an aqueous buffer and quantification by ELISA. The highest recovery of Btk toxin from soil was obtained with a high salt, high pH buffer. In addition, for certain soil types, addition of a non-ionic detergent, Tween-20, was needed for optimal recovery. Recovery of Btk toxin from soil ranged from 60% for a low clay content, low organic matter soil to 27% for a high clay content, high organic matter soil. The limit of detection of this method is 0.5 ng of extractable toxin per g dry weight soil. The method was shown to be useful in tracking over time the persistence of both purified and transgenic Btk toxin in laboratory experiments. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 21 TC 96 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 3 IS 2 BP 145 EP 151 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00115.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA NJ856 UT WOS:A1994NJ85600007 ER PT J AU DEARFIELD, KL AF DEARFIELD, KL TI ETHYLENE THIOUREA (ETU) - A REVIEW OF THE GENETIC TOXICITY STUDIES SO MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ETHYLENE THIOUREA; GENETIC TOXICITY; REVIEW ID TOX PROGRAM; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS; DNA-SYNTHESIS; ASSAY; MUTAGENICITY; PESTICIDES; TRANSFORMATION; TOXICOLOGY; DROSOPHILA; VALIDATION AB Ethylene thiourea (ETU) is a common contaminant, metabolite and degradation product of the fungicide class of ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs); as such, they present possible exposure and toxicological concerns to exposed individuals. ETU has been assayed in many different tests to assess genotoxicity activity. While a great number of negative results are found in the data base, there is evidence that demonstrates ETU is capable of inducing genotoxic endpoints. These include responses for gene mutations (e.g. Salmonella), structural chromosomal alterations (e.g. aberrations in cultured mammalian cells as well as a dominant lethal assay) and other genotoxic effects (e.g. bacterial rec assay and several yeast assays). It is important to consider the magnitude of the positive responses as well as the concentrations/doses used when assessing the genotoxicity of ETU. While ETU induces a variety of genotoxic endpoints, it does not appear to be a potent genotoxic agent. For example, it is a weak bacterial mutagen in the Salmonella assay without activation in strain TA1535 at concentrations generally above 1000 mug/plate. Weak genotoxic activity of this sort is usually observed in most of the assays with positive results. Since ETU does not appear very potent and is not extremely toxic to test cells and organisms, it is not surprising to find that ETU does not produce consistent effects in many of the assays reviewed. Consequently, in many instances, mixed results for the same assay type are reported by different investigators, but as reviewed herein, these results may be dependent upon the test conditions in each individual laboratory. A primary shortcoming with many of the reported negative results is that the concentrations or doses used are not high enough for an adequate test for ETU activity. There are also problems with many of the negative assays generally in protocol or reporting, particularly with the in vivo studies (e.g. inappropriate sample number and/or sampling times; inadequate top dose employed). Overall, while ETU does not appear to be a potent genotoxic agent, it is capable of producing genotoxic effects (e.g. gene mutations, structural chromosomal aberrations). This provides a basis for weak genotoxic activity by ETU. Furthermore, based on a suggestive dominant lethal positive result, there may be a concern for heritable effects. Due to the many problems with the conduct and assessment of the in vivo assays, it is worth repeating in vivo cytogenetic assays and a dominant lethal assay (with acceptable test procedures and data generation) to determine if these results would continue to support a heritable mutagenicity concern. RP DEARFIELD, KL (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,DIV HLTH EFFECTS 7509C,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 106 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8262 J9 MUTAT RES PD APR PY 1994 VL 317 IS 2 BP 111 EP 132 DI 10.1016/0165-1110(94)90020-5 PG 22 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ND532 UT WOS:A1994ND53200002 PM 7511791 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, DL MARTONEN, TB AF JOHNSON, DL MARTONEN, TB TI PREDICTED AND OBSERVED BEHAVIOR OF PLATELET AEROSOLS SO PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITION; FIBERS; PARTICLES; DRAG AB A theory describing the aerodynamic behavior of triaxial particles was recently presented (D.L. Johnson and T.B. Martonen, Partic. Sci. and Technol. 12(2)). The formulation of particle motion was developed by regressing numerically predicted aerodynamic diameters on particle axial dimensions used in the numerical simulations, and provided an excellent fit (R(2) = 0.94) to geometric parameters. Aerodynamic diameters of cylindrical fibers calculated from the equation were within 5% of those calculated from Stober's well known empirical equation, which was obtained for asbestos fibers settling in the sheared flow environment of the spiral duct aerosol centrifuge. In the present work, the centrifugal spectrometer was used to characterize platelets, i.e. microcrystal particles of non-circular cross-section. The experimental data are used to evaluate the theory for such an extreme triaxial particle shape. Predicted behavior is shown to be in good agreement with observed behavior in this and other works. The theory, therefore, may have important applications to air cleaning equipment, aerosol classification instrumentation, inhalation toxicology and aerosol therapy. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP JOHNSON, DL (reprint author), UNIV OKLAHOMA,HLTH SCI CTR,COLL PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,POB 26901,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73190, USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0272-6351 J9 PARTICUL SCI TECHNOL JI Part. Sci. Technol. PD APR-JUN PY 1994 VL 12 IS 2 BP 149 EP 159 DI 10.1080/02726359408906647 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA PU625 UT WOS:A1994PU62500003 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, DL MARTONEN, TB AF JOHNSON, DL MARTONEN, TB TI BEHAVIOR OF INHALED FIBERS - POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS TO MEDICINAL AEROSOLS SO PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CROMOGLYCIC ACID; PARTICLES AB A mathematical simulation of the rotational behavior of triaxial ellipsoids in sheared fluid flow is used to evaluate the aerodynamic behavior of fibrous aerosols of circular and non-circular cross-section. A general equation is developed for the average aerodynamic diameter of rotating triaxial fibers, and predicted values are shown to agree with experimentally observed behavior. The aerodynamic properties of non-circular cross-section fibers are seen to differ significantly from those of circular fibers of equal length. The implications of these differences are discussed, with special emphasis on the potential for their exploitation in optimizing the targeted delivery of pharmaceutical agents via therapeutic aerosol treatments. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP JOHNSON, DL (reprint author), UNIV OKLAHOMA,HLTH SCI CTR,COLL PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,POB 26901,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73190, USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0272-6351 J9 PARTICUL SCI TECHNOL JI Part. Sci. Technol. PD APR-JUN PY 1994 VL 12 IS 2 BP 161 EP 173 DI 10.1080/02726359408906648 PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA PU625 UT WOS:A1994PU62500004 ER PT J AU MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y XUE, ZQ ZHANG, Z AF MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y XUE, ZQ ZHANG, Z TI MOTION OF AIR WITHIN THE HUMAN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE SO PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DEPOSITION; FIBROUS AEROSOL AB Knowledge of factors affecting the behavior and fate of inhaled particulate matter is of fundamental importance to the scientific disciplines of inhalation toxicology and aerosol therapy. Since particles are entrained and transported by airstreams, flow fields exert a great influence upon the deposition patterns of toxic substances and pharmacologic drugs within the human lung. In a series of independent works, (1-3)Martonen et al. have documented the effects of distinct morphological features of airways upon lung fluid dynamics. Herein, those systematic investigations are integrated into a cohesive view of the motion of inhaled air. As a direct result, improved surrogates of the human lung can be developed. Specifically, it is established that the following elements must be included in future experimental and theoretical models describing airway conditions and particle dosimetry: laryngeal effects, cartilaginous rings and carinal ridges. If these factors ace included such laboratory and mathematical models can become more physiologically realistic and be important components of future risk assessment and medical protocols. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MATH,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT MECH ENGN & APPL MECH,KINGSTON,RI 02881. RP MARTONEN, TB (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0272-6351 J9 PARTICUL SCI TECHNOL JI Part. Sci. Technol. PD APR-JUN PY 1994 VL 12 IS 2 BP 175 EP & DI 10.1080/02726359408906649 PG 0 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA PU625 UT WOS:A1994PU62500005 ER PT J AU MATTHIESSEN, C AF MATTHIESSEN, C TI AN OVERVIEW OF EPAS PROPOSED CHEMICAL ACCIDENT RELEASE PREVENTION PROGRAMS SO PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS LA English DT Article RP MATTHIESSEN, C (reprint author), US EPA,CHEM EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS & PREVENT OFF,401 M ST SW 5101,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 1066-8527 J9 PROCESS SAF PROG JI Process Saf. Prog. PD APR PY 1994 VL 13 IS 2 BP 61 EP 62 DI 10.1002/prs.680130205 PG 2 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA NH330 UT WOS:A1994NH33000003 ER PT J AU PUSKIN, JS AF PUSKIN, JS TI THE INVERSE DOSE-RATE EFFECT AND THE EXTRAPOLATION OF RADON RISK ESTIMATES FROM EXPOSURES OF MINERS TO LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURES IN HOMES SO RADIATION RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION; NEUTRONS RP PUSKIN, JS (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU RADIATION RESEARCH SOC PI OAK BROOK PA 2021 SPRING RD, STE 600, OAK BROOK, IL 60521 SN 0033-7587 J9 RADIAT RES JI Radiat. Res. PD APR PY 1994 VL 138 IS 1 BP 143 EP 144 DI 10.2307/3578859 PG 2 WC Biology; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA NE501 UT WOS:A1994NE50100020 PM 8146295 ER PT J AU LAI, DY BAETCKE, KP VU, VT COTRUVO, JA EUSTIS, SL AF LAI, DY BAETCKE, KP VU, VT COTRUVO, JA EUSTIS, SL TI EVALUATION OF REDUCED PROTOCOLS FOR CARCINOGENICITY TESTING OF CHEMICALS - REPORT OF A JOINT EPA/NIEHS WORKSHOP SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POTENCY DATABASE; ANIMAL BIOASSAYS; CHRONOLOGICAL SUPPLEMENT; RODENTS AB The current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other national/international guidelines specify the use of two species and two sexes of rodents (usually the rat and the mouse) for carcinogenicity testing of chemicals. In view of the enormous number of chemicals to be tested, the high cost of testing, and the large number of animals used in the present protocol, many academic, industrial, and government authorities are examining the possibility of using a reduced protocol (less than two species and two sexes of rodents) for carcinogenicity testing of chemicals. The use of a reduced protocol offers many advantages as well as some disadvantages. To pursue further the potential implications and impacts of using a reduced protocol for carcinogenicity testing on the processes of hazard identification and risk assessment, a workshop entitled ''Evaluation of Reduced Protocols for Carcinogenicity Testing of Chemicals'' was held at the Embassy Suites Hotel in Alexandria, Virginia on September 22 and 23, 1992. It was cosponsored by EPA's Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) and the National Toxicology Program of the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NTP/NIEHS) and attended by more than 60 participants from government, industry, academia, and the general public. The Expert Consensus Panel and most of the participants supported the use of reduced protocols in carcinogenicity testing. However, it was recognized that reduced protocols may not be appropriate for the testing of all chemicals and that additional analyses/data may be needed for selection of the most appropriate reduced protocol for certain chemicals/chemical classes. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 NIEHS,NATL TOXICOL PROGRAM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP LAI, DY (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBSTANCES,401 M ST,SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 19 IS 2 BP 183 EP 201 DI 10.1006/rtph.1994.1017 PG 19 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NH670 UT WOS:A1994NH67000005 PM 8041916 ER PT J AU SHUEY, DL ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH ROGERS, JM AF SHUEY, DL ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH ROGERS, JM TI FETAL ANEMIA FOLLOWING MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO 5-FLUOROURACIL IN THE RAT SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC-AGENTS; GROWTH-RETARDATION; HYPOXIA; CELLS AB Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that maternal 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) exposure on day 14 of gestation (GD14) in the rat results in dose-dependent retardation of both cell cycle progression and growth of embryonic liver. At this developmental stage, hepatic erythropoiesis is the primary source of new circulating fetal erythrocytes. This study examined dose-dependent hematological changes in the fetus after maternal 5-FU exposure (0, 20, 30, 40 mg/kg on GD14) to assess 1) hematopoiesis as a potential target for 5-FU developmental toxicity and 2) the role of the observed 5-FU-induced fetal anemia in adverse developmental outcome. Standard clinical hematological parameters, including hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and erythrocyte counts, were measured in fetal blood drawn by cardiac puncture. Dose-related deficits were observed in all of these parameters within 48 hr of 5-FU administration. Calculation of various red cell indices revealed a concomitant increase in mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin. These changes were preceded by depletion of hepatic precursor populations which was evident by 24 hr after maternal exposure to 30 or 40 mg/kg. At doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg there was full and moderate recovery, respectively, in these endpoints by 72 hr after dosing, but persistent deficits were observed at 40 mg/kg. Fluorescence microscopy of Hoechst-stained fetal blood smears revealed that at both 48 and 72 hr after dosing, the proportion of nucleated yolk sacderived erythrocytes was increased relative to control. These data suggest that inhibition of proliferation of hepatic erythroid precursors by 5-FU results in depletion of these populations and subsequent deficiency of liver-derived reticulocytes in the fetal circulation, leading to fetal anemia. Since morphological changes are detectable within embryonal target tissues (e.g., hind limb buds) prior to the onset of significant hematological changes, fetal anemia is not involved in the pathogenesis of 5-FU-induced malformations. However, the persistence of hematological deficits at 40 mg/kg was correlated with fetal growth retardation during late gestation, suggesting that fetal anemia may be an important factor contributing to the developmental toxicity of 5-FU. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD APR PY 1994 VL 49 IS 4 BP 311 EP 319 DI 10.1002/tera.1420490411 PG 9 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA NG664 UT WOS:A1994NG66400010 PM 8073370 ER PT J AU SANDERS, BM MARTIN, LS HOWE, SR NELSON, WG HEGRE, ES PHELPS, DK AF SANDERS, BM MARTIN, LS HOWE, SR NELSON, WG HEGRE, ES PHELPS, DK TI TISSUE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN ACCUMULATION OF STRESS PROTEINS IN MYTILUS-EDULIS EXPOSED TO A RANGE OF COPPER CONCENTRATIONS SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; BINDING-PROTEINS; CELLS; INDUCTION; MITOCHONDRIA; POLYPEPTIDES; ACTIVATION; MUSSEL; GENES AB This study examines the expression and accumulation of two major stress proteins, stress70 and chaperonin60 (cpn60), in the gill and mantle of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, which were exposed to a range of Cu concentrations for 7 days. Scope-for-growth (SFG), mortality, and Cu accumulation in gill and mantle tissue were also measured to monitor the physiological effects of Cu exposure in the organisms. In general Cu accumulated to a greater extent in gill relative to mantle tissue. A reduction of SFG index and increased mortality was also observed at the two highest Cu concentrations. We found no significant differences between the two tissues in the expression of cpn60 and stress70 for mussels exposed to Cu ranging from 0 to 10 mu g/liter Cu (cpn60) and 0 to 32 mu g/liter Cu (stress70) in seawater. However, differences in the stress response were observed between the gill and the mantle tissue of mussels exposed to higher Cu concentrations. Chaperonin concentrations were greater than an order of magnitude higher in the gill than in the mantle for these mussels. Further, although the accumulation of stress70 was similar between the two tissues, two additional proteins reacted with antibody to stress70 in gill, but not mantle tissue, of mussels exposed to 100 mu g/liter Cu. This study suggests that the physiological processes involved in contaminant uptake, distribution, and detoxification may affect the tissue-level expression of the stress response in multicellular organisms. Further, the intensity of the stress response and relative concentrations of chaperonin and stress70 among tissues may help identify tissues which are the most vulnerable to damage caused by a particular environmental stressor. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CALIF STATE UNIV LONG BEACH,DEPT BIOL,LONG BEACH,CA 90840. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP SANDERS, BM (reprint author), CALIF STATE UNIV LONG BEACH,INST MOLEC ECOL,LONG BEACH,CA 90840, USA. NR 60 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 125 IS 2 BP 206 EP 213 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1066 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NH361 UT WOS:A1994NH36100006 PM 8171429 ER PT J AU TANDON, P PADILLA, S BARONE, S POPE, CN TILSON, HA AF TANDON, P PADILLA, S BARONE, S POPE, CN TILSON, HA TI FENTHION PRODUCES A PERSISTENT DECREASE IN MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE ADULT-RAT RETINA SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; STIMULATED PHOSPHOINOSITIDE METABOLISM; RABBIT RETINA; DEVELOPMENTAL-CHANGES; 2ND MESSENGER; SCIATIC-NERVE; YOUNG CHICKS; BRAIN; HYDROLYSIS; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AB Several reports have suggested that exposure to organophosphate pesticides damages the visual system. The prolonged effects of an acute dose of fenthion (dimethyl 3-methyl-4-methylthiophenyl phosphorothionate) were studied on the cholinergic system of the rat retina. Fenthion was administered in a single dose of 0 or 100 mg/kg (sc, in corn oil) to adult, male, Long-Evans rats. The animals were killed 4, 14, or 56 days after treatment and cholinesterase (ChE) activity as well as muscarinic receptor (mChR) function measured in the retina and frontal cortex. Fenthion produced 89% inhibition of ChE activity in both tissues at 4 days, and, although there was recovery, slight (15%) inhibition of the enzyme activity was still observed at 56 days in both tissues. A long-lasting decrease in carbachol-stimulated inositolphosphate (IP) release was observed following fenthion treatment in the retina: IP release was depressed at 4 days and this depression persisted up to 56 days after dosing. The density of mChR in the retina as well as in the cortex was decreased by 14-20% at 4 days and returned to control levels by 56 days. Fenthion had no effect on the metabolism of phospholipids in the retina following intraocular injections of labeled precursors [H-3]myo-inositol, [methyl-C-14]choline, or [2-H-3]glycerol 4 days after fenthion treatment. These prolonged effects of fenthion on mChR function (signal transduction) appear to be specific to the retina as the cortex showed no change in receptor-stimulated IP release even in the presence of significant mChR down-regulation and ChE inhibition. This dose of fenthion did not produce overt morphological changes in the retina or in the cortex, as observed with light microscopy, although an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (GFAP IR) extending from the internal limiting membrane to the external limiting membrane of the retina was noted. This increase in GFAP IR was observed at 14 days and persisted as long as 56 days post-treatment in the retina, but was not noted in the cortex at any of the time points studied. Thus, this long-lasting perturbation in the retinal cholinergic second messenger system induced by fenthion may occur independently of depressed ChE activity and down-regulation of mChR. (C) 1994 Academic Press Inc. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NE LOUISIANA UNIV, SCH PHARM, TOXICOL PROGRAM, MONROE, LA 71209 USA. NR 60 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X EI 1096-0333 J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 1994 VL 125 IS 2 BP 271 EP 280 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1073 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NH361 UT WOS:A1994NH36100013 PM 8171435 ER PT J AU HUGHES, MF FISHER, HL BIRNBAUM, LS HALL, LL AF HUGHES, MF FISHER, HL BIRNBAUM, LS HALL, LL TI EFFECT OF AGE ON THE IN-VITRO PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION OF PHENOLS IN MICE SO TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-SKIN; PENETRATION; RATS; PERMEABILITY; PERMEATION; ELECTRON; NEWBORN; INVITRO; INFANTS; YOUNG AB The effect of age on the in vitro dermal absorption of acetamidophenol, phenol, cyanophenol and heptyloxyphenol was examined. Skin from pre-clipped male C57BL/6N mice of ages 3, 15 and 27 months was mounted in flow-through diffusion cells. [C-14]Phenol and its analogues (4 mu g/cm(2)) were applied to the skin (0.32 cm(2)) in ethanol (5 mu l) and absorption was measured under occluded conditions for 72 hr. Significant age effects on the disposition of phenol and heptyloxyphenol were observed in the penetration of compound into the receptor fluid as well as that retained in the skin. The receptor fluid content of these two compounds was significantly greater in 27-month-old mice compared with the younger animals. In addition, penetration of phenol in 15-month-old mice was significantly greater than in 3-month-old mice. However, the differences in phenol penetration were small (< 5%). The maximal flux of cyanophenol and phenol penetration were affected by age. The maximal flux for cyanophenol was significantly lower in 15-month-old mice than in 3- and 27-month-old animals. The maximal flux for phenol was significantly greater in 27-month-old mice compared with the younger animals. The overall effect of age on the in vitro dermal absorption of phenols in C57BL/6N mouse skin appears to be compound dependent. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP HUGHES, MF (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0887-2333 J9 TOXICOL IN VITRO JI Toxicol. Vitro PD APR PY 1994 VL 8 IS 2 BP 221 EP 227 DI 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90186-4 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NK547 UT WOS:A1994NK54700011 PM 20692909 ER PT J AU MCMILLIAN, MK THAI, L HONG, JS OCALLAGHAN, JP PENNYPACKER, KR AF MCMILLIAN, MK THAI, L HONG, JS OCALLAGHAN, JP PENNYPACKER, KR TI BRAIN INJURY IN A DISH - A MODEL FOR REACTIVE GLIOSIS SO TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; MESSENGER-RNA; ASTROCYTES; NEURONS; CULTURES; INVITRO; SYSTEM AB Reactive gliosis is a powerful response to brain injury and subsequent neuronal damage in vivo. Neuronal cell cultures are now well established as assays to study this process in vitro. However, equivalent studies of purified glial cell populations have only recently been achieved, following the realization that glial cells produce many of the neuropeptides, transmitters and growth factors that are produced also by neurons. There is now scope for studies in vitro that use mixed, identified populations of glial and neuronal cells to dissect the interactions between the two. Such cultures also lend themselves to assays for potential therapeutic strategies for brain injury that take account of all the different cell types found in the brain. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP MCMILLIAN, MK (reprint author), NIEHS,MOLEC & INTEGRAT NEUROSCI LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. RI Pennypacker, Keith/I-5092-2012; O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 38 TC 177 Z9 180 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0166-2236 J9 TRENDS NEUROSCI JI Trends Neurosci. PD APR PY 1994 VL 17 IS 4 BP 138 EP 142 DI 10.1016/0166-2236(94)90086-8 PG 5 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ND240 UT WOS:A1994ND24000003 PM 7517589 ER PT J AU ROSENBAUM, BJ STRICKLAND, TC MCDOWELL, MK AF ROSENBAUM, BJ STRICKLAND, TC MCDOWELL, MK TI MAPPING CRITICAL LEVELS OF OZONE, SULFUR-DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN-DIOXIDE FOR CROPS, FORESTS AND NATURAL VEGETATION IN THE UNITED-STATES SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article AB Air pollution abatement strategies for controlling nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone emissions in the United States focus on a 'standards-based' approach. This approach places limits on air pollution by maintaining a baseline value for air quality, no matter what the ecosystem can or cannot withstand. In this paper, we present example critical levels maps for the conterminous U.S. developed using the 'effects-based' mapping approach as defined by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, Task Force on Mapping. This approach emphasizes the pollution level or load capacity an ecosystem can accommodate before degradation occurs, and allows for analysis of cumulative effects. We present the first stage of an analysis that reports the distribution of exceedances of critial levels for NO2, SO2, and O3 in sensitive forest, crop, and natural vegetation ecosystems in the contiguous United States. We conclude that extrapolation to surrounding geographic areas requires the analysis of diverse and compounding factors that preclude simple extrapolation methods. Pollutant data depicted in this analysis is limited to locationally specific data, and would be enhanced by utilizing spatial statistics, along with converging associated anthropogenic and climatological factors. Values used for critical levels were derived from current scientific knowledge. While not intended to be a definitive value, adjustments will occur as the scientific community gains new insight to pollutant/receptor relationships. We recommend future analysis to include a refinement of sensitive receptor data coverages and to report relative proportions of exceedances at varying grid scales. RP ROSENBAUM, BJ (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD APR PY 1994 VL 74 IS 3-4 BP 307 EP 319 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA NL601 UT WOS:A1994NL60100007 ER PT J AU GUPTA, A FLORA, JRV GUPTA, M SAYLES, GD SUIDAN, MT AF GUPTA, A FLORA, JRV GUPTA, M SAYLES, GD SUIDAN, MT TI METHANOGENESIS AND SULFATE REDUCTION IN CHEMOSTATS .1. KINETIC-STUDIES AND EXPERIMENTS SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; CHEMOSTAT; SULFATE REDUCTION; METHANOGENESIS; ACETIC ACID; METHANOL; FORMIC ACID; IRON; SULFIDE TOXICITY ID DEGRADATION; SULFIDE; GROWTH; INHIBITION; SEDIMENTS; BACTERIA; HYDROGEN; REDUCERS; TOLUENE; METHANE AB Six anaerobic chemostats containing mixed microbial cultures were used to investigate the interactions between sulfate reduction and methanogenesis for three substrates: acetic acid, methanol and formic acid. Sulfate reducers outcompeted methanogens in acetate-fed chemostats while methanol was not utilized by sulfate reducers. In the formic acid-fed chemostats, competition was observed between methanogens and sulfate reducers with 62 and 24% of the substrate utilized through sulfate reduction and methanogenesis, respectively. Iron was added to the sulfate-reducing chemostats to precipitate the hydrogen sulfide produced, thus eliminating sulfide inhibition and ensuring stable chemostat operation. This study involved the measurement of the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the chemostats using a novel technique. Batch spike tests were also conducted to evaluate kinetic parameters for the degradation of different substrates. Although both methanol-fed chemostats were exclusively methanogenic, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the presence of two different strains of methanogens. This difference was also manifested by the ORP values and the kinetic parameters. C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP GUPTA, A (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 30 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 5 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD APR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 4 BP 781 EP 793 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(94)90085-X PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA NA227 UT WOS:A1994NA22700003 ER PT J AU GUPTA, A FLORA, JRV SAYLES, GD SUIDAN, MT AF GUPTA, A FLORA, JRV SAYLES, GD SUIDAN, MT TI METHANOGENESIS AND SULFATE REDUCTION IN CHEMOSTATS .2. MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; CHEMOSTAT; MODEL; SULFATE REDUCTION; METHANOGENESIS; ACETIC ACID; METHANOL; FORMIC ACID; IRON; SULFIDE TOXICITY ID RATE ANAEROBIC REACTOR; DIGESTION; SULFIDE AB A comprehensive dynamic model is presented that simulates methanogenesis and sulfate reduction in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). This model incorporates the complex chemistry of anaerobic systems. A salient feature of the model is its ability to predict the effluent concentrations of the various chemical species in the reactor directly from the feed conditions. Precipitation equilibria of the essential metals were also incorporated in the model. Model predictions were compared with results from steady-state and batch spike experiments. A detailed sensitivity analysis of the effect of key model parameters on model performance was conducted. The model was able to predict both the steady-state and the transient batch spike experimental data fairly well. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD APR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 4 BP 795 EP 803 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(94)90086-8 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA NA227 UT WOS:A1994NA22700004 ER PT J AU LAU, C ZAHALKA, EA ELLIS, DH MERRIMAN, JP STANTON, ME AF LAU, C ZAHALKA, EA ELLIS, DH MERRIMAN, JP STANTON, ME TI ALTERATIONS OF NEUROBEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT BY REPEATED INTERRUPTIONS OF NEONATAL FEEDING PATTERN - ASSOCIATION WITH THE LACK OF NEONATAL STRESS RESPONSES SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM SERV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,TOXICOL PROGRAM,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 18 PY 1994 VL 8 IS 5 BP A932 EP A932 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA ND197 UT WOS:A1994ND19702008 ER PT J AU HIATT, MH YOUNGMAN, DR DONNELLY, JR AF HIATT, MH YOUNGMAN, DR DONNELLY, JR TI SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS USING VACUUM DISTILLATION WITH GC/MS DETERMINATION SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FISH AB Vacuum distillation of water, soil, oil, and fish samples is presented as an alternative technique for determining volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Analyses of samples containing VOCs and non-VOCs at 50 ppb concentrations were performed to evaluate method limitations. Analyte recoveries were found to relate closing with boiling point unless a compound's water solubility exceeded 5 g/L. Recovery, precision, and method detection limits for VOCs demonstrate this technology is appropriate for environmental samples. C1 LOCKHEED ENVIRONM SYST & TECHNOL CO,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP HIATT, MH (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 15 PY 1994 VL 66 IS 6 BP 905 EP 908 DI 10.1021/ac00078a023 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA NB214 UT WOS:A1994NB21400027 ER PT J AU MUNOZ, B SCHEIN, OD VICENCIO, C GELATT, KN DUNCAN, DD NETHERCOTT, J HONEYMAN, J KOREN, HS WEST, S AF MUNOZ, B SCHEIN, OD VICENCIO, C GELATT, KN DUNCAN, DD NETHERCOTT, J HONEYMAN, J KOREN, HS WEST, S TI PILOT-STUDY OF ADVERSE HEALTH-EFFECTS DUE TO THE OZONE HOLE IN CHILE SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,APPL PHYS LAB,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. UNIV CHILE,SANTIAGO,CHILE. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT VET MED,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD MAR 15 PY 1994 VL 35 IS 4 BP 1327 EP 1327 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA MZ585 UT WOS:A1994MZ58500333 ER PT J AU GELLER, AM BOYES, WK HUDNELL, HK AF GELLER, AM BOYES, WK HUDNELL, HK TI EFFECT OF GABA-MEDIATED INHIBITION ON STEADY-STATE VEP IN HUMANS AND RATS SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD MAR 15 PY 1994 VL 35 IS 4 BP 1439 EP 1439 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA MZ585 UT WOS:A1994MZ58500850 ER PT J AU WILLINGHAM, FF COGGINS, JM COHEN, KL GOLDSTEIN, GW OGLE, JW TRIPOLI, NK AF WILLINGHAM, FF COGGINS, JM COHEN, KL GOLDSTEIN, GW OGLE, JW TRIPOLI, NK TI AUTOMATIC-MEASUREMENT OF OCULAR HYPEREMIA AND EXTERNAL VASCULATURE SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT COMP SCI,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD MAR 15 PY 1994 VL 35 IS 4 BP 1530 EP 1530 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA MZ585 UT WOS:A1994MZ58501283 ER PT J AU BORGMAN, L ANDERSONSPRECHER, R GEROW, K FLATMAN, G AF BORGMAN, L ANDERSONSPRECHER, R GEROW, K FLATMAN, G TI COST-EFFECTIVE SELECTION OF A SAMPLING PLAN FOR SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED HAZARDOUS-WASTE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT STAT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 11 EP CEI PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY955 UT WOS:A1994MY95502021 ER PT J AU FLATMAN, GT AF FLATMAN, GT TI GEOSTATISTICAL APPROACHES TO THE DESIGN OF SAMPLING REGIMES - NEW ANSWERS FOR OLD QUESTIONS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING & SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 12 EP CEI PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY955 UT WOS:A1994MY95502022 ER PT J AU LEWIS, M ALBRECHT, B AF LEWIS, M ALBRECHT, B TI TOXICITIES OF SEDIMENTS IN THE GULF-OF-MEXICO TO ANIMALS AND PLANTS - LESSONS LEARNED SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. TRAC LABS,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 15 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95401922 ER PT J AU PULS, RW POWELL, RM AF PULS, RW POWELL, RM TI USE OF LOW-FLOW AND PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN SAMPLING GROUND-WATER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RS KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. METI,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 15 EP CEI PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY955 UT WOS:A1994MY95502025 ER PT J AU TELLIARD, WA AF TELLIARD, WA TI COMPARISON OF VOA COMPOSITING PROCEDURES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF WATER,OFF SCI & TECHNOL,DIV ENGN & ANAL,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 16 EP CEI PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY955 UT WOS:A1994MY95502026 ER PT J AU LEWIS, RG GORDON, SM AF LEWIS, RG GORDON, SM TI SAMPLING FOR ORGANIC-CHEMICALS IN AIR SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. BATTELLE MEM INST,COLUMBUS,OH 43201. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 23 EP CEI PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY955 UT WOS:A1994MY95502033 ER PT J AU PRITCHETT, TH BAGGOT, C CARSON, R PAVLICK, P HALEY, R AF PRITCHETT, TH BAGGOT, C CARSON, R PAVLICK, P HALEY, R TI DESIGNING MONITORING BASED AIR IMPACT ASSESSMENTS FOR HAZARDOUS-WASTE SITES AS ILLUSTRATED FOR A REMOVAL INITIAL SITE ASSESSMENT AND A TIME-CRITICAL REMOVAL SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 24 EP CEI PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY955 UT WOS:A1994MY95502034 ER PT J AU LEE, CC HUFFMAN, GL AF LEE, CC HUFFMAN, GL TI SECONDARY COMBUSTION-CHAMBER CALCULATIONS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 27 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95401934 ER PT J AU PRITCHETT, TH CARSON, R BAGGOT, C PAVLICK, P HALEY, R AF PRITCHETT, TH CARSON, R BAGGOT, C PAVLICK, P HALEY, R TI UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE THAT THE STUDY OBJECTIVES PLAY IN THE SELECTION OF EITHER AN AIR DISPERSION MODELING BASED OR AN AIR SAMPLING BASED STRATEGY FOR ASSESSING THE AIR IMPACT OF A HAZARDOUS-WASTE SITE AS WELL AS DETERMINING THE OVERALL LIMITATIONS OF THE FINAL STUDY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 28 EP CEI PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY955 UT WOS:A1994MY95502038 ER PT J AU NORBERGKING, T INGERSOLL, C ANKLEY, G BENOIT, D BURTON, G WINGER, P AF NORBERGKING, T INGERSOLL, C ANKLEY, G BENOIT, D BURTON, G WINGER, P TI EPAS TEST METHODS FOR SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED CONTAMINANTS - STANDARDIZATION AND VALIDATION OF FRESH-WATER INVERTEBRATE METHODS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,DULUTH,MN 55804. DEPT INTERIOR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. WRIGHT STATE UNIV,DAYTON,OH 45435. DEPT INTERIOR,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 29 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95401936 ER PT J AU COMMONS, BJ ROBERTS, WC ABERNATHY, CO KHANNA, K AF COMMONS, BJ ROBERTS, WC ABERNATHY, CO KHANNA, K TI RISK ASSESSMENT OF MUNITIONS CHEMICALS AS DRINKING-WATER CONTAMINANTS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HUMAN RISK ASSESSMENT BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. USA,DEPT MED,WASHINGTON,DC 20310. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 31 EP CHAS PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95401348 ER PT J AU ANASTAS, PT AF ANASTAS, PT TI BENIGN BY DESIGN CHEMISTRY IN THE SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY CURRICULUM SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 33 EP CHED PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95400862 ER PT J AU ABERNATHY, CO COMMONS, BJ POIRIER, KA AF ABERNATHY, CO COMMONS, BJ POIRIER, KA TI RISK ASSESSMENT OF SOME ESSENTIAL TRACE-ELEMENTS (ETES) USING ZINC (ZN) AS AN EXAMPLE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HUMAN RISK ASSESSMENT BRANCH 4304,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. USA,WASHINGTON,DC 20310. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,CINCINNATI,OH 45239. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 34 EP CHAS PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95401351 ER PT J AU CHEN, CT GRAHAM, JL DELLINGER, B AF CHEN, CT GRAHAM, JL DELLINGER, B TI PHOTOTHERMAL DESTRUCTION OF THE VAPOR OF VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RELEASES CONTROL BRANCH,EDISON,NJ 08837. UNIV DAYTON,RES INST,DAYTON,OH 45469. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 40 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95401947 ER PT J AU ELDEFRAWI, ME DEVINE, PJ ANIS, NA VALDES, JJ ROGERS, KR AF ELDEFRAWI, ME DEVINE, PJ ANIS, NA VALDES, JJ ROGERS, KR TI RECEPTOR AND ANTIBODY-BASED FIBER OPTIC EVANESCENT BIOSENSORS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & EXPTL THERAPEUT,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. USA,EDGEWOOD RD & E CTR,SCBRD RT,ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND,MD 21010. US EPA,EMSL LV,EAD,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 40 EP BTEC PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY955 UT WOS:A1994MY95501783 ER PT J AU KORTUM, DJ AF KORTUM, DJ TI THE USE OF OXYGENATE GASOLINE ADDITIVES AS A STRATEGY FOR REDUCING MOBILE SOURCE POLLUTANTS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 44 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95402280 ER PT J AU ROGERS, KR VANEMON, JM KLINE, R WRIGHT, J ZHAO, QC ELDEFRAWI, ME AF ROGERS, KR VANEMON, JM KLINE, R WRIGHT, J ZHAO, QC ELDEFRAWI, ME TI A FIBER OPTIC FLUOROIMMUNOSENSOR FOR THE DETECTION OF POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,EMSL LV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. UMAB,SCH PHARM,DEPT PHARMACEUT SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UMAB,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & EXPTL THERAPEUT,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 56 EP BTEC PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY955 UT WOS:A1994MY95501799 ER PT J AU KADKHODAYAN, M EBERHART, BL JONES, C SUIDAN, MT VENOSA, AD AF KADKHODAYAN, M EBERHART, BL JONES, C SUIDAN, MT VENOSA, AD TI BIOREMEDIATION KINETICS OF OIL FRACTIONS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 73 EP BIOT PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95400473 ER PT J AU WEBER, EJ COLON, D BAUGHMAN, G AF WEBER, EJ COLON, D BAUGHMAN, G TI SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED REACTIONS OF AROMATIC-AMINES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 135 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95402488 ER PT J AU MENDELSOHN, ML ELLWANGER, TC ROSE, RI KOUGH, JL HUTTON, PO AF MENDELSOHN, ML ELLWANGER, TC ROSE, RI KOUGH, JL HUTTON, PO TI REGISTRATION OF BIOLOGICALS - HOW PRODUCT FORMULATIONS IMPACT DATA REQUIREMENTS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 148 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95400220 ER PT J AU ELDEFRAWI, ME ANIS, NA ROGERS, KR WONG, R VALDES, JJ AF ELDEFRAWI, ME ANIS, NA ROGERS, KR WONG, R VALDES, JJ TI REUSABLE RAPID FIBEROPTIC IMMUNOSENSORS FOR DETECTION OF PESTICIDES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. US EPA,EMSL LV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. USA,EDGEWOOD RD & E CTR,ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND,MD 21010. AMER CYANAMID CO,DIV AGR RES,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 153 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95400225 ER PT J AU MICKLE, R SCHNEIDER, WR REARDON, R AF MICKLE, R SCHNEIDER, WR REARDON, R TI IMPACT OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS ON NONTARGET SPECIES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OPP,EFED,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US FOREST SERV,MORGANTOWN,WV. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 164 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95400236 ER PT J AU PULS, RW BLEDSOE, B PAUL, CJ AF PULS, RW BLEDSOE, B PAUL, CJ TI MOBILIZATION OF DISSOLVED AND COLLOID-ASSOCIATED ARSENIC IN SUBSURFACE SYSTEMS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RS KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 170 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95402077 ER PT J AU LIPNICK, RL AF LIPNICK, RL TI QSAR AND COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY - POLLUTION PREVENTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL-CHEMICALS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7403,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 174 EP COMP PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95401889 ER PT J AU SCHUDA, PF AF SCHUDA, PF TI POTENTIAL REGULATORY USES OF IMMUNOCHEMISTRY METHODS IN EPAS OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 185 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95400258 ER PT J AU PIATT, JJ BRUSSEAU, ML WEST, CC LYON, WG AF PIATT, JJ BRUSSEAU, ML WEST, CC LYON, WG TI RATE-LIMITED SORPTION OF HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS BY WELL-CHARACTERIZED SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. US EPA,RS KERR LABS,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 218 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95402125 ER PT J AU HUTCHINS, SR WEST, CC WILSON, BE AF HUTCHINS, SR WEST, CC WILSON, BE TI PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON SURFACTANT ENHANCEMENT OF NITRATE-BASED BIOREMEDIATION SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP 236 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95402143 ER PT J AU SCHNEIDER, WR AF SCHNEIDER, WR TI ASSESSMENT OF NONTARGET SPECIES EFFECTS UNDER THE FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDES PROGRAMS,DIV ENVIRONM FATE & EFFECTS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 13 PY 1994 VL 207 BP A165 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA MY954 UT WOS:A1994MY95400238 ER PT J AU KITCHIN, KT BROWN, JL AF KITCHIN, KT BROWN, JL TI DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP FOR RAT-LIVER DNA-DAMAGE CAUSED BY 49 RODENT CARCINOGENS SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DOSE-RESPONSE; THRESHOLDS; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; DNA DAMAGE; ALKALINE ELUTION ID CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; MUTAGENICITY; SALMONELLA; TOXICITY; ASSAY AB An experimental approach was taken to the question of dose-response curves for chemical carcinogenesis, DNA damage in female rat liver was chosen as the experimental parameter because all chemicals found to damage hepatic DNA were rodent carcinogens. The lowest dose causing DNA damage was determined for the 12 active chemicals (1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,4-dioxane, methylene chloride, auramine O, Michler's ketone, selenium sulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, N-nitrosopiperidine and butylated hydroxytoluene). The resulting dose-response curves for rat hepatic DNA damage were plotted versus log of the molar dose (all activity was in five orders of magnitude) and versus percent of chemicals' oral rat LD(50) (most of the activity was in only two orders of magnitude). Dose-response studies of the active chemicals were analyzed by regression methods. With the exception of butylated hydroxytoluene, the dose-response curves fit a linear model well (r(2) = 0.886) and a quadratic model even better (r(2) = 0.947). Based on experimental data from 11 DNA-damaging carcinogens (a dose range of 6 orders of magnitude), an equation and graph of the dose-response relationship of an 'average DNA-damaging carcinogen' is presented over the x-axis dose range of eight orders of magnitude. RP KITCHIN, KT (reprint author), US EPA,DIV GENET TOXICOL,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 30 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAR 11 PY 1994 VL 88 IS 1-3 BP 31 EP 49 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(94)90109-0 PG 19 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NH362 UT WOS:A1994NH36200003 PM 8160204 ER PT J AU HANSON, CD SMIALOWICZ, RJ AF HANSON, CD SMIALOWICZ, RJ TI EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF LOW-LEVEL 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN EXPOSURE ON CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DIOXIN; TCDD; CYTOTOXIN LYMPHOCYTE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; IMMUNOTOXICITY; CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY ID HALOGENATED AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; MICE; SUPPRESSION; TCDD; IMPAIRMENT; MECHANISM; SYSTEM AB The immunotoxicity of TCDD in the mouse has been well documented. To date, the most sensitive endpoint to TCDD-induced toxicity in mice is that reported by Clark et al. (Clark, D.A., Gauldie, J., Szewczuk M.R. and Sweeney, G. (1981) Proc, Sec, Exper. Biol. Med. 168, 290.) who found that TCDD suppressed the murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response following four weekly doses of 4 ng TCDD/kg/week. However, these results have never been corroborated, as other laboratories have been unable to detect immunosuppression by TCDD at such low levels. In this study, we evaluated the effect of TCDD on the in vivo- and in vitro-generated CTL response to P815 mastocytoma cells in adult C57BL/6J female mice via a Cr-51 release assay. Mice were given weekly intraperitoneal injections of TCDD or vehicle for 4 weeks at dosages ranging from 0.01 to 3.00 mu g/kg/week. No statistically significant suppression of the in vivo- or in vitro-generated CTL response was detected at any dosage. As expected, significant increases in liver weights and decreases in thymus weights were observed at TCDD dosages of 1.0 and 3.0 mu g/kg/week. Likewise, suppression of the antibody plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes was observed at dosages of 1.0 and 3.0 mu g TCDD/kg/week. Although expected humoral immunosuppression and organ effects were observed, our data do not support suppression of murine CTL responses at the TCDD doses employed in this study. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAR 11 PY 1994 VL 88 IS 1-3 BP 213 EP 224 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(94)90122-8 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NH362 UT WOS:A1994NH36200016 PM 8160202 ER PT J AU BECKER, S QUAY, J KOREN, HS HASKILL, JS AF BECKER, S QUAY, J KOREN, HS HASKILL, JS TI CONSTITUTIVE AND STIMULATED MCP-1, GRO-ALPHA, GRO-BETA, AND GRO-GAMMA EXPRESSION IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIUM AND BRONCHOALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHEMOKINE; INTERLEUKIN-8; PRIMARY EPITHELIAL CELL CULTURES; MESSENGER RIBONUCLEASE EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SECRETION; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE STIMULATION; TUMORS NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA STIMULATION; BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM; NASAL EPITHELIUM; INFLAMMATION ID MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN-8 GENE-EXPRESSION; HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INDUCED INFLAMMATION; SEQUENCE SIMILARITY; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; MOLECULAR-CLONING AB Constitutive expression of mRNAs for GRO alpha, GRO beta, GRO gamma, and MCP-1, belonging to the chemokine family of 8- to 10-kDa cytokines with chemotactic properties for granulocytes and monocytes, has been identified in freshly isolated human nasal and bronchial epithelium, and in bronchoalveolar macrophages (AM). Expression of GRO alpha, GRO gamma, and MCP-1, but not GRO beta, was found in airway epithelial cells. AM expressed all three GRO genes in addition to MCP-1. On reverse transcription, chemokine mRNAs yielded 0.5-30 cDNA molecules/cell, depending on the chemokine and cell type, as determined by a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique. When chemokine mRNA expression in AM and bronchial epithelium from healthy nonatopic individuals was compared, AM expressed more GRO alpha, but similar levels of GRO gamma, MCP-1, and interleukin-8 (IL-8), as in the bronchial epithelial cells. Modulation of chemokine expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; 10 ng/ml) or endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 100 ng/ml] exposure was studied in primary nasal epithelial cell and alveolar macrophage cultures. In epithelial cells, LPS did not induce chemokine expression but GRO alpha, IL-8, and MCP-1 were upregulated similar to 100-fold by TNF alpha; GRO gamma expression was elevated only 1.5- to 4-fold. In AM cultures, all three GROs were strongly induced by LPS with peak mRNA expression 24 h after stimulation (similar to 50- to 100-fold increase compared with control cultures). MCP-1 mRNA expression, on the other hand, was not increased by LPS in AM. GRO protein was present in supernatants of stimulated epithelial cells and AM. MCP-1 protein was found in supernatants of both LPS-stimulated and unstimulated AM. Together these data emphasize the potential importance of the chemokine family of polypeptides in airway inflammation, as well as the importance of both airway epithelium and AM in these processes. C1 TCR ENVIRONM CORP,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,LINEBERGER CANC RES CTR,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 35 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0002-9513 J9 AM J PHYSIOL JI Am. J. Physiol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 266 IS 3 BP L278 EP L286 PN 1 PG 9 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA NF859 UT WOS:A1994NF85900092 PM 8166297 ER PT J AU ORBAN, JE STANLEY, JS SCHWEMBERGER, JG REMMERS, JC AF ORBAN, JE STANLEY, JS SCHWEMBERGER, JG REMMERS, JC TI DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS IN ADIPOSE-TISSUE OF THE GENERAL US POPULATION AND SELECTED SUBPOPULATIONS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID STATES VIETNAM VETERANS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN LEVELS; AGENT ORANGE; WORKERS; EXPOSURE; MISSOURI; PCDDS; PCDFS; SAMPLES; BLOOD AB Objectives. The Environmental Protection Agency's National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (NHATS) was conducted in fiscal year (FY) 1987 to (I) estimate average concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the adipose tissue of humans in the US population, (2) identify differences in average concentrations among subpopulations and (3) compare average concentrations with those from the FY 1982 NHATS. Methods. population estimates of the average levels of PCDDs and PCDFs were established on the basis of 865 human adipose tissue specimens collected in FY 1987. Average levels among subpopulations were compared. Results. The average concentration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the adipose tissue of the US population was 5.38 pg/g, increasing from 1.98 pg/g in children under 14 years of age to 9.40 pg/g in adults over 45. The effect of age was significant for nine compounds. Regional differences in the levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorinated dibenzofurans were statistically significant, but there were no significant differences associated with sex or race. Conclusions. The survey provides a baseline of average levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in the adipose tissue of humans in the US population. C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. BATTELLE MEM INST,COLUMBUS,OH 43201. MIDWEST RES INST,KANSAS CITY,KS. NR 36 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 1994 VL 84 IS 3 BP 439 EP 445 DI 10.2105/AJPH.84.3.439 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA NM618 UT WOS:A1994NM61800018 PM 8129062 ER PT J AU GENTHNER, BRS MUNDFROM, G DEVEREUX, R AF GENTHNER, BRS MUNDFROM, G DEVEREUX, R TI CHARACTERIZATION OF DESULFOMICROBIUM-ESCAMBIUM SP-NOV AND PROPOSAL TO ASSIGN DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS STRAIN NORWAY-4 TO THE GENUS DESULFOMICROBIUM SO ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DESULFOMICROBIUM ESCAMBIUM; NEW BACTERIAL SPECIES; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA ANALYSIS ID REDUCING EUBACTERIA; DIVERSITY AB A sulfate-reducing bacterium, designated strain ESC1, was isolated and found to be a new species. Strain ESC1 is a strictly anaerobic, gram-negative, non-sporeforming, motile, short, round-ended rod often occurring in pairs. Of 31 fermentative substrates tested, only pyruvate was utilized. Sulfate enhanced growth with pyruvate and allowed growth with ethanol, lactate, formate and hydrogen. Both sulfate and thiosulfate were reduced. Lactate was incompletely oxidized to acetate and CO2. The strain was desulfoviridin negative. The G + C content is 59.9%. These data suggested placement of strain ESC1 in the genus Desulfomicrobium, Comparative 16S rRNA analysis showed that strain ESC1 shares 98% rRNA sequence similarity with Desulfomicrobium baculatum and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain Norway 4. The latter two strains shared greater than 99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity. Strain ESC1 has been designated as the new species Desulfomicrobium escambium. We also recommend that D. desulfuricans strain Norway 4 be considered for reclassification as a Desulfomicrobium species. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MICROBIAL ECOL & BIOTECHNOL BRANCH,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0302-8933 J9 ARCH MICROBIOL JI Arch. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 161 IS 3 BP 215 EP 219 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA MY907 UT WOS:A1994MY90700003 ER PT J AU WILSON, WE REIST, PC AF WILSON, WE REIST, PC TI A PC-BASED MIE SCATTERING PROGRAM FOR THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE OPTICAL-PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS AS A FUNCTION OF COMPOSITION AND RELATIVE-HUMIDITY SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Visibility and Fine Particles CY SEP 15-18, 1992 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA DE LIGHT SCATTERING; PARTICLE-BOUND WATER; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; VISIBILITY ID MULTICOMPONENT AB Over the past decade there has been interest in exploring possible relationships between atmospheric visibility (extinction of light) and the chemical form of aerosols in the atmosphere. A user friendly, menu-driven program for the personal computer (AT 286 with math co-processor or higher) has been developed which both calculates the equilibrium composition of the atmospheric aerosol of specified compositions (including particle-bound water as a function of relative humidity) and also applies optical parameters from these end-products to estimating scattering and extinction. Presented here is a description of such a program, with a discussion of the assumptions and approaches implicit in it. The program appears to give results similar to those reported by others. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP WILSON, WE (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 803 EP 809 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90239-9 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR215 UT WOS:A1994NR21500008 ER PT J AU PITCHFORD, ML MCMURRY, PH AF PITCHFORD, ML MCMURRY, PH TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEASURED WATER-VAPOR GROWTH AND CHEMISTRY OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL FOR GRAND-CANYON, ARIZONA, IN WINTER 1990 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Visibility and Fine Particles CY SEP 15-18, 1992 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA DE HYGROSCOPIC AEROSOL; AEROSOL MIXTURES; RELATIVE HUMIDITY EFFECTS; PARTICLE SAMPLING; AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS ID RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; LOS-ANGELES; SIZE; CALIBRATION; PARTICLES; CYCLE AB Size-resolved aerosol growth measurements (growth = moist particle diameter/dry particle diameter) and chemical composition monitoring were conducted during a 3 month period in the winter of 1990 at the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park, AZ as part of the Navajo Generating Station Visibility Study. Particle growth data are from a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (TDMA). Typically for relative humidities above 75%, the TDMA-measured moist particle distribution is distinctly bimodal, indicating two aerosol fractions based on growth and providing direct evidence of an external mixture of soluble and insoluble constituents. In this study both particle fractions grew in size, thus the terms ''more hygroscopic'' and ''less hygroscopic'' were used to distinguish them. Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactors (MOUDI) collected size-segregated 24 h duration samples for subsequent analysis by XRF, ion chromatography, and by thermo-optical analysis (i.e. for carbon). A model that synthesizes growth and compositional information was developed to partition the overall volume fraction of the soluble material as determined from the MOUDI composition data, epsilon, to the two growth fractions obtained from the TDMA data (i.e. epsilon is partitioned between epsilon(m) and epsilon(l)). The model calculates epsilon(m) and epsilon(l) for each TDMA measurement as well as growth capacity of the soluble material at the measurement relative humidity, G(s), which is assumed to be the same for both growth fractions. Model results indicate that on average, the more hygroscopic particles are composed of equal volumes of soluble and insoluble materials, while the less hygroscopic fraction is dominated by insoluble material (about 85%). C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT MECH ENGN,PARTICLE TECHNOL LAB,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP PITCHFORD, ML (reprint author), US EPA,NOAA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. RI McMurry, Peter/A-8245-2008 OI McMurry, Peter/0000-0003-1609-5131 NR 39 TC 74 Z9 78 U1 3 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 827 EP 839 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90242-9 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR215 UT WOS:A1994NR21500011 ER PT J AU TANG, H LEWIS, EA EATOUGH, DJ BURTON, RM FARBER, RJ AF TANG, H LEWIS, EA EATOUGH, DJ BURTON, RM FARBER, RJ TI DETERMINATION OF THE PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION OF SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHERIC FINE PARTICLES WITH A DIFFUSION DENUDER SAMPLING SYSTEM SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Visibility and Fine Particles CY SEP 15-18, 1992 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA DE PARTICULATE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; HIGH-VOLUME DENUDER; ORGANIC SAMPLING ARTIFACTS; SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; HIGH-VOLUME VIRTUAL IMPACTOR; PARTICLE SIZE ID AEROSOL AB Correct assessment of the factors associated with visibility impairment is dependent on accurate determination of the chemical composition as a function of size of particles present in the atmosphere. Collection of particles on a filter results in underestimation of particulate organic compounds due to losses from the semi-volatile organic fraction during sample collection, i.e. a ''negative sampling artifact''. These semi-volatile organic compounds lost from particles collection a filter can be correctly measured using a diffusion denuder sampling system. This paper describes a multi-system, multi-channel, high-volume diffusion denuder sampler for the accurate determination of the particle size distribution and chemical composition of semi-volatile organic compounds in atmospheric fine particles. Data obtained in Provo, UT and Los Angeles, CA on the chemical composition and particle size distribution of semi-volatile organic compounds in atmospheric fine particles indicate that the majority of the semi-volatile organic compounds lost from particles during sampling were present in particles in the 0.4-0.8 mum size range in the atmospheres sampled. Organic compounds lost from the particles during sampling include paraffinic compounds, aromatic compounds and organic acids and esters. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. SO CALIF EDISON CO,ROSEMEAD,CA 91770. RP TANG, H (reprint author), BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,DEPT CHEM,PROVO,UT 84602, USA. NR 18 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 939 EP 947 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90252-6 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR215 UT WOS:A1994NR21500021 ER PT J AU MALM, WC TRIJONIS, J SISLER, J PITCHFORD, M DENNIS, RL AF MALM, WC TRIJONIS, J SISLER, J PITCHFORD, M DENNIS, RL TI ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF SO2 EMISSION CHANGES ON VISIBILITY SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Visibility and Fine Particles CY SEP 15-18, 1992 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA DE VISIBILITY ASSESSMENT; SO2 EMISSION REDUCTION; ACID DEPOSITION EFFECTS ID EXTINCTION; AEROSOLS AB During the 1970s the effect of acid rain on the environment became a growing concern to scientists, public policy officials, interest groups, and the general population. The United States' Congress mandated a 10-year study, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), to examine the relationship between acid rain related emissions and environmental effects including visibility. It was found that averaging over both space and time (1 yr) that a 21% improvement in visibility could be expected from a 10-million ton reduction in SO2 emissions. The biggest improvement is expected along the Ohio River Valley. Examining the distribution of visibility improvements shows that 15 d yr-1 with lowest sulfate concentrations and least sulfate reduction there will be a just perceptible improvement, while on the other end of the spectrum 15 d yr-1 with the highest sulfate concentration and with the largest sulfate reduction there will be a 35% improvement in extinction. The paper also reviews the assumptions required to carry out the assessment and points out shortcomings in our understanding of the relationship between SO2 emissions and visibility. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,COOPERAT INST RES ATMOSPHER,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. SANTA FE RES CORP,BLOOMINGTON,MN 55438. US EPA,NOAA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. US EPA,DIV ATMOSPHER CHARACTERIZAT & MODELING,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP MALM, WC (reprint author), NATL PK SERV,CIRA FOOTHILLS CAMPUS,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1023 EP 1034 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90262-3 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR215 UT WOS:A1994NR21500031 ER PT J AU PITCHFORD, ML MALM, WC AF PITCHFORD, ML MALM, WC TI DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF A STANDARD VISUAL INDEX SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Visibility and Fine Particles CY SEP 15-18, 1992 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA DE VISIBILITY; VISUAL PERCEPTION; VISIBILITY VALUATION; EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT AB A standard visual index appropriate for characterizing visibility through uniform hazes, is defined in terms of either of the traditional metrics: visual range or extinction coefficient. This index was designed to be linear with respect to perceived visual changes over its entire range in a way that is analogous to the decibel scale for sound. Neither visual range nor extinction coefficient have this useful property, which has resulted in their misuse for some applications. By assuming the availability of sensitive scenic targets at every distance, it can be demonstrated that any specific fractional change in extinction coefficient (or visual range) is equally perceptible regardless of baseline visibility conditions. The new index is defined so that its scale, which is expressed in deciview (dnu), is linear with respect to fractional changes in extinction coefficient, b(ext), as 10 ln(b(ext)/0.01 km-1), where extinction coefficient is expressed in km-1. A 1 dnu change is about a 10% change in extinction coefficient, which is a small but perceptible scenic change under many circumstances. Since the deciview scale is near zero for a pristine atmosphere (dnu = 0 for Rayleigh conditions at about 1.8 km elevation) and increases as visibility is degraded, it measures perceived haziness. Use of the deciview scale in visibility perception and benefits research will promote improved study design and more appropriate use of results. It should also allow the visibility consequences of alternative air pollution-related decisions to be more easily presented and evaluated. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,NATL PK SERV,AIR QUAL OFF,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP PITCHFORD, ML (reprint author), US EPA,NOAA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 15 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1049 EP 1054 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90264-X PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR215 UT WOS:A1994NR21500033 ER PT J AU DIECKMANN, MS GRAY, KA ZEPP, RG AF DIECKMANN, MS GRAY, KA ZEPP, RG TI THE SENSITIZED PHOTOCATALYSIS OF AZO DYES IN A SOLID SYSTEM - A FEASIBILITY STUDY SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID WATER; SURFACES AB The degradation of 4-hydroxyazobenzene and Solvent Red 1 on various oxide particles (SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2) was monitored using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Adsorption of the dye onto the support material can facilitate photolytic degradation by affecting its bonding. Analysis of the absorption spectra throughout the degradation process indicates that the C-N bond in these azo dyes is the site for oxidative attack. The dependence of degradation rate on surface coverage indicates that direct interaction between the dye molecule and the TiO2 particles is necessary for sensitized photocatalysis to be an effective method of degradation. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP DIECKMANN, MS (reprint author), UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT CIVIL ENGN & GEOL SCI,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556, USA. RI Gray, Kimberly/B-6989-2009 NR 9 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1021 EP 1034 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(94)90018-3 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NC959 UT WOS:A1994NC95900017 ER PT J AU AHLBORG, UG BECKING, GC BIRNBAUM, LS BROUWER, A DERKS, HJGM FEELEY, M GOLOR, G HANBERG, A LARSEN, JC LIEM, AKD SAFE, SH SCHLATTER, C WAERN, F YOUNES, M YRJANHEIKKI, E AF AHLBORG, UG BECKING, GC BIRNBAUM, LS BROUWER, A DERKS, HJGM FEELEY, M GOLOR, G HANBERG, A LARSEN, JC LIEM, AKD SAFE, SH SCHLATTER, C WAERN, F YOUNES, M YRJANHEIKKI, E TI TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS FOR DIOXIN-LIKE PCBS - REPORT ON A WHO-ECEH AND IPCS CONSULTATION, DECEMBER 1993 SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL ISOMERS; HEPATIC MICROSOMAL-ENZYMES; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; CHICK-EMBRYO; LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT; PHENOBARBITONE-TYPE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; AH RECEPTOR AB The WHO-European Centre for Environment and Health (WHO-ECEH) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), have initiated a project to create a data base containing information relevant to the setting of Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs), and, based on the available information, to assess the relative Potencies and to derive consensus TEFs for PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. Available data on the relative toxicities of dioxin-like PCBs with respect to a number of endpoints were collected and analyzed. A consultation was held at the WHO-European Centre for Environment and Health in Bilthoven, the Netherlands, at which the available data were discussed to derive TEFs for dioxin-like PCBs. TEFs were recommended for 3 non-ortho-, 8 mono-ortho- and 2 di-ortho-substituted PCBs. The consultation recommended that the project should be extended to include PCDDs and PCDFs and other dioxin-like halogenated environmental pollutants. It was also recommended that the possibilities of separate TEFs for body burdens and ecotoxicology should be explored. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. IPCS IRRU,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM PROTECT,BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. FREE UNIV BERLIN,BERLIN,GERMANY. NATL FOOD AGCY,SOBORG,DENMARK. WHO,EUROPEAN CTR ENVIRONM & HLTH,BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. OCCUPAT SAFETY & HLTH DIV,TAMPERE,FINLAND. AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,6700 HB WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. HLTH & WELF CANADA,OTTAWA K1A 0L2,ONTARIO,CANADA. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. RP AHLBORG, UG (reprint author), KAROLINSKA INST,BOX 210,S-17177 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. OI Hanberg, Annika/0000-0001-7255-9856 NR 77 TC 542 Z9 553 U1 3 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1049 EP 1067 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(94)90324-7 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NH451 UT WOS:A1994NH45100001 ER PT J AU KUEHL, DW HAEBLER, R POTTER, C AF KUEHL, DW HAEBLER, R POTTER, C TI COPLANAR PCB AND METAL RESIDUES IN DOLPHINS FROM THE UNITED-STATES ATLANTIC COAST INCLUDING ATLANTIC BOTTLE-NOSED OBTAINED DURING THE 1987/88 MASS MORTALITY SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID MARINE MAMMALS; MONO-ORTHO; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONGENERS; MERCURY; OCEAN; LAND AB Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) collected during the 1987/88 mass mortality event along the Atlantic coast of the United States have been analyzed for coplanar PCBs #77, 105, 126 and 169 in blubber, and for the metals Hg, Pb, Cd, Mn, and Cr, and the non-metallic element Se in liver. Results have been compared to two reference species, common (Delphinus delphis) and white-sided (Lagenorhynchus acutus) dolphins. The three most toxic PCB congeners (#77, 126 and 169) contributed less than 1% of the total TCDD toxic equivalent concentration (TEC) calculated for all di-, mono- and non-ortho chlorine substituted PCBs in adult male animals. The total TEC for the four PCBs was approximately 4.5 times lower in adult female bottlenose than in male. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Mn and Cr in adult male bottlenose dolphins were at or below the mean concentrations in the two reference species. The mean concentration of mercury was highest in adult female bottlenose dolphins. However, mercury concentrations in all animals studied correlated with selenium concentrations (r=0.86) at a 1:1 mole ratio, indicating that selenium may protect these animals from mercury toxicity. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB NARRAGANSETT,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. SMITHSONIAN INST,MUSEUM NAT HIST,WASHINGTON,DC 20562. RP KUEHL, DW (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB DULUTH,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1245 EP 1253 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(94)90341-7 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NH451 UT WOS:A1994NH45100018 ER PT J AU MAGRAW, D AF MAGRAW, D TI NAFTAS REPERCUSSIONS - IS GREEN TRADE POSSIBLE SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article AB Environmental considerations played a critical role in the formation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and its related agreements and activities.(1) During the course of negotiations, the NAFTA package came to include many environmental components, including environment-sensitive provisions in NAFTA itself; three other major international agreements on environment, labor, and U.S.-Mexican border finance; and increased attention to environmental cooperation among the three countries, particularly between the United States and Mexico. Even the negotiation process itself was influenced by the growing importance given to environmental protection. Almost all of the environmental aspects of the NAFTA package are unprecedented, particularly in the context of a trade agreement. The negotiation of NAFTA presented an opportunity to elaborate in a trade agreement the increased awareness by the public and policy-makers of the importance and complexity of the relationship between environmental protection and international trade. The environmental aspects of NAFTA thus present an extremely important stage in the ongoing integration of environmental considerations into trade policymaking as well as into policymaking more generally. RP MAGRAW, D (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD MAR PY 1994 VL 36 IS 2 BP 14 EP & PG 0 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NB794 UT WOS:A1994NB79400003 ER PT J AU Englund, EJ Flatman, GT AF Englund, E. J. Flatman, G. T. TI Resampling from stochastic simulations Discussion SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article C1 [Englund, E. J.; Flatman, G. T.] US EPA, Environm Monitoring Syst Lab Las Vegas, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Englund, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Monitoring Syst Lab Las Vegas, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 EI 1573-3009 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 1 IS 1 BP 84 EP 85 DI 10.1007/BF00714201 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA V31SP UT WOS:000208903600009 ER PT J AU Olsen, A AF Olsen, Anthony TI Resampling from stochastic simulations Discussion SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, EMAP Stat & Design, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Olsen, A (reprint author), US EPA, EMAP Stat & Design, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 EI 1573-3009 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 1 IS 1 BP 89 EP 89 DI 10.1007/BF00714204 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA V31SP UT WOS:000208903600012 ER PT J AU WASSERSUG, SR AF WASSERSUG, SR TI LIMITING ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES IN PRIVATIZATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN-EUROPE SO ENVIRONMENTAL CLAIMS JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP WASSERSUG, SR (reprint author), US EPA,PHILADELPHIA,PA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EXEC ENTERPRISES PUBL CO INC PI NEW YORK PA 22 WEST 21ST STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10010-6904 SN 1040-6026 J9 ENVIRON CLAIM J JI Environ. Claims J. PD SPR PY 1994 VL 6 IS 3 BP 391 EP 419 PG 29 GA NA436 UT WOS:A1994NA43600007 ER PT J AU KARGBO, DM AF KARGBO, DM TI CHEMICAL CONTAMINANT REACTIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF SOIL CLEANUP LEVELS FOR PROTECTION OF GROUNDWATER SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NONEQUILIBRIUM; COSOLVATION; IONIZATION; REDOX ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; NATURAL SEDIMENTS; SORPTION; TRANSPORT; CATIONS; SYSTEMS AB About 70 percent of hazardous waste sites listed in the National Priority List (NPL) have some ground-water contamination that may require remediation. Such remediation is inadequate if the unsaturated soils above will continue to act as a source of groundwater contamination. Consequently, for most of these sites, it becomes necessary to determine what the cleanup levels for contaminants in soils should be so that subsequent contribution of contaminants from these soils to groundwater would not exceed groundwater protection levels. Representation of the dynamics of interactions between contaminants and soils is very complex, requiring among others, a thorough understanding of the chemical processes that influence the behavior of the contaminant once it enters the subsurface. Because of such complexities, environmental professionals frequently utilize methods with very simple assumptions that tend to err on the conservative side. While the public may feel protected, the needless spending of dollars could be avoided if attempts are made to incorporate, where possible, such complexities in the modeling efforts so that the system is represented as accurately as possible. RP KARGBO, DM (reprint author), US EPA,841 CHESTNUUT BLDG,3HW13,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107, USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 23 IS 2 BP 105 EP 113 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA NF455 UT WOS:A1994NF45500004 ER PT J AU MCKINNEY, JD WALLER, CL AF MCKINNEY, JD WALLER, CL TI POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AS HORMONALLY ACTIVE STRUCTURAL ANALOGS SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE DIOXIN/THYROXINE; ESTRADIOL EQUIVALENTS; PCBS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS ID DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; HALOGENATED BIPHENYLS; MOLECULAR REACTIVITY; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; RAT-LIVER; P-DIOXINS; VITAMIN-A; BINDING; PROTEIN; CONGENERS AB Among the environmental chemicals that may be able to disrupt the endocrine systems of animals and humans, the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a chemical class of considerable concern. One possible mechanism by which PCBs may interfere with endocrine function is their ability to mimic natural hormones. These actions reflect a close relationship between the physicochemical properties encoded in the PCB molecular structure and the responses they evoke in biological systems. These physicochemical properties determine the molecular reactivities of PCBs and are responsible for their recognition at biological acceptors and receptors, as well as for triggering molecular mechanisms that leat to tissue response. ''Coplanarity'' of PCB phenyl rings and ''laterality'' of chlorine atoms are important structural features determining specific binding behavior with proteins and certain toxic responses in biological systems. We compare qualitative structure-activity relationships for PCBs with the limited information on the related non-coplanar chlorinated diphenyl ethers, providing further insights into the nature of the molecular recognition processes and support for the structural relationship of PCBs to thyroid hormones. Steroidlike activity requires conformational restriction and possibly hydroxylation. We offer some simple molecular recognition models to account for the importance of these different structural features in the structure-activity relationships that permit one to express PCB reactivities in terms of dioxin, thyroxine, and estradiol equivalents. The available data support the involvement of PCBs as mimics of thyroid and other steroidal hormones. The potential for reproductive and developmental toxicity associated with human exposure to PCBs is of particular concern. C1 WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, CTR MOLEC DESIGN, ST LOUIS, MO 63130 USA. RP US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL, PHARMACOKINET BRANCH MD74, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [T32HL07275] NR 53 TC 247 Z9 254 U1 7 U2 22 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 102 IS 3 BP 290 EP 297 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA NJ416 UT WOS:A1994NJ41600009 PM 8033869 ER PT J AU HARRIS, HJ WENGER, RB HARRIS, VA DEVAULT, DS AF HARRIS, HJ WENGER, RB HARRIS, VA DEVAULT, DS TI A METHOD FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK - A CASE-STUDY OF GREEN BAY, LAKE-MICHIGAN, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK; ASSESSMENT METHOD; FUZZY SET; GREEN BAY; GREAT LAKES ID GREAT-LAKES; ECOSYSTEMS; IDENTIFICATION; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRODUCTIVITY; MANAGEMENT; WISCONSIN; MODELS; REASON AB The Science Advisory Board of the US Environmental Protection Agency has recommended that risk reduction strategies become the centerpiece of environmental protection. The goal in developing such strategies is to identify opportunities for greatest reduction of ecological risks. This is a perspective that is significantly more comprehensive than the traditional focus on human health risks arising from environmental degradation. The identification of ecological risks upon which environmental protection efforts should be focused requires an ecological risk assessment methodology that is based on anthropogenic stressors affecting an ecosystem and a set of impaired use criteria. A methodology based on this concept is developed and discussed in this article. The methodology requires that risk values be assigned to each ecosystem stressor-impaired use pair that reflect the degree to which the given stressor contributes to ecosystem risk as measured by the given impaired use criterion. Once these data are available, mathematical analyses based on concepts from fuzzy set theory are performed to obtain a ranking of ecosystem stressors. The methodology has been tested by applying it to a case study involving Green Bay of Lake Michigan. A workshop was held in which 11 persons with extensive knowledge of the Green Bay ecosystem determined risk Values through a group-consensus process. The analytical portion of the methodology was then used to rank the ecosystem risks (stressors) from several perspectives, including prevention management and remediation management. The overall conclusion of the workshop participants was that the fuzzy set decision model is a useful and effective methodology for differentiating environmental risk. C1 WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,LAKE MICHIGAN DIST HEADQUARTERS,GREEN BAY,WI 54307. US EPA,GREAT LAKES NATL PROGRAM OFF,CHICAGO,IL 60604. RP HARRIS, HJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN GREEN BAY,2420 NICOLET DR,GREEN BAY,WI 54311, USA. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 18 IS 2 BP 295 EP 306 DI 10.1007/BF02393770 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MT837 UT WOS:A1994MT83700013 ER PT J AU ELSKUS, AA STEGEMAN, JJ GOOCH, JW BLACK, DE PRUELL, RJ AF ELSKUS, AA STEGEMAN, JJ GOOCH, JW BLACK, DE PRUELL, RJ TI POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENER DISTRIBUTIONS IN WINTER FLOUNDER AS RELATED TO GENDER, SPAWNING SITE, AND CONGENER METABOLISM SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SCUP STENOTOMUS-CHRYSOPS; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; TOXIC COPLANAR PCBS; RAINBOW-TROUT; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; FACTORS TEFS; FISH; INDUCTION AB Concentrations of 17 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in liver of gonadally mature winter flounder collected from Fox Island and Gaspee Point, RI, and from New Bedford Harbor, MA. These locations represent spawning sites with different degrees and sources of PCB contamination. The data demonstrate that the PCB concentrations and patterns in these fish reflect those of their spawning grounds, indicating that winter flounder caught in clean offshore waters could have substantial amounts of tissue PCB, that the content of PCB congeners in winter flounder liver is influenced little by sex or reproductive condition, and that flounder selectively metabolize PCB congeners with adjacent meta,para-unsubstituted carbon atoms. Based on congener concentrations and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalency factors, the non-ortho congeners, 77, 126, and 169, contributed more to the potential (mammalian) toxicity of PCB in flounder than more abundant, but less toxic, non-coplanar congeners. C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT BIOL,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. NR 64 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 3 BP 401 EP 407 DI 10.1021/es00052a010 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MZ607 UT WOS:A1994MZ60700017 PM 22165873 ER PT J AU MA, QY LOGAN, TJ TRAINA, SJ RYAN, JA AF MA, QY LOGAN, TJ TRAINA, SJ RYAN, JA TI EFFECTS OF NO3-, CL-, F-, SO42-, AND CO32- ON PB2+ IMMOBILIZATION BY HYDROXYAPATITE SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC HYDROXYAPATITES; IONS; REMOVAL; PB-2+ AB Remediation of Pb-contaminated wastes has received considerable attention recently. We have previously shown that hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH] can reduce Pb2+ concentrations below the EPA action level (72.4 nmol L-1) and, thus, has the potential for in situ Pb2+ immobilization against leaching. This research investigated the effects of NO3-, Cl-, F-, SO42-, and CO32- on hydroxyapatite-Pb2+ interactions. Solutions containing initial Pb2+ concentrations of 24.1-482 mumol L-1 were reduced to below 72.4 nmol L-1 after reaction with hydroxyapatite, except in the presence of high levels of CO32- and Pb2+. Concentrations of Cl-, F-, and SO42- decreased, whereas NO3- and CO32- concentrations were unchanged after reaction with hydroxyapatite. Hydroxypyromorphite [Pb5(PO4)3OH] precipitated after the reaction of hydroxyapatite with Pb2+ in the presence of NO3-, SO42-, and CO32-, while chloropy romorphite [Pb5(PO4)3Cl] and fluoropyromorphite [Pb5-(PO4)3F] formed in the presence of Cl- and F-, respectively. The ability of hydroxyapatite to rapidly remove Pb2+ from solution in the presence of high levels of NO3-, Cl-, F-, SO42-, and CO32- demonstrates its great potential for reducing the environmental impact of Pb2+-contaminated wastes. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. US EPA,RREL,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RI Ma, Lena/E-5854-2010 OI Ma, Lena/0000-0002-8463-9957 NR 23 TC 134 Z9 142 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 3 BP 408 EP 418 DI 10.1021/es00052a011 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MZ607 UT WOS:A1994MZ60700018 PM 22165874 ER PT J AU BOETHLING, RS HOWARD, PH MEYLAN, W STITELER, W BEAUMAN, J TIRADO, N AF BOETHLING, RS HOWARD, PH MEYLAN, W STITELER, W BEAUMAN, J TIRADO, N TI GROUP-CONTRIBUTION METHOD FOR PREDICTING PROBABILITY AND RATE OF AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; DEGRADATION; SEDIMENTS; WATER; FATE; CHEMICALS; ECOSYSTEM; TOXICITY AB Two independent training sets were used to develop four mathematical models for predicting aerobic biodegradability from chemical structure. All four of the models are based on multiple regressions against counts of 36 preselected chemical substructures plus molecular weight. Two of the models, based on linear and nonlinear regressions, calculate the probability of rapid biodegradation and can be used to classify chemicals as rapidly or not rapidly biodegradable. The training set for these models consisted of qualitative summary evaluations of all available experimental data on biodegradability for 295 chemicals. The other two models allow semi-quantitative prediction of primary and ultimate biodegradation rates using multiple linear regression. The training set for these models consisted of estimates of primary and ultimate biodegradation rates for 200 chemicals, gathered in a survey of 17 biodegradation experts. The two probability models correctly classified 90% of the chemicals in their training set, whereas the two survey models calculated biodegradation rates for the survey chemicals with R2 is-approximately-equal-to 0.7. These four models are intended for use in chemical screening and in setting priorities for further review. C1 US EPA, OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7406, 401 M ST SW, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. SYRACUSE RES CORP, SYRACUSE, NY 13210 USA. NR 36 TC 130 Z9 133 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 28 IS 3 BP 459 EP 465 DI 10.1021/es00052a018 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MZ607 UT WOS:A1994MZ60700025 PM 22165881 ER PT J AU TRAPP, S MCFARLANE, C MATTHIES, M AF TRAPP, S MCFARLANE, C MATTHIES, M TI MODEL FOR UPTAKE OF XENOBIOTICS INTO PLANTS - VALIDATION WITH BROMACIL EXPERIMENTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PLANT; UPTAKE; CONTAMINATION; MODEL; XENOBIOTICS ID NON-IONIZED CHEMICALS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; WEAK ACIDS; TRANSLOCATION; BARLEY; LIPOPHILICITY; CUTICLES; SHOOTS; ROOTS AB This paper documents a conceptual model for the uptake of anthropogenic organic chemicals into plants. The model describes the dynamic uptake from soil, solution, or atmosphere, and the metabolism and accumulation of xenobiotic chemicals in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits. The goal was to develop an easy and rapid tool that would be numerically stable and require only a few well-known input data. The model is applicable to different plant species and most (nondissociating) organic chemicals. Processes considered are (a) diffusive exchange, soil/roots, and air/leaves; (b) mass flows in xylem and phloem; and (c) metabolism. The model is tested with laboratory studies on the uptake of the herbicide bromacil under various controlled conditions. No adjustments to the parameter values were required for successful simulations. C1 GSF,PROJECT GRP HAZARD ASSESSMENT ENVIRONM CHEM,D-85758 OBERSCHLEISSHEIM,GERMANY. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RI Trapp, Stefan /G-7159-2011 NR 25 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 24 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 13 IS 3 BP 413 EP 422 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[413:MFUOXI]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NA761 UT WOS:A1994NA76100008 ER PT J AU GIBSON, SA ROBERSON, DS RUSSELL, HH SEWELL, GW AF GIBSON, SA ROBERSON, DS RUSSELL, HH SEWELL, GW TI EFFECTS OF 3 CONCENTRATIONS OF MIXED FATTY-ACIDS ON DECHLORINATION OF TETRACHLOROETHENE IN AQUIFER MICROCOSMS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CHLOROETHENES; FATTY ACIDS; PCE; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; TCE ID CHAIN ORGANIC-ACIDS; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; SYNTROPHOMONAS-WOLFEI; VINYL-CHLORIDE; GROUND-WATER; GEN-NOV; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; DEGRADATION AB Chloroethenes are among the most common organic contaminants of ground water. The biotransformation of these compounds by reductive dechlorination is a promising technology for in situ treatment. The effects of three concentrations of a fatty acids mixture on the reductive dehalogenation of tetrachloroethene (PCE) were studied in methanogenic microcosms. These microcosms were constructed with slurries of aquifer solids collected from an area impacted both by aviation gasoline and chlorinated ethenes at Traverse City, Michigan. The microcosms were amended with approximately 30 muM PCE and one of three concentrations (0.1, 1, or 10 mM total acids) of a mixture of low-molecular-weight organic acids, or were part of a control set that received no amendment. The observed lag or adaptation times before the onset of PCE dehalogenation were 51 d (10 mM acids), 65 d (1 mM acids), 86 d (0.1 mM acids), and >233 d (no acids). After 233 d of incubation, no PCE was detectable in any of the fatty-acid-supplemented microcosms, but 23 to 27 muM of combined tri- and dichloroethenes (TCEs, DCEs) was detected. PCE was not dechlorinated in microcosms without a fatty acid supplement. Although there were observed differences in the length of the lag time, the amount of ultimately dechlorinated PCE was similar. A zero-order rate constant of 0.3 muM d-1 was calculated for PCE dechlorination and for TCE dechlorination for the two series of microcosms receiving 0.1 and 1.0 mM fatty acid supplements. Of the fatty acids tested in the mixture, butyrate oxidation appeared to be the most probable link to PCE dechlorination. C1 US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ADA,OK 74820. NR 41 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 13 IS 3 BP 453 EP 460 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[453:EOTCOM]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NA761 UT WOS:A1994NA76100013 ER PT J AU SCHREINEMACHERS, DM EVERSON, RB AF SCHREINEMACHERS, DM EVERSON, RB TI ASPIRIN USE AND LUNG, COLON, AND BREAST-CANCER INCIDENCE IN A PROSPECTIVE-STUDY SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ASPIRIN; NSAIDS; NEOPLASMS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; RENAL NEOPLASMS; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; NHANES I; NHEFS; COHORT STUDY; GENDER; RACE; PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AB A large body of experimental data and several recent epidemiologic studies indicate that aspirin use may decrease cancer risk. The experimental studies found effects at many anatomic sires, whereas the epidemiologic studies saw the great est effect on mortality from digestive cancers. To provide further human data, we examined the association between aspirin use and cancer risk using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) and the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Studies (NHEFS). Characterization Of aspirin use was based on questions in the baseline interview asking whether subjects used aspirin during;the previous 30 days. Data were available from 12,668 subjects age 25-74, at time of initial examination for NHANES I, who were followed for an average of 12.4 years. Among these subjects, 1,257 were diagnosed with cancer more than 2 years after their NHANES I examination. Incidence of several cancers was lower among persons who reported aspirin use: the incidence rare ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for all sites combined were 0.83 (0.74-0.93), lung cancer 0.68 (0.49-0.94), breast cancer in women 0.70 (0.50-0.96), and colorectal cancer in younger men 0.35 (0.17-0.73). These findings were not readily explained by potentially confounding factors. The data suggest an association between aspirin consumption and decreased cancer incidence at several cancer sites. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 583 Z9 594 U1 6 U2 18 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD MAR PY 1994 VL 5 IS 2 BP 138 EP 146 DI 10.1097/00001648-199403000-00003 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA MZ613 UT WOS:A1994MZ61300003 PM 8172988 ER PT J AU BENIGNUS, V AF BENIGNUS, V TI INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN BRAIN BLOOD-FLOW (BBF) RESPONSE TO CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (COHB) SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 8 IS 4 BP A29 EP A29 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA ND196 UT WOS:A1994ND19600169 ER PT J AU DREHER, KL JASKOT, RH AF DREHER, KL JASKOT, RH TI OZONE-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN PULMONARY CELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE EXPRESSION SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH,ENVIRONM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 8 IS 4 BP A121 EP A121 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA ND196 UT WOS:A1994ND19600699 ER PT J AU GORDON, CJ AF GORDON, CJ TI BEHAVIORAL AND AUTONOMIC THERMOREGULATION IN THE RAT FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (DFP) SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 8 IS 4 BP A287 EP A287 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA ND196 UT WOS:A1994ND19601656 ER PT J AU NIGGEL, J SACHS, F MASSARO, EJ AF NIGGEL, J SACHS, F MASSARO, EJ TI PLURONIC F-68 REVERSIBLY BLOCKS CA+2 UPTAKE VIA THE ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT BIOPHYS SCI,BUFFALO,NY 14260. DUKE UNIV,CTR BIOCHEM ENGN,DURHAM,NC 27706. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 8 IS 4 BP A301 EP A301 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA ND196 UT WOS:A1994ND19601736 ER PT J AU PLOPPER, C WONG, V DUAN, X WEIR, A TARKINGTON, B DEVLIN, R HATCH, G BUCKPITT, A AF PLOPPER, C WONG, V DUAN, X WEIR, A TARKINGTON, B DEVLIN, R HATCH, G BUCKPITT, A TI INHALED CONCENTRATION AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF ACUTE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL INJURY TO SITE-SPECIFIC OZONE DOSE AND GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION IN RHESUS-MONKEYS EXPOSED TO OZONE SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DAVIS,CA 95616. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 8 IS 4 BP A121 EP A121 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA ND196 UT WOS:A1994ND19600703 ER PT J AU STYBLO, M THOMAS, DJ AF STYBLO, M THOMAS, DJ TI ARSENITE TRIGLUTATHIONE (AS(GS)3) IS AN INHIBITOR OF GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE (GSSG-R) SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CURR TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 8 IS 4 BP A406 EP A406 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA ND196 UT WOS:A1994ND19602349 ER PT J AU WATKINSON, WP LYON, JY MCKEE, JL DOERFLER, DL HATCH, GE COSTA, DL AF WATKINSON, WP LYON, JY MCKEE, JL DOERFLER, DL HATCH, GE COSTA, DL TI EFFECTS OF OZONE EXPOSURE ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN THE RAT DURING TREADMILL EXERCISE SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 8 IS 4 BP A309 EP A309 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA ND196 UT WOS:A1994ND19601784 ER PT J AU SUNDARESAN, PR COLLINS, TFX WHITBY, KE WELSH, JJ BLACK, TN SHACKELFORD, M FLYNN, T NEWELL, RF ODONNELL, MW AF SUNDARESAN, PR COLLINS, TFX WHITBY, KE WELSH, JJ BLACK, TN SHACKELFORD, M FLYNN, T NEWELL, RF ODONNELL, MW TI EFFECT OF ETHANOL AND VITAMIN-A EXCESS ON VITAMIN-A STATUS IN THE LIVER, PLASMA AND FETUSES OF PREGNANT RATS SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BETA-CAROTENE; RETINOIC ACID; FAT DIET; METABOLISM; CONSUMPTION; MICROSOMES; MODERATE; ALCOHOL AB The effect of maternal consumption of dietary ethanol and high doses of vitamin A by gavage was investigated by evaluating plasma, liver and foetal vitamin A in Osborne-Mendel pregnant rats with a view to assessing whether ethanol modulated the potential toxicity of excess vitamin A. All groups received 4000 IU vitamin A/litre in a liquid diet. Ethanol-exposed groups also received 6.4% (v/v) ethanol in the liquid diet. Vitamin A was administered by gavage once per day in corn oil in doses ranging from 10,000 to 160,000 IU/kg body weight. Plasma vitamin A levels in ethanol-exposed groups were similar to levels in a pair-fed group. Plasma vitamin A levels were similar in the group given ethanol plus 40,000 IU vitamin A/kg and the group given 40,000 IU vitamin A/kg only, but were higher in the group receiving ethanol plus 80,000 IU vitamin A/kg than in the group given 80,000 IU vitamin A/kg only. Retinyl esters were present in the plasma of animals receiving 160,000 IU vitamin A/kg only, indicating possible saturation of the liver with vitamin A. Retinyl palmitate levels in female foetuses of the group administered ethanol plus 80,000 IU vitamin A/kg were significantly higher than those of the group administered 80,000 IU vitamin A/kg only; no significant differences in levels of retinyl palmitate in male foetuses were observed between these two groups. This observation suggests a possible sex difference in the modulation of vitamin A toxicity by ethanol in the foetus. C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP SUNDARESAN, PR (reprint author), US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,HFS-465,8301 MUIRKIRK RD,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 32 IS 3 BP 247 EP 254 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90197-X PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA NG419 UT WOS:A1994NG41900006 PM 8157219 ER PT J AU LEVINE, JG SCHAAPER, RM DEMARINI, DM AF LEVINE, JG SCHAAPER, RM DEMARINI, DM TI COMPLEX FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS MEDIATED BY PLASMID PKM101 - MUTATIONAL MECHANISMS DEDUCED FROM 4-AMINOBIPHENYL-INDUCED MUTATION SPECTRA IN SALMONELLA SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID OLIGODEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE COLONY HYBRIDIZATION; HUMAN UROEPITHELIAL CELLS; DNA-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CARCINOGEN 4-AMINOBIPHENYL; HISD3052 ALLELE; TYPHIMURIUM HISD3052; MUTAGENICITY TEST; TARGET SEQUENCES; 1ST BASE AB We used colony probe hybridization and polymerase chain reaction/DNA sequence analysis to determine the mutations in similar to 2,400 4-aminobiphenyl (4-AB) +S9-induced revertants of the -1 frameshift allele hisD3052 and of the base-substitution allele hisG46 of Salmonella typhimurium. Most of the mutations occurred at sites containing guanine, which is the primary base at which 4-AB forms DNA adducts. A hotspot mutation involving the deletion of a CG or GC within the sequence CGCGCGCG accounted for 100 and 99.9%, respectively, of the reversion events at the hisD3052 allele in the pKM101 plasmid-minus strains TA1978 (uvr(+)) and TA1538 (Delta uvrB). In strain TA98 (Delta uvrB, pKM101), which contained the SOS DNA repair system provided by the pKM101 plasmid, similar to 85% of the revertants also contained the hotspot deletion; the remaining similar to 15 % contained one of two types pes of mutations: (1) complex frameshifts that can be described as a -2 or +1 frameshift and an associated base substitution and (2) deletions of the CC or GG sequences that flank the hotspot site (CCGCGCGCGG). We propose a misincorporation/slippage model to account for these mutations in which (1) pKM101-mediated misincorporation and translesion synthesis occurs across a 4-AB-adducted guanine; (2) the instability of such a mispairing and/or the presence of the adduct leads to strand slippage in a run of repeated bases adjacent to the adducted guanine; and (3) continued DNA synthesis from the slipped intermediate produces a frameshift associated with a base substitution. This model readily accounts for the deletion of the CC or GG sequences flanking the hotspot site, indicating that these mutations are, in fact, complex mutations in disguise (i.e., cryptic complex frameshifts). The inferred base-substitution specificity associated with the complex frameshifts at the hisD3052 allele (primarily G.C --> T.A transversions) is consistent with the finding that 4-AB induced primarily G.C --> T.A transversions at the hisG4G base-substitution allele. The model also provides a framework for understanding the different relative mutagenic potencies of 4-AB at the two alleles in the various DNA repair backgrounds of Salmonella. C1 US EPA,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NIEHS,MOLEC GENET LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 80 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 1 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD MAR PY 1994 VL 136 IS 3 BP 731 EP 746 PG 16 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA MZ474 UT WOS:A1994MZ47400004 PM 8005429 ER PT J AU JOB, CA AF JOB, CA TI THE MIDWEST FLOOD OF 1993 - THE ROLE OF GROUND-WATER AND A CONTINUING DISASTER SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material RP JOB, CA (reprint author), US EPA,DIV GROUND WATER PROTECT,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 32 IS 2 BP 178 EP 179 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00631.x PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA NB323 UT WOS:A1994NB32300001 ER PT J AU FARRIS, JM ANZZOLIN, R AF FARRIS, JM ANZZOLIN, R TI NATIONAL GROUND-WATER MONITORING STRATEGY UPDATE SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article RP FARRIS, JM (reprint author), EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,DIV GROUND WATER PROTECT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 1994 VL 14 IS 2 BP 98 EP 99 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA NG859 UT WOS:A1994NG85900004 ER PT J AU WILSHIRE, FW JOHNSON, LD HINSHAW, GD AF WILSHIRE, FW JOHNSON, LD HINSHAW, GD TI EFFECT OF SOOT BUILDUP WHILE SAMPLING WITH THE VOLATILE ORGANIC-SAMPLING TRAIN (VOST) SO HAZARDOUS WASTE & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Method 0030(1), the Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST), is used to determine the destruction and removal efficiencies of volatile organic emissions from industrial boilers co-firing hazardous waste. Previous reports detailing a hysteresis effect2,3,4 for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), resulting from soot build-up on the interior surfaces of boilers and industrial furnaces, raised concerns of possible VOST measurement biases due to soot deposits within the VOST. This possibility required laboratory investigation of the method under sooty conditions. Method collection efficiency was evaluated by comparing volatile organic compound levels collected in a control VOST (using a soot-free particulate filter in the sampling probe), to VOC recoveries while using a soot-laden particulate filter in the probe. Emphasis was directed to substances in the upper range of VOC boiling points (120 to 130-degrees-C). Statistical evaluation of the data collected indicated that recoveries for two of the higher boiling VOCs (chlorobenzene and octane) appeared to be negatively influenced by the presence of soot on the VOST filter. It is not likely, however, that these findings will have a major impact on previously collected hazardous waste incinerator data, since the VOST-Soot effect was determined at moderately. high soot loadings, which are atypical of properly operating hazardous waste incinerators. RP WILSHIRE, FW (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES CTR,OFF RES & DEV,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0882-5696 J9 HAZARD WASTE HAZARD JI Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater. PD SPR PY 1994 VL 11 IS 2 BP 277 EP 287 DI 10.1089/hwm.1994.11.277 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA PB370 UT WOS:A1994PB37000004 ER PT J AU CHAMBLESS, DA DUBOSE, SS SENSINTAFFAR, EL AF CHAMBLESS, DA DUBOSE, SS SENSINTAFFAR, EL TI EXACT AND APPROXIMATE METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF TOTAL ERROR IN RADIATION MEASUREMENTS SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE STATISTICS; ALGORITHM; RN-222; MONTE CARLO AB Radiation measurement results are typically stated as an estimated activity concentration with an associated 95% error bound. Very frequently, however, the error bound cited at the ''95% confidence level'' is nothing more than counting error and, especially at higher levels of activity, counting error may constitute a gross understatement of the total error that should reasonably be attributed to the measurement. This paper compares the measurement confidence limits obtained using a typical approximate error propagation procedure with the ''exact'' confidence limits. A Monte Carlo error propagation method is also considered. The results of the three methods are compared using Rn-222 measurement procedures for illustrative purposes. C1 CONSOLIDATED NATL LIFE INSURANCE CO, TROY, AL 36081 USA. US EPA, NATL AIR & RADIAT ENVIRONM LAB, MONTGOMERY, AL 36115 USA. RP CHAMBLESS, DA (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV, DEPT MATH, MONTGOMERY, AL 36117 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 66 IS 3 BP 313 EP 317 DI 10.1097/00004032-199403000-00012 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA MY588 UT WOS:A1994MY58800012 PM 8106251 ER PT J AU CHANG, JCS GUO, Z AF CHANG, JCS GUO, Z TI MODELING OF ALKANE EMISSIONS FROM A WOOD STAIN SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE ALKANE EMISSIONS; WOOD STAIN; MODELING; TEST HOUSE; SINK EFFECTS; VOLATILITY AB Full-scale residential house tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of organic emissions from a wood finishing product - wood stain - on indoor air quality (IAQ). The test house concentrations of three alkane species, nonane, decane, and undecane, were measured as a function of time after the application of the wood stain. It was found that the test house concentrations can be simulated by an integrated IAQ model which takes into consideration source, sink and ventilation effects. The alkane emissions were controlled by an evaporation-like process. Data analysis indicated that there were significant sink effects in the test house. Different sink strengths were estimated by the model for the three alkane species. An inverse relationship between the test house sink strength and the alkane volatility was found. C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP CHANG, JCS (reprint author), US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 8 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 4 IS 1 BP 35 EP 39 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-3-00005.x PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA NQ842 UT WOS:A1994NQ84200004 ER PT J AU CURRAN, MA AF CURRAN, MA TI ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP CURRAN, MA (reprint author), US EPA,POLLUT PREVENT BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD SPR PY 1994 VL 10 IS 3 BP 27 EP 28 PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA NF115 UT WOS:A1994NF11500029 ER PT J AU SORIAL, GA CERMINARA, P PAPADIMAS, SP SUIDAN, MT SPETH, TF AF SORIAL, GA CERMINARA, P PAPADIMAS, SP SUIDAN, MT SPETH, TF TI COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION OF VOCS AND BOM - THE ROLE OF MOLECULAR-OXYGEN SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ACTIVATED CARBON; SYNTHETIC ORGANICS; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; CAPACITY; GAC; ISOTHERMS C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP SORIAL, GA (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,741 BALDWIN HALL ML 71,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 86 IS 3 BP 80 EP 90 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA NC136 UT WOS:A1994NC13600011 ER PT J AU DANIEL, FB ROBINSON, M OLSON, GR STOBER, JA PAGE, NP AF DANIEL, FB ROBINSON, M OLSON, GR STOBER, JA PAGE, NP TI TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MX, A DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID POTENT BACTERIAL MUTAGEN; DRINKING-WATER; 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE C1 PATHOL ASSOCIATES INC,W CHESTER,OH 45069. PAGE ASSOCIATES,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20878. RP DANIEL, FB (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ECOL MONITORING RES,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 86 IS 3 BP 103 EP 111 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA NC136 UT WOS:A1994NC13600013 ER PT J AU BENIGNUS, VA AF BENIGNUS, VA TI BEHAVIORAL-EFFECTS OF CARBON-MONOXIDE - META ANALYSES AND EXTRAPOLATIONS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN; HYPOXIA; HYPOCAPNIA; HYPOTHERMIA ID COMPENSATORY TRACKING; CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN; HYPOXIA; PERFORMANCE; RESPONSES; EXPOSURE; HUMANS; RATS; TASK AB In the absence of reliable data, this work was performed to estimate the dose-effects function of carboxy-hemoglobin (HbCO) on behavior in humans. Meta analysis is the quantitative analysis of the combined findings of a number of research reports. By meta analysis, an HbCO-behavior dose-effects function was estimated for rats and corrected for effects of hypothermia (which accompanies acute HbCO increases in rats but not in humans). By use of pulmonary function models and blood gas equations, equivalent HbCO values were calculated for data in the literature on hypoxic hypoxia and behavior. Another meta analysis was performed to fit a dose-effects function to the equivalent HbCO data and to correct for the behavioral effects of hypocapnia (which usually occurs during hypoxic hypoxia but not with HbCO elevation). The two extrapolations agreed closely and indicated that, for healthy sedentary persons, 18-25% HbCO would be required to produce a 10% decrement in behavior. Confidence intervals are computed to characterize the uncertainty. Frequent reports of lower-level effects are discussed. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP BENIGNUS, VA (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,MAIL DROP 58,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 62 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 76 IS 3 BP 1310 EP 1316 PG 7 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA NB204 UT WOS:A1994NB20400048 PM 8005876 ER PT J AU SALEM, H SEABAUGH, V KATZ, A AF SALEM, H SEABAUGH, V KATZ, A TI PROCEEDINGS SYMPOSIUM ON OCULAR EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE EXPOSURE - JUNE 4, 1992 - PREFACE SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP SALEM, H (reprint author), EDGEWOOD RES,CTR DEV & ENGN,SCBRD RTL,ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND,MD 21010, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 14 IS 2 BP 104 EP 104 DI 10.1002/jat.2550140209 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NG939 UT WOS:A1994NG93900006 ER PT J AU DEMENTI, B AF DEMENTI, B TI OCULAR EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES - A HISTORICAL-PERSPECTIVE OF SAKU DISEASE SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ocular Effects of Organophosphate Exposure CY JUN 04, 1992 CL NATL LIB MED, BETHESDA, MD SP SOC COMPARAT OPHTHALMOLOGY, ASSOC GOVT TOXICOLOGISTS HO NATL LIB MED DE OCULAR EFFECTS; ORGANOPHOSPHATES; SAKU DISEASE; RETINA; CHOLINESTERASE; CATARACT; RETINAL DEGENERATION; ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY; MYOPIA; EPIDEMIOLOGY ID PESTICIDE AB Many publications, primarily of work performed in Japan, report findings in human populations of an increased incidence of myopia and of a more advanced visual disease syndrome (Saku disease), which reportedly correlated with increasing use of organophosphate pesticides in agriculture. Follow-up studies in animals performed in Japan using such agents as ethylthiometon, fenthion and fenitrothion demonstrate adverse effects of organophosphates on the visual system. The several ocular effects in question are dose dependent, ranging in severity from lenticular and electro-retinographic changes to the seemingly more serious histophysiological changes in such tissues as the ciliary body and retina. An important question arising from this work is that of the role of cholinesterase inhibition in the etiology of the effects. Studies currently in progress on particular organophosphates being conducted at EPA's research facility and by certain registrants of pesticides, which are in various stages of completion, appear to be substantiating much that has been reported in Japan. While animal studies clearly show that some organophosphates elicit ocular toxicity, there are many knowledge gaps with regard to effects in humans and the ocular toxicity in general, e.g. time and dose dependency, cholinesterase inhibition vs ocular effects and effects of routes of exposure. Consequently, the office is unable at this time to incorporate hazard assessment data with exposure assessment data or to perform risk assessments on organophosphates based on the ocular toxicity potential of this class of chemicals. RP DEMENTI, B (reprint author), US EPA,401 M ST,SW H7509C,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 29 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 14 IS 2 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1002/jat.2550140214 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NG939 UT WOS:A1994NG93900011 PM 8027507 ER PT J AU HAMERNIK, KL AF HAMERNIK, KL TI PROPOSED PROTOCOLS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL OCULAR EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ocular Effects of Organophosphate Exposure CY JUN 04, 1992 CL NATL LIB MED, BETHESDA, MD SP SOC COMPARAT OPHTHALMOLOGY, ASSOC GOVT TOXICOLOGISTS HO NATL LIB MED DE ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AGENTS; PESTICIDES; OCULAR TOXICITY; OCULAR ASSESSMENT; REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY; REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS; REGULATORY GUIDELINES; US EPA; PESTICIDE REGULATION; TOXICITY TESTING AB The US Environmental Protection Agency now requires ocular toxicity testing to support the registration of organophosphorus pesticides. As a first step toward guideline development for the conduct of these studies, preliminary protocols for ocular toxicity testing in the non-rodent and rodent are being proposed by the Office of Pesticide Programs. Proposed protocol parameters include determination of animal health status, measurement of plasma, erythrocyte and retinal cholinesterase activities, ocular assessment by routine ophthalmological examination, slit lamp biomicroscopy, fundic observations, tonometry, electroretinography and determination of objective refractivity, pupillary response and tracking. Gross and detailed histopathological examinations of ocular system components would also be conducted. Associated questions and concerns with regard to ocular toxicity testing are presented. The Agency plans to hold a workshop in the near future to discuss issues related to protocol refinement and guideline development. RP HAMERNIK, KL (reprint author), US EPA,DIV HLTH EFFECTS,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,401 M ST,SW H7509C,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 14 IS 2 BP 131 EP 134 DI 10.1002/jat.2550140215 PG 4 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NG939 UT WOS:A1994NG93900012 PM 8027508 ER PT J AU BOYES, WK TANDON, P BARONE, S PADILLA, S AF BOYES, WK TANDON, P BARONE, S PADILLA, S TI EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES ON THE VISUAL-SYSTEM OF RATS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ocular Effects of Organophosphate Exposure CY JUN 04, 1992 CL NATL LIB MED, BETHESDA, MD SP SOC COMPARAT OPHTHALMOLOGY, ASSOC GOVT TOXICOLOGISTS HO NATL LIB MED DE ORGANOPHOSPHATES; OCULAR TOXICITY; ELECTRORETINOGRAM; VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL; INOSITOL PHOSPHATE ID LATERAL GENICULATE-NUCLEUS; EVOKED-POTENTIALS; CHOLINERGIC NEURONS; VERTEBRATE RETINA; RABBIT RETINA; CAT; ACETYLCHOLINE; ELECTRORETINOGRAM; NEUROTOXICITY; CHLORDIMEFORM AB The possibility that exposure to organophosphate insecticides can lead to ocular damage is suggested by Japanese studies from the 1960s and 1970s indicating that exposed humans developed chronic ocular degeneration, in addition to showing more commonly accepted effects of cholinesterase-inhibiting compounds. Other papers reported ocular lesions in laboratory animals treated with organophosphates. More recently, retinal degeneration following chronic organophosphate treatment has been reported to the Environmental Protection Agency by pesticide manufacturers in studies conducted in compliance with good laboratory practice regulations. Several factors, however, have prompted scepticism regarding organophosphate-induced ocular toxicity, including the widespread use of organophosphate compounds for both agricultural and ophthalmological practices without numerous additional reports of comparable ocular toxicity. We are developing a research program to address these issues involving electrophysiological, biochemical and histological investigations of rats treated with organophosphate insecticides. The research program is young, but early results are available. Notably, retinas from rats treated with a single subcutaneous injection of 100 mg kg(-1) fenthion showed decreases in carbachol-stimulated release of inositol phosphate, an indicator of cholinergically-mediated intracellular second messenger systems. These effects persisted at least 56 days after fenthion administration. This could indicate several different toxicological actions, which are currently under investigation. It is concluded that the possible association between exposure to organophosphates and ocular toxicity cannot be dismissed, and that several important research issues need to be resolved. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP BOYES, WK (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 58 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 14 IS 2 BP 135 EP 143 DI 10.1002/jat.2550140216 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA NG939 UT WOS:A1994NG93900013 PM 8027509 ER PT J AU BRUMLEY, WC BROWNRIGG, CM AF BRUMLEY, WC BROWNRIGG, CM TI APPLICATIONS OF MEKC IN THE DETERMINATION OF BENZIDINES FOLLOWING EXTRACTION FROM WATER, SOIL, SEDIMENT, AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC ADSORBENTS SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SPECTROMETRY; DYES RP BRUMLEY, WC (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 32 IS 3 BP 69 EP 75 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA MY486 UT WOS:A1994MY48600001 ER PT J AU BEIHOFFER, J FERGUSON, C AF BEIHOFFER, J FERGUSON, C TI DETERMINATION OF SELECTED CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS AND ALCOHOLS IN GROUNDWATER BY GC-MS SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ION-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANIC-ACIDS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VOLATILE RP BEIHOFFER, J (reprint author), US EPA,NATL ENFORCEMENT INVEST CTR,DENVER FED CTR,BLDG 53,BOX 25227,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 11 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 32 IS 3 BP 102 EP 106 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA MY486 UT WOS:A1994MY48600007 ER PT J AU NESTOR, DV AF NESTOR, DV TI ISSUES IN THE DESIGN OF RECYCLING POLICY - THE CASE OF OLD NEWSPAPERS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB This study investigates key issues in the design of policy to promote recycling of old newspapers (ONP). Empirical evidence that policies to increase supply will not give rise to a large increase in ONP recycling is presented. Also, questions in the design of alternative policy measures are addressed first, by calculating baseline recycling rates for the U.S. newsprint industry. It is found that, all things remaining the same, the newsprint industry will reach a recycling rate of abo ut 40% by the year 2000. This suggests that the legislatively-determined recycling targets are often insufficient to induce levels of ONP recycling beyond those that would occur in the absence of government intervention. This study also includes analysis of other factors that influence the rate of ONP recycling in order to pinpoint the variables that will, if targeted by policy, lead to the largest increase in ONP recycling. RP NESTOR, DV (reprint author), US EPA, ECON ANAL & RES BRANCH, PM-221, 401 M ST, SW, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 40 IS 3 BP 245 EP 256 DI 10.1006/jema.1994.1018 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ND152 UT WOS:A1994ND15200004 ER PT J AU RODECAP, KD TINGEY, DT LEE, EH AF RODECAP, KD TINGEY, DT LEE, EH TI IRON NUTRITION INFLUENCE ON CADMIUM ACCUMULATION BY ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA (L) HEYNH SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; MULTI-METAL; PLANTS; ZINC; CD; COMPLEXATION; MANGANESE; COPPER; SOILS; BEANS AB Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine whether Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., a putative Fe-efficient species, accumulated higher concentrations of Cd from a sparingly soluble Cd source (cadmium dihydrogen phosphate) when growing in Fe-deficient rather than in Fe-sufficient conditions. The Arabidopsis plants, which were grown in double-container, vermiculite-hydroponic plot culture systems and were provided with nutrient solution containing either sufficient (89.5 mu M) or deficient (0 mu M) Fe supplied as the diethylene triamine pentacetate chelate, were exposed to four levels of Cd (nominally 0, 0.45, 0.89 or 1.78 mmol kg(-1) vermiculite). At each substrate Cd level, rosette Cd concentrations were similar at both Fe levels, but racemes and seeds from the Fe-deficient treatment accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Cd than those from the Fe-sufficient treatment. For example, at the highest substrate Cd concentration, the Cd bioaccumulation factor (tissue Cd concentration predicted from polynomial response surface equations describing the relationship between tissue and substrate Cd concentrations divided by nominal substrate Cd concentration) for rosettes was 3.2 in both Fe treatments, but raceme Cd bioaccumulation factors were 1.7 and 0.9, and seed Cd bioaccumulation factors were 0.4 and 0.2 in the Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient treatments, respectively. Rosette biomass was largely unaffected by tissue Cd level, but at tissue Cd concentrations of at least 1.26 mmol kg(-1) for recemes and 0.32 mmol kg(-1) for seeds, substantial biomass reductions occurred. Analysis of the uptake of other elements by Arabidopsis suggests that the greater accumulation of Cd by plants in the Fe-deficient treatment may be a consequence of the species' Fe efficiency mechanisms. Our results support the hypothesis that uptake of toxic elements by Fe-efficient species can be enhanced when the plants are growing in Fe-deficient soils. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 23 IS 2 BP 239 EP 246 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NC969 UT WOS:A1994NC96900004 ER PT J AU YOUNG, G BROWN, CL NISHIOKA, RS FOLMAR, LC ANDREWS, M CASHMAN, JR BERN, HA AF YOUNG, G BROWN, CL NISHIOKA, RS FOLMAR, LC ANDREWS, M CASHMAN, JR BERN, HA TI HISTOPATHOLOGY, BLOOD-CHEMISTRY, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF NORMAL AND MORIBUND STRIPED BASS (MORONE-SAXATILIS) INVOLVED IN SUMMER MORTALITY (DIE-OFF) IN THE SACRAMENTO-SAN-JOAQUIN DELTA OF CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE STRIPED BASS; ANNUAL FISH DIE-OFF; FISH PHYSIOLOGY; FISH HISTOPATHOLOGY; FISH TOXICOLOGY ID PINFISH LAGODON-RHOMBOIDES; ORYZIAS-LATIPES MEDAKA; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; FRESH-WATER; COHO SALMON; BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; S-OXYGENATION; DIE-OFF AB Summer mortality ('die-off') is common in striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), in the San Francisco Bay-Delta region. Tissue and blood samples of moribund and healthy striped bass collected during the summers of 1986-1988 were analysed. Sixteen moribund and 25 healthy reference fish from the Carquinez Strait area and eight fish caught in the Pacific Ocean were studied. Moribund fish plasma was invariably yellow-orange; most of the moribund fish had discoloured livers with haemorrhagic regions, and approximately one-third had haemorrhagic intestines. Plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase and cortisol were significantly higher than in reference fish from Carquinez Strait and the Pacific Ocean, whereas cholesterol, sodium, chloride, triiodothyronine and glucose levels were significantly lower. Hepatic heavy metal concentrations and bacterial content were similar in moribund and reference fish. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity was significantly lower in moribund fish. Liver, kidney, intestine, and thyroid follicles of moribund fish displayed various histopathological changes, and corticosteroidogenic (interrenal) tissue could not be identified positively in moribund fish. These findings are discussed in relation to recent work on the chemical burdens (industrial and agricultural hydrocarbons) found in livers from some of the fish examined in this study. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT INTEGRAT BIOL,CANC RES LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BODEGA MARINE LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. US EPA,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. CROCKETT SPORTS FISHING CTR,CROCKETT,CA 94525. IGEN,RES INST,SEATTLE,WA 98109. NR 44 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 44 IS 3 BP 491 EP 512 PG 22 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ND855 UT WOS:A1994ND85500011 ER PT J AU MCKIM, JM NICHOLS, JW LIEN, GJ BERTELSEN, SL AF MCKIM, JM NICHOLS, JW LIEN, GJ BERTELSEN, SL TI RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND CHLOROETHANE GILL FLUX IN THE CHANNEL CATFISH, ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHANNEL CATFISH; RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE; PENTACHLOROETHANE; HEXACHLOROETHANE; GILL CHEMICAL EXTRACTION EFFICIENCY ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; ACID-BASE REGULATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; GAS-EXCHANGE; TELEOST FISH; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; PLATICHTHYS-STELLATUS; STARRY FLOUNDER; WATER-FLOW AB A fish respirometer-metabolism chamber was used to obtain in vivo respiratory-cardiovascular and chloroethane gill flux data on transected channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Methods used for spinal transection, attachment of an oral membrane (respiratory mask), placement and attachment of blood cannulas and urine catheters are described. Respiratory physiology, cardiac output and chemical extraction efficiencies for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE), pentachloroethane (PCE), and hexachloroethane (HCE) were determined on 419-990 g catfish. The overall mean values (+/-S.D.) for ventilation volume (Q(v)), effective respiratory volume (Q(w)), oxygen consumption (VO2), and percentage utilization of oxygen (U) were 17.3 +/- 4.7 l h(-1) kg(-1), 9.8 +/- 1.7 l h(-1) kg(-1), 71.6 +/- 12.5 mg h(-1) kg(-1), and 49 +/- 10%, respectively, while cardiac output calculated via the Fick Method was 2.4 +/- 0.6 l h(-1) kg(-1). Additional measurements were made on ventilation rate (V-r), total plasma protein, haematocrit (Hct), and urine volume; while both arterial and venous blood were analysed for pH, oxygen partial pressure (PO2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), total oxygen (TO2), total carbon dioxide (TCO2) and total ammonia (TAMM). Physiological measurements taken at 24 h were not significantly different from those taken at 48 h and indicated no deterioration of the in vivo preparation. All of these values agreed well with literature values on untransected channel catfish, except for Hct which was lower for cannulated animals used in this study. Overall, these data provide strong support for the use of transected channel catfish for in vivo collection of physiological and chemical gill flux data. The mean initial chemical extraction efficiencies for TCE, PCE and HCE were 41, 61 and 73%, respectively. Chemical clearances (Cl-x) for these same three chemicals were 5.9, 9.3 and 10.8 l h(-1) kg(-1), respectively. The approximate 1 : 1 relationship between effective respiratory volume (Q(w)) and chemical clearance (Cl-x) indicated that branchial uptake of PCE and HCE was water flow-limited. Chemical gill flux observed for channel catfish and chloroethanes was similar to that observed for rainbow trout in previous studies and provided further support for the flow-limited model of chemical flux across fish gills. C1 ASCI CORP,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP MCKIM, JM (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 69 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 44 IS 3 BP 527 EP 547 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01231.x PG 21 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ND855 UT WOS:A1994ND85500013 ER PT J AU VESPER, SJ MURDOCH, LC HAYES, S DAVISHOOVER, WJ AF VESPER, SJ MURDOCH, LC HAYES, S DAVISHOOVER, WJ TI SOLID OXYGEN SOURCE FOR BIOREMEDIATION IN SUBSURFACE SOILS SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; BIODEGRADATION AB Sodium percarbonate was encapsulated in poly(vinylidene chloride) to determine its potential as a slow-release oxygen source for biodegradation of contaminants in subsurface soils. In laboratory studies under aqueous conditions, the encapsulated sodium percarbonate was estimated to release oxygen over about a two-month period. Microbial survival in the presence of encapsulated sodium percarbonate was markedly increased compared to the unencapsulated compound. In laboratory studies, the encapsulated sodium percarbonate was used to provide oxygen as an electron acceptor for microorganisms during the biodegradation of propylene glycol. In 30 days at 12-degrees-C (similar to subsurface soil temperatures), the concentration of propylene glycol was reduced tenfold and the number of propylene glycol degrading organisms increased tenfold compared to live controls without the encapsulated sodium percarbonate. Killed controls did not show significantly reduced concentrations of propylene glycol compared to the live controls. Acidic soil conditions (pH 4.7) were neutralized to a pH of about 8.3 by the encapsulated sodium percarbonate. C1 US EPA,CTR HILL LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45224. RP VESPER, SJ (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CTR HILL LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 13 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 36 IS 3 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(94)85019-4 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NA757 UT WOS:A1994NA75700005 ER PT J AU HILAL, S CARREIRA, LA BAUGHMAN, GL KARICKHOFF, SW MELTON, CM AF HILAL, S CARREIRA, LA BAUGHMAN, GL KARICKHOFF, SW MELTON, CM TI ESTIMATION OF IONIZATION-CONSTANTS OF AZO DYES AND RELATED AROMATIC-AMINES - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SORPTION; BENZIDINE; SEDIMENTS; SYSTEMS AB Ionization constants for 214 dye molecules were calculated from molecular structures using the chemical reactivity models developed in SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry). These models used fundamental chemical structure theory to predict chemical reactivities for a wide range of organic molecules from molecular structure. The energy differences between the protonated state and the unprotonated state for a molecule of interest are factored into mechanistic components including the electrostatic and resonance contributions and any additional contributions to these energy differences. The RMS deviation was found to be less than 0.62 pK. units, which is similar to the experimental error. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV GEORGIA,ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE GRP,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0894-3230 J9 J PHYS ORG CHEM JI J. Phys. Org. Chem. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 7 IS 3 BP 122 EP 141 DI 10.1002/poc.610070304 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Organic; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA NE887 UT WOS:A1994NE88700002 ER PT J AU SHUYLER, LR AF SHUYLER, LR TI WHY NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article RP SHUYLER, LR (reprint author), US EPA,CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM OFF,ANNAPOLIS,MD 21403, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 49 IS 2 SU S BP 3 EP 5 PG 3 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA NF878 UT WOS:A1994NF87800002 ER PT J AU SHUYLER, LR AF SHUYLER, LR TI NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT, AN INTEGRATED COMPONENT FOR WATER-QUALITY PROTECTION SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article RP SHUYLER, LR (reprint author), US EPA,CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM OFF,ANNAPOLIS,MD 21403, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 49 IS 2 SU S BP 5 EP 6 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA NF878 UT WOS:A1994NF87800003 ER PT J AU DAVENPORT, TE AF DAVENPORT, TE TI EPAS PERSPECTIVE - YOU NEED TO PROTECT WATER-QUALITY SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article RP DAVENPORT, TE (reprint author), US EPA,WATERSHED MANAGEMENT UNIT,REG 5,CHICAGO,IL 60604, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 49 IS 2 SU S BP 14 EP 15 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA NF878 UT WOS:A1994NF87800006 ER PT J AU WEINBERG, AC AF WEINBERG, AC TI NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT MEASURE TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN THE COASTAL ZONE SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article RP WEINBERG, AC (reprint author), US EPA,NONPOINT SOURCE CONTROL BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 49 IS 2 SU S BP 71 EP 72 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA NF878 UT WOS:A1994NF87800017 ER PT J AU BEIER, A DRESSING, S SHUYLER, L AF BEIER, A DRESSING, S SHUYLER, L TI A NEW APPROACH TO RUNOFF - STATE COASTAL NONPOINT POLLUTION-CONTROL PROGRAMS SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM OFF,ANNAPOLIS,MD 21403. RP BEIER, A (reprint author), US EPA,NONPOINT CENT BRANCH,RURAL SOURCES SECT,WASHINGTON,DC 20360, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 49 IS 2 SU S BP 72 EP 75 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA NF878 UT WOS:A1994NF87800018 ER PT J AU JAYANTY, RKM GAY, BW AF JAYANTY, RKM GAY, BW TI SUMMARY OF THE 1993 EPA A-AND-WMA INTERNATIONAL-SYMPOSIUM - MEASUREMENT OF TOXIC AND RELATED AIR-POLLUTANTS SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material AB A joint conference cosponsored for the eighth year by the Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory (AREAL) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Air & Waste Management Association was held in Durham, North Carolina, May 3-7, 1993. The four-day technical program consisted of 190 papers presented in twenty-four separate sessions plus a poster session with twenty papers. Individual sessions concentrated on recent advances in the measurement and monitoring of toxic and related air pollutants. Covering a wide range of measurement topics, and supported by 60 exhibitors of instrumentation and consulting services, the symposium was attended by almost eight hundred professionals from the United States and other countries. This overview highlights a selection of the technical presentations, and and includes a synopsis of the keynote address. C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP JAYANTY, RKM (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST,DEPT ENVIRONM METHODS & STAND,POB 12194,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 44 IS 3 BP 254 EP 259 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA PE207 UT WOS:A1994PE20700003 ER PT J AU PICCOT, SD MASEMORE, SS RINGLER, ES SRINIVASAN, S KIRCHGESSNER, DA HERGET, WF AF PICCOT, SD MASEMORE, SS RINGLER, ES SRINIVASAN, S KIRCHGESSNER, DA HERGET, WF TI VALIDATION OF A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING POLLUTION EMISSION RATES FROM AREA SOURCES USING OPEN-PATH FTIR SPECTROSCOPY AND DISPERSION MODELING TECHNIQUES SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB This paper describes a methodology developed for the purpose of estimating emissions factors of organic compounds from a variety of different area sources in a rapid and cost effective manner. The methodology involves the use of an open-path fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer to measure concentrations of hydrocarbon and other compounds in plumes emanating from area sources. Meteorological measurements are also collected and used in conjunction with an appropriate plume dispersion model to relate measured plume and background concentrations to an emission rate for the source. This study was conducted to validate the performance of the measurements methodology, and to support the development of measurements methodology protocols, field setup guidelines, data analysis procedures, and other information needed to conduct more effective and accurate measurements. Based on the results, it appears that the methodology is capable of estimating the emissions from an area source with an accuracy of at least +/- 25 to 30 percent. C1 US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NICOLET INSTRUMENTS CORP,MADISON,WI. RP PICCOT, SD (reprint author), SO RES INST,DIV ENVIRONM STUDIES,POB 13825,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 44 IS 3 BP 271 EP 279 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA PE207 UT WOS:A1994PE20700005 ER PT J AU LIU, PKT GREGG, RL SABOL, HK BARKLEY, N AF LIU, PKT GREGG, RL SABOL, HK BARKLEY, N TI ENGINEERED BIOFILTER FOR REMOVING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN AIR SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID EMISSIONS AB Biofiltration is an established economical air pollution control technology for removing organic contaminants in air. Existing filters using natural media, such as peat and compost, were demonstrated in the field for degrading up to several thousand ppm of contaminants. An engineered biofilter using synthetic media, such as activated carbon, has been developed that shows improvements in removal efficiency, biodegradation and space requirements over the existing filters. This carbon filter has been operated for > 11 months in a bench-top unit, accomplishing greater-than-or-equal-to 90 percent removal efficiency consistently in a stream containing 10 to 20 ppm of toluene. The mass transfer zone remained stationary and extremely short (1 to 4 seconds of empty bed contact time) during the entire operating period. Compared with existing filters, this engineered filter showed 40 to 80 times greater biodegradation efficiency under the selected conditions, resulting in a decreased space requirement and other advantages in equipment sizing. In addition, the engineered filter allows for removal of biomass, with no medium compaction and no replacement or excess disposal of spent media required. The unit, kept in a humid state supplemented with inorganic nutrients, offers a desirable environment for biogrowth. The extremely efficient bio-regeneration shown in this study indicates that the biofilter could also replace some existing carbon applications, particularly for removal of weakly-adsorbed, but biodegradable, contaminants or applications with strong competition by moisture. C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,SITE EMERGING TECHNOL PROGRAM,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. ALCOA,PITTSBURGH,PA. NR 13 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 44 IS 3 BP 299 EP 303 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA PE207 UT WOS:A1994PE20700016 ER PT J AU DANNER, RM REDDY, TV GUION, CW AF DANNER, RM REDDY, TV GUION, CW TI A SENSITIVE REVERSED-PHASE ION-PAIRING HPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POLYAMINES IN RAT-LIVER SO LC GC-MAGAZINE OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PUTRESCINE; SPERMIDINE; INDUCTION; DIAMINES; TISSUES; GROWTH C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,DIV ECOL MONITORING RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. US EPA,CTR ENVIRONM INFORMAT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP DANNER, RM (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING JR DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 SN 0888-9090 J9 LC GC-MAG SEP SCI JI LC GC-Mag. Sep. Sci. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 12 IS 3 BP 244 EP & PG 0 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA NA395 UT WOS:A1994NA39500005 ER PT J AU WOODTHOMAS, BC AF WOODTHOMAS, BC TI LAND-BASED MARINE POLLUTION AND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT - ROLE OF STATE AND LOCAL-GOVERNMENT IN THE USA SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article RP WOODTHOMAS, BC (reprint author), US EPA,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 18 IS 2 BP 165 EP 174 DI 10.1016/0308-597X(94)90023-X PG 10 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA NP486 UT WOS:A1994NP48600014 ER PT J AU LOEB, AP ELLIOTT, TJ AF LOEB, AP ELLIOTT, TJ TI PSD CONSTRAINTS ON UTILITY PLANNING - A REVIEW OF RECENT VISIBILITY LITIGATION SO NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Recent events have raised concerns over the impact of PSD and visibility programs of the Clean Air Act on siting new and modifying existing utility and industrial plants. This article reviews the regulatory constraints that apply to such facilities and examines a number of current permit proceedings to evaluate potential trends in the siting process due to these constaints. In recent proceedings, concern over visibility and other air quality related values has had three major impacts. It has: (1) caused larger distances from Class I areas to be considered within the analyses; (2) put pressure on states to use offsets for emissions from new plants; and (3) affected fuel type, capacity, technology and emission limits. As an exception, one company has shown that addressing visibility issues early in the permitting process can help avoid permit-blocking controversies. These proceedings indicate that visibility considerations will play a larger role in some regions of the country as additional permits allow increased pollutant loadings. In consequence, the PSD and visibility programs are likely to have an increasing impact on siting and modification decisions, and should be considered as part of total environmental planning for utility and industrial plant management. C1 US EPA,OFF AIR,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. MORLEY CASKIN,WASHINGTON,DC. RP LOEB, AP (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 62 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV NEW MEXICO PI ALBUQUERQUE PA SCHOOL OF LAW 1117 STANFORD N E, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131 SN 0028-0739 J9 NAT RESOUR J JI Nat. Resour. J. PD SPR PY 1994 VL 34 IS 2 BP 231 EP 272 PG 42 WC Environmental Studies; Law SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Government & Law GA QE839 UT WOS:A1994QE83900001 ER PT J AU OCALLAGHAN, JP AF OCALLAGHAN, JP TI A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR ALTERED PROTEIN-PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE MEDIATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Neurotoxicology Conference: Mechanisms of Developmental Neurotoxicity CY SEP 28-OCT 01, 1992 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR SP MARCH DIMES, US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, US FDA, NATL CTR TOXICOL RES, NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, INT NEUROTOXICOL ASSOC, EASTMAN KODAK CO, DU PONT & CO, HASKELL LAB TOXICOL & IND MED, ARKANSAS CHILDRENS HOSP, UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI DE PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN KINASE; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; NEUROTOXICITY ID SYNAPTIC VESICLE PHOSPHOPROTEINS; II MUTANT MICE; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; KINASE-II; TYROSINE KINASES; NEURONAL PHOSPHOPROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS; BRAIN; GROWTH AB Protein phosphorylation represents a major post-translational mechanism through which numerous physiological processes are regulated. In the central nervous system, many extracellular messengers appear to exert their effects by regula ting the in tra cellular concentration of specific second messengers which in turn activate specific phosphoprotein kinases. The diversity of these kinases and their substrates provide the means through which the diversity of brain cell types integrate and process extracellular signals. Increasing evidence indicates that specific phosphoproteins are involved in various aspects of brain development such as gene expression, protein synthesis, and cellular differentiation (e,g. growth cone formation, synaptogenesis). There are 3 essential components to all phosphorylation systems: 1) a specific protein kinase that, in the presence of ATP and Mg++, catalyzes the phosphorylation reaction; 2) a substrate protein that exists in either a phospho- or dephospho-form and 3) a protein phosphatase that catalyzes the removal of the phosphate group. All of these components represent putative targets for developmental neurotoxicants. In the adult nervous system, protein phosphorylation recently has been shown to play a role in ischemia, neurodegenerative disease and specific neurotoxic exposures. Together, these observations provide the background for a discussion of the potential role of this key signal transduction system as a mediator of developmental neurotoxicity. (C) 1994 Intox Press, Inc. RP OCALLAGHAN, JP (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 49 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD SPR PY 1994 VL 15 IS 1 BP 29 EP 40 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NP624 UT WOS:A1994NP62400005 PM 8090360 ER PT J AU BREESE, GR CRISWELL, HE JOHNSON, KB OCALLAGHAN, JP DUNCAN, GE JENSEN, KF SIMSON, PE MUELLER, RA AF BREESE, GR CRISWELL, HE JOHNSON, KB OCALLAGHAN, JP DUNCAN, GE JENSEN, KF SIMSON, PE MUELLER, RA TI NEONATAL DESTRUCTION OF DOPAMINERGIC-NEURONS SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Neurotoxicology Conference: Mechanisms of Developmental Neurotoxicity CY SEP 28-OCT 01, 1992 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR SP MARCH DIMES, US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, US FDA, NATL CTR TOXICOL RES, NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, INT NEUROTOXICOL ASSOC, EASTMAN KODAK CO, DU PONT & CO, HASKELL LAB TOXICOL & IND MED, ARKANSAS CHILDRENS HOSP, UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI DE NEONATAL-6-OHDA TREATMENT; D1-DOPAMINE RECEPTORS; D2-DOPAMINE RECEPTORS; DOPAMINE SUPERSENSITIVITY; C-FOS ID LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME; ADENOSINE 3'-5'-MONOPHOSPHATE-REGULATED PHOSPHOPROTEIN; SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; INNERVATED BRAIN-REGIONS; CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM; MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; C-FOS; RAT-BRAIN; 6-OHDA-LESIONED RATS AB Rats treated as neonates with 6-hydroxydopamine are proposed to model the dopamine deficiency associated with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS). To understand the neurobiological basis of specific behaviors in LNS, investigations were undertaken in these neonatally lesioned rats. Several new findings resulted from these studies. The first was that D1-dopamine receptors are essential for the action of D2-dopamine receptors, a phenomenon called ''coupling'' of receptor function. Another finding was that D1-dopamine receptors must be repeatedly stimulated before maximal behavioral sensitivity can be observed. This has been referred to as ''priming'' of D1-dopamine receptor responsiveness. This priming action by repeated administration of a D1-dopamine agonist was antagonized by NMDA antagonists indicating a potential role of glutamate in this sensitization. Ongoing work suggests that DARPP-32 is not involved in priming of D1-dopamine receptor responsiveness. However, we have observed an accumulation of GFAP in brain following repeated administration of a D1-dopamine agonist. In addition, immunoblots employing an antibody to phospho-DARPP-32 revealed a protein present in lesioned rat that was not present in control rats. Studies in these lesioned rats are expected to continue to contribute to our basic understanding of adaptive changes caused by lesioning of dopaminergic neurons during development. (C) 1994 Infox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP BREESE, GR (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,BRAIN & DEV RES CTR,226,CB 7250,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD-03110, HD-23042]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS-21345] NR 92 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 4 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD SPR PY 1994 VL 15 IS 1 BP 149 EP 159 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NP624 UT WOS:A1994NP62400015 PM 8090354 ER PT J AU STANTON, ME MUNDY, WR WARD, T DULCHINOS, V BARRY, CC AF STANTON, ME MUNDY, WR WARD, T DULCHINOS, V BARRY, CC TI TIME-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF ACUTE CHLORPYRIFOS ADMINISTRATION ON SPATIAL DELAYED ALTERNATION AND CHOLINERGIC NEUROCHEMISTRY IN WEANLING RATS SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Neurotoxicology Conference: Mechanisms of Developmental Neurotoxicity CY SEP 28-OCT 01, 1992 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR SP MARCH DIMES, US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, US FDA, NATL CTR TOXICOL RES, NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, INT NEUROTOXICOL ASSOC, EASTMAN KODAK CO, DU PONT & CO, HASKELL LAB TOXICOL & IND MED, ARKANSAS CHILDRENS HOSP, UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI DE ORGANOPHOSPHATES; DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY; LEARNING AND MEMORY; CORTEX; HIPPOCAMPUS; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION ID CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION; ADULT-RATS; DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE; ONTOGENY; BRAIN AB On postnatal day 21 (PND21), Long-Evans rat pups received a single subcutaneous injection of either 0 (corn oil vehicle), 90, 120, or 240 mg/kg chlorpyriphos and were then tested for T-maze delayed alternation on PND23 or 26. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and muscaranic receptor density [i.e., quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding] were determined in hippocampus and cortex of brains taken from pups 15 hours after the end of behavioral testing(i.e., the morning of PND24, and 27). Pups exposed to the 240 mg/kg dose of chlorpyrifos showed signs of overt toxicity that precluded behavioral testing. Exposure to the 120 mg/kg dose produced a selective memory impairment (ie., a deficit in delayed alternation but not position discrimination) relative to the 90 mg/kg and vehicle groups. This impairment was transient, however, as it appeared on PND23 and was absent by PND26. PND21 exposure to chlorpyrifos produced dose-related inhibition and recovery of brain AChE over the PND24-27 age range. A similar pattern was observed in hippocampus. Binding of [H-3]QNB was reduced in frontal cortex on PND27 only at the 240 mg/kg dose. No significant effects were observed in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the neurochemical effects of acute chlorpyrifos administration are more transient, and the behavioral effects are smaller and shorter-lived than what has been reported in adult rats. (C) 1993 Inter Press, Inc. RP STANTON, ME (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD SPR PY 1994 VL 15 IS 1 BP 201 EP 208 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NP624 UT WOS:A1994NP62400020 PM 7522308 ER PT J AU BUSHNELL, PJ KELLY, KL CROFTON, KM AF BUSHNELL, PJ KELLY, KL CROFTON, KM TI EFFECTS OF TOLUENE INHALATION ON DETECTION OF AUDITORY SIGNALS IN RATS SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ATTENTION; AUDITORY; SIGNAL DETECTION; OTOTOXICITY; RAT; SOLVENTS; TOLUENE; VIGILANCE ID HEARING-LOSS; ACUTE EXPOSURE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; WEANLING RATS; OTOTOXICITY; BRAIN; TOXICOKINETICS; AMPHETAMINE; SENSITIVITY AB Inhalation of organic solvents can affect vigilance and reaction time in humans. An animal model of vigilance was designed to assess the effects of toluene on these processes. Adult male Long-Evans rats were trained to detect auditory signals (20-msec increases in the intensity of white noise). Two to 4 s after each signal (or blank period), two retractable levers were inserted into the test chamber. A press on one lever after a signal and on the other lever after a blank resulted in the delivery of food. Signal detection analysis showed that sensitivity (Sensitivity Index, SI) and response bias (Responsivity Index, RI) increased with signal intensity, indicating that loud signals were more detectable than soft signals and that the animals' criterion for responding ''signal'' increased with signal intensity. Response latency for correct choices was faster for signal trials than for blank trials. Toluene vapor was added to the airstream of these chambers at concentrations of 0, 1000, 1500, or 2000 ppm, either 10 or 30 min before testing and for the duration of each 1-h test. In air, SI increased across the duration of the test; this within-session improvement was reversed by toluene. RI did not change in air; it was decreased by toluene at the beginning of each exposure session, returned to the control level during exposure to 1000 and 1500 ppm toluene and exceeded air control after 40 min exposure to 2000 ppm toluene. Latency increased monotonically across toluene concentrations and time on test. Neither signal intensity nor the duration of toluene exposure before testing altered these effects of toluene. SI, RI, and latency baselines were recovered after toluene exposure indicating that no persistent effects of toluene were detectable. This conclusion was supported by data from other rats showing that toluene exposure (2000 ppm for 2 h/day for 4 consecutive days) did not affect auditory thresholds, as determined by reflex modification of an acoustic startle response using a 16 kHz tone as a prepulse stimulus, 7 or 17 days after exposure to toluene. Finally, rats tested immediately or 20 min after exposure to 0, 1000, 1500, or 2000 ppm toluene were not affected by the vapor, indicating that the impairment observed during toluene inhalation did not persist beyond the period of exposure. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP BUSHNELL, PJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD 74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 57 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 16 IS 2 BP 149 EP 160 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(94)90112-0 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA NG800 UT WOS:A1994NG80000003 PM 8052189 ER PT J AU FRANCO, AC DESOYZA, AG VIRGINIA, RA REYNOLDS, JF WHITFORD, WG AF FRANCO, AC DESOYZA, AG VIRGINIA, RA REYNOLDS, JF WHITFORD, WG TI EFFECTS OF PLANT SIZE AND WATER RELATIONS ON GAS-EXCHANGE AND GROWTH OF THE DESERT SHRUB LARREA-TRIDENTATA SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE GAS-EXCHANGE; LARREA-TRIDENTATA; PHENOLOGY; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; WATER RELATIONS ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; SONORAN DESERT; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; MANIPULATION; ALLOCATION; ECOSYSTEMS; DIVARICATA; CALIFORNIA; PATTERNS AB Larrea tridentata is a xerophytic evergreen shrub, dominant in the and regions of the southwestern United States. We examined relationships between gas-exchange characteristics, plant and soil water relations, and growth responses of large versus small shrubs of L. tridentata over the course of a summer growing season in the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico, USA. The soil wetting front did not reach 0.6 m, and soils at depths of 0.6 and 0.9 m remained dry throughout the summer, suggesting that L. tridentata extracts water largely from soil near the surface. Surface soil layers (<0.3 m) were drier under large plants, but predawn xylem water potentials were similar for both plant sizes suggesting some access to deeper soil moisture reserves by large plants. Stem elongation rates were about 40% less in large, reproductively active shrubs than in small, reproductively inactive shrubs. Maximal net photosynthetic rates (P(max)) occurred in early summer (21.3 mu mol m-2 s-1), when pre-dawn xylem water potential (XWP) reached ca.-1 MPa. Although both shrub sizes exhibited similar responses to environmental factors, small shrubs recovered faster from short-term drought, when pre-dawn XWP reached about -4.5 MPa and P(max) decreased to only ca. 20% of unstressed levels. Gas exchange measurements yielded a strong relationship between stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, and he relationship between leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit and stomatal conductance was found to be influenced by pre-dawn XWP. Our results indicate that stomatal responses to water stress and vapor pressure deficit are important in determining rates of carbon gain and water loss in L. tridentata. C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. DARTMOUTH COLL,ENVIRONM STUDIES PROGRAM,HANOVER,NH 03755. DUKE UNIV,DEPT BOT,DURHAM,NC 27706. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP FRANCO, AC (reprint author), UNIV BRASILIA,DEPT BOT,CAIXA POSTAL 04631,BR-70910 BRASILIA,DF,BRAZIL. RI Franco, Augusto/B-1615-2008; Reynolds, James/G-6364-2010 OI Franco, Augusto/0000-0003-0869-5989; NR 31 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 1994 VL 97 IS 2 BP 171 EP 178 DI 10.1007/BF00323146 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ND520 UT WOS:A1994ND52000003 PM 28313925 ER PT J AU KERN, JS AF KERN, JS TI SPATIAL PATTERNS OF SOIL ORGANIC-CARBON IN THE CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 58th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY NOV 13-18, 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SOIL SCI SOC AMR ID FOREST ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; GENERAL-MODEL; GREAT PLAINS; CLIMATE; MATTER; NITROGEN; STORAGE; BALANCE AB Spatial patterns and total amounts of soil organic C (SOC) are important data for studies of soil productivity, soil hydraulic properties, and the cycling of C-based greenhouse gases. This study evaluated several approaches for characterizing SOC to determine their relative merits. The first approach entailed grouping data from a global pedon SOC database by type of ecosystem, resulting in a total of 78.0 Pg of C (Pg = 10(15) g) to 1-m depth for the contiguous USA. In a second approach, a pedon database was aggregated using soil taxonomy, resulting in a total for the contiguous USA of 80.7 +/- 18.6 Pg of C when the great group SOC was spatially distributed with Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs) using the 1982 National Resource Inventory (NRI) and the Soil Interpretation Record databases. The third approach used pedon and spatial data from a global soil map grouped by soil unit that resulted in 84.5 Pg of C for the contiguous USA. Although the ecosystem and soil taxonomic approaches resulted in similar totals, the taxonomic approaches are recommended because they gave more realistic results in areas of Histosols, shallow soils, and soils with high rock fragment content. The ecosystem approach did not give reliable spatial patterns and is only useful for very broad-scale work where precisely georeferenced data are not needed. Grouping data by great group provided more information than grouping by order or suborder. The approach based on soil taxonomy is very useful because it is based on the NRI statistical framework and it allows stratification by other NRI items, such as land use and vegetation. RP KERN, JS (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 44 TC 157 Z9 178 U1 3 U2 27 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 58 IS 2 BP 439 EP 455 PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA NG629 UT WOS:A1994NG62900029 ER PT J AU LUEBKE, RW COPELAND, CB DILIBERTO, JJ AKUBUE, PI ANDREWS, DL RIDDLE, MM WILLIAMS, WC BIRNBAUM, LS AF LUEBKE, RW COPELAND, CB DILIBERTO, JJ AKUBUE, PI ANDREWS, DL RIDDLE, MM WILLIAMS, WC BIRNBAUM, LS TI ASSESSMENT OF HOST-RESISTANCE TO TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS IN MICE FOLLOWING PREINFECTION EXPOSURE TO 2,3,7,8-TCDD SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATHYMIC NUDE MICE; T-CELLS; B-CELL; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY; DRUG-METABOLISM; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; NEWBORN LARVAE; SUPPRESSION; INFECTION AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been reported to decrease host resistance to a variety of infectious agents when exposure occurs prior to infection. Resistance to viral infection has been observed at doses as low as 0.1 mu g TCDD/kg body wt, well below the thymolytic dose in mice. In the present study, female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to a single intraperitoneal injection of 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 30.0 mu g TCDD/kg 7 days prior to infection to determine the effects of TCDD exposure on resistance to the nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis. Exposure to 10 or 30 mu g TCDD/kg delayed adult parasite elimination from the small intestine. Significantly more larvae were released by female parasites and greater numbers of encysted larvae were recovered from the muscle of mice exposed to TCDD. Proliferative responses of splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells stimulated with T. spiralis antigen were significantly suppressed at exposure levels of TCDD greater than or equal to 1.0 mu g/kg 7 days after infection and in splenocytes only at 14 days after infection, demonstrating the greater sensitivity of proliferative responses to TCDD exposure than actual host resistance to Ts infection. Suppressed proliferation was observed at doses which produced TCDD concentrations greater than or equal to 0.2 pmol/g of lymphoid tissue on Day 7 of infection. In addition, it was determined that infected mice had higher TCDD levels than noninfected mice given the same dose. These results suggest an interaction between TCDD exposure and infection, i.e., that exposure to TCDD altered the host response to infection, while infection delayed elimination of TCDD from the host. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM SERV INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP LUEBKE, RW (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 50 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 125 IS 1 BP 7 EP 16 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1043 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NA188 UT WOS:A1994NA18800002 PM 8128497 ER PT J AU LOPEZAVILA, V CHARAN, C BECKERT, WF AF LOPEZAVILA, V CHARAN, C BECKERT, WF TI USING SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION AND ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS TO DETERMINE PESTICIDES IN SOILS SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ENVIRONMENTAL-ANALYSIS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WATER; SEDIMENT; SAMPLES; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; 4-NITROPHENOL; ATRAZINE; RESIDUES AB We used supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to extract pesticides from soil samples; the extraction recoveries with supercritical fluids were comparable to those achieved with conventional Soxhlet and sonication techniques. For polar and thermally labile pesticides, extraction with supercritical fluids combined with enzyme immunoassays allowed for faster extraction and analysis, fewer sample preparation steps (no need for extract cleanup and concentration), and more sensitive and selective analyses. We discuss the use of SFE to extract alachlor, atrazine, captan, carbofuran, metolachlor, and 2,4-D from freshly spiked topsoil samples containing up to 10% humic acid by weight, and subsequent analysis by enzyme immunoassays. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,RENO,NV. RP LOPEZAVILA, V (reprint author), MIDWEST RES INST,CALIF OPERAT BRANCH,MT VIEW,CA, USA. NR 40 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 13 IS 3 BP 118 EP 126 DI 10.1016/0165-9936(94)87076-4 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA NB267 UT WOS:A1994NB26700005 ER PT J AU KIM, IS YOUNG, JC TABAK, HH AF KIM, IS YOUNG, JC TABAK, HH TI KINETICS OF ACETOGENESIS AND METHANOGENESIS IN ANAEROBIC REACTIONS UNDER TOXIC CONDITIONS SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ACETOGENESIS; ANAEROBIC TREATMENT; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; METHANOGENESIS; MODEL; ORGANICS; TOXICITY ID ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; INHIBITION; BIODEGRADATION; SUBSTRATE; DIGESTION; PROTOCOL AB A method for assessing the impact of toxic organic compounds on the kinetics of acetogenic reactions is presented. The test program involved dosing ethanol-enriched anaerobic cultures with an isomeric series of chlorophenols and chloroanilines. The effect on the acetogenic conversion of ethanol was monitored by measuring the residual ethanol and acetate in batch serum bottle tests. followed by mathematical analysis to determine coefficients of kinetic and inhibition models. A feature of the presently-described research program was the use of the specific biomass responsible for acetogenesis and methanogenesis in kinetic models rather than using the total biomass. The distribution of biomass in the ethanol-enriched test culture was 25.4% hydrogenotrophic methanogens. 41.1% acetoclastic methanogens, and 33.5% ethanol degrading acetogens. The effects of the chloroanilines and chlorophenols on both acetogenesis and methanogenesis appear to be best described as mixed inhibition, and the effects were not clearly related to the position of functional groups. In all cases, the test chemicals were more toxic to the acetoclastic methanogenesis reactions than to the ethanol-degrading acetogenic reactions. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,216 SACKETT BLDG,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD MAR-APR PY 1994 VL 66 IS 2 BP 119 EP 132 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ND934 UT WOS:A1994ND93400005 ER PT J AU KOFORD, RR DUNNING, JB RIBIC, CA FINCH, DM AF KOFORD, RR DUNNING, JB RIBIC, CA FINCH, DM TI A GLOSSARY FOR AVIAN CONSERVATION BIOLOGY SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BROOD PARASITISM; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; SUCCESS; GUILD AB This glossary provides standard definitions for many of the terms used in avian conservation biology. We compiled these definitions to assist communication among researchers, managers, and others involved in the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Program, also known as Partners in Flight. We used existing glossaries and recent literature to prepare this glossary. The cited sources were not necessarily the first ones to use the terms. Many definitions were taken verbatim from the cited source material. Others were modified slightly to clarify the meaning. Definitions that were modified to a greater extent are indicated as being adapted from the originals. Terms that have been used in more than one way by different authors are listed with numbered alternative definitions if the definitions differ substantially. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87106. UNIV GEORGIA,INST ECOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP KOFORD, RR (reprint author), NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,NATL BIOL SURVEY,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401, USA. RI Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 76 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1994 VL 106 IS 1 BP 121 EP 137 PG 17 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA MZ290 UT WOS:A1994MZ29000011 ER PT J AU HILAL, SH CARREIRA, LA KARICKHOFF, SW MELTON, CM AF HILAL, SH CARREIRA, LA KARICKHOFF, SW MELTON, CM TI ESTIMATION OF GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION TIMES FROM MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article AB A new type of a computer program called SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry) was developed to predict chemical reactivity parameters and physical properties of organic molecules from their molecular structures based on fundamental chemical structure theory. SPARC's physical models for vapor pressure and activity coefficient were used to calculate the Henry's constant, which can be related to the Kovats retention index. The Kovats indices for a wide range of compounds at any temperature on a squalane liquid phase were calculated. The Root Mean Square deviation error was found to be less than 7 Kovats units, a value that is close to interlaboratory experimental error. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. UNIV GEORGIA,ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE GRP,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 14 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD FEB 25 PY 1994 VL 662 IS 2 BP 269 EP 280 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80515-6 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA MZ780 UT WOS:A1994MZ78000009 ER PT J AU SHAUGHNESSY, LW BARONE, S MUNDY, WR HERR, DW TILSON, HA AF SHAUGHNESSY, LW BARONE, S MUNDY, WR HERR, DW TILSON, HA TI COMPARISON OF INTRACRANIAL INFUSIONS OF COLCHICINE AND IBOTENIC ACID AS MODELS OF NEURODEGENERATION IN THE BASAL FOREBRAIN SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE COLCHICINE; IBOTENIC ACID; NUCLEUS BASALIS; CHOLINERGIC HYPOFUNCTION; GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE; BIOGENIC AMINE; PASSIVE AVOIDANCE ID NUCLEUS BASALIS; CHOLINERGIC NEURONS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; NEUROTOXIC LESIONS; SENILE DEMENTIA; QUISQUALIC ACID; DENTATE GYRUS; CELL-DEATH; WATER-MAZE; RAT AB Colchicine and ibotenic acid were compared for their ability to produce neurodegeneration and cognitive deficit after bilateral infusions into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis of male Long-Evans rats. Four weeks post-lesion, there was no difference in locomotor activity following infusion of either neurotoxicant or vehicle. In a passive avoidance task, both treated groups had significantly shorter step-through latencies compared with vehicle. Five weeks post-lesion, rats were killed for neurochemistry or histochemistry. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in both the frontal and parietal cortex was significantly decreased (25-35%) in the colchicine- and ibotenic acid-infused rats when compared to control. There was no effect of either neurotoxicant on ChAT activity in the hippocampus or striatum. Both neurotoxicants produced damage in the general area of the ventromedial pallidum, although ibotenic acid infusion consistently produced a larger area of damage as assessed in Nissl-stained sections. Analysis of the number of ChAT-immunoreactive cells in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) showed an average 60% cell loss following colchicine infusion and a 75% cell loss after ibotenic acid infusion. Area of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) staining was significantly decreased in several regions surrounding the NBM for ibotenic acid (51% average decrease), and showed non-significant decreases (28%) following colchicine infusion. Colchicine infusion decreased dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum; ibotenic acid had no effect on brain catechol or indoleamine levels. The results indicate that although similar cholinergic hypofunction and behavioral deficits were achieved, several non-cholinergic differences between the neurotoxicants were detected. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM NEUROBIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 55 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD FEB 21 PY 1994 VL 637 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91212-2 PG 12 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA MY436 UT WOS:A1994MY43600003 PM 8180792 ER PT J AU MAHLMAN, JD PINTO, JP UMSCHEID, LJ AF MAHLMAN, JD PINTO, JP UMSCHEID, LJ TI TRANSPORT, RADIATIVE, AND DYNAMICAL EFFECTS OF THE ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE - A GFDL SKYHI MODEL EXPERIMENT SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; LATE WINTER 1973; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; MOLECULAR-OXYGEN; CROSS-SECTIONS; STRATOSPHERE; DESTRUCTION; RESOLUTION; DEPLETION; WAVES AB The GFDL ''SKYHI'' general circulation model has been used to simulate the effect of the Antarctic ''ozone hole'' phenomenon on the radiative and dynamical environment of the lower stratosphere. Both the polar ozone destruction and photochemical restoration chemistries are calculated by parameterized simplifications of the still somewhat uncertain chemical processes. The modeled total column ozone depletions are near 25% in spring over Antarctica, with 1% depletion reaching equatorial latitudes by the end of the 4 1/2-year model experiment. In the lower stratosphere, ozone reductions of 5% reach to the equator. Large coolings of about 8 K are simulated in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica in late spring, while a general cooling of about 1-1.5 K is present throughout the Southern Hemisphere lower stratosphere. The model atmosphere experiences a long-term positive temperature-chemical feedback because significant ozone reductions carry over into the next winter. The overall temperature response to the reduced ozone is essentially radiative in character. However, substantial dynamical changes are induced by the ozone hole effect. The Antarctic middle stratosphere in late spring warms by about 6 K over Antarctica and the lower midlatitude stratosphere warms by approximately 1 K. These warming spots are produced mainly by an increased residual circulation intensity. Also, the Antarctic vortex becomes tighter and more confined as a result of the reduced ozone. These two dynamical effects combine to steepen the meridional slope of quasi-conservative trace constituent isolines. Thus, the entire transport, radiative, and dynamical climatology of the springtime stratosphere is affected to an important degree by the ozone hole phenomenon. Over the entire year, however, these dynamical effects are considerably smaller. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP MAHLMAN, JD (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,NOAA ERL GFDL,FORRESTAL CAMPUS,US ROUTE 1,POB 308,PRINCETON,NJ 08542, USA. NR 27 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 1994 VL 51 IS 4 BP 489 EP 508 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<0489:TRADEO>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA MX664 UT WOS:A1994MX66400002 ER PT J AU DINH, KT NGUYEN, TT AF DINH, KT NGUYEN, TT TI MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATORS OF BINOMIAL PARAMETERS UNDER AN ORDER RESTRICTION SO AMERICAN STATISTICIAN LA English DT Article DE DIMENSION REDUCTION; RESTRICTED MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATOR AB An elementary method for finding a restricted maximum likelihood estimator of a sequence of k+1 binomial parameters p1, p2, ..., p(k), q is presented. The order restriction, p(i) greater-than-or-equal-to q (i = 1, ..., k), arises in comparing k treatment groups with a control group. An algorithm to find these estimators is also given. C1 BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIV,DEPT MATH & STAT,BOWLING GREEN,OH 43403. RP DINH, KT (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0003-1305 J9 AM STAT JI Am. Stat. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 48 IS 1 BP 29 EP 30 DI 10.2307/2685081 PG 2 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA MY327 UT WOS:A1994MY32700006 ER PT J AU BURGESS, RM ROGERS, BA REGO, SA CORBIN, JM MORRISON, GE AF BURGESS, RM ROGERS, BA REGO, SA CORBIN, JM MORRISON, GE TI SAND SPIKED WITH COPPER AS A REFERENCE TOXICANT MATERIAL FOR SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTING - A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHAETE NEANTHES-ARENACEODENTATA; PLANTS AB Routine use of solid-phase sediment toxicity tests for scientific and regulatory purposes necessitates the development of solid-phase reference toxicant materials. In order to evaluate an approach for developing such materials, 12 solid-phase 96-h reference toxicant tests were conducted over 12 weeks with the marine bivalve Mulinia lateralis. Reference toxicant material was clean muffled sand spiked with copper used in a conventional dilution series with unspiked sand as the diluent. Control survival ranged from 92 to 100% and during the exposure weights increased by a factor of about 3 relative to initial weights. Measured concentrations of copper in the water column above the reference material during testing showed that the toxicant exposures were relatively consistent between tests. Coefficients of variation (CV) for mortality and sublethality (growth) endpoints were 39% and 42%, respectively. Coefficients of variation for other solid-phase reference toxicant material studies do not exist, but comparison of the results of this study with water-only literature values are favorable. Values for CVs in the literature range from 4 to 120% and 2 to 48% for acute and sublethal endpoints, respectively, for water column organisms and about 45% for an acute test using the marine amphipod (Ampelisca abdita). This evaluation demonstrates that use of sand spiked with copper is a credible approach for developing a solid phase reference toxicant material; however, further development is required to reduce both biological and chemical sources of variability. C1 US EPA,SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. TEXAS NAT RESOURCE CONSERVAT COMMISS,AUSTIN,TX 78711. RP BURGESS, RM (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 26 IS 2 BP 163 EP 168 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MP652 UT WOS:A1994MP65200005 ER PT J AU BENNETT, RL STOCKBURGER, L BARNES, HM AF BENNETT, RL STOCKBURGER, L BARNES, HM TI COMPARISON OF SULFUR MEASUREMENTS FROM A REGIONAL FINE-PARTICLE NETWORK WITH CONCURRENT ACID MODES NETWORK RESULTS SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE FINE PARTICLE SULFUR; SEASONAL VARIATION; REGIONAL ACID DEPOSITION MODEL; ACID MODES PROGRAM; X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; RURAL MONITORING SITES ID VISIBILITY AB The Fine Particle Network (FPN), a system of fine particle (less than 2.5 mum) samplers, was operated at 41 sites selected from the Environmental Protection Agency Acid MODES program during a two-year period in 1988-90. The 24-h sample results included fine particle mass and the most predominant chemical element concentrations determined by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Statistical summaries of the fine mass and sulfur concentrations by site and season were prepared. The sulfur results from the Fine Particle Network were compared with concurrently measured total particulate sulfate and gaseous SO2 results obtained with colorimetric and ion chromatographic analysis at the same sites operated by the Acid MODES program. The availability of simultaneous particulate sulfate measurements from independent collection and analytical procedures provided an opportunity to examine their agreement and provide a more reliable database for evaluation of regional particulate models and estimation of contribution to urban aerosol concentration. Although the two networks did not operate entirely on the same schedule, 9188 sets of concurrently collected samples were produced. Geometric mean concentrations of fine particle mass (12.9 mug m-3) and particulate sulfur (1.4 mug m-3, equivalent to 4.2 mug m-3 of sulfate) were measured with FPN samples along with particulate sulfate (4.0 mug m-3) and gaseous sulfur dioxide (6.7 mug m-3) from the Acid MODES filter pack samplers. The distribution of daily ratios of sulfate to sulfur concentrations had a mean value of 2.94 which agrees with the gravimetric factor of 3. RP BENNETT, RL (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,OFF RES & DEV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 28 IS 3 BP 409 EP 419 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90120-1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NR213 UT WOS:A1994NR21300003 ER PT J AU DELNOMDEDIEU, M BASTI, MM OTVOS, JD THOMAS, DJ AF DELNOMDEDIEU, M BASTI, MM OTVOS, JD THOMAS, DJ TI REDUCTION AND BINDING OF ARSENATE AND DIMETHYLARSINATE BY GLUTATHIONE - A MAGNETIC-RESONANCE STUDY SO CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE ARSENICALS; GLUTATHIONE; SULFHYDRYL GROUPS ID SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; BILIARY-EXCRETION; METAL-COMPLEXES; NUCLEAR; METHYLATION; METABOLISM; MICE; PENTAVALENT; HEPATOCYTES; TRIVALENT AB By observing the chemical shifts of the proton and carbon-13 nuclei of reduced glutathione, the interactions of arsenate, arsenite and dimethylarsinate with this tripeptide have been characterized. These spectral studies show the reduction and complexation of arsenic to be a two-step process. Initially, the oxidation of 2 mol of glutathione reduces arsenate to arsenite. Then, 3 mol of glutathione are consumed in the formation of a glutathione-arsenite complex. Similar experiments with arsenite identified a (glutathione)3-arsenite complex; however, no oxidized glutathione was detected. The arsenite binding site in the glutathione-arsenite complex is the cysteinyl sulfhydryl. The glutathione-arsenite complex is stable over the pH range from 1.5 to 7.0-7.5. At higher pH, dissociation occurs releasing reduced glutathione. For a glutathione to dimethylarsinate ratio of 3, oxidized glutathione is also coupled with a reduction to trivalent dimethylarsinous acid, prior to the formation of a 1:1 glutathione-dimethylarsinite complex. The role of reduced glutathione in the metabolism of arsenic is consistent with the previously described effects of this agent on the organismic toxicity of arsenic. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP DELNOMDEDIEU, M (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CTR ENVIRONM MED,MD 74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 38 TC 209 Z9 215 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-2797 J9 CHEM-BIOL INTERACT JI Chem.-Biol. Interact. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 90 IS 2 BP 139 EP 155 DI 10.1016/0009-2797(94)90099-X PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NC251 UT WOS:A1994NC25100003 PM 8156604 ER PT J AU MEKENYAN, OG ANKLEY, GT VEITH, GD CALL, DJ AF MEKENYAN, OG ANKLEY, GT VEITH, GD CALL, DJ TI QSARS FOR PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY .1. ACUTE LETHALITY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS TO DAPHNIA-MAGNA SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SMALL ORGANIC-MOLECULES; CHEMICAL-COMPOUNDS; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; ABSOLUTE HARDNESS; FATHEAD MINNOW; ANTHRACENE; PHOTOTOXICITY; BIOMACROMOLECULES AB Research with a variety of aquatic species has shown that while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generally not acutely toxic in conventional laboratory tests, many are extremely toxic in the presence of sunlight. In an effort to develop a model for predicting which PAHs may exhibit photo-induced toxicity, Newsted and Giesy (1987) reported a parabolic relationship between the toxicity and the energy of the triplet state of a variety of PAHs. We have reexamined these data and propose a more mechanistic explanation for the prediction of photo-induced PAH toxicity. Photo-induced toxicity is the result of competing processes such as stability and light absorbance which interact to produce a complex, multilinear relationship between toxicity and chemical structure. We sought a molecular descriptor which could be computed from structure rather than measured empirically. We found that a measure of the energy stabilization of the toxicant in the form of the HOMO-LUMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital - Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) gap provided a useful index to explain the persistence, light absorption, and photo-induced toxicity of PAHs. The model clearly shows, for example, why phenanthrene and tetracene are not toxic while anthracene is highly phototoxic. Those PAHs exhibiting photo-induced toxicity were consistently within HOMO-LUMO gap ''window'' of 7.2 +/- 0.4 eV. C1 US EPA, 6201 CONGDON BLVD, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, LAKE SUPERIOR RES INST, SUPERIOR, WI 54880 USA. HIGHER INST CHEM TECHNOL, BU-8010 BURGAS, BULGARIA. NR 42 TC 140 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 EI 1879-1298 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1994 VL 28 IS 3 BP 567 EP 582 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(94)90299-2 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MZ350 UT WOS:A1994MZ35000011 ER PT J AU JAMES, RR LIGHTHART, B AF JAMES, RR LIGHTHART, B TI SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE CONVERGENT LADY BEETLE (COLEOPTERA, COCCINELLIDAE) TO 4 ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIPPODAMIA-CONVERGENS; MICROBIAL PESTICIDES; NONTARGET EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA AB Many entomogenous fungi used as biological control agents of insect pests have broad host ranges and may infect nontarget organisms, potentially causing unanticipated environmental effects. We tested the susceptibility of a predatory beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, to five entomogenous fungi, all of which are being considered or used for pest control; Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Nomuraea rileyi, and two strains of Beauveria bassiana. First-instar beetle larvae were exposed in laboratory bioassays to five concentrations of fungal preparations ranging from 10(4) to 10(8) conidia/ml. M. anisopliae caused up to 97% mortality, an aphid-derived strain of B. bassiana caused up to 95% mortality, a beetle-derived strain of B. bassiana caused up to 75% mortality, and P. fumosoroseus caused up to 56% mortality. The rate of mortality was dependent on exposure concentration. No infection was detected with N. rileyi. We conclude that M. anisopliae, B. bassiana, and P. fumosoroseus have the potential to infect H. convergens if used in crops where this predator occurs, whereas N. rileyi does not. The original host species of the fungi did not indicate their degree of virulence toward the beetle, probably because most of the fungi tested have very broad host ranges in general. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP JAMES, RR (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 9 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 23 IS 1 BP 190 EP 192 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NM711 UT WOS:A1994NM71100027 ER PT J AU CRAWFORD, NC ULMER, CS AF CRAWFORD, NC ULMER, CS TI HYDROGEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF CONTAMINANT MOVEMENT IN KARST AQUIFERS IN THE VICINITY OF A TRAIN DERAILMENT NEAR LEWISBURG, TENNESSEE SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CONTAMINATION; KARST; TRAIN DERAILMENT AB A train derailment near Lewisburg, Tennessee, in October 1990 prompted two series of groundwater investigations. The first was to determine the subsurface flow route of chloroform and styrene that sank into the underlying karst aquifer. The second was to determine the source of contamination for two nearby residential wells which were found to be contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). Water-sample analysis and a dye trace performed at the time of the train derailment indicated groundwater flow to Wilson Spring. A dam was constructed to contain the entire discharge from the spring so that it could be treated before being discharged into Big Rock Creek. Three springs and three water wells were contaminated with chloroform and styrene. Dye traces were performed to determine groundwater flow directions in the vicinities of the TCE-contaminated wells and in the vicinities of potential sources. At the train derailment, the chloroform and styrene sank into the Upper Ridley Karst Aquifer and pooled on top of the Lower Ridley Confining Layer. An exploratory well revealed a layer of chloroform (a Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid DNAPL) on the bottom, a layer of groundwater in the middle, and a layer of styrene (a Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid LNAPL) on top. Groundwater with relatively low levels of chloroform and styrene in solution was carried by a small cave stream southeast along the strike to Wilson Spring. Chloroform product moved by gravity southwest down-dip along weathered bedding planes. Treatment of contaminated groundwater from Wilson Spring and recovery wells at the spill site has occurred continuously since October, 1990. C1 US EPA,ATLANTA,GA 30365. RP CRAWFORD, NC (reprint author), WESTERN KENTUCKY UNIV,CTR CAVE & KARST STUDIES,BOWLING GREEN,KY 42102, USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 23 IS 1 BP 41 EP 52 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA MY943 UT WOS:A1994MY94300006 ER PT J AU RODBELL, M AF RODBELL, M TI BIOINFORMATICS - AN EMERGING MEANS OF ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL-HEALTH SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material RP RODBELL, M (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 102 IS 2 BP 136 EP 136 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA NC418 UT WOS:A1994NC41800001 PM 8033831 ER PT J AU BAUGHMAN, GL WEBER, EJ AF BAUGHMAN, GL WEBER, EJ TI TRANSFORMATION OF DYES AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS IN ANOXIC SEDIMENT - KINETICS AND PRODUCTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BENZIDINE-BASED DYES; AROMATIC-AMINES; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; DISPERSE DYES; WATER-SYSTEMS; AZO DYES; FATE; METABOLISM; DEGRADATION; SOLUBILITY AB The reactions of several azo, anthraquinone, and quinoline dyes were studied in settled sediments. Several 1-substituted anthraquinones were lost from sediment with half-lives less than 10 days. For monosubstituted 1-amino and 1-methylamino (Disperse Red 9) compounds, the most stable product is the intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded anthrone. The 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone (Disperse Violet 1) and 1,4-diamino-2-methoxyanthraquinone (Disperse Red 11) were lost without formation of detectable products except for a demethylation product of the latter. Both the anthrone from Disperse Red 9 and the demethylation product of Disperse Red 11 reacted with half-lives of a few months, but other major products were not detected. An azo dye (Solvent Red 1) and a quinoline dye (Solvent Yellow 33) were transformed with half-lives of a few days and months, respectively. The azo dye reacted by reductive cleavage of the azo bond. RP BAUGHMAN, GL (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 44 TC 125 Z9 129 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 28 IS 2 BP 267 EP 276 DI 10.1021/es00051a013 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MV347 UT WOS:A1994MV34700017 PM 22176172 ER PT J AU HANSEN, DA DENNIS, RL EBEL, A HANNA, SR KAYE, J THUILLIER, R AF HANSEN, DA DENNIS, RL EBEL, A HANNA, SR KAYE, J THUILLIER, R TI THE QUEST FOR AN ADVANCED REGIONAL AIR-QUALITY MODEL SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID DEPOSITION MODEL C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV COLOGNE,W-5000 COLOGNE 1,GERMANY. SIGMA RES CORP,CONCORD,MA 01742. NASA HEADQUARTERS,WASHINGTON,DC 20546. PACIFIC GAS & ELECT CO,SAN RAMON,CA 94583. RP HANSEN, DA (reprint author), ELECT POWER RES INST,PALO ALTO,CA 94304, USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 28 IS 2 BP A71 EP A77 DI 10.1021/es00051a001 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MV347 UT WOS:A1994MV34700004 ER PT J AU KROER, N COFFIN, RB JORGENSEN, NOG AF KROER, N COFFIN, RB JORGENSEN, NOG TI COMPARISON OF MICROBIAL TROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN AQUATIC MICROCOSMS DESIGNED FOR THE TESTING OF INTRODUCED MICROORGANISMS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE MICROCOSMS; MICROBIAL LOOP; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; FIELD CALIBRATION ID GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICROORGANISMS; SOIL-CORE MICROCOSMS; BACTERIOPLANKTON PRODUCTION; EPIFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; BACTERIAL PRODUCTION; SEDIMENT MICROCOSMS; KEPONE CHLORDECONE; LABORATORY SYSTEMS; ERWINIA-CAROTOVORA; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS AB Two aquatic microcosms of different complexity were calibrated with a eutrophic lake. The simple microcosm consisted of an intact sediment core with overlying water. The complex microcosm was compartmentalized (phytoplankton tank, grazer tank, and sediment cores) to allow manipulation of individual components of the microbial food web. The comparison showed that whereas average phytoplankton biomass and productivity were approximately 30% lower in microcosms, biomass and activity of the heterotrophs (bacteria and nanoflagellates) were equal to or higher (up to 40% higher) than the corresponding field values. Important components of the microbial loop were represented in both microcosms. In the field and simple mi crocosm, approximately 30% of the phytoplankton production was cycled through the microbial loop, whereas close to 50% was fluxed through the loop in the complex model. Similarly, bacterial production amounted to almost the same fraction of the primary production in the simple microcosm and the field (16 and 18%, respectively) but 29% in the complex model. The percentage of the primary production that ended up as nanoflagellate production, on the other hand, was almost similar in all systems (0.4%). These data indicate that while the simple microcosm was the better surrogate of the field, variability between replicate microcosms of the complex model was lower (10-25% and 25-41% for the complex and simple models, respectively). The choice of model, therefore, depends on the questions asked. The results suggest that the trophic-level analysis is useful in calibration studies of microcosms intended for testing of microorganisms. C1 US EPA,TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. ROYAL VET & AGR UNIV,DEPT ECOL & MOLEC BIOL,DK-1958 FREDERIKSBERG C,DENMARK. RP KROER, N (reprint author), NATL ENVIRONM RES INST,DEPT MARINE ECOL & MICROBIOL,FREDERIKSBORGVEJ 399,DK-4000 ROSKILDE,DENMARK. RI Jorgensen, Niels/G-4176-2014; Kroer, NIels/D-3356-2015 OI Jorgensen, Niels/0000-0002-3554-6906; NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 13 IS 2 BP 247 EP 257 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[247:COMTII]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MV349 UT WOS:A1994MV34900009 ER PT J AU CALLAHAN, CA SHIRAZI, MA NEUHAUSER, EF AF CALLAHAN, CA SHIRAZI, MA NEUHAUSER, EF TI COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS TO EARTHWORMS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE EISENIA FETIDA; ALLOLOBOPHORA TUBERCULATA; EUDRILUS EUGENIAE; PERIONYX EXCAVATUS; WEIBULL FUNCTION ID EISENIA-FETIDA; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; MIXTURES AB The concentration-response (mortality) relationships of four species of earthworms, Eisenia fetida (Savigny), Allolobophora tuberculata (Eisen), Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg), and Perionyx excavatus (Perrier) are summarized for 62 chemicals and two test protocols. A Weibull function is used to summarize these data for each chemical in terms of sensitivity and toxicity, in addition to the LC50. The estimation of the Weibull parameters a and k summarize the entire concentration-response relationship. This technique should be applicable to a variety of testing protocols with different species whenever the goal is summarizing the shape of the concentration-response curves to fully evaluate chemical impact on organisms. In some cases for these data four orders of magnitude separate LC50s of the soil test and the contact test for the same chemical and species. All four species appear to be similar in range of toxicity and tolerance to these chemicals, suggesting that Eisenia fetida may be representative of these four species and these chemicals. C1 NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORP,SYRACUSE,NY 13202. RP CALLAHAN, CA (reprint author), US EPA,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 13 IS 2 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[291:CTOCTE]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MV349 UT WOS:A1994MV34900013 ER PT J AU SEABAUGH, VM AF SEABAUGH, VM TI EPAS REQUIREMENTS FOR DERMAL IRRITATION AND SENSITIZATION TESTING SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB This paper presents an overview of EPA guidelines for dermal irritation and sensitization testing (part of Subdivision F Guidelines) for the registration of pesticide products [Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)]. In addition, these data and others may be needed for chemicals submitted for the Premanufacture Notification or testing under Section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The EPA periodically reviews its recommended test procedures and revises them when indicated scientifically. RP SEABAUGH, VM (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 32 IS 2 BP 93 EP 95 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90168-6 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA NC650 UT WOS:A1994NC65000002 PM 8132182 ER PT J AU SHELANSKI MARZULLI BRONAUGH BUEHLER SEABAUGH GREEN, S MAIBACH MERSHON, M AF SHELANSKI MARZULLI BRONAUGH BUEHLER SEABAUGH GREEN, S MAIBACH MERSHON, M TI SYMPOSIUM - CHEMICALLY-INDUCED DERMAL TOXICITY - ALLERGY, IRRITATION, URTICARIA, CANCER - ANIMALS, HUMANS AND ALTERATIONS HELD AT BETHESDA, MARYLAND, 25 JUNE 1990 - PANEL DISCUSSION SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Discussion C1 US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. HILL TOP BIOLABS INC,CINCINNATI,OH 45242. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT DERMATOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 32 IS 2 BP 129 EP 132 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA NC650 UT WOS:A1994NC65000007 ER PT J AU PAGE, N SHELANSKI OSBORNE, R SEABAUGH BRONAUGH AF PAGE, N SHELANSKI OSBORNE, R SEABAUGH BRONAUGH TI SYMPOSIUM - CHEMICALLY-INDUCED DERMAL TOXICITY - ALLERGY, IRRITATION, URTICARIA, CANCER - ANIMALS, HUMANS AND ALTERATIONS HELD AT BETHESDA, MARYLAND, 25 JUNE 1990 - PANEL DISCUSSION SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Discussion C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,DIV HUMAN & ENVIRONM SAFETY,CINCINNATI,OH 45239. RP PAGE, N (reprint author), PAGE ASSOCIATES,GAITHERSBURG,MD, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 32 IS 2 BP 155 EP 157 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA NC650 UT WOS:A1994NC65000011 ER PT J AU NAROTSKY, MG FRANCIS, EZ KAVLOCK, RJ AF NAROTSKY, MG FRANCIS, EZ KAVLOCK, RJ TI DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY AND STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIPS OF ALIPHATIC-ACIDS, INCLUDING DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT OF VALPROIC ACID IN MICE AND RATS SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVIVO TERATOLOGY SCREEN; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; 2-ETHYLHEXANOIC ACID; CALCIUM VALPROATE; TERATOGENESIS; MOUSE; PHARMACOKINETICS; DRUG; METABOLITE; CHEMICALS AB The anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA), or 2-propylpentanoic acid, is a short-chain aliphatic acid that is teratogenic in humans and rodents. VPA and 14 related chemicals were screened for developmental toxicity using the Chernoff/Kavlock assay. Test agents, in corn oil, were administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats once daily during organogenesis. The dams were allowed to deliver and the pups were examined postnatally. Segment II studies were also conducted using VPA and pentanoic acid in rats and with VPA in CD-1 mice. In both mice and rats, VPA caused transient maternal ataxia and developmental defects of the digits and, especially, the axial skeleton. Exencephaly, however, was seen only in mice. The screening protocol was effective in prioritizing agents within this class of compounds for more definitive developmental toxicity testing. All congeners tested induced maternal respiratory effects and six compounds caused motor depression. Only 2-ethylhexanoic (2EH) and 2-propylhexanoic (2PH) acid caused dramatic VPA-like effects on rat development (including mortality, extra presacral vertebrae, fused ribs, and delayed parturition), confirming the strict structural requirements for developmental toxicity previously reported for acute exposure in mice. The incorporation of skeletal examinations in the Chernoff/Kavlock assay enabled the detection of the sole developmental effect (increased incidence of lumbar ribs) of 2-butylhexanoic acid. VPA, 2EH, and 2PH were among the compounds that caused maternal motor depression. These data, consistent: with previous reports, indicate a broader specificity for activity in the adult nervous system than that in the developing system and suggest differing mechanisms for the two effects. (C) 1994 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,OFF TECHNOL TRANSFER & REGULATORY SUPPORT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP NAROTSKY, MG (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 30 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 22 IS 2 BP 251 EP 265 DI 10.1006/faat.1994.1029 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA MZ249 UT WOS:A1994MZ24900010 PM 8005377 ER PT J AU YEAGER, WM RODMAN, NF WHITE, SB BOYD, MA POPPELL, SW AF YEAGER, WM RODMAN, NF WHITE, SB BOYD, MA POPPELL, SW TI A PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BARE ALPHA TRACK DETECTORS SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE MONITORS, RADON; RADON PROGENY; DETECTOR, ALPHA-TRACK; WORKING LEVELS ID RADON AB Bare alpha track detectors are sensitive to radon progeny as well as to radon gas. This paper reports the test results for two brands of bare alpha track detectors that received several radon exposures at three progeny concentrations. The results show a relationship that is a linear combination of both the radon gas and the radon progeny concentrations. The reported radon concentration depended on the equilibrium factor assumed by the processor. The sensitivity of bare alpha track detectors increases with altitude, but this is a minor, correctable effect compared to the equilibrium factor. C1 US EPA, OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, NATL AIR & RADIAT ENVIRONM LAB, MONTGOMERY, AL 36109 USA. RP YEAGER, WM (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST, POB 12194, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 66 IS 2 BP 163 EP 171 DI 10.1097/00004032-199402000-00006 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA MT152 UT WOS:A1994MT15200006 PM 8282557 ER PT J AU SAWEY, R ALLEN, MJ CLARK, S GEORGESON, D MARROCCO, FA SHANAGHAN, P WADE, S AF SAWEY, R ALLEN, MJ CLARK, S GEORGESON, D MARROCCO, FA SHANAGHAN, P WADE, S TI THE COMPETITION FOR FEDERAL-FUNDS SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Discussion C1 AWWA,RES FDN,DIV TECHNOL TRANSFER,DENVER,CO 80235. US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER STAND,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. METROPOLITAN WATER DIST SO CALIF,LOS ANGELES,CA 90054. PENN DEPT ENVIRONM RESOURCES,DIV DRINKING WATER MANAGEMENT,HARRISBURG,PA 17105. US EPA,OFF GROUNDWATER & DRINKING WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NATL RURAL WATER ASSOC,DUNCAN,OK 73533. RP SAWEY, R (reprint author), FT WORTH WATER DEPT,1000 THROCKMORTON,POB 870,FT WORTH,TX 76101, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 86 IS 2 BP 29 EP & PG 0 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA MZ020 UT WOS:A1994MZ02000008 ER PT J AU RUBIN, KA AF RUBIN, KA TI PENALTIES FOR SDWA AND CWA VIOLATIONS SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,OFF GEN COUNSEL,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US DEPT JUSTICE,DIV LAND & NAT RESOURCES,WASHINGTON,DC 20530. RP RUBIN, KA (reprint author), MORGAN LEWIS & BOCKIUS,1800 M ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 86 IS 2 BP 64 EP 68 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA MZ020 UT WOS:A1994MZ02000011 ER PT J AU AUERBACH, J AF AUERBACH, J TI COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CURRENT SDWA REGULATIONS SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article RP AUERBACH, J (reprint author), US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER STAND,REGULAT MANAGEMENT BRANCH,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 86 IS 2 BP 69 EP 78 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA MZ020 UT WOS:A1994MZ02000012 ER PT J AU MOORE, AC HERWALDT, BL CRAUN, GF CALDERON, RL HIGHSMITH, AK JURANEK, DD AF MOORE, AC HERWALDT, BL CRAUN, GF CALDERON, RL HIGHSMITH, AK JURANEK, DD TI WATERBORNE DISEASE IN THE UNITED-STATES, 1991 AND 1992 SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; OUTBREAK; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; SHIGELLOSIS C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341. GLOBAL CONSULTING ENVIRONM HLTH,RADFORD,VA 24141. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. CDC,SCI RESOURCES PROGRAM,WATER QUAL LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,PARASIT DIS BRANCH,EPIDEMIOL SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 35 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 86 IS 2 BP 87 EP 99 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA MZ020 UT WOS:A1994MZ02000014 ER PT J AU KAPLAN, LA REASONER, DJ RICE, EW AF KAPLAN, LA REASONER, DJ RICE, EW TI A SURVEY OF BOM IN UNITED-STATES DRINKING WATERS SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS; BACTERIAL-GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; QUALITY; MATTER C1 US EPA,MICROBIOL TREATMENT BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP KAPLAN, LA (reprint author), ACAD NAT SCI PHILADELPHIA,STROUD WATER RESOURCE CTR,512 SPENCER RD,AVONDALE,PA 19311, USA. NR 31 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 86 IS 2 BP 121 EP 132 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA MZ020 UT WOS:A1994MZ02000017 ER PT J AU DALY, C NEILSON, RP PHILLIPS, DL AF DALY, C NEILSON, RP PHILLIPS, DL TI A STATISTICAL TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL FOR MAPPING CLIMATOLOGICAL PRECIPITATION OVER MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTIVARIATE GEOSTATISTICS; REGIONS AB The demand for climatological precipitation fields on a regular grid is growing dramatically as ecological and hydrological models become increasingly linked to geographic information systems that spatially represent and manipulate model output. This paper presents an analytical model that distributes point measurements of monthly and annual precipitation to regularly spaced grid cells in midlatitude regions. PRISM (Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) brings a combination of climatological and statistical concepts to the analysis of orographic precipitation. Specifically, PRISM 1) uses a digital elevation model (DEM) to estimate the ''orographic'' elevations of precipitation stations; 2) uses the DEM and a windowing technique to group stations onto individual topographic facets; 3) estimates precipitation at a DEM grid cell through a regression of precipitation versus DEM elevation developed from stations on the cell's topographic facet; and 4) when possible, calculates a prediction interval for the estimate, which is an approximation of the uncertainty involved. PRISM exhibited the lowest cross-validation bias and absolute error when compared to kriging, detrended kriging, and cokriging in the Willamette River basin, Oregon. PRISM was also applied to northern Oregon and to the entire western United States; detrended kriging and cokriging could not be used, because there was no overall relationship between elevation and precipitation. Cross-validation errors in these applications were confined to relatively low levels because PRISM continually adjusts its frame of reference by using localized precipitation-DEM elevation relationships. C1 US FOREST SERV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP DALY, C (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009; Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 49 TC 1438 Z9 1487 U1 18 U2 137 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 33 IS 2 BP 140 EP 158 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<0140:ASTMFM>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA MW750 UT WOS:A1994MW75000002 ER PT J AU MUNDY, WR KODAVANTI, PRS DULCHINOS, VF TILSON, HA AF MUNDY, WR KODAVANTI, PRS DULCHINOS, VF TILSON, HA TI ALUMINUM ALTERS CALCIUM-TRANSPORT IN PLASMA-MEMBRANE AND ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM FROM RAT-BRAIN SO JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CA2+ MG2+-ATPASE; ALUMINUM; RAT BRAIN; NEUROTOXICITY ID INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; PRESYNAPTIC NERVE-TERMINALS; NEUROFIBRILLARY DEGENERATION; DIALYSIS ENCEPHALOPATHY; CALMODULIN; SYNAPTOSOMES; INHIBITION; MECHANISM; VESICLES; PUMP AB Calcium is actively transported into intracellular organelles and out of the cytoplasm by Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPases located in the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes. We studied the effects of aluminum on calcium transport in the adult rat brain. We examined Ca-45-uptake in microsomes and Ca2+-ATPase activity in microsomes and synaptosomes isolated from the frontal cortex and cerebellum of adult male Long-Evans rats. ATP-dependent Ca-45-uptake was similar in microsomes from both brain regions. The addition of 50-800 muM AlCl3 resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of Ca-45-uptake. Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-ATPase activity was significantly lower in synaptosomes compared to microsomes in both frontal cortex and cerebellum. In contrast to the uptake studies, AlCl3 stimulated Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-ATPase activity in both microsomes and synaptosomes from both brain regions. To determine the relationship between aluminum and Mg2+, we measured ATPase activity in the presence of increasing concentrations of Mg2+ or AlCl3. Maximal ATPase activity was obtained between 3 and 6 mM Mg2+. When we substituted AlCl3 for Mg2+, ATPase activity was also stimulated in a concentration-dependent manner, but to a greater extent than with Mg2+. One interpretation of these data is that aluminum acts at multiple sites to displace both Mg2+ and Ca2+, increasing the activity of the Ca2+-ATPase, but disrupting transport of calcium. RP MUNDY, WR (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 45 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU VCH PUBLISHERS INC PI DEERFIELD BEACH PA 303 NW 12TH AVE, DEERFIELD BEACH, FL 33442-1788 SN 0887-2082 J9 J BIOCHEM TOXICOL JI J. Biochem. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 9 IS 1 BP 17 EP 23 DI 10.1002/jbt.2570090104 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA MW117 UT WOS:A1994MW11700003 PM 8151628 ER PT J AU BISHOP, GA ZHANG, Y MCLAREN, SE GUENTHER, PL BEATON, SP PETERSON, JE STEDMAN, DH PIERSON, WR KNAPP, KT ZWEIDINGER, RB DUNCAN, JW MCARVER, AQ GROBLICKI, PJ DAY, JF AF BISHOP, GA ZHANG, Y MCLAREN, SE GUENTHER, PL BEATON, SP PETERSON, JE STEDMAN, DH PIERSON, WR KNAPP, KT ZWEIDINGER, RB DUNCAN, JW MCARVER, AQ GROBLICKI, PJ DAY, JF TI ENHANCEMENTS OF REMOTE-SENSING FOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN TUNNELS SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The University of Denver's remote sensing system for vehicle exhaust has been successfully adapted to the measurement of vehicle emissions in a tunnel environment. Two studies conducted at the Fort McHenry Tunnel in Baltimore, MD and the Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel located west of Harrisburg, PA on the Pennsylvania Turnpike are described. The difficulties associated with remote sensing in a tunnel environment have led to a number of improvements in the remote sensing technology. The successful use of a prototype periscope system is described and evaluated along with the first-time measurements of dual lane traffic. C1 DESERT RES INST,CTR ENERGY & ENVIRONM ENGN,RENO,NV 89506. US EPA,MOBILE SOURCE EMISS RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTEC ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. GM CORP,N AMER OPERAT RES & DEV CTR,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,WARREN,MI 48090. ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP BISHOP, GA (reprint author), UNIV DENVER,DEPT CHEM,DENVER,CO 80208, USA. RI Bishop, Gary/E-6994-2015 OI Bishop, Gary/0000-0003-0136-997X NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 44 IS 2 BP 169 EP 175 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA MX243 UT WOS:A1994MX24300007 ER PT J AU LEWIS, NM PARKER, RA AF LEWIS, NM PARKER, RA TI 1993 UPDATE OF THE UNITED-STATES ENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTION-AGENCY SITE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The Emerging Technology Program (ETP), part of the U.S. EPA's Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, is continuing to create an environment where technical innovation can accelerate into field and commercial applications for treatment of hazardous waste sites. The ETP was established under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 to research and develop innovative/alternative technologies. In addition, the SITE program was also mandated to demonstrate innovative/alternative technologies in the field. A primary goal of the ETP is to move developed technologies to the field demonstration stage, thus creating a full impact assessment of the life cycle of a technology, from research to field demonstration. Traditionally, the SITE Program has promoted the research, development and demonstration of innovative technologies for implementation at hazardous waste sites through four program components: the Demonstration Program; the Emerging Technology Program; the Measurement and Monitoring Technologies Development Program; and the Technology Transfer Program. Currently 29 of the 64 total ETP projects are being co-funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Defense, Air Force (AF). Combining the efforts of the EPA and other federal agencies promotes private sector development of innovative technologies and assists with their technical and funding support. This function follows the trend of accelerating economic growth for private industry. The purpose of this article is to provide: (1) information about understanding the SITE Emerging Technology Program and how it operates; (2) an account of the progress of the ETP's first seven years (1987-1993) of operation (the ETP started one year later than the demonstration program); (3) a list of ETP technologies with research completed; (4) a description of those technologies selected from the 1993 selection; and (5) an awareness that the program has traditionally been providing funding and technical support to the private sector for the acceleration of research and development. C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,DIV SUPERFUND TECHNOL DEMONSTRAT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP LEWIS, NM (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,EMERGING TECHNOL SECT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 44 IS 2 BP 195 EP 203 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA MX243 UT WOS:A1994MX24300014 ER PT J AU OLSON, NL CARRELL, R CUMMINGS, RK RIECK, R AF OLSON, NL CARRELL, R CUMMINGS, RK RIECK, R TI GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ATOMIC-EMISSION DETECTION FOR PESTICIDE SCREENING AND CONFIRMATION SO LC GC-MAGAZINE OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPECTROMETRY C1 US EPA,MANCHESTER LAB,PORT ORCHARD,WA 98366. RP OLSON, NL (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE DEPT ECOL,MANCHESTER ENVIRONM LAB,7411 BEACH DR E,PORT ORCHARD,WA 98366, USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 SN 0888-9090 J9 LC GC-MAG SEP SCI JI LC GC-Mag. Sep. Sci. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 12 IS 2 BP 142 EP & PG 0 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA MV780 UT WOS:A1994MV78000011 ER PT J AU BEHRENFELD, MJ LEE, H SMALL, LF AF BEHRENFELD, MJ LEE, H SMALL, LF TI INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL-STATUS AND LONG-TERM RESPONSES TO ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION STRESS IN A MARINE DIATOM SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UV-B; PHYTOPLANKTON; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; IMPACT; GROWTH; PHOTOINHIBITION; ASSIMILATION; ECOSYSTEM; ORGANISMS; WATERS AB Influences of nutritional status on the photoinhibitory effects of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR: 290 to 320 nm) on the specific growth rates (mu(obs) and biomass of Phaeodactylum tricornutum were determined using nutrient-replete batch cultures and nutrient-limited continuous cultures. P. tricornutum cultures were exposed to UVBR doses representative of current mid-latitude and ozone-depletion intensities. Specific growth rates and biomass were inhibited from 2 to 16% by UVBR during nutrient-replete growth. However, no effect of UVBR on mu(obs) or biomass was detectable when nutrient limitation exceeded the potential for limitation by UVBR. Thus, a competitive interaction appears to occur between macronutrient stress and UVBR stress, such that mu(obs) and biomass will be determined by the most limiting factor. Our results suggest that measurable decreases in phytoplankton mu(obs) and biomass from UVBR are most likely in nutrient-rich areas of the ocean, while these parameters may not be appropriate for measuring UVBR stress in regions of nutrient limitation. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP BEHRENFELD, MJ (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NEWPORT,OR 97365, USA. NR 44 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 118 IS 3 BP 523 EP 530 DI 10.1007/BF00350309 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA MY344 UT WOS:A1994MY34400019 ER PT J AU SEIDLER, RJ LEVIN, M AF SEIDLER, RJ LEVIN, M TI POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL AND NONTARGET EFFECTS OF TRANSGENIC PLANT GENE-PRODUCTS ON AGRICULTURE, SILVICULTURE, AND NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS - GENERAL INTRODUCTION SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE PESTICIDAL PLANTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRANSGENIC PLANTS C1 UNIV MARYLAND,CTR PUBL ISSUES BIOTECHNOL,COLL PK,MD 20742. RP SEIDLER, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,TRANSGEN PLANT RISK ASSESSMENT RES PROGRAM,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 3 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00035.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA MX359 UT WOS:A1994MX35900001 ER PT J AU RICHARD, AM AF RICHARD, AM TI APPLICATION OF SAR METHODS TO NONCONGENERIC DATA-BASES ASSOCIATED WITH CARCINOGENICITY AND MUTAGENICITY - ISSUES AND APPROACHES SO MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Use of SAR for the Prediction of Rodent Carcinogenicity CY NOV, 1992 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP PITTSBURGH SCH PUBLIC HLTH, INT COMMISS PROTECT AGAINST ENVIRONM MUTAGENS AND CARCINOGENS DE SAR METHODS, APPLICATION; NONCONGENERIC DATA BASES; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS; CASE; TOPKAT; STRUCTURAL ALERTS; SCREENING, CARCINOGENICITY, MUTAGENICITY ID NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; AUTOMATED STRUCTURE EVALUATION; ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE APPROACH; SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGES; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; UNITED-STATES NTP; SHORT-TERM ASSAYS; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM AB In both industry and government, structure-activity relationships (SAR) are capable of playing an important decision-support role in estimating the potential mutagenicity or carcinogenicity of chemicals for which bioassay test results are unavailable. Traditional SAR modeling approaches, however, are usually restricted to the consideration of structurally similar chemical congeners. The highly structurally diverse nature of current carcinogenicity and mutagenicity data bases has motivated development of more general SAR approaches, potentially applicable to the treatment of diverse, non-congeneric mutagenicity and carcinogenicity data bases. Three specific approaches are considered in some detail - Ashby's structural alerts model, classified as a ''rule-based'' SAR approach, and the computerized CASE fragment-based method and TOPKAT linear discriminant equation method, both classified as ''correlative'' SAR approaches. Relative strengths and limitations, and a number of common features and important distinctions between these 3 methods are discussed. Rule-base methods are highly flexible and able to incorporate many different types of relevant information, yet are biased towards current knowledge, viewpoints, and mechanistic assumptions, that may or may not hold true. Correlative SAR methods are less biased and offer the promise of ''discovering'' potentially new SAR associations that could lend fresh insight into the basis for a structure-activity association. However, problems associated with their application to non-congeneric data bases relate to: modeling multiple or overlapping mechanisms of action with a single relationship; defining the range of applicability of models in complex multi-dimensional structure-activity space; assigning confidence levels to predictions in the absence of knowledge concerning mechanisms of activity; and determining the potential mechanistic significance of diverse model parameters. It is argued that many of these concerns can be partially alleviated by careful application of statistical procedures, scrutiny of model results, and establishment of reasoned limits to the range of model applicability. The most significant confidence-building measure, however, will be a rationalization of the correlative SAR model and model parameters in terms of principles of chemical reactivity and postulated molecular mechanism(s) for the biological activity. Hence, it is recommended that models and model descriptors be designed to facilitate mechanistic interpretation and hypothesis generation. Finally, problems in comparing the relative predictive capabilities of different SAR approaches are discussed, and strategies for SAR investigation involving integration of existing techniques are suggested. RP RICHARD, AM (reprint author), US EPA,CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH MD68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 88 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8262 J9 MUTAT RES PD FEB 1 PY 1994 VL 305 IS 1 BP 73 EP 97 DI 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90127-9 PG 25 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA MV712 UT WOS:A1994MV71200007 PM 7508549 ER PT J AU MCCLINTOCK, JT KOUGH, JL SJOBLAD, RD AF MCCLINTOCK, JT KOUGH, JL SJOBLAD, RD TI REGULATORY OVERSIGHT OF BIOCHEMICAL PESTICIDES BY THE UNITED-STATES ENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTION-AGENCY - HEALTH-EFFECTS CONSIDERATIONS SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article RP MCCLINTOCK, JT (reprint author), US EPA,DIV HLTH EFFECTS,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 19 IS 1 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.1006/rtph.1994.1010 PG 10 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA MW410 UT WOS:A1994MW41000010 PM 8159811 ER PT J AU WALLACE, LA DUAN, NH ZIEGENFUS, R AF WALLACE, LA DUAN, NH ZIEGENFUS, R TI CAN LONG-TERM EXPOSURE DISTRIBUTIONS BE PREDICTED FROM SHORT-TERM MEASUREMENTS SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE EXPOSURE; LONG-TERM; SHORT-TERM; SEASONAL VARIATION; CHEMICALS; VOCS; AVERAGING TIME; LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT ID VOLATILE AB A method for estimating long-term distributions of exposure based on repeated short-term measurements within the same population is developed. If the short-term measurements span seasonal variation, and if the distributions are log-normal or nearly so, then long-term distributions can be estimated from as few as two visits to the same population. The method is illustrated using examples drawn from EPA's TEAM Study of exposures to volatile organic compounds. C1 KUTZTOWN STATE UNIV,KUTZTOWN,PA. RAND CORP,SANTA MONICA,CA 90406. RP WALLACE, LA (reprint author), US EPA,11568 WOODHOLLOW COURT,RESTON,VA 22091, USA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 15 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 14 IS 1 BP 75 EP 85 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00029.x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA MZ667 UT WOS:A1994MZ66700010 PM 8146405 ER PT J AU ABBOTT, BD LOGSDON, TR WILKE, TS AF ABBOTT, BD LOGSDON, TR WILKE, TS TI EFFECTS OF METHANOL ON EMBRYONIC MOUSE PALATE IN SERUM-FREE ORGAN-CULTURE SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACUTE ALCOHOL EXPOSURE; RAT EMBRYOS; TOXICITY; ETHANOL; TERATOGENESIS; INVITRO; FORMATE; TCDD AB Methanol has widespread applications in industry and manufacturing and is under consideration as an alternative automotive fuel. Human exposure to methanol would be expected to increase if applications expand in coming years. Methanol has been shown to be a reproductive and developmental toxicant in the rodent, producing cleft palate in the CD-1 mouse. Developmental toxicity has also been demonstrated in vitro for rat and mouse embryos in whole embryo culture. The present study examines the developmental toxicity of methanol in the palate using a serum-free organ culture model. Gestation day 12 CD-1 mouse embryos were dissected and mid-craniofacial tissues were cultured in BGJ medium at 37 degrees C for 4 days with medium changes at 24 hr intervals. Cultures were exposed to methanol from 0-20 mg/ml for 6 hr, 12 hr, 1 or 4 days. Some cultures were exposed to ethanol for 4 days at doses ranging from 0-15 mg/ml. All cultures were gassed with a 50% O-2, 5% CO2, and 45% N-2 upon addition of fresh medium and prior to the addition of alcohol. Following organ culture the craniofacial explants were examined for effects on morphology, fusion, proliferation, and growth. Incidence and completeness of palatal fusion decreased with increasing exposure. Depending on the concentration and duration of methanol exposure, the medial epithelium either degenerated completely or remained intact in unfused palates and either condition would interfere with fusion. Cellular proliferation appeared to be a specific and sensitive target for methanol as craniofacial tissues responded to methanol with reduction in total DNA content at an exposure that did not affect total protein. However, both DNA and protein decreased with increasing exposure to methanol. Incorporation of thymidine decreased significantly after 4 day exposure and autoradiography of H-3-thymidine (TdR) demonstrated exposure-dependent reduction in proliferation of palatal mesenchymal cells. Ethanol decreased fusion score, total protein, and DNA, but H-3-TdR/DNA was not significantly changed. In general the ethanol was more potent than methanol for inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis and palatal fusion. This study demonstrated that methanol can selectively affect specific sensitive cell populations and has effects on proliferation and cell fate. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP ABBOTT, BD (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD FEB PY 1994 VL 49 IS 2 BP 122 EP 134 DI 10.1002/tera.1420490208 PG 13 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA MZ112 UT WOS:A1994MZ11200007 PM 8016743 ER PT J AU SMIALOWICZ, RJ RIDDLE, MM WILLIAMS, WC DILIBERTO, JJ AF SMIALOWICZ, RJ RIDDLE, MM WILLIAMS, WC DILIBERTO, JJ TI EFFECTS OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD) ON HUMORAL IMMUNITY AND LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS - DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MICE AND RATS SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AH-RECEPTOR; DBA/2 MICE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITIES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE; ENZYME-INDUCTION; FISCHER-344 RATS; C57BL/6N MICE; SUPPRESSION; IMMUNOTOXICITY RP SMIALOWICZ, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,MD-92,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 44 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 124 IS 2 BP 248 EP 256 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1029 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA MW431 UT WOS:A1994MW43100010 PM 8122270 ER PT J AU GERRITY, TR MCDONNELL, WF HOUSE, DE AF GERRITY, TR MCDONNELL, WF HOUSE, DE TI THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DELIVERED OZONE DOSE AND FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSES IN HUMANS SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE; EXERCISE; LUNG C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV RES & REGULATORY SUPPORT,BIOSTAT BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP GERRITY, TR (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 124 IS 2 BP 275 EP 283 DI 10.1006/taap.1994.1033 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA MW431 UT WOS:A1994MW43100014 PM 8122274 ER PT J AU VIDIC, RD SUIDAN, MT BRENNER, RC AF VIDIC, RD SUIDAN, MT BRENNER, RC TI IMPACT OF OXYGEN-MEDIATED OXIDATIVE COUPLING ON ADSORPTION-KINETICS SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ADSORPTION KINETICS; ACTIVATED CARBON; PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS; MOLECULAR OXYGEN; OXIDATIVE COUPLING ID FIXED-BED ADSORBERS; ACTIVATED CARBON; MASS-TRANSFER; SURFACE-DIFFUSION; DISSOLVED ORGANICS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; COEFFICIENTS; PARAMETERS; CAPACITY; SOLUTES AB The presence of molecular oxygen in the test environment promotes oxidative coupling (polymer formation) of phenolic compounds on the surface of granular activated carbon (GAC). Both adsorption equilibria and adsorption kinetics are affected by these chemical reactions. Lack of molecular oxygen interference with adsorption kinetics during the initial phase (first 12 h) of adsorbent-adsorbate contact, observed for the experimental conditions tested, can be explained by the lower rate of adsorbate polymerization when compared to the rate of pure adsorption. The homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) adequately describes adsorption kinetics under anoxic conditions, but it fails to accurately predict experimental data collected in the presence of molecular oxygen. For the experimental conditions tested in this study, GAC particle size did not influence the magnitude of the surface diffusion coefficient. However, the increase in the initial adsorbate concentration yielded an increase in the surface diffusion coefficient. This may be attributed to a decrease in the adsorption forces for higher surface coverage. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. UNIV PITTSBURGH,PITTSBURGH,PA 15261. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. OI Vidic, Radisav/0000-0001-7969-6845 NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD FEB PY 1994 VL 28 IS 2 BP 263 EP 268 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(94)90262-3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA MK295 UT WOS:A1994MK29500002 ER PT J AU HODGESON, J COLLINS, J BASHE, W AF HODGESON, J COLLINS, J BASHE, W TI DETERMINATION OF ACID HERBICIDES IN AQUEOUS SAMPLES BY LIQUID-SOLID DISK EXTRACTION AND CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article ID PHASE EXTRACTION; ORGANIC-ACIDS; WATER; PESTICIDES AB A simplified procedure for extraction and analysis of chlorinated acid herbicides in aqueous matrices using modern filter disk extraction technology is presented. An acidified water sample is extracted with a 47-mm polystyrene-divinylbenzene filter disk and the analytes are eluted with a mixed methanol-methyl tert.-butyl ether solvent. After extract drying, the analytes are esterified with diazomethane and analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The discussion includes extraction disk selection, sample acidity and salting requirements, elution volume requirements and the effect of sample volume on recovery. Method detection limits are given as well as accuracy and precision data on four fortified matrice -reagent water, dechlorinated tap water, biologically active surface water and high humectant ground water. C1 TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP HODGESON, J (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB MD84,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 23 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JAN 28 PY 1994 VL 659 IS 2 BP 395 EP 401 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(94)85082-8 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA MZ026 UT WOS:A1994MZ02600019 ER PT J AU FOWLES, JR FAIRBROTHER, A BAECHERSTEPPAN, L KERKVLIET, NI AF FOWLES, JR FAIRBROTHER, A BAECHERSTEPPAN, L KERKVLIET, NI TI IMMUNOLOGICAL AND ENDOCRINE EFFECTS OF THE FLAME-RETARDANT PENTABROMODIPHENYL ETHER (DE-71) IN C57BL/6J MICE SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANTIBODY RESPONSE; CORTICOSTERONE; IMMUNOTOXICITY; NATURAL KILLER CELL; PENTABROMODIPHENYL ETHER; THYROXINE ID KILLER CELL-ACTIVITY; INDUCTION; IMMUNOTOXICITY; THYROXINE; RATS; MECHANISM; CONGENERS; LOCUS; PCB AB Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are manufactured for use as flame retardants in commercial plastics and textiles in Europe and North America. These studies investigated the acute and subchronic immunotoxicity and endocrine effects of a commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, in female C57BL/6 mice. Mice were orally exposed to acute single doses of DE-71 of 0, 0.8, 4.0, 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg, or to subchronic daily doses totaling 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg over a 14 day period. Immunotoxicity was assessed by measuring the plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and natural killer cell (NKC) activity (basal and poly I:C stimulated) to YAC-1 target cells. Liver cytochrome P450 content and activities (ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (PROD)) as well as corticosterone (CS) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were also measured. PROD activity was induced 3-5-fold in mice exposed acutely or subchronically to DE-71 at doses > 250 mg/kg. EROD activity and total microsomal cytochrome P450 content were significantly induced only in mice treated subchronically with DE-71; maximum induction of EROD was 3.3-fold. Total serum T4 concentrations were significantly lower in mice treated acutely with DE-71 at all doses except the 100 mg/kg dose. Total and free T4 concentrations were dose-dependently decreased in DE-71-treated mice following subchronic exposure. Plasma CS levels were elevated following subchronic exposure to DE-71. The elevation of CS was correlated with order of capture at necropsy, suggesting an interactive effect of DE-71 and stress. In regard to immunotoxicity, significant suppression of the anti-SRBC response was seen only in mice exposed subchronically to 1000 mg DE-71/kg, an exposure that also resulted in decreased thymus weight. NKC activity was not altered by exposure to DE-71. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR CHEM,ALS1039,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. OREGON STATE UNIV,TOXICOL PROGRAM,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 26 TC 186 Z9 196 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JAN 26 PY 1994 VL 86 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 61 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(94)90052-3 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NB252 UT WOS:A1994NB25200004 PM 8134923 ER PT J AU PIETRZAKFLIS, Z KRAJEWSKI, P KRAJEWSKA, G SUNDERLAND, NR AF PIETRZAKFLIS, Z KRAJEWSKI, P KRAJEWSKA, G SUNDERLAND, NR TI TRANSFER OF RADIOCESIUM FROM UNCULTIVATED SOILS TO GRASS AFTER THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE RADIOCESIUM; GRASS; SOIL; TRANSFER FACTOR; CHERNOBYL ID PLANT AB Transfer of radiocesium from uncultivated peat, loam and two sandy soils to grass in northeastern Poland was evaluated. Samples of grass and soil were collected from the same area of about 100 m2 in the period from June 1988 to November 1991 twice a year. Grass was sampled from 1 m x 1 m squares by cutting to the plant base. After-wards core samples of soil were taken from an area of 132.73 cm2, Cs-134, Cs-137 and K-40 were determined by gamma spectrometry. The average concentration of Cs-137 (to 10 cm depth) in the studied areas was in the range from 22.8 +/- 2.5 Bq kg-1 to 154.3 +/- 13.7 Bq kg-1. The average concentration of this radionuclide in grass varied from 6.76 +/- 0.99 Bq kg-1 dry weight (dry wt.) to 152.6 +/- 37.4 Bq kg-1 dry wt and depended upon the type of soil. The transfer of radiocesium to grass in the studied soils decreased in the following order: Sand I > peat > Sand II > loam. The results indicated that apart from soil, other parameters also influenced the transfer of radiocesium to grass. It has been found that Cs-134 from Chernobyl is more available to grass than Cs-137 from nuclear weapon tests. C1 US EPA,EMSL LV,DIV NUCL RADIAT PROTECT,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP PIETRZAKFLIS, Z (reprint author), DEPT RADIAT HYG,CENT LAB RADIOL PROTECT,KONWALIOWA 7,PL-03194 WARSAW,POLAND. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JAN 25 PY 1994 VL 141 BP 147 EP 153 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90024-8 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MX539 UT WOS:A1994MX53900013 ER PT J AU SCOTT, DR AF SCOTT, DR TI EMPIRICAL PATTERN-RECOGNITION EXPERT-SYSTEM FOR MOLECULAR-WEIGHT ESTIMATION OF LOW-RESOLUTION MASS-SPECTRA SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE MASS SPECTROMETRY; PATTERN RECOGNITION; EXPERT SYSTEM; MOLECULAR WEIGHT ESTIMATION ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; INFORMATION-THEORY; TOXIC COMPOUNDS; CLASSIFICATION AB A fast, personal-computer based method of estimating molecular weights of organic compounds from low resolution mass spectra has been redesigned and implemented with a rule-based expert system. It has a sequential design with a pattern recognition classifier followed by filter and molecular weight estimator modules for each of six classes. The classes are nonhalobenzenes, chlorobenzenes, bromo- and bromochloroalkanes/alkenes, mono- and di-chloroalkanes/alkenes, tri-, tetra- and pentachloroalkanes/alkenes and unknowns. The classifier was derived from 106 NIST/EPA/MSDC reference spectra. The filters employ computed series of allowed molecular weights and selected base peaks for each class, except unknown, to reduce misclassification. Empirical linear corrections from the training spectra are applied to two mass spectral features, MAXMASS and HIMAX1, to yield estimates and lower limits to the molecular weights. Extensive testing of the system was conducted with 32 test, 99 randomly chosen and 37 field gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) spectra and results were compared to those from STIRS. The median absolute deviations from the true molecular weights of the test, random and field GC-MS spectra with the expert system were all 1 dalton (average 5.6, 7.3, 5.9 daltons, respectively). This approach also was evaluated with 400 spectra of volatile and nonvolatile compounds of pharmaceutical interest. The median and average absolute deviations from the true molecular weights of the 400 spectra were 2 and 10 daltons. Classification of the evaluation spectra, including many incomplete spectra, was very good with accuracies of 97 (test, random and pharmaceutical) and 95% (field GC-MS). RP SCOTT, DR (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD JAN 20 PY 1994 VL 285 IS 1-2 BP 209 EP 222 DI 10.1016/0003-2670(94)85024-0 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA MU847 UT WOS:A1994MU84700024 ER PT J AU STRAUSS, GHS PETERS, WP EVERSON, RB AF STRAUSS, GHS PETERS, WP EVERSON, RB TI MEASURING DNA-DAMAGE IN INDIVIDUAL CELLS OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES - A NOVEL APPLICATION OF AN IMMUNOLOGICAL TYPING TECHNIQUE SO MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE DNA DAMAGE, MEASURING; IMMUNOLOGICAL TYPING TECHNIQUE; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION ID BONE-MARROW; BREAST-CANCER C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP STRAUSS, GHS (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTAT PROGRAM,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA. NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8262 J9 MUTAT RES PD JAN 16 PY 1994 VL 304 IS 2 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90213-5 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA MT851 UT WOS:A1994MT85100007 PM 7506364 ER PT J AU FREEMAN, JH BARONE, S STANTON, ME AF FREEMAN, JH BARONE, S STANTON, ME TI COGNITIVE AND NEUROANATOMICAL EFFECTS OF TRIETHYLTIN IN DEVELOPING RATS - ROLE OF AGE OF EXPOSURE SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE TRIETHYLTIN SULFATE; TET; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; GFAP; DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY; SPATIAL DELAYED ALTERNATION ID SPATIAL DELAYED ALTERNATION; HIPPOCAMPAL-LESIONS; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; NEONATAL EXPOSURE; PREWEANLING RATS; WORKING MEMORY; TRIMETHYLTIN; TIN; NEUROTOXICOLOGY; DISCRIMINATION AB Long-Evans rat pups were injected i.p. on postnatal day 5 (PND5) or 12 with 0, 3, or 5 mg/kg triethyltin sulfate (TET) and then tested on T-maze delayed alternation on PND21 or 28. Delayed alternation learning was impaired on PND21 and 28 in pups given 5 mg/kg TET. Pups given 5 mg/kg TET on PND5 were more impaired on delayed alternation than pups given 5 mg/ kg TET on PND12. Pups given 3 mg/kg TET on PND5 or 12 were unimpaired at either age of testing. On the day following training, pups were sacrificed for histological assessment employing Nissl- or immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a putative marker of gliosis. Pups given 5 mg/kg TET on PND5 showed increases in GFAP immunoreactivity (IR) in subiculum, amygdala, hippocampus, piriform cortex, and entorhinal cortex with concomitant decreases in Nissl-stained cells in these regions. Pups given 5 mg/kg TET on PND12 showed increases in GFAP IR in piriform cortex, amygdala and dorsal hippocampus with concomitant decreases in Nissl-stained cells in these regions. Exposure to 3 mg/kg TET on PND5 and PND12 produced a mild increase in GFAP IR in piriform cortex and amygdala but no discernible loss of Nissl-staining in these respective regions. TET-induced behavioral deficits appear related to damage of structural correlates of the human temporal lobe and not piriform cortical pathology. These results demonstrate that the day of exposure greatly influences the magnitude of the cognitive deficits and neuropathology associated with exposure to TET. There appears to be a critical period during postnatal development for the developmental neurotoxicity of this compound. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB MD74B,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD JAN 14 PY 1994 VL 634 IS 1 BP 85 EP 95 DI 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90261-5 PG 11 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA MQ937 UT WOS:A1994MQ93700011 PM 8156395 ER PT J AU DIXON, RK BROWN, S HOUGHTON, RA SOLOMON, AM TREXLER, MC WISNIEWSKI, J AF DIXON, RK BROWN, S HOUGHTON, RA SOLOMON, AM TREXLER, MC WISNIEWSKI, J TI CARBON POOLS AND FLUX OF GLOBAL FOREST ECOSYSTEMS SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE CHANGE; TROPICAL FORESTS; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; CO2 CONCENTRATION; INCREASING CO2; UNITED-STATES; ELEVATED CO2; STORAGE; BIOMASS AB Forest systems cover more than 4.1 x 10(9) hectares of the Earth's land area. Globally, forest vegetation and soils contain about 1146 petagrams of carbon, with approximately 37 percent of this carbon in low-latitude forests, 14 percent in mid-latitudes, and 49 percent at high latitudes. Over two-thirds of the carbon in forest ecosystems is contained in soils and associated peat deposits. In 1990, deforestation in the low latitudes emitted 1.6 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, whereas forest area expansion and growth in mid- and high-latitude forest sequestered 0.7 +/- 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year, for a net flux to the atmosphere of 0.9 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year. Slowing deforestation, combined with an increase in forestation and other management measures to improve forest ecosystem productivity, could conserve or sequester significant quantities of carbon. Future forest carbon cycling trends attributable to losses and regrowth associated with global climate and land-use change are uncertain. Model projections and some results suggest that forests could be carbon sinks or sources in the future. C1 TREXLER & ASSOCIATES INC,OAK GROVE,OR 97267. WISNIEWSKI & ASSOCIATES INC,FALLS CHURCH,VA 22043. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT FORESTRY,URBANA,IL 61801. WOODS HOLE RES CTR,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP DIXON, RK (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GLOBAL CHANGE RES PROGRAM,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 123 TC 1551 Z9 2167 U1 120 U2 879 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 14 PY 1994 VL 263 IS 5144 BP 185 EP 190 DI 10.1126/science.263.5144.185 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA MQ879 UT WOS:A1994MQ87900022 PM 17839174 ER PT B AU RYAN, JA CHANEY, RL AF RYAN, JA CHANEY, RL BE Etchevers, JD TI Development of limits for land application of municipal sewage sludge: Risk assessment SO 15TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SOIL SCIENCE, VOL 3A, TRANSACTIONS: COMMISSION II: SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th World Congress of Soil Science CY JUL 10-16, 1994 CL ACAPULCO, MEXICO SP Int Soc Soil Sci, Mexican Soc Soil Sci C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY SOIL SCIENCE PI WAGENINGEN PA POSTBUS 353, 6700AJ WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS PY 1994 BP 534 EP 553 PG 20 WC Agronomy; Geography; Geology; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Geography; Geology GA BD59Z UT WOS:A1994BD59Z00039 ER PT B AU JENSEN, JK AF JENSEN, JK BE Roberson, S TI PROPOSED FEDERAL PESTICIDE CONTAINER AND CONTAINMENT REGULATIONS SO 1994 ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1994 Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference CY JAN 05-06, 1994 CL UNIV ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, URBANA, IL SP UNIV ILLINOIS URBANA CHAMPAIGN, COLL AGR, COOPERAT EXTENS SERV, ILLINOIS NAT HIST SURVEY HO UNIV ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,DIV ENVIRONM FATES & EFFECTS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV ILLINOIS URBANA CHAMPAIGNCOLL AGRICULTURE PI URBANA PA URBANA, IL 61801 PY 1994 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BB20X UT WOS:A1994BB20X00034 ER PT S AU LYKINS, BW GOODRICH, JA CLARK, RM HARRISON, J YUE, SL ZHANG, ZY WU, GP VANDENHOVEN, TJJ VANEEKEREN, MWM AF LYKINS, BW GOODRICH, JA CLARK, RM HARRISON, J YUE, SL ZHANG, ZY WU, GP VANDENHOVEN, TJJ VANEEKEREN, MWM GP INT WATER SUPPLY ASSOC TI POINT-OF-USE TREATMENT SO 19TH INTERNATIONAL WATER SUPPLY CONGRESS AND EXHIBITION SE WATER SUPPLY : THE REVIEW JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER SUPPLY ASSOCIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Water Supply Congress and Exhibition CY OCT 02-08, 1993 CL BUDAPEST, HUNGARY C1 US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0735-1917 J9 WATER SUPP PY 1994 VL 12 IS 1-2 BP 377 EP 388 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BC44B UT WOS:A1994BC44B00015 ER PT J AU SCHWARTZ, J WEISS, ST AF SCHWARTZ, J WEISS, ST TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIETARY VITAMIN-C INTAKE AND PULMONARY-FUNCTION IN THE FIRST NATIONAL-HEALTH-AND-NUTRITION-EXAMINATION-SURVEY (NHANES-I) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE VITAMIN-C; LUNG FUNCTION; ANTIOXIDANTS; PULMONARY FUNCTION IN ADULTS ID ASCORBIC-ACID; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; ASTHMA; NEUTROPHILS; ADULTS AB We assessed the relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and the level of pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FEV(1)) in 2526 adults seen as part of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) between 1971 and 1974. Multiple-linear-regression analysis was performed with In FEV(1) as the dependent variable. After age, height, body mass index, race, sex, cigarette smoking, and employment status were controlled for, dietary vitamin C intake was positively and significantly associated with the level of FEV(1) (beta=0.00132, P=0.01). Interaction terms for vitamin C intake and smoking and vitamin C intake and respiratory disease were not significant. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin C intake has a protective effect on pulmonary function. C1 HARVARD UNIV,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT MED,CHANNING LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115. US EPA,OFF POLICY ANAL,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. BETH ISRAEL HOSP,DEPT PULM & CRIT CARE,BOSTON,MA 02215. NR 28 TC 161 Z9 166 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 59 IS 1 BP 110 EP 114 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA MP657 UT WOS:A1994MP65700019 PM 8279390 ER PT J AU FOLINSBEE, LJ HORSTMAN, DH KEHRL, HR HARDER, S ABDULSALAAM, S IVES, PJ AF FOLINSBEE, LJ HORSTMAN, DH KEHRL, HR HARDER, S ABDULSALAAM, S IVES, PJ TI RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO REPEATED PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO 0.12-PPM OZONE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION; ASTHMATIC SUBJECTS; MODERATE EXERCISE; ADAPTATION; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; PERSISTENCE; REACTIVITY; CHALLENGE; DURATION AB Repeated exposure to high concentrations of ozone results first in augmentation (typically on the second day) and then attenuation of pulmonary response in humans. To determine the effects of repeated prolonged low-concentration ozone exposure, we exposed 17 healthy nonsmoking male subjects to 0.12 ppm ozone for 6.6 h on 5 consecutive days. Subjects were also exposed once to filtered air. Volunteers exercised at a ventilation of similar to 39 L/min for 50 min of each hour during the exposure. Spirometry, plethysmography, and symptom responses were obtained before, during, and after each exposure. Nasal lavage and aerosol bolus dispersion were obtained before and after exposure. Spirometry decreased and symptoms increased on the first day. Responses were less on the second day compared with those on the first day, and they were absent compared with control values on the subsequent 3 days of ozone exposure. Percent change in FEV(1) after ozone exposure compared with that after air exposure averaged -12.79, -8.73, -2.54, -0.6, +0.18% for Days 1 to 5 of ozone exposure, respectively. FEV(1) responses ranged from a zero to 34% decrease on Days 1 and 2. After each exposure, we determined the ratio of SRaw after inhaling a fixed dose of methacholine to SRaw after inhaling saline aerosol, as an index of airway responsiveness. Airway responsiveness was significantly increased after each ozone exposure. The mean ratios were 2.22, 3.67, 4.55, 3.99, 3.24, and 3.74 for filtered air and ozone Days 1 to 5, respectively. Symptoms of cough and pain on deep inspiration increased significantly on ozone Day 1 only. We conclude that repeated prolonged exposure to low levels of ozone results in progressive attenuation of symptom and spirometric responses without an augmented response on Day 2. However, the increased airway responsiveness, although tending to return toward baseline values in some subjects, was not fully attenuated after 5 days. C1 ABB ENVIRONM SERV,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP FOLINSBEE, LJ (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 32 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 149 IS 1 BP 98 EP 105 PG 8 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA NP717 UT WOS:A1994NP71700017 PM 8111607 ER PT B AU BAYARD, S JINOT, J BROWN, K AF BAYARD, S JINOT, J BROWN, K GP AMER STAT ASSOC, SECT STAT & ENVIRONM TI Passive smoking and lung cancer: The US EPA's weight-of-evidence analysis, with emphasis on the epidemiology studies SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION 1994 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON STATISTICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Section-on-Statistics-and-the-Environment of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 13-18, 1994 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Amer Stat Assoc, Sect Stat & Environm C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-13-6 PY 1994 BP 56 EP 64 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BE02L UT WOS:A1994BE02L00010 ER PT S AU FAN, CY KRISHNAMURTHY, S CHEN, CT AF FAN, CY KRISHNAMURTHY, S CHEN, CT BE OShay, TA Hoddinott, KB TI A CRITICAL-REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL APPROACHES FOR PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED SOIL SO ANALYSIS OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH PETROLEUM CONSTITUENTS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Analysis of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Constituents CY JUN 24, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AMER SOC TESTING & MAT, COMM D18 SOIL & ROCK, SUBCOMM D18 06 PHYSICO CHEM P, ROPERT SOIL, AMER PETR INST DE DIESEL RANGE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; GASOLINE RANGE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; TOTAL RECOVERABLE PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS; UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,RELEASES CONTROL BRANCH,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-1898-8 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1994 VL 1221 BP 61 EP 74 DI 10.1520/STP12657S PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences; Geography; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Geology GA BA64E UT WOS:A1994BA64E00007 ER PT B AU HAINES, JR KADKHODAYAN, M MOCSNY, DJ JONES, CA ISLAM, M VENOSA, AD AF HAINES, JR KADKHODAYAN, M MOCSNY, DJ JONES, CA ISLAM, M VENOSA, AD BE Hinchee, RE Anderson, DB Metting, FB Sayles, GD TI EFFECT OF SALINITY, OIL TYPE, AND INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON OIL DEGRADATION SO APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR SITE REMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation CY APR, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP BATTELLE MEM INST C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-982-4 PY 1994 BP 75 EP 83 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Environmental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering GA BB80V UT WOS:A1994BB80V00006 ER PT B AU MILLER, GC DONALDSON, SG AF MILLER, GC DONALDSON, SG BE Helz, GR Zepp, RG Crosby, DG TI FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOLYSIS OF ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS ON SOILS SO AQUATIC AND SURFACE PHOTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry, at the 203rd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 05-10, 1992 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP AMER CHEM SOC C1 US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30601. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-871-2 PY 1994 BP 97 EP 109 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BA49W UT WOS:A1994BA49W00006 ER PT B AU MILLER, WL AF MILLER, WL BE Helz, GR Zepp, RG Crosby, DG TI RECENT ADVANCES IN THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF NATURAL DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER SO AQUATIC AND SURFACE PHOTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry, at the 203rd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 05-10, 1992 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP AMER CHEM SOC C1 US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30601. NR 0 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 2 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-871-2 PY 1994 BP 111 EP 127 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BA49W UT WOS:A1994BA49W00007 ER PT J AU SCHUYTEMA, GS NEBEKER, AV GRIFFIS, WL AF SCHUYTEMA, GS NEBEKER, AV GRIFFIS, WL TI EFFECTS OF DIETARY EXPOSURE TO FOREST PESTICIDES ON THE BROWN GARDEN SNAIL HELIX-ASPERSA MULLER SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Brown garden snails, Helix aspersa, were fed prepared diets with 12 pesticides used in forest spraying practices where endangered arboreal and terrestrial snails may be at risk. Acephate, atrazine, glyphosate, hexazinone, and picloram were not lethal at concentrations of 5,000 mg/kg in 14-day screening tests. The remaining seven pesticides, lethal to 13-100% of the tested snails at 5,000 mg/kg, were evaluated in 10-day definitive feeding tests. Azinphosmethyl (Guthion(R)) and aminocarb were the most toxic, with 10-day LC50s of 188 and 313 mg/kg, respectively. Paraquat, trichlorfon and fenitrothion had 10-day LC50s of 659, 664, and 7,058 mg/kg, respectively. Avoidance of pesticide-containing foods occurred, e.g., 10-day LC50s of >10,000 mg/kg for carbaryl and methyl parathion. Significant decreases (p<0.05) in snail weight (total, shell-only, body-only) or shell diameter were accompanied by a significant decrease in the amount of food consumed/snail/day. Concentrations of pesticide in tissues were measured in snails exposed to atrazine and azinphosmethyl; there was no bioaccumulation. RP SCHUYTEMA, GS (reprint author), US EPA,CORVALLIS ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 1 BP 23 EP 28 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ML249 UT WOS:A1994ML24900004 ER PT J AU NEBEKER, AV DUNN, KD GRIFFIS, WL SCHUYTEMA, GS AF NEBEKER, AV DUNN, KD GRIFFIS, WL SCHUYTEMA, GS TI EFFECTS OF DIELDRIN IN FOOD ON GROWTH AND BIOACCUMULATION IN MALLARD DUCKLINGS SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANOCHLORINE CHEMICAL RESIDUES AB The effects of dieldrin in food organisms and commercial feed on growth and bioaccumulation were determined in mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos). Dieldrin-fed crickets, mealworms and annelid worms, and dieldrin-spiked commercial feed, were fed to mallard ducklings for 8 days. Mean measured food concentrations (animals plus feed) of <0.2, 2.6, 26.2, and 49.3 mu g/g dieldrin did not affect growth after 14 days. Tissue dieldrin concentrations (mu g/g wet wt) increased rapidly: up to 80.7 (lipid), 30.1 (skin), 4.1 (liver), 1.8 (muscle), and 1.6 (brain) mu g/g. Dieldrin concentrations in tissues were up to 3.7 times greater than in the test diets. RP NEBEKER, AV (reprint author), US EPA,CORVALLIS ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 1 BP 29 EP 32 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ML249 UT WOS:A1994ML24900005 ER PT J AU NEBEKER, AV GRIFFIS, WL SCHUYTEMA, GS AF NEBEKER, AV GRIFFIS, WL SCHUYTEMA, GS TI TOXICITY AND ESTIMATED WATER-QUALITY CRITERIA VALUES IN MALLARD DUCKLINGS EXPOSED TO PENTACHLOROPHENOL SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIETARY AB Tests were conducted to determine the effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in feed on growth and bioaccumulation in mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos). Significant effects of PCP on growth (LOAEL) were observed after 11 days at 961 mu g/g PCP. The NOAEL value (no significant growth effects) was 423 mu g/g PCP. Concentrations of PCP in tissues at the NOAEL were 20.7 (liver), 12.2 (lipid), 3.3 (muscle), and 2.6 (brain) mu g/g (wet wt); no bioaccumulation was observed. Using a toxicity threshold model, it was estimated that about 1.1 mg/L of waterborne PCP was a threshold for adverse effects for mallard ducks. RP NEBEKER, AV (reprint author), US EPA,CORVALLIS ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 1 BP 33 EP 36 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ML249 UT WOS:A1994ML24900006 ER PT J AU LEWIS, RG FORTMANN, RC CAMANN, DE AF LEWIS, RG FORTMANN, RC CAMANN, DE TI EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR MONITORING THE POTENTIAL EXPOSURE OF SMALL CHILDREN TO PESTICIDES IN THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATING SOIL INGESTION; TRACER ELEMENTS; YOUNG-CHILDREN AB A nine-home pilot study was conducted to evaluate monitoring methods in the field that may be used to assess the potential exposures of children aged 6 months to 5 years to pesticides found in the home environment. Several methods, some of which were newly developed in this study, were tested for measuring pesticide residues in indoor air, carpet dust, outdoor soil, and on the children's hands. Information was also collected on household characteristics, pesticides used and stored at the residence, and children's activities. Pesticides were detected at all nine study homes. With the exception of one home, at least one pesticide was detected in all matrices sampled at each house. Of the 30 target pesticides, 23 were detected during the study. The most frequently detected pesticides were chlordane, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, heptachlor, and pentachlorophenol. The greatest number of pesticides and highest concentrations were found in carpet dust. The results of these investigations will be discussed in terms of performance of the methods and the distribution of pesticides across the various media sampled. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. SW RES INST,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78228. RP LEWIS, RG (reprint author), US EPA,MD-44,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 19 TC 172 Z9 176 U1 3 U2 22 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 1 BP 37 EP 46 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ML249 UT WOS:A1994ML24900007 PM 8110022 ER PT J AU WHITMORE, RW IMMERMAN, FW CAMANN, DE BOND, AE LEWIS, RG SCHAUM, JL AF WHITMORE, RW IMMERMAN, FW CAMANN, DE BOND, AE LEWIS, RG SCHAUM, JL TI NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO PESTICIDES FOR RESIDENTS OF 2 US CITIES SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Non-Occupational Pesticide Exposure Study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was designed to assess total human exposures to 32 pesticides and pesticide degradation products in the non-occupational environment; however, the study focused primarily on inhalation exposures. Two sites-Jacksonville, Florida (USA) and Springfield/Chicopee, Massachusetts (USA)-were studied during three seasons: Summer 1986 (Jacksonville only), Spring 1987, and Winter 1988. Probability samples of 49 to 72 persons participated in individual site/seasons. The primary environmental monitoring consisted of 24-hr indoor, personal, and outdoor air samples analyzed by gas chromtography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/electron capture detection. Indoor and personal air concentrations tended to be higher in Jacksonville than in Springfield/Chicopee. Concentrations tended to be highest in summer, lower in spring, and lowest in winter. Indoor and personal air concentrations were generally comparable and were usually much higher than outdoor air concentrations. Inhalation exposure exceeded dietary exposure for cyclodiene termiticides and for pesticides used mainly in the home. Dietary exposures were greater for many of the other pesticides. Inhalation risks were uncertain for termiticides (depending on rates of degradation) but were negligible for other pesticides. The data were insufficient to support risk assessments for food, dermal contact, or house dust exposures. C1 AMER CYANAMID CO,PEARL RIVER,NY 10965. SW RES INST,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78228. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP WHITMORE, RW (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST,POB 12194,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 14 TC 153 Z9 158 U1 4 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 1 BP 47 EP 59 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ML249 UT WOS:A1994ML24900008 PM 8110023 ER PT J AU GENTHNER, FJ CRIPE, GM CROSBY, DJ AF GENTHNER, FJ CRIPE, GM CROSBY, DJ TI EFFECT OF BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA AND ITS TOXINS ON MYSIDOPSIS-BAHIA (MYSIDACEA) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY; INSECT AB Beauveria bassiana spores and metabolites were evaluated for toxicity and pathogenicity to Mysidopsis bahia. Static acute 96-h tests were conducted with less than or equal to 24-h-old M. bahia using either conidiospores; the mycotoxin, beauvericin, or a nonpolar extract of the mycelia. Conidiospore densities of greater than or equal to 1.5 x 10(6)/ml caused high mortalities. These mortalities were attributed to a high particulate density since heat-killed controls also proved lethal. Beauvericin, a cyclic depsipeptide produced by some strains of B. bassiana, was toxic at an LC50 of 0.56 mg/L. The toxicity of beauvericin persisted in sterile seawater for at least 3, but not, 8 weeks. A nonpolar extract of mycelia from B. bassiana, which contained approximately 1% beauvericin by weight, was toxic at an LC50 of 84.2 mg/L. In contrast, a nonpolar extract of mycelia from the fungal weed pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, was not toxic when tested up to 70.4 mg/L. C1 TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP GENTHNER, FJ (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 1 BP 90 EP 94 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ML249 UT WOS:A1994ML24900013 ER PT J AU COLLYARD, SA ANKLEY, GT HOKE, RA GOLDENSTEIN, T AF COLLYARD, SA ANKLEY, GT HOKE, RA GOLDENSTEIN, T TI INFLUENCE OF AGE ON THE RELATIVE SENSITIVITY OF HYALELLA-AZTECA TO DIAZINON, ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES, COPPER, CADMIUM, AND ZINC SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY; FISH AB Laboratories testing Hyalella azteca use a wide range of ages (or sizes) of the amphipod in their studies. The objective of this study was to investigate age-specific differences in sensitivity of the amphipod to contaminants with varying toxic modes of action. Hyalella azteca, ranging in age from <1 to 26 d, were tested in 96-h water-only exposures with the organophosphate pesticide diazinon, a mixture of alkylphenol ethoxylates (nonionic surfactants), copper sulfate, cadmium chloride, and zinc sulfate. Overall age-specific differences in sensitivity to the five test chemicals were relatively small; 96-h LC50 values typically varied by 50% or less among the various age classes of H. azteca. When differences in sensitivity were observed, trends were apparently related to the contaminant tested rather than to the age of the amphipods, i.e., no particular age class consistently was the most sensitive to the toxicants. C1 US EPA,DULUTH,MN 55804. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,HACKENSACK,NJ 07601. ASCI CORP,DULUTH,MN 55804. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 15 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 1 BP 110 EP 113 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ML249 UT WOS:A1994ML24900016 ER PT J AU HENRY, EA DEVEREUX, R MAKI, JS GILMOUR, CC WOESE, CR MANDELCO, L SCHAUDER, R REMSEN, CC MITCHELL, R AF HENRY, EA DEVEREUX, R MAKI, JS GILMOUR, CC WOESE, CR MANDELCO, L SCHAUDER, R REMSEN, CC MITCHELL, R TI CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW THERMOPHILIC SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIUM - THERMODESULFOVIBRIO YELLOWSTONII, GEN-NOV AND SP-NOV - ITS PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP TO THERMODESULFOBACTERIUM COMMUNE AND THEIR ORIGINS DEEP WITHIN THE BACTERIAL DOMAIN SO ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SULFATE REDUCTION; THERMOPHILE; HYDROTHERMAL VENT; YELLOWSTONE LAKE; THERMODESULFOVIBRIO YELLOWSTONII, GEN NOV, SP NOV ID DECOMPOSE FATTY-ACIDS; ARCHAEOGLOBUS-FULGIDUS; MICROBIAL ECOLOGY; EUBACTERIA; ARCHAEBACTERIA; OXIDATION; PATHWAY; ACETATE; FAMILY; CO2 AB A thermophilic sulfate-reducing vibrio isolated from thermal vent water in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, USA is described. The gram-negative, curved rod-shaped cells averaged 0.3 mu m wide and 1.5 mu m long. They were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Growth was observed between 40 degrees and 70 degrees C with optimal growth at 65 degrees C. Cultures remained viable for one year at 27 degrees C although spore-formation was not observed. Sulfate, thiosulfate and sulfite were used as electron accepters. Sulfur, fumarate and nitrate were not reduced. In the presence of sulfate, growth was observed only with lactate, pyruvate, hydrogen plus acetate, or formate plus acetate. Pyruvate was the only compound observed to support fermentative growth. Pyruvate and lactate were oxidized to acetate. Desulfofuscidin and c-type cytochromes were present. The G + C content was 29.5 mol%. The divergence in the 16S ribosomal RNA sequences between the new isolate and Thermodesulfobacterium commune suggests that these two thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria represent different genera. These two bacteria depict a lineage that branches deeply within the Bacteria domain and which is clearly distinct from previously defined phylogenetic lines of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Strain YP87 is described as the type strain of the new genus and species Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii. C1 MARQUETTE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MILWAUKEE,WI 53233. HARVARD UNIV,DIV APPL SCI,MICROBIAL ECOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. PHILADELPHIA ACAD NAT SCI,BENEDICT ESTUARINE RES LAB,BENEDICT,MD 20612. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT MICROBIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT ANAEROB MICROBIOL,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR GREAT LAKES STUDIES,MILWAUKEE,WI 53201. RI Gilmour, Cynthia/G-1784-2010 OI Gilmour, Cynthia/0000-0002-1720-9498 NR 46 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0302-8933 J9 ARCH MICROBIOL JI Arch. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 161 IS 1 BP 62 EP 69 DI 10.1007/BF00248894 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA MM198 UT WOS:A1994MM19800008 PM 11541228 ER PT B AU JOHNSON, GL AF JOHNSON, GL GP AMER SOC QUAL CONTROL TI ANSI ASQC E4 - A QUALITY SYSTEM STANDARD FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DATA COLLECTION AND TECHNOLOGY SO ASQC 48TH ANNUAL QUALITY CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASQC 48th Annual Quality Congress - Quality in a World Without Boundaries CY MAY 24-26, 1994 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP AMER SOC QUAL CONTROL C1 US EPA,QUAL ASSURANCE MANAGEMENT STAFF MD75,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC QUALITY CONTROL PI MILWAUKEE PA 611 E WISCONSIN AVENUE, MILWAUKEE, WI 53202 PY 1994 BP 803 EP 808 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Management SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA BB77V UT WOS:A1994BB77V00108 ER PT S AU ANASTAS, PT AF ANASTAS, PT BE Anastas, PT Farris, CA TI BENIGN BY DESIGN CHEMISTRY SO BENIGN BY DESIGN: ALTERNATIVE SYNTHETIC DESIGN FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Benign by Design - Alternative Synthetic Design for Pollution Prevention, at the 206th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 22-27, 1993 CL CHICAGO, IL SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV ENVIRONM CHEM, INC AB The role of the synthetic chemist is crucial toward meeting the goals of both environmental protection and economic growth. The principles for the discovery, evaluation and development of environmentally benign alternative synthetic pathways have been investigated and applied both in basic research and in commercial practice. The principles of pollution prevention will be playing an increasing role in the routine work of the synthetic chemist in the future and each chemist will need to know how to design syntheses that are more environmentally benign in order to increase the chances of commercial viability of the methodology. RP ANASTAS, PT (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,MAIL CODE 7406,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3053-6 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 577 BP 2 EP 22 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BB96B UT WOS:A1994BB96B00001 ER PT S AU FARRIS, CA PODALL, HE ANASTAS, PT AF FARRIS, CA PODALL, HE ANASTAS, PT BE Anastas, PT Farris, CA TI ALTERNATIVE SYNTHESES AND OTHER SOURCE REDUCTION OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREMANUFACTURE NOTIFICATION SUBSTANCES AT THE US ENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTION-AGENCY SO BENIGN BY DESIGN: ALTERNATIVE SYNTHETIC DESIGN FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Benign by Design - Alternative Synthetic Design for Pollution Prevention, at the 206th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 22-27, 1993 CL CHICAGO, IL SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV ENVIRONM CHEM, INC AB Under section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reviews remanufacture Notifications (PMNs) for new chemical substances and has authority to limit or ban those substances that may cause an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. Recently, EPA has begun assessing the pollution potential of the chemical manufacturing processes for certain high volume PMN substances. In parallel with routine PMN review, EPA evaluates feedstocks, solvents, byproducts and impurities to characterize the waste produced and determine whether the generation of toxic substances can be reduced or eliminated. EPA then investigates possible approaches to pollution prevention, including improved and alternative syntheses. If EPA identifies potential pollution prevention opportunities, it corresponds with the PMN submitter to suggest voluntary consideration of EPA's pollution prevention approach. This paper explains EPA's assessment methodology and results to date. RP FARRIS, CA (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PULLUT PREVENT & TOX,MAIL CODE 7406,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3053-6 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 577 BP 156 EP 165 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BB96B UT WOS:A1994BB96B00013 ER PT S AU ANASTAS, PT NIES, JD DEVITO, SC AF ANASTAS, PT NIES, JD DEVITO, SC BE Anastas, PT Farris, CA TI COMPUTER-ASSISTED ALTERNATIVE SYNTHETIC DESIGN FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION AT THE US ENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTION-AGENCY SO BENIGN BY DESIGN: ALTERNATIVE SYNTHETIC DESIGN FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Benign by Design - Alternative Synthetic Design for Pollution Prevention, at the 206th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 22-27, 1993 CL CHICAGO, IL SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV ENVIRONM CHEM, INC ID ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS; MECHANISTIC EVALUATION; REACTION PREDICTION; CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; REACTION DATABASES; CHEMISTRY; SYSTEM; KNOWLEDGE; PROGRAM; GENERATION AB The usefulness of computer assisted organic synthesis (CAOS) in identifying alternative, potentially more environmentally benign reaction pathways for the synthesis of commercial chemicals was explored. Software programs for synthetic and retrosynthetic design were identified from the scientific literature and through contact with experts in CAOS. Three programs (CAMEO, LHASA, and SYNGEN) were obtained and evaluated on their (1) ability to generate synthetic pathways that are consistent with methods reported in the literature, (2) ability to propose chemically useful alternatives to established synthetic pathways, and (3) ease of use. Our preliminary evaluation indicated that these computer programs possess intriguing potential for proposing alternative reaction pathways that may subsequently be evaluated for their relative risk and economical viability. C1 DYNAMAC CORP, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850 USA. RP US EPA, OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX, MAIL CODE 7406, 401 M ST SW, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 74 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3053-6 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1994 VL 577 BP 166 EP 184 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BB96B UT WOS:A1994BB96B00014 ER PT J AU GARDINER, D AF GARDINER, D TI THE PRESIDENT AND BIOREMEDIATION SO BIO-TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP GARDINER, D (reprint author), US EPA,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING CO PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 SN 0733-222X J9 BIO-TECHNOL JI Bio-Technology PD JAN PY 1994 VL 12 IS 1 BP 8 EP 8 DI 10.1038/nbt0194-8a PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA MQ453 UT WOS:A1994MQ45300002 ER PT J AU LIDDLE, CG PUTNAM, JP HUEY, OP AF LIDDLE, CG PUTNAM, JP HUEY, OP TI ALTERATION OF LIFE-SPAN OF MICE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO 2.45 GHZ CW MICROWAVES SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE CW MICROWAVES; MICE; LONGEVITY ID IRRADIATION AB Female CD1 mice were exposed from the thirty-fifth day of age for the remainder of their lives to 2.45 GHz, CW-microwave radiation at a power density of 3 or 10 mW/cm(2) (SAR = 2.0 or 6.8 W/kg). Exposures took place 1 h/day, 5 day/week in an anechoic chamber at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C and a relative humidity of 50%. There were 25 animals in each exposure group, and an equal number of controls were concurrently sham exposed. The average life span of animals exposed at 10 mW/cm(2) was significantly shorter than that of sham-exposed controls (572 days vs. 706 days; P =.049; truncation >20%). In contrast, the average lifespan of the animals exposed at 3 mW/cm(2) was slightly, but not significantly, longer (738 days) than that of controls (706 days). (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1994 VL 15 IS 3 BP 177 EP 181 DI 10.1002/bem.2250150302 PG 5 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA NQ259 UT WOS:A1994NQ25900001 PM 8074734 ER PT J AU BLANCHARD, JP BLACKMAN, CF AF BLANCHARD, JP BLACKMAN, CF TI CLARIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF AN ION PARAMETRIC RESONANCE MODEL FOR MAGNETIC-FIELD INTERACTIONS WITH BIOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE AC/DC MAGNETIC FIELDS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; IONIC RESONANCE; IPR ID BRAIN-TISSUE INVITRO; CYCLOTRON-RESONANCE; LOW-FREQUENCY; ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; DIATOM MOBILITY; CALCIUM-IONS; MECHANISM; EFFLUX; DC AB Theoretical models proposed to date have been unable to clearly predict biological results from exposure to low-intensity electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Recently a predictive ionic resonance model was proposed by Lednev, based on an earlier atomic spectroscopy theory described by Podgoretskii and Podgoretskii and Khrustalev. The ion parametric resonance (IPR) model developed in this paper corrects mathematical errors in the earlier Lednev model and extends that model to give explicit predictions of biological responses to parallel AC and DC magnetic fields caused by field-induced changes in combinations of ions within the biological system. Distinct response forms predicted by the IPR model depend explicitly on the experimentally controlled variables: magnetic flux densities of the AC and DC magnetic fields (B(a)c and B-dc, respectively); AC frequency (f(ac)); and, implicitly, charge to mass ratio of target ions. After clarifying the IPR model and extending it to combinations of different resonant ions, this paper proposes a basic set of experiments to test the IPR model directly which do not rely on the choice of a particular specimen or endpoint. while the fundamental bases of the model are supported by a variety of other studies, the IPR model is necessarily heuristic when applied to biological systems, because it is based on the premise that the magnitude and form of magnetic field interactions with unhydrated resonant ions in critical biological structures alter ion-associated biological activities that may in turn be correlated with observable effects in living systems. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP BLANCHARD, JP (reprint author), BECHTEL CORP,RES & DEV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94119, USA. NR 57 TC 176 Z9 181 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1994 VL 15 IS 3 BP 217 EP 238 DI 10.1002/bem.2250150306 PG 22 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA NQ259 UT WOS:A1994NQ25900005 PM 8074738 ER PT J AU BLACKMAN, CF BLANCHARD, JP BENANE, SG HOUSE, DE AF BLACKMAN, CF BLANCHARD, JP BENANE, SG HOUSE, DE TI EMPIRICAL-TEST OF AN ION PARAMETRIC RESONANCE MODEL FOR MAGNETIC-FIELD INTERACTIONS WITH PC-12 CELLS SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE AC/DC MAGNETIC FIELDS; NEURITE OUTGROWTH; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; IPR ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; BRAIN-TISSUE INVITRO; NEURO-BLASTOMA CELLS; CYCLOTRON-RESONANCE; CALCIUM-IONS; PC12 CELLS; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; BIOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS; DIATOM MOBILITY; ELF FIELDS AB A companion paper describes a predictive ion parametric resonance (IPR) model of magnetic field interactions with biological systems based on a selective relation between the ratio of the flux density of the static magnetic field to the AC magnetic field and the charge-to-mass ratio of ions of biological relevance. Previous studies demonstrated that nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated neurite outgrowth (NO) in PC-12 cells can be inhibited by exposure to magnetic fields as a function of either magnetic field flux density or AC magnetic field frequency. The present work examines whether the PC-12 cell response to magnetic fields is consistent with the quasiperiodic, resonance-based predictions of the IPR model. We tested changes in each of the experimentally controllable variables [flux densities of the parallel components of the AC magnetic field (B-ac) and the static magnetic field (B-dc) and the frequency of the AC magnetic field] over a range of exposure conditions sufficient to determine whether the IPR model is applicable. A multiple coil exposure system independently controlled each of these critical quantities. The perpendicular static magnetic field was controlled to less than 2 mG for air tests. The first set of tests examined the NO response in cells exposed to 45 Hz B-ac from 77 to 468 mG(rms) at a B-dc Of 366 mG. Next, we examined an off-resonance condition using 20 mc B-dc with a 45 Hz AC field across a range of B-ac between 7.9 and 21 mG(rms). Finally, we changed the AC frequency to 25 Hz, with a corresponding change in B-dc to 203 mG (to tune for the same set of ions as in the first test) and a B-ac range from 78 to 181 mG(rms). In all cases the observed responses were consistent with predictions of the IPR model. These experimental results are the first to support in detail the validity of the fundamental relationships embodied in the IPR model. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 BECHTEL CORP,RES & DEV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. RP BLACKMAN, CF (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 56 TC 99 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1994 VL 15 IS 3 BP 239 EP 260 DI 10.1002/bem.2250150307 PG 22 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA NQ259 UT WOS:A1994NQ25900006 PM 8074739 ER PT J AU DUTTA, SK VERMA, M BLACKMAN, CF AF DUTTA, SK VERMA, M BLACKMAN, CF TI FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT ALTERATIONS IN ENOLASE ACTIVITY IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC-FIELDS SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; AMPLITUDE MODULATION; ELF; 16 HZ; 60 HZ; MODULATION; ENOLASE ACTIVITY ID NEURON-SPECIFIC ENOLASE; CALCIUM-ION EFFLUX; BRAIN-TISSUE INVITRO; MODULATED VHF FIELDS; ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; BLASTOMA CELLS; RADIATION; SERUM; CULTURE; HZ AB Some neurochemical effects of low-intensity electric and magnetic fields have been shown to be nonlinear functions of exposure parameters. These effects occurred within narrow ranges of frequency and intensity. Previous studies on membrane-associated endpoints in cell culture preparations demonstrated changes in calcium efflux and in acetylcholinesterase activity following exposure to radiofrequency radiation, amplitude modulated (AM) at 16 and at 60 Hz, at a specific absorption rate of 0.05 W/kg. In this study, these modulation frequencies were tested for their influence on the activity of a cytoplasmic enzyme, enolase, which is being tested clinically for detection of neoplasia. Escherichia coli cultures containing a plasmid with a mammalian gene for enolase were exposed for 30 min, and cell extracts were assayed for enolase activity by measuring absorbance at 240 nm. The enolase activity in exposed cultures was compared to the activity in paired control cultures. Exposure to 147 MHz carrier waves at 0.05 W/kg, AM at 16 Hz showed enolase activity enhanced by 62%, and AM at 60 Hz showed enolase activity reduced by 28%. Similarly, exposure to 16 Hz fields alone, at 21.2 V/m(rns) (electric) and 97 nT(rns) (magnetic), showed enhancement in enolase activity by 59%, whereas exposure to 60 Hz fields alone, at 14.1 V/M(rns) (electric) and 65 nT(rns) (magnetic), showed reduction in activity by 24%. Sham exposures as well as exposure to continuous-wave 147 MHz radiation at 0.05 W/kg showed no change in enolase activity. Although the underlying basis for these field effects in the cytoplasmic compartment has not been established, differential sensitivities to 16 Hz and to 60 Hz signals provide a clear focus for additional research to determine the responsible mechanism. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 HOWARD UNIV,DEPT GENET,WASHINGTON,DC. HOWARD UNIV,DEPT HUMAN GENET,WASHINGTON,DC. HOWARD UNIV,CANC RES CTR,WASHINGTON,DC. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP DUTTA, SK (reprint author), HOWARD UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20059, USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [8S06GM08016] NR 31 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1994 VL 15 IS 5 BP 377 EP 383 DI 10.1002/bem.2250150502 PG 7 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA PJ523 UT WOS:A1994PJ52300001 PM 7802706 ER PT B AU HUGHES, RM HEISKARY, SA MATTHEWS, WJ YODER, CO AF HUGHES, RM HEISKARY, SA MATTHEWS, WJ YODER, CO BE Loeb, SL Spacie, A TI USE OF ECOREGIONS IN BIOLOGICAL MONITORING SO BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems CY NOV 29, 1990-DEC 01, 1992 CL PURDUE UNIV, W LAFAYETTE, IN HO PURDUE UNIV C1 US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. NR 0 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-910-7 PY 1994 BP 125 EP 151 PG 27 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BA72P UT WOS:A1994BA72P00008 ER PT B AU CHARLES, DF SMOL, JP ENGSTROM, DR AF CHARLES, DF SMOL, JP ENGSTROM, DR BE Loeb, SL Spacie, A TI PALEOLIMNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO BIOLOGICAL MONITORING SO BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems CY NOV 29, 1990-DEC 01, 1992 CL PURDUE UNIV, W LAFAYETTE, IN HO PURDUE UNIV C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 0 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-910-7 PY 1994 BP 233 EP 293 PG 61 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BA72P UT WOS:A1994BA72P00013 ER PT B AU PAULSEN, SG LINTHURST, RA AF PAULSEN, SG LINTHURST, RA BE Loeb, SL Spacie, A TI BIOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM SO BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems CY NOV 29, 1990-DEC 01, 1992 CL PURDUE UNIV, W LAFAYETTE, IN HO PURDUE UNIV C1 US EPA,UNIV NEVADA,ENVIRONM RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-910-7 PY 1994 BP 297 EP 322 PG 26 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BA72P UT WOS:A1994BA72P00014 ER PT J AU LASKEY, J FERRELL, J AF LASKEY, J FERRELL, J TI USE OF MINCED OVARY INCUBATIONS TO DETERMINE ENZYME-INHIBITION SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1994 VL 50 SU 1 BP 75 EP 75 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NR591 UT WOS:A1994NR59100088 ER PT J AU NAROTSKY, MG HAMBY, BT MITCHELL, DS KAVLOCK, RJ AF NAROTSKY, MG HAMBY, BT MITCHELL, DS KAVLOCK, RJ TI CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE (CCL4)-INDUCED PREGNANCY LOSS IN F344 RATS - ENDOGENOUS PROGESTERONE (P4) LEVELS AND RESCUE BY EXOGENOUS-P4 SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1994 VL 50 SU 1 BP 75 EP 75 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NR591 UT WOS:A1994NR59100086 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, SA FAIL, PA MCTAGGART, BT TYL, RW GRAY, LE AF ANDERSON, SA FAIL, PA MCTAGGART, BT TYL, RW GRAY, LE TI REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF METHOXYCHLOR (M) IN CORN-OIL TO MALE AND FEMALE LONG-EVANS HOODED RATS USING THE ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTION TEST PROTOCOL (ART) SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1994 VL 50 SU 1 BP 101 EP 101 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NR591 UT WOS:A1994NR59100191 ER PT J AU GRAY, LE OSTBY, J MONOSSON, E KELCE, WR AF GRAY, LE OSTBY, J MONOSSON, E KELCE, WR TI ALTERATIONS OF SEX-DIFFERENTIATION IN MALE-RATS FOLLOWING PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO LOW-DOSES OF THE ANTIANDROGENIC PESTICIDE VINCLOZOLIN (V) SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,DTD,RTB,DEV REPROD BIOL SECT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. MANTECH ENVIRON INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1994 VL 50 SU 1 BP 101 EP 101 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NR591 UT WOS:A1994NR59100192 ER PT J AU KELCE, WR MONOSSON, E GRAY, LE AF KELCE, WR MONOSSON, E GRAY, LE TI IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO EVIDENCE THAT VINCLOZOLIN (V) IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIANDROGEN SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,HERL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1994 VL 50 SU 1 BP 102 EP 102 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NR591 UT WOS:A1994NR59100193 ER PT J AU CUMMINGS, AM METCALF, J AF CUMMINGS, AM METCALF, J TI RODENT MODELS FOR THE STUDY OF TOXICANT-INDUCED ENDOMETRIOSIS SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HERL,DTD,RTB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1994 VL 50 SU 1 BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NR591 UT WOS:A1994NR59100209 ER PT J AU FAIL, PA PEARCE, SW ANDERSON, SA GRAY, LE AF FAIL, PA PEARCE, SW ANDERSON, SA GRAY, LE TI METHOXYCHLOR (M) ALTERS TESTOSTERONE (T) AND LH RESPONSE TO HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN (HCG) OR GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE (GNRH) IN MALE LONG-EVANS HOODED RATS SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1994 VL 50 SU 1 BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NR591 UT WOS:A1994NR59100211 ER PT J AU PIASEK, M LASKEY, JW AF PIASEK, M LASKEY, JW TI EFFECT OF ACUTE CADMIUM EXPOSURE ON STEROID-PRODUCTION IN OVARIES OF CYCLING AND PREGNANT RATS SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV ZAGREB,INST MED RES & OCCUPAT HLTH,ZAGREB,CROATIA. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1994 VL 50 SU 1 BP 107 EP 107 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NR591 UT WOS:A1994NR59100215 ER PT J AU ZUELKE, KA PERREAULT, SD AF ZUELKE, KA PERREAULT, SD TI HAMSTER OOCYTE AND CUMULUS CELL GLUTATHIONE CONCENTRATIONS INCREASE RAPIDLY DURING IN-VIVO MEIOTIC MATURATION SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Zuelke, Kurt/H-8609-2013 NR 1 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1994 VL 50 SU 1 BP 144 EP 144 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NR591 UT WOS:A1994NR59100364 ER PT S AU NAUMAN, CH SANTOLUCITO, JA DARY, CC AF NAUMAN, CH SANTOLUCITO, JA DARY, CC BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI BIOMONITORING FOR PESTICIDE EXPOSURE SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GENERAL-POPULATION SURVEY; HUMAN ADIPOSE-TISSUE; HUMAN-URINE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ETHYLENEBISDITHIOCARBAMATE FUNGICIDES; QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES AB The biological monitoring of pesticide residues and metabolites is becoming increasingly important in the surveillance of occupationally and environmentally exposed individuals. Detection of these compounds in the body indicates that an exposure has occurred; that the pesticide is bioavailable, having been absorbed; and that a dose to critical tissues may have been incurred. Biomarker methods such as for adducted proteins or nucleic acids are being investigated for some pesticides. However, the chemical analyses of readily sampled matrices, such as urine and blood, for parent compound and/or metabolite(s) remain the standard tools of the trade. Methods are becoming more sensitive as advances are made in analytical instrumentation systems. Immunochemical methods are being developed and emphasized for screening purposes, as well as for an enhanced sensitivity and the potential to detect parent compound and multiple metabolites through selective cross-reactivity. When initiating the biomonitoring component of an exposure assessment for pesticides an array of decisions must be made, primarily based on what is known about the metabolism of the pesticide of interest. Detectability of pesticide exposure depends upon selecting the most appropriate biological matrix, the dominant analyte(s) in that matrix, and the timing of sample collection relative to exposure. Useful analytical results are dependent on proper handling and storage of biological samples, as well as the availability of sensitive analytical methods. These factors, currently known biomonitoring approaches, and the results of selected recent biomonitoring studies are presented. C1 UNIV NEVADA,HARRY REID CTR ENVIRONM STUDIES,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154. RP NAUMAN, CH (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,DIV EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT RES,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 122 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 1 EP 19 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00001 ER PT S AU FAMINI, GR WILSON, LY DEVITO, SC AF FAMINI, GR WILSON, LY DEVITO, SC BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI MODELING CYTOCHROME-P-450 MEDIATED ACUTE NITRILE TOXICITY USING THEORETICAL LINEAR SOLVATION ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; PROPERTIES GOVERNING SOLUBILITIES; BIOLOGICAL MEDIA; ORGANIC NONELECTROLYTES; ALIPHATIC NITRILES; SOLVATOCHROMIC PARAMETERS; AROMATIC SOLUTES; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; LIPOPHILIC CHARACTER; SOLVENT INTERACTIONS AB A theoretical linear solvation energy relationship (TLSER) model for predicting acute nitrile toxicity was developed using molecular volume, dipolarity/polarizability, hydrogen bond (molecular orbital) acidity, and electrostatic basicity terms as descriptors. It was observed that molecular orbital acidity was the most important descriptor in the model, followed by molecular volume. The predictive quality of the TLSER model appears to be equal to that of a recently reported model that uses octanol-water partition coefficients and estimated rates of alpha-hydrogen atom abstraction as descriptors. Previously reported TLSER models of toxicity have largely been confined to predicting non-specific toxicity. The results of this study suggest that TLSER models may be useful in predicting specific (mechanism-based) toxicity. C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX TS779,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. LA SIERRA UNIV,DEPT CHEM,RIVERSIDE,CA. USA,CHEM RES,CTR DEV & ENGN,ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND,MD 21010. NR 62 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 22 EP 36 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00002 ER PT S AU CASH, GG AF CASH, GG BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI CORRELATIONS OF MOLECULAR CONNECTIVITY INDEXES WITH TOXICITIES OF ORGANIC NITRILES SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM AB This investigation attempted, with partial success, to improve upon results of published quantitative structure activity relationships for 26 organic nitriles. Specifically, molecular connectivity indices and principal component scores derived from them were used in place of more difficultly computed parameters to predict acute toxicities. Many good correlations were discovered for subsets of the data, but a predictive equation generally applicable to the gamut of organic nitriles was not found. RP CASH, GG (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX TS798,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 65 EP 75 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00005 ER PT S AU SALEH, MA WALLACE, C BLANCATO, JN AF SALEH, MA WALLACE, C BLANCATO, JN BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI COMPUTER-AIDED MOLECULAR MODELING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMARKERS FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM ID TERT-BUTYLBICYCLOPHOSPHOROTHIONATE RECEPTOR; PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES; IONOPHORE AB A molecular modeling and computer graphics study has been conducted on a group of insecticides including 50 bicycloorthocarboxylates, 12 bicyclophosphorus esters and 20 chlorinated insecticides which are known to have a common mode of action, i.e., binding to the gamma-aminobutyric acid chloride channel receptor. Three-dimensional steric and electrostatic fields were correlated with each compound's toxicological properties using comparative molecular field analysis. Toxicological potencies were strongly influenced by the nature and orientation of the substituent groups, molecular volume and dipole moment. Also described are models for predicting binding affinity to the receptor and for predicting acute mammalian toxicity. These chemicals may serve as useful probes for elucidation of the topography of the binding sites of the receptor and provide leads in the design of new compounds with more potent insecticidal activity and selectivity. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,DIV EXPOSURE ASSESMENT RES,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP SALEH, MA (reprint author), TEXAS SO UNIV,DEPT CHEM,ENVIRONM CHEM & TOXICOL LAB,HOUSTON,TX 77004, USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 76 EP 112 PG 37 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00006 ER PT S AU ELDEFRAWI, ME ROGERS, KR ANIS, NA THOMPSON, R VALDES, JJ AF ELDEFRAWI, ME ROGERS, KR ANIS, NA THOMPSON, R VALDES, JJ BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI A BIOSENSOR FOR MONITORING BLOOD CHOLINESTERASES AS A BIOMARKER OF EXPOSURE TO ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM ID ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR; SENSOR; ELECTRODE; IMMUNOSENSOR; ENZYME AB A fiber optic evanescent fluorosensor was developed for the rapid detection of anticholinesterases (AntiChEs) and was modified to measure cholinesterase (ChE) activities in whole blood. Quartz fibers coated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-tagged acetylcholinesterase (AChE), detected AntiChEs by their reduction of quenching of fluorescence that was produced by protons generated during acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis. Blood ChE activity was detected by quenching the fluorescence of FITC bovine serum albumin immobilized on the quartz fiber. High ChE activity in blood samples produced strong fluorescence quenching and exposure to antiChEs reduced quenching. Fluorometric measurements were made in seconds to minutes by evanescent waveguide fluorometer on 200 mu l blood samples. A 2-minute rinse in Krebs buffer was sufficient to prepare the fiber for another measurement. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,DIV EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT RES,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. USA,CTR RES DEV & ENGN,DIV BIOTECHNOL,EDGEWOOD,MD 21010. RP ELDEFRAWI, ME (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & EXPTL THERAPEUT,BALTIMORE,MD 21201, USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 114 EP 124 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00007 ER PT S AU ROGERS, KR VANEMON, JM AF ROGERS, KR VANEMON, JM BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI IMMUNOASSAY FOR P-NITROPHENOL IN URINE SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM AB Urinary excretion of nitrophenol metabolites is an important index of human exposure to organophosphate pesticides. In particular, p-nitrophenol, a major urinary metabolite of parathion, can be used as a biomarker of human exposure. Immunoassay methods have been recently described for detection of p-nitrophenol (Q. X. Li etal., J. Agric. Food Chem., 1991, 39, 1685-1692). In the present paper, the effects of a urine matrix on the detection of p-nitrophenol are reported using both fluorescence and absorbance-based ELISAs. A competition format using the enzyme-amplified catalysis of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate or 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate was used to report the analyte concentration. The presence of urine during the antibody-analyte interaction inhibited product formation in the final step of the assay and shifted the inhibition curves to the right, increasing the apparent I-50 values for p-nitrophenol. The various urine samples collected from volunteers, not occupationally exposed to parathion, varied in their ability to inhibit color formation and increase I-50 values. RP ROGERS, KR (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 158 EP 165 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00010 ER PT S AU DARY, CC BLANCATO, JN CASTLES, M REDDY, V CANNON, M SALEH, MA CASH, GG AF DARY, CC BLANCATO, JN CASTLES, M REDDY, V CANNON, M SALEH, MA CASH, GG BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI DERMAL ABSORPTION AND DISPOSITION OF FORMULATIONS OF MALATHION IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS AND HUMANS SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM ID PERCUTANEOUS PENETRATION; PESTICIDES; EXPOSURE; INVIVO AB Dermal absorption of neat malathion, a 50% emulsifiable concentrate (50% EC), and a 1% and 10% aqueous mixture of the 50% EC formulation was examined in human volunteers. The absorption and elimination profiles of [C-14]-malathion equivalents in the urine of the human were compared with the rat. Constants of absorption and elimination were calculated Distribution of [C-14]-malathion equivalents in selected tissues were examined in the rat. The 50% EC formulation was absorbed as readily as the neat malathion. The absorption of the organic based formulations was influenced by the increase in the surface area of the site of application. The total cumulative absorption was concentration dependent. The rate of absorption of the neat malathion, the 50% EC formulation, and 10% aqueous mixture was less than the rate of elimination resulting in a depletion of the body burden. The rate of absorption and elimination of the 1% aqueous mixture were coincident. The elimination of malathion was efficient and independent of surface area, concentration, and formulation. The disposition of malathion favored organs of metabolism and elimination, liver and kidney. A substantial portion of the dose remained at the site of application. The results suggest that acute human toxicity could occur from handling the concentrate when a substantial portion of the exposed skin is contaminated. Acute toxicity from contact with surfaces treated with the aqueous mixtures would be unlikely. Repeated exposure, however, could burden organs of metabolism and elimination, skin, liver and kidney. C1 MIDWEST RES INST,DEPT LIFE SCI,KANSAS CITY,MO 64110. TEXAS SO UNIV,DEPT CHEM,ENVIRONM CHEM & TOXICOL LAB,HOUSTON,TX 77004. US EPA,DIV CHEM MANAGEMENT,OFF PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP DARY, CC (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,DIV EXPOSURE MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89109, USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 231 EP 263 PG 33 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00015 ER PT S AU BLANCATO, JN SALEH, MA AF BLANCATO, JN SALEH, MA BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS - EXAMPLES OF THEIR USE IN EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM AB Pharmacokinetics describes the time course disposition of a xenobiotic, its biotransformed products, and its interactive products within the body. It includes a description of the compounds's absorption across the portals of entry, transport and distribution throughout the body, biotransformation by metabolic processes, interaction with biomolecules, and eventual elimination from the body. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses or assessments can be used in two very general ways. First, they can be applied for forward analysis. Such PK analyses use exposure data to calculate biologically meaningful measures of dose. Second, they can be applied for reconstructive dose assessment. In this case, data on measured biomarkers or tissue concentrations of a compound and/or its metabolites are used to calculate total dose of a xenobiotic received by an organism. This paper will focus on general concepts of model structure, examples of their use and examples of the use of models for analysis of biomarker data. C1 TEXAS SO UNIV,DEPT CHEM,ENVIRONM CHEM & TOXICOL LAB,HOUSTON,TX 77004. RP BLANCATO, JN (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,OFF RES & DEV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. OI Blancato, Jerry/0000-0002-7023-5767 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 264 EP 283 PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00016 ER PT S AU KNAAK, JB ALBAYATI, MA RAABE, OG BLANCATO, JN AF KNAAK, JB ALBAYATI, MA RAABE, OG BLANCATO, JN BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI PREDICTION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY AND URINARY METABOLITES OF ISOFENPHOS - USE OF A PERCUTANEOUS PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETIC PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACODYNAMIC MODEL SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM ID ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; INHIBITION; RATS AB An isofenphos percutaneous PBPK/PBPD model was developed to predict metabolite concentrations in tissues and the inhibition of tissue esterases. Rat V-max and K-m values for the metabolism of isofenphos to des N-isopropyl isofenphos, isofenphos-oxon, and des N-isopropyl isofenphos oxon (DNIO) by liver microsomal P-450 enzymes were used in the PBPK portion of the model along with estimated partition coefficients for isofenphos and metabolites between liver, fat, brain, kidney, skin, vessel rich group, vessel poor group, and blood. In the PBPD portion of the model, the bimolecular rate constants for the phosphorylation of brain and blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and liver, blood, and brain carboxylesterases and butyrylcholinesterases by DNIO were used to predict their inhibition. Model mass balance data provided summary information on the relationship between topically applied isofenphos and exposure biomarkers such as urinary monoethylphosphate, 2-hydroxy hippuric acid, and inhibited blood enzymes. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT BIOCHEM & TOXICOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,INST TOXICOL & ENVIRONM HLTH,DAVIS,CA 95616. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,DIV EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT RES,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP KNAAK, JB (reprint author), OCCIDENTAL CHEM CORP,360 RAINBOW BLVD S,NIAGARA FALLS,NY 14302, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 284 EP 300 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00017 ER PT S AU BROWN, RN AF BROWN, RN BE Saleh, MA Blancato, JN Nauman, CH TI ANALYTIC SOLUTION OF A LINEAR PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL PROTOTYPE USEFUL IN RISK ASSESSMENT SO BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, at the 204th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-28, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV AGROCHEM AB Explicit analytic solutions of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models yield important qualitative as well as quantitative information about chemical exposure and risk in the human body beyond that provided by general purpose numerical simulation software for such models and may provide convenient replacements for unwieldly or inaccurate simulation tools ih some applications. Biologically based risk assessements for chronic toxicity typically utilize integrated concentration, i.e., area under the concentration curve (AUC), for the internal exposure or dose metric in dose-response risk models. Simple matrix based algebraic formulas for target organ AUCs are developed for bolus dose inputs and steady-state infusions for a progression of 1,2,3 and 4 compartment linear PBPK models, paralleling but enhancing analogous algebraic methods for classical compartmental drug models. Interspecies scaling formulas are derived for potential extrapolation of dose from small animals to humans. Comparative dose formulas are given for the relative impact of bolus dose administration by two exposure routes, formulas that may be useful in developing optimal drug efficacy or pesticide useage strategies. RP BROWN, RN (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,DIV EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT RES,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2738-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 542 BP 301 EP 317 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BZ59N UT WOS:A1994BZ59N00018 ER PT J AU HOHENSTEIN, WG WRIGHT, LL AF HOHENSTEIN, WG WRIGHT, LL TI BIOMASS ENERGY-PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED-STATES - AN OVERVIEW SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE BIOMASS ENERGY; HERBACEOUS ENERGY CROPS; SHORT-ROTATION WOODY CROPS; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS; ECONOMICS; BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS; BIOMASS STRATEGIES AB This paper summarizes reports prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). It also presents conclusions from a Biomass Energy Strategies Workshop conducted at ORNL. The Biofuels Feedstock Development Program (BFDP) has largely concentrated on the development of dedicated biomass feedstocks, referred to as energy crops. Two general types of energy crops have received the most attention-short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) and herbaceous energy crops (HEC). These cropping systems use traditional food production technologies as a means of maximizing the production of biomass per unit of land. Research focuses on the development of new crops and cropping technologies. The reports prepared for EPA and summarized by this article include discussions of crop production technologies, available land, economic considerations and environmental trade-offs. The discussion of other sources of biomass occurs only in the context of the workshop on biomass energy strategies. RP HOHENSTEIN, WG (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1994 VL 6 IS 3 BP 161 EP 173 DI 10.1016/0961-9534(94)90073-6 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA PE412 UT WOS:A1994PE41200002 ER PT B AU MUELLER, JG LANTZ, SE DEVEREUX, R BERG, JD PRITCHARD, PH AF MUELLER, JG LANTZ, SE DEVEREUX, R BERG, JD PRITCHARD, PH BE Hinchee, RE Semprini, L Ong, SK Leeson, A TI STUDIES ON THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON BIODEGRADATION SO BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation CY APR, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP BATTELLE MEM INST C1 US EPA,GULF BREEZE ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 0 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-983-2 PY 1994 BP 218 EP 230 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BC30T UT WOS:A1994BC30T00018 ER PT B AU KAMPBELL, DH WILSON, BH AF KAMPBELL, DH WILSON, BH BE Hinchee, RE Semprini, L Ong, SK Leeson, A TI BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN THE VADOSE ZONE SO BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation CY APR, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP BATTELLE MEM INST C1 US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM LAB,MA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-983-2 PY 1994 BP 255 EP 258 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BC30T UT WOS:A1994BC30T00022 ER PT B AU MORRIS, PJ PRITCHARD, PH AF MORRIS, PJ PRITCHARD, PH BE Hinchee, RE Semprini, L Ong, SK Leeson, A TI CONCEPTS IN IMPROVING POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL BIOAVAILABILITY TO BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES SO BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation CY APR, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP BATTELLE MEM INST C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-983-2 PY 1994 BP 359 EP 367 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BC30T UT WOS:A1994BC30T00040 ER PT B AU BLAKE, J AF BLAKE, J BE Hinchee, RE Semprini, L Ong, SK Leeson, A TI AN APPROACH TO THE REGULATION OF BIOREMEDIATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS SO BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation CY APR, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP BATTELLE MEM INST C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-983-2 PY 1994 BP 432 EP 435 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BC30T UT WOS:A1994BC30T00051 ER PT B AU BERG, JD NESGARD, B GUNDERSEN, R LORENTSEN, A BENNETT, TE AF BERG, JD NESGARD, B GUNDERSEN, R LORENTSEN, A BENNETT, TE BE Hinchee, RE Semprini, L Ong, SK Leeson, A TI WASHING AND SLURRY-PHASE BIOTREATMENT OF CREOSOTE-CONTAMINATED SOIL SO BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation CY APR, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP BATTELLE MEM INST C1 US EPA,GULF BREEZE ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-983-2 PY 1994 BP 489 EP 495 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BC30T UT WOS:A1994BC30T00062 ER PT J AU SURAMPALLI, RY BANERJI, SK CHEN, JC AF SURAMPALLI, RY BANERJI, SK CHEN, JC TI MICROBIOLOGICAL STABILITY OF WASTE-WATER SLUDGES FROM ACTIVATED-SLUDGE SYSTEMS SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SLUDGE; PATHOGEN REDUCTION; COLIFORMS; SALMONELLA; STREPTOCOCCUS; REGULATION AB Proposed United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations require that processed sludge, prior to disposal, must meet certain pathogen-reduction requirements. The present study was conducted to evaluate reductions in pathogen-indicator bacteria in the sludges of six wastewater plants. Five of the plants use extended aeration and oxidation ditches; the other is a trickling filter plant. Fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and Salmonella were measured on all sludge samples. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, volatile suspended solids (VSS), and total suspended solids were also measured. The fecal coliform log reductions/g VSS for all the extended aeration and oxidation ditch plants were greater than 1.76. They varied from a log reduction of 1.76 to 4.21. The fecal streptococci reductions for the same sludge were generally lower than the fecal coliform reductions. The variations in the fecal streptococci log reductions in different plant sludges were from 0.87 to 2.73. The Salmonella log reductions varied from 1.39 to 4.7 and paralleled the fecal coliform reductions. The bacterial reductions were related to the plant design parameters. A longer storage of sludge usually produced a larger log reduction of the indicator bacteria. Generally, the extended aeration and oxidation ditch plants were meeting the proposed EPA class B Pathogen reduction criteria, a two-order reduction. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP SURAMPALLI, RY (reprint author), US EPA,POB 17-2141,KANSAS CITY,KS 66117, USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 6 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PY 1994 VL 49 IS 3 BP 203 EP 207 DI 10.1016/0960-8524(94)90040-X PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA PZ404 UT WOS:A1994PZ40400002 ER PT J AU MILLER, DB SEIDLER, FJ AF MILLER, DB SEIDLER, FJ TI PRENATAL COCAINE ELIMINATES THE SEX-DEPENDENT DIFFERENCES IN ACTIVATION OBSERVED IN ADULT-RATS AFTER COCAINE CHALLENGE SO BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE COCAINE; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; SEX DIFFERENCES; BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION; STEREOTYPY ID ROTATIONAL BEHAVIOR; DOPAMINE RELEASE; AMPHETAMINE; SENSITIZATION; ESTROGEN; EXPOSURE AB In the adult rat, acute administration of cocaine results in enhanced expression of certain behaviors. This activation is often referred to as ''stereotypy'' because of its repetitive nature. Repeated exposure to the same dose of cocaine does not result in tolerance or a dimunition of these behavioral responses. Rather, an increased responsiveness to cocaine, termed ''sensitization,'' is observed. Female rats, in comparison to male rats, display greater activation to a given dose of cocaine and greater sensitization with repeated exposure. As prenatal cocaine exposure can involve repeated exposure to the drug, we examined the behavioral activation induced by an acute dose of cocaine. Young adult rats of both sexes received a challenge dose of cocaine to determine the long-term effects of repeated in utero exposure to cocaine (30 mg/kg daily, SC) given between gestational days 8-20. As expected, female offspring of dams exposed to saline in utero displayed greater activation to a 20 mg/kg SC dosage of cocaine than their male counterparts. However, these sex differences were completely eliminated by prenatal exposure to cocaine. That is, female rats receiving cocaine during the prenatal period showed no more activation to an acute dose of cocaine as young adults than either control males or those males receiving cocaine in utero. Males exposed in utero to cocaine showed activation to cocaine challenge equivalent to that displayed by males exposed to saline in utero. Prenatal exposure to cocaine may alter sexual differentiation of the brain. C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DURHAM,NC 27710. RP MILLER, DB (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Miller, Diane/O-2927-2013 FU NIDA NIH HHS [DA05031, NIDA IAG ND89-4] NR 24 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0361-9230 J9 BRAIN RES BULL JI Brain Res. Bull. PY 1994 VL 33 IS 2 BP 179 EP 182 DI 10.1016/0361-9230(94)90248-8 PG 4 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA MG551 UT WOS:A1994MG55100007 PM 8275336 ER PT J AU REPACE, JL AF REPACE, JL TI DIETARY NICOTINE - WONT MISLEAD ON PASSIVE SMOKING ... SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Letter RP REPACE, JL (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,DIV EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 6 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JAN 1 PY 1994 VL 308 IS 6920 BP 61 EP 62 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA MQ096 UT WOS:A1994MQ09600065 PM 8298372 ER PT J AU CASTRO, MS PETERJOHN, WT MELILLO, JM STEUDLER, PA GHOLZ, HL LEWIS, D AF CASTRO, MS PETERJOHN, WT MELILLO, JM STEUDLER, PA GHOLZ, HL LEWIS, D TI EFFECTS OF NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION ON THE FLUXES OF N2O, CH4, AND CO2 FROM SOILS IN A FLORIDA SLASH PINE PLANTATION SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATE FOREST SOILS; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; OXIDE FLUXES; NITROSOMONAS-EUROPAEA; METHANE OXIDATION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; EMISSIONS; DYNAMICS; GROWTH AB We measured fluxes of N2O, CH, and CO2 from control and urea-nitrogen fertilized soils of a mature slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Englem.) plantation in Alachua County, Florida. The fertilization did not affect CO2 emissions, but significantly increased the emissions of N2O and lowered the uptake of atmospheric CH4. Daily average N2O emissions from the fertilized soils were 8-600 times higher (12-74 mug N2O-N.m2.h-1) than daily average N2O emissions from control soils (0.02-4.0 mug N2O-N.m-2.h-1). Daily average CH4 uptake by the fertilized soils were 5-20 times lower (0.001-0.007 mg CH4-C.m-2.h-1) than daily average CH4 uptake by control soils (0.015-0.035 mg CH4-C.m-2.h-1). We also measured the relative activities of the bacteria populations that were responsible for CH4 oxidation in the control and fertilized soils. Results from these measurements suggest that fertilization shifted the relative activities of the CH4 oxidizing bacteria from those dominated by methanotrophs in the control soils to those dominated by nitrifying bacteria in the surface (0-2 cm) of the fertilized soils. The shift in relative activities of these bacteria may have been responsible for the lower CH4 uptake by the fertilized soils. C1 UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT FORESTRY, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. RP CASTRO, MS (reprint author), MARINE BIOL LAB, CTR ECOSYST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. RI Castro, Mark/J-6529-2015 OI Castro, Mark/0000-0002-4279-8204 NR 31 TC 121 Z9 141 U1 1 U2 26 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 24 IS 1 BP 9 EP 13 DI 10.1139/x94-002 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA MY415 UT WOS:A1994MY41500002 ER PT J AU SKALIK, I KOTTNAUEROVA, S DVORAKOVA, D OTTO, DA HUDNELL, K AF SKALIK, I KOTTNAUEROVA, S DVORAKOVA, D OTTO, DA HUDNELL, K TI VERIFYING METHODS OF STUDYING NEUROBEHAVIORAL FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN AS PRESENTED IN ENVIRONMENTAL-STUDIES - METHODOLOGY OF SCREENING EXAMINATION - NES - NEUROBEHAVIORAL EVALUATION SYSTEM SO CESKOSLOVENSKA PSYCHOLOGIE LA Czech DT Article DE NEUROBEHAVIORAL EVALUATION SYSTEM; COMPUTERIZED TESTING; NEUROTOXICITY; VISUAL TESTS ID BEHAVIORAL-EVALUATION; EXPOSURE; WORKERS AB In cooperation with the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), a project of observing/studying possible changes of neurobehavioral functions in children coming from areas with strongly polluted atmosphere - Teplice region, and with a relatively clean environment - Prachatice region, has been prepared. Both parts have used the hitherto existing knowledge about possible relations among the syndromes of disorders of mental development in children (according to MKN-10) related to chemical and psychosocial impacts. For the Czech part, the screening method for recording the symptoms (indications) of light brain dysfunctions was selected: the questionnaire examination and performance tests; the American part has suggested the use of NES2 (Neurobehavioral Evaluation System), and a battery of visual tests (Visual Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity, Color Vision Test). In the course of 1992, the methodology was prepared in the Czech version and verified in a pilot study, when in Prague schools, 200 children from the second grade of Basic School were examined, out of whom 100 children were from special classes, where children with different symptoms of mental development disorders are placed. The study describes the methods that were used, it informs about the results of the pilot study. Among others, other possibilities of using the NES in the studies of human population exposed to neurotoxic agents in work or life environment are mentioned. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP SKALIK, I (reprint author), KRAJSKA HYG STANICE STC KRAJE,ZELENY PRUH 95-97,CS-14000 PRAGUE 4,CZECH REPUBLIC. NR 47 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIA PI PRAGUE 1 PA PUBL HOUSE CZECH ACAD SCI VODICKOVA 40, PRAGUE 1, CZECH REPUBLIC 112 29 SN 0009-062X J9 CESK PSYCHOL JI Cesk. Psychol. PY 1994 VL 38 IS 3 BP 233 EP 244 PG 12 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA PF662 UT WOS:A1994PF66200006 ER PT B AU MLAY, M AF MLAY, M BE Dyer, KR Orth, RJ TI Applying the watershed protection approach to estuaries and wetlands SO CHANGES IN FLUXES IN ESTUARIES: IMPLICATIONS FROM SCIENCE TO MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ECSA22/ERF Symposium on Changes in Fluxes in Estuaries - Implications from Science to Management CY SEP 13-18, 1992 CL UNIV PLYMOUTH, INST MARINE STUDIES, PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND SP Estuarine & Coastal Sci Assoc, Estuarine Res Federat, Eng Nat, Sci Comm Ocean Res, ICI Grp Invironm Lab, Natl Rivers Authority SW Reg, Valeport Ltd, Duncan & Associates, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, WS Ocean Syst, US EPA, Hudson River Fdn, Natl Sci Fdn, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Sea Grant Program, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Coastal Ocean Program, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Pollut Program Off, US Minerals Management Serv, US Geol Survey, WS Atkins Ltd HO UNIV PLYMOUTH, INST MARINE STUDIES DE US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; ESTUARIES; WETLANDS; MANAGEMENT; WATERSHEDS C1 US EPA,OCEANS & COASTAL PROTECT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OLSEN & OLSEN PI FREDENSBORG PA HELSTEDSVEJ 10 DK-3480, FREDENSBORG, DENMARK BN 87-85215-22-8 PY 1994 BP 407 EP 410 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BD65Y UT WOS:A1994BD65Y00057 ER PT J AU SAROKIN, DJ AF SAROKIN, DJ TI 33/50 MAKING PROGRESS, THANKS TO CHEMICAL-INDUSTRY SO CHEMICAL PROCESSING LA English DT Editorial Material RP SAROKIN, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,33 50 PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PUTMAN PUBL CO PI CHICAGO PA 301 E ERIE STREET, CHICAGO, IL 60611 SN 0009-2630 J9 CHEM PROCESS JI Chem. Process. PY 1994 SU S BP 11 EP 12 PG 2 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA NK917 UT WOS:A1994NK91700003 ER PT B AU WEBER, EJ AF WEBER, EJ BE Bidoglio, G Stumm, W TI ABIOTIC TRANSFORMATION PATHWAYS OF ORGANIC-CHEMICALS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS SO CHEMISTRY OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS: LOCAL AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES SE EUROCOURSES-CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Eurocourse on Chemistry of Aquatic Systems: Local and Global Perspectives CY SEP 27-OCT 01, 1993 CL JOINT RES CTR, ISPRA, ITALY HO JOINT RES CTR C1 US EPA,ATHENS ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-2867-1 J9 EURO CH ENV PY 1994 VL 5 BP 375 EP 402 PG 28 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA BB18G UT WOS:A1994BB18G00014 ER PT J AU ENDICOTT, DD COOK, PM AF ENDICOTT, DD COOK, PM TI MODELING THE PARTITIONING AND BIOACCUMULATION OF TCDD AND OTHER HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS IN LAKE-ONTARIO SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; RAINBOW-TROUT; WHOLE FISH; SEDIMENTS; WATER; PCBS; BIOTRANSFORMATION; COEFFICIENTS AB Lake trout and sediment data were used to define the biota-to-sediment ratio (BSR) for hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) in Lake Ontario, including 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The BSRs for bioaccumulative PCDD/PCDFs were found to be approximately two orders of magnitude (i.e., 100x) lower than for other HOCs of similar hydrophobicity. To evaluate this difference, a modeling framework is applied which accounts for the significant processes affecting BSR: bioaccumulation, partitioning, and sediment-water chemical distribution. If these processes are indexed by chemical hydrophobicity alone, the approach taken in this model, the observed discrepancy in BSRs between PCDD/PCDFs and other HOCs is inadequately explained. The possible influence of chemical metabolism on the BSR of PCDD/PCDFs is suggested. C1 ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP ENDICOTT, DD (reprint author), US EPA,LARGE LAKES RES STN,9311 GROH RD,GROSSE ILE,MI 48138, USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JAN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 1 BP 75 EP 87 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(94)90202-X PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NB318 UT WOS:A1994NB31800007 ER PT J AU MCCRADY, JK AF MCCRADY, JK TI VAPOR-PHASE 2,3,7,8-TCDD SORPTION TO PLANT FOLIAGE - A SPECIES COMPARISON SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-CHEMICAL VAPORS; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ATMOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; BIOCONCENTRATION; TRANSLOCATION; ACCUMULATION; DEPOSITION; LEAVES AB Plant uptake rate constants (k1) were determined for vapor-phase 2,3,7,8-TCDD using grass, azalea, spruce, kale and pepper foliage, and the fruit from apple, tomato and pepper. Plants were exposed to vapor-phase H-3-2,3,7,8-TCDD for 96 h, and the TCDD sorption rate constant for each plant species was determined from measured air and plant concentrations. Sorption rate constants for the different plant tissues, expressed on a fresh weight basis (k1FWt with units of g(AIR) g(FWt)-1 h-1), varied by two orders of magnitude. The rate constants were normalized for the exposed plant surface area (SA) by dividing k1FWt by the SA/FWt ratio for each plant species. Normalizing the rate constants for exposed surface area resulted in significantly less variation between species (k1SA = 1.2 g(AIR) cm-2 -1 h-1 +/- 0.2 SE). The cuticular wax content of the different plant species did not effect the short-term sorption kinetics of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. RP MCCRADY, JK (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JAN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 1 BP 207 EP 216 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(94)90214-3 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NB318 UT WOS:A1994NB31800019 ER PT J AU LINAK, WP SRIVASTAVA, RK WENDT, JOL AF LINAK, WP SRIVASTAVA, RK WENDT, JOL TI METAL AEROSOL FORMATION IN A LABORATORY SWIRL FLAME INCINERATOR SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Congress on Toxic Combustion By-Products - A Global Perspective CY JUN 14-16, 1993 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA HO MIT ID PARTICLE FORMATION; DYNAMICS; MECHANISMS; EMISSIONS; WASTES AB Experiments were performed on an 82kW (280,000 Btu/hr) refractory-lined horizontal tunnel combustor to examine the aerosol particle size distribution (PSD) produced by simulated nickel, cadmium, and lead wastes injected into an incineration environment. Metal constituents in the form of aqueous solutions of nickel, cadmium, and lead nitrates were introduced as secondary sprays within a swirl stabilized natural gas diffusion flame. Aerosol size distributions were measured at stack locations using a differential mobility particle sizer and a cascade impactor as functions of combustor temperature and waste chlorine content. Cadmium and lead produced emissions of submicron metal aerosols with mass mean diameters of approximately 0.2 mu m. These submicron aerosol PSDs are consistent with a mechanism of metal vaporization followed by nucleation, condensation, and coagulation prior to sampling. Nickel also formed submicron particles, but the PSD was not generally consistent with a vaporization mechanism. With chlorine present, the PSDs for all three metals were similar in shape, and could be interpreted in light of the effect of chlorine to enhance and prolong the presence of metals in the vapor phase, and leading to the sampling of a less mature aerosol than that seen under baseline conditions. The effect of chlorine on nickel partitioning was particularly significant, and is consistent with vapor pressure predictions. C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT CHEM ENGN,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP LINAK, WP (reprint author), US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,COMBUST RES BRANCH,MD-65,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 4 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1994 VL 101 IS 1-6 BP 7 EP 27 DI 10.1080/00102209408951863 PG 21 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA QV664 UT WOS:A1994QV66400002 ER PT J AU SINHA, BK OBRIEN, RF SMITH, WP WARREN, J AF SINHA, BK OBRIEN, RF SMITH, WP WARREN, J TI SOME ASPECTS OF SIMULTANEOUS INFERENCE SO COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-THEORY AND METHODS LA English DT Article DE LIKELIHOOD RATIO TEST; SIMULTANEOUS INFERENCE; SLOPE; STEP-DOWN PROCEDURE; UNIFORMLY MOST POWERFUL INVARIANT TEST; UNIFORMLY MOST POWERFUL UNBIASED TEST AB In this paper the problem of simultaneous inference regarding the components of a multinormal mean vector is addressed. Properties of a step-down test procedure and an optimum test procedure are compared through local power, overall power, and expected sample sizes. An application to a laboratory problem is indicated. C1 UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT MATH & STAT, BALTIMORE, MD 21201 USA. PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. US EPA, SSTAT ANAL & COMP BRANCH, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0361-0926 J9 COMMUN STAT THEORY JI Commun. Stat.-Theory Methods PY 1994 VL 23 IS 1 BP 59 EP 87 DI 10.1080/03610929408831240 PG 29 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA MR990 UT WOS:A1994MR99000006 ER PT S AU CLARK, RM AF CLARK, RM BE Chaudhry, MH Mays, LW TI DEVELOPMENT OF WATER QUALITY MODELS SO COMPUTER MODELING OF FREE-SURFACE AND PRESSURIZED FLOWS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES E, APPLIED SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Modeling of Free-Surface and Pressurized Flows CY JUN 28-JUL 09, 1993 CL PULLMAN, WA SP NATO C1 US EPA,DRINKING WATER RES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-132X BN 0-7923-2946-5 J9 NATO ADV SCI INST SE PY 1994 VL 274 BP 553 EP 580 PG 28 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Civil SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BC37P UT WOS:A1994BC37P00019 ER PT S AU CLARK, RM AF CLARK, RM BE Chaudhry, MH Mays, LW TI APPLYING WATER QUALITY MODELS SO COMPUTER MODELING OF FREE-SURFACE AND PRESSURIZED FLOWS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES E, APPLIED SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Modeling of Free-Surface and Pressurized Flows CY JUN 28-JUL 09, 1993 CL PULLMAN, WA SP NATO C1 US EPA,DRINKING WATER RES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-132X BN 0-7923-2946-5 J9 NATO ADV SCI INST SE PY 1994 VL 274 BP 581 EP 612 PG 32 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Civil SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BC37P UT WOS:A1994BC37P00020 ER PT B AU GRAYMAN, WM ROSSMAN, LA AF GRAYMAN, WM ROSSMAN, LA GP AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC TI INTEGRATING A NETWORK MODEL WITH AN EXPERT SYSTEM SO COMPUTERS IN THE WATER INDUSTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Computer Conference - Computers in the Water Industry CY APR 10-13, 1994 CL LOS ANGELES, CA SP AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC C1 US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 WEST QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 BN 0-89867-734-3 PY 1994 BP 553 EP 561 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Water Resources SC Computer Science; Water Resources GA BC03W UT WOS:A1994BC03W00047 ER PT B AU Jann, SM AF Jann, SM BE DuBowy, PJ Reaves, RP TI EPA regulation and constructed wetlands for animal waste management SO CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, PROCEEDINGS OF WORKSHOP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Constructed Wetlands for Animal Waste Management Workshop CY APR 04-06, 1994 CL LAFAYETTE, IN SP Conservat Technol Informat Ctr, USDA Soil Conservat Serv, US EPA, Reg 5, Purdue Univ Agri Res Program RP Jann, SM (reprint author), US EPA,CHICAGO,IL, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PURDUE UNIV PRESS PI W LAFAYETTE PA SOUTH CAMPUS COURTS D, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47907 BN 0-931682-46-0 PY 1994 BP 182 EP 185 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH58B UT WOS:A1994BH58B00016 ER PT J AU CONDIE, LW DANIEL, FB OLSON, GR ROBINSON, M AF CONDIE, LW DANIEL, FB OLSON, GR ROBINSON, M TI 10-DAY AND 90-DAY TOXICITY STUDIES OF CHLOROPICRIN IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The toxicity of chloropicrin (CP) was assessed following its administration to rats via oral gavage for either 10 or 90 consecutive days at dose levels of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg and 2, 8 and 32 mg/kg, respectively. Control rats received corn oil at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg. Toxicological observations included organ and body weight measurements, necropsy and histopathology observations, urinalysis, clinical chemistry and hematology determinations. The most remarkable toxicological finding in both studies was the corrosive property of CP on forestomach tissue. Inflammation, necrosis, acantholysis, hyperkeratosis and epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach were seen in all dose groups of the 10-day study. Similar changes were detected in only the high dose group in the 90-day study. Decreased red blood cell parameters were noted in the highest dose groups in both studies, possibly due to blood loss via the damaged stomach lining. CP may have been aspirated into the lungs of animals in the high dose group in the ninety day study resulting in pulmonary complications leading to the deaths of 60% of the males and 80% of the females starting at week five. The 8 mg/kg dose group in the ninety day study was considered to be the no observed adverse effect level. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. USA,DUGWAY PROVING GROUND,DUGWAY PROVING GROUND,UT 84022. PATHOL ASSOCIATES INC,W CHESTER,OH 45069. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1994 VL 17 IS 2 BP 125 EP 137 DI 10.3109/01480549409014306 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA NN282 UT WOS:A1994NN28200004 PM 8062640 ER PT J AU DANIEL, FB ROBINSON, M OLSON, GR YORK, RG CONDIE, LW AF DANIEL, FB ROBINSON, M OLSON, GR YORK, RG CONDIE, LW TI 10-DAY AND 90-DAY TOXICITY STUDIES OF 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received 1,2-dichloroethane in corn oil by gavage for 10 or 90 consecutive days. The doses for the 10-day study were 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg; the 90-day study doses were 37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg. There were ten animals per sex per dose group. In the 10-day study, all female animals died in the high dose group and only 2 of 10 males survived. Final body weights and weight gain along with hematology and clinical chemistry findings were not different from controls. The only relative organ weight which was significantly different was the liver in males exposed to 100 mg/kg. The main histopathological lesion exhibited was multifocal to diffuse inflammation of the mucosal and submucosal layers of the forestomach in the 100 mg/kg dose group. This change was minimal in both males and females. In the 90-day study there were no treatment-related effects pertaining to clinical observations. Body weight gain and total food consumption were significantly decreased in high dose males. There were slight but significant differences in hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, platelets, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase values in the 75 and/or 150 mg/kg groups in one or both sexes. In males, relative brain, kidney, and liver weights were significantly increased at 75 and 150 mg/kg. There were also differences in spleen, adrenal, and testes weights (absolute and/or relative). In females, absolute and/or relative kidney and liver weights were significantly increased at 150 mg/kg (liver) and at 75 and 150 mg/kg (kidney). There were no apparent treatment-related effects pertaining to mortality, ophthalmology, gross pathology, or histopathology. C1 PATHOL ASSOCIATES INC,W CHESTER,OH 45069. USA,DIV LIFE SCI,DUGWAY PROVING GROUND,UT 84022. RP DANIEL, FB (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1994 VL 17 IS 4 BP 463 EP 477 DI 10.3109/01480549409014312 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA PP623 UT WOS:A1994PP62300003 PM 7821233 ER PT J AU DICARLO, FJ WOO, YT AF DICARLO, FJ WOO, YT TI RANKING THE CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF CHEMICAL-MIXTURES - THE INTEGRAL SEARCH SYSTEM AND ITS USE IN EVALUATING HAZARDOUS-WASTE SITES SO DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS LA English DT Article RP DICARLO, FJ (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,DIV HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW 7403,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0360-2532 J9 DRUG METAB REV JI Drug Metab. Rev. PY 1994 VL 26 IS 4 BP 685 EP 715 PG 31 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA PV159 UT WOS:A1994PV15900004 PM 7875062 ER PT B AU MORGENSTERN, RD MARTIN, Y FILHO, LGM REDDY, AKN MOE, T AF MORGENSTERN, RD MARTIN, Y FILHO, LGM REDDY, AKN MOE, T GP ORG ECON COOPERAT & DEV TI THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE-CHANGE - PROCEEDINGS OF AN OECD/IEA CONFERENCE - CONCLUDING REMARKS SO ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: PROCEEDINGS OF AN OECD/IEA CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on the Economics of Climate Change CY JUN, 1993 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP ORG ECON COOPERAT ORG, INT ENERGY AGCY C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-14138-3 PY 1994 BP 307 EP 320 PG 14 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BB26U UT WOS:A1994BB26U00020 ER PT B AU CAMPAGNA, PR TURPIN, RD PRINCE, G BERNICK, MB KAELIN, L WESTON, RF AF CAMPAGNA, PR TURPIN, RD PRINCE, G BERNICK, MB KAELIN, L WESTON, RF GP ENVIRONM CANADA TI THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TEAMS USE OF FIELD-PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE INSTRUMENTS FOR ANALYZING LEAD (PB) IN SOILS SO ELEVENTH TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL SPILLS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills CY JUN 06-07, 1994 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP ENVIRONM CANADA, ENVIRONM PROTECT SERV, TECHNOL DEV DIRECTORATE C1 US EPA,OFF EMERGENCY & REMEDIAL RESPONSE,DIV EMERGENCY RESPONSE,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1994 BP 129 EP 136 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BD04K UT WOS:A1994BD04K00009 ER PT B AU HUMPHREY, A SCHUETZ, S SOLINSKI, P MICKUNAS, D WESTON, RF AF HUMPHREY, A SCHUETZ, S SOLINSKI, P MICKUNAS, D WESTON, RF GP ENVIRONM CANADA TI AIR MONITORING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES USED IN SUPPORT OF A CLEANUP ACTION AT AN INACTIVE DRUM RECYCLING FACILITY SO ELEVENTH TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL SPILLS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills CY JUN 06-07, 1994 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP ENVIRONM CANADA, ENVIRONM PROTECT SERV, TECHNOL DEV DIRECTORATE C1 US EPA,ERT,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1994 BP 159 EP 169 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BD04K UT WOS:A1994BD04K00011 ER PT B AU CAMPAGNA, PR MICKUNAS, D SCHUETZ, S AF CAMPAGNA, PR MICKUNAS, D SCHUETZ, S GP ENVIRONM CANADA TI AIR SAMPLING AND MONITORING USING OPEN PATH FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETER (OP-FTIR) AND OP ULTRA VIOLET (OP-UV) TO DETERMINE SO2 AND VOC RELEASE RATES AT A TEST EXCAVATION SO ELEVENTH TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL SPILLS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills CY JUN 06-07, 1994 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP ENVIRONM CANADA, ENVIRONM PROTECT SERV, TECHNOL DEV DIRECTORATE C1 US EPA,OFF EMERGENCY & REMEDIAL RESPONSE,DIV EMERGENCY RESPONSE,ENVIRONM RESPONSE BRANCH,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1994 BP 171 EP 176 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BD04K UT WOS:A1994BD04K00012 ER PT B AU CAMPAGNA, PR TURPIN, RD CORCORAN, J SCHUETZ, S AF CAMPAGNA, PR TURPIN, RD CORCORAN, J SCHUETZ, S GP ENVIRONM CANADA TI DETERMINATION OF RESPONSE FACTORS FOR THE HN mu AND MICROTIP PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTORS SO ELEVENTH TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL SPILLS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills CY JUN 06-07, 1994 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP ENVIRONM CANADA, ENVIRONM PROTECT SERV, TECHNOL DEV DIRECTORATE C1 US EPA,OFF EMERGENCY & REMEDIAL RESPONSE,DIV EMERGENCY RESPONSE,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1994 BP 177 EP 182 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BD04K UT WOS:A1994BD04K00013 ER PT B AU SINGHVI, R LAFORNARA, J TURPIN, R AF SINGHVI, R LAFORNARA, J TURPIN, R GP ENVIRONM CANADA TI A CASE STUDY OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY INVESTIGATION AT ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TEAM OFFICES SO ELEVENTH TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL SPILLS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills CY JUN 06-07, 1994 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP ENVIRONM CANADA, ENVIRONM PROTECT SERV, TECHNOL DEV DIRECTORATE C1 US EPA,OFF SOLID WASTE & EMERGENCY RESPONSE,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1994 BP 215 EP 220 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BD04K UT WOS:A1994BD04K00016 ER PT S AU TABAK, HH GAO, C LAI, L YAN, XS PFANSTIEL, S KIM, IS GOVIND, R AF TABAK, HH GAO, C LAI, L YAN, XS PFANSTIEL, S KIM, IS GOVIND, R BE Tedder, DW Pohland, FG TI DETERMINATION OF BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIODEGRADATION KINETICS OF PHENOL AND ALKYLPHENOLS IN SOIL SO EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IV SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management IV, at the Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Special Symposium CY SEP 21-23, 1992 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV IND & ENGN CHEM ID NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; ADSORPTION; TRANSPORT; MODELS; RATES AB Knowledge of biodegradation kinetics in soil environments can facilitate decisions on the efficiency of in-situ bioremediation of soils, sediments and aquifers. This paper reports on a study whose main goal is to quantitate the bioavailability and biodegradation kinetics of organics in surface and subsurface soils and develop a predictive model for biodegradation kinetics applicable to soil systems. The adsorption/desorption equilibria and kinetics from soil particles were measured for phenol and alkylphenols. Studies were conducted on biodegradation of phenol and alkyl phenols using soil slurry reactors. Measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide generation were made in an electrolytic respirometer and biokinetic parameters were derived from the data using a mathematical model which incorporates the effects of adsorption/desorption from the soil particles and biodegradation in the liquid and soil:phases. Protocols for measuring biomass adsorption in soil, quantifying carbon dioxide evolution using shaker flasks and measurement of radiolabelled carbon dioxide evolution in respirometric flasks are also presented in this paper. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP TABAK, HH (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,OFF RES & DEV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-2857-4 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1994 VL 554 BP 51 EP 77 PG 27 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA BA10G UT WOS:A1994BA10G00005 ER PT J AU VISCUSI, WK MAGAT, WA CARLIN, A DREYFUS, MK AF VISCUSI, WK MAGAT, WA CARLIN, A DREYFUS, MK TI ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE ENERGY PRICING SO ENERGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; MORTALITY; PRIVATE; COSTS AB This paper assesses the value of the non-global warming externalities associated with energy use. The estimates of the full social cost energy prices based on this ''no regrets'' approach imply environmental costs that often greatly exceed current tax amounts. The midpoint estimates suggest that the price of coal is most out of line with its efficient level. Natural gas is currently overtaxed, and. gasoline is appropriately taxed. There is also a substantial range of uncertainty embodied in the no regrets estimates. C1 DUKE UNIV,FUQUA SCH BUSINESS,DURHAM,NC 27706. US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP VISCUSI, WK (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,DEPT ECON,DURHAM,NC 27706, USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC ENERGY ECONOMICS PI CLEVAND PA 28790 CHAGRIN BLVD, STE 210, CLEVAND, OH 44122 SN 0195-6574 J9 ENERGY J JI Energy J. PY 1994 VL 15 IS 2 BP 23 EP 42 PG 20 WC Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA PB165 UT WOS:A1994PB16500002 ER PT J AU LEVINE, JG KNASMULLER, S SHELTON, ML DEMARINI, DM AF LEVINE, JG KNASMULLER, S SHELTON, ML DEMARINI, DM TI MUTATION SPECTRA OF GLU-P-1 IN SALMONELLA - INDUCTION OF HOTSPOT FRAMESHIFTS AND SITE-SPECIFIC BASE SUBSTITUTIONS SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE GLU-P-1; MUTATION SPECTRA; SALMONELLA ID OLIGODEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE COLONY HYBRIDIZATION; MICROBIAL MUTAGENICITY ASSAYS; ACID PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HETEROCYCLIC AMINES; HISD3052 ALLELE; REPETITIVE SEQUENCES; TYPHIMURIUM TA98; TARGET SEQUENCES; DNA-POLYMERASE AB We used colony probe hybridization and PCR/ DNA sequence analysis to determine the mutations in similar to 1,640 revertants of the -1 frameshift allele hisD3052 and similar to 260 revertants of the base substitution allele hisG46 of Salmonella typhimurium induced by the heterocyclic amine cooked food mutagen 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1). All of the mutations were at sites containing guanine, which is the base at which Glu-P-1 forms DNA adducts. A hotspot mutation involving the deletion of a CG or GC within the sequence CGCGCGCG accounted for 100% of the Glu-P-1-induced mutations at the frameshift allele in strains TA1978 (uvr(+)) and TA1538 (Delta uvrB) and 99% in TA98 (Delta uvrB, pKM101). To explain the induction of these hotspot mutations by Glu-P-1, we describe here a more detailed version of our recently proposed correct incorporation/slippage model [Genetics:136:731, 1994]. We propose that after cytosine is incorporated correctly opposite a Glu-P-1-adducted guanine, various slipped intermediates may form (a total of 18), depending on which guanine is adducted and whether it remains within the helix or becomes extrahelical. This variety of mutational pathways may account for the high mutability of the hotspot sequence by Glu-P-1. Although the pKM101 plasmid does not influence the mutagenic potency or mutational spectrum of Glu-P-1 at the frameshift allele, it is required by Glu-P-1 to revert the base substitution allele, where Glu-P-1 induces G.C --> T.A transversions (75%) and G.C --> tA.T transitions (25%) exclusively at a single site (the second position of the CCC codon of the hisG46 allele). The limited (20-30 times less) base substitution mutagenic potency of Glu-P-1 relative to its frameshift mutagenic potency as well as the extreme site specificity exhibited by Glu-P-1 for base substitutions may have bearing on the lack of base substitutions identified in ras genes in Glu-P-1-induced rat colon tumors. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 US EPA,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV VIENNA,INST TUMORBIOL & KREBSFORSCH,VIENNA,AUSTRIA. RI Knasmueller, Siegfried/P-4347-2014 OI Knasmueller, Siegfried/0000-0002-1638-4438 NR 54 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1994 VL 24 IS 1 BP 11 EP 22 DI 10.1002/em.2850240104 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA NZ310 UT WOS:A1994NZ31000003 PM 8050413 ER PT J AU AFSHARI, AJ MCGREGOR, PW ALLEN, JW FUSCOE, JC AF AFSHARI, AJ MCGREGOR, PW ALLEN, JW FUSCOE, JC TI CENTROMERE ANALYSIS OF MICRONUCLEI INDUCED BY 2-AMINOANTHRAQUINONE IN CULTURED MOUSE SPLENOCYTES USING BOTH A GAMMA-SATELLITE DNA-PROBE AND ANTI-KINETOCHORE ANTIBODY SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; ANEUPLOIDY; CLASTOGENS; ANEUGENS; 5-AMINOANTHRAQUINONE; GENOTOXICITY ID RADIATION-INDUCED MICRONUCLEI; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; ANTIKINETOCHORE ANTIBODY; BONE-MARROW; ANEUPLOIDY; LYMPHOCYTES; ASSAY; CLASSIFICATION; ORGANIZATION; CLASTOGENS AB We have tested 2-aminoanthraquinone (2-AAQ) as a potential aneugen in a cytokinesis-blocked mouse splenocyte micronucleus (MN) assay. Binucleated cells (BNC) were evaluated for MN, and the MN were further probed with two indicators of centromere presence: an anti-kinetochore autoantibody and a DNA probe for the mouse gamma-satellite locus. A dose-dependent increase in the frequency of BNC with MN was observed. At the highest 2-AAQ concentration (10 mu g/ml), the frequency of BNC containing MN was increased greater than 10-fold over background. Both centromere-positive and centromere-negative MN were significantly increased. At least 62% of MN at all 2-AAQ doses were positive for the gamma-satellite DNA probe, while 30-53% were labeled with the anti-kinetochore antibody. In contrast with the 2-AAQ results, after treatment with the aneugen demecolcine (positive control), greater then 80% of MN labelled positive with both probes. This discordance in the results with the two probes after 2-AAQ exposure suggests that the mode of action of this chemical may be as an aneugen by disruption of the kinetochore proteins, as a clastogen with a preferential cleavage site at or near the gamma-satellite locus, or both. Our results also suggest that the use of either of these probes individually may not be an adequate measure of centromere presence. Nevertheless, positive results for both markers provides strong evidence that 2-AAQ is aneugenic. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 33 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1994 VL 24 IS 2 BP 96 EP 102 DI 10.1002/em.2850240204 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA PH323 UT WOS:A1994PH32300003 PM 7925332 ER PT J AU DEMARINI, DM SHELTON, ML BELL, DA AF DEMARINI, DM SHELTON, ML BELL, DA TI MUTATION SPECTRA IN SALMONELLA OF COMPLEX-MIXTURES - COMPARISON OF URBAN AIR TO BENZO[A]PYRENE SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE MUTATION SPECTRA; COMPLEX MIXTURES; URBAN AIR; BENZO[A]PYRENE ID TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; DIOL EPOXIDE; MUTAGENIC SPECIFICITY; FRAMESHIFT MUTATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DNA; CANCER; SMOKE; P53; TRANSVERSIONS AB We used an ion-exchange procedure coupled to the Salmonella assay to fractionate the dichloromethane-extractable particulate organics from an urban air sample collected in Boise, Idaho. A resulting base/neutral fraction contained 81% of the mutagenic activity but only 36% of the mass of the unfractionated sample. Chemical analysis showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accounted for much of the mutagenic activity of the air sample. Colony probe hybridization, PCR, and DNA sequence analysis were then used to determine the mutations induced by the complex mixtures and a model PAH, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) in similar to 900 revertants of the frameshift hisD3052 allele and similar to 400 revertants of the base-substitution hisG46 allele. The majority (93-94%) of the mutations induced at the frameshift allele in strain TA98 by the whole or base/neutral fraction of the urban air sample was a hotspot 2-base deletion of a CG or GC within the sequence CGCGCGCG. The remaining mutations were complex frameshifts that consisted of -2 or +1 frameshifts associated with a flanking base substitution. BAP induced a somewhat similar pattern of mvtations, with 70% being the hotspot mutation, 23% being complex frameshifts, and the remaining being deletions. The inferred base-substitution specificity associated with the complex frameshifts at the hisD3052 allele (primarily G . C --> T . A transversions) was consistent with the observation that this same transversion was the primary mutation induced by the whole urban air sample and BAP at the base-substitution allele in strain TA100. At the frameshift allele, adducts that promote correct incorporation/ slippage could account for hotspot mutations, whereas those that promote misincorporation/ slippage could account for complex frameshifts. At the base-substitution allele, a mixture of adducts or of adducts with multiple conformations could account for the observed proportion of transitions and transversions. Combined with the bioassay-directed chemical analysis, these results from the first mutation spectra of a complex mixture suggest that such spectra reflect the dominance of particular classes of chemical mutagens within the mixture. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP DEMARINI, DM (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 61 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1994 VL 24 IS 4 BP 262 EP 275 DI 10.1002/em.2850240403 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA QL156 UT WOS:A1994QL15600002 PM 7851338 ER PT J AU KLIGERMAN, AD BISHOP, JB EREXSON, GL PRICE, HC OCONNOR, RW MORGAN, DL ZEIGER, E AF KLIGERMAN, AD BISHOP, JB EREXSON, GL PRICE, HC OCONNOR, RW MORGAN, DL ZEIGER, E TI CYTOGENETIC AND GERM-CELL EFFECTS OF PHOSPHINE INHALATION BY RODENTS .2. SUBACUTE EXPOSURES TO RATS AND MICE SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE PHOSPHINE; LYMPHOCYTES; RODENTS; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGES; MICRONUCLEUS ID PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; MICRONUCLEI; LYMPHOCYTES AB Phosphine (PH3) is a highly toxic grain fumigant to which there is significant human workplace exposure. To determine the in vivo cytogenetic effects of inhalation of PH3, male F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to target concentrations of 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5 ppm PH3 for 6 hr/day for 9 days over an 11-day period. Approximately 20 hr after the termination of exposures, blood was removed from the mice and rats by cardiac puncture and the lymphocytes cultured for analyses of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in rats and mice, and micronuclei (MN) in cytochalasin B-induced binucleated lymphocytes from mice. In addition, bone marrow (rats) and peripheral blood (mice) smears were made for the analysis of MN in polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes. No significant increase in any of the cytogenetic endpoints was found at any of the concentrations examined. These results indicate that concentrations of PH3 up to 5 ppm are not genotoxic to rodents when administered by inhalation for 9 days during an 11-day period as measured by several cytogenetic assays. To evaluate the effects of PH3 on male germ cells, a dominant lethal test was conducted in male mice exposed to 5 ppm PH3 for 10 days over a 12-day period and mated to groups of untreated females (2 females/male) on each of 6 consecutive 4-day mating intervals. None of the 6 groups of females exhibited a significant increase in percent resorptions. These results indicate that exposure to 5 ppm PH3 by inhalation does not induce dominant lethality in male mouse germ cells at steps in spermatogenesis ranging from late differentiating spermatogonia/early primary spermatocytes through mature sperm. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 NIEHS,ENVIRONM TOXICOL PROGRAM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP KLIGERMAN, AD (reprint author), US EPA,DIV GENET TOXICOL,MUTAGENESIS & CELLULAR TOXICOL BRANCH,MAIL DROP-68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1994 VL 24 IS 4 BP 301 EP 306 DI 10.1002/em.2850240407 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA QL156 UT WOS:A1994QL15600006 PM 7851342 ER PT J AU BENTLEY, KS SARRIF, AM CIMINO, MC AULETTA, AE AF BENTLEY, KS SARRIF, AM CIMINO, MC AULETTA, AE TI ASSESSING THE RISK OF HERITABLE GENE MUTATION IN MAMMALS - DROSOPHILA SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE LETHAL TEST AND TESTS MEASURING DNA-DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN MAMMALIAN GERM-CELLS SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE REGULATORY GUIDELINES; TEST SCHEME; GERM CELLS; CHEMICAL TESTING; RISK ASSESSMENT ID MALE-MICE; LOCUS TEST; ETHYLENE-OXIDE; TOX PROGRAM; MOUSE; INDUCTION; MUTAGENICITY; MELANOGASTER; ASSAY; ALKALINE AB The former U.S. EPA OPPT tiered test scheme for heritable gene mutations included the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL) test in which positive results triggered the mouse specific locus (MSL) test. However, review of available literature indicated that the evaluation of mutations in the germ cells of this insect is not a good predictor of the risk of heritable gene mutations in mammals. The database contained 29 compounds for which there were conclusive MSL test results in either spermatogonial and/or postspermatogonial cells. Results in the SLRL test were available for 27 of those compounds. Of the 24 SLRL-positive chemicals, only 13 (54%) induced heritable mutations in mice; the three SLRL-negative compounds were nonmutagenic in mouse germ cells. The overall concordance between the two tests was 59%. In contrast, results of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS: 18 chemicals) and alkaline elution (AE: 14 chemicals) assays in rodent testicular cells following in vivo exposure correlated well with results in the MSL test (83% and 86%, respectively). MSL test results in spermatogonia and postspermatogonia were also compared separately to the SLRL, UDS, and AE assays. The concordances for the two cell types in the SLRL relative to the MSL test were 36% and 79%, respectively, indicating that the SLRL test is extremely poor in predicting heritable gene mutations in mammalian spermatogonia. Concordances for UDS and AE assays relative to MSL test results in spermatogonia (53% and 54%, respectively) and postspermatogonia (91% and 100%, respectively) were greater. Based on these analyses, the U.S. EPA OPPT has revised its tiered test scheme using assays for interaction with gonadal DNA (e.g., UDS and AE) in place of the SLRL test. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,DIV HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW TS796,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC. RP BENTLEY, KS (reprint author), DUPONT CO INC,HASKELL LAB TOXICOL & IND MED,POB 50,ELKTON RD,NEWARK,DE 19714, USA. NR 51 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1994 VL 23 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1002/em.2850230103 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA MT842 UT WOS:A1994MT84200001 PM 8125081 ER PT J AU WATERS, MD AF WATERS, MD TI DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF THE GENE-TAX PROGRAM, GENETIC-ACTIVITY PROFILES, AND THEIR COMPUTERIZED DATA-BASES SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE DATA BASES; GENETIC ACTIVITY PROFILES; GENOTOXICITY; MUTAGENS; SHORT-TERM TESTS ID TOX-PROGRAM; CARCINOGENICITY DATABASES; ANTIMUTAGENICITY PROFILES; PHASE-II; GENOTOXICITY; TOXICOLOGY; TOXICITY; BIOASSAYS; INFORMATION; CHEMICALS AB This invited historical review traces the development and impact of two major data bases in the field of genetic toxicology. Discussed from a personal perspective are the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Gene-Tox Program and the EPA/International Agency for Research on Cancer Genetic Activity Profiles (GAPs) and their respective data bases. Whereas Gene-Tox was focused on the assessment of short-term tests and their role in predicting carcinogens and mutagens, GAPs and the GAP data base were designed specifically to aid in the evaluation of individual chemicals. Both data bases have been computerized. Gene-Tox is available on TOXNET and GAP is available in a personal computer format from the author. The Gene-Tox and GAP data bases appear to have had substantial impact, particularly on hazard identification activities in cancer risk assessment. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP WATERS, MD (reprint author), US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB MD51A, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0893-6692 EI 1098-2280 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1994 VL 23 SU 24 BP 67 EP 72 DI 10.1002/em.2850230615 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA NJ844 UT WOS:A1994NJ84400014 PM 8162911 ER PT J AU FUSCOE, JC ZIMMERMAN, LJ HARRINGTONBROCK, K MOORE, MM AF FUSCOE, JC ZIMMERMAN, LJ HARRINGTONBROCK, K MOORE, MM TI MULTIPLEX PCR ANALYSIS OF IN-VIVO-ARISING DELETION MUTATIONS IN THE HPRT GENE OF HUMAN T-LYMPHOCYTES SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; HUMAN SOMATIC MUTATION; GENE DELETIONS ID MOLECULAR ANALYSES; MUTANT FREQUENCY; SOMATIC MUTATIONS; BREAST-CANCER; CLONING; LOCUS; CELLS; DNA; REARRANGEMENTS; AMPLIFICATION AB A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was adapted for the rapid and efficient evaluation of deletions of the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene in human T-lymphocytes. The hprt clonal assay was used to isolate in vivo-arising hprt-deficient T-cells from six healthy males. Mutant frequencies ranged from 9-27 x 10(-6). Simple crude cellular extracts from 223 mutants were analyzed for hprt gene deletion. Sixteen (7.2%) were found to be due to total gene deletion and 22 (9.9%) were due to partial gene deletion. The relatively high frequency of total gene deletions was caused by replicate isolates of a single mutational event as shown by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of rearranged T-cell receptor (TCR)-gamma genes. Eighteen the 22 partial hprt gene deletion mutants were determined to be of independent origin based on a unique hprt mutation or SSCP-TCR -gamma pattern. One-half (9/18) of the partial deletion mutants involved all or part of exon 4 alone, suggesting that this region of the hprt gene is prone to deletion. The small deletions effecting exon 1 (1 mutant), exon 2 (2 mutants), and exon 4 (6 mutants) would not have been detected by conventional Southern blot analysis and may represent a new, previously unrecognized class of mutations. The ready isolation of such intragenic deletions will allow the characterization of breakpoint junctions and may provide insights into the important processes of DNA breakage and rejoining. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1994 VL 23 IS 2 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1002/em.2850230203 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA NB788 UT WOS:A1994NB78800002 PM 8143706 ER PT J AU KLIGERMAN, AD BRYANT, MF DOERR, CL EREXSON, GL KWANYUEN, P MCGEE, JK AF KLIGERMAN, AD BRYANT, MF DOERR, CL EREXSON, GL KWANYUEN, P MCGEE, JK TI CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF PHOSPHINE INHALATION BY RODENTS .1. ACUTE 6-HOUR EXPOSURE OF MICE SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE FUMIGANTS; SCES; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; MICRONUCLEI; LYMPHOCYTES ID MICRONUCLEI; LYMPHOCYTES AB Phosphine (PH3) is a highly toxic grain fumigant that can be produced from the reaction of metal phosphides with water. To determine the in vivo cytogenetic effects of inhalation of PH3, male CD-1 mice were exposed to either 0, 5, 10, or 15 ppm target concentrations of PH3 for 6 hr. Twenty hours after the termination of exposure, the spleens of the mice were removed, macerated, and the splenocytes cultured for analyses of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosome aberrations, and micronuclei in cytochalasin B-induced binucleated cells. In addition, bone marrow smears were made for the analysis of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. No increase in any of the cytogenetic endpoints was found at any of the concentrations examined. The only statistically significant response was a concentration-related slowing of the cell cycle in the splenocytes. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP KLIGERMAN, AD (reprint author), US EPA,DIV GENET TOXICOL,MUTAGENESIS & CELLULAR TOXICOL BRANCH,MAIL DROP 68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 186 EP 189 DI 10.1002/em.2850230306 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA NG628 UT WOS:A1994NG62800005 PM 8162892 ER PT J AU KITCHIN, KT BROWN, JL KULKARNI, AP AF KITCHIN, KT BROWN, JL KULKARNI, AP TI PREDICTING RODENT CARCINOGENICITY BY IN-VIVO BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS SO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS-PART C OF JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH LA English DT Review ID ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE INDUCTION; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; KE TEST; GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS; SCREENED CHEMICALS; SALMONELLA; MUTAGENICITY; ASSAY; NONCARCINOGENS; INVIVO C1 UNIV S FLORIDA,COLL PUBL HLTH,FLORIDA TOXICOL RES CTR,TAMPA,FL 33613. RP KITCHIN, KT (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1059-0501 J9 ENVIRON CARCIN ECO R JI Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxical. Rev.-Pt. C J. Env. Sci. Health PY 1994 VL 12 IS 1 BP 63 EP 88 PG 26 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NR368 UT WOS:A1994NR36800003 ER PT S AU STODDARD, JL AF STODDARD, JL BE Baker, LA TI LONG-TERM CHANGES IN WATERSHED RETENTION OF NITROGEN - ITS CAUSES AND AQUATIC CONSEQUENCES SO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF LAKES AND RESERVOIRS SE ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs, at the 201st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 14-19, 1991 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AMER CHEM SOC ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIUM-SULFATE; NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS; ACID-BASE STATUS; FRESH-WATER; NEW-YORK; SURFACE WATERS; SIERRA-NEVADA AB Nitrogen saturation occurs when the supply of nitrogenous compounds from the atmosphere exceeds the demand for these compounds on the part of watershed plants and soil microbes. Several factors predispose forested watersheds to N saturation, including chronically high rates of N deposition, advanced stand age, and large pools of soil N. Many watersheds in the eastern United States exhibit symptoms of N saturation. A sequence of recognizable stages produces characteristic long-term and seasonal patterns of lake-water and stream-water NO3- concentrations that reflect the changes in rates and relative importance of N transformations as these watersheds become more N sufficient. The early stages of N saturation are marked by increases in the severity and frequency of NO3- episodes. The later stages of N saturation are marked by elevated baseflow concentrations of NO3- from groundwater. The most advanced symptoms of N saturation usually occur in regions with the most elevated rates of N deposition. Long-term increases in surface-water NO3- have important implications for surface-water acidification, but probably will not lead to freshwater eutrophication. RP STODDARD, JL (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 203 TC 294 Z9 295 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-2393 BN 0-8412-2526-5 J9 ADV CHEM SER PY 1994 VL 237 BP 223 EP 284 PG 62 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology; Water Resources SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BZ52H UT WOS:A1994BZ52H00008 ER PT S AU CIMINO, MC AULETTA, AE AF CIMINO, MC AULETTA, AE BE Draper, WM TI THE GENE-TOX PROGRAM - DATA EVALUATION OF CHEMICALLY-INDUCED MUTAGENICITY SO ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS ON HUMAN HEALTH SE ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Epidemiology: Effects of Environmental Chemicals on Human Health, at the 203rd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 05-10, 1992 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV ENVIRONM CHEM ID CHROMOSOME ABERRATION ASSAYS; ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENS; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; MITOTIC SEGREGATION; CYTOGENETIC ASSAYS; LOCUS MUTATION; FUTURE WORK; DATA-BASE; PHASE-II AB The Gene-Tor Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is a multiphased effort to review and evaluate the existing literature in genetic toxicology (mutagenicity). In Phase I it selected assay systems for evaluation, generated expert panel reviews of the data from the scientific literature, and recommended testing protocols for the systems. Phase II established and evaluated the database for its relevance to identifying human health hazard. The ongoing Phase III continues reviewing the literature and updating chemical genetic toxicity data. Currently, data exist on over 4000 chemicals in 36 assay systems. The panel reports are published in the scientific literature, and the data are also publicly available through the National Library of Medicine TOXNET system. Public availability should increase Gene-Tox's utility, expand its analysis, and affect the manner and speed of its update. RP CIMINO, MC (reprint author), US EPA,DIV HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW 7403,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-2393 BN 0-8412-2517-6 J9 ADV CHEM SER PY 1994 VL 241 BP 89 EP 104 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BB39J UT WOS:A1994BB39J00008 ER PT J AU ANDERSEN, ME KRISHNAN, K AF ANDERSEN, ME KRISHNAN, K TI PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETICS CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Biostatistics Conference in the Study of Toxicology CY MAY 23-25, 1991 CL UNIV TOKYO, TOKYO, JAPAN SP BIOMETR SOC, JAPANESE REG, ENVIRONM MUTAGEN SOC JAPAN, JAPANESE SOC BIOPHARM STAT, NATL INST HYGIEN SCI JAPAN, NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI US HO UNIV TOKYO ID METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; MODELS; CARCINOGENESIS; METABOLISM; MUTATION; BLOOD; LIVER AB Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling involves mathematically describing the complex interplay of the critical physicochemical and biological determinants involved in the disposition of chemicals. In this approach, the body is divided into a number of biologically relevant tissue compartments, arranged in an anatomically accurate manner, and defined with appropriate physiological characteristics. The extrapolation of pharmacokinetic behavior of chemicals from high dose to low dose for various exposure routes and species is possible with this approach because these models are developed by integrating quantitative information on the critical determinants of chemical disposition under a biological modeling framework. The principal application of PBPK models is in the prediction of tissue dosimetry of toxic moiety (e.g., parent chemical, reactive metabolite, macromolecular adduct) of a chemical. Such an application has been demonstrated with dichloromethane, a liver and lung carcinogen in the B6C3F(1)mouse. The PBPK model-based risk assessment approach estimated a cancer risk to people of 3.7 x 10(-8) for a lifetime inhalation exposure of 1 mu g/m(3), which is lower by more than two orders of magnitude than that calculated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency using the linearized multistage model (for low-dose extrapolation) and body surface correction factor (for interspecies scaling). The capability of predicting the target tissue exposure to toxic moiety in people with PBPK models should help reduce the uncertainty associated with the extrapolation procedures adopted in conventional dose-response assessment. C1 UNIV MONTREAL,DEPT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,MONTREAL H3C 3J7,PQ,CANADA. RP ANDERSEN, ME (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD 74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 102 SU 1 BP 103 EP 108 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA NB330 UT WOS:A1994NB33000017 PM 8187697 ER PT J AU KITCHIN, KT BROWN, JL SETZER, RW AF KITCHIN, KT BROWN, JL SETZER, RW TI DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP IN MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS - PROMOTERS SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Biostatistics Conference in the Study of Toxicology CY MAY 23-25, 1991 CL UNIV TOKYO, TOKYO, JAPAN SP BIOMETR SOC, JAPANESE REG, ENVIRONM MUTAGEN SOC JAPAN, JAPANESE SOC BIOPHARM STAT, NATL INST HYGIEN SCI JAPAN, NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI US HO UNIV TOKYO ID SKIN TUMOR PROMOTION; LIVER FOCI BIOASSAY; MOUSE SKIN; RAT-LIVER; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CHRYSAROBIN; CHLOROFORM; AGENTS AB Published dose-response curves of promoters of multistage carcinogenesis were selected that met the combined criteria of long study times, multiple doses, and low doses. In rat liver, 12 dose-response studies of 7 different promoters (phenobarbital, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [TCDD], clophen A-50 (a polychlorinated biphenyl), alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane [HCH], and chloroform) were selected. These promoters were studied for 7-86 weeks and either altered hepatic foci or hepatic cancer were determined. The doses ranged from 1 ng (TCDD) to 400 mg (chloroform). In mouse skin, 10 dose-response studies of 4 promoters (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate [TPA], anthralin, chrysarobin, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroperoxyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone [BHTOOH]) were selected. In these mouse skin studies the doses ranged from 0.425 nmole (TPA) to 20,000 mnole (BHTOOH) per mouse. The length of time promoters were applied to the skin varied between 15 and 60 weeks. Either skin papillomas or carcinomas were determined. The dose-response relationships are presented on the basis of moles of promoter, percentage of the fully effective promoting dose, of percentage of the acute oral rat LD(50). The degree of concavity of the dose-response curves was determined. The available dose-response data are critiqued and discussed on the basis of future research needs for biologically based cancer risk assessment models. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV RES SUPPORT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP KITCHIN, KT (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Setzer, Rhyne/0000-0002-6709-9186 NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 102 SU 1 BP 255 EP 264 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA NB330 UT WOS:A1994NB33000036 PM 8187717 ER PT J AU CAIRNS, MA MEGANCK, RA AF CAIRNS, MA MEGANCK, RA TI CARBON SEQUESTRATION, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - INTEGRATED FOREST MANAGEMENT SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE INTEGRATED FOREST MANAGEMENT; CARBON; GREENHOUSE GAS; BIODIVERSITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TROPICAL FORESTRY; SOCIOECONOMIC ID TROPICAL DEFORESTATION; EXTRACTIVE RESERVES; BIOSPHERE RESERVE; CONSERVATION; BIODIVERSITY; ECONOMICS; POLITICS AB Tropical deforestation provides a significant contribution to anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration that may lead to global warming. Forestation and other forest management options to sequester CO2 in the tropical latitudes may fail unless they address local economic, social, environmental, and political needs of people in the developing world. Forest management is discussed in terms of three objectives: carbon sequestration, sustainable development, and biodiversity conservation. An integrated forest management strategy of land-use planning is proposed to achieve these objectives and is centered around: preservation of primary forest, intensified use of nontimber resources, agroforestry, and selective use of plantation forestry. C1 UN,ENVIRONM PROGRAMME WIDER CARIBBEAN,KINGSTON,JAMAICA. RP CAIRNS, MA (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 89 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JAN-FEB PY 1994 VL 18 IS 1 BP 13 EP 22 DI 10.1007/BF02393746 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MJ109 UT WOS:A1994MJ10900002 ER PT J AU FERRARO, SP SWARTZ, RC COLE, FA DEBEN, WA AF FERRARO, SP SWARTZ, RC COLE, FA DEBEN, WA TI OPTIMUM MACROBENTHIC SAMPLING PROTOCOL FOR DETECTING POLLUTION IMPACTS IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article AB The optimum macrobenthic sampling protocol [sampling unit, sieve mesh size, and sample size (n)] was determined for detecting ecologically important pollution impacts in the Southern California Bight, U.S.A. Cost, in laboratory processing time, was determined for samples obtained using fourteen sampling units (0.005-0.1 m2 surface area) and two sieve mesh sizes (1.0 and 0.5 mm). Statistical power analyses for t-tests of means were performed to estimate the minimum sample size (n(min)) needed to reliably (alpha = 0.05, 1 - beta greater-than-or-equal-to 0.95) reject the null hypothesis of no difference between a reference and both a stimulated and a degraded station on twelve measures of community structure. The optimum sampling protocol for detecting impacts was determined as that with the lowest total cost x n(min) on most measures. Five replicate, 0.02 m2 x 5 cm deep, 1.0 mm mesh samples per station could reliably distinguish reference from impacted conditions on nine or ten measures of community structure at less than one quarter of the cost of the standard sampling protocol of 5 replicate, 0.1 m2, 1.0 mm mesh samples per station. About 5 replicate, small (< 0.1 m2), 1.0 mm mesh samples per station may often be optimal for detecting important structural changes in macrobenthic communities with naturally high species richness and abundance. RP FERRARO, SP (reprint author), US EPA,PACIFIC ECOSYST BRANCH,ERL-N,HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR,2111 SE MARINE SCI DR,NEWPORT,OR 97365, USA. NR 0 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 2 BP 127 EP 153 DI 10.1007/BF00546871 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NC712 UT WOS:A1994NC71200003 PM 24221293 ER PT J AU ENTRY, JA RYGIEWICZ, PT EMMINGHAM, WH AF ENTRY, JA RYGIEWICZ, PT EMMINGHAM, WH TI SR-90 UPTAKE BY PINUS-PONDEROSA AND PINUS-RADIATA SEEDLINGS INOCULATED WITH ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID MYCORRHIZAL; SOIL; POTASSIUM; CONIFERS AB Strontium-90 (Sr-90) is a radionuclide characteristic of fallout from nuclear reactor accidents and nuclear weapons testing. Prior studies have shown that Pinus ponderosa and P. radiata seedlings can remove appreciable quantities of Sr-90 from soil and store it in plant tissue. In this study, we inoculated P. ponderosa and P. radiata seedlings with one of five isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Inoculated and noninoculated (control) seedlings were compared for their ability to remove Sr-90 from an organic growth medium. Seedlings were grown in a growth chamber in glass tubes containing 165 cm3 of sphagnum peat moss and perlite (1:1 (v/v)) and, except in the controls, the fungal inoculum. After 3 months, 5978 Bq of Sr-90 in 1 ml of sterile, distilled, deionized water was added. Seedlings were grown for an additional month and then harvested. P. ponderosa seedlings with ectomycorrhizae accumulated 3.0-6.0% of the Sr-90; bioconcentration ratios (Bq Sr-90 cm-3 plant tissue/Bq Sr-90 cm-3 growth medium) ranged from 98-162. Ectomycorrhizal P. radiata seedlings accumulated 6.0-6.9% of the Sr-90; bioconcentration ratios ranged from 88-133. Nonmycorrhizal P. ponderosa and P. radiata seedlings accumulated only 0.6 and 0.7% of the Sr-90 and had bioconcentration ratios of 28 and 27, respectively. Ectomycorrhizal P. ponderosa and P. radiata seedlings are able to remove 3-5 times more Sr-90 from contaminated soil than seedlings without ectomycorrhizae. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL FORESTRY,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1994 VL 86 IS 2 BP 201 EP 206 DI 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90191-0 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NZ293 UT WOS:A1994NZ29300010 PM 15091637 ER PT J AU CELESTIAL, DM MCKENNEY, CL AF CELESTIAL, DM MCKENNEY, CL TI THE INFLUENCE OF AN INSECT GROWTH-REGULATOR ON THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUD CRAB RHITHROPANOPEUS-HARRISII SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE METHOPRENE; RHITHROPANOPEUS-HARRISII; ALTOSID; LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR; JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOG ID METHOPRENE ISOPROPYL (2E,4E)-11-METHOXY-3,7,11-TRIMETHYL-2,4-DODECADIENOATE; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AB Effects of the juvenile hormone analogue (S)-methoprene on the larval development and survival of the estuarine mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii were examined in the laboratory. Crab larvae continuously exposed to 1000 mug (S)-methoprene litre-1 did not survive beyond zoeal stage I. With continuous exposure to 100 mug (S)-methoprene litre-1, mortality significantly increased through all larval stages except or zoeal stage II, and developmental duration significantly increased through all zoeal stages but not the premetamorphic megalopa. No supernumerary larval stages occurred with exposure to (S)-methoprene. Rhithropanopeus harrisii larvae appear to be more sensitive to the single isomer formulation (S)-methoprene than to the double isomer formulation, (R,S)-methoprene, used in previously documented studies. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP CELESTIAL, DM (reprint author), TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1994 VL 85 IS 2 BP 169 EP 173 DI 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90083-3 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NF926 UT WOS:A1994NF92600006 PM 15091673 ER PT J AU GULLETT, BK LEMIEUX, PM AF GULLETT, BK LEMIEUX, PM TI ROLE OF COMBUSTION AND SORBENT PARAMETERS IN PREVENTION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN FORMATION DURING WASTE COMBUSTION SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY; INCINERATOR FLY-ASH; MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR; PCDD PCDF; AIR; CHLORINATION; PCDD/PCDF; EMISSIONS; PROGRAM; HCL AB This research uses experimental data and a statistical approach to determine the effect of combustion- and sorbent-injection-related parameters on the mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD and PCDF, respectively) formation and prevention in waste combustors. The operation of a pilot-scale combustor was varied to effect different regimes of oxygen (O2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), and chlorine (Cl2) concentration, temperature; residence time; quench rate; and sorbent injection. The fly ash loading of a municipal waste combustor was simulated by postcombustion injection of fly ash collected from a full-scale facility. Downstream sampling and analysis indicated significant PCDD and PCDF formation, beyond concentrations on the preinjected fly ash, at rates conducive to explaining formation in full-scale facilities at particle/gas residence times < 5 s. Stepwise regression analyses determined the predictive parameters for four models of PCDD, PCDF, the total of PCDD and PCDF yield, and the partitioning between PCDD and total yield. Substantial prevention of PCDD and PCDF formation can be brought about with upstream sorbent injection for HCl and Cl2 reduction, control of excess air, and increased quench rate. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS, DEPT MATH SCI, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA. RP GULLETT, BK (reprint author), US EPA, AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 54 TC 59 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 1 BP 107 EP 118 DI 10.1021/es00050a015 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MP604 UT WOS:A1994MP60400024 PM 22175839 ER PT J AU DEMARINI, DM LEMIEUX, PM RYAN, JV BROOKS, LR WILLIAMS, RW AF DEMARINI, DM LEMIEUX, PM RYAN, JV BROOKS, LR WILLIAMS, RW TI MUTAGENICITY AND CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS FROM THE OPEN BURNING OF SCRAP RUBBER TIRES SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; COMBUSTION AB The Salmonella mutagenicity assay and chemical analyses were used to evaluate the emissions from the open burning of scrap rubber tires that had been cut into either of two sizes, CHUNK or SHRED. The mutagenic potencies in strain TA98 of the dichloromethane-extractable particulate organics (2-12 revertants/mug) were generally greater than that of the semivolatiles (approximately 1-9 revertants/mug). In addition, the open burning of CHUNK tires produced a higher burn rate (approximately 4-9 vs approximately 1 kg/h) and more potent organics in the presence of S9 than did SHRED tires. This may have reflected the greater production of S9-dependent mutagens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), under the combustion conditions generated by the CHUNK tires. Bioassays using selected strains of Salmonella indicated that dinitroarenes or aromatic amines (but not mononitroaromatics) accounted for much of the mutagenic activity measured in the absence of S9. A wide variety of PAHs was detected in the particulate organics. The mutagenic emission factor for the open burning of scrap rubber tires (approximately 8 X 10(7) revertants/kg of tire burned) was 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the values for the combustion of oil, coal, or wood in utility boilers; it was most similar to values for the open burning of wood or plastic. These results demonstrate for the first time that the open burning of scrap rubber tires produces a high mutagenic emission factor, posing potential environmental and health effects. C1 US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,COMBUST RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP DEMARINI, DM (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 1 BP 136 EP 141 DI 10.1021/es00050a018 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MP604 UT WOS:A1994MP60400027 PM 22175842 ER PT B AU COTHERN, CR ROSS, NP AF COTHERN, CR ROSS, NP BE Cothern, CR Ross, NP TI UNCERTAINTIES IN ASSESSING THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT - AN OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, ASSESSMENT, AND FORECASTING SO ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, ASSESSMENT, AND FORECASTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Statistics, Assessment, and Forecasting, at the National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, ENVIRONMENTAL DIV C1 US EPA,CTR ENVIRONM STAT,DEV STAFF,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-936-0 PY 1994 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BA62A UT WOS:A1994BA62A00001 ER PT B AU HOLLAND, DM BAUMGARDNER, R HAAS, T OEHLERT, G AF HOLLAND, DM BAUMGARDNER, R HAAS, T OEHLERT, G BE Cothern, CR Ross, NP TI DESIGN OF THE CLEAN-AIR ACT DEPOSITION MONITORING NETWORK SO ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, ASSESSMENT, AND FORECASTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Statistics, Assessment, and Forecasting, at the National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, ENVIRONMENTAL DIV C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-936-0 PY 1994 BP 147 EP 162 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BA62A UT WOS:A1994BA62A00008 ER PT B AU BEARD, BA FREAS, WP AF BEARD, BA FREAS, WP BE Cothern, CR Ross, NP TI NATIONAL AIR-QUALITY AND EMISSIONS TRENDS REPORT SO ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, ASSESSMENT, AND FORECASTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Statistics, Assessment, and Forecasting, at the National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, ENVIRONMENTAL DIV C1 US EPA,OFF AIR QUAL PLANNING & STAND,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-936-0 PY 1994 BP 163 EP 177 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BA62A UT WOS:A1994BA62A00009 ER PT B AU SCHWARTZ, J AF SCHWARTZ, J BE Cothern, CR Ross, NP TI ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTION AND HUMAN HEALTH - AN EPIDEMIOLOGY PERSPECTIVE SO ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, ASSESSMENT, AND FORECASTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Statistics, Assessment, and Forecasting, at the National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, ENVIRONMENTAL DIV C1 US EPA,OPPE,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-936-0 PY 1994 BP 209 EP 222 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BA62A UT WOS:A1994BA62A00012 ER PT B AU REJEWSKI, DW AF REJEWSKI, DW BE Cothern, CR Ross, NP TI EXPLORING FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS SO ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, ASSESSMENT, AND FORECASTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Statistics, Assessment, and Forecasting, at the National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, ENVIRONMENTAL DIV C1 US EPA,OPPE,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-936-0 PY 1994 BP 267 EP 284 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BA62A UT WOS:A1994BA62A00016 ER PT B AU PESACHOWITZ, AM AF PESACHOWITZ, AM BE Cothern, CR Ross, NP TI GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEMS (GIS) FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION-MAKING SO ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, ASSESSMENT, AND FORECASTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Statistics, Assessment, and Forecasting, at the National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, ENVIRONMENTAL DIV C1 US EPA,OFF INFORMAT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-936-0 PY 1994 BP 287 EP 297 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BA62A UT WOS:A1994BA62A00017 ER PT B AU NIEMANN, B CURTIWS, C LEONARD, E AF NIEMANN, B CURTIWS, C LEONARD, E BE Cothern, CR Ross, NP TI THE CENTER-FOR-ENVIRONMENTAL-STATISTICS - INTERIM STATUS AND VISION OF PRODUCTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, ASSESSMENT, AND FORECASTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Statistics, Assessment, and Forecasting, at the National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, ENVIRONMENTAL DIV C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM STAT & INFORMAT,CTR ENVIRONM STAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-936-0 PY 1994 BP 373 EP 404 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BA62A UT WOS:A1994BA62A00023 ER PT B AU ROSS, NP COTHERN, CR AF ROSS, NP COTHERN, CR BE Cothern, CR Ross, NP TI ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS - WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE SO ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, ASSESSMENT, AND FORECASTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Statistics, Assessment, and Forecasting, at the National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP AMER CHEM SOC, ENVIRONMENTAL DIV C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM STAT & INFORMAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-936-0 PY 1994 BP 405 EP 410 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BA62A UT WOS:A1994BA62A00024 ER PT J AU HOWE, GE MARKING, LL BILLS, TD RACH, JJ MAYER, FL AF HOWE, GE MARKING, LL BILLS, TD RACH, JJ MAYER, FL TI EFFECTS OF WATER TEMPERATURE AND PH ON TOXICITY OF TERBUFOS, TRICHLORFON, 4-NITROPHENOL AND 2,4-DINITROPHENOL TO THE AMPHIPOD GAMMARUS-PSEUDOLIMNAEUS AND RAINBOW-TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TEMPERATURE; PH; AMPHIPODS; RAINBOW TROUT; TOXICITY ID AQUATIC ORGANISMS AB Acute toxicity tests were conducted to determine (a) the individual and interactive effects of water temperature (7, 12, 17-degrees-C), pH (6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5), and time on the toxicity of terbufos, trichlorfon, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, and (b) the individual and interactive effects of water temperature and pH on chemical bioconcentration during acute tests with rainbow trout and Gammarus exposed to terbufos, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The toxicity of all four chemicals was significantly affected by pH in all tests, except for Gammarus exposed to terbufos. The toxicity of terbufos to rainbow trout and Gammarus was less at pH 7.5 than at higher or lower pH. The toxicity of both nitrophenols decreased as pH increased, whereas the toxicity of trichlorfon increased with pH. The effect of pH on trichlorfon toxicity decreased with temperature. Temperature significantly affected the toxicity of all four chemicals to both species. Toxicity increased with temperature in all tests, except for rainbow trout exposed to nitrophenols; toxicity decreased as temperature increased for rainbow trout. Chemical bioconcentration was also significantly affected by temperature and pH and was directly related to toxicity in most tests. Significant interactive effects between toxicity-modifying factors were also frequently observed. Temperature and pH effects on chemical toxicity need to be considered in chemical hazard assessment to ensure adequate protection of aquatic organisms. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP HOWE, GE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 30 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 21 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 1 BP 51 EP 66 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[51:EOWTAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MP595 UT WOS:A1994MP59500009 ER PT J AU BRECKENFOLSE, JA MAYER, FL PEDIGO, LE MARKING, LL AF BRECKENFOLSE, JA MAYER, FL PEDIGO, LE MARKING, LL TI ACUTE TOXICITY OF 4-NITROPHENOL, 2,4-DINITROPHENOL, TERBUFOS AND TRICHLORFON TO GRASS SHRIMP (PALAEMONETES SPP) AND SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODON-VARIEGATUS) AS AFFECTED BY SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TEMPERATURE; SALINITY; TOXICITY; SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS; GRASS SHRIMP ID CHEMICALS; EMBRYOS AB The toxicities of two industrial chemicals (4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol) and two organophosphate insecticides (terbufos and trichlorfon) to juvenile grass shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were determined by static, %-h toxicity tests in a factorial design with 12 combinations of salinity and temperature (15, 20, 25, 30 ppt x 17, 22, 27-degrees-C). Concentrations of the toxicants, including bioconcentration, were determined as appropriate by gas or liquid chromatography and the use of C-14-labeled compounds. The 96-h LC50s for 4-nitrophenol ranged from 12 to 31 mg/L and for 2,4-dinitrophenol from 13 to 50 mg/L. Toxicity decreased as salinity increased for 4-nitrophenol and both test organisms. Toxicity decreased as salinity increased for 2,4-dinitrophenol and sheepshead minnows, but toxicity to grass shrimp increased as salinity increased. Toxicity decreased with increased temperature for grass shrimp exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol and sheepshead minnows exposed to 4-nitrophenol, increased with temperature for sheepshead minnows ''posed to 2,4-dinitrophenol, and no change was observed for grass shrimp exposed to 4-nitrophenol. Bioconcentration of phenols in both test organisms increased as concentration increased. The 96-h LC50s for terbufos ranged from 3.4 to 6.6 mug/L and for trichlorfon from 6.3 to 19,300 mug/L. Terbufos and trichlorfon toxicity to grass shrimp and sheepshead minnows increased with increased temperature. BCFs for terbufos were greater in sheepshead minnows than grass shrimp, but were reversed for trichlorfon. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. FLORIDA DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,KRAWFORDVILLE,FL 32326. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,LA CROSSE,WI 54602. NR 25 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 1 BP 67 EP 77 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[67:ATONDT]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MP595 UT WOS:A1994MP59500010 ER PT J AU HOWE, GE MARKING, LL BILLS, TD BOOGAARD, MA MAYER, FL AF HOWE, GE MARKING, LL BILLS, TD BOOGAARD, MA MAYER, FL TI EFFECTS OF WATER TEMPERATURE ON THE TOXICITY OF 4-NITROPHENOL AND 2,4-DINITROPHENOL TO DEVELOPING RAINBOW-TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TEMPERATURE; ELS; TOXICITY; NITROPHENOL; RAINBOW TROUT ID AQUATIC ORGANISMS AB Early-life-stage (ELS) toxicity tests were conducted to determine the effect of selected water temperatures on the toxicity of 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). NOECs were determined for growth and mortality at selected time intervals and water temperatures of 7, 12, and 17-degrees-C. As tests progressed, NOECs leveled to constant time-independent values that were similar for tests at each temperature. In 4-nitrophenol tests, the time-independent NOEC values at 7, 12, and 17-degrees-C, respectively, were 1. 16, 1.20, and 1. 16 mg/L for growth and 3.40, 3.38, and 2.20 mg/L for mortality. For 2,4-dinitrophenol, time-independent NOEC values at 7, 12, and 17-degrees-C, respectively, were 1.07, 0.50, and 0.80 mg/L for growth and 1.30, 1.89, and 1.60 mg/L for mortality. Temperature did, however, affect the rate at which time-independent NOECs were reached. More time was required to reach time-independent NOECs as temperature decreased. For example, the time-independent NOEC in 4-nitrophenol tests at 17-degrees-C was reached in 14 d, whereas it required 42 d at 7-degrees-C. The effect of temperature on toxicity must be considered in hazard assessment protocols to assess risk accurately and protect aquatic organisms adequately. Chronic toxicity tests are necessary to assess risk because acute toxicity tests cannot provide the information necessary to predict the long-term effects of factors such as temperature in natural environments. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP HOWE, GE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 1 BP 79 EP 84 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[79:EOWTOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MP595 UT WOS:A1994MP59500011 ER PT J AU LINTON, TK MAYER, FL SIMON, TL MALONE, JA MARKING, LL AF LINTON, TK MAYER, FL SIMON, TL MALONE, JA MARKING, LL TI SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON CHRONIC TOXICITY OF 2,4-DINITROPHENOL AND 4-NITROPHENOL TO SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODON-VARIEGATUS) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SALINITY; TEMPERATURE; NITROPHENOLS; CHRONIC; TOXICITY ID AQUATIC ORGANISMS; EMBRYOS; GROWTH; FISH AB Toxicity tests (28-d early-life-stage) were conducted to determine the effects of nine combinations of salinity (15, 20, 25 ppt) and temperature (22, 27, 32-degrees-C) on the toxicity of 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). The highest tested concentration having no observed effect (NOEC) on mortality and growth was derived weekly. The NOECs at test termination indicated that the survival and growth of fish exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol were not significantly affected by salinity, temperature, or the salinity temperature interaction. However, 28-d NOECs of fish surviving from 4-nitrophenol exposures were significantly affected by temperature, but the highest value exceeded the lowest by only a factor of two. The overall data suggest that variations of salinity and temperature do not change the NOEC; only the exposure time required to attain the same NOEC is altered. C1 US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, TECH RESOURCES INC, GULF COAST RES LAB, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, NATL FISHERIES RES CTR, LA CROSSE, WI 54602 USA. MCMASTER UNIV, HAMILTON L8S 4L8, ONTARIO, CANADA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 1 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[85:SATEOC]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MP595 UT WOS:A1994MP59500012 ER PT J AU HOKE, RA ANKLEY, GT COTTER, AM GOLDENSTEIN, T KOSIAN, PA PHIPPS, GL VANDERMEIDEN, FM AF HOKE, RA ANKLEY, GT COTTER, AM GOLDENSTEIN, T KOSIAN, PA PHIPPS, GL VANDERMEIDEN, FM TI EVALUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING THEORY FOR PREDICTING ACUTE TOXICITY OF FIELD-COLLECTED SEDIMENTS CONTAMINATED WITH DDT, DDE AND DDD TO THE AMPHIPOD HYALELLA-AZTECA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING; SEDIMENT; ACUTE TOXICITY; DDT; HYALELLA-AZTECA ID CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; WHEELER RESERVOIR; QUALITY CRITERIA; GREAT-LAKES; ALABAMA; REPRODUCTION; COEFFICIENTS; TRIBUTARIES; POLLUTANTS; ORGANISMS AB DDT is a persistent and toxic nonionic organic chemical commonly present as a contaminant in aquatic sediments. As a result of effluent discharges by a chemical company manufacturing DDT on the Redstone Army Arsenal near Huntsville, Alabama, the water column, sediment, and biota of the Huntsville Spring Branch-Indian Creek stream system (HSB-IC) became heavily contaminated with DDT and its metabolites, DDE and DDD. Because DDT appeared to be the primary contaminant in the system, an investigation was begun to evaluate equilibrium partitioning theory (EqP) as a basis for predicting the free pore-water concentrations in and toxicity of DDT-contaminated sediments from the system. In 10-d laboratory, flow-through, water-only exposures with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, LC50 values of 0.07 (0.06-0.28), 1.66 (1.55-1.78), and 0. 19 (0.160. 41) mug/L were determined for p,p'-DDT, DDE, and DDD, respectively. Bulk sediment toxicity assays also were conducted with Hyalella azteca and pore waters analyzed for the p, p'- and o, p'-isomers of DDT, DDE, and DDD. Measured and EqP-predicted pore-water chemical concentrations generally agreed within one order of magnitude. Predicted or measured Hyalella azteca 10-d pore-water LC50 values for DDT and DDD also were similar to water-only LC50 values for Hyalella azteca. These data demonstrate an effect-based EqP prediction of the toxicity of field-collected sediments contaminated by a nonionic organic compound and the potential utility of the EqP approach for developing sediment quality criteria. C1 ASCI CORP,DULUTH,MN. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 55 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 1 BP 157 EP 166 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[157:EOEPTF]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA MP595 UT WOS:A1994MP59500021 ER PT B AU ROOS, KF AF ROOS, KF BE Campbell, KL Graham, WD DelBottcher, AB TI THE AGSTAR PROGRAM - ENERGY FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SO ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND AGRICULTURE SE ASAE PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Environmentally Sound Agriculture CY APR 20-22, 1994 CL ORLANDO, FL SP UNIV FLORIDA, INST FOOD & AGR SCI, AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS, SOIL & WATER DIV, AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS, FLORIDA SECT DE LIVESTOCK MANURE; ANAEROBIC DIGESTION; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; GREENHOUSE GAS C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 BN 0-929355-47-4 J9 ASAE PUBL PY 1994 VL 94 IS 4 BP 324 EP 333 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BC57S UT WOS:A1994BC57S00046 ER PT B AU MANALE, A NARROD, C TRACHTENBERG, E AF MANALE, A NARROD, C TRACHTENBERG, E BE Campbell, KL Graham, WD DelBottcher, AB TI OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE TO THE VERTICAL INTEGRATOR OR FOOD PROCESSOR TO ACHIEVE WATER QUALITY BENEFITS IN THE DAIRY AND POULTRY INDUSTRIES SO ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND AGRICULTURE SE ASAE PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Environmentally Sound Agriculture CY APR 20-22, 1994 CL ORLANDO, FL SP UNIV FLORIDA, INST FOOD & AGR SCI, AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS, SOIL & WATER DIV, AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS, FLORIDA SECT C1 US EPA,AGR POLICY BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 BN 0-929355-47-4 J9 ASAE PUBL PY 1994 VL 94 IS 4 BP 344 EP 352 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BC57S UT WOS:A1994BC57S00048 ER PT B AU CARTER, KE AF CARTER, KE GP SOC TECH COMMUN TI BUILDING A CONSTITUENCY THROUGH OUTREACH SO EXPLORE COMMUNICATION: 41ST ANNUAL CONFERENCE, SOCIETY FOR TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION, 1994 PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Conference of the Society-for-Technical-Communication: Explore Communication CY MAY 15-18, 1994 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN SP SOC TECH COMMUN C1 US EPA,NATL VEHICLE & FUEL EMISS LAB,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION PI ARLINGTON PA 901 N STUART ST, SUITE 904, ARLINGTON, VA 22203-1854 BN 0-914548-79-4 PY 1994 BP 51 EP 52 PG 2 WC Communication; Education & Educational Research; Management SC Communication; Education & Educational Research; Business & Economics GA BB40C UT WOS:A1994BB40C00028 ER PT J AU SUSSMAN, R AF SUSSMAN, R TI PROPOSED CHANGES IN FOOD SAFETY LEGISLATION SO FOOD AND DRUG LAW JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Educational Conference of the Food-and-Drug-Law-Institute CY DEC 13-15, 1993 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP FOOD & DRUG LAW INST RP SUSSMAN, R (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD DRUG LAW INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1000 VERMONT AVE NW, SUITE 1200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4903 SN 0015-6361 J9 FOOD DRUG LAW J JI Food Drug Law J. PY 1994 VL 49 IS 2 BP 421 EP 423 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology; Law; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Food Science & Technology; Government & Law; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA PP637 UT WOS:A1994PP63700010 ER PT J AU ZELIKOFF, JT SMIALOWICZ, R BIGAZZI, PE GOYER, RA LAWRENCE, DA MAIBACH, HI GARDNER, D AF ZELIKOFF, JT SMIALOWICZ, R BIGAZZI, PE GOYER, RA LAWRENCE, DA MAIBACH, HI GARDNER, D TI IMMUNOMODULATION BY METALS SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID INDUCED AUTOIMMUNITY; BROWN NORWAY; T-CELLS; MERCURY; LEAD; INVITRO; RATS; EXPRESSION C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV CONNECTICUT,CTR HLTH,FARMINGTON,CT 06032. UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,LONDON N6A 5C1,ON,CANADA. ALBANY MED COLL,ALBANY,NY 12208. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO HOSP,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP ZELIKOFF, JT (reprint author), NYU,MED CTR,550 1ST AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10016, USA. NR 28 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 22 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1006/faat.1994.1001 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA MT496 UT WOS:A1994MT49600001 PM 7907300 ER PT J AU JASKOT, RH COSTA, DL AF JASKOT, RH COSTA, DL TI TOXICITY OF AN ANTHRAQUINONE VIOLET DYE MIXTURE FOLLOWING INHALATION EXPOSURE, INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION, OR GAVAGE SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAT; CYTOCHROME-P-450 C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP JASKOT, RH (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 22 IS 1 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1006/faat.1994.1013 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA MT496 UT WOS:A1994MT49600013 PM 8125203 ER PT B AU BIRNBAUM, LS AF BIRNBAUM, LS BE Andrews, JS Frumkin, H Johnson, BL Mehlman, MA Xintaras, C Bucsela, JA TI ADVANCES IN ESTIMATING AND PREDICTING HEALTH EFFECTS FROM EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS SO HAZARDOUS WASTE AND PUBLIC HEALTH: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Congress on the Health Effects of Hazardous Waste - Hazardous Waste and Public Health CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY, ASSOC OCCUPAT & ENVIRONM CLIN, ASSOC SCH PUBLIC HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL INST OCCUPAT SAFETY & HLTH, CHEM MANUFACTURERS ASSOC, EMORY UNIV, CARTER CTR, EMORY UNIV, SCH PUBLIC HLTH, INT LABOUR ORG, UN, ENVIRONM PROGRAMME, WHO, INT PROGRAMME CHEM SAFETY, INT LIFE SCI INST, INT SOC ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL, INT SOC EXPOSURE ANAL, NIH, NIEHS, PAN AMER HLTH ORG, SIERRA CLUB, US EPA RP BIRNBAUM, LS (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 BN 0-911131-52-3 PY 1994 BP 435 EP 447 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BC34E UT WOS:A1994BC34E00060 ER PT B AU HIATT, GFS COGLIANO, VJ BECKER, RA SIEGEL, DM DEN, A AF HIATT, GFS COGLIANO, VJ BECKER, RA SIEGEL, DM DEN, A BE Andrews, JS Frumkin, H Johnson, BL Mehlman, MA Xintaras, C Bucsela, JA TI VINYL CHLORIDE ACTION LEVELS - INDOOR AIR EXPOSURES AT A SUPERFUND SITE SO HAZARDOUS WASTE AND PUBLIC HEALTH: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Congress on the Health Effects of Hazardous Waste - Hazardous Waste and Public Health CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY, ASSOC OCCUPAT & ENVIRONM CLIN, ASSOC SCH PUBLIC HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL INST OCCUPAT SAFETY & HLTH, CHEM MANUFACTURERS ASSOC, EMORY UNIV, CARTER CTR, EMORY UNIV, SCH PUBLIC HLTH, INT LABOUR ORG, UN, ENVIRONM PROGRAMME, WHO, INT PROGRAMME CHEM SAFETY, INT LIFE SCI INST, INT SOC ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL, INT SOC EXPOSURE ANAL, NIH, NIEHS, PAN AMER HLTH ORG, SIERRA CLUB, US EPA RP HIATT, GFS (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 BN 0-911131-52-3 PY 1994 BP 525 EP 529 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BC34E UT WOS:A1994BC34E00067 ER PT B AU MUMTAZ, MM DURKIN, P DIAMOND, GL AF MUMTAZ, MM DURKIN, P DIAMOND, GL BE Andrews, JS Frumkin, H Johnson, BL Mehlman, MA Xintaras, C Bucsela, JA TI EXERCISES IN THE USE OF WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE APPROACH FOR CHEMICAL-MIXTURE INTERACTIONS SO HAZARDOUS WASTE AND PUBLIC HEALTH: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Congress on the Health Effects of Hazardous Waste - Hazardous Waste and Public Health CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY, ASSOC OCCUPAT & ENVIRONM CLIN, ASSOC SCH PUBLIC HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL INST OCCUPAT SAFETY & HLTH, CHEM MANUFACTURERS ASSOC, EMORY UNIV, CARTER CTR, EMORY UNIV, SCH PUBLIC HLTH, INT LABOUR ORG, UN, ENVIRONM PROGRAMME, WHO, INT PROGRAMME CHEM SAFETY, INT LIFE SCI INST, INT SOC ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL, INT SOC EXPOSURE ANAL, NIH, NIEHS, PAN AMER HLTH ORG, SIERRA CLUB, US EPA RP MUMTAZ, MM (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 BN 0-911131-52-3 PY 1994 BP 637 EP 642 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BC34E UT WOS:A1994BC34E00081 ER PT B AU HUDNELL, HK BOYES, WK OTTO, DA HOUSE, DE CREASON, JP GELLER, AM BROADWELL, DK AF HUDNELL, HK BOYES, WK OTTO, DA HOUSE, DE CREASON, JP GELLER, AM BROADWELL, DK BE Andrews, JS Frumkin, H Johnson, BL Mehlman, MA Xintaras, C Bucsela, JA TI BATTERY OF NEUROBEHAVIORAL TESTS RECOMMENDED AT ATSDR - SOLVENT-INDUCED DEFICITS IN MICROELECTRONIC WORKERS SO HAZARDOUS WASTE AND PUBLIC HEALTH: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Congress on the Health Effects of Hazardous Waste - Hazardous Waste and Public Health CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY, ASSOC OCCUPAT & ENVIRONM CLIN, ASSOC SCH PUBLIC HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL INST OCCUPAT SAFETY & HLTH, CHEM MANUFACTURERS ASSOC, EMORY UNIV, CARTER CTR, EMORY UNIV, SCH PUBLIC HLTH, INT LABOUR ORG, UN, ENVIRONM PROGRAMME, WHO, INT PROGRAMME CHEM SAFETY, INT LIFE SCI INST, INT SOC ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL, INT SOC EXPOSURE ANAL, NIH, NIEHS, PAN AMER HLTH ORG, SIERRA CLUB, US EPA RP HUDNELL, HK (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 BN 0-911131-52-3 PY 1994 BP 690 EP 697 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BC34E UT WOS:A1994BC34E00087 ER PT B AU GOODE, PR AF GOODE, PR BE Andrews, JS Frumkin, H Johnson, BL Mehlman, MA Xintaras, C Bucsela, JA TI ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION AMBIENT MONITORING SYSTEM SO HAZARDOUS WASTE AND PUBLIC HEALTH: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Congress on the Health Effects of Hazardous Waste - Hazardous Waste and Public Health CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY, ASSOC OCCUPAT & ENVIRONM CLIN, ASSOC SCH PUBLIC HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL INST OCCUPAT SAFETY & HLTH, CHEM MANUFACTURERS ASSOC, EMORY UNIV, CARTER CTR, EMORY UNIV, SCH PUBLIC HLTH, INT LABOUR ORG, UN, ENVIRONM PROGRAMME, WHO, INT PROGRAMME CHEM SAFETY, INT LIFE SCI INST, INT SOC ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL, INT SOC EXPOSURE ANAL, NIH, NIEHS, PAN AMER HLTH ORG, SIERRA CLUB, US EPA RP GOODE, PR (reprint author), US EPA,MONTGOMERY,AL, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 BN 0-911131-52-3 PY 1994 BP 896 EP 900 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BC34E UT WOS:A1994BC34E00111 ER PT J AU ALEXANDER, B RODMAN, N WHITE, SB PHILLIPS, J AF ALEXANDER, B RODMAN, N WHITE, SB PHILLIPS, J TI AREAS OF THE UNITED-STATES WITH ELEVATED SCREENING LEVELS OF RN-222 SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE RN-222; SURVEYS; SCREENING MEASUREMENTS; CHARCOAL CANISTERS ID INDOOR AB As part of an Environmental Protection Agency/ State cooperative program, 38 of the 48 contiguous states have successfully conducted probability-based surveys of indoor Rn-222. These surveys produced short-term screening measurements in similar or equal to 55,000 randomly selected houses. An objective common to all surveys was to identify geographic regions within the state with elevated screening levels of Rn-222. This paper examines the survey results as they relate to this objective. The 38 states were partitioned into 225 geographic regions and summary statistics of Rn-222 concentrations (e.g., arithmetic mean, geometric mean, percentage of houses exceeding a specified level) and associated 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each region. Twenty-four of the 225 regions had arithmetic means exceeding 222 Po m(-3) (6 pCi L(-1)); these are analyzed in detail. C1 US EPA, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RP ALEXANDER, B (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 66 IS 1 BP 50 EP 54 DI 10.1097/00004032-199401000-00007 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA MM993 UT WOS:A1994MM99300008 PM 8253578 ER PT B AU HUTCHINS, SR WILSON, JT AF HUTCHINS, SR WILSON, JT BE Hinchee, RE Alleman, BC Hoeppel, RE Miller, RN TI NITRATE-BASED BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED AQUIFER AT PARK CITY, KANSAS - SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATABILITY STUDY SO HYDROCARBON BIOREMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation CY APR, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP BATTELLE MEM INST C1 US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM LAB,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-984-0 PY 1994 BP 80 EP 92 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Environmental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering GA BA56C UT WOS:A1994BA56C00008 ER PT B AU WILSON, JT KAMPBELL, DH ARMSTRONG, J AF WILSON, JT KAMPBELL, DH ARMSTRONG, J BE Hinchee, RE Alleman, BC Hoeppel, RE Miller, RN TI NATURAL BIORECLAMATION OF ALKYLBENZENES (BTEX) FROM A GASOLINE SPILL IN METHANOGENIC GROUNDWATER SO HYDROCARBON BIOREMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation CY APR, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP BATTELLE MEM INST C1 US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM LAB,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-984-0 PY 1994 BP 201 EP 218 PG 18 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Environmental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering GA BA56C UT WOS:A1994BA56C00019 ER PT B AU HERRINGTON, RT SAYLES, GD FURLONG, CE RICHTER, RJ VENOSA, AD AF HERRINGTON, RT SAYLES, GD FURLONG, CE RICHTER, RJ VENOSA, AD BE Hinchee, RE Alleman, BC Hoeppel, RE Miller, RN TI EVALUATION OF LIPOSOME-ENCAPSULATED CASEIN AS A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR OIL-SPILL BIOREMEDIATION SO HYDROCARBON BIOREMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation CY APR, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP BATTELLE MEM INST C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-984-0 PY 1994 BP 303 EP 310 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Environmental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering GA BA56C UT WOS:A1994BA56C00032 ER PT J AU MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y AF MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y TI A MATHEMATICAL-MODEL FOR AEROSOL DEPOSITION IN THE RESPIRATORY-TRACT OF THE GUINEA-PIG SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DEPOSITION; PATTERNS; TREE AB Laboratory animals are used as surrogates in inhalation exposure studies for (I) risk assessments of air pollutants and (2) evaluations of pharmacologic drugs. Herein, a mathematical model is presented that identifies factors affecting the regional distributions of inhaled aerosols within the complete respiratory system of the guinea pig. The model couples empirical and deterministic techniques. An original empirical formula is presented to describe particle losses in airways of the head and throat. Regarding the lung, its structure is defined using the asymmetric morphology of Schreider and Hutchens (1980), and deposition is calculated in a deterministic manner using the protocol of Martonen et al. (1992a, 1992b). Results of our deposition model are compared separately with the theory of Schreider and Hutchens (1979) and the experimental data of Raabe et al. (1988). Principal contradictions within the morphological and computational investigations of Schreider and Hutchens (1979, 1980) are disclosed and discussed. Results of the deposition model presented herein are in qualitative agreement with the laboratory data of Raabe et al. (1988). Quantitative differences in deposition values may be attributable to different strains of guinea pig being used in the respective morphological and deposition studies. By identifying the factors that most affect the behavior of inhaled particles, our deposition model can aid in the design of inhalation exposure experiments and interpretation of data. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP MARTONEN, TB (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MAIL DROP 74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 40 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1994 VL 6 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.3109/08958379409029692 PG 19 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA MX112 UT WOS:A1994MX11200001 ER PT J AU OVERTON, JH GRAHAM, RC AF OVERTON, JH GRAHAM, RC TI MODELING THE UPTAKE OF GASES BY THE DOG NASAL-PHARYNGEAL REGION - EFFECTS OF MORPHOMETRIC AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nasal Toxicity and Dosimetry of Inhaled Xenobiotics - Implications for Human Health CY SEP 20-22, 1993 CL DURHAM, NC ID INHALED VAPORS AB A dosimetry model is used to investigate the uptake of gases by the nasal-pharyngeal region of the dog. The model accounts for cyclic air flow in the respiratory tract and absorption and desorption by air-blood barriers, diffusion and first-order chemical reactions in the barriers, blood perfusion of and circulation between respiratory tract tissues and tissues of the rest of the body, and loss of inhaled compounds by systemic extraction. The following factors that influence nasal-pharyngeal uptake are studied: length of exposure, blood-air partitioning, respiratory tract tissue first-order reactions, systemic extraction, and lower respiratory tract (LRT) uptake. The simulation results predict the following: (1) The length of time for variables (e.g., regional uptakes) to reach steady state depends on the blood-air partition coefficient and it; different for different variables for a given partition coefficient. Even if respiratory tract variables are in steady state, systemic variables may not be. (2) As the first-order tissue rate constant increases, nasal-pharyngeal uptake during both breathing phases increases for a given partition coefficient. During inhalation the nasal-pharyngeal region only absorbs. On exhalation this region may desorb or absorb, depending on the rate constant and partition coefficient; for sufficiently high rate constants, only absorption occurs. (3) Nasal-pharyngeal absorption and desorption processes are not very sensitive to systemic extraction. (4) As the thickness of the nasal-pharyngeal air-blood barrier decreases, nasal-pharyngeal uptake increases during inhalation and desorption decreases during exhalation. (5) Increasing or decreasing LRT uptake increases or decreases, respectively, both nasal-pharyngeal absorption and desorption. These results provide a better understanding of the role of nasal-pharyngeal morphometric and physicochemical properties and the influence of extranasal-pharyngeal factors on the uptake of gases. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP OVERTON, JH (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,MD-82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 1994 VL 6 SU S BP 113 EP 124 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA QD179 UT WOS:A1994QD17900010 ER PT J AU HATCH, GE HARKEMA, JR PLOPPER, CG HARRIS, L AF HATCH, GE HARKEMA, JR PLOPPER, CG HARRIS, L TI OZONE DOSIMETRY STUDIES IN THE NOSE AND EYE USING O-18 SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nasal Toxicity and Dosimetry of Inhaled Xenobiotics - Implications for Human Health CY SEP 20-22, 1993 CL DURHAM, NC ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT; O-18; RAT AB Ozone (O-3) causes site-specific morphological changes in the nasal epithelium. Some tissue sites may be more affected than others because of differences in the dose of O-3 to these sites. We have shown previously that tissues exposed to oxygen-18-labeled O-3 (O-18(3)) become labeled with O-18 and suggest that this label represents a measure of tissue O-3 dose. The present study seeks to evaluate the dose of O-3 to different sites in the nose of F344 rats and rhesus monkeys using O-18(3). Rats were exposed to 0.12 or 0.66 ppm O-18(3) for 6 h, and monkeys were exposed to 1.0 ppm O-18(3) for 2 h. Nasal epithelial tissues were sampled immediately postexposure by dissection in rats and by a freeze-grinding procedure in the excised nasal tissues of the monkeys. Excess O-18 measured mass spectrometrically in the freeze-dried nasal tissues was significantly elevated in both the monkey and rat to 2-10 ng O-18/mg dry weight. Large differences between sites were apparent, and the sites with the highest O-18 content appeared to be different in the two species. Since O-3 is thought to penetrate only a short distance into the epithelium (due to its high reactivity), a factor was derived for each sampling method for converting the units of expression from per milligram dry weight to a per mm(2) surface area. Because some sites had undetectable O-18 incorporation, a larger sample size will be required to determine statistically significant differences in O-3 dose between different tissue sites and between species. C1 LOVELACE BIOMED & ENVIRONM RES INST,INHALAT TOXICOL RES INST,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT ANAT,DAVIS,CA. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP HATCH, GE (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,MD-82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 1994 VL 6 SU S BP 125 EP 134 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA QD179 UT WOS:A1994QD17900011 ER PT J AU JARABEK, AM AF JARABEK, AM TI INHALATION RFC METHODOLOGY - DOSIMETRIC ADJUSTMENTS AND DOSE-RESPONSE ESTIMATION OF NONCANCER TOXICITY IN THE UPPER RESPIRATORY-TRACT SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nasal Toxicity and Dosimetry of Inhaled Xenobiotics - Implications for Human Health CY SEP 20-22, 1993 CL DURHAM, NC ID TOXICOLOGY; HUMANS; RAT AB Evaluation of noncancer toxicity involves the evaluation of an array of different adverse end points across various target tissues. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inhalation reference concentration (RfC) methodology represents an approach for derivation of dose-response estimates for noncancer toxicity. The RfC methodology differs from other methodologies described at this symposium in that it incorporates dosimetric adjustments to account for species-specific relationships of exposure concentration to deposited/delivered dose in order to extrapolate across species. The physicochemical characteristics of the inhaled chemical are considered as key determinants to its interaction with respiratory tract components and ultimate deposition. This article discusses the RfC approach to noncancer toxicity with emphasis on the evaluation of toxicity in the upper respiratory tract (URT). The derivation of default dosimetric adjustments for extrapolation of URT delivered dose across species is also presented. Areas of controversial interpretation or those requiring additional research are highlighted. RP JARABEK, AM (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,MD-52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 36 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 1994 VL 6 SU S BP 301 EP 325 PG 25 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA QD179 UT WOS:A1994QD17900022 ER PT J AU GUTH, DJ JARABEK, AM AF GUTH, DJ JARABEK, AM TI US EPA INHALATION REFERENCE CONCENTRATION FOR BROMOMETHANE SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nasal Toxicity and Dosimetry of Inhaled Xenobiotics - Implications for Human Health CY SEP 20-22, 1993 CL DURHAM, NC ID METHYL-BROMIDE; SOIL; RATS AB The EPA inhalation reference concentration (RfC) for bromomethane was derived based on lesions observed in rat nasal epithelium from a chronic study. Reuzel et al. (1991) exposed Wistar rats to 0, 3, 30, or 90 ppm bromomethane for 6 h/day, 5 days/wk for up to 29 mo. Hyperplastic changes in the basal cells accompanied by degeneration in the olfactory epithelium in the dorso-medial part of the nasal cavity were observed in all exposed groups of both sexes at 29 mo of exposure. These changes were concentration-related in both incidence and severity and were statistically significant at 29 mo. The effect was not statistically significant in smaller groups of animals examined after 12 or 24 mo of exposure. This study identifies a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) at 3 ppm in the rat. In the chronic National Toxicology Program (NTP) study (NTP, 1992), B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 10, 33, or 100 ppm bromomethane for 6 h/day, 5 days/wk, for either 6, 15, or 24 mo. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of olfactory epithelial necrosis and metaplasia was seen in the nasal cavities of male and female mice exposed to 100 ppm. Mice exposed to lower concentrations did not exhibit significant increases in any of the lesions. Based on the results of this study, a LOAEL of 100 ppm and a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 33 ppm was identified in mice. The RfC was based on the more sensitive effect from the rat study. The apparent 30-fold difference in the effect level between the 24- and 29-mo durations is surprising, because comparison of the effects after exposures ranging from I day to 24 mo shows similar effect levels. The LOAEL of 3 mg/m(3) was adjusted to a continuous exposure scenario [LOAEL(ADJ) = 2.08 mg/mg3], and the human equivalent concentration was calculated to be 0.48 mg/m3. This value was divided by an uncertainty factor of 100, which includes intraspecies uncertainty, use of a LOAEL for a mild effect, and interspecies extrapolation. The resulting RfC is 5 mu g/m(3). RP GUTH, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,HAZARDOUS POLLUTANT ASSESSMENT BRANCH,MD-52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 1994 VL 6 SU S BP 327 EP 339 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA QD179 UT WOS:A1994QD17900023 ER PT J AU FOUREMAN, GL GREENBERG, MM SANGHA, GK STUART, BP SHIOTSUKA, RN THYSSEN, JH AF FOUREMAN, GL GREENBERG, MM SANGHA, GK STUART, BP SHIOTSUKA, RN THYSSEN, JH TI EVALUATION OF NASAL TRACT LESIONS IN DERIVATION OF THE INHALATION REFERENCE CONCENTRATION FOR HEXAMETHYLENE DIISOCYANATE SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nasal Toxicity and Dosimetry of Inhaled Xenobiotics - Implications for Human Health CY SEP 20-22, 1993 CL DURHAM, NC ID LUNG-FUNCTION; EXPOSURE; HDI; PAINTERS AB Derivation of the inhalation reference concentration (RfC) for HDI, a highly reactive and irritant gas, required consideration of several scientific issues, including toxicological judgment on severity versus incidence of lesions, and occurrence and toxicological significance of adaptive nasal lesions. Analysis of data from a chronic study with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) revealed that the lesion incidence within the nasal cavity was not a clear indicator of toxicologic significance. Although chronic inflammation exhibited a clear concentration-response relationship for incidence, the corresponding severity scores for this lesion were virtually unchanged. Degeneration of the olfactory epithelium did follow a concentration-response relationship for both incidence and severity. Such results indicate that information on both incidence and severity may be necessary to make valid toxicological judgments. A considerable portion of nasal cavity histopathology in the animals exposed to HDI may be considered adaptive. Exposure of nasal tissues to an irritant, such as HDI, may lead to increased production of mucus, morphologic changes in or replacement of sensitive cells, and barriers at the irritant/tissue interface. The histopathological manifestations of these events (mucus hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and keratinization of respiratory epithelium) were all observed in this study. The boundary between an adaptive and toxic response is not always clearly delineated, and, in this case, many of these alterations may be considered to be adaptive rather than a functional impairment. Thus, many of these alterations are not clearly adverse toxic responses. On the other hand, degeneration of the olfactory epithelium is clearly adverse. The RfC derived for HDI is 0.01 mu g/m(3) based on a chronic inhalation study in rats with a critical effect of olfactory epithelial degeneration. C1 MILES INC,DIV AGR,STILWELL,KS. RP FOUREMAN, GL (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,HAZARDOUS POLLUTANT ASSESSMENT BRANCH,MD-52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 1994 VL 6 SU S BP 341 EP 355 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA QD179 UT WOS:A1994QD17900024 ER PT S AU BRAZNER, JC MAGNUSON, JJ AF BRAZNER, JC MAGNUSON, JJ BE Sladeckova, A TI PATTERNS OF FISH SPECIES RICHNESS AND ABUNDANCE IN COASTAL MARSHES AND OTHER NEARSHORE HABITATS IN GREEN BAY, LAKE MICHIGAN SO INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS, VOL 25, PT 4 SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology Congress CY 1992 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP INT ASSOC THEORET & APPL LIMNOL C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 3-510-54043-3 J9 PROC INT ASSOC THEOR PY 1994 VL 25 BP 2098 EP 2104 PN 4 PG 7 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BC18H UT WOS:A1994BC18H00011 ER PT J AU WATTS, R LEWTAS, J STEVENS, R HARTLAGE, T PINTO, J WILLIAMS, R HATTAWAY, K MISKOVA, I BENES, I KOTESOVEC, F SRAM, R AF WATTS, R LEWTAS, J STEVENS, R HARTLAGE, T PINTO, J WILLIAMS, R HATTAWAY, K MISKOVA, I BENES, I KOTESOVEC, F SRAM, R TI CZECH-UNITED-STATES EPA HEALTH STUDY - ASSESSMENT OF PERSONAL AND AMBIENT AIR EXPOSURES TO PAH AND ORGANIC MUTAGENS IN THE TEPLICE DISTRICT OF NORTHERN BOHEMIA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CZECH-REPUBLIC; AIR POLLUTION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH); MUTAGENS ID PARTICULATE MATTER; SALMONELLA MUTAGENICITY; COMPLEX-MIXTURES; FRACTIONATION; CARCINOGENS; SMOKE; AREA AB For over 40 years the Northern Bohemia area of the Czech Republic has been characterized by heavy industrialization, open pit mining, and utilization of high sulfur brown coal by industry and in residential home heating. These conditions have resulted in severe environmental pollution and concern over evidence of adverse health effects for residents in the region. Beginning in August 1991, Czech scientists from the Teplice District Institute of Hygiene and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency researchers from die Health Effects Research Laboratory and the Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory cooperated in conducting pilot studies in the Teplice District, which is centrally located in the industrialized area. These studies determined ambient concentrations and personal exposures to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic mutagens. Active personal air samplers were used in personal exposure studies of coal miners, policemen and other workers in the Teplice district. Stationary medium-volume (PM10) and high-volume (PM2.5 and TSP) samplers were also used to collect ambient air samples. Personal sampler results from 24 h sampling in January 1992 of a group of Teplice policemen showed BaP exposures averaged 40 ng/m3. Ambient high-volume (HiVol) air sampling results from 12 h nighttime samples collected in Teplice between February 17 and March 27, 1992 showed particle-associated BaP averaged 12 ng/m3 and ranged from 2-34 ng/m3. The sixteen PAHs that were quantified averaged 131 ng/m3 for the same time periods. Approximately 50% of the particle-bound PAH concentrations in Teplice air resulted from compounds that are carcinogenic in animals. Mutagen concentrations and potency were determined by the Ames plate incorporation assay. The mutagenic potency of extractable organics from ambient air particles was higher than those for U.S. residential areas that are heavily impacted by wood smoke but similar to those from U.S. cities more heavily impacted by vehicle emissions. This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. C1 DIST INST HYG,CS-41665 TEPLICE,CZECH REPUBLIC. INST ADV STUDIES,CS-14000 PRAGUE 4,CZECH REPUBLIC. US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP WATTS, R (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD68A,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 22 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 1994 VL 56 IS 4 BP 271 EP 287 DI 10.1080/03067319408034107 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA PK999 UT WOS:A1994PK99900002 ER PT J AU SMITH, DF KLEINDIENST, TE HUDGENS, EE BUFALINI, JJ AF SMITH, DF KLEINDIENST, TE HUDGENS, EE BUFALINI, JJ TI MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC ATMOSPHERIC TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS BY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS; PHOTOOXIDATION; DETAILED HYDROCARBON MEASUREMENTS ID MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; AMBIENT AIR; PHOTOOXIDATION; 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE; HYDROCARBONS; EMISSIONS; ALDEHYDES; TOLUENE; PHASE AB The photooxidation of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere leads to the formation of organic species which are typically more polar in character than the parent compounds. In recent years, detailed hydrocarbon measurements for C1 to C10 alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics in the atmosphere have involved the use of deactivated canisters and gas chromatography, similar to that described by EPA Method TO-14. However, quantitative measurements of atmospheric polar organic compounds by this method are unreliable. Work in this laboratory frequently involves the analysis of sample mixtures from smog chambers that are used to simulate urban atmospheres for studying the formation of ozone and other potentially hazardous compounds. Over the past several years we have developed an inert cryogenic sampling system and related GC methods for the analysis of the photochemical mixtures which are sensitive, reproducible and provide adequate separation for non-polar hydrocarbons and their polar transformation products. These improvements have allowed a number of kinetic and mechanistic studies to be conducted, which in the past have only been possible using in-situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. This paper describes the system development including current strengths and limitations as applicable to experimental programs requiring measurements of polar organic compounds at near-atmospheric concentrations. C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP SMITH, DF (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM SCI INC,POB 12313,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 1994 VL 54 IS 4 BP 265 EP 281 DI 10.1080/03067319408034094 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NE956 UT WOS:A1994NE95600002 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, R MEARES, J BROOKS, L WATTS, R LEMIEUX, P AF WILLIAMS, R MEARES, J BROOKS, L WATTS, R LEMIEUX, P TI PRIORITY POLLUTANT PAH ANALYSIS OF INCINERATOR EMISSION PARTICLES USING HPLC AND OPTIMIZED FLUORESCENCE DETECTION SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS); HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; MUNICIPAL; COMBUSTION; EXTRACTS AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has investigated particle emissions from the incineration of various waste feeds. Emission particles from the incineration of municipal, medical/pathological, plastic and mixed wastes were captured and subsequently tested for biological activity. An ion-exchange fractionation of emission extracts yielded a base/neutral subfraction that contained a large portion of the total biological activity found. This subfraction was known to contain nonpolar neutrals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are known mutagens and carcinogens. A modified version of U.S. EPA Method 610 for PAHs was utilized to quantify 15 of the 16 priority pollutant PAHs found in emission particle extracts. Modification of HPLC Method 610 consisted of time-programmed excitation and emission wavelength selection for fluorescence detection and use of a PAH-specific, reverse-phase C18LC column. Only the PAH acenaphthylene, which has a low fluorescence intensity, could not be quantified at the desired levels using optimized fluorescence detection. PAH detection limits from 0.001 to 0.07 ng/ml extract were obtained. Emission rates based upon extractable organic matter, stack gas, mass of combusted waste and heating potential were calculated for each PAH and incinerator. C1 US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP WILLIAMS, R (reprint author), ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,POB 12199,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 19 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 1994 VL 54 IS 4 BP 299 EP 314 DI 10.1080/03067319408034096 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NE956 UT WOS:A1994NE95600004 ER PT J AU PEDEN, DB DAILEY, L CARTER, J QUAY, J BECKER, S DEVLIN, R AF PEDEN, DB DAILEY, L CARTER, J QUAY, J BECKER, S DEVLIN, R TI EFFECT OF ALLERGEN CHALLENGE ON NASAL IL-8 LEVELS IN ALLERGIC ASTHMATICS SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. TRC ENVIRONM CORP,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 93 IS 1 BP 235 EP 235 PN 2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA MV317 UT WOS:A1994MV31700432 ER PT J AU BELOIAN, A AF BELOIAN, A TI DISINFECTANTS SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article RP BELOIAN, A (reprint author), US EPA,H7503W,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 1994 VL 77 IS 1 BP 123 EP 124 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA MX271 UT WOS:A1994MX27100021 ER PT J AU AUGUSTIJN, DCM JESSUP, RE RAO, PSC WOOD, AL AF AUGUSTIJN, DCM JESSUP, RE RAO, PSC WOOD, AL TI REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS BY SOLVENT FLUSHING SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; SORPTION KINETICS; NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION; MIXED-SOLVENTS; TRANSPORT; COSOLVENTS; SOLUBILITY; WATER; DISPLACEMENT; EQUILIBRIUM AB Solvent flushing is a potential technique for remediating a waste disposal/spill site contaminated with organic chemicals. This technique involves the injection of a solvent mixture (e.g., water plus alcohols) that enhances contaminant solubility, reduces the retardation factor, and increases the release rates of the contaminants. A simulation model is developed to predict contaminant elution curves during solvent flushing for the case of one-dimensional, steady flow through a contaminated medium. Column experiments are conducted with a Eustis fine sand that is initially equilibrated with an aqueous naphthalene solution, and then eluted with different methanol-water mixtures to remove the naphthalene. The model simulations, based on parameter values estimated from literature data, agree well with the measured elution profiles. Solvent flushing experiments, where the soil was initially equilibrated with a solution of naphthalene and anthracene, show that compounds with different retardation factors are separated at low cosolvent contents, while coelution of the compounds occurs at higher contents. In general, the smaller the retardation factor in water and the higher the cosolvent fraction, the faster the contaminant is recovered. The presence of nonequilibrium conditions, soil heterogeneity, and type of cosolvent will influence the time required to recover the contaminant. C1 US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. RP AUGUSTIJN, DCM (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 32 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN-FEB PY 1994 VL 120 IS 1 BP 42 EP 57 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:1(42) PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MT216 UT WOS:A1994MT21600004 ER PT J AU QI, SY ADHAM, SS SNOEYINK, VL LYKINS, BW AF QI, SY ADHAM, SS SNOEYINK, VL LYKINS, BW TI PREDICTION AND VERIFICATION OF ATRAZINE ADSORPTION BY PAC SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID FIXED-BED ADSORBERS; ACTIVATED CARBON; DESIGN; WATER; MODEL; ORGANICS; REMOVAL; REACTOR AB A procedure was developed to predict the removal of trace organic compounds from natural water by powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption systems, which function as a batch reactor or a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The procedure uses the equivalent background compound method coupled with the ideal adsorbed solution theory to quantify the competition between trace organics and background organic matter in water, and uses the pseudo single-solute homogeneous surface diffusion model to describe the adsorption kinetics of the target compound under the influence of the background organic matter. The parameters required by the model as input data can be independently determined from adsorption isotherms and a set of batch kinetic test data. Good agreement between predicted and actual performance was found for adsorption of atrazine from Central Illinois ground water at different initial concentrations and different carbon doses using a batch reactor and two CSTRs, one of which was a PAC/ultrafiltration system. C1 US EPA,SYST & FIELD EVALUAT BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45286. RP QI, SY (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CIV ENGRG,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. RI Qi, Shaoying/A-2837-2008 NR 25 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 16 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN-FEB PY 1994 VL 120 IS 1 BP 202 EP 218 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:1(202) PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA MT216 UT WOS:A1994MT21600014 ER PT J AU JEFFERS, PM COTY, P LUCZAK, S WOLFE, NL AF JEFFERS, PM COTY, P LUCZAK, S WOLFE, NL TI HALOCARBON HYDROLYSIS RATES - A SEARCH FOR IONIC-STRENGTH AND HETEROGENEOUS EFFECTS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING & TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CONTROL LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT; ETHANES; WATER AB Ten chlorinated or fluorinated alkanes and alkenes were hydrolyzed in deionized aqueous solution, in ''sea water'', or in the presence of 11 different crushed solid minerals including sulfides, oxides, hydroxides, and aquifer materials. No changes in the observed hydrolysis rates were found upon changing from a pure water environment to one of high ionic strength or of significant potential heterogeneous catalytic activity for these typical halogenated hydrocarbons. Successive partial substitution of fluorine for chlorine in the ethanes was shown to retard hydrolysis by one to five orders of magnitude. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP JEFFERS, PM (reprint author), SUNY COLL CORTLAND,DEPT CHEM,CORTLAND,NY 13045, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1077-1204 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Environ. Sci. Eng. Toxic Hazard. Subst. Control PY 1994 VL 29 IS 4 BP 821 EP 831 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NN239 UT WOS:A1994NN23900014 ER PT J AU BLACK, WV OCONNOR, OA KOSSON, DS AHLERT, RC BRUGGER, JE AF BLACK, WV OCONNOR, OA KOSSON, DS AHLERT, RC BRUGGER, JE TI SLURRY-BASED BIOTREATMENT OF POLYARYL CONTAMINANTS SORBED ONTO SOIL SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING & TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CONTROL LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SEDIMENT; DEGRADATION AB Whole soil samples were obtained from a site immediately adjacent to an impoundment used for disposal of still bottoms residue from a benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) production process. Research examined the effects of other operating conditions on the biotreatment process such as inoculum source, temperature and suspended solids concentration. The effects of humic substances and humic acid metabolites on the biodegradation of polyaryl species and measurements of biological activity also were assessed. Uncontaminated whole soil, was fed to the active bioreactor to determine the contribution of humic material to measurements of the biodegradation process including UV absorbance of slurry extracts, aqueous total organic carbon (TOC), carbon dioxide evolution and acid production. Significant reductions of marker species concentrations, often to levels below detection limits, are observed with low, medium and some high molecular weight aromatic and polyaryl species. C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1077-1204 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Environ. Sci. Eng. Toxic Hazard. Subst. Control PY 1994 VL 29 IS 4 BP 833 EP 843 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NN239 UT WOS:A1994NN23900015 ER PT J AU KONG, IC HUBBARD, JS JONES, WJ AF KONG, IC HUBBARD, JS JONES, WJ TI DECHLORINATION ACTIVITY (CROSS-ACCLIMATION) OF FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS ADAPTED TO MONO-CHLOROPHENOLS AND DI-CHLOROPHENOLS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING & TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CONTROL LA English DT Article DE REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; DICHLOROPHENOL (DCP); REGIOSPECIFICITY; ANOXIC SEDIMENTS ID ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; CHLORINATED PHENOLS; WATER SEDIMENTS; DEHALOGENATION; DEGRADATION AB The reductive dechlorination of chlorophenols (CPs) in sediment slurries (10% solids) adapted to dechlorinate mono- and di-CPs (DCP) was investigated to define the regiospecificity of the dechlorination reaction. Unadapted sediment slurries amended with various ortho-substituted CPs exhibited lag periods ranging from 8 to 12 days before the onset of dechlorination. In contrast, 2- and 3-CP as well as 2,3- and 2,4-DCP were dechlorinated without a lag period by sediments adapted to transform 2-CP. Dechlorination of 4-CP was not observed after incubation for 35 days. Adaptation to 2-CP, therefore, enhanced the onset of dechlorination of 3-CP and all ortho-substituted CPs tested. Dechlorination of 2-CP, 3-CP, 2,3-DCP, and 3,4-DCP was also effected without a lag period by sediments adapted to transform 3-CP. Sediments adapted to dechlorinate individual DCPs (2,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-DCP) exhibited dechlorination of 2-CP, 2,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-DCP without a lag phase. The preference for dechlorination by 2,3- and 2,4-DCP adapted sediments was at the ortho chlorine. 3,4-DCP adapted sediments, which preferentially dechlorinate at the para position of 3,4-DCP, exhibited rapid dechlorination of the ortho and meta chlorines of all mono- and di-CPs tested. Interestingly, dechlorination at the para position was not detected when 4-CP was incubated with 3,4-DCP adapted sediment. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30332. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1077-1204 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Environ. Sci. Eng. Toxic Hazard. Subst. Control PY 1994 VL 29 IS 5 BP 921 EP 939 PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NU994 UT WOS:A1994NU99400007 ER PT J AU WAN, L MORGAN, E GEORGE, D ADAMS, D BERK, S AF WAN, L MORGAN, E GEORGE, D ADAMS, D BERK, S TI USING MICROCOSMS TO ASSESS AERATION, CEMENT, AND CLAY MITIGATION OF IRON CONTAMINATED LAKE-SEDIMENTS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING & TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CONTROL LA English DT Article ID BACTERIA AB A sediment-water phase laboratory microcosm experiment was designed to assess iron dynamics for Fall Creek Lake located in the Cumberland Plateau Region of Tennessee, the United States. Aeration, clay, and cement treatments were compared with control. Representing the lake hypolimnion, microcosms were maintained under dark conditions at 9 +/- 1 degrees C for six months. For the initial six weeks, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in clay, cement and control microcosms was 5-6 mg/L. The DO in the aerated microcosms was 10-11 mg/L. After six weeks, the DO concentration was reduced by nitrogen purging to 0-2 mg/L in all microcosms except the aerated one. All treatment microcosms demonstrated significantly lower water column iron concentrations. The rate and extent of iron release from lake sediments to water was influenced by mechanisms involving oxidation and sorption processes. Of the treatments, aeration and clay appeared to be effective in capturing iron released from sediments. Cement treatment caused high pH (10-11), high ammonia concentration (2.5 mg-N/L), and depressed bacterial density. Although efficient at capturing iron, cement treatment would not constitute a realistic environmental application because of unacceptable pH shifts in the water column. C1 TENNESSEE TECHNOL UNIV,CTR MANAGEMENT PROTECT & UTILIZAT WATER RESOURCES,COOKEVILLE,TN 38505. RP WAN, L (reprint author), UNIV W FLORIDA,US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1077-1204 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Environ. Sci. Eng. Toxic Hazard. Subst. Control PY 1994 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1491 EP 1506 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NZ162 UT WOS:A1994NZ16200017 ER PT J AU SEXTON, K WAGENER, DK SELEVAN, SG MILLER, TO LYBARGER, JA AF SEXTON, K WAGENER, DK SELEVAN, SG MILLER, TO LYBARGER, JA TI AN INVENTORY OF HUMAN EXPOSURE-RELATED DATA-BASES SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DATA BASE INVENTORY; EXPOSURE; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AB An inventory of Federally-sponsored data bases, which either have been or could be used to estimate human exposures to environmental agents, was compiled through a joint effort by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Center for Health Statistics (CDC-NCHS), and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The inventory includes sixty-seven exposure-related data systems that meet the following criteria: cover a relatively large geographical area (e.g., national, state); provide reasonable access to information; and are supported, at least in part, by Federal funds. Findings allow for comparison of data bases according to 1) exposure estimators (e.g., emission estimates, environmental measurements), 2) sample types (e.g., air, water soil, food, human tissue), 3) measured/observed parameters (e.g., pesticides, PCBs, microorganisms), 4) geographic scope (e.g., national, regional, state), 5) sample collection frequency (e.g., yearly, quarterly, daily), and 6) sample location identifiers (e.g., latitude/longitude, zip code, county). Results indicate that existing data bases were established for a variety of reasons (e.g., regulatory compliance, research, monitor environmental conditions, legal requirements) and contain information which varies widely in terms of quality, relevance, and availability. Although the inventory identifies many potential sources of information, it also highlights significant shortcomings in the available systems, including an almost complete absence of data on contact between people and environmental agents (human exposure) and on the amount of the agent that is absorbed into the body (dose). RP SEXTON, K (reprint author), US EPA,OFF HLTH RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-MAR PY 1994 VL 4 IS 1 BP 95 EP 109 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA NM365 UT WOS:A1994NM36500006 PM 7894271 ER PT J AU VELLEUX, M ENDICOTT, D AF VELLEUX, M ENDICOTT, D TI DEVELOPMENT OF A MASS-BALANCE MODEL FOR ESTIMATING PCB EXPORT FROM THE LOWER FOX RIVER TO GREEN BAY SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE FOX RIVER; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; PCBS; MASS BALANCE; LAKE MICHIGAN; RESUSPENDED SOLIDS ID SORPTIVE TOXIC-SUBSTANCES; FRESH-WATER SYSTEMS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; SOLIDS; LAKE; SEDIMENTS; MODELS AB A mass balance approach was used to model contaminant cycling in the lower Fox River from the DePere Dam to Green Bay. The objectives of this research were 1) to estimate present contaminant export from the Fox River to Green Bay, and 2) to quantify contaminant transport and fate pathways in the lower river for the study period. Specifically, a model describing the transport, fate, and export of chlorides, total suspended solids, total PCBs, and six PCB congeners for the lower Fox River was developed. Field data collected as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Green Bay Mass Balance Study were used to calibrate the model. From 10 October 1988 to 31 May 1990, the estimated total PCB export was 423 kg; for calendar year 1989, the estimate was 280 kg. Model results suggest that the transport of in-place pollutants significantly contributed to the cumulative export of total PCBs over this period. Estimated total PCB transport in the Fox River during 1989 increased 60% between the dam and river mouth due to the resuspension of lower river sediments. Total suspended solids and PCB predictions are most sensitive to particle transport parameters, particularly the settling and resuspension velocities. The significant components of the total PCB mass balance are import (loading over the DePere Dam), settling, resuspension, and export to Green Bay. Volatilization, porewater transport, and point source input were not significant to the mass balance. Present point source discharges to the river are not significant total PCB sources, collectively contributing less than 6 kg of PCB to the river during the mass balance period. C1 US EPA,GROSSE ILE,MI 48138. LARGE LAKES RES STN,GROSSE ILE,MI 48138. RP VELLEUX, M (reprint author), ASCI CORP,GROSSE ILE,MI 48138, USA. NR 49 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1994 VL 20 IS 2 BP 416 EP 434 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA NZ713 UT WOS:A1994NZ71300009 ER PT J AU FRICK, WE FOX, CG BAUMGARTNER, DJ AF FRICK, WE FOX, CG BAUMGARTNER, DJ TI IMPROVED PREDICTION OF BENDING PLUMES SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MODEL AB Integral plume models harbor a fundamental, often significant error because the standard implementation of control volumes, or elements, is inconsistent with the overall geometry of the problem. The error, called the negative volume anomaly, occurs irregularly, being contingent on there being strong bending and large plume diameter. When present it causes entrainment, i.e., dilution, to be overestimated. It is of practical significance because dilution estimates are used to design and assess diffusers. The anomaly arises when constructed round element faces intersect, as they do when plume diameters are large and plume bending is pronounced, inadvertently generating negative volume and a faulty integration of the governing equations. A modified control volume is proposed to correct the error, and its performance is demonstrated. Its development yields clues to other plume behavior, for example, how plume trajectories may respond to the asymmetrical addition of mass and its distribution in the element. C1 NOAA, HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR, NEWPORT, OR USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP FRICK, WE (reprint author), US EPA, HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR, NEWPORT, OR USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1686 J9 J HYDRAUL RES JI J. Hydraul. Res. PY 1994 VL 32 IS 6 BP 935 EP 950 DI 10.1080/00221689409498699 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA QF588 UT WOS:A1994QF58800009 ER PT J AU MUNDY, WR SHAFER, TJ FREUDENRICH, T TILSON, HA AF MUNDY, WR SHAFER, TJ FREUDENRICH, T TILSON, HA TI ALUMINUM INHIBITION OF PI HYDROLYSIS IN NEONATAL AND ADULT-RATS SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1994 VL 62 SU S BP S85 EP S85 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA NQ959 UT WOS:A1994NQ95900339 ER PT J AU PADILLA, S CHIAPPA, S KOENIGSBERGER, C BUSHNELL, P BRIMIJOIN, S AF PADILLA, S CHIAPPA, S KOENIGSBERGER, C BUSHNELL, P BRIMIJOIN, S TI CHLORPYRIFOS INCREASES BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOX,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,DEPT PHARMACOL,ROCHESTER,MN 55905. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1994 VL 62 SU S BP S49 EP S49 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA NQ959 UT WOS:A1994NQ95900195 ER PT J AU TANDON, P PADILLA, S WILLIG, S TILSON, HA AF TANDON, P PADILLA, S WILLIG, S TILSON, HA TI LEAD (PB) PERTURBS RETINAL MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR FUNCTION SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECH INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1994 VL 62 SU S BP S82 EP S82 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA NQ959 UT WOS:A1994NQ95900327 ER PT J AU TILSON, HA KODAVANTI, PRS AF TILSON, HA KODAVANTI, PRS TI CELLULAR BASIS FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL NEUROACTIVITY SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1994 VL 62 SU S BP S28 EP S28 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA NQ959 UT WOS:A1994NQ95900110 ER PT J AU KREISSL, JF SMITH, JE AF KREISSL, JF SMITH, JE TI INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY-TRANSFER - DISCUSSION SO JOURNAL OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUES IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND PRACTICE LA English DT Discussion RP KREISSL, JF (reprint author), US EPA,CTR ENVIR RES INFORMAT,OFF RES & DEV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 1052-3928 J9 J PROF ISS ENG ED PR JI J. Prof. Issues Eng. Educ. Pract. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 120 IS 1 BP 105 EP 108 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(1994)120:1(105) PG 4 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Engineering GA MZ940 UT WOS:A1994MZ94000019 ER PT J AU KEDDERIS, LB JACKSON, JA PATTERSON, DG GRAINGER, J DILIBERTO, JJ BIRNBAUM, LS AF KEDDERIS, LB JACKSON, JA PATTERSON, DG GRAINGER, J DILIBERTO, JJ BIRNBAUM, LS TI CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND DISPOSITION STUDIES WITH 1,2,7,8-TETRABROMODIBENZOFURAN IN THE RAT SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; POLYBROMINATED DIBENZOFURANS; FLAME RETARDANTS; BROMINATED DIBENZOFURANS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; DERMAL ABSORPTION; EXCRETION; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; INDUCTION; PYROLYSIS AB Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans have been identified as potential environmental contaminants. The present studies were designed to characterize the chemical disposition of a tetrabrominated dibenzofuran. The isomer-specific pattern of 1,2,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran (TBDF) was chemically characterized using high-pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, infrared absorption, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The absorption, distribution, and elimination of 1,2,7,8-[4,6-H-3]-TBDF were examined in the rat following a single oral, dermal, or intravenous dose of 1 nmol/kg. The 1,2,7,8-TBDF was rapidly excreted in the bile (approximately 50% of the dose in 8 h). Likewise, over half of the administered dose was found in the feces and intestine contents 24 h after iv administration and in feces 72 h after oral administration. Thus, the half-life of 1,2,7,8-TBDF is approximately 1 d. Major tissue depots included the liver, adipose tissue, and skin. The decline in hepatic concentrations observed in the iv and bile studies occurred in conjunction with metabolic elimination as well as a slight accumulation in adipose tissue. Dermal absorption of 1,2,7,8-TBDF, quantified as the amount contained in tissues (excluding the skin site) and excreta at 72 h, was estimated to be 2 9 % of the administered dose. Thus, the general disposition profile of 1,2,7,8-TBDF in the rat is similar to that of other polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Due to its rapid elimination, which is consistent with its predicted susceptibility to metabolic elimination, acute exposure to 1,2,7,8-TBDF would not be expected to result in the degree of toxicity associated with other more persistent congeners. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,MD-66,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENTION,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB,TOXICOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD JAN PY 1994 VL 41 IS 1 BP 53 EP 69 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA MQ779 UT WOS:A1994MQ77900002 PM 8277526 ER PT B AU ALLEN, JW COLLINS, BW CANNON, RE MCGREGOR, PW AFSHARI, A FUSCOE, JC AF ALLEN, JW COLLINS, BW CANNON, RE MCGREGOR, PW AFSHARI, A FUSCOE, JC BE Olshan, AF Mattison, DR TI ANEUPLOIDY TESTS - CYTOGENETIC ANALYSES OF MAMMALIAN MALE GERM CELLS SO MALE-MEDIATED DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY SE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity CY SEP 16-19, 1992 CL PITTSBURGH, PA C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-44815-7 J9 REPROD BIOL PY 1994 BP 59 EP 69 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA BC12K UT WOS:A1994BC12K00005 ER PT B AU ZENICK, H PERREAULT, S RICHARDS, J AF ZENICK, H PERREAULT, S RICHARDS, J BE Olshan, AF Mattison, DR TI PATERNALLY-MEDIATED DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY - IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND SCIENCE POLICY SO MALE-MEDIATED DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY SE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity CY SEP 16-19, 1992 CL PITTSBURGH, PA C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,OFF HLTH RES,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-44815-7 J9 REPROD BIOL PY 1994 BP 285 EP 292 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA BC12K UT WOS:A1994BC12K00023 ER PT J AU LAKE, JL HAEBLER, R MCKINNEY, R LAKE, CA SADOVE, SS AF LAKE, JL HAEBLER, R MCKINNEY, R LAKE, CA SADOVE, SS TI PCBS AND OTHER CHLORINATED ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN TISSUES OF JUVENILE KEMPS RIDLEY TURTLES (LEPIDOCHELYS-KEMPI) SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SNAPPING TURTLES; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL AB Concentrations of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and chlorinated pesticides were measured in liver and body fat samples of juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempi). These turtles were killed in the fall or early winter by rapid seasonal temperature drops and were collected on the eastern shores of Long Island from 1980 to 1989. These endangered organisms contained aveiage PCB concentrations (on a wet weight basis) ranging from 655 ng/g in 1980 to 272 ng/g in 1989 in the liver samples, and 1250 ng/g in 1985 to 476 ng/g in 1989 in body fat. The aveiage liver concentrations were four to ten times higher than those found in the livers of other sea turtles. The highest PCB concentration found in a Kemp's ridley turtle was more than a factor of 20 below those reported to cause reproductive effects in snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) from freshwater environments. Average yearly concentrations of other compounds in the tissues of Kemp's ridley turtles ranged from 137 to 386 ng/g (wet weight) for p,p'-DDE and from 275 to 129 ng/g (wet weight) for trans-nonachlor. Strong correlations were found between liver and body fat concentrations for PCBs (r(2) = 0.90), p,p'-DDE (r(2) = 0.80) and trans-nonachlor (r(2) = 0.93) which suggested that either tissue may be used for monitoring these contaminants in Kemp's ridley turtles. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,COMP SCI CORP,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. OKEANOS OCEAN RES FDN INC,HAMPTON BAYS,NY 11946. RP LAKE, JL (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 20 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PY 1994 VL 38 IS 4 BP 313 EP 327 DI 10.1016/0141-1136(94)90031-0 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA PN884 UT WOS:A1994PN88400006 ER PT J AU ZAROOGIAN, G YEVICH, P AF ZAROOGIAN, G YEVICH, P TI THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BROWN CELL IN CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE AB This study was undertaken to determine the role of the brown cell in Crassostrea virginica in degradative and detoxification processes. Histopathological and biochemical methods were used to study brown cells in vivo and in vitro before and after treatment with organic and inorganic compounds. Histopathological examination indicated that brown cells in the connective tissue of healthy animals were sparse, and found primarily around sinusoids and in the intertubular connective tissue of the digestive diverticula. Brown cells in the auricle were derived from connective tissue of the auricular muscle bundles and occurred on the surface and within the muscle bundles. In addition, the surface of the pericardial wall was lined with brown cells. At sites of inflammation, an increase in the number and size of brown cells occurred as well as an increase in the number and color density of brown vesicles in the cytoplasm. Brown cell isolates were separated into fractions on a Percoll discontinuous gradient. Fraction 2 contained primarily what appeared to be young brown cells (nonpigmented to lightly pigmented and granular in appearance). The majority of the cells in fraction 3 were brown cells (small to large pigmented vesicles) and fraction 4 was entirely brown vesicles (devoid of a cell membrane). Toluidine blue (soluble dye) accumulated in brown cells in vivo after injection into the visceral mass and in vitro, after addition to brown cell isolates. In comparison, carmine red (colloidal dye) did not accumulate under the same conditions. It appeared that only soluble substances accumulate in brown cells, and that brown cells are incapable of phagocytosing yeast cells. Brown cell vesicles fluoresced within 2 hours after addition of FITC-bovine serum albumen and acridine orange to cell isolates and within 24 h after whole animal injection. Cadmium and nickel accumulated in brown cell isolates curvilinearly with solute concentration and uptake was by passive diffusion. Brown cells and brown vesicles possess glutathione reductase, acid phosphatase and lysozyme which indicate the vesicles are lysosomes. Brown cells accumulate soluble foreign material and have the potential to function in detoxification and degradative processes. RP ZAROOGIAN, G (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 355 EP 373 DI 10.1016/0141-1136(94)90036-1 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA MY811 UT WOS:A1994MY81100002 ER PT B AU BRISKIN, JS AF BRISKIN, JS BE Honeycutt, RC Schabacker, DJ TI NATIONAL PESTICIDE SURVEY - METHODS, RESULTS, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS SO MECHANISMS OF PESTICIDE MOVEMENT INTO GROUND WATER LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1991 American-Chemical-Society Meeting CY APR 18, 1991 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AMER CHEM SOC C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-926-3 PY 1994 BP 143 EP 154 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA BA36C UT WOS:A1994BA36C00010 ER PT B AU JOHNSON, BR LEFFINGWELL, JT WILKERSON, MR AF JOHNSON, BR LEFFINGWELL, JT WILKERSON, MR BE Honeycutt, RC Schabacker, DJ TI ASSESSING LEACHING POTENTIAL IN CALIFORNIA UNDER THE PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION PREVENTION ACT SO MECHANISMS OF PESTICIDE MOVEMENT INTO GROUND WATER LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1991 American-Chemical-Society Meeting CY APR 18, 1991 CL ATLANTA, GA SP AMER CHEM SOC C1 US EPA,DEPT PESTICIDE REGULAT,SACRAMENTO,CA 94271. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-87371-926-3 PY 1994 BP 155 EP 163 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA BA36C UT WOS:A1994BA36C00011 ER PT J AU MARBACH, JR SONTAG, MR VANDYK, J WOLBARST, AB AF MARBACH, JR SONTAG, MR VANDYK, J WOLBARST, AB TI MANAGEMENT OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY PATIENTS WITH IMPLANTED CARDIAC-PACEMAKERS - REPORT OF AAPM TASK GROUP NO-34 SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE RADIATION ONCOLOGY; PACEMAKERS; TREATMENT PROTOCOL; COMPLICATIONS ID ELECTROMAGNETIC-INTERFERENCE; IONIZING-RADIATION; RADIOTHERAPY BEAMS; TREATMENT FIELD; DOSE LEVELS; THERAPY; SEMICONDUCTOR; FAILURE; DAMAGE AB Contemporary cardiac pacemakers can fail from radiation damage at doses as low as 10 gray and can exhibit functional changes at doses as low as 2 gray. A review and discussion of this potential problem is presented and a protocol is offered that suggests that radiation therapy patients with implanted pacemakers be planned so as to limit accumulated dose to the pacemaker to 2 gray. Although certain levels and types of electromagnetic interference can cause pacemaker malfunction, there is evidence that this is not a serious problem around most contemporary radiation therapy equipment. C1 DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. ONTARIO CANC INST, TORONTO M4X 1K9, ON, CANADA. US EPA, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RP MARBACH, JR (reprint author), CANC THERAPY & RES CTR S TEXAS, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78229 USA. NR 90 TC 96 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JAN PY 1994 VL 21 IS 1 BP 85 EP 90 PG 6 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA MU896 UT WOS:A1994MU89600012 PM 8164594 ER PT B AU ROSS, NP AF ROSS, NP GP NATL RES COUNCIL TI WHAT THE GOVERNMENT NEEDS SO MODERN INTERDISCIPLINARY UNIVERSITY STATISTICS EDUCATION, PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modern Interdisciplinary University Statistics Education/1993 San Francisco Joint Statistical Meeting CY AUG, 1993 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP NATL RES COUNCIL, COMM APPL & THEORET STAT, NATL SCI FDN C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACADEMY PRESS PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, PO BOX 285, WASHINGTON, DC 20055 BN 0-309-05033-2 PY 1994 BP 14 EP 17 PG 4 WC Education & Educational Research; Statistics & Probability SC Education & Educational Research; Mathematics GA BC49N UT WOS:A1994BC49N00003 ER PT B AU HOLLAND, WD GRIFFITH, BV BALLARD, JA AF HOLLAND, WD GRIFFITH, BV BALLARD, JA GP MARINE TECHNOL SOC TI DEBRIS ON GULF OF MEXICO BEACHES - A MEASURE OF PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS SO MTS 94 - CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Challenges and Opportunities in the Marine Environment (MTS 94) CY SEP 07-09, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP MARINE TECHNOL SOC, MARINE TECHNOL SOC, WASHINGTON, DC SECT C1 US EPA,GULF MEXICO PROGRAM OFF,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 BN 0-933957-13-0 PY 1994 BP 635 EP 641 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BD04Q UT WOS:A1994BD04Q00098 ER PT J AU SHELTON, ML ASHBY, J DEMARINI, DM AF SHELTON, ML ASHBY, J DEMARINI, DM TI MUTATION SPECTRUM OF A BINARY MIXTURE OF MUTAGENS (METHAPYRILENE AND SODIUM-AZIDE) IN STRAIN TA1535 OF SALMONELLA SO MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE MUTATION SPECTRA; SYNERGISM; METHAPYRILENE; SODIUM AZIDE ID HEPATOCARCINOGEN METHAPYRILENE; LIVER-TUMORS; RATS; HYDROCHLORIDE; GENOTOXICITY; ENHANCEMENT; HEPATOCYTES; EXPOSURE; MICE AB Methapyrilene (MP) is a rat-liver carcinogen and cocarcinogen that exhibits a narrow spectrum of mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium, inducing only a 2-fold increase in revertants only in the base-substitution strain TA1535; it also enhances the mutagenic activity of sodium azide (NaN3) in the same strain. To examine the effects of MP at the molecular level, we used the colony probe hybridization procedure developed by Cebula and Koch (Mutation Res., 229 (1990) 79-87) to identify the base substitutions in similar to 800 background, MP-, NaN3-, and MP + NaN3-induced revertants of the hisG46 allele of strain TA1535. The predominant mutation in all 4 mutation spectra was a CCC --> CTC transition. The results suggest a mechanism by which MP enhances the infidelity of the DNA replication complex or inhibits a DNA repair or proofreading function, resulting in the production of more of the same error that occurs normally and that is also induced by NaN3. Such a mechanism might be the basis for the carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic activities of MP. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the molecular analysis of mutants produced by exposure of cells to a binary mixture of mutagens. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ZENECA,CENT TOXICOL LAB,MACCLESFIELD SK10 4TJ,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8262 J9 MUTAT RES PD JAN-FEB PY 1994 VL 323 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 39 DI 10.1016/0165-7992(94)90042-6 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA MV920 UT WOS:A1994MV92000006 PM 7508564 ER PT J AU ALLEN, JW COLLINS, BW EVANSKY, PA AF ALLEN, JW COLLINS, BW EVANSKY, PA TI SPERMATID MICRONUCLEUS ANALYSES OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE AND CHLORAL HYDRATE EFFECTS IN MICE SO MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE TRICHLOROETHYLENE; CHLORAL HYDRATE; SPERMATID; MICRONUCLEUS; KINETOCHORE ID MALE GERM-CELLS; MOUSE SPERMATOCYTES; SPINDLE POISONS; ANEUPLOIDY; KINETOCHORE; IDENTIFICATION; ERYTHROCYTES; FIBROBLASTS; INDUCTION; AGENTS AB Mice were exposed by inhalation to trichloroethylene (TCE) or by i.p. injection to the TCE metabolite, chloral hydrate (CH). Early spermatids were analyzed for micronucleus (MN) frequency and the presence or absence of kinetochore(s) using fluorochrome-labeled anti-kinetochore antibodies. It was determined that 5 consecutive days of exposure to 5, 50 or 500 ppm TCE during preleptotene through early pachytene stages of meiotic cell development do not result in increased frequencies of spermatid MN, CH at 41, 83 or 165 mg/kg was positive for spermatid MN induction when treatments corresponded to spermatogonial stem cell or preleptotene spermatocyte stages of development; negative results were obtained after treatments of leptotene-zygotene or diakinesis-metaphase stages. The significantly increased levels of MN observed were invariably of the kinetochore-negative type. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP ALLEN, JW (reprint author), US EPA,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 30 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8262 J9 MUTAT RES PD JAN-FEB PY 1994 VL 323 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 88 DI 10.1016/0165-7992(94)90049-3 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA MV920 UT WOS:A1994MV92000013 PM 7508572 ER PT B AU OTTO, DA HUDNELL, HK AF OTTO, DA HUDNELL, HK BE Araki, S TI THE USE OF VISUAL AND CHEMOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SO NEUROBEHAVIORAL METHODS AND EFFECTS IN OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Neurobehavioral Methods in Occupational and Environmental Health CY 1991 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP INT LABOUR OFF, INT COMMISS OCCUPAT HLTH, WHO RP OTTO, DA (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 BN 0-12-059785-3 PY 1994 BP 247 EP 259 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Neurosciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BB93V UT WOS:A1994BB93V00022 ER EF