FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Draut, AE Kineke, GC Velasco, DW Allison, MA Prime, RJ AF Draut, AE Kineke, GC Velasco, DW Allison, MA Prime, RJ TI Influence of the Atchafalaya River on recent evolution of the chenier-plain inner continental shelf, northern Gulf of Mexico SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE Mississippi Delta; chenier plain; continental shelf stratigraphy; coastal sediment; USA; Gulf of Mexico; Louisiana ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER; AMAZON RIVER; SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION; PB-210 GEOCHRONOLOGY; DYNAMIC CHANGES; ORGANIC-MATTER; LOUISIANA; DELTA; CS-137; SEA AB This study examines the influence of the Atchafalaya River, a major distributary of the Mississippi River, on stratigraphic evolution of the inner continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico. sedimentary, geochemical, and shallow acoustic data are used to identify the western limit of the distal Atchafalaya subaqueous delta, and to estimate the proportion of the Atchafalaya River's sediment load that accumulates on the inner shelf seaward of Louisiana's chenier-plain coast. The results demonstrate a link between sedimentary facies distribution on the inner shelf and patterns of shoreline accretion and retreat on the chenier plain. Mudflat progradation on the eastern chenier-plain coast corresponds to the location of deltaic mud accumulation on the inner shelf. On the central chenier-plain shelf. west of the subaqueous delta, relict sediment is exposed that was originally deposited between similar to 1200 and 600 years BP during activity of the Lafourche lobe of the Mississippi Delta complex. Mass-balance calculations indicate that the eastern chenier-plain inner shelf and coastal zone form a sink for 7 +/- 2% of the sediment load carried by the Atchafalaya River. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Boston Coll, Dept Geol & Geophys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. SontekYSI Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Draut, AE (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM adraut@usgs.gov RI Allison, Mead/A-7208-2010; OI East, Amy/0000-0002-9567-9460 NR 113 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 25 IS 1 BP 91 EP 112 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2004.09.002 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 884YV UT WOS:000226123500006 ER PT S AU Soller, DR Berg, TM AF Soller, DR Berg, TM BE Ostaficzuk, SR TI The US National Geologic Map Database project: Overview & progress SO Current Role of Geological Mapping in Geosciences SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Innovative Applications of GIS in Geological Cartography CY NOV 24-26, 2003 CL Kazimierz Dolny, POLAND SP NATO DE geoscience map catalogue; geologic map library; geodatabase; digital mapping techniques; vector map database; NGMDB AB The National Geologic Map Database (NGMDB) project continues to fulfill its mandate. Some of its accomplishments are specific and tangible, and others are more general in nature - for example, the NGMDB contributes to advancements in digital mapping techniques and database design by agencies in the United States and internationally. However, without extensive collaboration from enthusiastic and highly skilled members of the state geological surveys and the Geological Survey of Canada, these accomplishments would not have been possible. Highlights of the past year include: 1) the Geoscience Map Catalog now contains bibliographic records for more than 61,000 map products published by more than 270 organizations including the U.S. Geological Survey(USGS), 43 state geological surveys, universities, and scientific societies and organizations, 2) the Geologic Map linage Library has evolved from a concept to a prototype Web site that serves high-resolution images of nearly 1,000 geologic maps, 3) the project contributed significantly to evolution of the North American standard data model, science language, and data-interchange formal, and to the cartographic standard for the U.S. Through discussions with ESRI, this data model may form the basis for their Geology Data Model for Arc Geodatabase. Internationally, NGMDB staff participated in '' DIMAS '', the map standards committee of the Commission for the Geological Map of the World, 4) the seventh annual Digital Mapping Techniques workshop was a success, bringing together 90 technical experts from 36 agencies, and 5) the third phase of the project - the design and implementation of an online, vector-map database - was reoriented mid-year, and began to focus on data input tools and standardized science language. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Soller, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-3549-7 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2005 VL 56 BP 245 EP 277 PG 33 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA BDL85 UT WOS:000234195200023 ER PT S AU Cushing, JB Wilson, T AF Cushing, JB Wilson, T BE Ludascher, B Raschid, L TI Eco-informatics for decision makers advancing a research agenda SO DATA INTEGRATION IN THE LIFE SCIENCES, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Data International in the Life Sciences CY JUL 20-22, 2005 CL Univ Calif, San Diego, San Diego, CA SP Microsoft Res, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, Amer Med Informat Assoc, Univ Calif, Davis Genome Ctr, Univ Maryland Inst Adv Comp Studies HO Univ Calif, San Diego AB Resource managers often face significant information technology (IT) problems when integrating ecological or environmental information to make decisions. At a workshop sponsored by the NSF and USGS in December 2004, university researchers, natural resource managers, and information managers met to articulate IT problems facing ecology and environmental decision makers. Decision making IT problems were identified in five areas: 1) policy, 2) data presentation, 3) data gaps, 4) tools, and 5) indicators. To alleviate those problems, workshop participants recommended specific informatics research in modeling and simulation, data quality, information integration and ontologies, and social and human aspects. This paper reports the workshop findings, and briefly compares these with research that traditionally falls under the emerging eco-informatics rubric. C1 Evergreen State Coll, Olympia, WA USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Biol Informat Infrastructure, Reston, VA USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary. Univ Washington, Tacoma, WA USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Cushing, JB (reprint author), Evergreen State Coll, Olympia, WA USA. EM judyc@evergreen.edu; tyrone_wilson@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-27967-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3615 BP 325 EP 334 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biology; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Computer Science GA BDA44 UT WOS:000232263300033 ER PT J AU Armstrong, JL Boldt, JL Cross, AD Moss, JH Davis, ND Myers, KW Walker, RV Beauchamp, DA Haldorson, LJ AF Armstrong, JL Boldt, JL Cross, AD Moss, JH Davis, ND Myers, KW Walker, RV Beauchamp, DA Haldorson, LJ TI Distribution, size, and interannual, seasonal and diel food habits of northern Gulf of Alaska juvenile pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA; PACIFIC SALMON; FEEDING-HABITS; ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE; CARRYING-CAPACITY; CHUM SALMON; MORTALITY; BEHAVIOR; GROWTH AB An integral part of assessing the northern Gulf of Alaska (GOA) ecosystem is the analysis of the food habits and feeding patterns of abundant zooplanktivorous fish. Juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha are highly abundant zooplanktivores, and support valuable commercial fisheries as adults. We document variability in pink salmon distribution and size from summer to early fall, and present major trends in their food habits by summarizing interannual (August 1999-2001), seasonal (July-October 2001) and diel (August 2000, and July-September 2001) feeding patterns based on analysis of stomach contents of juvenile pink salmon collected along the Seward Line (GOA) and in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska. Diets of juvenile pink salmon were more diverse in 2001 compared to either 1999 or 2000. Small pteropods (Limacina helicina) composed the majority (> 60%) of prey consumed in 1999 and 2000; whereas large copepods, euphausiids, and small pteropods composed the majority of prey in 2001. As juvenile pink salmon increased in size, they consumed increasingly larger prey from August to October 2001 in the GOA. The diet of GOA juvenile pink salmon was different and more diverse than the diet of fish caught in PWS. The dominant prey in PWS during July-October was hyperiid amphipods, whereas the primary prey in the GOA were larvaccans and euphausiids in July, then copepods plus small pteropods, amphipods, euphausiids, larval crabs, and shrimp in August. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fisheries & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Armstrong, JL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, POB 355020,1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM janeta@u.washington.edu; jennifer.boldt@noaa.gov; crossad@u.washington.edu; jmoss@u.washington.edu; ncdd@u.washington.edu; kwmyers@u.washington.edu; rvwalker@u.washington.edu; davebea@u.washington.edu; ffljh@uaf.edu NR 33 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 247 EP 265 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.019 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 912QU UT WOS:000228095200013 ER PT J AU Cross, AD Beauchamp, DA Armstrong, JL Blikshteyn, M Boldt, JL Davis, ND Haldorson, LJ Moss, JH Myers, KW Walker, RV AF Cross, AD Beauchamp, DA Armstrong, JL Blikshteyn, M Boldt, JL Davis, ND Haldorson, LJ Moss, JH Myers, KW Walker, RV TI Consumption demand of juvenile pink salmon in Prince William Sound and the coastal Gulf of Alaska in relation to prey biomass SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; PACIFIC SALMON; CHUM SALMON; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; HATCHERY PROGRAMS; CARRYING-CAPACITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SOCKEYE-SALMON; KODIAK ISLAND; KISUTCH AB Prince William Sound hatcheries release over 600 million pink salmon (Oneorhynchus gorbuscha) fry each year. The effect of the additional consumption demand by hatchery fish on prey biomass in Prince William Sound and the coastal Gulf of Alaska is unknown. The objectives of this study were to: (1) use bioenergetics models to compare spatial and temporal variation in the consumption demand and growth efficiency of hatchery and wild juvenile pink salmon in Prince William Sound and the coastal Gulf of Alaska between May and October 2001; and (2) compare localized population-level consumption in each region to the standing stock biomass of coexisting prey. in order to achieve observed growth, juvenile pink salmon consumed at 64-107% of their theoretical maximum consumption rate. Individual juvenile pink salmon consumed an average of 366.5 g of prey from marine entry through October of their first growing season. Growth efficiency ranged from 18.9% to 33.8% over the model simulation period. Juvenile salmon that migrated to the Gulf of Alaska grew more efficiently than those that remained in Prince William Sound until August, but after August juvenile salmon in Prince William Sound grew more efficiently than those in the Gulf of Alaska due to differences in prey quality between regions. Temperatures did not vary much between regions; thus differences in the thermal experience of juvenile pink salmon did not affect growth, consumption, and growth efficiency as much as the effects of different prey quality. Consumption demand by juvenile pink salmon exceeded the average standing stock biomass of key prey (large copepods, pteropods, hyperiid amphipods, and larvaccans) during some months. Our results are consistent with advection and production of these prey replenishing the forage base, or the reliance of individual pink salmon on high-density prey patches that occur at finer temporal scales than we were capable of sampling. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Cross, AD (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM crossad@u.washington.edu NR 51 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 347 EP 370 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.021 PG 24 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 912QU UT WOS:000228095200018 ER PT J AU Hunt, GL Drew, GS Jahncke, J Piatt, JF AF Hunt, GL Drew, GS Jahncke, J Piatt, JF TI Prey consumption and energy transfer by marine birds in the Gulf of Alaska SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Meeting of the North-Pacific-Marine-Science-Organization (PICES) CY OCT 14-24, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP N Pacific Marine Sci Org ID PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; SEASON AB We investigated prey consumption by marine birds and their contribution to cross-shelf fluxes ill the northern Gulf of Alaska. We utilized data from the North Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database for modeling energy demand and prey consumption. We found that prey consumption by marine birds was much greater over the continental shelf than it was over the basin. Over the shelf. subsurface-foraging marine birds dominated food consumption. whereas over the basin, surface-foraging birds took the most prey biomass. Daily consumption by marine birds during the non-breeding season from September through April was greater than daily consumption during the breeding season. between May and August. Over the shelf, shearwaters, murres and. in winter, sea clucks, were the Most important consumers. Over the basin, northern fulmars, gulls and kittiwakes predominated in winter and storm-petrels dominated in May to August. Our results suggest that marine birds contribute little to cross-shelf fluxes of energy or matter. but they do remove energy from the marine system through consumption, respiration and migration. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights, reserved. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Hunt, GL (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM glhunt@uci.edu OI Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697; Drew, Gary/0000-0002-6789-0891 NR 55 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 5-6 BP 781 EP 797 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.12.024 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 928BA UT WOS:000229244900008 ER PT J AU Pettigrew, NR Churchill, JH Janzen, CD Mangum, LJ Signell, RP Thomas, AC Townsend, DW Wallinga, JP Xue, HJ AF Pettigrew, NR Churchill, JH Janzen, CD Mangum, LJ Signell, RP Thomas, AC Townsend, DW Wallinga, JP Xue, HJ TI The kinematic and hydrographic structure of the Gulf of Maine Coastal Current SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Maine; coastal current; seasonal variability; interannual variability; cyclonic gyres; offshore current veering ID CIRCULATION; ALEXANDRIUM; WATER; VARIABILITY AB The Gulf of Maine Coastal Current (GMCC), which extends from southern Nova Scotia to Cape Cod Massachusetts, was investigated from 1998 to 2001 by means of extensive hydrographic surveys, current meter moorings, tracked drifters, and satellite-derived thermal imagery. The study focused oil two principal branches of the GMCC, the Eastern Maine Coastal Current (EMCC) that extends along the eastern coast of Maine to Penobscot Bay, and the Western Maine Coastal Current (WMCC) that extends westward from Penobscot Bay to Massachusetts Bay. Results confirm that GMCC is primarily a pressure gradient-driven system with both principal branches increasing their transport ill the spring and summer due to fresh-water inflows, and flowing southwestward against the mean wind forcing during this period. In the spring and summer the subtidal surface currents ill the EMCC range from 0.15 to 0.30 ms(-1) while subtidal WMCC currentstange from 0.05 to 0.15ms(-1). The reduction of southwestward transport near Penobscot Bay is accomplished via an offshore veering of a variable portion of the EMCC, some of which recirculates cyclonically within the eastern Gulf of Maine. The degree of summer offshore veering, versus leakage into the WMCC, varied strongly over the three study years, from nearly complete disruption in 1998 to nearly continuous through-flow in 2000. Observations show strong seasonal and interannual variability in both the strength of the GMCC and the degree of connectivity of its principal branches. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Pettigrew, NR (reprint author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM nealp@maine.edu OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 21 TC 98 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 19-21 BP 2369 EP 2391 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.06.033 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 997RT UT WOS:000234265800002 ER PT J AU Churchill, JH Pettigrew, NR Signell, RP AF Churchill, JH Pettigrew, NR Signell, RP TI Structure and variability of the Western Maine Coastal Current SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE near-shore dynamics; coastal currents; coastal jets; coastal boundary layer; Gulf of Maine ID SOUTHWEST NOVA-SCOTIA; GULF; CIRCULATION; EDDIES; WIND; DINOFLAGELLATE; INSTABILITIES; FILAMENTS; BLOOMS; PLUME AB Analyses of CTD and moored current meter data from 1998 and 2000 reveal a number of mechanisms influencing the flow along the western coast of Maine. On occasions, the Eastern Maine Coastal Current extends into the western Gulf of Maine where it takes the form of a deep (order 100 m deep) and broad (order 20 km wide) southwestward flow with geostrophic velocities exceeding 20 cm s(-1). This is not a coastally trapped flow, however. In fields of geostrophic velocity, computed from shipboard-CTD data, the core of this current is roughly centered at the 100 m isobath and its onshore edge is no closer than 10 km from the coast. Geostrophic velocity fields also reveal a relatively shallow (order 10 m deep) baroclinic flow adjacent to the coast. This flow is also directed to the southwest and appears to be principally comprised of local river discharge. Analyses of moored current meter data reveal wind-driven modulations of the coastal flow that are consistent with expectations from simple theoretical models. However, a large fraction of the near-shore current variance does not appear to be directly related to wind forcing. Sea-surface temperature imagery, combined with analysis of the moored current meter data, suggests that eddies and meanders within the coastal flow may at times dominate the near-shore current variance. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Churchill, JH (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jchurchill@whoi.edu OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 33 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 19-21 BP 2392 EP 2410 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.06.019 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 997RT UT WOS:000234265800003 ER PT S AU Boore, DM AF Boore, DM BE Gulkan, P Anderson, JG TI Long-period ground motions from digital acceleration recordings: A new era in engineering seismology SO Directions in Strong Motion Instrumentation SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Future Directions in Instrumentation for Strong Motion and Engineering Seismology CY MAY 17-21, 2004 CL Kusadasi, TURKEY SP NATO Sci Affairs Div DE long-period; displacements; displacement response spectra; digital accelerographs ID 1999 CHI-CHI; RESPONSE SPECTRA; EARTHQUAKE; DISPLACEMENTS; CALIFORNIA; TAIWAN AB Digital strong-motion instruments allow routine recovery of ground motions at periods much longer than possible with older analog instruments, and under favorable conditions it may be possible to recover the residual displacements near earthquakes, particularly if both the rotational and translational components of motion are recorded (currently only the translational components are recorded). In practice, however, digital recordings are commonly plagued by drifts in the velocity and displacement traces obtained by integrating the recorded acceleration traces. Various baseline-correction schemes can be designed that give the appearance of removing these drifts. Although comparisons with independent measures of residual displacements, such as from GPS or InSAR measurements, show that such schemes call work, in general the sources of the drifts are such as to prevent routine corrections for the baseline problems; removal of low-frequencies by filtering is then required for many recordings. That is the bad news. The good news is that the filter corners can be so low that little of engineering interest is lost. Recent data from several earthquakes (e.g., 1999 Hector Mine and 2002 Denali) shows that for displacement response spectra, the transition from increasing to constant spectral levels occurs at significantly longer periods than in Eurocode 8; the transition period is in good agreement, however, with the recent 2003 NEHRP code. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-3782-1 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2005 VL 58 BP 41 EP 54 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BDT81 UT WOS:000235291700003 ER PT S AU Hanks, TC Abrahamson, NA Board, M Boore, DM Brune, JN Cornell, CA AF Hanks, TC Abrahamson, NA Board, M Boore, DM Brune, JN Cornell, CA BE Gulkan, P Anderson, JG TI Observed ground motions, extreme ground motions, and physical limits to ground motions SO Directions in Strong Motion Instrumentation SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Future Directions in Instrumentation for Strong Motion and Engineering Seismology CY MAY 17-21, 2004 CL Kusadasi, TURKEY SP NATO Sci Affairs Div DE probabilistic seismic hazard analysis; nuclear waste repository; truncation; bounding value of ground motion; asperity AB This paper examines whether the extremely high ground motion values that are calculated for probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in critical facilities are physically attainable. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hanks, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-3782-1 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2005 VL 58 BP 55 EP 59 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BDT81 UT WOS:000235291700004 ER PT S AU Borcherdt, RD Glassmoyer, G Dietel, C Westerlund, RE AF Borcherdt, RD Glassmoyer, G Dietel, C Westerlund, RE BE Gulkan, P Anderson, JG TI Strong-motion, soil-response arrays in San Francisco, California - Empirical measurements of low-strain coefficients at site class E and D soil sites SO DIRECTIONS IN STRONG MOTION INSTRUMENTATION SE NATO Science Series IV-Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Future Directions in Instrumentation for Strong Motion and Engineering Seismology CY MAY 17-21, 2004 CL Kusadasi, TURKEY SP NATO Sci Affairs Div DE site coefficients; building codes; site response; San Francisco array; borehole array; soft soil; Youraville earthquake ID GROUND MOTIONS; LOCAL GEOLOGY; BAY-REGION; EARTHQUAKE AB An integrated set of four borehole arrays and ten surface installations is installed in the city of San Francisco, California to measure the response of soft-soil deposits to strong earthquake ground motions. The borehole arrays extend through thick layers of soft water-saturated soils of Holocene age and older more consolidated soils of Pleistocene age into bedrock at depths up to 90 m. The surface installations are configured in pairs to provide simultaneous comparative surface measurements of soft soils and nearby rock. The rock locations also permit comparative measurements of rock as observed at the surface and in nearby boreholes. The arrays are designed to address a wide variety of scientific and engineering issues, and especially the issue of anelastic and nonlinear soil response at high strain levels as might be recorded during a large regional earthquake. Recordings of ground motions from the largest regional earthquakes which have occurred since the installation of the arrays show marked evidence of amplification as measured on the borehole and surface arrays. Implications of the results for low-strain site coefficients in present U.S. building codes are discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM borcherdt@usgs.gov NR 19 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-3782-1 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2005 VL 58 BP 139 EP 155 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BDT81 UT WOS:000235291700009 ER PT S AU Celebi, M AF Celebi, M BE Gulkan, P Anderson, JG TI Structural monitoring arrays - Past, present and future SO Directions in Strong Motion Instrumentation SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Future Directions in Instrumentation for Strong Motion and Engineering Seismology CY MAY 17-21, 2004 CL Kusadasi, TURKEY SP NATO Sci Affairs Div DE seismic monitoring; structural response; global positioning system; real-time; acceleration; displacement; drift ratio; performance ID SEISMIC RESPONSE; EMPIRICAL-EVIDENCE; BUILDINGS; PROVISIONS AB This paper presents a summary of the seismic monitoring issues as practiced in the past, as well as current applications and new developments to meet the needs of the engineering and user community. A number of examples exhibit the most recent applications that can be used for verification of design and construction practices, real-time applications for the functionality of built environment and assessment of damage conditions of structures. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Celebi, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 55 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-3782-1 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2005 VL 58 BP 157 EP 179 PG 23 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BDT81 UT WOS:000235291700010 ER PT S AU Winter, T Rosenberry, D Kelly, E Labaugh, J AF Winter, Thomas Rosenberry, Donald Kelly, Erin Labaugh, James BE Heathwaite, L Webb, B Rosenberry, D Weaver, D Hayash, M TI Comparison of wetlands in different hydrogeological settings under conditions of extreme climate variability SO Dynamics and Biogeochemistry of River Corridors and Wetlands SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dynamics and Biogeochemistry of River Corridors and Wetlands held at the 7th Scientific Assembly of the International-Association-of-Hydrological-Sciences CY APR 03-09, 2005 CL Foz do Iguaco, BRAZIL SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Water Quail, Int Commiss Surface Water, Int Commiss Groundwater DE climate change; groundwater; population dynamics; water budgets; water chemistry; USA; wetlands ID PRAIRIE WETLAND; ENERGY-BUDGET; WILLIAMS LAKE; NORTH-DAKOTA; EVAPORATION; MINNESOTA; WATER AB Wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area in North Dakota, USA, are underlain by poorly permeable till and have little groundwater input. Lakes and wetlands in the Shingobee River headwaters in Minnesota are underlain by permeable sand and have substantial groundwater input. Hydrological, chemical, and biological characteristics of these ecosystems have been monitored since 1977. Both sites experienced the second worst drought of the 20th century followed by the wettest period in more than a century. At Cottonwood Lake, plants that invaded the dry wetlands during the drought were flooded during the wet period and became a food source for animals. This resulted in successive substantial population increases and declines of plankton, invertebrates, amphibians and waterfowl. Substantial groundwater input buffered the lakes and wetlands in the Shingobee area against the changing water conditions. Only subtle changes in water chemistry and plankton populations were observed during the transition from drought to deluge. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Winter, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 978-1-901502-03-9 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2005 VL 294 BP 139 EP 147 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geography, Physical; Water Resources SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Physical Geography; Water Resources GA BGO20 UT WOS:000248926600016 ER PT J AU Phillips, JD AF Phillips, JD TI Can we estimate total magnetization directions from aeromagnetic data using Helbig's integrals? SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 23rd General Assembly of the International-Union-of-Geodesy-and Geophysics CY JUL, 2003 CL Sapporo, JAPAN SP Int Union Geodesy & Geophys DE aeromagnetic; magnetization; interpretation ID ANOMALIES; VECTOR AB An algorithm that implements Helbig's (1963) integrals for estimating the vector components (m(x), m(y), m(z)) of the magnetic dipole moment from the first order moments of the vector magnetic field components (Delta X , Delta Y , Delta Z) is tested on real and synthetic data. After a grid of total field aeromagnetic data is converted to vector component grids using Fourier filtering, Helbig's infinite integrals are evaluated as finite integrals in small moving windows using a quadrature algorithm based on the 2-D trapezoidal rule. Prior to integration, best-fit planar surfaces must be removed from the component data within the data windows in order to make the results independent of the coordinate system origin. Two different approaches are described for interpreting the results of the integration. In the "direct" method, results from pairs of different window sizes are compared to identify grid nodes where the angular difference between solutions is small. These solutions provide valid estimates of total magnetization directions for compact sources such as spheres or dipoles, but not for horizontally elongated or 2-D sources. In the "indirect" method, which is more forgiving of source geometry, results of the quadrature analysis are scanned for solutions that are parallel to a specified total magnetization direction. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Phillips, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM jeff@usgs.gov NR 15 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2005 VL 57 IS 8 BP 681 EP 689 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 968ER UT WOS:000232145200002 ER PT J AU Gettings, ME Bultman, MW AF Gettings, ME Bultman, MW TI A predictive penetrative fracture mapping method from regional potential field and geologic datasets, southwest Colorado Plateau, USA SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 23rd General Assembly of the International-Union-of-Geodesy-and Geophysics CY JUL, 2003 CL Sapporo, JAPAN SP Int Union Geodesy & Geophys DE fracture recharge geospatial correlation potential fields tectonic fabric ID BODIES AB Some aquifers of the southwest Colorado Plateau, U.S.A., are deeply buried and overlain by several impermeable units, and thus recharge to the aquifer is probably mainly by seepage down penetrative fracture systems. This purpose of this study was to develop a method to map the location of candidate deep penetrative fractures over a 120,000 km(2) area using gravity and aeromagnetic anomaly data together with surficial fracture data. The resulting database constitutes a spatially registered estimate of recharge location. Candidate deep fractures were obtained by spatial correlation of horizontal gradient and analytic signal maxima of gravity and magnetic anomalies vertically with major surficial lineaments obtained from geologic, topographic, side-looking airborne radar, and satellite imagery. The maps define a sub-set of possible penetrative fractures because of limitations of data coverage and the analysis technique. The data and techniques employed do not yield any indication as to whether fractures are open or closed. Correlations were carried out using image processing software in such a way that every pixel on the resulting grids was coded to uniquely identify which datasets correlated. The technique correctly identified known deep fracture systems and many new ones. Maps of the correlations also define in detail the tectonic fabrics of the southwestern Colorado Plateau. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Gettings, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 520 N Pk Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM mgetting@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2005 VL 57 IS 8 BP 701 EP 715 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 968ER UT WOS:000232145200004 ER PT J AU Saltus, RW Blakely, RJ Haeussler, PJ Wells, RE AF Saltus, RW Blakely, RJ Haeussler, PJ Wells, RE TI Utility of aeromagnetic studies for mapping of potentially active faults in two forearc basins: Puget Sound, Washington, and Cook Inlet, Alaska SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 23rd General Assembly of the International-Union-of-Geodesy-and Geophysics CY JUL, 2003 CL Sapporo, JAPAN SP Int Union Geodesy & Geophys ID SEATTLE FAULT; SEISMIC HAZARDS; ZONE; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE; CASCADIA; LOWLAND; MANTLE; ANOMALIES; MARGIN AB High-resolution aeromagnetic surveys over forearc basins can detect faults and folds in weakly magnetized sediments, thus providing geologic constraints on tectonic evolution and improved understanding of seismic hazards in convergent-margin settings. Puget Sound, Washington, and Cook Inlet, Alaska, provide two case histories. In each lowland region, shallow-source magnetic anomalies are related to active folds and/or faults. Mapping these structures is critical for understanding seismic hazards that face the urban regions of Seattle, Washington, and Anchorage, Alaska. Similarities in aeromagnetic anomaly patterns and magnetic stratigraphy between the two regions suggest that we can expect the aeromagnetic method to yield useful structural information that may contribute to earth-hazard and energy resource investigations in other forearc basins. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Saltus, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM saltus@usgs.gov OI Haeussler, Peter/0000-0002-1503-6247 NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2005 VL 57 IS 8 BP 781 EP 793 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 968ER UT WOS:000232145200011 ER PT J AU Scott, KM Vallance, JW Kerle, N Macias, JL Strauch, W Devoli, G AF Scott, KM Vallance, JW Kerle, N Macias, JL Strauch, W Devoli, G TI Catastrophic precipitation-triggered lahar at Casita volcano, Nicaragua: occurrence, bulking and transformation SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE lahar; volcano; volcanic hazards; disaster; Casita; Nicaragua ID DEBRIS FLOW; COLLAPSE AB A catastrophic lahar began on 30 October 1998, as hurricane precipitation triggered a small Hank collapse of Casita volcano, a complex and probably dormant stratovolcano. The initial rockslide-debris avalanche evolved on the flank to yield a watery debris flood with a sediment concentration less than 60 per cent by volume at the base of the volcano. Within 2(.)5 km, however, the watery flow entrained (bulked) enough sediment to transform entirely to a debris flow. The debris flow, 6 km downstream and 1(.)2 km wide and 3 to 6 m deep, killed 2500 people, nearly the entire populations of the communities of El Porvenir and Rolando Rodriguez. These 'new towns' were developed in a prehistoric lahar pathway: at least three flows of similar size since 8330 C-14 years BP are documented by stratigraphy in the same 30-degree sector. Travel time between perception of the flow and destruction of the towns was only 2(.)5-3(.)0 minutes. The evolution of the flow wave occurred with hydraulic continuity and without pause or any extraordinary addition of water. The precipitation trigger of the Casita lahar emphasizes the need, in volcano hazard assessments, for including the potential for non-eruption-related collapse lahars with the more predictable potential of their syneruption analogues. The flow behaviour emphasizes that volcano collapses can yield not only volcanic debris avalanches with restricted runouts, but also mobile lahars that enlarge by bulking as they How. Volumes and hence inundation areas of collapse-runout lahars can increase greatly beyond their sources: the volume or the Casita lahar bulked to at least 2(.)6 times the contributing volume of the flank collapse and 4(.)2 times that of the debris flood. At least 78 per cent of the debris flow matrix (sediment < -1(.)0Phi; 2 mm) was entrained during flow. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Valcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. Univ Cambridge, Volcano Remote Sensing Grp, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3HU, England. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04150, DF, Mexico. Inst Nicaraguense Estudios Territoriales, Direcc Geofis, Managua, Nicaragua. RP Scott, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Valcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Court, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM kscott@usgs.gov RI Kerle, Norman/A-5508-2010; Macias, Jose Luis/P-7679-2015 OI Macias, Jose Luis/0000-0002-2494-9849 NR 61 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 30 IS 1 BP 59 EP 79 DI 10.1002/esp.1127 PG 21 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 892GB UT WOS:000226637000004 ER PT J AU Busing, RT AF Busing, RT TI Tree mortality, canopy turnover, and woody detritus in old cove forests of the southern Appalachians SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acer saccharuni; canopy gap; coarse woody debris; decay; Great Smoky Mountains; Tennessee; natural disturbance; old growth; size-specific mortality; Tsuga canadensis ID GREAT-SMOKY MOUNTAINS; TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; GROWTH MESIC FORESTS; TROPICAL FORESTS; DEAD WOOD; BIOMASS DISTRIBUTION; WESTERN OREGON; RAIN-FOREST; OAK FOREST AB A long-term study of tree mortality, canopy turnover, and coarse woody detritus inputs was conducted in cove forests of the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee, USA. Seven old-growth stands were studied over a 10-yr period using 0.6-1.0 ha plots. Annual mortality of trees >10 cm dbh was 0.5-1.4% among stands (mean 0.7%). The highest mortality rate among canopy trees was exhibited by trees >80 cm dbh. An increase in mortality rate with canopy tree size was evident for two (Tsuga canadensis and Acer saccharum) of the three most abundant species in the forest. The increase in mortality with tree size had implications for canopy turnover and detritus input. Gap disturbance frequency was estimated at 0.008-0.019 forest area/yr, giving a return interval of similar to130 yr or less. Standing death was the most common mode of mortality (59%). Annual fates of snag formation were 1.4 snags/ha for trees >10 cm dbh and 0.4 snags/ha for trees >50 cm dbh. The density of large snags (>50 cm dbh) was 5 snags/ha. Snags accounted for 8% of the total standing tree basal area and 23% of the coarse woody detritus mass (total of 48 Mg/ha). The mean annual rate of coarse woody detritus input was 3.0 Mg/ha. A decay rate constant was estimated at 0.07, yielding a detritus half-life of 10 yr. Although mean mortality rates and canopy turnover in old cove forests were moderate in comparison with other old forests of eastern North America, input and accumulation of coarse woody detritus were high for the region. This resulted, in part, from the relatively large sizes attained by canopy trees and the fact that larger trees tended to suffer higher mortality. In comparison to forests worldwide, rates of mortality, canopy gap formation, and decay of coarse woody detritus were intermediate. C1 US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Busing, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM rbusing@usgs.gov NR 78 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JAN PY 2005 VL 86 IS 1 BP 73 EP 84 DI 10.1890/04-0410 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 894KX UT WOS:000226791700009 ER PT J AU Perakis, SS Compton, JE Hedin, LO AF Perakis, SS Compton, JE Hedin, LO TI Nitrogen retention across a gradient of N-15 additions to an unpolluted temperate forest soil in Chile SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ammonium nitrate; dissolved organic nitrogen; nitrification; nitrogen fertilizer; nitrogen saturation; N-15 stable isotope; nutrient budget; old-growth temperate forest; roots; soil organic matter ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; OLD-GROWTH; CONIFER FORESTS; RED ALDER; ECOSYSTEMS; SATURATION; BIOMASS; PINE; NITRIFICATION AB Accelerated nitrogen (N) inputs can drive nonlinear changes in N cycling, retention, and loss in forest ecosystems. Nitrogen processing in soils is critical to understanding these changes, since soils typically are the largest N sink in forests. To elucidate soil mechanisms that underlie shifts in N cycling across a wide gradient of N supply, we added (NH4NO3)-N-15-N-15 at nine treatment levels ranging in geometric sequence from 0.2 kg to 640 kg N(.)ha(-1.)yr(-1) to an unpolluted old-growth temperate forest in southern Chile. We recovered roughly half of N-15 tracers in 0-25 cm of soil, primarily in the surface 10 cm. Low to moderate rates of N supply failed to stimulate N leaching, which suggests that most unrecovered N-15 was transferred from soils to unmeasured sinks above ground. However, soil solution losses of nitrate in creased sharply at inputs > 160 kg N(.)ha(-1.)yr(-1), corresponding to a threshold of elevated soil N availability and declining N-15 retention in soil. Soil organic matter (<5.6 mm) dominated tracer retention at low rates of N input, but coarse roots and particulate organic matter became increasingly important at higher N supply. Coarse roots and particulate organic matter together accounted for 38% of recovered N-15 in soils at the highest N inputs and may explain a substantial fraction of the "missing N" often reported in studies of fates of N inputs to forests. Contrary to expectations, N additions did not stimulate gross N cycling, potential nitrification, or ammonium oxidizer populations. Our results indicate that the nonlinearity in N retention and loss resulted directly from excessive N supply relative to sinks, independent of plant-soil-microbial feedbacks. However, N additions did induce a sharp decrease in microbial biomass C:N that is predicted by N saturation theory, and which could increase long-term N storage in soil organic matter by lowering the critical C:N ratio for net N mineralization. All measured sinks accumulated N-15 tracers across the full gradient of N supply, suggesting that short-term nonlinearity in N retention resulted from saturation of uptake kinetics, not uptake capacity, in plant, soil, and microbial pools. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Perakis, SS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM steven.perakis@oregonstate.edu NR 45 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 5 U2 36 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JAN PY 2005 VL 86 IS 1 BP 96 EP 105 DI 10.1890/04-0415 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 894KX UT WOS:000226791700011 ER PT J AU Viljugrein, H Stenseth, NC Smith, GW Steinbakk, GH AF Viljugrein, H Stenseth, NC Smith, GW Steinbakk, GH TI Density dependence in North American ducks SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abundance data; Anas platyrhynchos; Aythya valisineria; Bayesian inference; bias; Canvasback; density dependence; Mallard; observation error; sampling variance; state-space modeling; waterfowl ID OBSERVATION ERROR; VARIABLE ENVIRONMENTS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; COD POPULATIONS; WATERFOWL; MODELS; CYCLES AB Knowing whether, and to what extent, populations are regulated by density-dependent factors is important both in its own right and when developing management strategies for wildlife species. However, available tests for density dependence are typically sensitive to sampling errors in the data. By using a state-space modeling approach, incorporating both an ecological process model and an observation model, it is possible to account for both measurement and process error. Here we focus on the detection and estimation of direct density dependence in two species of North American ducks: the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and the Canvasback (Aythya valisineria). Yearly aerial counts on the major breeding grounds of ducks in North America provide estimates of abundances as well as standard errors of these estimates for both species. Including the number of ponds as a covariate, we demonstrate evidence for density dependence in prairie areas for both species. The appropriateness of the applied state-space method is validated through a simulation study. C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, CEES, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Math, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RP Stenseth, NC (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, CEES, POB 1050, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM n.c.stenseth@bio.uio.no RI Viljugrein, Hildegunn/N-6657-2015; Stenseth, Nils Chr./G-5212-2016 OI Stenseth, Nils Chr./0000-0002-1591-5399 NR 45 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 27 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JAN PY 2005 VL 86 IS 1 BP 245 EP 254 DI 10.1890/04-0467 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 894KX UT WOS:000226791700024 ER PT B AU McDiarmid, RW Savage, JM AF McDiarmid, RW Savage, JM BE Donnelly, MA Crother, BI Guyer, C Wake, MH White, ME TI The herpetofauna of the Rincon area, Peninsula de Osa, Costa Rica, a central American lowland evergreen forest site SO Ecology & Evolution in the Tropics: A Herpetological Perspective LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 80th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Ichthyologists-and-Herpetologists/Society-for-the-St udy-of-Amphibians-and-Reptiles and Herpetologists-League CY JUN 14-20, 2000 CL Univ Autonoma Baja Calif Sur, La Paz, MEXICO SP Amer Soc Ichthyologists & Herpetologists, Soc Study Amphibians & Reptiles, Herpetologists League HO Univ Autonoma Baja Calif Sur C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP McDiarmid, RW (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, POB 37012,Room 378,MRC III, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60 ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA BN 0-226-15658-3 PY 2005 BP 366 EP 427 PG 62 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Zoology GA BCN05 UT WOS:000230111100016 ER PT B AU McDiarmid, RW Donnelly, MA AF McDiarmid, RW Donnelly, MA BE Donnelly, MA Crother, BI Guyer, C Wake, MH White, ME TI The herpetofauna of the Guayana highlands: Amphibians and reptiles of the lost world SO Ecology & Evolution in the Tropics: A Herpetological Perspective LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 80th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Ichthyologists-and-Herpetologists/Society-for-the-St udy-of-Amphibians-and-Reptiles and Herpetologists-League CY JUN 14-20, 2000 CL Univ Autonoma Baja Calif Sur, La Paz, MEXICO SP Amer Soc Ichthyologists & Herpetologists, Soc Study Amphibians & Reptiles, Herpetologists League HO Univ Autonoma Baja Calif Sur C1 Museo Nacl Hist Nat, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP McDiarmid, RW (reprint author), Museo Nacl Hist Nat, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Smithsonian Inst, POB 37012,Room 378,MRC III, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 0 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60 ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA BN 0-226-15658-3 PY 2005 BP 461 EP 560 PG 100 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Zoology GA BCN05 UT WOS:000230111100018 ER PT J AU Deyell, CL Leonardson, R Rye, RO Thompson, JFH Bissig, T Cooke, DR AF Deyell, CL Leonardson, R Rye, RO Thompson, JFH Bissig, T Cooke, DR TI Alunite in the Pascua-Lama high-sulfidation deposit: Constraints on alteration and ore deposition using stable isotope geochemistry SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-SULFATE ALTERATION; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; EVOLUTION; ARGENTINA; WATERS; REGION; FLUIDS; CHILE; FIELD AB The Pascua-Lama high-sulfidation system, located in the El Indio-Pascua belt of Chile and Argentina, contains over 16 million ounces (Moz) An and 585 Moz Ag. The deposit is hosted primarily in granite rocks of Triassic age with mineralization occurring in several discrete Miocene-age phreatomagmatic breccias and related fracture networks. The largest of these areas is Brecha Central, which is dominated by a mineralizing assemblage of alunite-pyrite-enargite and precious metals. Several stages of hydrothermal alteration related to mineralization are recognized, including all types of alunite-bearing advanced argillic assemblages (magmatic-hydrothermal, steam-heated, magmatic steam, and supergene), The occurrence of alunite throughout the paragenesis of this epithermal system is unusual and detailed radiometric, mineralogical, and stable isotope studies provide constraints on the timing and nature of alteration and mineralization of the alunite-pyrite-enargite assemblage in the deposit. Early (preore) alteration occurred prior to ca. 9 Ma and consists of intense silicic and advanced argillic assemblages with peripheral argillic and widespread propylitic zones. Alunite of this stage occurs as fine inter-growths of alunite-quartz +/- kaolinite, dickite, and pyrophyllite that selectively replaced feldspars in the host rock. Stable isotope systematics suggest a magmatic-hydrothermal origin with a dominantly magmatic fluid source. Alunite is coeval with the main stage of Au-Ag-Cu mineralization (alunite-pyrite-enargite assemblage ore),which has been dated at approximately 8.8 Ma. Ore-stage alunite has an isotopic signature similar to preore alunite, and Delta(34)S(alun-py) data indicate depositional temperatures of 245 degrees to 305 degrees C. The delta D and delta(18)O data exclude significant involvement of meteoric water during mineralization and indicate that the assemblage formed from H2S-dominated magmatic fluids. Thick steam-heated alteration zones are preserved at the highest elevations in the deposit and probably formed from oxidation of H2S during boiling of the magmatic ore fluids. Coarsely crystalline magmatic steam alunite (8.4 Ma) is restricted to the near-surface portion of Brecha Central. Postmineral alunite +/- jarosite were previously interpreted to be supergene crosscutting veins and overgrowths, although stable isotope data suggest a mixed magmatic-meteoric origin for this late-stage alteration. Only late jarosite veinlets (8.0 Ma) associated with fine-grained pseudocubic alunite have a supergene isotopic signature. The predominance of magmatic fluids recorded throughout the paragenesis of the Pascua system is atypical for high-sulfidation deposits, which typically involve significant meteoric water in near-surface and peripheral alteration and, in some systems, even ore deposition. At Pascua, the strong magmatic signature of both alteration and main-stage (alunite-pyrite-enargite assemblage) ore is attributed to limited availability of meteoric fluids. This is in agreement,,with published data for the El Indio-Pascua belt, indicating an event of uplift and subsequent pediment incision, as well as a transition from semiarid to arid climatic conditions, during the formation of the deposit in the mid to late Miocene. C1 Univ Tasmania, Ctr Ore Deposit Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Barrick Gold Explorat, Elko, NV 89801 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Teck Cominco, Vancouver, BC V6C 3L9, Canada. Univ Catolica Norte, Dept Ciencias Geol, Antofagasta, Chile. RP Deyell, CL (reprint author), Univ Tasmania, Ctr Ore Deposit Res, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. EM cdeyell@utas.edu.au RI Bissig, Thomas/A-6004-2008; Cooke, David/C-7371-2008 NR 44 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 100 IS 1 BP 131 EP 148 DI 10.2113/100.1.0131 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 907HT UT WOS:000227707900008 ER PT S AU Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR AF Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Introduction to effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; MELBOURNE REGION; WATER-QUALITY; URBAN RUNOFF; COMMUNITIES; IMPACTS; BIODIVERSITY; TEMPERATURE; CHALLENGES; MANAGEMENT AB The human population of the earth continues to grow, with most of that growth occurring by expansion of existing urban areas. The resulting conversion of rural land to urban land uses will affect associated streams. This book provides researchers, aquatic resource managers, land use planners, and others with results of recent studies of the effects of urbanization on scream ecosystems. In this introductory chapter, we review some of the existing literature on urbanization and highlight some issues addressed by other chapters of the book. We expect the information in this book will be helpful to new and established researchers studying effects of urbanization, as well as to managers and others interested in recent progress in the field. Communicating results of scientific research to managers and planners is essential if streams are to be protected as urban populations continue to grow. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Brown, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM lrbrown@usgs.gov; lrbrown@usgs.gov NR 74 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200001 ER PT S AU Kennen, JG Chang, M Tracy, BH AF Kennen, JG Chang, M Tracy, BH BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Effects of landscape change on fish assemblage structure in a rapidly growing metropolitan area in North Carolina, USA SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; WATERSHED URBANIZATION; STREAM HABITAT; COMMUNITIES; FRAGMENTATION; INDEX; MACROINVERTEBRATES; CONSEQUENCES; IMPAIRMENT AB We evaluated a comprehensive set of natural and land-use attributes that represent the major facets of urban development at fish monitoring sites in the rapidly growing Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina metropolitan area. We used principal component and correlation analysis to obtain a nonredundant subset of variables that extracted most variation in the complete set. With this subset of variables, we assessed the effect of urban growth on fish assemblage structure. We evaluated variation in fish assemblage structure with nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). We used correlation analysis to identify the most important environmental and landscape variables associated with significant NMDS axes. The second NMDS axis is related to many indices of land-use/land-cover change and habitat. Significant correlations with proportion of largest forest patch to total patch size (r = -0.460, P < 0.01), diversity of patch types (r = 0.554, P < 0.001), and population density (r = 0.385, P < 0.05) helped identify, NMDS axis 2 as a disturbance gradient. Positive and negative correlations between the abundance of redbreast Sunfish Lepomis auritus and bluehead chub Nocomis leptocephalus, respectively, and NMDS axis 2 also were evident. The North Carolina index of biotic integrity and many, of its component metrics were highly correlated with urbanization. These results indicate that aquatic ecosystem integrity would be optimized by a comprehensive integrated management strategy that includes the preservarion of landscape function by maximizing the conservation of contiguous tracts of forested lands and vegetative cover in watersheds. C1 US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Kennen, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 810 Bear Tavern Rd,Suite 206, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. EM jgkennen@usgs.gov NR 72 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S JI Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. PY 2005 VL 47 BP 39 EP 52 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200004 ER PT S AU Fitzpatrick, FA Diebel, MW Harris, MA Arnold, TL Lutz, MA Richards, KD AF Fitzpatrick, FA Diebel, MW Harris, MA Arnold, TL Lutz, MA Richards, KD BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Effects of urbanization on the geomorphology, habitat, hydrology, and fish index of biotic integrity of streams in the Chicago area, Illinois and Wisconsin SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; URBAN STREAMS; LANDSCAPE; IMPACTS; COMMUNITIES; WATERSHEDS; EROSION; SYSTEMS AB Effects of urbanization on geomorphic, habitat, and hydrologic characteristics and fish biotic integrity of 45 streams in the Chicago area were examined by the U.S. Geological Survey from 2000 to 2001. An agricultural to urban land-cover gradient approach was used. Landscape characteristics such as texture Of surficial deposits, slope, riparian land cover, and stream network position also were examined to determine if these factors influenced the effects of urbanization. Among geomorphic characteristics, channel enlargement occurred in urban streams with a high percent of watershed clayey surficial deposits. Other geomorphic and habitat characteristics such as stream power, fine substrate, and amount of riffles did not correlate with percent watershed urban land but instead correlated with reach slope. Bank erosion, habitat variability, and two habitat indexes did not correlate with watershed urban land. Below 30% watershed urban land, the unit area discharge for a 2-year flood increased with increasing urban land; however, above 30% urban land, unit area discharges for a 2-year flood were variable, most likely due to variations in stormwater management practices, point-source contributions, and the transport index. Streams with greater than 33% watershed urban land had low base flow, but the effects of urbanization on base flow were offset by point-source contributions. Fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores were low in streams with greater than 25% watershed urban land. Fish IBI scores also were low in streams with high percentages of watershed clayey surficial deposits and enlarged channels. The amount of riparian forest/wetland buffer had no moderating effect on geomorphic/habirat/hydrologic characteristics and fish IBI scores. Variations in the texture and topography of glacial landforms affected reach slope and some habitat characteristics. Longitudinal profiles were useful for distinguishing differences in local geologic settings among sampled sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Fitzpatrick, FA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM fafitzpa@usgs.gov NR 93 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 87 EP 115 PG 29 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200007 ER PT S AU MacCoy, D Blew, D AF MacCoy, D Blew, D BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Impacts of land-use changes and hydrologic modification on the lower Boise River, Idaho, USA SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID HYPORHEIC ZONE; CHANNEL CHANGE; SCOTLAND; FLOODS; TAY AB In less than two centuries, the lower Boise River below Lucky, Peak Dam in southwestern Idaho has been transformed from a meandering, braided, gravel-bed river that supported large runs of salmon to a channelized, regulated, urban river that also provides irrigation water to more than 1,300 km(2) of land. The construction of three large dams in the upper basin dramatically altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the lower river. Flows are no longer sufficient to mobilize bed sediments and have allowed cottonwood trees and alien hardwoods to stabilize parafluvial surfaces, thereby narrowing sections of the river channel. Cadastral survey notes of 1867 and 1868 were used to recreate features associated with the lower Boise River Valley and identify characteristics of the river channel prior to dam construction and urbanization. Gravel and sand bars, historically present throughout the river, which are necessary to maintain biodiversiuy and productivity are currently scarce. Sloughs were a dominant feature on the floodplain of the late 1800s, but today have been converted to irrigation canals, drains, or residential and commercial land uses. Flow alterations, water quality degradation, and habitat loss due to urbanization near the lower Boise River have resulted in macroinvertebrate and Fish assemblages dominated by tolerant and alien species. C1 US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP MacCoy, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 230 Collins Rd, Boise, ID 83702 USA. EM demaccoy@usgs.gov NR 68 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 133 EP 156 PG 24 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200009 ER PT S AU Konrad, CP Booth, DB AF Konrad, CP Booth, DB BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Hydrologic changes in urban streams and their ecological significance SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID GRAVEL-BED RIVERS; FISH COMMUNITIES; ASSEMBLAGE STRUCTURE; INTERMITTENT-STREAM; DOMINANT DISCHARGE; OKLAHOMA STREAM; DESERT STREAM; DISTURBANCE; URBANIZATION; PATTERNS AB Urban development modifies the production and delivery, of runoff to streams and the resulting rate, volume, and timing of streamflow. Given that streamflow demonstrably influences the structure and composition of lotic communities, we have identified four hydrologic changes resulting from urban development that are potentially significant to stream ecosystems: increased frequency of high flows, redistribution of water from base flow to storm flow, increased daily variation in streamflow, and reduction in low flow. Previous investigations of streamflow patterns and biological assemblages provide a scale of ecological significance for each type of streamflow pattern. The scales establish the magnitude of changes in streamflow patterns that could be expected to produce biological responses in streams. Long-term streamflow records from eight streams in urbanizing areas of the United States and five additional reference streams, where land use has been relatively stable, were analyzed to assess if streamflow patterns were modified by urban development to an extent that a biological response could be expected and whether climate patterns could account for equivalent hydrologic variation in the reference streams. Changes in each type of streamflow pattern were evident in some but not all of the urban streams and were nearly absent in the reference streams. Given these results, hydrologic changes are likely significant to urban stream ecosystems, but the significance depends on the stream's physiographic context and spatial and temporal patterns of urban development. In urban streams with substantially altered hydrology, short-term goals for urban stream rehabilitation may be limited because of the difficulty and expense of restoring hydrologic processes in an urban landscape. The ecological benefits of improving physical habitat and water quality may be tempered by persistent effects of altered streamflow. In the end, the hydrologic effects of urban development must be addressed for restoration of urban streams. C1 US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Konrad, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM cpkonrad@usgs.gov OI Booth, Derek/0000-0002-5242-4089; Konrad, Christopher/0000-0002-7354-547X NR 82 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 6 U2 38 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 157 EP 177 PG 21 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200010 ER PT S AU Carter, JL Fend, SV AF Carter, JL Fend, SV BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Setting limits: The development and use of factor-ceiling distributions for an urban assessment using macroinvertebrates SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES; LANDSCAPE CLASSIFICATIONS; INVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES; UNITED-STATES; INTEGRITY; STREAMS; INDEX; ECOREGIONS; PREDICTION; PATTERNS AB Lotic habitats in urban settings are often more modified than in other anthropogenically influenced areas. The extent, degree, and permanency of these modifications compromise the use of traditional reference-based study designs to evaluate the level of lotic impairment and establish restoration goals. Directly relating biological responses to the combined effects of urbanization is further complicated by the nonlinear response often observed in common metrics (e.g., Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera [EPT] species richness) to measures of human influence (e.g., percentage urban land cover). A characteristic polygonal biological response often arises from the presence of a generalized limiting factor (i.e., urban land use) plus the influence of multiple additional stressors that are nonuniformly distributed throughout the urban environment. Benthic macro invertebrates, on-site physical habitat and chemistry and geographical information systems-derived land cover data for 85 sites were collected within the 1,600-km(2) Santa Clara Valley (SCV), California urban area. A biological indicator value was derived from EPT richness and percentage EPT. Partitioned regression was used to define reference conditions and estimate the degree of site impairment. We propose that an upper-boundary condition (factor-ceiling) modeled by partitioned regression using ordinary least squares represents an attainable upper limit for biological condition in the SCV area. Indicator values greater than the factor-ceiling, which is monotonically related to existing land use, are considered representative of reference conditions under the current habitat conditions imposed by existing land cover and land use. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Carter, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jlcarter@usgs.gov NR 56 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 179 EP 191 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200011 ER PT S AU Fend, SV Carter, JL Kearns, FR AF Fend, SV Carter, JL Kearns, FR BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Relationships of field habitat measurements, visual habitat indices, and land cover to benthic macroinvertebrates in urbanized streams of the Santa Clara Valley, California SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; SALT-LAKE-CITY; WATER-QUALITY; COMMUNITIES; RIVER; CATCHMENT; MASSACHUSETTS; LANDSCAPE; INTEGRITY; USA AB We evaluated several approaches for measuring natural and anthropogenic habitat chatacteristics to predict benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages over a range of urban intensity at 85 stream sites in the Santa Clara Valley, California. Land cover was summarized as percentage urban land cover and impervious area within upstream buffers and the upstream subwatersheds. Field measurements characterized water chemistry, channel slope, sediment, and riparian canopy. In addition to applying the visual-based habitat assessment in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's rapid bioassessment protocol, we developed a simplified urban habitat assessment index based on turbidity, fine sediment deposition, riparian condition, and channel modification. Natural and anthropogenic habitat variables covaried along longitudinal stream gradients and were highly correlated with elevation. At the scale of the entire watershed, benthic macroinvertebrate measures were equally correlated with variables expressing natural gradients and urbanization effects. When natural gradients were reduced by partitioning sites into ecoregion subsection groupings, habitat variables most highly correlated with macro invertebrate measures differed between upland and valley floor site groups. Among the valley floor sites, channel slope and physical modification of channel and riparian habitats appeared more important than upstream land cover or water quality in determining macroinvertebrate richness and ordination scores. Among upland sites, effects of upstream reservoir releases on habitat quality appeared important. Rapid habitat evaluation methods appeared to be an effective method for describing habitat features important to benthic macroinvertebrates when adapted for the region and the disturbance of interest. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fend, SV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM svfend@usgs.gov NR 69 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 193 EP 212 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200012 ER PT S AU Burton, CA Brown, LR Belitz, K AF Burton, CA Brown, LR Belitz, K BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Assessing water source and channel type as factors affecting benthic macroinvertebrate and periphyton assemblages in the highly urbanized Santa Ana River basin, California SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; JOAQUIN RIVER; STREAMS; COMMUNITIES; COLONIZATION; RESPONSES; SYSTEM; INDEX AB The Santa Ana River basin is the largest stream system in Southern California and includes a densely populated coastal area. Extensive urbanization has altered the geomorphology and hydrology of the streams, adversely affecting aquatic communities. We studied macroinvertebrate and periphyton assemblages in relation to two categorical features of the highly engineered hydrologic system-water source and channel type. Four water sources were identified-natural, urban-impacted groundwater, urban runoff, and treated wastewater. Three channel types were identified-natural, channelized with natural bottom, and concrete-lined. Nineteen sites, covering the range of these two categorical features, were sampled in summer 2000. To minimize the effects of different substrate types among sites, artificial substrates were used for assessing macroinvertebrate and periphyton assemblages. Physical and chemical variables and metrics calculated from macroinvertebrate and periphyron assemblage data were compared among water sources and channel types using analysis of variance and multiple comparison tests. Macroinvertebrate metrics exhibiting significant (P < 0.05) differences between water sources included taxa and Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera richness, relative richness and abundance of nonchironomid dipterans, orthoclads, oligochaeres, and some functional-feeding groups such as parasites and shredders. Periphyton metrics showing significant differences between water sources included blue-green algae biovolume and relative abundance of nitrogen heterotrophic, eutrophic, motile, and pollution-sensitive diatoms. The relative abundance of trichopterans, tanytarsini chironomids, noninsects, and filter feeders, as well as the relative richness and abundance of diatoms, were significantly different between channel types. Most physical variables were related to channel type, whereas chemical variables and some physical variables (e.g., discharge, velocity, and channel width) were related to water source. These associations were reflected in correlations between metrics, chemical variables, and physical variables. Significant improvements in the aquatic ecosystem of the Santa Ana River basin are possible with management actions such as conversion of concrete-lined channels to channelized streams with natural bottoms that can still maintain flood control to protect life and property. C1 US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Burton, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5735 Kearny Villa Rd,Suite O, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. EM caburton@usgs.gov NR 52 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 239 EP 262 PG 24 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200015 ER PT S AU Brown, LR Burton, CA Belitz, K AF Brown, LR Burton, CA Belitz, K BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Aquatic assemblages of the highly urbanized Santa Ana River basin, California SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID BENTHIC ALGAL COMMUNITIES; MELBOURNE REGION; WATER-QUALITY; STREAM; PATTERNS; DISPERSAL; IMPACTS; RUNOFF; MACROINVERTEBRATE; TEMPERATURE AB We assessed the structure of periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrate, and fish assemblages and their associations with environmental variables at 17 sites on streams of the highly urbanized Santa Ana River basin in Southern California. All assemblages exhibited strong differences between highly urbanized sites in the valley and the least-impacted sites at the transition between the Valley and undeveloped mountains. Results within the urbanized area differed among taxa. Periphyton assemblages were dominated by diatoms (> 75% of total taxa). Periphyton assemblages within the urbanized area were not associated with any of the measured environmental variables, suggesting that structure of urban periphyton assemblages might be highly dependent on colonization dynamics. The number of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera (EPT) taxa included in macroinvertebrate assemblages ranged from 0 to 6 at urbanized sites. Benthic macro invertebrate assemblages had significant correlations with several environmental variables within the urban area, suggesting that stream size and permanence were important determinants of distribution among the species able to survive conditions in urban streams. Only 4 of 16 fish species collected were native to the drainage. Fish assemblages of urbanized sites included two native species, arroyo chub Gila orcuttii and Santa Ana sucker Catostomus santaanae, at sites that were intermediate in coefficient of variation of bank-full width, depth, bed substrate, and water temperature. Alien species dominated urbanized sites with lesser or greater values for these Variables. These results suggest that urban streams can be structured to enhance populations of native fishes. Continued study of urban streams in the Santa Ana River basin and elsewhere will contribute to the basic understanding of ecological principles and help preserve the maximum ecological value of streams in highly urbanized areas. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Brown, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM lrbrown@usgs.gov; lrbrown@usgs.gov NR 59 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 263 EP 287 PG 25 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200016 ER PT S AU Tate, CM Cuffney, TF McMahon, G Giddings, EMP Coles, JE Zappia, H AF Tate, CM Cuffney, TF McMahon, G Giddings, EMP Coles, JE Zappia, H BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Use of an urban intensity index to assess urban effects on streams in three contrasting environmental settings SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; SALT-LAKE-CITY; LAND-USE; WATER-QUALITY; BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES; CATCHMENT URBANIZATION; INSECT COMMUNITIES; MELBOURNE REGION; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; RIVER-BASIN AB To assess the effects of urbanization on assemblages (fish, invertebrate, and algal), physical habitat, and water chemistry, we investigated the relations among varying intensities of basin urbanization and stream ecology in three metropolitan areas: the humid northeastern United States around Boston, Massachusetts; the humid southeastern United States around Birmingham, Alabama; and the semiarid western United States around Salt Lake City, Utah. A consistent process was used to develop a multimetric urban intensity index (UII) based on locally important variables (land-use/land-cover, infrastructure, and socioeconomic variables) in each study area and a common urban intensity index (CUII) based on a subset of five variables common to all study areas. The UII was used to characterize 30 basins along an urban gradient in each metropolitan area. Study basins were located within a single ecoregion in each of the metropolitan areas. The UII, ecoregions, and site characteristics provided a method for limiting the variability of natural landscape characteristics while assessing the magnitude of urban effects. Conditions in Salt Lake City (semiarid climate and water diversions) and Birmingham (topogaphy) required nesting sites within the same basin. The UII and CUII facilitated comparisons of aquatic assemblages response to urbanization across different environmental settings. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Tate, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,Mail Stop 415, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM cmtate@usgs.gov NR 64 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 291 EP 315 PG 25 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200017 ER PT S AU Short, TM Giddings, EMP Zappia, H Coles, JE AF Short, TM Giddings, EMP Zappia, H Coles, JE BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Urbanization effects on stream habitat characteristics in Boston, Massachusetts; Birmingham, Alabama; and Salt Lake City, Utah SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS; URBAN INTENSITY; PENNSYLVANIA; ASSEMBLAGES; LANDSCAPE; QUALITY; SYSTEMS; FISHES; HEALTH AB Relations between stream habitat and urban land-use intensity were examined in 90 stream reaches located in or near the metropolitan areas of Salt Lake City, Utah (SLC) Birmingham, Alabama (BIR); and Boston, Massachusetts (BOS). Urban intensity was based on a multi-metric index (urban intensity index or UII) that included measures of land cover, socioeconomic organization, and urban infrastructure. Twenty-eight physical variables describing channel morphology, hydraulic properties, and streambed conditions were examined. None of the habitat variables was significantly correlated with urbanization intensity in all three study areas. Urbanization effects on stream habitat were less apparent for streams in SLC and BIR, owing to the strong influence of basin slope (SLC) and drought conditions (BIR) on local flow regimes. Streamflow in the BOS study area was not unduly influenced by similar conditions of climate and physiography, and habitat conditions in these streams were more responsive to urbanization. Urbanization in BOS contributed to higher discharge, channel deepening, and increased loading of fine-rained particles to stream channels. The modifying influence of basin slope and climate on hydrology of streams in SLC and BIR limited our ability to effectively compare habitat responses among different urban settings and identify common responses that might be of interest to restoration or water management programs. Successful application of land- use models such as the UII to compare urbanization effects on stream habitat in different environmental settings must account for inherent differences in natural and anthropogenic factors affecting stream hydrology and geomorphology The challenge to future management of urban development is to further quantify these differences by building upon existing models, and ultimately develop a broader understanding of urbanization effects oil aquatic ecosystems. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Short, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tmshort@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 6 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 317 EP 332 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200018 ER PT S AU Cuffney, TF Zappia, H Giddings, EMP Coles, JF AF Cuffney, TF Zappia, H Giddings, EMP Coles, JF BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Effects of urbanization on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in contrasting environmental settings: Boston, Massachusetts; Birmingham, Alabama; and Salt Lake City, Utah SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID STREAM INSECT COMMUNITIES; URBAN STREAMS; WATER-QUALITY; LAND-USE; RUNOFF; STORMWATER; INVERTEBRATES; IMPAIRMENT; RESPONSES; METALS AB Responses of invertebrate assemblages along gradients of urban intensity were examined in three metropolitan areas with contrasting climates and topography (Boston, Massachusetts; Birmingham, Alabama; Salt Lake City, Utah). Urban gradients were defined using an urban intensity index (UII) derived from basin-scale population, infrastructure, land-use, land-cover, and socioeconomic characteristics. Responses based on assemblage metrics indices of biotic integrity (B-IBI), and ordinations were readily detected in all three urban areas and many responses could be accurately predicted simply using regional UIIs. Responses to UII were linear and did not indicate any initial resistance to urbanization. Richness metrics were better indicators of urbanization than were density metrics. Metrics that were good indicators were specific to each study except for a richness-based tolerance metric (TOLr) and one B-IBI. Tolerances to urbanization were derived for 205 taxa. These tolerances differed among studies and with published tolerance values, but provided similar characterizations of site conditions. Basin-scale land-use changes were the most important variables for explaining invertebrate responses to urbanization. Some chemical and instream physical habitat variables were important in individual studies, but not among studies. Optimizing the study design to detect basin-scale effects may have reduced the ability to detect local-scale effects. C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Cuffney, TF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. EM tcuffney@usgs.gov NR 67 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 361 EP 407 PG 47 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200020 ER PT S AU Meador, MR Coles, JF Zappia, H AF Meador, MR Coles, JF Zappia, H BE Brown, LR Gray, RH Hughes, RM Meador, MR TI Fish assemblage responses to urban intensity gradients in contrasting metropolitan areas: Birmingham, Alabama and Boston, Massachusetts SO EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Ecosystems CY AUG 11-12, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, Water Qual Sect ID UPPER CAHABA RIVER; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; ICHTHYOFAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES; HISTORICAL CHANGES; STREAM HABITAT; URBANIZATION; QUALITY; INDEX; CREEK AB We examined fish assemblage responses to urban intensity gradients in two contrasting metropolitan areas: Birmingham, Alabama (BIR) and Boston, Massachusetts (BOS). Urbanization was quantified by using an urban intensity index (UII) that included multiple stream buffers and basin land uses, human population density and road density variables. We evaluated fish assemblage responses by using species richness metrics and detrended correspondence analyses (DCA). Fish species richness metrics included total fish species richness, and percentages of endemic species richness, alien species, and fluvial specialist species. Fish species richness decreased significantly with increasing urbanization in BIR (r = -0.82, P = 0.001) and BOS (r = -0.48, P = 0.008). Percentages of endemic species richness decreased significantly with increasing urbanization only in BIR (r = 0.71, P = 0.001), whereas percentages of fluvial specialist species decreased significantly with increasing urbanization only in BOS (r = -0-56, P = 0.002). Our DCA results for BIR indicate that highly urbanized fish assemblages are composed primarily of largescale stoneroller Campostoma oligolepis, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus, whereas the highly urbanized Fish assemblages in BOS are dominated by yellow perch Perca flavescens, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, yellow bullhead Ameiurus natalis, largemouth bass, pumpkinseed L. gibbosus, brown bullhead A. nebulosus, and redfin pickerel Esox americanus. Differences in fish assemblage responses to urbanization between the two areas appear to be related to differences in nutrient enrichment, habitat alterations, and invasive species. Because species richness can increase or decrease with increasing urbanization, a general response model is not applicable. Instead, response models based on species' life histories, behavior, and autecologies; offer greater potential for understanding fish assemblage responses to urbanization. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Meador, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM mrmeador@usgs.gov; mrmeador@usgs.gov NR 54 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-73-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 47 BP 409 EP 423 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BDO82 UT WOS:000234567200021 ER PT J AU Obermeier, SF AF Obermeier, SF TI Paleoliquefaction and appraisal of earthquake hazards - Foreword SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EqLiq Consulting, Rockport, IN 47635 USA. RP Obermeier, SF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM sobermei@yahoo.com NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 76 IS 3-4 BP 177 EP 178 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.005 PG 2 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 888LQ UT WOS:000226376000001 ER PT J AU Obermeier, SF Olson, SM Green, RA AF Obermeier, SF Olson, SM Green, RA TI Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: a primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; palcoliquefaction; paleoseismicity; liquefaction susceptibility; energy center ID HOLOCENE PALEO-EARTHQUAKES; CASE-HISTORIES; FAILURE; STRENGTH; SEDIMENTS; ILLINOIS; INDIANA; SANDS; CPT; USA AB Discussed in this paper are the factors that control the typical manifestations of liquefaction that are found in continental field settings. The factors are given mainly in terms of the local geologic field situation and the geotechnical properties there. A meaningful interpretation of liquefaction-based data for quantitative analysis of paleoseismic shaking requires understanding of both geologic and geotechnical roles in the mode of ground failure at a specific site. Recommendations are made for the size of the field area that must be searched for liquefaction effects, in order to develop adequate data for engineering geologic/geotechnical analyses of paleoseismicity. The areal extent must be based on an appreciation that the tectonic situation can cause seismically induced liquefaction effects to form in some locales, but not in others nearby, even for a strong earthquake in the region. Our guidelines for the conduct of the field search and preliminary analysis of the data relate to three issues for which liquefaction features are especially useful in answering: Has there been strong Holocene/latest Pleistocene shaking in the region? Where was the tectonic source? And what was the strength of shaking? Understanding of the various factors that control the manifestations of liquefaction effects, which we present in this paper, is essential for developing credible answers to these questions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EqLiq Consulting, Rockport, IN 47635 USA. Univ Illinois, Newmark Civil Engn Lab 2230D, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM sobermei@yahoo.com; olsons@uiuc.edu; rugreen@engin.umich.edu RI Green, Russell/B-2792-2013 NR 80 TC 38 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 EI 1872-6917 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 76 IS 3-4 BP 209 EP 234 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.009 PG 26 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 888LQ UT WOS:000226376000004 ER PT J AU Olson, SM Green, RA Obermeier, SF AF Olson, SM Green, RA Obermeier, SF TI Geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction features: a major updating SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE liquefaction; paleoliquefaction; paleoseismicity; paleoseismic shaking; geotechnical analysis; earthquake magnitude; soil aging; magnitude bound ID GROUND MOTIONS; EARTHQUAKES; SOILS; MAGNITUDE; HOLOCENE; RESISTANCE; DISTANCE; STRENGTH; SANDS AB A new methodology is proposed for the geotechnical analysis of strength of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction effects. The proposed method provides recommendations for selection of both individual and regionally located test sites, provides techniques for validation of field data for use in back-analysis, and presents a recently developed energy-based solution to back-calculate paleoearthquake magnitude and strength of shaking. The proposed method allows investigators to qualitatively assess the influence of post-earthquake density change and aging. The proposed method also describes how the back-calculations from individual sites should be integrated into a regional assessment of paleoseismic parameters. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Newmark Civil Engn Lab 2230D, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EqLiq Consulting, Rockport, IN 47635 USA. RP Olson, SM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Newmark Civil Engn Lab 2230D, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM olsons@uiuc.edu; rugreen@engin.umich.edu; sobermei@yahoo.com RI Green, Russell/B-2792-2013 NR 77 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 76 IS 3-4 BP 235 EP 261 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.008 PG 27 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 888LQ UT WOS:000226376000005 ER PT J AU Green, RA Obermeier, SF Olson, SM AF Green, RA Obermeier, SF Olson, SM TI Engineering geologic and geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction effects: field examples SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE paleoliquefaction; palcoseismic; liquefaction; earthquake; Wabash Valley; New Madrid ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; EARTHQUAKES; HOLOCENE AB The greatest impediments to the widespread acceptance of back-calculated ground motion characteristics from paleoliquefaction studies typically stem from three uncertainties: (1) the significance of changes in the geotechnical properties of post-liquefied sediments (e.g., "aging" and density changes), (2) the selection of appropriate geotechnical soil indices from individual paleoliquefaction sites, and (3) the methodology for integration of back-calculated results of strength of shaking from individual paleoliquefaction sites into a regional assessment of paleoseismic strength of shaking. Presented herein are two case studies that illustrate the methods outlined by Olson et al. [Engineering Geology, this issue] for addressing these uncertainties. The first case study is for a site near Memphis, Tennessee, wherein cone penetration test data from side-by-side locations, one of liquefaction and the other of no liquefaction, are used to readily discern that the influence of post-liquefaction A aginga and density changes on the measured in situ soil indices is minimal. In the second case study, 12 sites that are at scattered locations in the Wabash Valley and that exhibit paleoliquefaction features are analyzed. The features are first provisionally attributed to the Vincennes Earthquake, which occurred around 6100 years BP, and are used to illustrate our proposed approach for selecting representative soil indices of the liquefied sediments. These indices are used in back-calculating the strength of shaking at the individual sites, the results from which are then incorporated into a regional assessment of the moment magnitude, M, of the Vincennes Earthquake. The regional assessment validated the provisional assumption that the paleoliquefaction features at the scattered sites were induced by the Vincennes Earthquake, in the main, which was determined to have M similar to 7.5. The uncertainties and assumptions used in the assessment are discussed in detail. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EqLiq Consulting, Rockport, IN 47635 USA. Univ Illinois, Newmark Civil Engn Lab 2230D, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Green, RA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 2372 GG Brown Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM rugreen@engin.umich.edu; sobermei@yahoo.com; olsons@uiuc.edu RI Green, Russell/B-2792-2013 NR 43 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 76 IS 3-4 BP 263 EP 293 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.026 PG 31 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 888LQ UT WOS:000226376000006 ER PT J AU Baker, TL Jennings, CA AF Baker, TL Jennings, CA TI Striped bass survival in Lake Blackshear, Georgia during drought conditions: implications for restoration efforts in Gulf of Mexico drainages SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE thermal refuge; springs; radio-telemetry; habitat restoration; Upper Floridian Aquifer ID POPULATION; MANAGEMENT; SELECTION; RESERVOIR; HABITAT; DNA AB Endemic striped bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum) populations in Gulf Coast rivers have declined dramatically since the 1940s as a result of anthropogenic activities that limited access to historical spawning areas and adversely affected cool-water springs. Efforts to restore these populations to self-sustaining levels have been under way since the 1950s and continue to the present. In 1998-1999, we fitted 27 adult Gulf-strain striped bass with radio transmitters and released them in Lake Blackshear, Georgia. We used data on their survival, habitat use, and movement patterns to assess the potential long-term survival of fingerling striped bass stocked in this lake since 1996. Overall, we re-located only 27% of tagged fish in cool-water springs, and all radio-tagged striped bass that remained in the lake died during summer. Drought conditions based on rainfall and groundwater withdrawals during the study caused some cool-water springs in Lake Blackshear to stop flowing. Lake temperatures >27degreesC for 13 consecutive weeks, die-offs of non-tagged fish, intermittent spring flows, and widespread mortality of tagged fish suggest that the long-term survival of stocked striped bass in Lake Blackshear probably will be poor. Successful re-introductions of Gulf-strain striped bass to rivers and reservoirs in their historic range will depend on the presence of cool-water springs. The persistence, abundance, and sizes of springs in this region are heavily dependent on the periodicity of droughts and the magnitude of groundwater use. Regional climatological data indicate that droughts occur about every 3 years. Therefore, better management of groundwater withdrawals during drought periods will become increasingly important to maintain aquifer levels (and cool-water springs) needed for restoring native striped bass to Gulf Coast rivers. C1 Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Baker, TL (reprint author), 111 SW 5th Ave,Suite 1770, Portland, OR 97204 USA. EM jennings@uga.edu NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JAN PY 2005 VL 72 IS 1 BP 73 EP 84 DI 10.1007/s10641-004-6585-z PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 890BG UT WOS:000226486100010 ER PT J AU Kynard, B Parker, E Parker, T AF Kynard, B Parker, E Parker, T TI Behavior of early life intervals of Klamath River green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, with a note on body color SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE ontogenetic behavior; migration; dispersal; habitat; larvae; wintering behavior ID ONTOGENIC BEHAVIOR; SHORTNOSE STURGEON; SIBERIAN STURGEON; ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; ATLANTIC STURGEON; SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; MIGRATION; FISHES; BREVIROSTRUM; CONSERVATION AB We studied ontogenetic behavior, migration, and wintering behavior of young Klamath River green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the laboratory to provide insight into likely behavior of wild sturgeon. Hatchling free embryos preferred cover but were poor swimmers and could not move farther than a few centimeters to cover. The poor swimming ability and cover preference of hatchlings suggests evolution for habitat selection of females to place eggs in habitat with cover for eggs (and hatchlings), and for egg characteristics (large, dense, and weakly adhesive) to cause rapid sinking into cover without drifting. A day or so after fish developed into larvae (first life interval feeding exogenously), day-12 larvae initiated a 12-day downstream nocturnal migration. A totally nocturnal migration is unlike other Acipenser migrants yet studied. Migrant larvae had a dark-colored body typical of other Acipenser species that migrate as larvae. Tail color was a dark black (black-tail phenotype) only during the early larva period, suggesting a morphological adaptation for migration, foraging, or both. Post-migrant larvae and early juveniles to day 84 foraged diurnally with a nocturnal activity peak. Day 110-181 juveniles moved downstream at night until water temperature decreased to about 8degreesC, indicating wild juveniles migrate downstream to wintering habitat. Habitat preference of month 9-10 wintering juveniles suggests wild juveniles are in deep pools with low light and some rock structure. Wintering juveniles were only active at night. Initiation and cessation of daily activity was at dusk and dawn during illumination changes of <1.01x. This sensitivity to illumination has not been found before in sturgeons. During the first 10months of life, nocturnal activity of early life intervals is a dominant feature of migration, foraging, and wintering. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Kynard, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, 1 Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. EM kynard@forwild.umass.edu NR 35 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JAN PY 2005 VL 72 IS 1 BP 85 EP 97 DI 10.1007/s10641-004-6584-0 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 890BG UT WOS:000226486100011 ER PT J AU Johnson, SL Budinoff, CR Belnap, J Garcia-Pichel, F AF Johnson, SL Budinoff, CR Belnap, J Garcia-Pichel, F TI Relevance of ammonium oxidation within biological soil crust communities SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OXIDIZING BACTERIA; NITROGEN-FIXATION; NITROSOMONAS-EUROPAEA; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; CRYPTOGAMIC CRUSTS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; COLORADO PLATEAU; DESERT CRUSTS; ARID LANDS; NITRIFICATION AB Thin, vertically structured topsoil communities that become ecologically important in arid regions (biological soil crusts or BSCs) are responsible for much of the nitrogen inputs into pristine arid lands. We studied N(2) fixation and ammonium oxidation (AO) at subcentimetre resolution within BSCs from the Colorado Plateau. Pools of dissolved porewater nitrate/nitrite, ammonium and organic nitrogen in wetted BSCs were high in comparison with those typical of aridosoils. They remained stable during incubations, indicating that input and output processes were of similar magnitude. Areal N(2) fixation rates (6.5-48 mumol C(2)H(2) m(-2) h(-1)) were high, the vertical distribution of N(2) fixation peaking close to the surface if populations of heterocystous cyanobacteria were present, but in the subsurface if they were absent. Areal AO rates (19-46 mumol N m(-2) h(-1)) were commensurate with N(2) fixation inputs. When considering oxygen availability, AO activity invariably peaked 2-3 mm deep and was limited by oxygen (not ammonium) supply. Most probable number (MPN)-enumerated ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (6.7-7.9 x 10(3) cells g(-1) on average) clearly peaked at 2-3 mm depth. Thus, AO (hence nitrification) is a spatially restricted but important process in the nitrogen cycling of BSC, turning much of the biologically fixed nitrogen into oxidized forms, the fate of which remains to be determined. C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Garcia-Pichel, F (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM ferran@asu.edu OI Johnson, Shannon/0000-0002-3972-9208 NR 74 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 7 U2 40 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1462-2912 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 7 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00649.x PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 882RK UT WOS:000225955800001 PM 15643930 ER PT J AU Winger, PV Lasier, PJ Bogenrieder, KJ AF Winger, PV Lasier, PJ Bogenrieder, KJ TI Combined use of rapid bioassessment protocols and sediment quality triad to assess stream quality SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE benthos; chemistry; fish; habitat assessment; toxicity ID BIOTIC INDEX; FISH COMMUNITIES; HYALELLA-AZTECA; WATER-QUALITY; TOXICITY; INTEGRITY; POLLUTION; EXPOSURE; CRITERIA; METALS AB Physical, chemical and biological conditions at five stations on a small southeastern stream were evaluated using the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBP) and the Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) to assess potential biological impacts of a municipal wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) on downstream resources. Physical habitat, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish assemblages were impaired at Stations 1 and 2 (upstream of the WWTF), suggesting that the degraded physical habitat was adversely impacting the fish and benthic populations. The SQT also demonstrated that Stations 1 and 2 were degraded, but the factors responsible for the impaired conditions were attributed to the elevated concentrations of polycylclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals (Mn, Pb) in the sediments. The source of contaminants to the upper reaches of the stream appears to be storm-water runoff from the city center. Increased discharge and stabilized base flow contributed by the WWTF appeared to benefit the physically-altered stream system. Although the two assessment procedures demonstrated biological impairment at the upstream stations, the environmental factors identified as being responsible for the impairment were different: the RBP provided insight into contributions associated with the physical habitat and the SQT contributed information on contaminants and sediment quality. Both procedures are important in the identification of physical and chemical factors responsible for environmental impairment and together they provide information critical to the development of appropriate management options for mitigation. C1 Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Winger, PV (reprint author), Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM parley_winger@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 20 U2 57 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 100 IS 1-3 BP 267 EP 295 DI 10.1007/s10661-005-7788-2 PG 29 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 896YK UT WOS:000226970300018 PM 15727312 ER PT J AU Ayotte, JD Argue, DM McGarry, FJ AF Ayotte, JD Argue, DM McGarry, FJ TI Methyl tert-butyl ether occurrence and related factors in public and private wells in southeast New Hampshire SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; UNITED-STATES; MTBE; ATMOSPHERE AB The occurrence of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in water from public wells in New Hampshire has increased steadily over the past several years. Using a laboratory reporting level of 0.2 mug/L, 40% of samples from public wells and 21% from private wells in southeast New Hampshire have measurable concentrations of MTBE. The rate of occurrence of MTBE varied significantly for public wells by establishment type; for example, 63% of public wells serving residential properties have MTBE concentrations above 0.2 mug/L, whereas lower rates were found for schools (21%). MTBE concentrations correlate strongly with urban factors, such as population density. Surprisingly, MTBE was correlated positively with well depth for public supply wells. Well depth is inversely related to yield in New Hampshire bedrock wells, which may mean that there is less opportunity for dilution of MTBE captured by deep wells. Another possibility is that the source(s) of water to low-yield wells may be dominated by leakage from potentially contaminated shallow groundwater through near-surface fractures or along the well casing. These wells may also have relatively large contributing areas (due to low recharge at the bedrock surface) and therefore have a greater chance of intersecting MTBE sources. This finding is significant because deep bedrock wells are often considered to be less vulnerable to contamination than shallow wells, and in southeast New Hampshire, wells are being drilled deeper in search of increased supply. C1 US Geol Survey, Pembroke, NH 03275 USA. State New Hampshire Dept Environm Serv, Waste Management Div, Concord, NH 03301 USA. RP Ayotte, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 361 Commerce Way, Pembroke, NH 03275 USA. EM jayotte@usgs.gov NR 64 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 39 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1021/es049549e PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 884UM UT WOS:000226112200006 PM 15667069 ER PT J AU Power, LE Arai, Y Sparks, DL AF Power, LE Arai, Y Sparks, DL TI Zinc adsorption effects on arsenite oxidation kinetics at the birnessite-water interface SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROUS MANGANESE OXIDE; ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; NA-RICH BIRNESSITE; METAL-IONS; ARSENIC(III) OXIDATION; REDUCTIVE DISSOLUTION; SYNTHETIC BIRNESSITE; HEXAGONAL BIRNESSITE; SORPTION; AVAILABILITY AB Arsenite is more toxic and mobile than As(V) in soil and sediment environments, and thus it is advantageous to explore factors that enhance oxidation of As(III) to As(V). Previous studies showed that manganese oxides, such as birnessite (delta-MnO2) directly oxidized As(III). However, these studies did not explore the role that cation adsorption has on As(III) oxidation. Accordingly, the effects of adsorbed and nonadsorbed Zn on arsenite (As(III)) oxidation kinetics at the birnessite-water interface were investigated using batch adsorption experiments (0.1 g L-1; pH 4.5 and 6.0; I = 0.01 M NaCl). Divalent Zn adsorption on synthetic delta-MnO2 in the absence of As(III) increased with increasing pH and caused positive shifts in electrophoretic mobility values at pH 4-6, indirectly suggesting inner-sphere Zn adsorption mechanisms. Arsenite was readily oxidized on birnessite in the absence of Zn. The initial As(III) oxidation rate constant decreased with increasing pH from 4.5 to 6.0 and initial As(III) concentrations from 100 to 300 muM. Similar pH and initial As(III) concentration effects were observed in systems when Zn was present (i.e., presorbed Zn prior to As(III) addition and simultaneously added Zn-As(III) systems), but As(III) oxidation reactions were suppressed compared to the respective control systems. The suppression was more pronounced when Zn was presorbed on the delta-MnO2 surfaces as opposed to added simultaneously with As(III). This study provides further understanding of As(III) oxidation reactions on manganese oxide surfaces under environmentally applicable conditions where metals compete for reactive sites. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Sparks, DL (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. EM dlsparks@udel.edu NR 35 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 39 IS 1 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1021/es049922i PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 884UM UT WOS:000226112200030 PM 15667093 ER PT J AU Connor, KT Eversen, M Su, SH Finley, BL AF Connor, KT Eversen, M Su, SH Finley, BL TI Quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish for human cancer risk assessment: A comparative case study SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; toxic equivalency; analytical chemistry; risk assessment; fish ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; PCB CONGENERS; SAMPLES; BAY AB A range of analytical options is available for the quantification of environmental polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCBs can be quantified as Aroclor((R)) mixtures, as individual PCB congeners, or as PCB homologues. The methodological choice is driven by many considerations, including cost, but it is important to note that the risk assessment methods recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) have specific and varying requirements for these analytical endpoints. The toxic equivalency approach is recommended for settings where the original Aroclor mixtures have been heavily degraded or weathered. Because this method only addresses the dioxin-like fraction of the PCB mass, the remaining PCB congeners need to be quantified and assessed separately, in a manner that is consistent with current U.S. EPA guidance. In this present analysis, we examined various methods for estimating a total nondioxin-like PCB mass in fish tissue samples from a New Jersey waterway using congener and homologue data: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimate of the PCB total based on 18 congeners Sigmadioxin-like ongeners, an estimate of the PCB total from 38 analyzed congeners - Sigmadioxin-like congeners, and the total of nine homologue groups -Y-dioxin-like congeners. These three approaches yielded similar estimates of the total nondioxin-like PCBs for a variety of fish species, whereas the totals quantified as Aroclor 1248, 1254, or 1260 were typically more than fivefold lower. Based on these results, the selection of the PCB analytical endpoints obtained from field investigations of fish and shellfish should be guided by the appropriate risk assessment methodology and by the analytical limitations. C1 Exponent, Natick, MA 01760 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Exponent, New York, NY 10170 USA. Exponent, Santa Rosa, CA USA. RP Finley, BL (reprint author), Exponent, 21 Strathmore Rd, Natick, MA 01760 USA. EM bfinley@exponent.com NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 24 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1897/04-075R.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 880XW UT WOS:000225824600004 PM 15683163 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Custer, TW Rosiu, CJ Melancon, MJ Bickham, JW Matson, CW AF Custer, CM Custer, TW Rosiu, CJ Melancon, MJ Bickham, JW Matson, CW TI Exposure and effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting along the Woonasquatucket River, Rhode Island, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hatching; success; dioxins; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin tree; swallows; Woonasquatucket River ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; 3,3,4,4,5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL PCB 126; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; ARDEA-HERODIAS; FOX RIVER; GREEN BAY AB Concentrations of 2,3,7,8 -tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in tree swallows (Tachycineta hicolor) nesting along the Woonasquatucket River northwest of Providence (RI, USA) in 2000 and 2001 were some of the highest ever reported in avian tissues. Mean concentrations in eggs ranged from 300 to > 1,000 pg/g wet weight at the two most contaminated ponds, Allendale and Lyman. Mean egg concentrations at Greystone, the upstream reference pond, were 12 and 29 pg/g. Positive accumulation rates and concentrations in diet samples from 12-day-old nestlings indicated that the contamination was accumulated locally. Concentrations in diet of between 71 and 219 pg/g wet weight were more than 6 and 18 times higher than concentrations considered safe for birds (10- 12 pg/g). Hatching success was negatively associated with concentration of TCDD in eggs. Only about half the eggs hatched at Allendale compared with >77% at Greystone. The national average for hatching success in successful nests is 85%. No other contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury, were present in any sample at concentrations known to affect avian reproduction. Three bioindicators, half-peak coefficient of geometric variation, ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity, and brain asymmetry were assessed relative to TCDD contamination. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Environm Protect Agcy, Boston, MA 02114 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20708 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM ccuster@usgs.gov RI Matson, Cole/F-7992-2010; Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Matson, Cole/0000-0002-6472-9357; Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04917] NR 68 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 24 IS 1 BP 93 EP 109 DI 10.1897/03-682.1 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 880XW UT WOS:000225824600013 PM 15683172 ER PT J AU Maule, AG Jorgensen, EH Vijayan, MM Killie, JEA AF Maule, AG Jorgensen, EH Vijayan, MM Killie, JEA TI Aroclor 1254 exposure reduces disease resistance and innate immune responses in fasted Arctic charr SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Arctic charr; polychlorinated biphenyl; disease; immune ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; RHAMNOSE-BINDING LECTINS; RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; CHINOOK SALMON; GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE AB To examine the immunological impacts of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an environmentally relevant way, we orally contaminated Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) with Aroclor 1254. After contamination, fish were either fed (0 and 100 ing Aroclor 1254 kg(-1) fish wt) or fasted (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg kg(-1)) to mimic cycles of feeding-fasting experienced by Arctic animals. After four months, PCB concentrations in muscle were the same in fasted and fed fish; however, PCBs in kidneys of fed fish were 33 to 50% of those in fasted fish. Arctic charr were exposed to Aeromonas salmonicida, the bacteria responsible for furunculosis, by cohabitation with infected conspecifics. Fasted fish had a significant trend toward lower survival with higher dose of PCBs from 68% in controls to 48% in treatment involving 100 mg kg(-1). Independent of PCB contamination, fed fish had the lowest survival; we attribute this to stress associated with establishing and maintaining feeding hierarchies. A significant decrease in the activity of lysozyme was observed in skin mucus, as was hemagglutination ability of a putative rhamnose lectin in fasted, but not in fed, PCB-treated fish. These results demonstrate the immunosuppressive effects of PCBs on Arctic charr, and they illustrate the importance of considering environmentally relevant nutritional status in ecotoxicological Studies. C1 US Geol Survey BRD, WFRC, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Univ Tromso, Norwegian Coll Fishery Sci, N-9037 Tromso, Norway. Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Polar Environm Ctr, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. Univ Waterloo, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Maule, AG (reprint author), US Geol Survey BRD, WFRC, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM alec_maule@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 24 IS 1 BP 117 EP 124 DI 10.1897/03-700.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 880XW UT WOS:000225824600015 PM 15683174 ER PT J AU Hornbostel, VL Zhioua, E Benjamin, MA Ginsberg, HS Ostfeld, RS AF Hornbostel, VL Zhioua, E Benjamin, MA Ginsberg, HS Ostfeld, RS TI Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) and permethrin to Ixodes scapularis (Acari : Ixodidae) nymphs SO EXPERIMENTAL AND APPLIED ACAROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acaricide; biological control; Ixodes scapularis; lyme disease; Metarhizium anisopliae; tick control ID AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM ACARI; TICK BOOPHILUS-MICROPLUS; GERMAN-COCKROACH DICTYOPTERA; FUNGI BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; DAMMINI ACARI; LYME-DISEASE; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI; ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AB Effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, for controlling nymphal Ixodes scapularis, was tested in laboratory and field trials. In the laboratory, M. anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin strain ESCI was moderately pathogenic, with an LC50 of 10(7) spores/ml and induced 70% mortality at 10(9) spores/ml. In a field study, however, 10(9) spores/ml M. anisopliae did not effectively control questing I. scapularis nymphs, and significant differences were not detected in pre- and post-treatment densities. For nymphs collected and returned to the laboratory for observation, mortality was low in treatment groups, ranging from 20 to 36%. To assess whether a chemical acaricide would synergistically enhance pathogenicity of the fungus, we challenged unfed nymphal I. scapularis with combinations of M. anisopliae and permethrin, a relatively safe pyrethroid acaricide, in two separate bioassays. Significant interactions between M. anisopliae and permethrin were not observed, supporting neither synergism nor antagonism. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Fisheries Anim & Vet Sci Dept, Tick Res Lab, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Inst Pasteur, Lab Ecol Syst Vectoriels, Tunis 1002, Tunisia. Univ Rhode Isl, Woodward PLS, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Ostfeld, RS (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB,Route 44A, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. EM rostfeld@ecostudies.org FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 40076] NR 70 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-8162 J9 EXP APPL ACAROL JI Exp. Appl. Acarol. PY 2005 VL 35 IS 4 BP 301 EP 316 DI 10.1007/s10493-004-5437-z PG 16 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 932NX UT WOS:000229561500004 PM 15969463 ER PT J AU Missildine, B AF Missildine, B TI Salmon carcass deployment: A potential pathway for PCB contamination SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material ID NITROGEN C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacey, WA USA. Evergreen State Coll, Olympia, WA 98505 USA. RP Missildine, B (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacey, WA USA. EM cohophysh@yahoo.com NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JAN PY 2005 VL 30 IS 1 BP 18 EP 19 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 888DF UT WOS:000226353700007 ER PT J AU Wang, BB Jackson, JC Palmer, C Zheng, BS Finkelman, RB AF Wang, BB Jackson, JC Palmer, C Zheng, BS Finkelman, RB TI Evaluation on determination of iodine in coal by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence SO GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE iodine; coal; concentration; determination; ED-XRF AB A quick and inexpensive method of relative high iodine determination from coal samples was evaluated. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) provided a detection limit of about 14 ppm (3 times of standard deviations of the blank sample), without any complex sample preparation. An analytical relative standard deviation of 16% was readily attainable for coal samples. Under optimum conditions, coal samples with iodine concentrations higher than 5 ppm can be determined using this EDXRF method. For the time being, due to the general iodine concentrations of coal samples lower than 5 ppm, except for some high iodine content coal, this method can not effectively been used for iodine determination. More work needed to meet the requirement of determination of iodine from coal samples for this method. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Environm Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Wang, BB (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Environm Geochem, 73 Guanshui Rd, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China. EM Benjamin-w@tom.com NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOCHEMICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 358-5 YAMABUKI-CHO, SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO, 162-0801, JAPAN SN 0016-7002 EI 1880-5973 J9 GEOCHEM J JI Geochem. J. PY 2005 VL 39 IS 4 BP 391 EP 394 DI 10.2343/geochemj.39.391 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 950MZ UT WOS:000230862700009 ER PT J AU Davatzes, NC Eichhubl, P Aydin, A AF Davatzes, NC Eichhubl, P Aydin, A TI Structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone by multiple deformation mechanisms: Moab fault, southeast Utah SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE deformation band; joint; Moab fault; mechanics; stress; sheared joint ID STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; THICKNESS DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIPS; ARCHES NATIONAL-PARK; FLUID-FLOW; DAMAGE ZONE; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; POROUS SANDSTONES; SE UTAH; GROWTH; BANDS AB Faults in sandstone are frequently composed of two classes of structures: (1) deformation bands and (2)joints and sheared joints. Whereas the former structures are associated with cataclastic deformation, the latter ones represent brittle fracturing, fragmentation, and brecciation. We investigated the distribution of these structures, their formation, and the underlying mechanical controls for their occurrence along the Moab normal fault in southeastern Utah through the use of structural mapping and numerical elastic boundary element modeling. We found that deformation bands occur everywhere along the fault, but with increased density in contractional relays. Joints and sheared joints only occur at intersections and extensional relays. In all locations, joints consistently overprint deformation bands. Localization of joints and sheared joints in extensional relays suggests that their distribution is controlled by local variations in stress state that are due to mechanical interaction between the fault segments. This interpretation is consistent with elastic boundary element models that predict a local reduction in mean stress and least compressive principal stress at intersections and extensional relays. The transition from deformation band to joint formation along these sections of the fault system likely resulted from the combined effects of changes in remote tectonic loading, burial depth, fluid pressure, and rock properties. In the case of the Moab fault, we conclude that the structural heterogeneity in the fault zone is systematically related to the geometric evolution of the fault. the local state of stress associated with fault slip, and the remote loading history. Because the type and distribution of structures affect fault permeability and strength, our results predict systematic variations in these parameters with fault evolution. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Davatzes, NC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Grp, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM ndavatzes@usgs.gov RI Eichhubl, Peter/A-2600-2009 OI Eichhubl, Peter/0000-0002-2729-776X NR 69 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 17 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 117 IS 1-2 BP 135 EP 148 DI 10.1130/B25473.1 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 888AG UT WOS:000226346000009 ER PT J AU Stock, JD Montgomery, DR Collins, BD Dietrich, WE Sklar, L AF Stock, JD Montgomery, DR Collins, BD Dietrich, WE Sklar, L TI Field measurements of incision rates following bedrock exposure: Implications for process controls on the long profiles of valleys cut by rivers and debris flows SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE geomorphology; erosion; neotectonics; rivers; weathering ID OREGON COAST RANGE; TRIPLE JUNCTION REGION; GRAVEL-BEDDED RIVERS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; LANDSCAPE RESPONSE; INCIPIENT MOTION; TECTONIC UPLIFT; EROSION RATES; SEDIMENT-FLUX; ROCK-UPLIFT AB Until recently, published rates of incision of bedrock valleys came from indirect dating of incised surfaces. A small but growing literature based on direct measurement reports short-term bedrock lowering at geologically unsustainable rates. We report observations of bedrock lowering from erosion pins monitored over 1-7 yr in 10 valleys that cut indurated volcanic and sedimentary rocks in Washington, Oregon, California, and Taiwan. Most of these channels have historically been stripped of sediment. Their bedrock is exposed to bed-load abrasion, plucking, and seasonal wetting and drying that comminutes hard, intact rock into plates or equant fragments that are removed by higher flows. Consequent incision rates are proportional to the square of rock tensile strength, in agreement with experimental results of others. Measured rates up to centimeters per year far exceed regional long-term erosion-rate estimates, even for apparently minor sediment-transport rates. Cultural artifacts on adjoining strath terraces in Washington and Taiwan indicate at least several decades of lowering at these extreme rates. Lacking sediment cover, lithologies at these sites lower at rates that far exceed long-term rock-uplift rates. This rate disparity makes it unlikely that the long profiles of these rivers are directly adjusted to either bedrock hardness or rock-uplift rate in the manner predicted by the stream power law, despite the observation that their profiles are well fit by power-law plots of drainage area vs. slope. We hypothesize that the threshold of motion of a thin sediment mantle, rather than bedrock hardness or rock-uplift rate, controls channel slope in weak bedrock lithologies with tensile strengths below similar to3-5 MPa. To illustrate this hypothesis and to provide an alternative interpretation for power-law plots of area vs. slope, we combine Shields' threshold transport concept with measured hydraulic relationships and downstream fining rates. In contrast to fluvial reaches, none of the hundreds of erosion pins we installed in steep valleys recently scoured to bedrock by debris flows indicate any postevent fluvial lowering. These results are consistent with episodic debris flows as the primary agent of bedrock lowering in the steepest parts of the channel network above similar to0.03-0.10 slope. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Stock, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA USA. EM jstock@usgs.gov OI Sklar, Leonard/0000-0001-9626-733X NR 79 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 4 U2 25 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD, STE 960-S, DENVER, CO 80246 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 117 IS 1-2 BP 174 EP 194 DI 10.1130/B25560.1 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 888AG UT WOS:000226346000012 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF Nyst, M AF Pollitz, FF Nyst, M TI A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay Region SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE crustal deformation; San Francisco Bay; strain accumulation ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; ANDREAS FAULT; CALIFORNIA; SLIP; DEFORMATION; MOTION; INVERSION; NEVADA; CREEP; RATES AB Strain accumulation in tectonically active regions is generally a superposition of the effects of background tectonic loading, steady-state dislocation processes, such as creep, and transient deformation. In the San Francisco Bay region (SFBR), the most uncertain of these processes is transient deformation, which arises primarily in association with large earthquakes. As such, it depends upon the history of faulting and the rheology of the crust and mantle, which together determine the pattern of longer term (decade-scale) post-seismic response to earthquakes. We utilize a set of 102 GPS velocity vectors in the SFBR in order to characterize the strain rate field and construct a physical model of its present deformation. We first perform an inversion for the continuous velocity gradient field from the discrete GPS velocity field, from which both tensor strain rate and rotation rate may be extracted. The present strain rate pattern is well described as a nearly uniform shear strain rate oriented approximately N34degreesW( 140 nanostrain yr(-1)) plus a N56degreesE uniaxial compression rate averaging 20 nanostrain yr(-1) across the shear zone. We fit the velocity and strain rate fields to a model of time-dependent deformation within a 135-km-wide, arcuate shear zone bounded by strong Pacific Plate and Sierra Nevada block lithosphere to the SW and NE, respectively. Driving forces are purely lateral, consisting of shear zone deformation imposed by the relative motions between the thick Pacific Plate and Sierra Nevada block lithospheres. Assuming a depth-dependent viscoelastic structure within the shear zone, we account for the effects of steady creep on faults and viscoelastic relaxation following the 1906 San Francisco and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes, subject to constant velocity boundary conditions on the edges of the shear zone. Fault creep is realized by evaluating dislocations on the creeping portions of faults in the fluid limit of the viscoelastic model. A priori plate-boundary( PB)-parallel motion is set to 38 mm yr(-1). A grid search based on fitting the observed strain rate pattern yields a mantle viscosity of 1.2 x 10(19) Pa sand a PB-perpendicular convergence rate of similar to3 mm yr(-1). Most of this convergence appears to be uniformly distributed in the Pacific-Sierra Nevada plate boundary zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 7 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 160 IS 1 BP 302 EP 317 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02433.x PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 882RA UT WOS:000225954800022 ER PT J AU Ellefsen, KJ Wright, DL AF Ellefsen, KJ Wright, DL TI Radiation pattern of a borehole radar antenna SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article AB The finite-difference time-domain method was used to simulate radar waves that were generated by a transmitting antenna inside a borehole. The simulations were of four different models that included features such as a water-filled borehole and an antenna with resistive loading. For each model, radiation patterns for the far-field region were calculated. The radiation patterns show that the amplitude of the radar wave was strongly affected by its frequency, the water-filled borehole, the resistive loading of the antenna, and the external metal parts of the antenna (e.g., the cable head and the battery pack). For the models with a water-filled borehole, their normalized radiation patterns were practically identical to the normalized radiation pattern of a finite-length electric dipole when the wavelength in the formation was significantly greater than the total length of the radiating elements of the model antenna. The minimum wavelength at which this criterion was satisfied depended upon the features of the antenna, especially its external metal parts. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Ellefsen, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 964,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM ellefsen@usgs.gov; dwright@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 70 IS 1 BP K1 EP K11 DI 10.1190/1.1852779 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 899VN UT WOS:000227173900010 ER PT J AU Guillong, M Hametner, K Reusser, E Wilson, SA Gunther, D AF Guillong, M Hametner, K Reusser, E Wilson, SA Gunther, D TI Preliminary characterisation of new glass reference materials (GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G and GSE-1G) by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry using 193 nm, 213 nm and 266 nm wavelengths SO GEOSTANDARDS AND GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry electron microprobe; glass reference materials; NIST SRM 610; USGS BCR-2G ID TRACE-ELEMENT COMPOSITION; REFERENCE MATERIALS BCR-1; ND-YAG LASER; ICP-MS; NIST SRM-610; REFERENCE VALUES; ID-TIMS; USGS; FRACTIONATION; HOMOGENEITY AB New glass reference materials GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G and GSE-1G have been characterised using a prototype solid state laser ablation system capable of producing wavelengths of 193 rim, 213 nm and 266 nm. This system allowed comparison of the effects of different laser wavelengths under nearly identical ablation and ICP operating conditions. The wavelengths 213 nm and 266 nm were also used at higher energy densities to evaluate the influence of energy density on quantitative analysis. in addition, the glass reference materials were analysed using commercially available 266 nm Nd:YAG and 193 nm ArF excimer lasers. Laser ablation analysis was carried out using both single spot and scanning mode ablation. Using laser ablation ICP-MS, concentrations of fifty-eight elements were determined with external calibration to the NIST SRM 610 glass reference material. instead of applying the more common internal standardisation procedure, the total concentration of all element oxide concentrations was normalised to 100%. Major element concentrations were compared with those determined by electron microprobe. in addition to NIST SRM 610 for external calibration, USGS BCR-2G was used as a more closely matrix-matched reference material in order to compare the effect of matrix-matched and non matrix-matched calibration on quantitative analysis. The results show that the various laser wavelengths and energy densities applied produced similar results, with the exception of scanning mode ablation at 266 nm without matrix-matched calibration where deviations up to 60% from the average were found. However, results acquired using a scanning mode with a matrix-matched calibration agreed with results obtained by spot analysis. The increased abundance of large particles produced when using a scanning ablation mode with NIST SRM 610, is responsible for elemental fractionation effects caused by incomplete vaporisation of large particles in the ICP. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inorgan Chem Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ETH Zentrum, Inst Mineral & Petrog, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gunther, D (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inorgan Chem Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. EM swilson@usgs.gov; guenther@inorg.chem.ethz.ch RI Guillong, Marcel/F-8527-2015 OI Guillong, Marcel/0000-0002-6920-3362 NR 25 TC 66 Z9 75 U1 4 U2 23 PU GEOSTANDARDS PI VANDOEUVRE NANCY PA 15 RUE NOTRE-DAME-DES-PAUVRES BP 20, 54501 VANDOEUVRE NANCY, FRANCE SN 1639-4488 J9 GEOSTAND GEOANAL RES JI Geostand. Geoanal. Res. PY 2005 VL 29 IS 3 BP 315 EP 331 DI 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2005.tb00903.x PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 018QK UT WOS:000235779700005 ER PT B AU Singer, DA Menzie, WD AF Singer, DA Menzie, WD BE Cheng, Q BonhamCarter, G TI Statistical guides to estimating the number of undiscovered mineral deposits: An example with porphyry copper deposits SO GIS and Spatial Analysis, Vol 1and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the International-Association-for-Mathematical-Geology CY AUG 21-26, 2005 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Int Assoc Math Geol, Geol Survey Canada, York Univ, Geomat Res Lab, Univ Toronto, Geol Dept, China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Events & Management Plus Inc AB Estimating numbers of undiscovered mineral deposits is a fundamental part of assessing mineral resources. Some statistical tools can act as guides to low variance, unbiased estimates of the number of deposits. The primary guide is that the estimates must be consistent with the grade and tonnage models. Another statistical guide is the deposit density (i.e., the number of deposits per unit area of permissive rock in well-explored control areas). Preliminary estimates and confidence limits of the number of undiscovered deposits in a tract of given area may be calculated using linear regression and refined using frequency distributions with appropriate parameters. A Poisson distribution leads to estimates having lower relative variances than the regression estimates and implies a random distribution of deposits. Coefficients of variation are used to compare uncertainties of negative binomial, Poisson, or MARK3 empirical distributions that have the same expected number of deposits as the deposit density. Statistical guides presented here allow simple yet robust estimation of the number of undiscovered deposits in permissive terranes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 90402 USA. RP Singer, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 90402 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU YORK UNIV PI TORONTO PA 4700 KEELE ST, TORONTO, ON M3J1P3, CANADA BN 0-9734220-1-7 PY 2005 BP 1028 EP 1033 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Geology; Mathematics; Remote Sensing GA BDF50 UT WOS:000233264200173 ER PT B AU Drew, LJ Singer, DA AF Drew, LJ Singer, DA BE Cheng, Q BonhamCarter, G TI Identifying the appropriate porphyry-copper deposit grade and tonnage model for a large-scale mineral resource assessment in southeast Asia SO GIS and Spatial Analysis, Vol 1and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the International-Association-for-Mathematical-Geology CY AUG 21-26, 2005 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Int Assoc Math Geol, Geol Survey Canada, York Univ, Geomat Res Lab, Univ Toronto, Geol Dept, China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Events & Management Plus Inc AB One of the goals of the Global Mineral Resource Assessment Project of the United States Geological Survey is to identify tracts of land in the world where porphyry copper deposits remain to be discovered and estimate within a probabilistic framework, the number of these undiscovered deposits and amount of metals contained in then. The quantitative assessment results can then be evaluated by using economic filters, cash flow models, and other tools for application to economic, environmental, and policy analysis. In this project the world has been divided into seven regions. One of these regions is Southeast Asia, comprising all or parts of 11 countries in Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific Ocean. An important question to be resolved is whether a global grade and tonnage model that contains 380 porphyry Cu deposits is appropriate to estimate the grades and tonnages of Cu, An, Ag, and Mo in the estimated undiscovered deposits in the Southeast Asia region. Several analysis of variance tests demonstrate that the general porphyry Cu grade and tonnage model is an appropriate model for known porphyry Cu deposits in the Indonesian, the Mekong, and the Papua subregions of Southeast Asia and thus for undiscovered porphyry copper deposits also. In the Philippines, only the porphyry Cu-Au grade and tonnage model is not significantly different than known porphyry Cu deposits. This result is important because it allows the application of broadly defined and robust grade and tonnage models to these regions as opposed to building new specific models for each region or subregion of the world. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Drew, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU YORK UNIV PI TORONTO PA 4700 KEELE ST, TORONTO, ON M3J1P3, CANADA BN 0-9734220-1-7 PY 2005 BP 1034 EP 1039 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Geology; Mathematics; Remote Sensing GA BDF50 UT WOS:000233264200174 ER PT B AU Venteris, ER Solis, MP Carter, KM McDonald, J AF Venteris, ER Solis, MP Carter, KM McDonald, J BE Cheng, Q BonhamCarter, G TI Uncertainty and grid-resolution analysis for regional-scale geologic maps SO GIS and Spatial Analysis, Vol 1and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the International-Association-for-Mathematical-Geology CY AUG 21-26, 2005 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Int Assoc Math Geol, Geol Survey Canada, York Univ, Geomat Res Lab, Univ Toronto, Geol Dept, China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Events & Management Plus Inc AB Regional-scale structure and isopach maps were created for the central United States to support carbon-sequestration planning. Isoline maps and grids were generated by kriging and manual interpolation of layer elevations from well databases. Heavily faulted areas were contoured by hand. Maps were needed in raster format for capacity models. The need to manually edit isolines created challenges for creating grids. Isolines were converted to grids using locally adaptive splining (ANUDEM) and Triangular Integrated Network (TIN)-based methods (ArcGIS). Conversion methods, map accuracy and optimal grid resolution were evaluated for a regional map of potential CO2 injection targets in the lower Cambrian. Splining was the preferred gridding method. RMSE (faithfulness at well locations) at optimal grid resolution (similar to 2,000 feet) was 180 feet for the structure grid and 45 feet for the isopach grid. The bulk of the error in gridding occurs at wells proximal to faults associated with the Rome Trough. C1 Geol Survey, Ohio Div, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Venteris, ER (reprint author), Geol Survey, Ohio Div, 2045 Morse Rd,Bldg C-1, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU YORK UNIV PI TORONTO PA 4700 KEELE ST, TORONTO, ON M3J1P3, CANADA BN 0-9734220-1-7 PY 2005 BP 1071 EP 1076 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Geology; Mathematics; Remote Sensing GA BDF50 UT WOS:000233264200180 ER PT S AU Celebi, M AF Celebi, M BE Kundu, T TI Real-time seismic monitoring and functionality assessment of a building SO Health Monitoring and Smart Nondestructive Evaluation of Structural and Biological Systems IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Health Monitoring and Smart Nondestructive Evaluation of Structural and Biological Systems IV CY MAR 07-09, 2005 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE seismic monitoring; functionality; acceleration; displacement; drift ratio; building; damage condition; GPS; performance evaluation; real-time AB This paper presents recent developments and approaches (using GPS technology and real-time double-integration) to obtain displacements and, in turn, drift ratios, in real-time or near real-time to meet the needs of the engineering and user community in seismic monitoring and assessing the functionality and damage condition of structures. Drift ratios computed in near reil-time allow technical assessment of the damage condition of a building. Relevant parameters, such as the type of connections and story structural characteristics (including geometry) are used in computing drifts corresponding to several pre-selected threshold stages of damage. Thus, drift ratios determined from real-time monitoring can be compared to pre-computed threshold drift ratios. The approaches described herein can be used for performance evaluation of structures and can be considered as building health-monitoring applications. C1 USGS, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Celebi, M (reprint author), USGS, MS977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5749-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5768 BP 63 EP 73 DI 10.1117/12.598259 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BCO19 UT WOS:000230386200008 ER PT J AU Vitt, LJ Sartorius, SS Avila-Pires, TCS Zani, PA Esposito, MC AF Vitt, LJ Sartorius, SS Avila-Pires, TCS Zani, PA Esposito, MC TI Small in a big world: Ecology of leaf-litter geckos in new world tropical forests SO HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE squamata; Gekkonidae; Coleodactylus; Lepidoblepharus; Pseudogonatodes; lizard ecology; rainforest ID AMAZONIAN RAIN-FOREST; WESTERN AMAZON; PRIONODACTYLUS-EIGENMANNI; RESOURCE UTILIZATION; LIZARDS; BRAZIL; ECUADOR; FIELD; LIFE; THERMOREGULATION AB We studied the ecology of four species of closely related leaf litter geckos, Coleodactylus amazonicus, C. septentrionalis, Lepidoblepharis xanthostigma, and Pseudogonatodes guianensis in tropical rainforests of Brazil and Nicaragua. All are found in leaf litter of undisturbed tropical forest where mean hourly surface temperatures vary from 23.5-29.1 C. Surface temperatures, where individual C. amazonicus were found, averaged 27.4 C and air averaged 29.9 C. Coleodactylus amazonicus was the smallest species and L. xanthostigma was the largest. The latter was the most different morphologically as well. Tail loss rates varied from 45.5-81.8% among species. All four species ate very small prey items, largely springtails, homopterans, termites, small insect larvae, and spiders. Nevertheless, considerable differences existed among species. Some variation existed among populations of C. amazonicus. Prey size was correlated with lizard SVL within and among species. All four species are typically the smallest species in their respective lizard assemblages. Small body size may have consequences for predation. Partially due to small body size, these lizards are vulnerable to extirpation resulting from effects of tree removal on thermal attributes of their leaf litter environment. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum Nat Hist, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73072 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Billings Sub Off, Billings, MT 59101 USA. CNPq, MCT, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Dept Zool, BR-66017970 Belem, Para, Brazil. Univ Colorado, Dept Kinesiol & Appl Physiol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Vitt, LJ (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum Nat Hist, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM vitt@ou.edu RI Esposito, Maria/C-3104-2016 NR 59 TC 16 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 9 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0733-1347 EI 1938-5137 J9 HERPETOL MONOGR JI Herpetol. Monogr. PY 2005 VL 19 BP 137 EP 152 DI 10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0137:SIABWE]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 974SV UT WOS:000232612600002 ER PT S AU Archinal, BA Kirk, RL Howington-Kraus, E Rosiek, MR Soderblom, LA Lee, EM AF Archinal, Brent A. Kirk, Randolph L. Howington-Kraus, Elpitha Rosiek, Mark R. Soderblom, Laurence A. Lee, Ella M. BE Engvold, O TI Mapping.Mars at global to human scales SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. RP Archinal, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. EM barchinal@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 912 EP 912 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700261 ER PT S AU Brown, LR Moyle, PB AF Brown, LR Moyle, PB BE Rinne, JN Hughes, RM Calamusso, B TI Native fishes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage, California: A history of decline SO HISTORICAL CHANGES IN LARGE RIVER FISH ASSEMBLAGES OF THE AMERICAS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Changes in Fish Community Structures in Large USA Rivers CY AUG 21, 2001 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Fish Soc ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; FRESH-WATER FISHES; STREAM FISHES; CENTRAL VALLEY; STRIPED BASS; AGRICULTURAL DRAINWATER; KESTERSON RESERVOIR; ZINC CONCENTRATIONS; AQUATIC BIRDS; COMMON CARP AB In this paper, we review information regarding the status of the native fishes of the combined Sacramento River and San Joaquin River drainages (hereinafter the "Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage") and the factors associated with their declines. The Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage is the center of fish evolution in California, giving rise to 17 endemic species of a total native fish fauna of 28 species. Rapid changes in land use and water use beginning with the Gold Rush in the 1850s and continuing to the present have resulted in the extinction, extirpation, and reduction in range and abundance of the native fishes. Multiple factors are associated with the declines of native fishes, including habitat alteration and loss, water storage and diversion, flow alteration, water quality, and invasions of alien species. Although native fishes can be quite tolerant of stressful physical conditions, in some rivers of the drainage the physical habitat has been altered to the extent that it is now more suited for alien species. This interaction of environmental changes and invasions of alien species makes it difficult to predict the benefits of restoration efforts to native fishes. Possible effects of climate change on California's aquatic habitats add additional complexity to restoration of native fishes. Unless protection and restoration of native fishes is explicitly considered in future water management decisions, declines are likely to continue. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Brown, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM lrbrown@usgs.gov NR 109 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-72-7 J9 AM FISH S S JI Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. PY 2005 VL 45 BP 75 EP 98 PG 24 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BCZ11 UT WOS:000232020900006 ER PT S AU Freeman, MC Irwin, ER Burkhead, NM Freeman, BJ Bart, HL AF Freeman, MC Irwin, ER Burkhead, NM Freeman, BJ Bart, HL BE Rinne, JN Hughes, RM Calamusso, B TI Status and conservation of the fish fauna of the Alabama River system SO HISTORICAL CHANGES IN LARGE RIVER FISH ASSEMBLAGES OF THE AMERICAS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Changes in Fish Community Structures in Large USA Rivers CY AUG 21, 2001 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Fish Soc ID ALTERED FLOW REGIMES; UPPER CAHABA RIVER; UNITED-STATES; ICHTHYOFAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES; TALLAPOOSA RIVER; WATER; MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEM; NEED AB The Alabama River system, comprising the Alabama, Coosa, and Tallapoosa subsystems, forms the eastern portion of the Mobile River drainage. Physiographic diversity and geologic history have fostered development in the Alabama River system of globally significant levels of aquatic faunal diversity and endemism. At least 184 fishes are native to the system, including at least 33 endemic species. During the past century, dam construction for hydropower generation and navigation resulted in 16 reservoirs that inundate 44% of the length of the Alabama River system main stems. This extensive physical and hydrologic alteration has affected the fish fauna in three major ways. Diadromous and migratory species have declined precipitously. Fish assemblages persisting downstream from large main-stem dams have been simplified by loss of species unable to cope with altered flow and water quality regimes. Fish populations persisting in the headwaters and in tributaries to the main-stem reservoirs are now isolated and subjected to effects of physical and chemical habitat degradation. Ten fishes in the Alabama River system (including seven endemic species) are federally listed as threatened or endangered. Regional experts consider at least 28 additional species to be vulnerable, threatened, or endangered with extinction. Conserving the Alabama River system fish fauna will require innovative dam management, protection of streams from effects of urbanization and water supply development, and control of alien species dispersal. Failure to manage aggressively for integrity of remaining unimpounded portions of the Alabama River system will result in reduced quality of natural resources for future generations, continued assemblage simplification, and species extinctions. C1 Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Freeman, MC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM mary_freeman@usgs.gov RI Bart, Henry/L-5354-2014 OI Bart, Henry/0000-0002-5662-9444 NR 75 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-72-7 J9 AM FISH S S JI Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. PY 2005 VL 45 BP 557 EP 585 PG 29 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BCZ11 UT WOS:000232020900027 ER PT J AU Shapley, MD Johnson, WC Engstrom, DR Osterkamp, WR AF Shapley, MD Johnson, WC Engstrom, DR Osterkamp, WR TI Late-holocene flooding and drought in the Northern Great Plains, USA, reconstructed from tree rings, lake sediments and ancient shorelines SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE Great Plains palaeoclimate; tree rings; Quercus macrocarpa; ostracode geochemistry; Candona rawsoni; shoreline geomorphology; floods; drought; Waubay Lakes; South Dakota ID NONMARINE OSTRACOD SHELLS; TRACE-ELEMENT; FOSSIL OSTRACODES; AGE CALIBRATION; DEVILS LAKE; DAKOTA; GEOCHEMISTRY; INTENSITY; CARBONATE; FREQUENCY AB During the AD 1990s the Waubay Lakes complex in eastern South Dakota experienced historically unprecedented high water levels. Property damage from this flooding led to an examination of the occurrence of past pluvial episodes and their relation to climate. A 1000- year hydroclimate reconstruction was developed from local bur oak ( Quercus macrocarpa) tree- ring records and lake- sediment cores. Analysis of lake shoreline and drainage features provides late- Quaternary geomorphic context for this high- resolution record. Tree- ring width and shell geochemistry of the ostracode Candona rawsoni show marked coherence, indicating synchronous responses to moisture balance in vegetation and lake salinity; geomorphic evidence suggests buffering of lake- system expansion during pluvial periods by evaporative dynamics. Pluvial periods display a recurrence frequency of approximately 140 - 160 years over the past millennium. Prior to AD 1800, both lake highstands and droughts tended towards greater persistence than during the past two centuries. Frequency and timing of hydroclimatic oscillations show strong similarities to records from other sites in the Northern Great Plains ( NGP) of North and South Dakota, and incomplete coherence with records of southern Manitoba. C1 Univ Minnesota, Limnol Res Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Hort Forestry Landscape & Pk, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Sci Museum Minnesota, St Croix Watershed Res Ctr, Marine St Croix, MN 55047 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Desert Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Shapley, MD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Limnol Res Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM shap0029@umn.edu NR 37 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 14 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD JAN PY 2005 VL 15 IS 1 BP 29 EP 41 DI 10.1191/0959683605hl781rp PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 894XJ UT WOS:000226824600003 ER PT J AU Williams, HFL Hutchinson, I Nelson, AR AF Williams, HFL Hutchinson, I Nelson, AR TI Multiple sources for late-Holocene tsunamis at Discovery Bay, Washington State, USA SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE diatoms; tsunamis; hazards; marshes; palaeoseismology; stratigraphy; late Holocene; Washington State ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED SUBSIDENCE; WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; BENEATH TIDAL MARSHES; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; PUGET-SOUND; WHIDBEY-ISLAND; COASTAL MARSH; RIVER ESTUARY AB Nine muddy sand beds interrupt a 2500- yr- old sequence of peat deposits beneath a tidal marsh at the head of Discovery Bay on the south shore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington. An inferred tsunami origin for the sand beds is assessed by means of six criteria. Although all the sand beds contain marine diatoms and almost all the beds display internal strati. cation, the areal extent of the oldest beds is too limited to confirm their origin as tsunami deposits. The ages of four beds overlap with known late Holocene tsunamis generated by plate- boundary earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone. Diatom assemblages in peat deposits bracketing these four beds do not indicate concurrent change in elevation at Discovery Bay. Diatoms in the peat bracketing a tsunami bed deposited about 1000 cal. yr BP indicate a few decimeters of submergence, suggesting deformation on a nearby upper- plate fault. Other beds may mark tsunamis caused by more distant upper- plate earthquakes or local submarine landslides triggered by earthquake shaking. Tsunamis from both subduction zone and upper- plate sources pose a significant hazard to shoreline areas in this region. C1 Univ N Texas, Dept Geog, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Geog, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Williams, HFL (reprint author), Univ N Texas, Dept Geog, Denton, TX 76203 USA. EM Williams@unt.edu RI Williams, Harry/B-7392-2011 NR 67 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD JAN PY 2005 VL 15 IS 1 BP 60 EP 73 DI 10.1191/0956683605hl784rp PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 894XJ UT WOS:000226824600006 ER PT S AU Holzer, TL Galloway, DL AF Holzer, Thomas L. Galloway, Devin L. BE Ehlen, J Haneberg, WC Larson, RA TI Impacts of land subsidence caused by withdrawal of underground fluids in the United States SO HUMANS AS GEOLOGIC AGENTS SE Reviews in Engineering Geology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE subsidence; groundwater; aquifer mechanics; earth fissure; aquifer-system compaction ID ONE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; AQUIFER SYSTEM COMPACTION; GAS-FIELDS; LAS-VEGAS; CALIFORNIA; OIL; INTERFEROMETRY; PARAMETERS; HOUSTON; STRESS AB Lowering of the land surface of large areas has been a major unintended consequence of groundwater and petroleum withdrawal by humans. Approximately 26,000 km(2) of land in the United States has been permanently lowered. The decrease of land-surface elevation, known as land subsidence, typically occurs at rates measured in centimeters per year. However, the irreversible accumulation of its effects clearly qualifies humans as major geologic agents. Subsidence causes permanent inundation of land, aggravates flooding, changes topographic gradients, ruptures the land surface, and reduces the capacity of aquifers to store water. This paper reviews the mechanism, occurrence and history, impacts, and efforts by society to control land subsidence caused by underground fluid withdrawal in the United States. C1 [Holzer, Thomas L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Galloway, Devin L.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Holzer, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tholzer@usgs.gov; dlgallow@usgs.gov OI Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 NR 54 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0080-2018 BN 978-0-8137-4116-1 J9 REV ENG GEOL PY 2005 VL 16 BP 87 EP 99 DI 10.1130/2005.4016(08) PG 13 WC Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA BMH49 UT WOS:000272389700009 ER PT J AU Kesler, DC Haig, SM AF Kesler, DC Haig, SM TI Selection of arboreal termitaria for nesting by cooperatively breeding Micronesian Kingfishers Todiramphus cinnamominus reichenbachii SO IBIS LA English DT Article ID HABITAT SATURATION; SEYCHELLES WARBLER; TERRITORY QUALITY; GROUP-SIZE; EVOLUTION; SITES; BIRDS; BENEFITS; SUCCESS AB Limited nest-site availability appears to be an important factor in the evolution of delayed dispersal and cooperative breeding in some cavity-nesting species. The cooperatively breeding Pohnpei subspecies of Micronesian Kingfisher Todiramphus cinnamominus reichenbachii excavates nest cavities from the nests of arboreal termites Nasutitermes spp., or termitaria. In this first published description of nest-sites for this subspecies, we used surveys, remote sensing and radiotelemetry to evaluate the relationship between nest-site availability and co-operation. Results illustrate that nest termitaria are higher in the forest canopy, larger in volume and occur in areas with more contiguous canopy cover than unused termitaria. Nest termitaria were selected independently of the proximity to forest edges and territory boundaries, and we found no difference in characteristics of termitaria used by cooperative groups and breeding pairs. Logistic regression modelling indicated that termitaria with nest-like characteristics were not limited in abundance, suggesting that neither the prospects of inheriting nesting resources nor limited nest-site abundance are probable explanations for delayed dispersal in the Pohnpei subspecies of Micronesian Kingfisher. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kesler, DC (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Dylan_Kesler@usgs.gov NR 49 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0019-1019 J9 IBIS JI Ibis PD JAN PY 2005 VL 147 IS 1 BP 188 EP 196 DI 10.1111/j.1474-919x.2004.00387 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 889XT UT WOS:000226476900017 ER PT J AU Prieto-Ballesteros, O Kargel, JS AF Prieto-Ballesteros, O Kargel, JS TI Thermal state and complex geology of a heterogeneous salty crust of Jupiter's satellite, Europa SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solar System Remote Sensing CY SEP 20-22, 2002 CL Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA SP NASA, Planetary Geol & Geophys Program, Lunar & Planetary Inst HO Univ Pittsburgh DE Europa; experimental techniques; geological processes; satellites of Jupiter; thermal histories ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; METHANE CLATHRATE HYDRATE; ICY GALILEAN SATELLITES; SUBSURFACE OCEAN; WATER-ICE; HEAT-FLOW; SULFURIC-ACID; SHELL; SURFACE; MODEL AB The complex geology of Europa is evidenced by many tectonic and cryomagmatic resurfacing structures, some of which are "painted" into a more visible expression by exogenic alteration processes acting on the principal endogenic cryopetrology. The surface materials emplaced. and affected by this activity are mainly composed of water ice in some areas, but in other places there are other minerals involved. Non-ice minerals are visually recognized by their low albedo and reddish color either when first emplaced or, more likely, after alteration by Europan weathering processes, especially sublimation and alteration by ionizing radiation. While red chromophoric material could be due to endogenic production of solid sulfur allotropes or other compounds, most likely the red substance is an impurity produced by radiation alteration of hydrated sulfate salts or sulphuric acid of mainly internal origin. If the non-ice red materials or their precursors have a source in the satellite interior, and if they are not merely trace contaminants, then they can play an important role in the evolution of the icy crust, including structural differentiation and the internal dynamics. Here we assume that these substances are major components of Europa's cryo/hydrosphere, as some models have predicted they should be. If this is an accurate assumption, then these substances should not be neglected in physical, chemical, and biological models of Europa, even if major uncertainties remain as to the exact identity, abundance, and distribution of the non-ice materials. The physical chemical properties of the ice-associated materials will contribute to the physical state of the crust today and in the geological past. In order to model the influence of them on the thermal state and the geology, we have determined the thermal properties of the hydrated salts. Our new lab data reveal very low thermal conductivities for hydrated salts compared to water ice. Lower conductivities of salty ice would produce steeper thermal gradients than in pure ice. If there are salt-rich layers inside the crust, forming salt beds over the seafloor or a briny eutectic crust, for instance, the high thermal gradients may promote endogenic geological activity. On the seafloor, bedded salt accumulations may exhibit high thermochemical gradients. Metamorphic and magmatic processes and possible niches for thermophilic life at shallow suboceanic depths result from the calculated thermal profiles, even if the ocean is very cold. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 INTA, Ctr Astrobiol, Madrid, Spain. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Prieto-Ballesteros, O (reprint author), INTA, Ctr Astrobiol, Carretera Ajalvir Km 4, Madrid, Spain. EM prietobo@inta.es NR 57 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2005 VL 173 IS 1 BP 212 EP 221 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.019 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 892EE UT WOS:000226631900015 ER PT S AU Echols, K Jones, SB AF Echols, K Jones, SB BE Jones, J TI Cyanobacterial toxins: a comparison of method measurements in field collected samples SO International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 29, Pt 1, Proceedings SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology CY AUG 08-14, 2004 CL Lahti, FINLAND SP Int Assoc Theoret & Appl Limnol DE cyanobacterial toxins; ELISA; HPLC ID MICROCYSTIN-LR; ASSAY; IMMUNOASSAY; NODULARINS C1 USGS, CERC, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Echols, K (reprint author), USGS, CERC, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 3-510-54065-4 J9 INT VER THEOR ANGEW PY 2005 VL 29 BP 212 EP 216 PN 1 PG 5 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BCQ26 UT WOS:000230666900028 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Pfaff, AH Safford, HD AF Keeley, JE Pfaff, AH Safford, HD TI Fire suppression impacts on postfire recovery of Sierra Nevada chaparral shrublands SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article ID PLANT DIVERSITY; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; COMMUNITIES; MANAGEMENT AB A substantial portion of chaparral shrublands in the southern part of California's Sierra Nevada Mountain Range has never had a recorded fire since record keeping began in 1910. We hypothesised that such long periods without fire are outside the historical range of variability and that when such areas burn, postfire recovery is weaker than in younger stands. We predicted that long fire- free periods will result in loss of shrub species and deterioration of soil seed banks, which, coupled with higher fire intensities from the greater accumulation of dead biomass, will lead to poorer postfire regeneration. The 2002 McNally Fire burned ancient stands that were as much as 150 years old, as well as much younger ( mature) stands. Based on shrub skeletons in the burned area as a surrogate for prefire density, we found that ancient stands change in structure, owing primarily to the loss of obligate seeding Ceanothus cuneatus; other species appear to have great longevity. Despite the reduction in C. cuneatus, postfire shrub - seedling recruitment remained strong in these ancient stands, although some seed bank deterioration is suggested by the three- quarters lower seedling recruitment than recorded from mature stands. Total diversity and the abundance of postfire endemic annuals are two other response variables that suggest that these ancient stands are recovering as well as mature stands. The one area of some concern is that non- native species richness and abundance increased in the ancient stands, suggesting that these are more open to alien colonisers. It is concluded that chaparral more than a century old is resilient to such long fire- free periods and fire severity impacts are indistinguishable from those in younger chaparral stands. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings CAnyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings CAnyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM jon_keeley@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 14 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2005 VL 14 IS 3 BP 255 EP 265 DI 10.1071/WF05049 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 964UK UT WOS:000231906300006 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE AF Keeley, JE TI Fire history of the San Francisco East Bay region and implications for landscape patterns SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic fire regime; California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection; fire climate; fire suppression; grasslands; lightning-ignited fires; Native American burning; shrublands ID COAST REDWOOD; CALIFORNIA; GRASSLAND; INVASION; ECOSYSTEMS; REGIMES; IMPACTS AB The San Francisco East Bay landscape is a rich mosaic of grasslands, shrublands and woodlands that is experiencing losses of grassland due to colonization by shrubs and succession towards woodland associations. The instability of these grasslands is apparently due to their disturbance- dependent nature coupled with 20th century changes in fire and grazing activity. This study uses fire history records to determine the potential for fire in this region and for evidence of changes in the second half of the 20th century that would account for shrubland expansion. This region has a largely anthropogenic fire regime with no lightning- ignited fires in most years. Fire suppression policy has not excluded fire from this region; however, it has been effective at maintaining roughly similar burning levels in the face of increasing anthropogenic fires, and effective at decreasing the size of fires. Fire frequency parallels increasing population growth until the latter part of the 20th century, when it reached a plateau. Fire does not appear to have been a major factor in the shrub colonization of grasslands, and cessation of grazing is a more likely immediate cause. Because grasslands are not under strong edaphic control, rather their distribution appears to be disturbance-dependent, and natural lightning ignitions are rare in the region, I hypothesize that, before the entrance of people into the region, grasslands were of limited extent. Native Americans played a major role in creation of grasslands through repeated burning and these disturbance- dependent grasslands were maintained by early European settlers through overstocking of these range lands with cattle and sheep. Twentieth century reduction in grazing, coupled with a lack of natural fires and effective suppression of anthropogenic fires, have acted in concert to favor shrubland expansion. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM jon_keeley@usgs.gov NR 60 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 13 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2005 VL 14 IS 3 BP 285 EP 296 DI 10.1071/WF05003 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 964UK UT WOS:000231906300009 ER PT J AU Walker, CE Schrock, RM Reilly, TJ Baehr, AL AF Walker, CE Schrock, RM Reilly, TJ Baehr, AL TI A direct immunoassay for detecting diatoms in groundwater as an indicator of the direct influence of surface water SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diatoms; drinking water; ELISA; groundwater; immunoassay; monitoring; Nitzschia; surface water ID AMINO-ACIDS; ELISA KIT; MICROCYSTINS; EXPRESSION; SAMPLES; LAKE AB Groundwater under the direct influence of surface water (GWUDISW) is of concern in communities where growing public demand on groundwater resources has resulted in increased withdrawals and hydraulic stress near surface water bodies. Under these conditions, contaminants such as methyl-tert butyl ether ( MTBE) and biological materials have been detected in domestic wells. Other contaminants and pathogens associated with surface water are not routinely tested for in groundwater-supplied systems. To address the need for methods to easily identify potentially vulnerable supplies, a direct immunoassay for the quantitative detection of diatoms in raw water samples was developed as a measure of surface water influence on groundwater. Cell wall preparations from Nitzschia palea Kutzing, a freshwater diatom found throughout North America, were used to produce a polyclonal antibody that was applied in a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) developed to detect the presence of N. palea cell wall components. The direct immunoassay allows detection at 500 cells L-1, a level similar to diatom concentrations observed in samples of groundwater collected near the test site. This investigation was the first attempt to utilize an ELISA as an indicator of surface water influence on groundwater. Further research is needed to develop more specific diatom-based monoclonal antibodies, determine cross-reactivity, and optimize sample processing and ELISA procedures for development of a standardized method. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, New Jersey Dist, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Cook, WA 98605 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Reilly, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, New Jersey Dist, 810 Bear Tavern Rd, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. EM tjreilly@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8971 J9 J APPL PHYCOL JI J. Appl. Phycol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 17 IS 1 BP 81 EP 90 DI 10.1007/s10811-005-4848-5 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 937DL UT WOS:000229904700013 ER PT J AU Hahn, DC Hatfield, JS Abdelnabi, MA Wu, JM Igl, LD Ottinger, MA AF Hahn, DC Hatfield, JS Abdelnabi, MA Wu, JM Igl, LD Ottinger, MA TI Inter-species variation in yolk steroid levels and a cowbird-host comparison SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TESTOSTERONE LEVELS; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; MATERNAL TESTOSTERONE; PARENTAL INVESTMENT; HATCHING ASYNCHRONY; BROOD PARASITISM; ZEBRA FINCHES; EGG-YOLKS; ANDROGENS; FEMALE AB We examined variability in yolk hormone levels among songbird species and the role of yolk steroids as a mechanism for enhanced exploitation of hosts by the parasitic brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater. Within-clutch variation in yolk steroids has been found in several avian species in single species studies, but few comparisons have been made among species. We found a large range of differences in yolk testosterone among the seven passerine species examined, with significant differences between those at the high end (song sparrow Melospiza melodia, red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus, and house sparrow, Passer domesticus) and those at the low end (eastern phoebe Sayornis phoebe, and house finch Carpodacus mexicanus). We also found that the testosterone level in cowbird eggs was intermediate in relation to host species levels and was significantly lower than that in three common cowbird hosts (song sparrow, red-winged blackbird, and house sparrow), but not significantly different from three others. Geographical comparisons of yolk testosterone levels in all cowbird subspecies and populations from several regions showed no significant differences, though a trend that deserves further exploration was the pattern of lowest level in the ancestral population of cowbirds in the central prairies and of highest level in the northwestern population where range invasion occurred approximately 40 years ago. The levels of 17 beta-estradiol were similar in the seven songbird species examined, which is consistent with current hypotheses that this hormone plays a role in embryonic sexual differentiation. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the large differences observed among species in absolute level of yolk testosterone are the relevant focal point or whether target tissue sensitivity differences mediate the effects of this yolk steroid, particularly between parasitic and non-parasitic species. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USGS, No Prairie Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Hahn, DC (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Caldwell-Hahn@usgs.gov OI Igl, Lawrence/0000-0003-0530-7266 NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 36 IS 1 BP 40 EP 46 DI 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03040.x PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 894UT UT WOS:000226817800007 ER PT J AU Bullock, SH Martijena, NE Webb, RH Turner, RM AF Bullock, SH Martijena, NE Webb, RH Turner, RM TI Twentieth century demographic changes in cirio and cardon in Baja California, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE climatic variability; demography; Fouquieria; human impact; hurricanes; landscape; metapopulation; Pachycereus; Sonoran Desert; substrate ID SONORAN DESERT; PACHYCEREUS-PRINGLEI; VEGETATION CHANGE; SOUTHERN ARIZONA; GROWTH-RATES; PATTERNS; PLANTS; SOILS; BIOMECHANICS; SUCCULENTS AB Aim Our purpose was to discern long-term large-scale patterns of survivorship and recruitment of two dominant, charismatic and useful desert plants, cirio [Fouquieriaceae; Fouquieria columnaris (Kell.) Kell. ex Curran] and cardon [Cactaceae; Pachycereus pringlei (S.Watson) Britton & Rose], and to evaluate the effects of physical and human factors. Location The study included 77 sites distributed over c. 13,200 km(2) in the northern Vizcaino Region of the Sonoran Desert, state of Baja California, Mexico. Method Censuses used identified individuals (n = 3780 cirio and 2246 cardon) and were based on repeat photography. Time intervals between censuses ranged from 29 to 96 years, ending in 1996-2002. Earlier repetition (1963) of old photographs at 14 sites allowed analysis of temporal variation. The effect of elapsed time was modelled with Weibull functions for survivorship and linear functions for recruitment. To explain the residual variations, we tested categorical and continuous variables related to substrate, geomorphology, climate and geography. Human impacts were weighed with historical and quantitative analysis. Results Elapsed time accounted for 45% of the variation of survivorship in cirio but only 35% in cardon. The fitted Weibull curves were used to estimate longevity: all-size cohorts of 1000 individuals would die out in 388 (cirio) and 723 years (cardon). Recruitment in cirio was linearly related to time (r(2) = 0.71) and averaged < 0.003 year(-1) but was less than mortality at 90% of the sites. For cardon, recruitment averaged > 0.005 year(-1), was linearly related to time (r(2) = 0.66) and was less than mortality at only 33% of the sites. Vital rates were not strongly correlated between mid- and late-century but were mostly similar to the long-term regional rates. Removing the factor of elapsed time, the residual variations showed that survivorship was greater on sites protected from winds for cirio and was less on very coarse soils for cardon. Recruitment increased with latitude in cirio and was greater on southern exposures for both species. The residual variations were not clearly affected, at a regional scale, by other factors thought to be important, including elevation, distance to the Pacific Ocean, geology, slope gradient, soil stability, older vs. young alluvial soils, and soil Ca : Mg and Na : K ratios. Human impacts have been sporadic and heterogeneous but locally strong; our quantitative indices of accessibility did not show regionally significant effects. Blowdown by hurricanes is a sporadic cause of major mortality for cirio but not necessarily for cardon. Main conclusions At our scales, effects of time outweigh those of substrate, and human impact was scant. Large patterns were pronounced: cirio experienced a prolonged, widespread decline in the 1900s, while cardon fluctuated in different directions and degree among local populations. Cirio was found to be inherently much shorter-lived than cardon. We also suggest that recruitment in cirio was low due to long periods with relatively dry winters that affected the entire region, while spatial heterogeneity of cardon recruitment seemed more related to the variation in summer rains. C1 Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super Ensenada, Dept Biol Conservat, Ensenada 22800, Baja California, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Bullock, SH (reprint author), Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super Ensenada, Dept Biol Conservat, Apartado Postal 2732, Ensenada 22800, Baja California, Mexico. EM sbullock@cicese.mx NR 104 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 32 IS 1 BP 127 EP 143 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01152.x PG 17 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 882PX UT WOS:000225951900012 ER PT J AU Harris, MS Gayes, PT Kindinger, JL Flocks, JG Krantz, DE Donovan, P AF Harris, MS Gayes, PT Kindinger, JL Flocks, JG Krantz, DE Donovan, P TI Quaternary geomorphology and modern coastal development in response to an inherent geologic framework: An example from Charleston, South Carolina SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE framework geology; coastal erosion; coastal plain; continental shelf; inlet; barrier island system; coastal modeling; marine terrace; Kiawah Island; Folly Island; Seabrook Island ID UNITED-STATES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; INNER SHELF; PLAIN; STRATIGRAPHY; EVOLUTION; EQUILIBRIUM; SHORELINE; DEPOSITS; PROFILE AB Coastal landscapes evolve over wide-ranging spatial and temporal scales in response to physical and biological processes that interact with a wide range of variables. To develop better predictive models for these dynamic areas, we must understand the influence of these variables on coastal morphologies and ultimately how they influence coastal processes. This study defines the influence of geologic framework variability on a classic mixed-energy coastline, and establishes four categorical scales of spatial and temporal influence on the coastal system. The near-surface, geologic framework was delineated using high-resolution seismic profiles, shallow vibracores, detailed geomorphic maps, historical shorelines, aerial photographs, and existing studies, and compared to the long- and short-term development of two coastal compartments near Charleston, South Carolina. Although it is clear that the imprint of a mixed-energy tidal and wave signal (basin-scale) dictates formation of drumstick barriers and that immediate responses to wave climate are dramatic, island size, position, and longer-term dynamics are influenced by a series of inherent, complex near-surface stratigraphic geometries. Major near-surface Tertiary geometries influence inlet placement and drainage development (island-scale) through multiple interglacial cycles and overall channel morphology (local-scale). During the modern marine transgression, the halo of ebb-tidal deltas greatly influence inlet region dynamics, while truncated beach ridges and exposed, differentially erodable Cenozoic deposits in the active system influence historical shoreline dynamics and active shoreface morphologies (blockscale). This study concludes that the mixed-energy imprint of wave and tide theories dominates general coastal morphology, but that underlying stratigraphic influences on the coast provide site-specific, long-standing imprints on coastal evolution. C1 Coastal Carolina Univ, Dept Marine Sci, Burroughs & Chapin Ctr Marine & Wetland Studies, Conway, SC 29526 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Earth Ecol & Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. RP Harris, MS (reprint author), Coastal Carolina Univ, Dept Marine Sci, Burroughs & Chapin Ctr Marine & Wetland Studies, 1270 Atlantic Ave, Conway, SC 29526 USA. EM msharris@coastal.edu; ptgayes@coastal.edu; jkindinger@usgs.gov; jflocks@usgs.gov; david.krantz@utoledo.edu NR 55 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 14 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 21 IS 1 BP 49 EP 64 DI 10.2112/00-015.1 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 897ET UT WOS:000226987500004 ER PT J AU Hart, PJ Freed, LA AF Hart, PJ Freed, LA TI Predator avoidance as a function of flocking in the sexually dichromatic Hawaii akepa SO JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE predator avoidance; Loxops coccineus; differential conspicuousness ID MALE PIED FLYCATCHERS; MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS; SELFISH HERD; BIRD FLOCKS; GROUP-SIZE; BEHAVIOR; FOREST; PLUMAGE; TERRITORIALITY; COLORATION AB Hypotheses for joining a mixed-species bird flock consider each species as a single unit. In sexually dichromatic birds, differential conspicuousness between the sexes may result in differences in vigilance for predators. Aspects of the predator avoidance and foraging enhancement hypotheses for the selective value of joining a mixed-species flock were assessed for the strongly sexually dichromatic Hawaii akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus). There was support for the primary predictions of the predator avoidance hypothesis: vigilance levels decreased with increasing group size, and with membership in a flock, but only for brightly colored adult males. There was little support for the hypothesis that the primary benefit of joining a mixed-species flock is to enhance foraging efficiency through "local enhancement". C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Hart, PJ (reprint author), USGS BRD, Kilauea Field Stn, POB 44,Hawaii Natl Pk, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM Patrick_J_Hart@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 3-3-13, HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0033, JAPAN SN 0289-0771 J9 J ETHOL JI J. Ethol. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 1 BP 29 EP 33 DI 10.1007/s10164-004-0124-4 PG 5 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 892PY UT WOS:000226663700005 ER PT J AU Harrison, WD Elsberg, DH Cox, LH March, RS AF Harrison, WD Elsberg, DH Cox, LH March, RS TI Different mass balances for climatic and hydrologic applications SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Harrison, WD (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM harrison@gi.alaska.edu NR 4 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2005 VL 51 IS 172 BP 176 EP 176 PG 1 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 985RY UT WOS:000233397200017 ER PT J AU Diprinzio, CL Wilen, LA Alley, RB Fitzpatrick, JJ Spencer, MK Gow, AJ AF Diprinzio, CL Wilen, LA Alley, RB Fitzpatrick, JJ Spencer, MK Gow, AJ TI Fabric and texture at Siple Dome, Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ABRUPT CLIMATE-CHANGE; POLAR ICE SHEETS; POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE; FLOW-LAW; DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION; GRAIN-GROWTH; CORE; GREENLAND; CREEP; DEFORMATION AB Preferred c-axis orientations are present in the firn at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, and recrystallization begins as shallow as 200 m depth in ice below -20 degrees C, based on digital analysis of c-axis fabrics, grain-sizes and other characteristics of 52 vertical thin sections prepared in the field from the kilometer-long Siple Dome ice core. The shallowest section analyzed, from 22 m, shows clustering of c axes toward the vertical. By 200 m depth, girdle fabric and other features of recrystallized ice are evident in layers (or regions), separated by layers (regions) of typically finer-grained ice lacking evidence of recrystallization. Ice from about 700-780 m depth, which was deposited during the last ice age, is especially fine-grained, with strongly vertical c axes, but deeper ice shows much larger crystals and strong evidence of recrystallization. Azimuthal asymmetry of some c-axis fabrics, trends in grain-size, and other indicators reveal additional information on processes and history of ice flow at Siple Dome. C1 Ohio Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Penn State Univ, EMS Environm Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Off Reg Geol, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Ohio Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 167 Clippinger Lab, Athens, OH 45701 USA. EM wilen@helios.phy.ohiou.edu NR 53 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2005 VL 51 IS 173 BP 281 EP 290 DI 10.3189/172756505781829359 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 994HD UT WOS:000234020900010 ER PT J AU Truffer, M Harrison, WD March, RS AF Truffer, Martin Harrison, W. D. March, R. S. TI Record negative glacier balances and low velocities during the 2004 heatwave in Alaska, USA: implications for the interpretation of observations by Zwally and others in Greenland SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID SURFACE MELT; FLOW C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Truffer, M (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, 903 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM truffer@gi.alaska.edu NR 6 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2005 VL 51 IS 175 BP 663 EP 664 DI 10.3189/172756505781829016 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 085MS UT WOS:000240608800015 ER PT J AU Roseman, EF Taylor, WW Hayes, DB Tyson, JT Haas, RC AF Roseman, EF Taylor, WW Hayes, DB Tyson, JT Haas, RC TI Spatial patterns emphasize the importance of coastal zones as nursery areas for larval walleye in western Lake Erie SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE larval walleye; Lake Erie; spatial distribution; nursery habitat ID STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM-VITREUM; ALEWIFE ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; ONEIDA-LAKE; NEW-YORK; FISH POPULATIONS; DREISSENA SPP.; GREAT-LAKES; GROWTH; WATER; SURVIVAL AB Lake Erie walleye Sander vitreus exhibits significant interannual variability in year-class strength. Recent research revealed the importance of larval growth and survival rates in determining walleye year-class strength in western Lake Erie, indicating that spatial and temporal overlap of larvae with good habitat conditions (e.g., abundant prey, warm waters) promoted walleye growth and survival. To assess the spatial overlap between walleye larvae and habitat parameters (water depth, temperature, water clarity, prey density) in western Lake Erie, we evaluated the spatial distribution of walleye larvae and these habitat parameters with intensive sampling at 30 to 36 sites during spring 1994-1999. We analyzed spatial relationships among pelagic walleye larvae and various habitat attributes using a geographic information system and principal components analysis. Larval walleye density was consistently highest at nearshore sites during all years and showed a high degree of spatial overlap with high ichthy-oplankton density, and warm water temperatures. Larval walleye density was negatively associated with water depth and water clarity. Two principal components represented 79.6% of the total variability in site attributes. Principle components analysis supported our spatial analysis by graphically separating sites into distinct groups based on larval walleye density and habitat attributes. These analyses indicated that similar relationships between larval distribution and habitat attributes occur each year, emphasizing the importance of nearshore coastal zones as nursery areas for walleye. C1 USGS Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Ohio Dept Nat Resources, Ohio Div Wildlife, Sandusky Fisheries Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Mt Clemens Fisheries Stn, Mt Clemens, MI 48045 USA. RP Roseman, EF (reprint author), USGS Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM eroseman@usgs.gov OI Roseman, Edward/0000-0002-5315-9838 NR 80 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 SU 1 BP 28 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0380-1330(05)70288-4 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 040TU UT WOS:000237404100003 ER PT J AU Haack, SK Neff, BP Rosenberry, DO Savino, JF Lundstrom, SC AF Haack, SK Neff, BP Rosenberry, DO Savino, JF Lundstrom, SC TI An evaluation of effects of groundwater exchange on nearshore habitats and water quality of western Lake Erie SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Western Lake Erie; groundwater; nearshore; Silurian/Devonian aquifer; water chemistry ID BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY; GREAT-LAKES; ALTERNATIVE PREY; SURFACE-WATER; PLANT-DENSITY; WETLANDS; MICHIGAN; DISCHARGE; BASIN; REDUCTION AB Historically, the high potentiometric surface of groundwater in the Silurian/Devonian carbonate aquifer in Monroe County, MI resulted in discharge of highly mineralized, SO4-rich groundwater to the Lake Erie shoreline near both Erie State Game Area (ESGA) and Pointe Mouillee State Game Area (PMSGA). Recently, regional groundwater levels near PMSGA have been drawn down as much as 45 m below lake level in apparent response to quarry dewatering. From August to November of 2003, we conducted preliminary studies of groundwater flow dynamics and chemistry, shallow take water chemistry, and fish and invertebrate communities at both sites. Consistent with regional observations, groundwater flow direction in the nearshore at ESGA was upward, or toward Lake Erie, and shallow nearshore groundwater chemistry was influenced by regional groundwater chemistry. In contrast, at PMSGA, the groundwater flow potential was downward and lake water, influenced by quarry discharge seeping downward into nearshore sediments, produced a different lake and shallow groundwater chemistry than at ESGA. Although the invertebrate and young fish community was similar at the two sites, taxonomic groups tolerant of degraded water quality were more prevalent at PMSGA. Sensitive taxa were more prevalent at ESGA. We propose a conceptual model, based on well-described models of groundwater/seawater interaction along coastal margins, to describe the interconnection among geologic, hydrologic, chemical, and biological processes in the different nearshore habitats of Lake Erie, and we identify processes that warrant further detailed study in the Great Lakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. USGS Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Haack, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6520 Mercantile Way,Suite 5, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. EM skhaack@usgs.gov RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 73 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 20 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 SU 1 BP 45 EP 63 DI 10.1016/S0380-1330(05)70289-6 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 040TU UT WOS:000237404100004 ER PT J AU Nichols, SJ Silverman, H Dietz, TH Lynn, JW Garling, DL AF Nichols, SJ Silverman, H Dietz, TH Lynn, JW Garling, DL TI Pathways of food uptake in native (Unionidae) and introduced (Corbiculidae and Dreissenidae) freshwater bivalves SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE corbiculid; dreissenid; filter feeding; freshwater bivalve; non-siphon feeding; unionid ID LABORATORY-CULTURED BACTERIA; DYNAMICS; STREAM; POLYMORPHA; ECOSYSTEMS; PISIDIIDAE; ENDOSCOPY; FLUMINEA; MUSSELS AB Nineteen species of adult freshwater bivalves were able to use water currents generated from within the mantle cavity to move non-suspended algae into the shell through non-siphon areas such as the anterior shell valve edge and the mid-ventral point of the shell. This was in addition to, and not in replacement of, uptake of planktonic algae through the inhalant siphon. Algae obtained from both the non-inhalant siphon areas and the inhalant siphon were equally captured and transferred to the stomach. Pseudofecal release was also more complex than typically stated. Pseudofeces were released from the inhalant siphon (as expected), plus from the anterior shell margin, and at the mid-point along the ventral shell edge (non-dreissenids). Pseudofeces that settled near the ventral shell margin was accessible for future uptake back into the mantle cavity. There were no species or body size differences in ability to capture food from non-planktonic sources. The extent to which natural populations utilize benthic food resources remains to be determined. However, our study demonstrates that bivalve communities are very adaptable in accessing a variety of food resources from both suspended material in the water column, as well as organic material from the sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Nichols, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM s_jerrine_nichols@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 25 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 1 BP 87 EP 96 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 940LH UT WOS:000230145500008 ER PT J AU Albert, DA Wilcox, DA IngraM, JW Thompson, TA AF Albert, DA Wilcox, DA IngraM, JW Thompson, TA TI Hydrogeomorphic classification for Great Lakes coastal wetlands SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE classification; coastal wetlands; Great Lakes; geomorphology ID BEACH-RIDGE DEVELOPMENT; MICHIGAN; LEVEL AB A hydrogeomorphic classification scheme for Great Lakes coastal wetlands is presented. The classification is hierarchical and first divides the wetlands into three broad hydrogeomorphic systems, lacustrine, riverine, and barrier-protected, each with unique hydrologic flow characteristics and residence time. These systems are further subdivided into finer geomorphic types based on physical features and shoreline processes. Each hydrogeomorphic wetland type has associated plant and animal communities and specific physical attributes related to sediment type, wave energy, water quality, and hydrology. C1 Michigan State Univ Extens, Michigan Nat Features Inventory, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Indiana Univ, Indiana Geol Survey, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Albert, DA (reprint author), Michigan State Univ Extens, Michigan Nat Features Inventory, Mason Bldg,POB 30444, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. EM albertd@michigan.gov RI Thompson, Todd/G-6579-2011 NR 51 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 4 U2 29 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 SU 1 BP 129 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0380-1330(05)70294-X PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 040TU UT WOS:000237404100009 ER PT J AU Klassen, W Adams, JV Twohey, MB AF Klassen, W Adams, JV Twohey, MB TI Modeling the suppression of sea lamprey populations by use of the male sex pheromone SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE mating disruption; decoys; Great Lakes; sea lamprey management; trapping; behavior; pheromones ID PETROMYZON-MARINUS; RELEASE; MANAGEMENT; ACID AB The suppression of sea lamprey populations, Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus), was modeled using four different applications of the male sex pheromone: (1) pheromone-baited traps that remove females from the spawning population, (2) pheromone-baited decoys that exhaust females before they are able to spawn, (3) pheromone-enhanced sterile males that increase the proportion of non-fertile matings, and (4) camouflaging of the pheromone emitted by calling males to make it difficult for females to find a mate. The models indicated that thousands of traps or hundreds of thousands of decoys would be required to suppress a population of 100,000 animals. The potential efficacy of pheromone camouflages is largely unknown, and additional research is required to estimate how much pheromone is needed to camouflage the pheromone plumes of calling males. Pheromone-enhanced sterile males appear to be a promising application in the Great Lakes. Using this technique for three generations each of ca. 7 years duration could reduce sea lamprey populations by 90% for Lakes Huron and Ontario and by 98% for Lake Michigan, based on current trapping operations that capture 20 to 30% of the population each year. C1 Univ Florida, IFAS, Ctr Trop Agr, Homestead, FL 33031 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Ctr Trop Res & Educ, Homestead, FL 33031 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marquette Biol Stn, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. RP Klassen, W (reprint author), Univ Florida, IFAS, Ctr Trop Agr, Homestead, FL 33031 USA. EM Klassen@mail.ifas.ufl.edu NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 2 BP 166 EP 173 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 943JX UT WOS:000230350800005 ER PT J AU Allen, JD Walker, GK Adams, JV Nichols, SJ Edsall, CC AF Allen, JD Walker, GK Adams, JV Nichols, SJ Edsall, CC TI Embryonic developmental progression in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (Walbaum, 1792) and its relation to lake temperature SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Salvelinus namaycush; lake trout; development; embryo; scanning electron microscopy; temperature ID EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME; GREAT-LAKES; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TOXICITY; CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; THIAMINE-DEFICIENCY; ZEBRAFISH EMBRYO; JAW DEVELOPMENT; WHITE SUCKER; EGGS; REHABILITATION AB Developmental progression of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) embryos was examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. From this examination, key developmental stages were described in detail. The key developmental stages were then applied to individual lake trout egg lots incubated in constant temperatures of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 degrees C. We used Belehradek's, Thermodynamic, and Power models, and also developed the Zero model to determine stage specific developmental rates of lake trout eggs for each background temperature. From the models, hatch dates and staging were predicted for temperature regimes from Lake Superior (1990-91) and Lake Huron (1996-97). Based on the existing lake temperature data and the observed spawning dates, the Zero and the Power models predict that post peak spawning may contribute significantly to overall recruitment success for these years. C1 USGS, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Eastern Michigan Univ, Dept Biol, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 USA. RP Allen, JD (reprint author), USGS, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM jdallen@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 2 BP 187 EP 209 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 943JX UT WOS:000230350800007 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Hondorp, DW Desorcie, TJ Holuszko, JD AF Madenjian, CP Hondorp, DW Desorcie, TJ Holuszko, JD TI Sculpin community dynamics in Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE deepwater sculpin; food web; predation; restoration; slimy sculpin; species invasions ID DEEP-WATER SCULPIN; MYOXOCEPHALUS-THOMPSONI; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; ALEWIVES; ONTARIO; PREDATION; TROUT; DIET; RECRUITMENT; POPULATION AB Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the dynamics of sympatric populations of deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii) and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus). The first hypothesis is that slimy sculpins negatively affect survival of deepwater sculpins, and therefore deepwater sculpins coexist with slimy sculpins only when a keystone predator, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), is abundant. According to the second hypothesis, changes in the abundances of the sculpins are driven by interactions with fishes other than sculpins. To evaluate both hypotheses, we applied regression analyses to long-term observations on abundances of both sculpin populations in Lake Michigan during 1973-2002. For slimy sculpin abundance, we considered the predation effect by lake trout and the effect of deepwater sculpins on slimy sculpins. For deepwater sculpin abundance, we considered the effect of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) on deepwater sculpins, the predation effect by burbot (Lota Iota), and the effect of slimy sculpins on deepwater sculpins. An information criterion was used to select the best regression model explaining the temporal trends. The best model to explain trends in slimy sculpin abundance was the model that included the lake trout predation term only. The best model to explain trends in deepwater sculpin abundance was a model including the alewife and burbot predation terms. Thus, a negative effect of slimy sculpins on deepwater sculpins was not essential in capturing the sculpin community dynamics. Therefore, our results supported the second hypothesis. Further, our results supported the contention that control of the alewife population was a prerequisite for restoration of deepwater sculpin populations. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Coooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM cmadenjian@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 15 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 3 BP 267 EP 276 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 972AC UT WOS:000232425200003 ER PT J AU Schloesser, DW Stickel, RG Bridgeman, TB AF Schloesser, Don W. Stickel, Richard G. Bridgeman, Thomas B. TI Potential oxygen demand of sediments from Lake Erie SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oxygen; sediments; dreissenid mussels; near shore; offshore; Lake Erie; biodeposits ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; WATER-QUALITY; SENECA RIVER; NEW-YORK; PHYTOPLANKTON; INVASION; IMPACTS; PHOSPHORUS; ONTARIO AB Dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) biodeposit large quantities of filtered materials (i.e., feces and pseudofeces) directly on bottom substrates. These biodeposits have the potential to increase oxygen demand in sediments and overlying waters and thus contribute to hypolimnetic anoxia in Lake Erie. We hypothesized that higher potential oxygen demand of sediments would occur in areas near shore than in offshore hypolimnetic waters as a result of biodeposits carried by currents from littoral water where mussels, available foods, and biodeposits may be most abundant. To address this hypothesis, we measured potential oxygen demand (mg O(2)/L/120 h incubation) at six sites near shore and six sites offshore monthly June to September 2002 and August 2003. In addition, we compared, in post priori hypothesis, seven sites with and five sites without dreissenid mussels. Contrary to our hypotheses, potential oxygen demand was not significantly higher in bottles containing nearshore sediments than offshore sediments. Similarly, potential oxygen demand was not significantly higher at sites with dreissenid mussels than at sites without mussels. Data are consistent with pre-dreissenid studies which show oxygen demand and percent ash-free dry weights of sediments were higher offshore than near shore and ash-free dry weight of sediments decreased June to September. Therefore, the present study provides no evidence that dreissenid mussels have contributed directly-via biodeposition-to increased anoxia observed in Lake Erie in the mid to late 1990s. C1 Great Lakes Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Toledo, Lake Erie Ctr, Toledo, OH USA. RP Schloesser, DW (reprint author), Great Lakes Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM dschloesser@usgs.gov NR 58 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 SU 2 BP 272 EP 283 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 057TS UT WOS:000238618700021 ER PT J AU Pangle, KL Sutton, TM Kinnunen, RE Hoff, MH AF Pangle, KL Sutton, TM Kinnunen, RE Hoff, MH TI Effects of body size, condition, and lipid content on the survival of juvenile lake herring during rapid cooling events SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lake herring; Coregonus artedi; rapid cooling event; body size; condition ID LOW-TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE; COREGONUS-ARTEDII; SUPERIOR; COLD; FISHES; METABOLISM; MORTALITY; ABUNDANCE; MICHIGAN; ANIMALS AB Juvenile lake herring Coregonus artedi were exposed to rapid cooling events during two laboratory experiments to determine the effects of body size, physiological condition, and lipid content on survival. The first experiment was conducted at the onset of winter, exposing small (50 to 85 mm) and large (85 to 129 mm) fish to a decline in water temperature from 12 to 2 degrees C at a rate of 1 degrees C/hr. During this experiment, both large and small individuals exposed to a rapid cooling event experienced no mortality or abnormal behaviors. Separate fish were then maintained under thermal and photoperiod regimes that mimicked those in Lake Superior from October through May. Fish in each size class were maintained at two feeding treatments: Artemia ad libitum and no food. At the completion of the winter period, these lake herring were subjected to the same rapid cooling event conducted in the first experiment. During the experiment, lake herring exhibited no mortality or abnormal behaviors despite treatment-dependent differences in condition and lipid content. Our results indicate that mortality due to rapid cooling events does not appear to contribute to the recruitment variability observed for juvenile lake herring in Lake Superior. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Michigan State Univ, Michigan Sea Grant, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. US Geol Survey Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Superior Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. RP Sutton, TM (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, 195 Marsteller St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM tsutton@purdue.edu RI Sutton, Trent/E-9281-2010 NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 3 BP 360 EP 366 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 972AC UT WOS:000232425200011 ER PT J AU French, JRP Muzzall, PM Adams, JV Johnson, KL Flores, AE Winkel, AM AF French, JRP Muzzall, PM Adams, JV Johnson, KL Flores, AE Winkel, AM TI Occurrence of Cyathocephalus truncatus (Cestoda) in fishes of the great lakes with emphasis on its occurrence in round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) from Lake Huron SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cestode; round gobies; native and exotic fishes; Diporeia; Lake Huron; depths ID ST-CLAIR RIVER; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA; TUBENOSE GOBY; MICHIGAN; PARASITES; HELMINTHS; SUPERIOR; ECOLOGY; USA AB Cyathocephalus truncatus is a pathogenic cestode that is common in many Laurentian Great Lakes fish species, but the depth distribution of this cestode has not been studied. Cyathocephalus truncatus has been reported from 21 fish species and one hybrid representing seven orders and nine families in Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Ontario. We examined the intestinal contents of six species of fish collected in Michigan waters of Lake Huron, from DeTour to Harbor Beach, in 2001 to 2003 for the presence of this cestode species. Cyathocephalus truncatus was found in five native fish species and the exotic round goby. Prevalence (52%) and mean intensity (4.6 cestodes per infected fish) were highest in bloaters. This is the first reported occurrence of this cestode in round gobies from the Great Lakes. None of the gobies trawled from Lake Huron at depths of 2 7 to 46 m were infected, but prevalence and intensity of infection in round gobies increased significantly with depth from 55 to 73 m. Our diet study of round gobies indicated that they preyed heavily on amphipods (Diporeia hoyi) at depths of 55 to 73 m. Cyathocephalus truncatus was found in eight of 605 D. hoyi obtained by Ponar grab sampling. This suggests that C. truncatus eggs may be released from infected gobies and sink to deep basins with silt bottoms where D. hoyi occur. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP French, JRP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM frenchjrp@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 4 BP 405 EP 413 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 000VT UT WOS:000234491200004 ER PT J AU Schaeffer, JS Bowen, A Thomas, M French, JRP Curtis, GL AF Schaeffer, JS Bowen, A Thomas, M French, JRP Curtis, GL TI Invasion history, proliferation, and offshore diet of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus in western Lake Huron, USA SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE invasive species; round goby; Lake Huron; population dynamics; diets ID GREAT-LAKES; MICHIGAN; GOBIIDAE; FOOD; PREDATION; MEIOFAUNA; SELECTION; EASTERN; GOBIES; RIVER AB We used data from three trawl surveys during 1996-2003 to document range expansion, population trends, and use of offshore habitats by round gobies in the U.S. waters of Lake Huron. Round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) were not detected in any survey until 1997, but by 2003 they had been recorded at 18 of the 28 sites sampled. The only areas not colonized were offshore habitats in northern Lake Huron. Round goby abundance increased during 1997-2001, thereafter overall abundance either increased (offshore) or became variable (nearshore and Saginaw Bay). Mean lengths varied among surveys primarily due to high abundance of age-0 gobies in Saginaw Bay samples. Round gobies were found up to 34 km offshore at depths of 73 m. Round gobies consumed a wide range of invertebrate prey, but focused on dreissenids in shallow water (27-46 m), and native invertebrates at greater depths. The pattern of round goby dispersal was consistent with a pattern of simultaneous initial introductions at shipping ports followed by natural dispersal, and lakewide population size has probably not stabilized. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alpena Fishery Resource Off, Alpena, MI 49707 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Mt Clemens Fishery Res Stn, St Clemens, MI 48045 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yreka Fish & Wildlife Off, Yreka, CA 96097 USA. RP Schaeffer, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM jschaeffer@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 4 BP 414 EP 425 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 000VT UT WOS:000234491200005 ER PT J AU Mason, DM Johnson, TB Harvey, CS Kitchell, JF Schram, ST Bronte, CR Hoff, MH Lozano, SJ Trebitz, AS Schreiner, DR Lamon, EC Hrabik, T AF Mason, DM Johnson, TB Harvey, CS Kitchell, JF Schram, ST Bronte, CR Hoff, MH Lozano, SJ Trebitz, AS Schreiner, DR Lamon, EC Hrabik, T TI Hydroacoustic estimates of abundance and spatial distribution of pelagic prey fishes in western Lake Superior SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydroacoustics; Lake Superior; lake herring; rainbow smelt; coregonines ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; TARGET-STRENGTH; RAINBOW-SMELT; MICHIGAN; TROUT; PATTERNS; PLANKTIVORES; RESTORATION; PREDATION; DEMAND AB Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) are a valuable prey resource for the recovering lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Superior. However, prey biomass may be insufficient to support the current predator demand. In August 1997, we assessed the abundance and spatial distribution of pelagic coregonines and rainbow smelt in western Lake Superior by combining a 120 kHz split beam acoustics system with midwater trawls. Coregonines comprised the majority of the midwater trawl catches and the length distributions for trawl caught fish coincided with estimated sizes of acoustic targets. Overall mean pelagic prey fish biomass was 15.56 kg ha(-1) with the greatest fish biomass occurring in the Apostle Islands region (27.98 kg ha(-1)), followed by the Duluth Minnesota region (20.22 kg ha(-1)), and with the lowest biomass occurring in the open waters of western Lake Superior (9.46 kg ha(-1)). Biomass estimates from hydroacoustics were typically 2-134 times greater than estimates derived from spring bottom trawl surveys. Prey fish biomass for Lake Superior is about order of magnitude less than acoustic estimates for Lakes Michigan and Ontario. Discrepancies observed between bioenergetics-based estimates of predator consumption of coregonines and earlier coregonine biomass estimates may be accounted for by our hydroacoustic estimates. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Lake Erie Fisheries Stn, Wheatley, ON N0P 2P0, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bayfield, WI 54814 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Fisheries, Ft Snelling, MN 55111 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Levine Sci Res Ctr, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Mason, DM (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Doran.Mason@noaa.gov OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243 NR 40 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 4 BP 426 EP 438 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 000VT UT WOS:000234491200006 ER PT J AU Wright, S Parker, G AF Wright, S Parker, G TI Modeling downstream fining in sand-bed rivers. I: formulation SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE modeling formulation; downstream fining; sand-bed rivers ID ARRESTED GRAVEL FRONT; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; LONGITUDINAL PROFILES; MUD DELTAS; PART 1; TRANSITIONS; AGGRADATION; RESERVOIRS; TRANSPORT; EVOLUTION AB In this paper a numerical modeling formulation is presented for simulation of the development of the longitudinal profile and bed sediment distribution in sand-bed rivers. The objective of the model application, which is presented in the companion paper (Wright and Parker, 2005), is to study the development of two characteristics of large, low-slope, sand-bed rivers: (1) a downstream decrease in bed slope (i.e. concave upward longitudinal profile) and (2) a downstream decrease in characteristic bed sediment diameter (e.g. the median bed surface size DSO). Three mechanisms that lead to an upward concave profile and downstream fining are included in the modeling formulation: (1) a delta prograding into standing water at the downstream boundary, (2) sea-level rise, and (3) tectonic subsidence. In the companion paper (Wright and Parker, 2005) the model is applied to simulate the development of the longitudinal profile and downstream fining in sand-bed rivers flowing into the ocean during the past 5000 years of relatively slow sea-level rise. C1 Univ Minnesota, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. RP Wright, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. EM sawright@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSN HYDRAULIC RESEARCH PI MADRID PA PASEO BAJO VIRGEN DEL PUERTO, 3, 28005 MADRID, SPAIN SN 0022-1686 J9 J HYDRAUL RES JI J. Hydraul. Res. PY 2005 VL 43 IS 6 BP 613 EP 620 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 027FU UT WOS:000236400600003 ER PT J AU Wright, S Parker, G AF Wright, S Parker, G TI Modeling downstream fining in sand-bed rivers. II: application SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE modeling formulation; downstream fining; sand-bed rivers ID SEA-LEVEL; EVOLUTION; MIXTURES AB In this paper the model presented in the companion paper, Wright and Parker (2005) is applied to a generic river reach typical of a large, sand-bed river flowing into the ocean in order to investigate the mechanisms controlling longitudinal profile development and downstream fining. Three mechanisms which drive downstream fining are studied: a delta prograding into standing water, sea-level rise, and tectonic subsidence. Various rates of sea-level rise (typical of the late Holocene) and tectonic subsidence are modeled in order to quantify their effects on the degree of profile concavity and downstream fining. Also, several other physical mechanisms which may affect fining are studied, including the relative importance of the suspended versus bed load, the effect of the loss of sediment overbank, and the influence of the delta bottom slope. Finally, sensitivity analysis is used to show that the grain-size distribution at the interface between the active layer and substrate has a significant effect on downstream fining. C1 Univ Minnesota, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. RP Wright, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. EM sawright@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSN HYDRAULIC RESEARCH PI MADRID PA PASEO BAJO VIRGEN DEL PUERTO, 3, 28005 MADRID, SPAIN SN 0022-1686 J9 J HYDRAUL RES JI J. Hydraul. Res. PY 2005 VL 43 IS 6 BP 621 EP 631 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 027FU UT WOS:000236400600004 ER PT J AU McKean, JR Johnson, D Taylor, RG Johnson, RL AF McKean, JR Johnson, D Taylor, RG Johnson, RL TI Willingness to pay for non angler recreation at the lower Snake River reservoirs SO JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE travel cost model; non angler recreation; lower Snake River; dam breaching; two-step decision model ID COST DEMAND MODELS; COUNT DATA MODELS; OUTDOOR RECREATION; BENEFIT TRANSFER; TIME; OVERDISPERSION; METAANALYSIS; CHOICES; PRICES; VALUES AB This study applied the travel cost method to estimate demand for non angler recreation at the impounded Snake River in eastern Washington. Net value per person per recreation trip is estimated for the full non angler sample and separately for camping, boating, water-skiing, and swimming/picnicking. Certain recreation activities would be reduced or eliminated and new activities would be added if the dams were breached to protect endangered salmon and steelhead. The effect of breaching on non angling benefits was found by subtracting our benefits estimate from the projected non angling benefits with breaching. Major issues in demand model specification and definition of the price variables are discussed. The estimation method selected Was truncated negative binomial regression With adjustment for self selection bias. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP McKean, JR (reprint author), POB 120, Masonville, CO 80541 USA. EM AG_ENT@MSN.COM NR 48 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 7 PU NATL RECREATION PARK ASSN PI ARLINGTON PA 2775 S. QUINCY STREET SUITE 300, ARLINGTON, VA 22206-2204 USA SN 0022-2216 J9 J LEISURE RES JI J. Leis. Res. PY 2005 VL 37 IS 2 BP 178 EP 194 PG 17 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 909EE UT WOS:000227842200004 ER PT J AU Charlier, BLA Wilson, CJN Lowenstern, JB Blake, S Van Calsteren, PW Davidson, JP AF Charlier, BLA Wilson, CJN Lowenstern, JB Blake, S Van Calsteren, PW Davidson, JP TI Magma generation at a large, hyperactive silicic volcano (Taupo, New Zealand) revealed by U-Th and U-Pb systematics in zircons SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE zircon; U-series dating; rhyolite; Taupo Volcanic Zone; Taupo volcano ID LONG RESIDENCE TIMES; BISHOP-TUFF; RHYOLITIC MAGMA; CRYSTALLIZATION HISTORIES; ISOTOPIC CONSTRAINTS; YELLOWSTONE CALDERA; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; THERMAL EVOLUTION; PRECALDERA LAVAS; MELT GENERATION AB Young ( 0.05; adults: chi(2)=9.72, df=18, P > 0.05)., One-year return rates were similar among adult female controls (81%, n=72, 95% confidence interval [CI]=70-91%), females treated once (82%, n=276, 95% CI=81-84%), and females treated twice (84%, n=50, 95%CI=74-94%). Lack of an effect was also rioted in 1-yr return rates of juvenile female controls (55%, n=29, 95% CI=37-73%), juveniles treated once (66%, n=113, 95% CI=58-75%), and juveniles treated twice (71%, n=17, 95% CI=49-92%). These data suggest that anesthesia and blood sampling for health monitoring did not measurably affect survival of adult female and volant juvenile big brown bats. C1 Univ Virginia, Ctr Comparat Med, Dept Med, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wimsatt, J (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Ctr Comparat Med, Dept Med, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM jhw5b@virginia.edu NR 33 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 41 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 920RP UT WOS:000228708100009 PM 15827214 ER PT J AU Bender, LC Schmitt, SM Carlson, E Haufler, JB Beyer, DE AF Bender, LC Schmitt, SM Carlson, E Haufler, JB Beyer, DE TI Mortality of rocky mountain elk in Michigan due to meningeal worm SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis; Cervus elaphus nelsoni; elk; meningeal worm; mortality; Parelaphostrongylus tenuis ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS-TENUIS; MOOSE; POPULATION; RANGE; PREVALENCE; SURVIVAL; WAPITI AB Mortality from cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis caused by the meningeal worm (Parelaphostronylus tenuis) has been hypothesized to limit elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in areas where elk are conspecific with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Elk were reintroduced into Michigan (USA) in the early 1900s and subsequently greatly increased population size and distribution despite sympatric high-density ( >= 12/km(2)) white-tailed deer populations. We monitored 100 radio-collared elk of all age and sex classes from 1981-94, during which time we documented 76 mortalities. Meningeal worm was a minor mortality factor for elk in Michigan and accounted for only 3% of mortalities, fewer than legal harvest (58%), illegal kills (22%), other diseases (7%), and malnutrition (4%). Across years, annual cause-specific mortality rates due to cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis were 0.033 (SE=0.006), 0.029 (SE=0.005), 0.000 (SE=0.000), and 0.000 (SE=0.000) for calves, 1-yr-old, 2-yr-old, and : >= 3-yr-old, respectively. The overall population-level mortality rate due to cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis was 0.009 (SE=0.001). Thus, meningeal worm had little impact on elk in Michigan during our study despite greater than normal precipitation (favoring gastropods) and record ( 14 km(2)) deer densities. Further, elk in Michigan have shown sustained population rates-of-increase of >= 18%/yr and among the highest levels of juvenile production and survival recorded for elk in North America, indicating that elk can persist in areas with meningeal worm at high levels of population productivity. It is likely that local ecologic characteristics among elk, white-tailed deer, and gastropods, and degree of exposure, age of elk, individual and population experience with meningeal worm, overall population vigor, and moisture determine the effects of meningeal worm on elk populations. C1 US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Rose Lake Wildlife Dis Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Mio, MI 48647 USA. Environm Management Res Inst, Seeley Lake, MT 59868 USA. No Michigan Univ, Dept Geog, Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. RP Bender, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 300003,MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM lbender@nmsu.edu NR 30 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 41 IS 1 BP 134 EP 140 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 920RP UT WOS:000228708100014 PM 15827219 ER PT J AU Rocke, TE Thomas, NJ Meteyer, CU Quist, CF Fischer, JR Augspurger, T Ward, SE AF Rocke, TE Thomas, NJ Meteyer, CU Quist, CF Fischer, JR Augspurger, T Ward, SE TI Attempts to identify the source of avian vacuolar myelinopathy for waterbirds SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE American coot; avian vacuolar feeding trials; Fulcia Americana; Hydrilla verticillata; myelinopathy ID AMERICAN COOTS AB Attempts were made to reproduce avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) in a number of test animals in order to determine the source of the causative agent for birds and to find a suitable animal model for future studies. Submerged vegetation, plankton, invertebrates, forage fish, and sediments were collected from three lakes with ongoing outbreaks of AVM and fed to American coots (Fulica americana), mallard ducks and ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos), quail (Coturnix japonica), and laboratory mice either via gavage or ad libitum. Tissues from AVM-affected coots with brain lesions were fed to ducklings, kestrels (Falco sparverius), and American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Two mallards that ingested one sample of Hydrilla verticillata along with any biotic or abiotic material associated with its external surface developed brain lesions consistent with AVM, although neither of the ducks had clinical signs of disease. Ingestion of numerous other samples of Hydrilla from the AVM affected lakes and a lake with no prior history of AVM, other materials (sediments, algae, fish, invertebrates, and water from affected lakes), or tissues from AVM-affected birds did not produce either clinical signs or brain lesions in any of the other test animals in our studies. These results suggest that waterbirds are most likely exposed to the causative agent of AVM while feeding on aquatic vegetation, but we do not believe the vegetation itself is the agent. We hypothesize that the causative agent of AVM might either be accumulated by aquatic vegetation, such as Hydrilla, or associated with biotic or abiotic material on its external surfaces. In support of that hypothesis, two coots that ingested Hydrilla sampled from a lake with an ongoing AVM outbreak in wild birds developed neurologic signs within 9 days (ataxia, limb weakness, and incoordination), and one of two coots that ingested Hydrilla collected from the same site 13 days later became sick and died within 38 days. None of these three sick coots had definitive brain lesions consistent with AVM by light microscopy, but they had no gross or histologic lesions in other tissues. It is unclear if these birds died of AVM. Perhaps they did not ingest a dose sufficient to produce brain lesions or the lesions were ultrastructural. Alternatively, it is possible that a separate neurotoxic agent is responsible for the morbidity and mortality observed in these coots. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Wildlife Hlth Associates Inc, Dillon, MT 59725 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Southeastern Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. RP Rocke, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM tonie_rocke@usgs.gov OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 41 IS 1 BP 163 EP 170 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 920RP UT WOS:000228708100017 PM 15827222 ER PT J AU Freilich, JE Camp, RJ Duda, JJ Karl, AE AF Freilich, JE Camp, RJ Duda, JJ Karl, AE TI Problems with sampling desert tortoises: A simulation analysis based on field data SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE desert tortoise; distance sampling; estimator performance; Gopherus agassizii; mark-recapture sampling; plot-size choice; simulation; survey rnethods; tortoises ID ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; DETECTING TRENDS; POWER ANALYSIS; MODELS; ABUNDANCE; SURVIVAL; ANIMALS; DROUGHT; TESTS; TIME AB The desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) was listed as a U.S. threatened species in 1990 based largely oil population declines interred from mark-recapture surveys of 2.59-km(2) (1-mi(2)) plots. Since then, several census methods have been proposed and tested, but all methods still pose logistical or statistical difficulties. We conducted computer simulations using actual tortoise location data front 2 1-mi(2) plot surveys in southern California, USA, to identify strengths and weaknesses of current sampling strategies. We considered tortoise population estimates based oil these plots as "truth" and then tested various sampling methods based oil sampling smaller plots or transect lines passing through the mile squares. Data were analyzed using Schnabel's mark-recapture estimate and program CAPTURE. Experimental subsampling with replacement of the 1-mi(2) data using 1-km(2) and 0.25-km(2) plot boundaries produced data sets of smaller plot sizes, which we compared to estimates front the 1-mi(2) plots. We also tested distance sampling by saturating a 1-mi(2) site with computer simulated transect lines, once again evaluating bias ill density estimates. Subsampling estimates from 1-km(2) plots did not differ significantly front the estimates derived at 1-mi(2). The 0.25-km(2) subsamples significantly overestimated population sizes, chiefly because too few recaptures were made. Distance sampling simulations Were biased 80% of the time and had high coefficient of variation to density ratios. Furthermore, a prospective power analysis suggested limited ability to detect population declines as high as 50%. We concluded that poor performance and bias of both sampling procedures was driven by insufficient sample Size, suggesting that all efforts must be directed to increasing numbers found in order to produce reliable results. Our results suggest that present methods may not be capable of accurately estimating desert tortoise populations. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisherie Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Zool, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. RP Freilich, JE (reprint author), Olympic Natl Pk, 600 E Pk Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. EM jerry_freilich@nps.gov RI Duda, Jeffrey/A-7132-2009; OI Duda, Jeffrey/0000-0001-7431-8634; Camp, Richard/0000-0001-7008-923X NR 56 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 69 IS 1 BP 45 EP 56 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069<0045:PWSDTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 919XJ UT WOS:000228650600005 ER PT J AU Conroy, MJ Fonnesbeck, CJ Zimpfer, NL AF Conroy, MJ Fonnesbeck, CJ Zimpfer, NL TI Modeling regional waterfowl harvest rates using Markov chain Monte Carlo SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE adaptive harvest management; American black duck; Anas rubripes; Bayes; harvest; Markov chain Monte Carlo; model ID RING-RECOVERY DATA; BAYESIAN-ANALYSIS; BLACK DUCK; SURVIVAL; POPULATION AB We developed models for simultaneous inference on movement and harvest rates, and of factors influencing harvest rates, using band-recovery data and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) modeling. We modeled variation in harvest rates for American black ducks (Anas rubripes) (hiring 1971-1994 using recoveries of ducks banded in 3 breeding regions and recovered in 6 harvest regions in Canada and the United States. Models based on season length or bag limit together with season length, and incorporating a random year- and area-specific effect, were superior to other models as gauged by information criteria, fit statistics, and cross-Nalidation. We used these models to generate Posterior predictive distributions for harvest rates as a function of harvest regulations, for application to adaptive harvest management. C1 USGS, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30607 USA. Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30607 USA. Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30607 USA. RP Conroy, MJ (reprint author), USGS, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30607 USA. EM mconroy@uga.edu NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 69 IS 1 BP 77 EP 90 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069<0077:MRWHRU>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 919XJ UT WOS:000228650600008 ER PT J AU Haig, SM Ferland, CL Cuthbert, FJ Dingledine, J Goossen, JP Hecht, A McPhillips, N AF Haig, SM Ferland, CL Cuthbert, FJ Dingledine, J Goossen, JP Hecht, A McPhillips, N TI A complete species census and evidence for regional declines in piping plovers SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Charadrius melodus; endangered species; North America; piping plover; population status; shorebird ID CHARADRIUS-MELODUS; POPULATION; SURVIVAL AB Complete population estimates for widely distributed species are rarely possible. However, for the third time in 10 years, an International Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) Breeding and Winter Census was conducted throughout, the species range in 2001. Nearly 1,400 participants from 32 U.S. states and Puerto Rico; 9 Canadian provinces; St. Pierre and Miquelon, France; Cuba; and the Bahamas visited 2,244 sites covering 11,836 km of shoreline habitat. During the winter census, 2,389 piping plovers were observed at 33.5% of potentially occupied sites (n = 352). Of these, 56.8% had <= 10 birds present. The breeding census recorded 5,945 adults at 777 of 1,892 sites surveyed. More than 80% of sites with piping plovers present had 510 birds. Results indicated an 8.4% increase from 1991 but only a 0.2% increase since 1996. Regional trends suggest that since 1991, number of breeding birds increased on the Atlantic Coast by 78% (2,920 birds; 12.4% increase sit-ice 1996) and by 80% in the Great Lakes (72 birds; 50% increase since 1996). However, plovers declined 15% (2,953 birds; 10% decline since 1996) in Prairie Canada/U.S. northern Great Plains. Subregional trends since 1991 reflect, a 32.4% decline in Prairie Canada (972 birds; 42.4% decline since 1996), a 2.5% decline in the U.S. northern Great Plains (1,981 birds; 24% increase since 1996), 5.5% decline in eastern Canada (481 birds; 14% increase since 1996), although a 66.2% increase on the U.S. Atlantic Coast (2,430 birds; 12% since 1996). While numbers were clown in much of the U.S. northern Great Plains since 1996, an increase (460%, 1,048 birds; 67.7% increase since 1991) was detected on the Missouri River. Results from 3 complete species census efforts provide essential data for conservation planning and assessment and illustrate the utility of global censuses for species of concern. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sudbury, MA 01776 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pierre, SD 57501 USA. RP Haig, SM (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM susan_haig@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 26 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 69 IS 1 BP 160 EP 173 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069<0160:ACSCAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 919XJ UT WOS:000228650600016 ER PT J AU Winter, M Johnson, DH Shaffer, JA AF Winter, M Johnson, DH Shaffer, JA TI Variability in vegetation effects on density and nesting success of grassland birds SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bobolink; clay-colored sparrow; density; Dolichonyx oryzivorus; nesting success; Passerculus sandwichensis; Savannah sparrow; Spizella pallida; tallgrass prairie; variability; vegetation structure ID RESERVE PROGRAM FIELDS; NORTH-DAKOTA; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; UNIFIED APPROACH; CRP FIELDS; MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION; SONGBIRDS; ABUNDANCE; MISSOURI AB The structure of vegetation in grassland systems, unlike that in forest systems, varies dramatically among years on the same sites, and among regions with similar vegetation. The role of this variation in vegetation structure on bird density and nesting success of grassland birds is poorly understood, primarily because few studies have included sufficiently large temporal and spatial scales to capture the variation in vegetation structure, bird density or nesting success. To date, no large-scale study on grassland birds has been conducted to investigate whether grassland bird density and nesting success respond similarly to changes in vegetation structure. However, reliable management recommendations require investigations into the distribution and nesting success of grassland birds over larger temporal and spatial scales. In addition, studies need to examine whether bird density and nesting success respond similarly to changing environmental conditions. We investigated the effect of vegetation structure on the density and nesting success of 3 grassland-nesting birds: clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida), Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), and bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) in 3 regions of the northern tallgrass prairie in 1998-2001. Few vegetation features influenced the densities of our study species, and each species responded differently to those vegetation variables. We could identify, only 1 variable that clearly influenced nesting success of I species: clay-colored sparrow nesting success increased with increasing percentage of nest cover from the surrounding vegetation. Because responses of avian density and nesting Success to vegetation measures varied among regions, years, and species, land managers at all times need to provide grasslands with different types of vegetation structure. Management, guidelines developed front small-scale, short-term studies may lead to misrepresentations of the needs of grassland-nesting birds. C1 SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Winter, M (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ornithol Lab, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM mw267@cornell.edu NR 58 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 39 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 69 IS 1 BP 185 EP 197 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069<0185:VIVEOD>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 919XJ UT WOS:000228650600018 ER PT J AU Lukacs, PM Burnham, KP AF Lukacs, PM Burnham, KP TI Estimating population size from DNA-based closed capture-recapture data incorporating genotyping error SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; closed population models; DNA markers; microsatellite; non-invasive sampling; population size estimation; tag-misread ID MODELS C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Lukacs, PM (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, 1484 Campus Delivery, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM plukacs@cnr.colostate.edu NR 20 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 69 IS 1 BP 396 EP 403 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069<0396:EPSFDC>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 919XJ UT WOS:000228650600036 ER PT J AU Conway, CJ Garcia, V AF Conway, CJ Garcia, V TI Effects of radiotransmitters on natal recruitment of burrowing owls SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Athene cunicularia; burrowing owl; Columbia river basin; natal recruitment; radiotelemetry; survival; Washington ID RING-NECKED PHEASANTS; RADIO TRANSMITTERS; HABITAT USE; WILD MALLARDS; SURVIVAL; MOVEMENTS; GROUSE; SASKATCHEWAN; REPRODUCTION; DISPERSAL C1 Univ Arizona, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources, USGS, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Conway, CJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources, USGS, 104 Biol Sci East, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM cconway@ag.arizona.edu NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 69 IS 1 BP 404 EP 408 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069<0404:EORONR>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 919XJ UT WOS:000228650600037 ER PT S AU Harris, A Bailey, J Calvari, S Dehn, J AF Harris, Andrew Bailey, John Calvari, Sonia Dehn, Jon BE Manga, M Ventura, G TI Heat loss measured at a lava channel and its implications for down-channel cooling and rheology SO KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS OF LAVA FLOWS SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE lava channel; Etna; FLIR; heat loss; cooling; viscosity; velocity ID MOUNT-ETNA LAVAS; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; BASALTIC LAVA; FLOWS; MODEL; CRYSTALLIZATION; EMPLACEMENT; HAWAII; TUBES; TEMPERATURES AB During May 2001 we acquired 2016 thermal images over an similar to 8-h-long period for a section of active lava channel on Mount Etna ( Italy). We used these to extract surface temperature and heat-loss profiles and thereby calculate core cooling rates. Flow surface temperatures declined from similar to 1070 K at the vent to similar to 930 K at 70 m. Heat losses were dominated by radiation (5 x 10(4) W m(2)) and convection (similar to 10(4) W/m(2)). These compare with a heat gain from crystallization of 6 x 10(3) W/m(2). The imbalance between sinks and sources gives core cooling (delta T/delta x) of similar to 110 K/km. However, cooling rate per unit distance also depends on flow conditions, where we distinguished: (1) unimpeded, high-velocity (similar to 0.2 m/s) flow with low delta T/delta x (0.3 K/m); (2) unimpeded, low-velocity (similar to 0.1 m/s) flow with higher delta T/delta x (0.5 K/m); (3) waning, insulated flow at low velocity (similar to 0.1 m/s) with low delta T/delta x (0.3 K/m); and (4) impeded flow at low velocity (<0.1 m/s) with higher delta T/delta x (0.4 K/m). Our data allow us to define three thermal states of flow emplacement: insulated, rapid, and protected. Insulated is promoted by the formation of hanging blockages and coherent roofs. During rapid emplacement, higher velocities suppress cooling rates, and delta T/delta x can be tied to mean velocity (V(mean)) by delta T/delta x = aV(mean)(-b). In the protected case, deeper, narrow channels present a thermally efficient channel, where delta T/delta x can be assessed using the ratio of channel width (w) to depth (d) in w/d = a delta T/delta x(-b). C1 [Harris, Andrew; Bailey, John] Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol HIGP, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Harris, Andrew; Calvari, Sonia] Inst Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-95123 Catania, Italy. [Dehn, Jon] Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Harris, A (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol HIGP, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol SOEST, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM harris@higp.hawaii.edu OI Calvari, Sonia/0000-0001-8189-5499 NR 46 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2396-9 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 396 BP 125 EP 146 DI 10.1130/0-8137-2396-5.125 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLX26 UT WOS:000271268500010 ER PT J AU Sengupta, R Middleton, B Yan, C Zuro, M Hartman, H AF Sengupta, R Middleton, B Yan, C Zuro, M Hartman, H TI Landscape characteristics of Rhizophora mangle forests and propagule deposition in coastal environments of Florida (USA) SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coastal wetlands; dispersal; fragmentation; GIS; landscape connectivity; modeling; recruitment limitation; remote sensing; restoration ecology ID AVICENNIA-MARINA PROPAGULES; MANGROVE FOREST; SATELLITE DATA; EARLY GROWTH; SEED BANKS; DISPERSAL; RECRUITMENT; CONNECTIVITY; REGENERATION; AUSTRALIA AB Field dispersal studies are seldom conducted at regional scales even though reliable information on mid-range dispersal distance is essential for models of colonization. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential distance of dispersal of Rhizophora mangle propagules by comparing deposition density with landscape characteristics of mangrove forests. Propagule density was estimated at various distances to mangrove sources (R. mangle) on beaches in southwestern Florida in both high-and low-energy environments, either facing open gulf waters vs. sheltered, respectively. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems were used to identify source forests and to determine their landscape characteristics (forest size and distance to deposition area) for the regression analyses. Our results indicated that increasing density of propagules stranded on beaches was related negatively to the distance of the deposition sites from the nearest stands of R. mangle and that deposition was greatly diminished 2 kin or more from the source. Measures of fragmentation such as the area of the R. mangle forests were related to propagule deposition but only in low-energy environments. Our results suggest that geographic models involving the colonization of coastal mangrove systems should include dispersal dynamics at mid-range scales, i.e., for our purposes here, beyond the local scale of the forest and up to 5 kin distant. Studies of mangrove propagule deposition at various spatial scales are key to understanding regeneration limitations in natural gaps and restoration areas. Therefore, our study of mid-range propagule dispersal has broad application to plant ecology, restoration, and modeling. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Geog, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A, Canada. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Middleton, B (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM beth_middleton@usgs.gov NR 62 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 6 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 20 IS 1 BP 63 EP 72 DI 10.1007/s10980-005-0468-3 PG 10 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 955KD UT WOS:000231223900005 ER PT J AU Kearns, FR Kelly, NM Carter, JL Resh, VH AF Kearns, FR Kelly, NM Carter, JL Resh, VH TI A method for the use of landscape metrics in freshwater research and management SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE California; freshwater; pattern metrics; San Jose; spatial configuration; urban ecology; water quality ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; LAND-USE; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; URBAN LANDSCAPE; UNITED-STATES; PATTERN; COVER; STREAMS; MACROINVERTEBRATES; GRADIENT AB Freshwater research and management efforts could be greatly enhanced by a better understanding of the relationship between landscape-scale factors and water quality indicators. This is particularly true in urban areas, where land transformation impacts stream systems at a variety of scales. Despite advances in landscape quantification methods, several studies attempting to elucidate the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and water quality have resulted in mixed conclusions. However, these studies have largely relied on compositional landscape metrics. For urban and urbanizing watersheds in particular, the use of metrics that capture spatial pattern may further aid in distinguishing the effects of various urban growth patterns, as well as exploring the interplay between environmental and socioeconomic variables. However, to be truly useful for freshwater applications, pattern metrics must be optimized based on iaracteristic watershed properties and common water quality point sampling methods. Using a freely vailable LULC data set for the Santa Clara Basin, California, USA, we quantified landscape composition and configuration for subwatershed areas upstream of individual sampling sites, reducing the number of metrics based on: (1) sensitivity to changes in extent and (2) redundancy, as determined by a multivariate factor analysis. The first two factors, interpreted as (1) patch density and distribution and (2) patch shape and landscape subdivision, explained approximately 85% of the variation in the data set, and are highly reflective of the heterogeneous urban development pattern found in the study area. Although offering slightly less explanatory power, compositional metrics can provide important contextual information. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kearns, FR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, 45 Mulford Hall,3114, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM fkearns@nature.berkeley.edu NR 43 TC 37 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 30 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 20 IS 1 BP 113 EP 125 DI 10.1007/s10980-004-2261-0 PG 13 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 955KD UT WOS:000231223900009 ER PT S AU Poag, CW AF Poag, C. Wylie BE Kenkmann, T Horz, F Deutsch, A TI Eastern rim of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater: Morphology, stratigraphy, and structure SO LARGE METEORITE IMPACTS III SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Chesapeake Bay; impact crater; stratigraphy; structure; morphology ID SEA AB This study reexamines seven reprocessed (increased vertical exaggeration) seismic reflection profiles that cross the eastern rim of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. The eastern rim is expressed as an arcuate ridge that borders the crater in a fashion typical of the "raised" rim documented in many well preserved complex impact craters. The inner boundary of the eastern rim (rim wall) is formed by a series of craterfacing, steep scarps, 15-60 m high. In combination, these rim-wall scarps represent the footwalls of a system of crater-encircling normal faults, which are downthrown toward the crater. Outboard of the rim wall are several additional normal-fault blocks, whose bounding faults trend approximately parallel to the rim wall. The tops of the outboard fault blocks form two distinct, parallel, flat or gently sloping, terraces. The innermost terrace (Terrace 1) can be identified on each profile, but Terrace 2 is only sporadically present. The terraced fault blocks are composed mainly of nonmarine, poorly to moderately consolidated, siliciclastic sediments, belonging to the Lower Cretaceous Potomac Formation. Though the ridge-forming geometry of the eastern rim gives the appearance of a raised compressional feature, no compelling evidence of compressive forces is evident in the profiles studied. The structural mode, instead, is that of extension, with the clear dominance of normal faulting as the extensional mechanism. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Poag, CW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2384-6 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 384 BP 117 EP 130 DI 10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.117 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BMD23 UT WOS:000271896300007 ER PT S AU Horton, JW Aleinikoff, JN Kunk, MJ Gohn, GS Edwards, LE Self-Trail, JM Powars, DS Izett, GA AF Horton, J. Wright, Jr. Aleinikoff, John N. Kunk, Michael J. Gohn, Gregory S. Edwards, Lucy E. Self-Trail, Jean M. Powars, David S. Izett, Glen A. BE Kenkmann, T Horz, F Deutsch, A TI Recent research on the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA-Impact debris and reworked ejecta SO LARGE METEORITE IMPACTS III SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Chesapeake; impact; crater; ejecta; cataclastic; shock; resurge; SHRIMP; argon; geochronology; dinoflagellate; nannofossil ID NORTH-AMERICAN TEKTITES; ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; DSDP SITE 612; AGE; CRATER; FRAGMENTS; BARBADOS; TERRANE; EOCENE; ROCKS AB Four new coreholes in the western annular trough of the buried, late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure provide samples of shocked minerals, cataclastic rocks, possible impact melt, mixed sediments, and damaged microfossils. Parautochthonous Cretaceous sediments show an upward increase in collapse, sand fluidization, and mixed sediment injections. These impact-modified sediments are scoured and covered by the upper Eocene Exmore beds, which consist of highly mixed Cretaceous to Eocene sediment clasts and minor crystalline-rock clasts in a muddy quartz-glauconite sand matrix. The Exmore beds are interpreted as seawater-resurge debris flows. Shocked quartz is found as sparse grains and in rock fragments at all four sites in the Exmore, where these fallback remnants are mixed into the resurge deposit. Crystalline-rock clasts that exhibit shocked quartz or cataclastic fabrics include felsites, granitoids, and other plutonic rocks. Felsite from a monomict cataclasite boulder has a sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe U-Pb zircon age of 613 +/- 4 Ma. Leucogranite from a polymict cataclasite boulder has a similar Neoproterozoic age based on muscovite (40)Ar/(39)Ar data. Potassium-feldspar (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages from this leucogranite show cooling through closure (similar to 150 degrees C) at ca. 261 Ma without discernible impact heating. Spherulitic felsite is under investigation as a possible impact melt. Types of crystalline clasts, and exotic sediment clasts and grains, in the Exmore vary according to location, which suggests different provenances across the structure. Fractured calcareous nannofossils and fused, bubbled, and curled dinoflagellate cysts coexist with shocked quartz in the Exmore, and this damage may record conditions of heat, pressure, and abrasion due to impact in a shallow-marine environment. C1 [Horton, J. Wright, Jr.; Gohn, Gregory S.; Edwards, Lucy E.; Self-Trail, Jean M.; Powars, David S.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Aleinikoff, John N.; Kunk, Michael J.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Izett, Glen A.] Coll William & Mary, Dept Geol, Williamsburg, VA 23285 USA. RP Horton, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 926A,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM whorton@usgs.gov NR 95 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2384-6 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 384 BP 147 EP 170 DI 10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.147 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BMD23 UT WOS:000271896300010 ER PT S AU Morrow, JR Sandberg, CA Harris, AG AF Morrow, Jared R. Sandberg, Charles A. Harris, Anita G. BE Kenkmann, T Horz, F Deutsch, A TI Late Devonian Alamo Impact, southern Nevada, USA: Evidence of size, marine site, and widespread effects SO LARGE METEORITE IMPACTS III SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Late Devonian; Alamo Impact; Nevada; conodonts; impact ejecta ID SHOCK METAMORPHISM; BRECCIA; QUARTZ; EVENT AB The early Late Devonian (early Frasnian) Alamo Impact targeted an oceanic, off-platform site in southern Nevada, excavating a crater with a final diameter of 44-65 km. The original crater is now dismembered and buried beneath younger rocks. Consequently, its size and site must be deduced through multiple converging lines of geological and paleontological evidence. Previous and new evidence includes the catastrophically emplaced Alamo Breccia, tsunamites, shock-metamorphosed quartz grains, carbonate accretionary lapilli, an iridium anomaly, sub-Breccia clastic injection, deep-water Breccia channels, and ejecta material. We now demonstrate, on the basis of conodont microfossils in carbonate ejecta clasts within lapillistone blocks and widely distributed shocked-quartz and lithic-clast ejecta within the upper part of the Breccia, that the Alamo Impact excavated down at least into Upper Cambrian strata, at a depth of 1.7 km, and possibly into the underlying Proterozoic-Lower Cambrian Prospect Mountain Quartzite, similar to 2.5 km beneath the Late Devonian seafloor. Distal tsunamites and probable ejecta are now documented as far north as Devils Gate, northern Nevada, and as far northeast as the Confusion Range, western Utah. A charcoal-bearing, early Frasnian estuarine deposit in the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming, may provide the first evidence of an Alamo Impact fallout-generated forest fire. Our new data further document the widespread effects and size of the Alamo Impact, and constrain the likely present position of the tectonically transported crater to an area between the Timpahute and Hot Creek Ranges, southern Nevada. C1 [Morrow, Jared R.] Univ Colorado, Dept Earth Sci, Greeley, CO 80639 USA. [Sandberg, Charles A.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Morrow, JR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Earth Sci, Greeley, CO 80639 USA. EM jared.morrow@unco.edu NR 58 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2384-6 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 384 BP 259 EP 280 DI 10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.259 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BMD23 UT WOS:000271896300015 ER PT J AU Kraemer, TF AF Kraemer, TF TI Radium isotopes in Cayuga Lake, New York: Indicators of inflow and mixing processes SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE; RA-228; WATER; ESTUARY; RIVER; MISSISSIPPI; TRANSPORT; INPUT; USA AB Naturally occurring radium isotopes ( Ra-223, Ra-224, (226) Ra, and Ra-228) were measured in lake and tributary water of Cayuga Lake, New York, during the course of a vernal inflow event in the spring of 2001. A large influx of groundwater, probably from a carbonate aquifer, entered the lake at its extreme southern end early in the vernal inflow event and spread northward, covering an extensive part of the southern end of the lake. The low Ra-228/Ra-226 activity ratio of this water mass, compared with bulk lake water, allowed its identification through time. Estimates of mixing with bulk lake water were calculated from changes in the Ra-226 content. Groundwater inflow to the lake around the delta of a major tributary was detected on the basis of Ra-223 and Ra-224 activity of lake and tributary water. Inflow of a water mass to the surface of the take was also detected using Ra-223 and Ra-224 activity. The integrity of this water mass was monitored using short-lived radium isotopes. Suspended sediment in the lake water is a source of the short-lived radium isotopes Ra-223 (similar to2 X 10(-4) dpm L-1) and Ra-224 (similar to3 X 10(-3) dpm L-1), but bottom sediments are a more significant source of Ra-228. Radium isotopes can be valuable new tools in limnological investigations, allowing detection and monitoring of events and processes such as water inflow and mixing, determining sources of inflowing water, and monitoring introduced water masses as they move within the lake. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Kraemer, TF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 430 Natl Ctr,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM tkraemer@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 50 IS 1 BP 158 EP 168 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 888XF UT WOS:000226406800015 ER PT J AU Anderson, DM Keafer, BA Geyer, WR Signell, RP Loder, TC AF Anderson, DM Keafer, BA Geyer, WR Signell, RP Loder, TC TI Toxic Alexandrium blooms in the western Gulf of Maine: The plume advection hypothesis revisited SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL CURRENT; GONYAULAX-TAMARENSIS; PHYTOPLANKTON; CIRCULATION; GROWTH; TRANSPORT; MECHANISM; DYNAMICS; MODEL AB The plume advection hypothesis links blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense in the western Gulf of Maine (GOM) to a buoyant plume derived from river outflows. This hypothesis was examined with cruise and moored-instrument observations in 1993 when levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins were high, and in 1994 when toxicity was low. A coupled physical-biological model simulated hydrography and A. fundyense distributions. Initial A. fundyense populations were restricted to low-salinity nearshore waters near Casco Bay, but also occurred in higher salinity waters along the Plume boundary. This suggests two sources of cells-those from shallow-water cyst populations and those transported to shore from offshore blooms in the eastern segment of the Maine coastal current (EMCC). Observations confirm the role of the Plume in A. fundyense transport and growth. Downwelling-favorable winds in 1993 transported the plume and its cells rapidly alongshore, enhancing toxicity and propagating PSP to the south. In 1994, sustained upwelling moved the plume offshore, resulting in low toxicity in intertidal shellfish. A. fundyense blooms were likely nutrient limited, leading to low growth rates and moderate cell abundances. These observations and mechanisms were reproduced by coupled physical-biological model simulations. The plume advection hypothesis provides a viable explanation for outbreaks of PSP in the western GOM, but should be refined to include two sources for cells that populate the Plume and two major pathways for transport: one within the low-salinity plume and another where A. fundyense cells originating in the EMCC are transported along the outer boundary of the plume front with the western segment of the Maine coastal current. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Earth, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Anderson, DM (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 40 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 12 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 50 IS 1 BP 328 EP 345 PG 18 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 888XF UT WOS:000226406800031 ER PT J AU Hapke, C AF Hapke, Cheryl BA Griggs, G Patsch, K Savoy, L BF Griggs, G Patsch, K Savoy, L TI THE MONTEREY PENINSULA TO MORRO BAY SO LIVING WITH THE CHANGING CALIFORNIA COAST LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Hapke, Cheryl] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Hapke, C (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Coastal Field Stn, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-93867-0 PY 2005 BP 311 EP 333 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Oceanography GA BXE00 UT WOS:000295839900016 ER PT J AU Grover-Kopec, E Kawano, M Klaver, RW Blumenthal, B Ceccato, P Connor, SJ AF Grover-Kopec, E Kawano, M Klaver, RW Blumenthal, B Ceccato, P Connor, SJ TI An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa SO MALARIA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA; WEATHER-BASED PREDICTION; PRONE REGIONS AB Periodic epidemics of malaria are a major public health problem for many sub-Saharan African countries. Populations in epidemic prone areas have a poorly developed immunity to malaria and the disease remains life threatening to all age groups. The impact of epidemics could be minimized by prediction and improved prevention through timely vector control and deployment of appropriate drugs. Malaria Early Warning Systems are advocated as a means of improving the opportunity for preparedness and timely response. Rainfall is one of the major factors triggering epidemics in warm semi-arid and desert-fringe areas. Explosive epidemics often occur in these regions after excessive rains and, where these follow periods of drought and poor food security, can be especially severe. Consequently, rainfall monitoring forms one of the essential elements for the development of integrated Malaria Early Warning Systems for sub-Saharan Africa, as outlined by the World Health Organization. The Roll Back Malaria Technical Resource Network on Prevention and Control of Epidemics recommended that a simple indicator of changes in epidemic risk in regions of marginal transmission, consisting primarily of rainfall anomaly maps, could provide immediate benefit to early warning efforts. In response to these recommendations, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network produced maps that combine information about dekadal rainfall anomalies, and epidemic malaria risk, available via their Africa Data Dissemination Service. These maps were later made available in a format that is directly compatible with HealthMapper, the mapping and surveillance software developed by the WHO's Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Department. A new monitoring interface has recently been developed at the International Research Institute for Climate Prediction (IRI) that enables the user to gain a more contextual perspective of the current rainfall estimates by comparing them to previous seasons and climatological averages. These resources are available at no cost to the user and are updated on a routine basis. C1 Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Int Res Inst Climate Predict, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. WHO, Publ Hlth Mapping Grp, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. WHO, Geog Informat Syst, Communicable Dis, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Connor, SJ (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Int Res Inst Climate Predict, Lamont Campus,61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM grover@iri.columbia.edu; kawanom@who.int; bklaver@usgs.gov; benno@iri.columbia.edu; pceccato@iri.columbia.edu; sjconnor@iri.columbia.edu NR 11 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1475-2875 J9 MALARIA J JI Malar. J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 4 AR 6 DI 10.1186/1475-2875-4-6 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Infectious Diseases; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 897HH UT WOS:000226994100006 PM 15663795 ER PT J AU Trolle, M Kery, M AF Trolle, M Kery, M TI Camera-trap study of ocelot and other secretive mammals in the northern Pantanal SO MAMMALIA LA English DT Article DE Brazil; camera trapping; density; Felidae; Leopardus; neotropics; ocelot; Pantanal ID PHOTOGRAPHIC RATES; ESTIMATE DENSITIES; CRYPTIC MAMMALS; PANTHERA-ONCA; POPULATIONS; TIGERS AB Reliable information on abundance of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is scarce. We conducted the first camera-trap study in the northern part of the Pantanal wetlands of Brazil, one of the wildlife hotspots of South America. Using capture-recapture analysis, we estimated a density of 0.112 independent individuals per km(2) (SE 0.069). We list other mammals recorded with camera traps and show that camera-trap placement on roads or on trails has striking effects on camera-trapping rates. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Neowildlife Consultancy, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark. RP Swiss Ornithol Inst, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland. EM mtrolle@neowildlife.dk NR 27 TC 28 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 26 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0025-1461 EI 1864-1547 J9 MAMMALIA JI Mammalia PY 2005 VL 69 IS 3-4 BP 409 EP 416 DI 10.1515/mamm.2005.032 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 004PH UT WOS:000234764200008 ER PT J AU McManus, MA Cheriton, OM Drake, PT Holliday, DV Storlazzi, CD Donaghay, PL Greenlaw, CF AF McManus, MA Cheriton, OM Drake, PT Holliday, DV Storlazzi, CD Donaghay, PL Greenlaw, CF TI Effects of physical processes on structure and transport of thin zooplankton layers in the coastal ocean SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE thin layer; physical processes; transport; zooplankton; coastal circulation ID FREQUENCY INTERNAL WAVES; NORTHERN MONTEREY BAY; INNER SHELF; CALIFORNIA; DYNAMICS; DISTRIBUTIONS; CIRCULATION; TURBULENCE; SOLITONS; CURRENTS AB Thin layers of plankton are recurrent features in a variety of coastal systems. These layers range in thickness from a few centimeters to a few meters. They can extend horizontally for kilometers and have been observed to persist for days. Densities of organisms found within thin layers are far greater than those above or below the layer, and as a result, thin layers may play an important role in the marine ecosystem. The paramount objective of this study was to understand the physical processes that govern the dynamics of thin layers of zooplankton in the coastal ocean. We deployed instruments to measure physical processes and zooplankton distribution in northern Monterey Bay; during an 11 d period of persistent upwelling-favorable winds, 7 thin zooplankton layers were observed. These zooplankton layers persisted throughout daylight hours, but were observed to dissipate during evening hours. These layers had an average vertical thickness of 1.01 m. No layers were found in regions where the Richardson number was <0.25. In general, when the Richardson number is <0.25 the water column is unstable, and incapable of supporting thin layers. Thin zooplankton layers were also located in regions of reduced flow. In addition, our observations show that the vertical depth distribution of thin zooplankton layers is modulated by high-frequency internal waves, with periods of 18 to 20 min. Results from this study clearly show an association between physical structure, physical processes and the presence of thin zooplankton layers in Monterey Bay. With this new understanding we may identify other coastal regions that have a high probability of supporting thin layers. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. BAE Syst, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP McManus, MA (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM mamc@hawaii.edu OI Cheriton, Olivia/0000-0003-3011-9136 NR 47 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 13 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 301 BP 199 EP 215 DI 10.3354/meps301199 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 988CT UT WOS:000233569700017 ER PT J AU Vasquez, EA Glenn, EP Brown, JJ Guntenspergen, GR Nelson, SG AF Vasquez, EA Glenn, EP Brown, JJ Guntenspergen, GR Nelson, SG TI Salt tolerance underlies the cryptic invasion of North American salt marshes by an introduced haplotype of the common reed Phragmites australis (Poaceae) SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE salinity tolerance; invasive species; Phragmites australis; salt marshes ID MUMMICHOG FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; CATION ACCUMULATION; CORDGRASS SPARTINA; TIDAL MARSHES; AMINO-ACID; NEW-JERSEY; SALINITY; EXPANSION; WETLANDS AB A distinct, non-native haplotype of the common reed Phragmites australis has become invasive in Atlantic coastal Spartina marshes. We compared the salt tolerance and other growth characteristics of the invasive M haplotype with 2 native haplotypes (F and AC) in greenhouse experiments. The M haplotype retained 50 % of its growth potential up to 0.4 M NaCl, whereas the F and AC haplotypes did not grow above 0.1 M NaCl. The M haplotype produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue and had higher relative growth rates than the native haplotypes on both freshwater and saline water treatments. The M haplotype also differed from the native haplotypes in shoot water content and the biometrics of shoots and rhizomes. The results offer an explanation for how the M haplotype is able to spread in coastal salt marshes and support the conclusion of DNA analyses that the M haplotype is a distinct ecotype of R australis. C1 Environm Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85706 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Smyrna, DE 19977 USA. US Geol Survey, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Glenn, EP (reprint author), Environm Res Lab, 2601 E Airport Dr, Tucson, AZ 85706 USA. EM eglenn@ag.arizona.edu NR 43 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 36 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 298 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.3354/meps298001 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 964UD UT WOS:000231905600001 ER PT J AU Abookire, AA Piatt, JF AF Abookire, AA Piatt, JF TI Oceanographic conditions structure forage fishes into lipid-rich and lipid-poor communities in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE community structure; forage fish; lipid; mid-water distribution; Capelin; gadids; Cook Inlet; Gulf of Alaska ID PACIFIC SAND LANCE; CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; NORTHERN GULF; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; AMMODYTES-HEXAPTERUS; ENERGY DENSITY; KODIAK ISLAND; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE AB Forage fishes were sampled with a mid-water trawl in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA, from late July to early August 1996 to 1999. We sampled 3 oceanographically distinct areas of lower Cook Inlet: waters adjacent to Chisik Island, in Kachemak Bay, and near the Barren Islands. In 163 tows using a mid-water trawl, 229 437 fishes with fork length < 200 mm were captured. More than 39 species were captured in lower Cook Inlet, but Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus, juvenile Pacific herring Clupea pallasi, and juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma comprised 97.5% of the total individuals. Both species richness and species diversity were highest in warm, low-salinity, weakly stratified waters near Chisik Island. Kachemak Bay, which had thermohaline values between those found near Chisik Island and the Barren Islands, had an intermediate value of species richness. Species richness was lowest at the Barren Islands, an exposed region that regularly receives oceanic upwelled water from the Gulf of Alaska. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was used to compute axes of species composition based on an ordination of pairwise site dissimilarities. Each axis was strongly rank-correlated with unique groups of species and examined separately as a function of environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, depth), area, and year. Oceanographic parameters accounted for 41 and 12% of the variability among forage fishes indicated by Axis 1 and Axis 2, respectively. Axis 1 also captured the spatial variability in the upwelled area of lower Cook Inlet and essentially contrasted the distribution. of species among shallow, nearshore (sand lance, herring) and deep, offshore (walleye pollock) habitats. Axis 2 captured the spatial variability in forage fish communities from the north (Chisik Island) to the south (Barren Islands) of lower Cook Inlet and essentially contrasted a highly diverse community dominated by salmonids and osmerids (warmer, less saline) with a fish community dominated by Pacific sand lance (colder, more saline), Axis 3 reflected the negative spatial association of capelin Mallotus villosus and Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus. Correlations of year with Axes 1 and 3 indicate that from 1996 to 1999 the forage fish community significantly decreased in lipid-poor gadids (walleye pollock and Pacific cod), and significantly increased in lipid-rich species such as Pacific sand lance, Pacific herring, and capelin. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Abookire, AA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Lab, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM alisa.abookire@noaa.gov NR 52 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 15 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 287 BP 229 EP 240 DI 10.3354/meps287229 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 910RQ UT WOS:000227950300021 ER PT J AU Criales, MM Wang, J Browder, JA Robblee, MB AF Criales, MM Wang, J Browder, JA Robblee, MB TI Tidal and seasonal effects on transport of pink shrimp postlarvae SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE mismatch periodicity; tidal transport; daily migration; pink shrimp ID VERTICAL MIGRATION; PENAEUS-DUORARUM; FLORIDA-KEYS; ENDOGENOUS CONTROL; STREAM TRANSPORT; LARVAL RELEASE; BAY; RECRUITMENT; CURRENTS; DECAPODA AB Transport simulations were conducted to investigate a large seasonal peak in postlarvae of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum that occurs every summer on the northwestern border of Florida Bay. Daily vertical migration, a known behavior in pink shrimp postlarvae, was assumed in all scenarios investigated. A Lagrangian trajectory model was developed using a current field derived from a 3 yr ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) time series. To fit the estimated planktonic development time of pink shrimp, the model simulated larvae traveling at night over a 30 d period. We investigated 2 types of effects: (1) the effect of mismatch periodicity between tidal constituents and daily migration, and (2) the effect of seasonal changes in night length. The maximum eastward displacement with the semidiurnal lunar tidal constituent (M-2) was 4 km, with periods of enhanced transport in both summer and winter. In contrast, eastward displacement with the semidiurnal solar tidal constituent (S-2) and the lunisolar diurnal K-1 was 65 km and the period of maximum distance occurred in summer every year. Because the periods of S-2 and K-1 are so close to the 24 h vertical migration period, and the eastward current (flood) of these constituents matches the diel cycle over extended intervals, they can induce strong horizontal transport during summer. Thus, diet vertical migration can interact with the S-2 and the K-1 tidal constituents and with the annual cycle of night length to produce a distinct annual cycle that may enhance transport of pink shrimp and other coastal species during summer in shallow areas of the Gulf of Mexico. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, AMP, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Ctr Water & Restorat Studies, US Geol Survey, Miami, FL 33178 USA. RP Criales, MM (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, AMP, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM mcriales@rsmas.miami.edu NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 286 BP 231 EP 238 DI 10.3354/meps286231 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 903QM UT WOS:000227440700020 ER PT J AU Cloern, JE Dufford, R AF Cloern, JE Dufford, R TI Phytoplankton community ecology: principles applied in San Francisco Bay SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; community ecology; ecosystem functions; aquatic ecosystems; food webs; biological diversity; paradox of the plankton ID COASTAL MEDITERRANEAN SITE; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; NARRAGANSETT BAY; RIVER ESTUARY; FATTY-ACIDS; DIATOM; DYNAMICS; WATER AB In his seminal 1961 paper 'The paradox of the plankton' Am Nat 95:137-147, G. E. Hutchinson asked why many species of phytoplankton can coexist while competing for a small number of limiting resources in an unstructured habitat. Hutchinson anticipated the resolution of his paradox, recognizing that communities are organized by processes beyond resource competition including species interactions, habitat variability and dispersal. Since 1961 we have made fundamental discoveries that have revolutionized our conceptual understanding of pelagic ecology, including (1) habitat heterogeneity at all scales relevant to plankton population dynamics, (2) community shifts in response to global climate cycles, (3) fast and selective predation as a powerful top-down force to shape phytoplankton communities, (4) turbulent mixing as a physical process that selects species on the basis of their size and form, (5) mixotrophy that allows some algal species to tap organic nutrient pools and function at multiple trophic levels, (6) taxon-specific life cycles including alternating vegetative and resting stages, and (7) the pelagic as an open system where communities are continually reshaped by species immigration. Here we synthesize these discoveries to show how they validate and amplify Hutchinson's hypothesis that phytoplankton communities are assembled by many processes. Our synthesis is built around observations of phytoplankton species composition from a decade of study in San Francisco Bay, used as a case study to illustrate the contemporary principles of phytoplankton community ecology. We apply these principles to address 2 central questions: (1) What processes assemble phytoplankton communities? (2) How does phytoplankton community composition influence ecosystem functions such as production in pelagic and benthic food webs?. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Cloern, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS496,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jecloern@usgs.gov RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 100 TC 119 Z9 129 U1 5 U2 60 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 285 BP 11 EP 28 DI 10.3354/meps285011 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 899ZS UT WOS:000227185300003 ER PT J AU Neckles, HA Short, FT Barker, S Kopp, BS AF Neckles, HA Short, FT Barker, S Kopp, BS TI Disturbance of eelgrass Zostera marina by commercial mussel Mytilus edulis harvesting in Maine: dragging impacts and habitat recovery SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE eelgrass; Zostera marina; seagrass; dragging impacts; recovery; patch recruitment; patch expansion ID SEAGRASS BEDS; CYMODOCEA-NODOSA; PATCH DYNAMICS; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; SALT-MARSH; GROWTH; LANDSCAPE; BIOMASS; BAY AB We studied the effects of commercial harvest of blue mussels Mytilus edulis on eelgrass Zostera marina L. in Maquoit Bay, Maine, USA, at a hierarchy of scales, We used aerial photography, underwater video, and eelgrass population- and shoot-based measurements to quantify dragging impacts within 4 sites that had been disturbed at different times over an approximate 7 yr interval, and to project eelgrass meadow recovery rates. Dragging had disturbed 10% of the eelgrass cover in Maquoit Bay, with dragged sites ranging from 3.4 to 31.8 ha in size. Dragging removed above- and below-ground plant material from the majority of the bottom in the disturbed sites. One year following dragging, eelgrass shoot density, shoot height and total biomass of disturbed sites averaged respectively 2 to 3%, 46 to 61% and < 1% that of the reference sites. Substantial differences in eelgrass biomass persisted between disturbed and reference sites up to 7 yr after dragging. Dragging did not affect physical characteristics of the sediment. The pattern and rate of eelgrass bed recovery depended strongly on initial dragging intensity; areas of relatively light dragging with many remnant eelgrass patches (i.e. patches that were missed by the mussel dredge) showed considerable revegetation in 1 yr. However, by developing recovery trajectories from measurements at sites disturbed in different years, we projected that it would require a mean of 10.6 yr for recovery of eelgrass shoot density within the areas of intense dragging characterizing most of the disturbed sites. A spatial simulation model based on measured rates of lateral patch-expansion (mean 12.5 cm yr(-1)) and new-patch recruitment (mean 0.19 patches m(-2) yr(-1)) yielded a mean bed recovery time of 9 to 11 yr following dragging, depending on initial degree of plant removal. Model simulations suggested that with favorable environmental conditions, eelgrass beds might recover from dragging disturbance in 6 yr; conversely, recovery under conditions less conducive to eelgrass growth could require 20 yr or longer. This study shows that mussel dragging poses a severe threat to eelgrass in this region and that regulations to protect eelgrass from dragging impacts would maintain the integrity of a substantial amount of habitat. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Jackson Estuarine Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Maine Dept Marine Resources, Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. RP Neckles, HA (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 196 Whitten Rd, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. EM hilary_neckles@usgs.gov NR 69 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 30 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 285 BP 57 EP 73 DI 10.3354/meps285057 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 899ZS UT WOS:000227185300006 ER PT J AU Hinke, JT Watters, GM Boehlert, GW Zedonis, P AF Hinke, JT Watters, GM Boehlert, GW Zedonis, P TI Ocean habitat use in autumn by Chinook salmon in coastal waters of Oregon and California SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Chinook salmon; archival tag; California current; essential fish habitat ID PACIFIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; JUVENILE CHINOOK; SURVIVAL RATES; NORTH PACIFIC; SEA; MIGRATION; PATTERNS AB Describing the ocean habitats used by Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is an important step towards understanding how environmental conditions influence their population dynamics. We used data from archival tags that recorded time, temperature and pressure (depth) to define the coastal habitats used by Chinook near Oregon and California during the autumns of 2000, 2002 and 2003. We used a clustering algorithm to summarize the data set from each year and identified 4 general habitats that described the set of ocean conditions used by Chinook. The 4 habitats, defined primarily by depth and the time of day that these depths were occupied, were characterized as (1) shallow day, (2) shallow night, (3) deep and (4) deepest. The definitions and use of each habitat were similar across years and the thermal characteristics of all habitats included water temperatures between 9 and 12degreesC. This temperature range provided the best indicator of Chinook habitat in the coastal ocean. Chinook used 9 to 12degreesC water at least 52 % of the time. Less than 10 % of surface waters within the area where Chinook were released and recovered provided these temperatures. Cross sections of subsurface temperatures suggest that between 25 and 37 % of the coastal water column was available to Chinook and contained water in the 9 to 12degreesC range. These results support hypotheses that link salmon-population dynamics to ocean temperatures. Continued monitoring of surface and subsurface thermal habitats may be useful for assessing the extent and quality of conditions most likely to sustain Chinook salmon populations. C1 Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96882 USA. NOAA, Fisheries, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Hinke, JT (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96882 USA. EM jefferson.hinke@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 285 BP 181 EP 192 DI 10.3354/meps285181 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 899ZS UT WOS:000227185300017 ER PT J AU Udevitz, MS Jay, CV Cody, MB AF Udevitz, MS Jay, CV Cody, MB TI Observer variability in pinniped counts: Ground-based enumeration of walruses at haul-out sites SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pacific walrus; Odobenus rosmarus; pinniped; observer error; observer bias; aggregation; group size; terrestrial haul-outs; population monitoring; trend estimation ID ODOBENUS-ROSMARUS-ROSMARUS; ATLANTIC WALRUS; POPULATION; ALASKA; SEALS; CENSUS; ISLAND; TREND AB Pinnipeds are often monitored by counting individuals at haul-out sites, but the often large numbers of densely packed individuals at these sites are difficult to enumerate accurately. Errors in enumeration can induce bias and reduce precision in estimates of population size and trend. We used data from paired observers monitoring walrus haul-outs in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to quantify observer variability and assess its relative importance. The probability of a pair of observers making identical counts was <0.1 for walrus groups with >50 individuals. Mean count differences ranged up to 25% for the largest counts, depending on beach and observers. In at least some cases, there was a clear tendency for counts of one observer to be consistently greater than counts of the other observer in a pair, indicating that counts of at least one of the observers were biased. These results suggest that efforts to improve accuracy of counts will be worthwhile. However, we also found that variation among observers was relatively small compared to variation among visits to a beach so that efforts to account for other sources of variation will be more important. C1 USGS Alaska Sci Ct, Biol Sci Off, Anchorage, AK 99577 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99577 USA. RP Udevitz, MS (reprint author), USGS Alaska Sci Ct, Biol Sci Off, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99577 USA. EM mark_udevitz@usgs.gov OI Udevitz, Mark/0000-0003-4659-138X NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 21 IS 1 BP 108 EP 120 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01211.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 888BW UT WOS:000226350200008 ER PT J AU Estes, JA Tinker, MT Doroff, AM Burn, DM AF Estes, JA Tinker, MT Doroff, AM Burn, DM TI Continuing sea otter population declines in the Aleutian archipelago SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Marine Mammal Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Estes, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM jestes@cats.ucsc.edu RI Tinker, Martin/F-1277-2011 NR 6 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 13 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 21 IS 1 BP 169 EP 172 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01218.x PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 888BW UT WOS:000226350200015 ER PT J AU Marcogliese, DJ Rohde, K Rohde, PP Freeman, M Zander, CD Morand, S Simkova, A Poulin, R Kuris, AM Lafferty, KD AF Marcogliese, David J. Rohde, Klaus Rohde, Peter P. Freeman, Mark Zander, C. Dieter Morand, Serge Simkova, Andrea Poulin, Robert Kuris, Armand M. Lafferty, Kevin D. BE Rohde, K TI Ecology SO MARINE PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB This Chapter includes discussions of ecological aspects of marine parasites that have been studied in some detail, and which are attracting much attention and can therefore be called 'hot topics'. These aspects include transmission of parasites to hosts; specificity of parasites to hosts and microhabitats; parasites as hosts for other parasites; adaptation of parasites to an extreme habitat, brackish water; metapopulation biology; the structure of marine parasite communities; and parasite communities as non-equilibrium systems. All parasites depend for survival on hosts, at least during part of their life cycles. It is therefore essential that transmission to hosts is assured, as discussed on pp. 280-286. There is no 'universal' parasite that infects all available microhabitats on all available host species. In other words, each parasite species occupies a particular niche - it is microhabitat and host specific. But how is specificity measured? The second section gives an account of such measures. It also discusses proximate and ultimate causes of niche restriction (i.e. the immediate chemical and physical causes that direct a parasite to its niche and are necessary for its survival there), and the biological function of niche restriction. Parasites not only parasitise their hosts, but also may be hosts to parasites (hyperparasites) themselves. On land, such parasite 'chains' may be of remarkable length. For example, an insect may harbour an insect parasitoid, which in turn is parasitised by a hyperparasitoid of the first degree, to the third degree; a hyperparasitoid of the third degree may (at least theoretically) harbour a nematode parasite infected by a protistan, and the protistan may harbour a bacterium infected by a bacteriophage. Such long chains are not known from the marine environment; however, new hyperparasites are discovered frequently. Marine hyperparasites include crustaceans, monogeneans, nematodes, myxozoans and many protistans. Brackish water systems are intermediate between freshwater and genuine marine ones. The largest brackish water system is the Baltic Sea, which has been studied over many decades. Its salinity ranges from approximately marine in the western parts to more or less freshwater in the eastern parts. Parasites have various degrees of adaptations to these brackish water habitats, which are discussed later in the relevant section (see pp. 298-301). The next three sections deal with aspects of population and community ecology including metapopulation biology. The concept of metapopulation is not old. It was introduced to emphasise that populations are not homogeneous collections of individuals but are often composed of subpopulations that are, to a large degree, spatially separated, with limited exchange of individuals between them. This has important consequences for population biology, affecting the survival of species, as discussed in the metapopulation biology section (see pp. 302-309). Much effort has gone into the study of marine parasite communities. A concise and up-to-date discussion of such communities is given in the relevant section, which includes not only a discussion of community patterns but also of processes leading to the patterns. How stable are marine parasite systems - are such systems in equilibrium or not? Ecological systems have long been interpreted as ones in equilibrium, in which habitats are saturated with species and individuals and in which interspecific competition is of overwhelming importance. However, it has become increasingly evident that this interpretation is not correct or is of limited value only. Ecological systems, rather than being in equilibrium, are almost always in non-equilibrium, and much evidence for this view comes from the study of marine parasites, reviewed here. The Chapter concludes with a detailed discussion of an ecological system of marine parasites that has been studied over many years in different localities, that of larval trematodes in mollusc hosts. Because of the thoroughness of studies, it can be referred to as a model system and the section discusses aspects of both population and community biology. C1 [Marcogliese, David J.] Environm Canada, St Lawrence Ctr, Montreal, PQ H2Y 2E7, Canada. [Rohde, Klaus] Univ New England, Sch Environm Sci & Resources Management, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. [Rohde, Peter P.] Univ Queensland, Dept Phys, Ctr Quantum Comp Technol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. [Freeman, Mark] Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Dept Aquat Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. [Freeman, Mark] Univ Stirling, Inst Aquaculture, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. [Zander, C. Dieter] Univ Hamburg, Biozentrum Grindel, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. [Zander, C. Dieter] Univ Hamburg, Zool Museum, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. [Morand, Serge] CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier Sur Lez, France. [Simkova, Andrea] Masaryk Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Zool & Ecol, CS-61137 Brno, Czech Republic. [Poulin, Robert] Univ Otago, Dept Zool, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Kuris, Armand M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Kuris, Armand M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Coll Creat Studies, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Lafferty, Kevin D.] US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Lafferty, Kevin D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Marcogliese, DJ (reprint author), Environm Canada, St Lawrence Ctr, 105 McGill,7th Floor, Montreal, PQ H2Y 2E7, Canada. EM david.marcogliese@ec.gc.ca; krohde@metz.une.edu.au; rohde@physics.uq.edu.au; amaf100@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp; cedezet@zoologie.uni-hamburg.de; morand@ensam.inra.fr; simkova@sci.muni.cz; robert.poulin@stonebow.otago.ac.nz; kuris@lifesci.ucsb.edu; lafferty@lifesci.ucsb.edu; krohde@metz.une.edu.au NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD STREET, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VIC 3066, AUSTRALIA BN 978-0-643-09307-2 PY 2005 BP 279 EP 325 PG 47 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Parasitology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Parasitology GA BVM07 UT WOS:000291853200008 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN Brearley, AJ AF Grossman, JN Brearley, AJ TI The onset of metamorphism in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TYPE-3 ORDINARY CHONDRITES; UNEQUILIBRATED ORDINARY CHONDRITES; PORPHYRITIC PYROXENE CHONDRULES; FEO-RICH; PRESOLAR DIAMONDS; CHEMICAL-ANALYSES; STONY METEORITES; CO3 CHONDRITE; LL-CHONDRITES; HISTORY AB Ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites of the lowest petrologic types were surveyed by Xray mapping techniques. A variety of metamorphic effects were noted and subjected to detailed analysis using electron microprobe, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and cathodoluminescence (CL) methods. The distribution of Cr in FeO-rich olivine systematically changes as metamorphism increases between type 3.0 and type 3.2. Igneous zoning patterns are replaced by complex ones and Cr-rich coatings develop on all grains. Cr distributions in olivine are controlled by the exsolution of a Cr-rich phase, probably chromite. Cr in olivine may have been partly present as tetrahedrally coordinated Cr3+. Separation of chromite is nearly complete by petrologic type 3.2. The abundance of chondrules showing an inhomogeneous distribution of alkalis in mesostasis also increases with petrologic type. TEM shows this to be the result of crystallization of albite. Residual glass compositions systematically change during metamorphism, becoming increasingly rich in K. Glass in type I chondrules also gains alkalis during metamorphism. Both types of chondrules were open to an exchange of alkalis with opaque matrix and other chondrules. The matrix in the least metamorphosed chondrites is rich in S and Na. The S is lost from the matrix at the earliest stages of metamorphism due to coalescence of minute grains. Progressive heating also results in the loss of sulfides from chondrule rims and increases sulfide abundances in coarse matrix assemblages as well as inside chondrules. Alkalis initially leave the matrix and enter chondrules during early metamorphism. Feldspar subsequently nucleates in the matrix and Na re-enters from chondrules. These metamorphic trends can be used to refine classification schemes for chondrites. Cr distributions in olivine are a highly effective tool for assigning petrologic types to the most primitive meteorites and can be used to subdivide types 3.0 and 3.1 into types 3.00 through 3.15. On this basis, the most primitive ordinary chondrite known is Semarkona, although even this meteorite has experienced a small amount of metamorphism. Allan Hills (ALH) A77307 is the least metamorphosed CO chondrite and shares many proper-ties with the ungrouped carbonaccous chondrite Acfer 094. Analytical problems are significant for glasses in type II chondrules, as Na is easily lost during microprobe analysis. As a result, existing schemes for chondrule classification that are based on the alkali content of glasses need to be revised. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Grossman, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 954 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM jgrossman@usgs.gov NR 79 TC 156 Z9 160 U1 6 U2 28 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 40 IS 1 BP 87 EP 122 PG 36 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 913XW UT WOS:000228189900006 ER PT B AU Emsbo, P Hofstra, AH Johnson, CA Koenig, A Grauch, R Zhang, XC Hu, RZ Su, WC Pi, DH AF Emsbo, Poul Hofstra, Albert H. Johnson, Craig A. Koenig, Alan Grauch, Richard Zhang, Xing-chun Hu, Rui-zhong Su, Wen-chao Pi, Dao-hui BE Mao, J Bierlein, FP TI Lower cambrian metallogenesis of south China: Interplay between diverse basinal hydrothermal fluids and marine chemistry SO Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Biennial SGA Meeting CY AUG 18-21, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Univ Geosci, Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Resources, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Soc Geol, Soc Resource Geol, Soc Econ Geol, Int Assoc Genesis Ore Deposits, Inst Geol & Geophys, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Mineral Deposit Res DE Yangtze; black shales; brine; petroleum; sedex; anoxia; carbon; barite; nickel; molybdenum; gold; platinum; phosphate ID PGE-AU MINERALIZATION; GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE; BLACK SHALES; ORES AB The lowermost Cambrian metalliferous black shales of southern China represent a unique metallogenic province. The shales host a wide range of world-class synsedimentary metal deposit types. The diverse metal assemblages in these deposits are best explained by venting of multiple hydrothermal fluids including reduced H2S-rich brines, petroleum, and oxidized brines into the basin. Coincident formation of shales that are extraordinarily rich in organic carbon and metals suggest a rapid increase in bioproductivity and anoxic/dysoxic conditions during ore formation. We propose that basinal fluids were the source of biolimiting nutrients that caused eutrophication and basin-wide anoxia. The dramatic geologic and geochemical changes in this basin demonstrate the possible impacts of hydrothermal systems on the generation and sequestration of organic matter, formation of black metalliferous shales, and chemical changes of seawater. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Emsbo, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 973,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-27945-8 PY 2005 BP 115 EP 118 DI 10.1007/3-540-27946-6_30 PG 4 WC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BEH00 UT WOS:000237245800030 ER PT B AU Leach, D Marsh, E Bradley, D Gardoll, S Huston, D AF Leach, D. Marsh, E. Bradley, D. Gardoll, S. Huston, D. BE Mao, J Bierlein, FP TI The distribution of SEDEX Pb-Zn deposits through Earth history SO Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Biennial SGA Meeting CY AUG 18-21, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Univ Geosci, Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Resources, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Soc Geol, Soc Resource Geol, Soc Econ Geol, Int Assoc Genesis Ore Deposits, Inst Geol & Geophys, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Mineral Deposit Res DE sediment hosted lead-zinc deposits; SEDEX ID EVOLUTION; CYCLES AB The emergence of SEDEX ores in the rock record at about 1.8 to 2.2 Ga can be related to the hydrosphere and atmosphere progressively becoming oxidized and therefore sulfide-poor and sulfate-rich,evolution of sulfate-reducing bacteria,and fundamental changes in the Earth crust. The reason for the apparent change in tectonic setting of SEDEX deposits from intracratonic rifts in the Proterozoic to passive margins is unclear. Phanerozoic SEDEX deposits formed in paleolatitudes that mirror modern evaporative belts, suggestive of a brine reflux origin for passive margin SEDEX deposits. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Leach, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS973,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-27945-8 PY 2005 BP 145 EP 148 DI 10.1007/3-540-27946-6_38 PG 4 WC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BEH00 UT WOS:000237245800038 ER PT B AU Hofstra, AH Emsbo, P Christiansen, WD Theodorakos, P Zhang, XC Hu, RZ Su, WC Fu, SH AF Hofstra, A. H. Emsbo, P. Christiansen, W. D. Theodorakos, P. Zhang, X. -C. Hu, R. -Z. Su, W. -C. Fu, S. -H. BE Mao, J Bierlein, FP TI Source of ore fluids in Carlin-type gold deposits, China: Implications for genetic models SO Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Biennial SGA Meeting CY AUG 18-21, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Univ Geosci, Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Resources, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Soc Geol, Soc Resource Geol, Soc Econ Geol, Int Assoc Genesis Ore Deposits, Inst Geol & Geophys, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Mineral Deposit Res DE China; Carlin; gold; delta D; delta O-18; Na-Cl ID GEOLOGY; GEOCHEMISTRY; BELT AB Fluid inclusion and isotopic data on quartz, carbonate, and clay minerals from Carlin-type deposits in two gold provinces of southwest China suggest the deposits formed at epizonal levels where metamorphic fluids discharged into foreland fold and thrust belts, reacted with sedimentary rocks, and mixed with local meteoric ground waters. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Hofstra, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-973,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-27945-8 PY 2005 BP 533 EP 536 DI 10.1007/3-540-27946-6_137 PG 4 WC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BEH00 UT WOS:000237245800137 ER PT B AU Peters, SG Bawiec, WJ Schulz, KJ Briskey, JA AF Peters, Stephen G. Bawiec, Walter J. Schulz, Klaus J. Briskey, Joseph A. BE Mao, J Bierlein, FP TI The global mineral resource assessment project in the Southeast Asia region SO Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Biennial SGA Meeting CY AUG 18-21, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Univ Geosci, Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Resources, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Soc Geol, Soc Resource Geol, Soc Econ Geol, Int Assoc Genesis Ore Deposits, Inst Geol & Geophys, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Mineral Deposit Res DE mineral assessment; resources; Southeast Asia AB In response to the growing need for minerals information, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a cooperative international project to assess the world's undiscovered nonfuel mineral resources. The Global Mineral Resource Assessment Project (GMRAP) has met with member countries of the Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programs in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) to assess undiscovered copper, PGE and potash resources of the region. Tracts permissive for undiscovered porphyry copper and sedimentary-hosted copper deposits have been delineated and probabilistic estimates of the amount of copper resources for each tract made. Preliminary data also have been collected for PGE and potash in Southeast Asia. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Peters, SG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-27945-8 PY 2005 BP 1037 EP 1039 DI 10.1007/3-540-27946-6_265 PG 3 WC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BEH00 UT WOS:000237245800265 ER PT B AU Nokleberg, WJ Parfenov, LM Khanchuk, AI Badarch, G Ogasawara, M Hwang, DH Yan, HQ Scotese, CR AF Nokleberg, Warren J. Parfenov, Leonid M. Khanchuk, Alexander I. Badarch, Gornbosuren Ogasawara, Masatsugu Hwang, Duk-Hwan Yan, Hongquan Scotese, Christopher R. BE Mao, J Bierlein, FP TI Major products of the international collaborative project on mineral resources, metallogenesis, and tectonics of northeast Asia SO Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Biennial SGA Meeting CY AUG 18-21, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Univ Geosci, Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Resources, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Soc Geol, Soc Resource Geol, Soc Econ Geol, Int Assoc Genesis Ore Deposits, Inst Geol & Geophys, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Mineral Deposit Res DE Northeast Asia; metallogenesis; tectonics; regional geology C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Nokleberg, WJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-27945-8 PY 2005 BP 1157 EP 1157 DI 10.1007/3-540-27946-6_295 PG 1 WC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BEH00 UT WOS:000237245800295 ER PT S AU Nourse, JA Premo, WR Iriondo, A Stahl, ER AF Nourse, Jonathan A. Premo, Wayne R. Iriondo, Alexander Stahl, Erin R. BE Anderson, TH Nourse, JA McKee, JW Steiner, MB TI Contrasting Proterozoic basement complexes near the truncated margin of Laurentia, northwestern Sonora-Arizona international border region SO MOJAVE-SONORA MEGASHEAR HYPOTHESIS: DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT, AND ALTERNATIVES SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Sonora; Proterozoic; Rodinia; SHRIMP; zircon ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; PB ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY; GRAND-CANYON; MESOPROTEROZOIC METAMORPHISM; TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; EAST ANTARCTICA; NORTH-AMERICA AB We utilize new geological mapping, conventional isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon analyses, and whole-rock radiogenic isotope characteristics to distinguish two contrasting Proterozoic basement complexes in the international border region southeast of Yuma, Arizona. Strategically located near the truncated southwest margin of Laurentia, these Proterozoic exposures are separated by a north-west-striking Late Cretaceous batholith. Although both complexes contain strongly deformed Paleoproterozoic granitoids (augen gneisses) intruded into fine-grained host rocks, our work demonstrates marked differences in age, host rock composition, and structure between the two areas. The Western Complex reveals a >5-km-thick tilted section of finely banded felsic, intermediate, and mafic orthogneiss interspersed with tabular intrusive bodies of medium-grained leucocratic biotite granite ( 1696 +/- 11 Ma; deepest level), medium-grained hornblende-biotite granodiorite ( 1722 +/- 12 Ma), and coarse-grained porphyritic biotite granite ( 1725 +/- 19 Ma; shallowest level). Penetrative ductile deformation has converted the granites to augen gneisses and caused isoclinal folding and transposition of primary contacts. Exposed in a belt of northwest-trending folds, these rocks preserve southwest-vergent shear fabric annealed during amphibolite facies metamorphism, when crystalloblastic textures developed. Deformation and regional metamorphism occurred before emplacement of 1.1 Ga(?) mafi c dikes. Throughout the Eastern Complex, meta-arkose, quartzite, biotite schist, and possible felsic metavolcanic rocks comprise the country rocks of strongly foliated medium- and coarse-grained biotite granite augen gneisses that yield mean (207)Pb/(206)Pb ages of 1646 +/- 10 Ma, 1642 +/- 19 Ma, and 1639 +/- 15 Ma. Detrital zircons from four samples of host sandstone are isotopically disturbed; nevertheless, the data indicate a restricted provenance (ca. 1665 Ma to 1650 Ma), with two older grains ( 1697 and 1681 Ma). The pervasively recrystallized Paleoproterozoic map units strike parallel to foliation and are repeated in south-trending folds that are locally refolded about easterly hinges. Southeasterly lineation developed in augen gneiss and host strata becomes penetrative in local domains of L-tectonite. Regional metamorphism associated with this tectonism persisted until ca. 1590 Ma, as recorded by metamorphic growths within some zircon grains. Mesoproterozoic intrusions that crosscut the Paleoproterozoic metasediments and augen gneisses include coarsely porphyritic biotite granite (1432 +/- 6 Ma) and diabase dikes (1.1 Ga?). Emplacement of the granite was accompanied by secondary high-U overgrowths, dated at 1433 +/- 8 Ma, on some of the Paleoproterozoic detrital zircons, and apparently was also responsible for resetting the whole-rock Pb isotopic systematics ( 1441 +/- 39 Ma) within these Eastern Complex augen gneisses. Younger plutons emplaced into both Proterozoic basement complexes include medium- grained quartz diorite (73.4 +/- 3.3 Ma and 72.8 +/- 1.7 Ma), Late Cretaceous hornblende-biotite granodiorite, and Paleogene leucocratic biotite granite. Neogene sedimentary and volcanic strata overlie basement along unconformities that are tilted to the northeast, southeast, or southwest. A brittle normal fault, dipping gently northeast, juxtaposes Tertiary andesite with Paleoproterozoic metasandstone. These relationships suggest that the area shares a common history of mid-Tertiary extension with southwestern Arizona. Later influence of the southern San Andreas fault system is implied by multiple dextral offsets of pre-Tertiary units across northwest-trending valleys. Our structural, geochronologic, and isotopic data provide new information to constrain pre-750 Ma Rodinia reconstructions involving southwestern Laurentia. Whole-rock U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics in both Paleoproterozoic gneiss complexes are disturbed, however, well-behaved Sm-Nd analyses preserve depleted initial epsilon(Nd) values (+2 to +4) that are distinct from the Mojave crustal province, but overlapping with the Yavapai and Mazatzal Provinces of Arizona. The Eastern Complex has the appropriate age and Nd isotopic signature to be part of the Mazatzal Province, but records major tectonism and metamorphism at ca. 1.6 Ga that postdates the Mazatzal orogeny. Deformed granitoids of the Western Complex have "Yavapai-type" ages and epsilon(Nd) but display structures discordant to the southwesterly Yavapai trend in central Arizona. The Western Complex lies along-strike with similar-age rocks (1.77 Ga to 1.69 Ga) of the "Caborca block" that have only been studied in detail near Quitovac and south of Caborca. Collectively, these rocks form a northwest-trending strip of basement situated at the truncated edge of Laurentia. The present-day basement geography may reflect an original oroclinal bend in the Yavapai orogenic belt. Alternatively, the western Proterozoic belt of Sonora may represent displaced fragments of basement juxtaposed against the Yavapai-Mazatzal Provinces along a younger sinistral transform fault (e.g., the Late Jurassic Mojave-Sonora megashear or the Permian Coahuila transform). Crustal blocks with these specific petrologic, geochronologic, and isotopic characteristics can be found in south-central and northeastern portions of the Australian Proterozoic basement, further supporting a connection between the two continents prior to breakup of the Rodinian supercontinent. C1 [Nourse, Jonathan A.] Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Geol Sci, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. [Premo, Wayne R.; Iriondo, Alexander] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Iriondo, Alexander] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nourse, JA (reprint author), UNAM, Ctr Geosci, Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla 76230, Queretaro, Mexico. EM janourse@csupomona.edu; janourse@csupomona.edu NR 100 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2393-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 393 BP 123 EP 182 DI 10.1130/2005.2393(04) PG 60 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLY07 UT WOS:000271390400005 ER PT S AU Farmer, GL Bowring, SA Matzel, J Maldonado, GE Fedo, C Wooden, J AF Farmer, G. Lang Bowring, Samuel A. Matzel, Jennifer Espinosa Maldonado, Guadalupe Fedo, Christopher Wooden, Joe BE Anderson, TH Nourse, JA McKee, JW Steiner, MB TI Paleoproterozoic Mojave province in northwestern Mexico? Isotopic and U-Pb zircon geochronologic studies of Precambrian and Cambrian crystalline and sedimentary rocks, Caborca, Sonora SO MOJAVE-SONORA MEGASHEAR HYPOTHESIS: DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT, AND ALTERNATIVES SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Precambrian geology; Nd isotopes; zircon geochronology; siliciclastic sedimentary rocks; Sonora ID PROTEROZOIC CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; A-TYPE; BASEMENT ROCKS; ND ISOTOPE; ORIGIN; REGION; CALIFORNIA; TERRANES AB Whole-rock Nd isotopic data and U-Pb zircon geochronology from Precambrian crystalline rocks in the Caborca area, northern Sonora, reveal that these rocks are most likely a segment of the Paleoproterozoic Mojave province. Supporting this conclusion are the observations that paragneiss from the >= 1.75 Ga Bamori Complex has a 2.4 Ga Nd model age and contains detrital zircons ranging in age from Paleoproterozoic 1.75 Ga) to Archean (3.2 Ga). Paragneisses with similar age and isotopic characteristics occur in the Mojave province in southern California. In addition, "A-type" granite exposed at the southern end of Cerro Rajon has ca 2.0 Ga Nd model age and a U-Pb zircon age of 1.71 Ga, which are similar to those of Paleoproterozoic granites in the Mojave province. Unlike the U. S. Mojave province, the Caborcan crust contains ca. 1.1 Ga granite (Aibo Granite), which our new Nd isotopic data suggest is largely the product of anatexis of the local Precambrian basement. Detrital zircons from Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian miogeoclinal arenites at Caborca show dominant populations ca. 1.7 Ga, ca. 1.4 Ga, and ca. 1.1 Ga, with subordinate Early Cambrian and Archean zircons. These zircons were likely derived predominately from North American crust to the east and northeast, and not from the underlying Caborcan basement. The general age and isotopic similarities between Mojave province basement and overlying miogeoclinal sedimentary rocks in Sonora and southern California is necessary, but not sufficient, proof of the hypothesis that Sonoran crust is allochthonous and was transported to its current position during the Mesozoic along the proposed Mojave-Sonora megashear. One viable alternative model is that the Caborcan Precambrian crust is an isolated, autochthonous segment of Mojave province crust that shares a similar, but not identical, Proterozoic geological history with Mojave province crust found in the southwest United States C1 [Farmer, G. Lang] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Farmer, G. Lang] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bowring, Samuel A.] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA USA. [Espinosa Maldonado, Guadalupe] Univ Sonora, Dept Geol, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. [Fedo, Christopher] George Washington Univ, Dept Geol, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Wooden, Joe] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 90425 USA. RP Farmer, GL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM farmer@cires.colorado.edu NR 45 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2393-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 393 BP 183 EP 198 DI 10.1130/2005.2393(05) PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLY07 UT WOS:000271390400006 ER PT S AU Stewart, JH AF Stewart, John H. BE Anderson, TH Nourse, JA McKee, JW Steiner, MB TI Evidence for Mojave-Sonora megashear-Systematic left-lateral offset of Neoproterozoic to Lower Jurassic strata and facies, western United States and northwestern Mexico SO MOJAVE-SONORA MEGASHEAR HYPOTHESIS: DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT, AND ALTERNATIVES SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Mojave-Sonora megashear; left-lateral fault; Neoproterozoic to Jurassic; Mexico; western United States ID EASTERN SIERRA-NEVADA; SPECULATIVE RECONSTRUCTION; CORDILLERAN-MARGIN; CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; ALLOCHTHON; AMERICA; REGION; RANGE; FAULT AB Major successions as well as individual units of Neoproterozoic to Lower Jurassic strata and facies appear to be systematically offset left laterally from eastern California and western Nevada in the western United States to Sonora, Mexico. This pattern is most evident in units such as the "Johnnie oolite," a 1- to 2-m-thick oolite of the Neoproterozoic Rainstorm Member of the Johnnie Formation in the western United States and of the Clemente Formation in Sonora. The pattern is also evident in the Lower Cambrian Zabriskie Quartzite of the western United States and the correlative Proveedora Quartzite in Sonora. Matching of isopach lines of the Zabriskie Quartzite and Proveedora Quartzite suggests similar to 700-800 km of left-lateral offset. The offset pattern is also apparent in the distribution of distinctive lithologic types, unconformities, and fossil assemblages in other rocks ranging in age from Neoproterozoic to Early Jurassic. In the western United States, the distribution of facies in Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic strata indicates that the Cordilleran miogeocline trends north-south. A north-south trend is also suggested in Sonora, and if so is compatible with offset of the miogeocline but not with the ideas that the miogeocline wrapped around the continental margin and trends east-west in Sonora. An imperfect stratigraphic match of supposed offset segments along the megashear is apparent. Some units, such as the "Johnnie oolite" and Zabriskie-Proveedora, show almost perfect correspondence, but other units are significantly different. The differences seem to indicate that the indigenous succession of the western United States and offset segments in Mexico were not precisely side by side before offset but were separated by an area-now buried, eroded, or destroyed-that contained strata of intermediate facies. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stewart, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM stewart@usgs.gov NR 147 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2393-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 393 BP 209 EP 231 DI 10.1130/2005.2393(07) PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLY07 UT WOS:000271390400008 ER PT S AU Haxel, GB Wright, JE Riggs, NR Tosdal, RM May, DJ AF Haxel, Gordon B. Wright, James E. Riggs, Nancy R. Tosdal, Richard M. May, Daniel J. BE Anderson, TH Nourse, JA McKee, JW Steiner, MB TI Middle Jurassic Topawa Group, Baboquivari Mountains, south-central Arizona: Volcanic and sedimentary record of deep basins within the Jurassic magmatic arc SO MOJAVE-SONORA MEGASHEAR HYPOTHESIS: DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT, AND ALTERNATIVES SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Arizona; Jurassic; magmatic arc; tectonic basin; stratigraphy; U-Pb geochronology; rhyolite; comendite; alkali basalt; conglomerate; sandstone ID MOJAVE-SONORA MEGASHEAR; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHWESTERN MEXICO; IMMOBILE ELEMENTS; SHIELD-VOLCANO; CALIFORNIA; ROCKS; EVOLUTION; COMPLEX; DISCRIMINATION AB Among supracrustal sequences of the Jurassic magmatic arc of the southwestern Cordillera, the Middle Jurassic Topawa Group, Baboquivari Mountains, south-central Arizona, is remarkable for its lithologic diversity and substantial stratigraphic thickness, approximate to 8 km. The Topawa Group comprises four units ( in order of decreasing age): ( 1) Ali Molina Formation-largely pyroclastic rhyolite with interlayered eolian and fluvial arenite, and overlying conglomerate and sandstone; ( 2) Pitoikam Formation-conglomerate, sedimentary breccia, and sandstone overlain by interbedded siltstone and sandstone; ( 3) Mulberry Wash Formation-rhyolite lava flows, flow breccias, and mass-flow breccias, with intercalated intraformational conglomerate, sedimentary breccia, and sandstone, plus sparse within-plate alkali basalt and comendite in the upper part; and ( 4) Tinaja Spring Porphyry-intrusive rhyolite. The Mulberry Wash alkali basalt and comendite are genetically unrelated to the dominant calcalkaline rhyolite. U-Pb isotopic analyses of zircon from volcanic and intrusive rocks indicate the Topawa Group, despite its considerable thickness, represents only several million years of Middle Jurassic time, between approximately 170 and 165 Ma. Sedimentary rocks of the Topawa Group record mixing of detritus from a minimum of three sources: a dominant local source of porphyritic silicic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks, identical or similar to those of the Topawa Group itself; Meso-proterozoic or Cambrian conglomerates in central or southeast Arizona, which contributed well-rounded, highly durable, polycyclic quartzite pebbles; and eolian sand fields, related to Middle Jurassic ergs that lay to the north of the magmatic arc and are now preserved on the Colorado Plateau. As the Topawa Group evidently represents only a relatively short interval of time, it does not record long-term evolution of the Jurassic magmatic arc, but rather represents a Middle Jurassic "stratigraphic snapshot" of the arc. This particular view of the arc has been preserved primarily because the Topawa Group accumulated in deep intra-arc basins. These nonmarine basins were fundamentally tectonic and extensional, rather than volcano-tectonic, in origin. Evidence from the Topawa Group supports two previous paleogeographic inferences: the Middle Jurassic magmatic arc in southern Arizona was relatively low standing, and externally derived sediment was introduced into the arc from the continent ( northeast) side, without appreciable travel along the arc. We speculate that because the Topawa Group intra-arc basins were deep and rapidly subsiding, they became the locus of a major ( though probably intermittent) fluvial system, which flowed into the low-standing magmatic arc from its northeast flank. C1 [Haxel, Gordon B.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Wright, James E.] Univ Georgia, Dept Geol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Riggs, Nancy R.] No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Tosdal, Richard M.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Mineral Deposit Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [May, Daniel J.] Univ Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840 USA. RP Haxel, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 100 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2393-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 393 BP 329 EP 357 DI 10.1130/2005.2393(12) PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLY07 UT WOS:000271390400013 ER PT S AU Poole, FG Perry, WJ Madrid, RJ Amaya-Martinez, R AF Poole, Forrest G. Perry, William J., Jr. Madrid, Raul J. Amaya-Martinez, Ricardo BE Anderson, TH Nourse, JA McKee, JW Steiner, MB TI Tectonic synthesis of the Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora orogenic margin of southern Laurentia: Stratigraphic and structural implications for timing of deformational events and plate-tectonic model SO MOJAVE-SONORA MEGASHEAR HYPOTHESIS: DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT, AND ALTERNATIVES SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Laurentia-Gondwana; Paleozoic-Proterozoic; tectonics; stratigraphy; fold-thrust belt; foreland basins and uplifts ID ANCESTRAL ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; UNITED-STATES; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; ARGENTINE PRECORDILLERA; NORTHWESTERN MEXICO; DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; NORTHEASTERN MEXICO AB The Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora orogen is a 3000-km-long belt of deformed Paleozoic rocks bordering the southern margin of the Laurentian ( North American) craton. Extending from Mississippi and Arkansas (Ouachita) southwestward through Texas ( Marathon) and westward through Chihuahua and Sonora ( Sonora), the orogenic system formed during a late Paleozoic collisional-subductional event. This event resulted in closure of the Rheic ocean and the development of the orogen as the southern edge of the Laurentia plate was subducted beneath a northward-advancing Gondwanan (South American) continental-margin arc. Foredeeps and foreland basins and uplifts were created on the Laurentian plate continentward of the orogen. Regional stratigraphic and structural relations indicate original physical continuity of the Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora orogenic belt along the entire southern margin of Laurentia. In the Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian, the supercontinent Rodinia rifted along trends later followed by the Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora orogenic belt. During the breakup of Rodinia, the promontories and embayments that developed along the south margin of Laurentia are related to a northeast-striking rift system (oceanward of the continental edge) deformed by northwest-striking synrift transform faults that offset the rift-parallel cratonal margin. Initial deposits of the rifted margin were sediments deposited in tectonic sags and basins, which opened oceanward, and in depressions adjacent to transform faults. Shelf deposition began with Middle Cambrian clastic and carbonate sediments and continued with deposition of mostly shallow-marine carbonate sediments. Offshelf deposition began with Upper Cambrian (oldest rocks recognized in thrust sheets) clastic sediments and continued into the Early Mississippian with deposition of deep-marine clastic and subordinate carbonate sediments in continental-rise and ocean-basin settings. Deformation of the southern margin of Laurentia resulted from its late Paleozoic diachronous oblique collision with the South American part of Gondwana and development of volcanic-plutonic arc and associated fore-arc and back-arc assemblages along the northern margin of Gondwana. Westward younging of foredeep and foreland-basin depocenters and decreasing age of basin-fill sediments are in accord with the westward migratory closure of the Laurentia-Gondwana suture. Cambrian to Lower Mississippian preorogenic sediments were deposited in offshelf settings along the margins of the two continents, and Upper Mississippian to Permian synorogenic sediments were deposited in the deep-water ocean basin between the two converging continents and associated arcs, in troughs within the evolving allochthons, and in foredeeps and foreland basins on the craton margins. Ocean-basin sediments were scraped off the ocean floor and transported as allochthons formed during continental collision, in advance of synchronous Pennsylvanian and Permian foredeeps and foreland basins and uplifts. These allochthons were part of a large accretionary wedge formed above a south-dipping subduction zone and thrust northwestward 50-200 km above Laurentian continental-shelf and foredeep rocks. The late Paleozoic synorogenic foreland basins and uplifts developed cratonward as far north as the Transcontinental arch and Ancestral Rocky Mountains. The timing and sense of movement of these intracratonic structures have complex relationships to the collisional margin. Deformation in all three segments of the Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora orogenic belt began in mid-Mississippian time and ended diachronously in the Late Pennsylvanian in the Ouachita Mountains, Early Permian in the Marathon region, and Late Permian in Sonora. This represents predominantly north to northwest contraction. The westward migratory termination of orogenesis and the related development of foredeeps along the Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora belt are consistent with oblique convergence of Gondwana ( Africa and South America) with Laurentia and require some clockwise rotation of South America following initial collision in the Ouachita Mountains region. The Sonora segment of the Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora orogenic system shows that northwestern Gondwana and its associated volcanic-arc terrane once lay south of western Laurentia ( south of central Sonora) and was not restricted to areas to the east of Sonora as often shown in Pangaean reconstructions. Data south of the Laurentia continental margin indicate that the Gondwanan crust was extremely variable. Ashfall tuffs in Upper Mississippian through lowermost Pennsylvanian hemipelagites and turbidites in the Ouachita Mountains and Marathon region, and rhyolite flows and ashfall tuffs (bentonites) in Permian flysch in the southern Pedregosa basin of north-central Mexico indicate explosive volcanism along the northern margin of Gondwana. Geochemistry of the upper Paleozoic extrusive Sabine Rhyolite in the flysch sequence of the Sabine uplift area indicates a continental-arc origin. Several inferred remnants of Gondwana crust and volcanic-arc rocks in the southern United States and northwestern Gulf of Mexico are collectively referred to as the Sabine block. Other inferred remnants of Gondwana crust and volcanic-arc rocks in northern Mexico include the Coahuila block in Coahuila and southeast Chihuahua, and the El Fuerte block in Sinaloa, Sonora, and adjacent Chihuahua. Several lines of critical evidence contradict a late Paleozoic or Mesozoic megashear through Sonora. Both the Rodinia rift system and the Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora orogen represent a continuous southern continental margin westward to Baja and Alta California, across the supposed trace of the hypothetical Mojave-Sonora megashear. Although structures are present that offset the orogen and its associated rift system, their sense of offset is right-stepping rather than left-stepping as required by the megashear. Minor displacements by postorogenic faulting together with right-stepping transform faulting cumulatively represent similar to 300 km of displacement in contrast to 600-1100 km of left-lateral offset postulated for the megashear. Stratigraphic facies changes around the southwest end of Laurentia do not support offset by such a megashear. Paleozoic biostratigraphic faunal groups persist throughout the length of the orogen to Baja California and are distinct from those in the Cordilleran margin. These, together with later Mesozoic faunal groups, continue across the hypothetical trace of the megashear with no offset. Finally, paleomagnetic data by other workers are not supportive of the megashear. The megashear concept is not compatible with the information presented in this chapter. C1 [Poole, Forrest G.; Perry, William J., Jr.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Amaya-Martinez, Ricardo] Univ Sonora, Dept Geol, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. RP Poole, FG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS-973,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 348 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2393-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 393 BP 543 EP 596 DI 10.1130/2005.2393(21) PG 54 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLY07 UT WOS:000271390400022 ER PT S AU Stevens, CH Stone, P Miller, JS AF Stevens, Calvin H. Stone, Paul Miller, Jonathan S. BE Anderson, TH Nourse, JA McKee, JW Steiner, MB TI A new reconstruction of the Paleozoic continental margin of southwestern North America: Implications for the nature and timing of continental truncation and the possible role of the Mojave-Sonora megashear SO MOJAVE-SONORA MEGASHEAR HYPOTHESIS: DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT, AND ALTERNATIVES SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Paleozoic; paleogeography; southwestern North America; Mojave-Sonora megashear; continental truncation ID EAST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX; WESTERN GREAT-BASIN; SIERRA-NEVADA; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS; GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION; TRIASSIC PLUTONISM; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; DESERT REGION AB Data bearing on interpretations of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic paleogeography of southwestern North America are important for testing the hypothesis that the Paleozoic miogeocline in this region has been tectonically truncated, and if so, for ascertaining the time of the event and the possible role of the Mojave-Sonora megashear. Here, we present an analysis of existing and new data permitting reconstruction of the Paleozoic continental margin of southwestern North America. Significant new and recent information incorporated into this reconstruction includes ( 1) spatial distribution of Middle to Upper Devonian continental-margin facies belts, (2) positions of other paleogeographically significant sedimentary boundaries on the Paleozoic continental shelf, ( 3) distribution of Upper Permian through Upper Triassic plutonic rocks, and ( 4) evidence that the southern Sierra Nevada and western Mojave Desert are underlain by continental crust. After restoring the geology of western Nevada and California along known and inferred strike-slip faults, we find that the Devonian facies belts and pre-Pennsylvanian sedimentary boundaries define an arcuate, generally south-trending continental margin that appears to be truncated on the southwest. A Pennsylvanian basin, a Permian coral belt, and a belt of Upper Permian to Upper Triassic plutons stretching from Sonora, Mexico, into westernmost central Nevada, cut across the older facies belts, suggesting that truncation of the continental margin occurred in the Pennsylvanian. We postulate that the main truncating structure was a left-lateral transform fault zone that extended from the Mojave- Sonora megashear in northwestern Mexico to the Foothills Suture in California. The Caborca block of northwestern Mexico, where Devonian facies belts and pre-Pennsylvanian sedimentary boundaries like those in California have been identified, is interpreted to represent a missing fragment of the continental margin that underwent similar to 400 km of left-lateral displacement along this fault zone. If this model is correct, the Mojave-Sonora megashear played a direct role in the Pennsylvanian truncation of the continental margin, and any younger displacement on this fault has been relatively small. C1 [Stevens, Calvin H.; Miller, Jonathan S.] San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. [Stone, Paul] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stevens, CH (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. EM Stevens@geosun.sjsu.edu; pastone@usgs.gov; jsmiller@email.sjsu.edu NR 97 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2393-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 393 BP 597 EP 618 DI 10.1130/2005.2393(22) PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLY07 UT WOS:000271390400023 ER PT S AU Iriondo, A Martinez-Torres, LM Kunk, MJ Atkinson, WW Premo, WR McIntosh, WC AF Iriondo, Alexander Martinez-Torres, Luis M. Kunk, Michael J. Atkinson, William W., Jr. Premo, Wayne R. McIntosh, William C. BE Anderson, TH Nourse, JA McKee, JW Steiner, MB TI Northward Laramide thrusting in the Quitovac region, northwestern Sonora, Mexico: Implications for the juxtaposition of Paleoproterozoic basement blocks and the Mojave-Sonora megashear hypothesis SO MOJAVE-SONORA MEGASHEAR HYPOTHESIS: DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT, AND ALTERNATIVES SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Laramide; thrusting; megashear; Sonora; Mexico ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; MOUNTAINS THRUST; CALIFORNIA; AMERICA; EXTENSION; ARIZONA; RANGE; ROCKS; BASIN; GULF AB Restoration of 12%-30% Basin and Range extension allows direct interpretation of ductile fabrics associated with a stack of Laramide thrust faults in the Quitovac region in northwestern Sonora. The inferred direction of displacement of these thrusts varies gradually from N63 degrees W to N23 degrees E and is interpreted to represent a clockwise rotation of the direction of Laramide thrusting through time. The thrust faults represent a piggy-back sequence of thrusting propagating north, toward the foreland. The average direction and sense of displacement of the thrusts is N18 degrees W, and the cumulative 45 km of estimated northward-directed displacement corresponds to similar to 86% of shortening. Based on geochronological constraints, onset of thrusting in Quitovac occurred sometime between 75 and 61 Ma, whereas cessation occurred at ca. 39 Ma. The presence of Paleocene-Eocene orogenic gold mineralization, spatially associated with thrusting, strengthens our idea that compressional tectonism associated with the Laramide orogeny is a very important and widespread dynamometamorphic event in the region. Similarities in age, kinematics, and structural stratigraphy indicate that the thrusting in the Quitovac region may be equivalent to the Laramide Quitobaquito Thrust in southwestern Arizona. In both areas, thrust faults juxtapose the Paleoproterozoic Caborca and "North America" basement blocks. This juxtaposition was previously proposed as exclusively related to movements along the hypothetical Upper Jurassic Mojave-Sonora megashear. The Laramide northward displacements and clockwise rotations recorded in the Caborca block rocks in Quitovac contradict the southward displacements (similar to 800 km) and counterclockwise rotations inherent in the left-lateral Upper Jurassic Mojave-Sonora megashear hypothesis. We conclude that if this megashear exists in northwestern Sonora, its trace should be to the southwest of the Quitovac region. C1 [Iriondo, Alexander; Atkinson, William W., Jr.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Iriondo, Alexander; Kunk, Michael J.; Premo, Wayne R.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Martinez-Torres, Luis M.] Univ Basque Country, Dept Geodinam, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. [McIntosh, William C.] New Mexico Bur Mines & Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Iriondo, A (reprint author), UNAM, Ctr Geociencias, Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla 76230, Queretaro, Mexico. EM iriondo@geociencias.unam.mx NR 70 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2393-8 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 393 BP 631 EP 669 DI 10.1130/2005.2393(24) PG 39 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLY07 UT WOS:000271390400025 ER PT J AU Roon, DA Thomas, ME Kendall, KC Waits, LP AF Roon, DA Thomas, ME Kendall, KC Waits, LP TI Evaluating mixed samples as a source of error in non-invasive genetic studies using microsatellites SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genotype error; individual identification; mark-recapture; microsatellites; noninvasive genetic sampling; Ursus arctos ID SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEATS; FECAL DNA; POPULATION-SIZE; HAIR SAMPLES; BEARS; PCR; CHIMPANZEES; BLACK; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION AB The use of noninvasive genetic sampling (NGS) for surveying wild populations is increasing rapidly. Currently, only a limited number of studies have evaluated potential biases associated with NGS. This paper evaluates the potential errors associated with analysing mixed samples drawn from multiple animals. Most NGS studies assume that mixed samples will be identified and removed during the genotyping process. We evaluated this assumption by creating 128 mixed samples of extracted DNA from brown bear (Ursus arctos) hair samples. These mixed samples were genotyped and screened for errors at six microsatellite loci according to protocols consistent with those used in other NGS studies. Five mixed samples produced acceptable genotypes after the first screening. However, all mixed samples produced multiple alleles at one or more loci, amplified as only one of the source samples, or yielded inconsistent electropherograms by the final stage of the error-checking process. These processes could potentially reduce the number of individuals observed in NGS studies, but errors should be conservative within demographic estimates. Researchers should be aware of the potential for mixed samples and carefully design gel analysis criteria and error checking protocols to detect mixed samples. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USGS NRMSC, Ctr Sci, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. RP Roon, DA (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM roon8505@uidaho.edu OI Curzon, Miranda /0000-0002-4102-7352 NR 43 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 14 IS 1 BP 195 EP 201 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02385.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 889CL UT WOS:000226421000018 PM 15643963 ER PT J AU Knutson, MG McColl, LE Suarez, SA AF Knutson, MG McColl, LE Suarez, SA TI Breeding bird assemblages associated with stages of forest succession in large river floodplains SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE bird assemblage; cottonwood; floodplain forest; middle Mississippi River; young forest ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; RIPARIAN FORESTS; UNITED-STATES; HABITAT USE; DENSITIES; RESTORATION; FLOOD; SCALE AB Floodplain forests rival all other habitat types in bird density and diversity. However, major successional changes are predicted for floodplain forests along the Mississippi River in the coming decades; young forests may replace the existing mature silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) forests in some areas. We wanted to assess how the breeding bird community might respond to these changes. We studied stands of young forests along the middle Mississippi River, comparing the breeding bird assemblages among three stages of forest succession: shrub/scrub, young cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall) and willow (Salix nigra Marshall) forests, and mature silver maple dominated forests. We recorded a total of 54 bird species; the most frequently observed species were the indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), and yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus). Bird species richness differed among the habitat types, with mature forests supporting the largest number of species and the most species of management concern. The shrub/scrub and mature forest bird assemblages were distinct and shared few species, but the young forests had no identifiable bird species assemblage, sharing species found in both of the other habitat types. The bird assemblages we observed in young forests may become more prevalent as aging floodplain forests are replaced with younger stages of forest succession. Under this scenario, we would expect a temporary local decrease in bird species richness and habitat for species of management concern. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Knutson, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM mknutson@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 25 IS 1 BP 55 EP 70 PG 16 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 894TM UT WOS:000226814500009 ER PT J AU Liu, H Menges, ES Snyder, JR Koptur, S Ross, MS AF Liu, H Menges, ES Snyder, JR Koptur, S Ross, MS TI Effects of fire intensity on vital rates of an endemic herb of the Florida Keys, USA SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Chamaecrista keyensis; fire intensity; fire temperature; pine rockland; rare plant demography ID POSTFIRE SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; EVERGLADES-NATIONAL-PARK; SLASH PINE; SEASON; VEGETATION AB Fire intensity is one of the important components of a fire regime. However, relatively few studies have linked fire intensity with post-fire population vital rates. In this study, we explored the effects of fire intensity on population vital rates of Chamaecrista keyensis Pennell (Fabaceae) up to two years post-fire. C. keyensis is an endemic understory plant of pine rockland, a fire-dependent ecosystem of the Lower Florida Keys. We measured one fire intensity indicator, fire temperature reached by steel plates on the ground, during three prescribed fires at different sites. We followed marked individuals up to two years post-fire to derive annual survival, annual growth rate, percentage of fruiting plants, mean number of fruits per reproductive plant, and number of seedlings per census plot (1 m(2)) of C. keyensis. We found fire intensity had significant effects on reproduction in the first year post-fire only. More specifically, mean number of fruits and percentage of fruiting plants increased as fire intensity increased. Results from this study suggest that extremely low fire intensity caused by very short fire return intervals (e.g., less than three years) may not provide sufficient stimulation to reproduction to achieve the best post-fire recovery for C. keyensis. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Archbold Biol Stn, Lake Placid, FL 33862 USA. USGS, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Big Cypress Field Stn, Ochepee, FL 34141 USA. Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Liu, H (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM hliu@cas.usf.edu RI Koptur, Suzanne/B-7809-2009 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 25 IS 1 BP 71 EP 76 PG 6 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 894TM UT WOS:000226814500010 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ AF Lee, HJ TI Undersea landslides: extent and significance in the Pacific Ocean, an update SO NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA CONTINENTAL BORDERLAND; RETROGRESSIVE SLOPE FAILURE; UPPER MONTEREY CANYON; SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; NEW-GUINEA TSUNAMI; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SEDIMENT WAVES; SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; TURBIDITY CURRENTS AB Submarine landslides are known to occur disproportionately in a limited number of environments including fjords, deltas, canyons, volcanic islands and the open continental slope. An evaluation of the progress that has been made in understanding Pacific Ocean submarine landslides over the last 15 years shows that mapping technologies have improved greatly, allowing a better interpretation of landslide features. Some features previously identified as landslides are being reinterpreted by some as sediment waves. Previously underappreciated environments for landslides such as deep-sea trenches are being recognized and lava deltas are being found to be landslide prone. Landslides are also being recognized much more commonly as a potential source of tsunamis. Landslides that have produced tsunamis in the past are being mapped and in some cases modeled. The flow characteristics of turbidity currents produced by landslides in canyon heads have recently been monitored and the source of these failures has been identified using repeated multibeam mapping. Finally, some landslide deposits are being dated as part of assessing risk to coastal cities from landslide-tsunamis. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hjlee@usgs.gov NR 81 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1561-8633 J9 NAT HAZARD EARTH SYS JI Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2005 VL 5 IS 6 BP 877 EP 892 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 004JS UT WOS:000234749700011 ER PT J AU Balasis, G Bedrosian, PA Eftaxias, K AF Balasis, G Bedrosian, PA Eftaxias, K TI A magnetotelluric study of the sensitivity of an area to seismoelectric signals SO NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC ELECTRIC SIGNALS; EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION; TENSOR DECOMPOSITIONS; GALVANIC DISTORTION; POSSIBLE ORIGIN; BASIC PROCEDURE; LATEST ASPECTS; MOHR CIRCLES; CONDUCTIVITY; GREECE AB During recent years, efforts at better understanding the physical properties of precursory ultra-low frequency pre-seismic electric signals (SES) have been intensified. Experiments show that SES cannot be observed at all points of the Earth's surface but only at certain so-called sensitive sites. Moreover, a sensitive site is capable of collecting SES from only a restricted number of seismic areas (selectivity effect). Therefore the installation of a permanent station appropriate for SES collection should necessarily be preceded by a pilot study over a broad area and for a long duration. In short, a number of temporary stations are installed and, after the occurrence of several significant earthquakes (EQs) from a given seismic area, the most appropriate (if any) of these temporary stations, in the sense that they happen to collect SES, can be selected as permanent. Such a long experiment constitutes a serious disadvantage in identifying a site as SES sensitive. However, the SES sensitivity of a site should be related to the geoelectric structure of the area that hosts the site as well as the regional geoelectric structure between the station and the seismic focal area. Thus, knowledge of the local and regional geoelectric structure can dramatically reduce the time involved in identifying SES sites. In this paper the magnetotelluric method is used to investigate the conductivity structure of an area where a permanent SES station is in operation. Although general conclusions cannot be drawn, the area surrounding an SES site near Ioannina, Greece is characterized by: (1) major faults in the vicinity; (2) highly resistive structure flanked by abrupt conductivity contrasts associated with large-scale geologic contacts, and (3) local inhomogeneities in conductivity structure. The above results are consistent with the fact that electric field amplitudes from remotely-generated signals should be appreciably stronger at such sites when compared to neighboring sites. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Athens, Dept Phys, Solid State Sect, Athens 15784, Greece. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Balasis, G (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM gbalasis@gfz-potsdam.de RI Balasis, Georgios/G-8680-2012 OI Balasis, Georgios/0000-0001-7342-0557 NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1561-8633 J9 NAT HAZARD EARTH SYS JI Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2005 VL 5 IS 6 BP 931 EP 946 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 004JS UT WOS:000234749700016 ER PT J AU Bertolo, P Wieczorek, GF AF Bertolo, P Wieczorek, GF TI Calibration of numerical models for small debris flows in Yosemite Valley, California, USA SO NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB This study compares documented debris flow runout distances with numerical simulations in the Yosemite Valley of California, USA, where about 15% of historical events of slope instability can be classified as debris flows and debris slides (Wieczorek and Snyder, 2004). To model debris flows in the Yosemite Valley, we selected six streams with evidence of historical debris flows; three of the debris flow deposits have single channels, and the other three split their pattern in the fan area into two or more channels. From field observations all of the debris flows involved coarse material, with only very small clay content. We applied the one-dimensional DAN (Dynamic ANalysis) model (Hungr, 1995) and the two-dimensional FLO-2D model (O'Brien et al., 1993) to predict and compare the runout distance and the velocity of the debris flows observed in the study area. As a first step, we calibrated the parameters for the two softwares through the back analysis of three debris-flows channels using a trial-and-error procedure starting with values suggested in the literature. In the second step we applied the selected values to the other channels, in order to evaluate their predictive capabilities. After parameter calibration using three debris flows we obtained results similar to field observations We also obtained a good agreement between the two models for velocities. Both models are strongly influenced by topography: we used the 30 m cell size DTM available for the study area, that is probably not accurate enough for a highly detailed analysis, but it can be sufficient for a first screening. C1 Politecn Torino, DITAG Dept Land Environm & Geotechnol, Turin, Italy. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bertolo, P (reprint author), Politecn Torino, DITAG Dept Land Environm & Geotechnol, Turin, Italy. EM paola.bertolo@polito.it NR 25 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1561-8633 J9 NAT HAZARD EARTH SYS JI Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2005 VL 5 IS 6 BP 993 EP 1001 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 004JS UT WOS:000234749700021 ER PT J AU Gettings, ME AF Gettings, ME TI Multifractal magnetic susceptibility distribution models of hydrothermally altered rocks in the Needle Creek Igneous Center of the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE GEOMAGNETIC-FIELDS; CRUSTAL MAGNETIZATION; AEROMAGNETIC DATA; POTENTIAL FIELDS; DEPTH ESTIMATION; POWER SPECTRUM; SYSTEMS; LOGS AB Magnetic susceptibility was measured for 700 samples of drill core from thirteen drill holes in the porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit of the Stinkingwater mining district in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming. The magnetic susceptibility measurements, chemical analyses, and alteration class provided a database for study of magnetic susceptibility in these altered rocks. The distribution of the magnetic susceptibilities for all samples is multi-modal, with overlapping peaked distributions for samples in the propylitic and phyllic alteration class, a tail of higher susceptibilities for potassic alteration, and an approximately uniform distribution over a narrow range at the highest susceptibilities for unaltered rocks. Samples from all alteration and mineralization classes show susceptibilities across a wide range of values. Samples with secondary (supergene) alteration due to oxidation or enrichment show lower susceptibilities than primary (hypogene) alteration rock. Observed magnetic susceptibility variations and the monolithological character of the host rock suggest that the variations are due to varying degrees of alteration of blocks of rock between fractures that conducted hydrothermal fluids. Alteration of rock from the fractures inward progressively reduces the bulk magnetic susceptibility of the rock. The model introduced in this paper consists of a simulation of the fracture pattern and a simulation of the alteration of the rock between fractures. A multifractal model generated from multiplicative cascades with unequal ratios produces distributions statistically similar to the observed distributions. The reduction in susceptibility in the altered rocks was modelled as a diffusion process operating on the fracture distribution support. The average magnetic susceptibility was then computed for each block. For the purpose of comparing the model results with observation, the simulated magnetic susceptibilities were then averaged over the same interval as the measured data. Comparisons of the model and data from drillholes show good but not perfect agreement. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Gettings, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 520 N Pk Ave,Rm 355, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM mgetting@usgs.gov NR 51 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2005 VL 12 IS 5 BP 587 EP 601 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 961EA UT WOS:000231643500003 ER PT J AU Woodman, N Dove, CJ Peurach, SC AF Woodman, N Dove, CJ Peurach, SC TI A curious pellet from a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FOOD CONSUMPTION; INTERVALS; REMAINS; MEAL; PREY; DIGESTION; RAPTORS; HABITS; DIET AB One of the traditional methods of determining the dietary preferences of owls relies upon the identification of bony remains of prey contained in regurgitated pellets. Discovery of a pellet containing a large, complete primary feather from an adult, male Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) prompted us to examine in detail a small sample of pellets from a Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus). Our analyses of feather and hair remains in these pellets documented the presence of three species of birds and two species of mammals, whereas bones in the pellets represented only mammals. This finding indicates an important bias that challenges the reliability of owl pellet studies making use of only osteological remains. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Div Birds, Dept Zool, MRC 116, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Woodman, N (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, MRC-111, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM woodman.neal@nmnh.si.edu NR 30 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 11 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2005 VL 12 IS 2 BP 127 EP 132 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0127:ACPFAG]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 949BV UT WOS:000230760800001 ER PT J AU Ross, RM Johnson, JH Adams, CM AF Ross, RM Johnson, JH Adams, CM TI Use of fish-otolith-length regressions to infer size of double-crested cormorant prey fish from recovered otoliths in Lake Ontario SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; YELLOW PERCH; GREAT-LAKES; GROWTH-RATE; DIET; PREDATION; PELLETS; HABITS; LARVAL; ISLAND AB To provide a method for estimating fish size from fish otoliths for forensic applications or other predictive uses, morphometric measurements were obtained from three centrarchid fishes (pumpkinseed [Lepomis gibbosus], rock bass [Ambloplites rupestris], and smallmouth bass [Micropterus dolomieu]), two percids (yellow perch [Perca flavescens] and walleye [Stizostedion vitreum]), and one clupeid (alewife [Alosa pseudoharengus]) from the eastern basin of Lake Ontario. These species are the principal or economically important prey of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), whose diet can be determined from regurgitated digestive pellets containing fish otoliths. A fuller understanding of the ecosystem roles of cormorants requires estimation of prey-fish size, obtainable from regressions of otolith length on fish length. Up to 100 fish of each species were collected from eastern Lake Ontario and measured for total length and otolith length. Least-squares regressions of otolith length on fish length were calculated for all species, covering life-stage ranges of immature fish to large adults near maximum known size. The regressions with 95% confidence intervals may be applicable outside the Lake Ontario ecosystem if used with caution. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ct, Appalachian Res Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Tunis Lab Aquat Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. Cornell Biol Field Stn, Dept Nat Resources, Bridgeport, NY 13030 USA. RP Ross, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ct, Appalachian Res Lab, 176 Straight Run Rd, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. EM rossr@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 13 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2005 VL 12 IS 2 BP 133 EP 140 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0133:UOFRTI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 949BV UT WOS:000230760800002 ER PT J AU Johnson, JH McKenna, JE Dropkin, DS Andrews, WD AF Johnson, JH McKenna, JE Dropkin, DS Andrews, WD TI A novel approach to fitting the von Bertalanffy relationship to a mixed stock of Atlantic sturgeon harvested off the New Jersey coast SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; LAKE STURGEON; GROWTH CURVE; NEW-YORK; MANAGEMENT; FISHERY; ESTUARY; AGE AB We examined the growth characteristics of 303 Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus, caught in the commercial fishery off the New Jersey coast from 1992 to 1994 (fork length range: 93-219 cm). Sections taken from the leading pectoral fin ray were used to age each sturgeon. Ages ranged from 5-26 years. Von Bertalanffy growth models for males and females fit well, but test statistics (t-test, maximum likelihood) failed to reject the null hypothesis that growth was not significantly different between sexes. Consequently, all data were pooled and the combined data gave L-infinity and K estimates of 174.2 cm and 0.144, respectively. Our growth data do not fit the pattern of slower growth and increased size in more northernly latitudes for Atlantic sturgeon observed in other work. Lack of uniformity of our growth data may be due to (1) the sturgeon fishery harvesting multiple stocks having different growth rates, and (2) size limits for the commercial fishery having created a bias in estimating growth parameters. C1 US Geol Survey, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. US Geol Survey, N Appalachian Res Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. Nacote Creek Res Stn, New Jersey Div Fish Game & Wildlife, Port Republic, NJ 08241 USA. RP Johnson, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, 3075 Gracie Rd, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. EM jhjohnson@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2005 VL 12 IS 2 BP 195 EP 202 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0195:ANATFT]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 949BV UT WOS:000230760800008 ER PT J AU Gray, EV Ross, RM Bennett, RM AF Gray, EV Ross, RM Bennett, RM TI Bioassessment of fish communities of the upper Delaware River SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; HABITAT USE; INDEX; STREAMS; ASSEMBLAGES; QUALITY; HOMOGENIZATION; MANAGEMENT; ABUNDANCE AB We assessed the biotic integrity of the middle-to-upper Delaware River. We sampled fish and assembled water quality data for eight stations and three habitat types (pool, riffle, and submerged aquatic vegetation [SAV]) of the Delaware River and applied an existing index of biotic integrity (IBI) recently developed for the northern mid-Atlantic slope drainages. We used Spearman's correlation to test 1131 scores against measures of water quality (WQI) and cultural pollution. IBI scores were not significantly correlated with WQL but were significantly negatively correlated with sewage load of adjacent tributaries (r(s) = -0.647, p = 0.08). Sites ranged from good to fair in biotic integrity. Fish assemblage composition from all three habitat types was necessary in order to accurately characterize biotic integrity. Of the three habitat types, fish assemblages from SAV habitats had the greatest positive effect on biotic integrity. Continued application of the IBI may be useful as a long-term monitoring tool as this river corridor becomes increasingly urbanized. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, N Appalachian Res Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Gray, EV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, N Appalachian Res Lab, 176 Straight Run Rd, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. EM thegrays@highstream.net NR 58 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 EI 1938-5307 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2005 VL 12 IS 2 BP 203 EP 216 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0203:BOFCOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 949BV UT WOS:000230760800009 ER PT J AU Johnson, JB Edwards, JW Wood, PB AF Johnson, JB Edwards, JW Wood, PB TI Virginia big-eared bats (Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus) roosting in abandoned coal mines in West Virginia SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID VESPERTILIONIDAE; CHIROPTERA; KENTUCKY AB We surveyed bats at 36 abandoned coal mines during summer 2002 and 47 mines during fall 2002 at New River Gorge National River and Gauley River National Recreation Area, WV. During summer, we captured three federally endangered Virginia big-eared bats at two mine entrances, and 25 were captured at 12 mine entrances during fall. These represent the first documented captures of this species at coal mines in West Virginia. Future survey efforts conducted throughout the range of the Virginia big-eared bat should include abandoned coal mines. C1 W Virginia Univ, Wildlife & Fisheries Resources Program, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, US Geol Survey, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Edwards, JW (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Wildlife & Fisheries Resources Program, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM jedwards@wvu.edu NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 5 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2005 VL 12 IS 2 BP 233 EP 240 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0233:VBBCTV]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 949BV UT WOS:000230760800012 ER PT J AU Brown, JJ Perillo, J Kwak, TJ Horwitz, RJ AF Brown, JJ Perillo, J Kwak, TJ Horwitz, RJ TI Implications of Pylodictis olivaris (flathead catfish) introduction into the Delaware and Susquehanna drainages SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID RIVER; MANAGEMENT AB Pylodictis olivaris (flathead catfish) is a large, obligate carnivore native to drainages of the central United States that has been introduced widely beyond its native range. We report on the introduction of flathead catfish into the Delaware and Susquehanna River drainages, which represents the northernmost occurrences among Atlantic drainages. In the Delaware Basin, flathead catfish have been found in the Schuylkill River and the mainstem of the Delaware River. Recent sampling activities in the Schuylkill River suggest successful reproduction and establishment of a viable population there. In the Susquehanna basin, the fish has been found in the lower and central portion of the river mainstem. As in the Delaware Basin, recent sampling indicates that reproduction is occurring in the Susquehanna River. The introduction of this species has the potential to adversely affect ongoing anadromous fish restoration programs and native fish conservation efforts in the Delaware and Susquehanna basins. A cooperative effort will be required to mitigate the effects of this introduction. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Delaware River Fisheries Coordinators Off, Smyrna, DE 19977 USA. Philadelphia Water Dept, Philadelphia, PA 19124 USA. N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Patrick Ctr Environm Res, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. RP Brown, JJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Cent New England Fishery Resources Off, 151 Broad St, Nashua, NH 03063 USA. EM Jed_Brown@fws.gov NR 30 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 10 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2005 VL 12 IS 4 BP 473 EP 484 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0473:IOPOFC]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 002LI UT WOS:000234612500009 ER PT J AU Krohn, WB AF Krohn, WB TI A fall fur-hunt from Maine to New Brunswick, Canada: The 1858 journal of Manly Hardy SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID NEW-ENGLAND LANDSCAPE; CONSERVATION AB Ecologists, conservationists, and others increasingly ask questions that require a reliable understanding of natural conditions in the past. For example, when the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to list the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) under the Federal Endangered Species Act, there was a need to know the historical status of this species in the northeastern US. The natural history writings of Manly Hardy, a successful, nineteenth-century businessman and respected amateur naturalist from Brewer, ME, proved useful in assessing the lynx's historical status. Because of the wide array of potential uses of Hardy's writings, the objective of this paper is to make biologists and other scholars aware of Hardy, especially his 15 surviving journals, 1852-1899. Hardy left the most extensive published record of any of the naturalists who wrote about wildlife in Maine from the late 1800s through the early 1900s. His articles and essays covered a wide range of subjects about a variety of bird and mammal species. A recently published biographical sketch of Hardy contains an annotated bibliography of his publications along with the republication of 14 of his mammalian works. In contrast, this article contains an example of his unpublished journal writing with significant wildlife observations. C1 Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Krohn, WB (reprint author), Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM wkrohn@umenfa.maine.edu NR 58 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2005 VL 12 IS 4 BP 509 EP 540 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0509:AFFFMT]2.0.CO;2 PG 32 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 002LI UT WOS:000234612500012 ER PT J AU LeSage, CM Merritt, RW Wipfli, MS AF LeSage, CM Merritt, RW Wipfli, MS TI Headwater riparian invertebrate communities associated with red alder and conifer wood and leaf litter in southeastern Alaska SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN HEMLOCK FORESTS; SITKA SPRUCE; STREAM ECOSYSTEMS; ALNUS-RUBRA; OLD-GROWTH; DETRITUS; BIOMASS; MACROINVERTEBRATES; FLOODPLAIN; DEBRIS AB We examined how management of young upland forests in Southeastern Alaska affect riparian invertebrate taxa richness, density, and biomass, in turn, potentially influencing food abundance for fish and wildlife. Southeastern Alaska forests are dominated by coniferous trees including Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), with mixed stands of red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.). Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) is hypothesized to influence the productivity of young-growth conifer forests and through forest management may provide increased riparian invertebrate abundance. To compare and contrast invertebrate densities between coniferous and alder riparian habitats, leaf litter and wood debris (early and late decay classes) samples were collected along eleven headwater streams on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, during the summers of 2000 and 2001. Members of Acarina and Collembola were the most abundant taxa collected in leaf litter with alder litter having significantly higher mean taxa richness than conifer litter. Members of Acarina were the most abundant group collected on wood debris and alder wood had significantly higher mean taxa richness and biomass than conifer wood. Alder wood debris in more advanced decay stages had the highest mean taxa richness and biomass, compared to other wood types, while conifer late decay wood debris had the highest densities of invertebrates. The inclusion of alder in young-growth conifer forests can benefit forest ecosystems by enhancing taxa richness and biomass of riparian forest invertebrates. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, USGS Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP LeSage, CM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, 243 Nat Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM lesagec@michigan.gov NR 60 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 12 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 79 IS 4 BP 218 EP 232 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 049HY UT WOS:000238008300003 ER PT J AU Mogen, JT Kaeding, LR AF Mogen, JT Kaeding, LR TI Large-scale, seasonal movements of radiotagged, adult bull trout in the St. Mary River drainage, Montana and Alberta SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-CONFLUENTUS; CUTTHROAT TROUT; LIFE-HISTORY; HABITAT USE; LAKE AB Radio telemetry was used to determine the large-scale, seasonal movements and wintering areas of adult bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the St. Mary River drainage, Montana and Alberta, between 1998 and 2003. The fish (n = 42; total length, 434-763 mm) had been radiotagged in their spawning creeks (river tributaries) during August-October. Data from automated, stationary radio receivers operated adjacent to the river showed the post-spawning and subsequent pre-spawning movements of tagged bull trout occurred during October-November and May-July, respectively. Searches conducted from the ground and aircraft during winter (December-April) found tagged fish (n = 22) distributed in the St. Mary River between the mouth of Lee Creek (Alberta) and Lower St. Mary Lake (Montana), and in the tributaries (n = 15 fish). Maximum stream distance between contact locations for individual fish (median, 25.5 km; range, 1-83 km) was not associated with fish length or weight when tagged. Some bull trout passed the St. Mary River diversion dam, although passage timing was not precisely determined and may have occurred when the dam was open. Nevertheless, upstream passage of some bull trout appeared to be impeded by the dam during pre-spawning movements, when the dam was closed for the irrigation season. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Montana Fish & Wildlife Management Assistance Off, Branch Nat Fishes Management, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Kaeding, LR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Montana Fish & Wildlife Management Assistance Off, Branch Nat Fishes Management, 4052 Bridger Canyon Rd, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. EM lynn_kaeding@fws.gov NR 23 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 79 IS 4 BP 246 EP 253 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 049HY UT WOS:000238008300005 ER PT J AU Zoellick, BW Ulmschneider, HM Stanley, AW AF Zoellick, BW Ulmschneider, HM Stanley, AW TI Distribution and composition of mammalian predators along the snake river in southwestern Idaho SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-DAKOTA; SOUTHEASTERN ALBERTA; WATERFOWL NESTS; CANADA GEESE; DUCK NESTS; ISLANDS; SUCCESS; HABITAT; TRENDS AB In 1990-1992, we studied the distribution and composition of a mammalian predator community to assess its potential to impact ground-nesting waterfowl and songbirds on Snake River islands in Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge in Southwestern Idaho. We used scent-station and track-plot surveys to examine visits of mammalian predators to riparian areas on the mainland and to 30 Refuge islands on a 64-km reach of the river. Coyotes, mink, red foxes, raccoons, and striped skunks were widely distributed. Visitation rates of mammalian predators that frequently visited scent stations (coyotes, red foxes, striped skunks, and feral cats) did not differ among upper, middle, and lower segments of the study reach. Tracks of river otters were primarily observed on the upper two-thirds of the study reach that had less agricultural development. Badgers, bobcats, and mountain lions were infrequently detected. Refuge islands provided relatively mammalian predator-free habitat for nesting birds as visitation rates of terrestrial predators to scent stations and track plots in riparian areas on the mainland were generally 2-4 times those on islands at river flows of 184.1 m(3)/s. Reducing Snake River flows has the potential to increase visits to islands of four terrestrial carnivores (coyotes, raccoons, red foxes, and striped skunks) that were widely distributed on the mainland and important predators of nesting waterfowl. Because mammalian predators were widely distributed, management actions to prevent or reduce predator visits would need widespread application to result in more than localized increases in waterfowl production on Refuge islands. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Boise, ID 83705 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Deer Flat Natl Wildlife Refuge, Nampa, ID 83686 USA. RP Zoellick, BW (reprint author), US Bur Land Management, 3948 Dev Ave, Boise, ID 83705 USA. EM bzoellick@blm.gov NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 12 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 79 IS 4 BP 265 EP 272 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 049HY UT WOS:000238008300007 ER PT J AU Warner, JC Sherwood, CR Arango, HG Signell, RP AF Warner, JC Sherwood, CR Arango, HG Signell, RP TI Performance of four turbulence closure models implemented using a generic length scale method SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE turbulence closure; ocean modeling; sediment transport ID PARABOLIC METHOD PPM; MIXED-LAYER MODEL; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; BOUNDARY-LAYERS; EQUATION; FLOWS; CIRCULATION; SIMULATIONS; SCHEMES; MELLOR AB A two-equation turbulence model (one equation for turbulence kinetic energy and a second for a generic turbulence length-scale quantity) proposed by Umlauf and Burchard [J. Marine Research 61 (2003) 235] is implemented in a three-dimensional oceanographic model (Regional Oceanographic Modeling System; ROMS v2.0). These two equations, along with several stability functions, can represent many popular turbulence closures, including the k-kl (Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5), k-epsilon, and k-omega schemes. The implementation adds flexibility to the model by providing an unprecedented range of turbulence closure selections in a single 3D oceanographic model and allows comparison and evaluation of turbulence models in an otherwise identical numerical environment. This also allows evaluation of the effect of turbulence models on other processes such as suspended-sediment distribution or ecological processes. Performance of the turbulence models and sediment-transport schemes is investigated with three test cases for (1) steady barotropic flow in a rectangular channel, (2) wind-induced surface mixed-layer deepening in a stratified fluid, and (3) oscillatory stratified pressure-gradient driven flow (estuarine circulation) in a rectangular channel. Results from k-epsilon, k-omega, and gen (a new closure proposed by Umlauf and Burchard [J. Marine Research 61 (2003) 235]) are very similar for these cases, but the k-kl closure results depend on a wall-proximity function that must be chosen to suit the flow. Greater variations appear in simulations of suspended-sediment concentrations than in salinity simulations because the transport of suspended-sediment amplifies minor variations in the methods. The amplification is caused by the added physics of a vertical settling rate, bottom stress dependent resuspension, and diffusive transport of sediment in regions of well mixed salt and temperature. Despite the amplified sensitivity of sediment to turbulence models in the estuary test case, the four closures investigated here all generated estuarine turbidity maxima that were similar in their shape, location, and concentrations. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NATO, SACLANT, Undersea Res Ctr, I-19138 La Spezia, Italy. RP Warner, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jcwarner@usgs.gov OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 63 TC 254 Z9 265 U1 4 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2005 VL 8 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 113 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.12.003 PG 33 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 862TX UT WOS:000224515100004 ER PT S AU Miranda-Castro, L Padron, S AF Miranda-Castro, Leopoldo Padron, Silmarie TI From the mountains to the sea: Restoring shaded coffee plantations to protect tropical coastal ecosystems SO OCEANS 2005, VOLS 1-3 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2005 Conference CY SEP 17-23, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE ID BIRD POPULATIONS; SEDIMENTATION AB Traditionally, coffee is cultivated under a shading canopy of native trees in tropical areas of the world. Within the U.S., coffee is cultivated only in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Shade coffee plantations are a simplified but stable agro-ecosystem. Their shading canopy provides most of the ecological functions of natural environments such as nutrient recycling, habitat for native, endemic and migratory birds, and shelter for many plant and wildlife species including endangered species. In Puerto Rico, shade coffee plantations have played a critical role in protecting biodiversity by providing habitat and reducing sedimentation during a time period when the landscape was severely deforested. During these times, coffee plantations served as refugia for many species and protected marine environments by reducing runoff and pollution. Now, shade coffee has a similar or even more important role than it did during the first half of the 20th century. With the ever-increasing human population and associated development and the fact that coffee became Puerto Rico's principal agricultural crop, these plantations are a vital component of any conservation initiative in tropical United States. The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's Partners for Fish & Wildlife Program in the Caribbean focuses on the restoration of the native shading canopy in coffee plantations. This is the only shade coffee restoration effort currently occurring within the U.S. Of the similar to 10,000 hectares of coffee in Puerto Rico, less than 40% are under shade. We developed simple habitat restoration procedures in order to protect Federal trust resources in tropical U.S. We use native vegetation in spatial arrangement that provide important habitat for wildlife and reduces erosion and runoff, while maintaining the agricultural value and the acceptance of landowners. In only five years, we started the program and have restored more than 600 ha. The Service's efforts with shade coffee restoration projects provide a model to be used as a management tool for private lands around tropical forest reserves in the U.S. and elsewhere protecting not only upland areas but also enhancing the health of coastal ecosystems. These practices are also an economical incentive for a sustainable way of farming which protects the environment and conserves the traditional way of cultivating the land in tropical environments. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Branch Habitat Restorat, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Miranda-Castro, L (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Branch Habitat Restorat, 4401 N Fairfax Dr, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 0-933957-34-3 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2005 BP 662 EP 669 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BEQ88 UT WOS:000238978700104 ER PT J AU Jensen, WE Cully, JF AF Jensen, WE Cully, JF TI Density-dependent habitat selection by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in tallgrass prairie SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE edge effects; ideal free distribution; isodar; Molothrus ater; Spiza americana ID NEST PREDATION; BROOD PARASITISM; SONG SPARROWS; HOST NESTS; DICKCISSELS; LANDSCAPE; KANSAS; EGGS; FRAGMENTATION; PROXIMITY AB Local distributions of avian brood parasites among their host habitats may depend upon conspecific parasite density. We used isodar analysis to test for density-dependent habitat selection in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) among tallgrass prairie adjacent to wooded edges, and prairie interior habitat (> 100 m from wooded edges) with and without experimental perches. Eight study sites containing these three habitat treatments were established along a geographical gradient in cowbird abundance within the Flint Hills region of Eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, USA. The focal host species of our study, the dickcissel (Spiza americana), is the most abundant and preferred cowbird host in the prairie of this region. Cowbird relative abundance and cowbird: host abundance ratios were used as estimates of female cowbird density, whereas cowbird egg density was measured as parasitism frequency ( percent of dickcissel nests parasitized), and parasitism intensity ( number of cowbird eggs per parasitized nest). Geographical variation in cowbird abundance was independent of host abundance. Within study sites, host abundance was highest in wooded edge plots, intermediate in the experimental perch plots, and lowest in prairie interior. Cowbirds exhibited a pattern of density-dependent selection of prairie edge versus experimental perch and interior habitats. On sites where measures of cowbird density were lowest, all cowbird density estimates ( female cowbirds and their eggs) were highest near (less than or equal to 100 m) wooded edges, where host and perch availability are highest. However, as overall cowbird density increased geographically, these density estimates increased more rapidly in experimental perch plots and prairie interiors. Variation in cowbird abundance and cowbird: host ratios suggested density-dependent cowbird selection of experimental perch over prairie interior habitat, but parasitism levels on dickcissel nests were similar among these two habitats at all levels of local cowbird parasitism. The density-dependent pattern of cowbird distribution among prairie edge and interior suggested that density effects on perceived cowbird fitness are greatest at wooded edges. A positive relationship between daily nest mortality rates of parasitized nests during the nestling period with parasitism intensity levels per nest suggested a density-dependent effect on cowbird reproductive success. However, this relationship was similar among habitats, such that all habitats should have been perceived as being equally suitable to cowbirds at all densities. Other unmeasured effects on cowbird habitat suitability ( e. g., reduced cowbird success in edge-dwelling host nests, cowbird despotism at edges) might have affected cowbird habitat selection. Managers attempting to minimize cowbird parasitism on sensitive cowbird hosts should consider that hosts in otherwise less-preferred cowbird habitats ( e. g., habitat interiors) are at greater risk of being parasitized where cowbirds become particularly abundant. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Jensen, WE (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, 232 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM jensenwi@ksu.edu NR 77 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 EI 1432-1939 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JAN PY 2005 VL 142 IS 1 BP 136 EP 149 DI 10.1007/s00442-004-1709-x PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 876CA UT WOS:000225472100016 PM 15375686 ER PT J AU Guo, QF Taper, M Schoenberger, M Brandle, J AF Guo, QF Taper, M Schoenberger, M Brandle, J TI Spatial-temporal population dynamics across species range: from centre to margin SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS; PERIPHERAL-POPULATIONS; CARRYING CAPACITY; WIND DISPERSAL; MODEL; ABUNDANCE; IMMIGRATION; COMPETITION; VEGETATION; CONSEQUENCES AB Understanding the boundaries of species' ranges and the variations in population dynamics from the centre to margin of a species' range is critical. This study simulated spatial-temporal patterns of birth and death rates and migration across a species' range in different seasons. Our results demonstrated the importance of dispersal and migration in altering birth and death rates, balancing source and sink habitats, and governing expansion or contraction of species' ranges in changing environments. We also showed that the multiple equilibria of metapopulations across a species' range could be easily broken following climatic changes or physical disturbances either local or regional. Although we refer to our models as describing the population dynamics across whole species' range, they should also apply to small-scale habitats (metapopulations) in which species abundance follows a humped pattern or to any ecosystem or landscape where strong central-marginal (C-M) environmental gradients exist. Conservation of both central and marginal populations would therefore be equally important considerations in making management decisions. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68383 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM qguo@usgs.gov NR 84 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 3 U2 50 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0030-1299 EI 1600-0706 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JAN PY 2005 VL 108 IS 1 BP 47 EP 57 DI 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13149.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 877OA UT WOS:000225578700005 ER PT J AU Lis, GP Mastalerz, M Schimmelmann, A Lewan, MD Stankiewicz, BA AF Lis, GP Mastalerz, M Schimmelmann, A Lewan, MD Stankiewicz, BA TI FTIR absorption indices for thermal maturity in comparison with vitrinite reflectance R-0 in type-II kerogens from Devonian black shales SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC-MATTER; FOURIER SELF-DECONVOLUTION; C-13 NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; HYDROUS PYROLYSIS; INORGANIC INTERACTIONS; PETROLEUM GENERATION; IR MICROSPECTROSCOPY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB FTIR absorbance signals in kerogens and macerals were evaluated as indices for thermal maturity. Two sets of naturally matured type-II kerogens from the New Albany Shale (Illinois Basin) and the Exshaw Formation (Western Canada Sedimentary Basin) and kerogens from hydrous pyrolysis artificial maturation of the New Albany Shale were characterized by FTIR. Good correlation was observed between the aromatic/aliphatic absorption ratio and vitrinite reflectance R-0. FTIR parameters are especially valuable for determining the degree of maturity of marine source rocks lacking vitrinite. With increasing maturity, FTIR spectra express four trends: (i) an increase in the absorption of aromatic bands, (ii) a decrease in the absorption of aliphatic bands, (iii) a loss of oxygenated groups (carbonyl and carboxyl), and (iv) an initial decrease in the CH2/CH3 ratio that is not apparent at higher maturity in naturally matured samples, but is observed throughout increasing R-0 in artificially matured samples. The difference in the CH2/CH3 ratio in samples from natural and artificial maturation at higher maturity indicates that short-term artificial maturation at high temperatures is not fully equivalent to slow geologic maturation at lower temperatures. With increasing R-0, the (carboxyl + carbonyl)/aromatic carbon ratio generally decreases, except that kerogens from the Exshaw Formation and from hydrous pyrolysis experiments express an intermittent slight increase at medium maturity. FTIR-derived aromaticities correlate well with R-0, although some uncertainty is due to the dependence of FTIR parameters on the maceral composition of kerogen whereas R-0 is solely dependent on vitrinite. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Indiana Geol Survey, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Shell Int E&P BV, NL-2288 GS Rijswijk, Netherlands. RP Lis, GP (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. EM glis@indiana.edu NR 78 TC 67 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 2005 VL 36 IS 11 BP 1533 EP 1552 DI 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.07.001 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 985OA UT WOS:000233386200006 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, Y Garrido, OH Wiley, JW Kirkconnell, A AF Rodriguez, Y Garrido, OH Wiley, JW Kirkconnell, A TI The Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis): An exceptional first record for the West Indies and the Western Hemisphere SO ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL LA English DT Article DE Alcedo atthis; Common Kingfisher; Cuba; record C1 Univ Maryland E Shore, USGS, Maryland Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. Museo Nacl Hist Nat, Havana, Cuba. RP Wiley, JW (reprint author), Univ Maryland E Shore, USGS, Maryland Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 1120 Trigg Hall, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. EM jwwiley@mafl.umes.edu NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU NEOTROPICAL ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC, USGS PATUXENT WILDLIFE RESEARCH CTR PI ATHENS PA UNIV GEORGIA, WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES, ATHENS, GA 30602-2152 USA SN 1075-4377 J9 ORNITOL NEOTROP JI ORNITOL. NEOTROP. PY 2005 VL 16 IS 1 BP 141 EP 141 PG 1 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 907GM UT WOS:000227704000016 ER PT J AU White, TH Collazo, JA Vilella, FJ Guerrer, SA AF White, TH Collazo, JA Vilella, FJ Guerrer, SA TI Effects of Hurricane Georges on habitat use by captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis) released in the Dominican Republic SO ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL LA English DT Article DE Amazona ventralis; Amazona vittata; captive-reared; Caribbean; Dominican Republic; habitat; home range; hurricanes; parrots; Puerto Rico; restoration ID LUQUILLO EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; PUERTO-RICO; BIRD POPULATIONS; HOME-RANGE; HUGO; REINTRODUCTION; CONSERVATION; GILBERT AB We radio-tagged and released 49 captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis) in Parque Nacional del Este (PNE), Dominican Republic, during 1997 and 1998. Our primary objective was to develop a restoration program centered on using aviary-reared birds to further the recovery of the critically endangered Puerto Rican Parrot (A. vittata). Hurricane Georges made landfall over the release area on 22 September 1998 with sustained winds of 224 km/h, providing us with a unique opportunity to quantify responses of parrots to such disturbances. Quantitative data on such responses by any avian species are scarce, particularly for Amazona species, many of which are in peril and occur in hurricane-prone areas throughout the Caribbean. Mean home ranges of 18 parrots monitored both before and after the hurricane increased (P = 0.08) from 864 ha (CI = 689-1039 ha) pre-hurricane to 1690 ha (CI = 10032377 ha) post-hurricane. The total area traversed by all parrots increased > 300%, from 4884 ha pre-hurricane to 15,490 ha post-hurricane. Before Hurricane Georges, parrot activity was concentrated in coastal scrub, tall broadleaf forest, and abandoned agriculture (conucos). After the hurricane, parrots concentrated their activities in areas of tall broadleaf forest and abandoned conucos. Topographic relief, primarily in the form of large sinkholes, resulted in "resource refugia" where parrots and other frugivores foraged after the hurricane. Habitat use and movement patterns exhibited by released birds highlight the importance of carefully considering effects of season, topography, and overall size of release areas when planning psittacine restorations in hurricane-prone areas. C1 N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Mississippi State Univ, US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Parque Zool Nacl, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep. RP White, TH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program, POB 1600, Rio Grande, PR 00745 USA. EM Thomas_White@fws.gov NR 51 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU NEOTROPICAL ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, USGS PATUXENT WILDLIFE RESEARCH CENTER PI ATHENS PA UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, WARNELL SCHOOL OF FOREST RESOURCES, ATHENS, GA USA SN 1075-4377 J9 ORNITOL NEOTROP JI ORNITOL. NEOTROP. PY 2005 VL 16 IS 3 BP 405 EP 417 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 966JW UT WOS:000232017000010 ER PT J AU Schmelzer, KR Johnson, CS Viant, MR Williams, JF Tjeerdema, RS AF Schmelzer, KR Johnson, CS Viant, MR Williams, JF Tjeerdema, RS TI Influence of organic carbon on reductive dechlorination of thiobencarb in California rice field soils SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rice; thiobencarb; delayed phytotoxicity syndrome; dechlorination; deschlorothiobencarb; organic carbon ID HERBICIDE BENTHIOCARB THIOBENCARB; AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; METABOLISM; MICROORGANISMS; DEGRADATION; SUSPENSION AB The herbicide thiobencarb is suspected of causing delayed phytotoxicity syndrome (DPS) in rice plants. While the ultimate agent appears to be its dechlorinated product (deschlorothiobencarb), the influence of organic carbon on the formation of deschlorothiobencarb, in California rice field soils has not been investigated. Thus, two different soils were compared for their ability to reductively dechlorinate thiobencarb with carbon augmentation: one from the eastern Sacramento Valley, which has historically displayed DPS, and one from the western Sacramento Valley, which has not. Rice straw was homogenized into samples of each soil to produce 0, 0.33 or 2% organic carbon augmentation. During 90-days of anoxic incubation, substantial deschlorothiobencarb production was measured in both soil types. However, only the thiobencarb degradation rate in the eastern valley soil was positively correlated with carbon content. Thus, other characteristics of DPS-resistant soils may limit deschlorothiobencarb formation. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Investigat & Monitoring Branch, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. Univ Calif, Div Agr & Nat Resources, Cooperat Extens Cent Valley Reg, Yuba City, CA 95991 USA. RP Tjeerdema, RS (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM rstjeerdema@ucdavis.edu RI Viant, Mark/B-6339-2009 OI Viant, Mark/0000-0001-5898-4119 NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 61 IS 1 BP 68 EP 74 DI 10.1002/ps.948 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 883TK UT WOS:000226038400007 PM 15593075 ER PT J AU Queija, VR Stoker, JM Kosovich, JJ AF Queija, VR Stoker, JM Kosovich, JJ TI Recent US Geological Survey applications of Lidar SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Geol Survey, Rocky Mt Mapping Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Queija, VR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 909 1st Ave,Suite 900, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. EM vqueija@usgs.gov; jstoker@usgs.gov; jjkosovich@usgs.gov OI Stoker, Jason/0000-0003-2455-0931 NR 6 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 71 IS 1 BP 5 EP 9 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 886IX UT WOS:000226221600001 ER PT J AU Shan, J Yoon, JS Lee, DS Kirk, RL Neumann, GA Acton, CH AF Shan, J Yoon, JS Lee, DS Kirk, RL Neumann, GA Acton, CH TI Photogrammetric analysis of the Mars Global Surveyor mapping data SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; CONTROL-POINT NETWORK; TOPOGRAPHY; CAMERA AB This paper studies the photogrammetric mapping properties and capabilities of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) mapping data. Starting from the raw MGS data, we decompress the MOC narrow angle images, extract, and calculate their exterior orientation from the SPICE kernels, and calculate the 3D coordinates of MOLA footprints from MOLA PEDR files. A new approach is proposed that registers a MOLA profile to stereo MOC images over the same area with robust and faster convergence. Intersection is conducted to determine the 3D positions of image points measured on MOC stereo pairs. It is shown that there is a nearly constant uncertainty of one MOLA ground spacing distance (approximately 325 m) along the flight direction in MOC and MOLA registration. This is caused by the uncertainties in SPICE kernels, MOLA points, and the determination of time tags for MOC scan lines, which possibly constitutes the dominant error source for the registration. Intersection calculation reaches an optimal balance by distributing the uncertainty evenly in the two images of a stereo pair. As for the photogrammetric mapping capabilities, an uncertainty of 180.8 m in planimetric distance and 30.8 m in elevation difference is estimated. A number of numerical and graphic results over three of the selected candidate landing sites for the Mars Exploration Rover mission are presented for analysis and illustration. C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shan, J (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, 550 Stadium Mall Dr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM jshan@ecn.purdue.edu RI Neumann, Gregory/I-5591-2013 OI Neumann, Gregory/0000-0003-0644-9944 NR 38 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 71 IS 1 BP 97 EP 108 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 886IX UT WOS:000226221600011 ER PT J AU Yin, ZY Guo, QF Ren, H Peng, SL AF Yin, ZY Guo, QF Ren, H Peng, SL TI Seasonal changes in spatial patterns of two annual plants in the Chihuahuan Desert, USA SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE clumped pattern; final (summer) density; frequency distribution; initial (winter) density; negative binomial (NB) distribution; plant spacing ID NEGATIVE BINOMIAL-DISTRIBUTION; WOODY VEGETATION; ABUNDANCE; PERFORMANCE; AGGREGATION; POPULATION; COMMUNITY; BEHAVIOR; DISTRIBUTIONS; COMPETITION AB Spatial pattern of a biotic population may change over time as its component individuals grow or die out, but whether this is the case for desert annual plants is largely unknown. Here we examined seasonal changes in spatial patterns of two annuals, Eriogonum abertianum and Haplopappus gracilis, in initial (winter) and final (summer) densities. The density was measured as the number of individuals from 384 permanent quadrats (each 0.5 m x 0.5 m) in the Chihuahuan Desert near Portal, Arizona, USA. We used three probability distributions (binomial, Poisson, and negative binomial or NB) that represent three basic spatial patterns (regular, random, and clumped) to fit the observed frequency distributions of densities of the two annuals. Both species showed clear clumped patterns as characterized by the NB and had similar inverse J-shaped frequency distribution curves in two density categories. Also, both species displayed a reduced degree of aggregation from winter to summer after the spring drought (massive die-off), as indicated by the increased k-parameter of the NB and decreased values of another NB parameter p, variance/mean ratio, Lloyd's Index of Patchiness, and David and Moore's Index of Clumping. Further, we hypothesized that while the NB (i.e., Poisson-logarithmic) well fits the distribution of individuals per quadrat, its components, the Poisson and logarithmic, may describe the distributions of clumps per quadrat and of individuals per clump, respectively. We thus obtained the means and variances for (1) individuals per quadrat, (2) clumps per quadrat, and (3) individuals per clump. The results showed that the decrease of the density from winter to summer for each plant resulted from the decrease of individuals per clump, rather than from the decrease of clumps per quadrat. The great similarities between the two annuals indicate that our observed temporal changes in spatial patterns may be common among desert annual plants. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, S China Inst Bot, Guangzhou 510650, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Guangdong Forest Res Inst, Guangzhou 510520, Peoples R China. Zhongshan Univ, Sch Life Sci, Guangzhou 510275, Peoples R China. RP Chinese Acad Sci, S China Inst Bot, Guangzhou 510650, Peoples R China. EM yinzuoyun@yahoo.com.en NR 59 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 EI 1573-5052 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PY 2005 VL 178 IS 2 BP 189 EP 199 DI 10.1007/s11258-004-3285-x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 963LD UT WOS:000231804900005 ER PT S AU Glen, W AF Glen, William BA Anderson, DL BF Anderson, DL BE Foulger, GR Natland, JH Presnall, DC TI The origins and early trajectory of the mantle plume quasi-paradigm SO PLATES, PLUMES AND PARADIGMS SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MULTIPLE WORKING HYPOTHESES; MAGNETIC-FIELD REVERSALS; CONTINENTAL-DRIFT; HAWAIIAN ISLANDS; PLATE-TECTONICS; EARTHS MANTLE; CONVECTION PLUMES; GLOBAL TECTONICS; THERMAL PLUMES; FLOOD BASALTS AB For too long philosophers have debated how scientists should judge hypotheses in glaring ignorance of how scientists in fact judge hypotheses .... Maybe it is now being done better than one thinks. Indeed, attempting to follow the [philosopher's] advice might be detrimental to scientific progress. R.N. Giere (1988) C1 [Glen, William] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Glen, William] Stanford Univ Press, Stanford, CA USA. RP Glen, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 501,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM bglen@usgs.gov NR 312 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2388-4 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 388 DI 10.1130/2005.2388(07) PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLX99 UT WOS:000271372500008 ER PT S AU Julian, BR AF Julian, Bruce R. BA Anderson, DL BF Anderson, DL BE Foulger, GR Natland, JH Presnall, DC TI What can seismology say about hotspots? SO PLATES, PLUMES AND PARADIGMS SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE mantle plumes; mantle structure; seismic tomography; multiple-ScS; seismometer arrays; receiver function ID SEISMIC ARRAY EVIDENCE; LINEAR VOLCANIC CHAIN; CORE BOUNDARY SOURCE; LOWER MANTLE; TRAVEL-TIMES; STRUCTURE BENEATH; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; VELOCITY ZONES; DEEP MANTLE; TOMOGRAPHY AB Seismological methods offer the highest-resolution views of the structure of the mantle. Since deep mantle plumes were proposed to explain melting anomalies ("hotspots"), increasingly powerful seismologic studies have sought to detect them, but so far without definitive success. This paper summarizes the relevant seismological methods and results for Earth scientists who are not seismologists. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Julian, BR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM julian@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2388-4 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 388 DI 10.1130/2005.2388(10) PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BLX99 UT WOS:000271372500011 ER PT S AU Bailey, LL Sauer, JR Nichols, JD Geissler, PH AF Bailey, LL Sauer, JR Nichols, JD Geissler, PH BE McRoberts, RE Reams, GA VanDeusen, PC McWilliams, WH Cieszewski, CJ TI General constraints on sampling wildlife on FIA plots SO Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTH CENTRAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium/Meeting of the Southern-Forest-Mensurationists CY NOV 19-21, 2002 CL New Orleans, LA SP USDA Forest Serv, Forest Inventory & Anal Program, Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement, So Forest Mensurationists, Univ Georgia ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; DETECTION PROBABILITIES; SPECIES RICHNESS; CAPTURE; RECAPTURE; RATES; COLONIZATION; DIRECTIONS; EXTINCTION; INFERENCE AB This paper reviews the constraints to sampling wildlife populations at FIA points. Wildlife sampling programs must have well-defined goals and provide information adequate to meet those goals. Investigators should choose a State variable based on information needs and the spatial sampling scale. We discuss estimation-based methods for three State variables: species richness, abundance, and patch occupancy. All methods incorporate two essential sources of variation: detectability estimation and spatial variation. FIA sampling imposes specific space and time criteria that may need to be adjusted to meet local wildlife objectives. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, USGS, Cooperat Fish & Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Bailey, LL (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, USGS, Cooperat Fish & Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Bailey, Larissa/A-2565-2009 NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV, N CENT RES STN PI ST PAUL PA 1992 FOLWELL AVENUE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA SN 0363-616X J9 US FOR SERV T R NC PY 2005 VL 252 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Forestry; Remote Sensing SC Forestry; Remote Sensing GA BCE67 UT WOS:000228891600001 ER PT S AU Edwards, TC Moisen, GG Frescino, TS Schultz, RJ AF Edwards, TC Moisen, GG Frescino, TS Schultz, RJ BE McRoberts, RE Reams, GA VanDeusen, PC McWilliams, WH Cieszewski, CJ TI The application of FIA-based data to wildlife habitat modeling: A comparative study SO Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTH CENTRAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium/Meeting of the Southern-Forest-Mensurationists CY NOV 19-21, 2002 CL New Orleans, LA SP USDA Forest Serv, Forest Inventory & Anal Program, Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement, So Forest Mensurationists, Univ Georgia ID CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; HIERARCHICAL ANALYSIS; SPATIAL SCALE; PATTERNS; FOREST AB We evaluated the capability of two types of models, one based on spatially explicit variables derived from FIA data and one using so-called traditional habitat evaluation methods, for predicting the presence of cavity-nesting bird habitat in Fishlake National Forest, Utah. Both models performed equally well, in measures of predictive accuracy, with the FIA-based model having estimates of model sensitivity. The primary advantage of using the FIA data is the ability to convert the modeled relationships to spatially explicit depictions of bird habitat. C1 Utah State Univ, Utah Cooperat Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Edwards, TC (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Utah Cooperat Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV, N CENT RES STN PI ST PAUL PA 1992 FOLWELL AVENUE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA SN 0363-616X J9 US FOR SERV T R NC PY 2005 VL 252 BP 7 EP 10 PG 4 WC Forestry; Remote Sensing SC Forestry; Remote Sensing GA BCE67 UT WOS:000228891600002 ER PT S AU Martini, M Lightsom, FL Sherwood, CR Xu, JP Lacy, JR Ramsey, A Horwitz, R AF Martini, M Lightsom, FL Sherwood, CR Xu, JP Lacy, JR Ramsey, A Horwitz, R GP IEEE TI Hydratools, a MATLAB (R) based data processing package for Sontek Hydra data SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE/OES EIGHTH WORKING CONFERENCE ON CURRENT MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE Working Conference on Current Measurement Technology LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Working Conference on Current Measurement Technology CY JUN 28-29, 2005 CL Stoughton, WI SP IEEE, OES AB The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed a set of MATLAB tools to process and convert data collected by Sontek Hydra instruments to netCDF, which is a format used by the USGS to process and archive oceanographic time-series data. The USGS makes high-resolution current measurements within 1.5 meters of the bottom. These data are used in combination with other instrument data from sediment transport studies to develop sediment transport models. Instrument manufacturers provide software which outputs unique binary data formats. Multiple data formats are cumbersome. The USGS solution is to translate data streams into a common data format: netCDF. The Hydratools toolbox is written to create netCDF format files following EPIC conventions, complete with embedded metadata. Data are accepted from both the ADV and the PCADP. The toolbox will detect and remove bad data, substitute other sources of heading and tilt measurements if necessary, apply ambiguity corrections, calculate statistics, return information about data quality, and organize metadata. Standardized processing and archiving makes these data more easily and routinely accessible locally and over the internet. In addition, documentation of the techniques used in the toolbox provides a baseline reference for others utilizing the data. C1 USGS Woods Hole Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Martini, M (reprint author), USGS Woods Hole Sci Ctr, Qussiet Campus, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1085-7990 BN 0-7803-8989-1 J9 WORK C CURR MEASUREM PY 2005 BP 147 EP 151 DI 10.1109/CCM.2005.1506360 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Acoustics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BCS53 UT WOS:000231050900031 ER PT J AU Speckman, SG Piatt, JF Minte-Vera, CV Parrish, JK AF Speckman, SG Piatt, JF Minte-Vera, CV Parrish, JK TI Parallel structure among environmental gradients and three trophic levels in a subarctic estuary SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE community structure; trophic relationships; gradients; physical forcing; forage fish; zooplankton; Alaska; Cook Inlet ID DETRENDED CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; MAXIMUM TURBIDITY ZONE; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; LOWER COOK INLET; NORTH PACIFIC; PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION; FORAGE FISHES; OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; CLIMATE FLUCTUATIONS AB We assessed. spatial and temporal variability in the physical environment of a subarctic estuary, and examined concurrent patterns of chlorophyll a abundance (fluorescence), and zooplankton and forage fish community structure. Surveys were conducted in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, during late July and early August from 1997 through 1999. Principle components analysis (PCA) revealed that spatial heterogeneity in the physical oceanographic environment of lower Cook Inlet could be modeled as three marine-estuarine gradients characterized by temperature, salinity, bottom depth, and turbidity. The gradients persisted from 1997 through 1999, and PCA explained 68% to 92% of the variance in physical oceanography for each gradient year combination. Correlations between chlorophyll a abundance and distribution and the PCA axes were weak. Chlorophyll was reduced by turbidity, and low levels occurred in areas with high levels of suspended sediments. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to order the sample sites based on species composition and to order the zooplankton and forage fish taxa based on similarities among sample sites for each gradient-year. Correlations between the structure of the physical environment (PCA axis 1) and zooplankton community structure (DCA axis 1) were strong (r = 0.43-0.86) in all years for the three marine-estuarine gradients, suggesting that zooplankton community composition was structured by the physical environment. The physical environment (PCA) and forage fish community structure (DCA) were weakly correlated in all years along Gradient 2, defined by halocline intensity and surface temperature and salinity, even though these physical variables were more important for defining zooplankton habitats. However, the physical environment (PCA) and forage fish community structure (DCA) were strongly correlated along the primary marine-estuarine gradient (#1) in 1997 (r = 0.87) and 1998 (r = 0.82). The correlation was poor (r = 0.32) in 1999, when fish community structure changed markedly in lower Cook Inlet. Capelin (Mallotus villosus), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) were caught farther north than in previous years. Waters were significantly colder and more saline in 1999, a La Nina year, than in other years of the study. Interannual fluctuations in environmental conditions in lower Cook Inlet did not have substantial effects on zooplankton community structure, although abundance of individual taxa varied significantly. The abundance and distribution of chlorophyll a, zooplankton and forage fish were affected much more by spatial variability in physical oceanography than by interannual variability. Our examination of physical-biological linkages in lower Cook Inlet supports the concept of "bottom-up control," i.e., that variability in the physical environment structures higher trophic-level communities by influencing their distribution and abundance across space. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM Speckman@u.washington.edu RI Minte-Vera, Carolina/D-6326-2013; Minte-Vera, Carolina/A-5461-2017 OI Minte-Vera, Carolina/0000-0002-0537-1519 NR 110 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 66 IS 1 BP 25 EP 65 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2005.04.001 PG 41 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 941XU UT WOS:000230248300002 ER PT J AU White, WB Cayan, DR Niiler, PP Moisan, J Lagerloef, G Bonjean, F Legler, D AF White, WB Cayan, DR Niiler, PP Moisan, J Lagerloef, G Bonjean, F Legler, D TI The seasonal cycle of diabatic heat storage in the Pacific Ocean SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE seasonal cycle; Pacific Ocean; heat storage budget ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH PACIFIC; EL-NINO; BOUNDARY-LAYER; BARRIER LAYER; GLOBAL OCEAN; WIND STRESS; FLUXES; VARIABILITY; COEFFICIENTS AB This study quantifies uncertainties in closing the seasonal cycle of diabatic heat storage (DHS) over the Pacific Ocean from 20 degrees S to 60 degrees N through the synthesis of World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) reanalysis products from 1993 to 1999. These products are DHS from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO); near-surface geostrophic and Ekman currents from Earth and Space Research (ESR); and air-sea heat fluxes from Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and European Center for Mid-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). With these products, we compute residual heat budget components by differencing long-term monthly means from the long-term annual mean. This allows the seasonal cycle of the DHS tendency to be modeled. Everywhere latent heat flux residuals dominate sensible heat flux residuals, shortwave heat flux residuals dominate longwave heat flux residuals, and residual Ekman heat advection dominates residual geostrophic heat advection, with residual dissipation significant only in the Kuroshio-Oyashio current extension. The root-mean-square (RMS) of the differences between observed and model residual DHS tendencies (averaged over 10 degrees latitude-by-20 degrees longitude boxes) is < 20 W m(-2) in the interior ocean and < 100 W m(-2) in the Kuroshio-Oyashio current extension. This reveals that the residual DHS tendency is driven everywhere by some mix of residual latent heat flux, shortwave heat flux, and Ekman heat advection. Suppressing bias errors in residual air-sea turbulent heat fluxes and Ekman heat advection through minimization of the RMS differences reduces the latter to < 10 W m(-2) over the interior ocean and < 25 W m(-2) in the Kuroshio-Oyashio current extension. This reveals air-sea temperature and specific humidity differences from in situ surface marine weather observations to be a principal source of bias error, overestimated over most of ocean but underestimated near the Intertropical Convergence Zone. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Earth & Space Res, Seattle, WA 98102 USA. US CLIVAR Off, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP White, WB (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM wbwhite@ucsd.edu RI Moisan, John/B-8762-2016 OI Moisan, John/0000-0002-8078-8939 NR 61 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 64 IS 1 BP 1 EP 29 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2004.06.012 PG 29 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 918JA UT WOS:000228536900001 ER PT J AU Benson, L Madole, R Landis, G Gosse, J AF Benson, L Madole, R Landis, G Gosse, J TI New data for Late Pleistocene Pinedale alpine glaciation from southwestern Colorado SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID COSMOGENIC CL-36 PRODUCTION; PRODUCTION-RATES; NUCLIDES; DEGLACIATION; MORAINES; GLACIERS; RANGE; USA; REEVALUATION; MOUNTAINS AB New cosmogenic surface-exposure ages of moraine-crest boulders from southwestern Colorado are compared with published surface-exposure ages of boulders from moraine complexes in north-central Colorado and in west-central (Fremont Lake basin) Wyoming. Be-10 data sets from the three areas were scaled to a single Be-10 production rate of 5.4 at/g/yr at sea level and high latitude (SLHL), which represents the average 1 Be production rate for two high-altitude, mid-latitude sites in the western United States (US) and Austria. Multiple nuclide ages on single boulders indicate that this 1 Be production rate yields ages comparable to those calculated with a commonly used (36)C1 production scheme. The average age and age range of moraine-crest boulders on terminal moraines at the southwestern Colorado and Wyoming sites are similar, indicating a retreat from their positions similar to16.8 Cl-36 ka (Cosmogenic ages in this paper are labeled Be-10 or Cl-36 ka or just ka when both Be-10 or Cl-36 ages are being discussed; radiocarbon ages are labeled C-14 ka, calibrated radiocarbon are labeled cal ka, and calendar ages are labeled calendar ka. Errors ( 1 (7) associated with ages are shown in tables. Radiocarbon ages were calibrated using the data of Hughen et al. (Science 303 (2004) 202). This suggests a near-synchronous retreat of Pinedale glaciers across a 470-km latitudinal range in the Middle and Southern Rocky Mountains. Hypothetical corrections for snow shielding and rock-surface erosion shifts the time of retreat to between 17.2 and 17.5 Be-10 ka at Pinedale, Wyoming, and between 16.3 and 17.3 Cl-36 ka at Hogback Mountain, Colorado. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. RP Benson, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM lbenson@usgs.gov RI Gosse, John/B-4934-2012 NR 37 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 24 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 65 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.07.018 PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 880BG UT WOS:000225762700004 ER PT J AU Panek, FM AF Panek, FM TI Epizootics and disease of coral reef fish in the Tropical Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico SO REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE reef fish; fish health; epizootics; disease; pathogens; parasites; cleaner fishes ID DAMSELFISH POMACENTRUS-PARTITUS; BICOLOR DAMSELFISH; CARIBBEAN REEF; MARINE FISHES; APHANOMYCES-INVADANS; LABROIDES-DIMIDIATUS; ECTOPARASITE LOADS; CLEANING SYMBIOSIS; ESTUARINE FISHES; UNITED-STATES AB A review of the published literature oil coral fish epizootics and disease suggest that a variety of bacterial. viral. and fungal pathogens and several host-ectoparasite relationships an affect coral reef fishes and populations. Biotoxic organisms (e.g., Caulerpa), toxic dinoflagellates (e.g., Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum), and bacterial infection by Streptococcus iniae have been most commonly cited as the etiologic agents associated with coral reef fish epizootics in the Tropical Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Reports of tumors and related lesions in coral reef fishes are relatively uncommon. A chronic iridoviral disease known as lymphocystis affects angelfish, wrasses, grunts, and many other species that inhabit coral reefs and certain rhabdoviruses are also known to cause mortality in angelfish. Other coral reef fishes, such as snappers and damselfishes seem most susceptible to neurofibrosarcomas and neltrofibromas. A variety of protozoan and metazoan ectoparasites are commonly found oil coral reef fishes. In most cases, these parasites are found in low numbers and under normal conditions cause few or minor pathogenic effects. However, recent research suggests a need to reconsider the role of parasitism in the mortality of coral reef fishes, There is growing evidence that the ecological relationships between reef fishes, ectoparasites, and cleaner fishes are important to overall functioning, survival. and the social structures of fishes oil coral reefs. However, until such a time as the spatial variations ill abundance and species distribution, rarity temporal variations in reef fish populations, and meachanisms of disease transmission are understood, it will be difficult to assess the potential effects of disease oil reef fish populations. C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Kearneysville, WV USA. RP Panek, FM (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Kearneysville, WV USA. NR 85 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 17 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-1262 J9 REV FISH SCI JI Rev. Fish. Sci. PY 2005 VL 13 IS 1 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1080/10641260590885852 PG 21 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 912NT UT WOS:000228086500001 ER PT J AU Wheeler, AP Angermeier, PL Rosenberger, AE AF Wheeler, AP Angermeier, PL Rosenberger, AE TI Impacts of new highways and subsequent landscape urbanization on stream habitat and biota SO REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE road; urbanization; motorway; macroinvertebrate; fish; urban ID FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; THREATENED LEOPARD DARTER; EROSION CONTROL PRODUCTS; RIVER CHANNEL CHANGE; LAND-USE CHANGE; URBAN RUNOFF; FISH COMMUNITIES; CUMULATIVE IMPACTS; STORMWATER RUNOFF; ROAD CONSTRUCTION AB New highways are pervasive, pernicious threats to stream ecosystems because of their short- and long-term physical, chemical, and biological impacts. Unfortunately, standard environmental impact statements (EISs) and environmental assessments (EAs)focus narrowly on the initial direct impacts of construction and ignore other long-term indirect impacts. More thorough consideration of highway impacts, and, ultimately, better land use decisions may be facilitated by conceptualizing highway development in three stages: initial highway construction, highway presence, and eventual landscape urbanization. Highway construction is characterized by localized physical disturbances, which generally subside through time. In contrast, highway presence and landscape urbanization are characterized by physical and chemical impacts that are temporally persistent. Although the impacts of highway presence and landscape urbanization are of similar natures, the impacts are of a greater magnitude and more widespread in the urbanization phase. Our review reveals that the landscape urbanization stage is clearly the greatest threat to stream habitat and biota, as stream ecosystems are sensitive to even low levels (< 10%) of watershed urban development. Although highway construction is ongoing, pervasive, and has severe biological consequences, we found few published investigations of its impacts on Streams. Researchers know little about the occurrence, loading rates, and biotic responses to specific contaminants in highway runoff. Also needed is a detailed understanding of how highway crossings, especially culverts, affect fish populations via constraints on movement and how highway networks alter natural regimes (e.g., streamflow, temperature). Urbanization research topics that may yield especially useful results include a) the relative importance and biological effects of specific components of urban development-e.g., commercial or residential, b) the scenarios under which impacts are reversible; and c) the efficacy of mitigation measures-e.g., stormwater retention or treatment and forested buffers. C1 N Carolina Wildlife Resources Commiss, Waynesville, NC 28786 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Civil Engn, Boise, ID USA. RP Wheeler, AP (reprint author), N Carolina Wildlife Resources Commiss, 20830 Great Smoky Mt Expressway, Waynesville, NC 28786 USA. EM powell.wheeler@ncwildlife.org NR 193 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 7 U2 66 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-1262 J9 REV FISH SCI JI Rev. Fish. Sci. PY 2005 VL 13 IS 3 BP 141 EP 164 DI 10.1080/10641260590964449 PG 24 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 956YY UT WOS:000231337400001 ER PT J AU Bartholomew, JL Kerans, BL Hedrick, RP Macdiarmid, SC Winton, JR AF Bartholomew, JL Kerans, BL Hedrick, RP Macdiarmid, SC Winton, JR TI A risk assessment based approach for the management of whirling disease SO REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Myxobolus cerebralis; risk assessment; salmon; trout; parasite; disease management ID MYXOBOLUS-CEREBRALIS INFECTION; SUSTAINED PARASITE CHALLENGES; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; TUBIFEX-TUBIFEX; RAINBOW-TROUT; MYXOSOMA-CEREBRALIS; RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY; WATER TEMPERATURE; DESCHUTES RIVER; COLORADO RIVER AB This article began as an exercise during the 9th Annual Whirling Disease Symposium, "Whirling Disease: Managing the Risk" held in Seattle, Washington, in 2003. The exercise was designed to address the needs of fishery managers to more accurately assess the various factors associated with the risks of the introduction and the establishment of the myxosporean parasite, Myxobolus cerebralis, and the development of whirling disease in salmonids. Here we introduce concepts used in risk assessment, review aspects of whirling disease relevant to risk assessment, present a working model for a whirling disease risk assessment, and work through examples of how this model might be used to estimate risks and identify actions to reduce these risks. While this approach was designed to address factors controlling the introduction and establishment of M. cerebralis and the development of whirling disease in salmonids, the concepts are highly relevant to the management of other infectious diseases of aquatic animals. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Ctr Fish Dis Res, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Med & Epidemiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. New Zealand Food Safety Author, Programme Dev Grp, Wellington, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Bartholomew, JL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, 220 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM bartholj@science.oregonstate.edu NR 70 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-1262 J9 REV FISH SCI JI Rev. Fish. Sci. PY 2005 VL 13 IS 4 BP 205 EP 230 DI 10.1080/10641260500326842 PG 26 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 997QT UT WOS:000234262500001 ER PT S AU Finn, CA Sims, PK AF Finn, Carol A. Sims, Paul K. BE Karlstrom, KE Keller, GR TI Signs From the Precambrian: The Geologic Framework of Rocky Mountain Region Derived From Aeromagnetic Data SO ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION: AN EVOLVING LITHOSPHERE: TECTONICS, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND GEOPHYSICS SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT; MAGNETIC-ANOMALIES; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; WYOMING PROVINCE; POTENTIAL-FIELD; WESTERN CANADA; NEW-MEXICO; LAURENTIA AB Recently compiled aeromagnetic data greatly enhance our understanding of the Pre-cambrian basement from the Rocky Mountain region by providing a means to (1) extrapolate known geology exposed in generally widely separated uplifts into broad covered areas, and (2) delineate large-scale structural features that are not readily discernable solely from outcrop mapping. In the Wyoming Province, Archean granite and gneiss terranes generate semi-circular bands of magnetic highs and lows, respectively, primarily reflecting Late Archean magmatic and deformation events that modified the older craton. In contrast, the subdued magnetic signature of the Pale-oproterozoic crystalline basement of the Rocky Mountain region does not allow straightforward distinction of the Yavapai, Matzatzal and Mojave provinces. This is not the case for the Mesoproterozoic (similar to 1.4 Ga) iron-rich granites. Although variable in magnetic expression where exposed and drilled, most are associated with highs. Many of these plutons intruded shear zones and therefore produce long, linear magnetic highs, particularly conspicuous in Arizona. A spectacular, high-amplitude magnetic potential high defines broad region of thick (similar to> 10 km) magnetite-rich granite, perhaps underlain by coeval mafic crust. In the east, this high corresponds to the Western Granite-Rhyolite Province. Based on the continuity of the regional magnetic high, we extend the western limit of the province from its current position in New Mexico to southeastern California. This implies that the province lay at the edge of the North American margin at the time of the late Proterozoic break-up of Rodinia and may be present in one of the conjugate rifted pieces. C1 [Finn, Carol A.; Sims, Paul K.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Finn, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 106 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-419-1 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2005 VL 154 BP 39 EP 54 DI 10.1029/154GM04 D2 10.1029/GM154 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BOG08 UT WOS:000276527400004 ER PT S AU Lastowka, LA Sheehan, AF AF Lastowka, Lynda A. Sheehan, Anne F. BE Karlstrom, KE Keller, GR TI CDROM Interstation Pn Study Along the Rio Grande Rift SO ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION: AN EVOLVING LITHOSPHERE: TECTONICS, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND GEOPHYSICS SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID RAYLEIGH-WAVE DISPERSION; COLORADO PLATEAU; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; VELOCITY; UPLIFT AB Upper mantle velocities in the regions of the Rio Grande rift and the Southern Rockies were investigated using Pn waves from the broadband seismic data obtained from the Continental Dynamics - Rocky Mountain (CDROM) experiment. A velocity of 7.8 +/- 0.1 km/s on the eastern flank of the Rio Grande rift in New Mexico was measured from epicentral distance vs. travel time data for ten Pn measurements from a south-western New Mexico earthquake that was in-plane with the southern CDROM line. Thirty-two interstation Pn measurements were made using eight western United States earthquakes. Using these measurements another bulk velocity estimate was made by solving for the best-fit velocity for interstation distances and travel times; this method also shows that the upper mantle beneath the Rio Grande rift has a slow velocity of 7.8 +/- 0.1 km/s. This low velocity is consistent with the high heat flow in the Rio Grande rift area and the evidence of modern rifling. Individual measurements made in the north end of the southern Rocky Mountains are near the global average Pn value of 8.1 km/s. C1 [Sheehan, Anne F.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CIRES, Boulder, CO USA. RP Lastowka, LA (reprint author), USGS, POB 25046,DFC,MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80226 USA. EM llastowka@usgs.gov; afs@cires.colorado.edu RI Sheehan, Anne/B-3954-2014 NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-419-1 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2005 VL 154 BP 379 EP 384 DI 10.1029/154GM28 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BOG08 UT WOS:000276527400028 ER PT S AU Madej, MA AF Madej, Mary Ann BE Horowitz, AJ Walling, DE TI The role of organic matter in sediment budgets in forested terrain SO Sediment Budgets 2 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Sediment Budgets held at the 7th Scientific Assembly of the International-Association-of-Hydrological-Sciences CY APR 03-09, 2005 CL Foz do Iguaco, BRAZIL SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Continental Eros DE California; carbon; export; particulate organic matter; redwood; sediment flux; seston; turbidity AB The production and transport of suspended particulate matter usually are major components of a sediment budget, but the organic and inorganic fractions of this material are not commonly differentiated. In four forested streams in the northwestern United States, the organic content of suspended sediment samples ranged from 10 to 80 weight percent for individual flood events. For a given stream, as a percentage of suspended sediment, organic content was highest during base flows and the early rising and late falling limbs of hydrographs, but on an annual cumulative basis, most organic flux occurred during a few days of high flow. By weight, the inorganic component of suspended sediment dominated the annual sediment flux in three of the catchments, but organics represented more than half the suspended sediment load in an old growth redwood stream. Although commonly minor by weight, organic suspended sediment can have important effects on aquatic biological communities, turbidity measurements, and eutrophication in estuaries. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Madej, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 1655 Heindon Rd, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 978-1-901502-92-3 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2005 VL 292 BP 9 EP 15 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BGM66 UT WOS:000248512900002 ER PT S AU Milhous, RT AF Milhous, Robert T. BE Horowitz, AJ Walling, DE TI Climate change and changes in sediment transport capacity in the Colorado Plateau, USA SO Sediment Budgets 2 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Sediment Budgets held at the 7th Scientific Assembly of the International-Association-of-Hydrological-Sciences CY APR 03-09, 2005 CL Foz do Iguaco, BRAZIL SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Continental Eros DE climate change; Colorado plateau; USA; sediment transport AB Information is presented on changes in the sediment transport capacity of streams of the Colorado Plateau region of the United States. The changes in transport capacity may be due to changes in climate. Changes in the ability of three rivers in the Colorado Plateau to transport sediment were investigated (Paria River at Lees Ferry, Arizona; Sevier River at Hatch, Utah; and Little Colorado at Woodruff, Arizona) using an index to sediment transport potential (or capacity) of the rivers. The index is called a Sediment Transport Capacity Index (STCI). The parameters in the index are calibrated to measured sediment concentrations. Other investigators have postulated that there have been three climate regimes in the Colorado Plateau during the 20th century: 1905-1941, 1942-1977 and 1978-1998. Time series analyses of the STCI showed reasonably clearly that there was a change in the climate about 1941 and a high probability of a change about 1923-1929. The STCI time series for the Sevier River had the expected pattern because the STCI increased in the years following 1997 nearly to the pre-1942 values from lower 1942-1977 values. The Little Colorado River showed a similar pattern, but not nearly to the magnitude suggested by the change in precipitation. The STCI for the Paria River essentially did not change. Changes in sediment transport also are investigated in the lower San Juan River where alterations in the sediment balance of the river may be due to variations in the character of summer precipitation. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Milhous, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 978-1-901502-92-3 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2005 VL 292 BP 271 EP 278 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BGM66 UT WOS:000248512900033 ER PT J AU Lindh, AG AF Lindh, AG TI Success and failure at Parkfield SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lindh, AG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 76 IS 1 BP 3 EP 6 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 898KR UT WOS:000227076200001 ER PT J AU Langbein, J Borcherdt, R Dreger, D Fletcher, J Hardebeck, JL Hellweg, M Ji, C Johnston, M Murray, JR Nadeau, R Rymer, MJ Treiman, JA AF Langbein, J Borcherdt, R Dreger, D Fletcher, J Hardebeck, JL Hellweg, M Ji, C Johnston, M Murray, JR Nadeau, R Rymer, MJ Treiman, JA TI Preliminary report on the 28 September 2004, M 6.0 Parkfield, California earthquake SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; SLIP-RATE; GPS DATA; RUPTURE; AFTERSHOCKS; RECURRENCE; INVERSION; MODELS; STRAIN C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Calif Geol Survey, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Langbein, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM langbein@usgs.gov OI Hardebeck, Jeanne/0000-0002-6737-7780 NR 44 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 7 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 76 IS 1 BP 10 EP 26 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 898KR UT WOS:000227076200002 ER PT J AU Shakal, A Graizer, V Huang, M Borcherdt, R Haddadi, H Lin, KW Stephens, C Roffers, P AF Shakal, A Graizer, V Huang, M Borcherdt, R Haddadi, H Lin, KW Stephens, C Roffers, P TI Preliminary analysis of strong-motion recordings from the 28 Septemher 2004 Parkfield, California earthquake SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FAULT ZONE; SEISMIC-WAVES C1 Calif Geol Survey, Strong Mot Off, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Shakal, A (reprint author), Calif Geol Survey, Strong Mot Off, 800 K St MS 13-35, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. EM tshakal@consrv.ca.gov NR 20 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 76 IS 1 BP 27 EP 39 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 898KR UT WOS:000227076200003 ER PT J AU Hough, SE AF Hough, SE TI Remotely triggered earthquakes following why California is moderate mainshocks (or, why California is not falling into the ocean) SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; STATIC STRESS; RECTIFIED DIFFUSION; MOHO REFLECTIONS; SAN-FRANCISCO; HECTOR MINE; SEISMICITY; LANDERS; AFTERSHOCKS C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM hough@gps.caltech.edu NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 76 IS 1 BP 58 EP 66 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 898KR UT WOS:000227076200006 ER PT J AU Jones, RL Slack, WT Hartfield, PD AF Jones, RL Slack, WT Hartfield, PD TI The freshwater mussels (Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionidae) of Mississippi SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CORBICULA-FLUMINEA; UNITED-STATES; RIVER; CLAM AB Museum specimens and published literature records were examined to determine how many taxa of freshwater mussels of the family Unionidae occurred within the boundaries of the State of Mississippi. Eighty nine taxa (85 described species, two of which have two described subspecies within the state; two undescribed species) were found to be distributed over the 10 river drainages within the state. The greatest number of taxa was found in the Tombigbee River drainage (52), followed by the Yazoo River drainage (46), and the Pearl River and the Big Black River drainages (39). The Coastal Rivers drainage, those streams draining into the Gulf of Mexico between the Pearl River and Pascagoula rivers, had the fewest with only six documented species. Almost half of the freshwater mussel taxa in Mississippi are considered imperiled, and 10 species appear to have been extirpated from the state. C1 Museum Hist Nat, Mississippi Dept Wildlife Fisheries & Pk, Jackson, MS 39202 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Jackson Field Off, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. RP Jones, RL (reprint author), Museum Hist Nat, Mississippi Dept Wildlife Fisheries & Pk, 2148 Riverside Dr, Jackson, MS 39202 USA. EM bob.jones@mmns.state.ms.us NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PY 2005 VL 4 IS 1 BP 77 EP 92 DI 10.1656/1528-7092(2005)004[0077:TFMMBU]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 917UV UT WOS:000228495600007 ER PT J AU Meister, HS Wyanski, DM Loefer, JK Ross, SW Quattrini, AM Sulak, KJ AF Meister, HS Wyanski, DM Loefer, JK Ross, SW Quattrini, AM Sulak, KJ TI Further evidence for the invasion and establishment of Pterois volitans (Teleostei : Scorpaenidae) along the Atlantic coast of the United States SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID NORTH-CAROLINA; SOUTH-ATLANTIC; MARINE FISHES; DENDROCHIRUS; GROWTH; MEXICO; MILES; GULF AB We document the continued population expansion of red lionfish, Pterois volitans, the first documented successful introduction of an invasive marine fish species from the western Pacific to Atlantic coastal waters of the United States. Red lionfish are indigenous to the Indo-Pacific and have apparently established one or more breeding populations on reefs off the southeastern United States. Fifty-nine specimens, most presumably adult red lionfish, were documented or collected on live-bottom reefs off North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida, and on a manmade structure off Georgia. Observation/collection depths and bottom water temperatures for these fish ranged from 40-99 m and 13.8-24.4 degrees C, respectively. Eleven juvenile lionfish, believed to be expatriated from southeastern waters, were collected in estuaries along the coast of Long Island, NY, at depths of 0-5 m and water temperatures ranging from 13.8-16.5 degrees C. Twelve of the total 70 specimens collected or observed were positively identified as red lionfish. Based on histological assessment of gonad tissue, two reproductively-active males and one immature female were collected. The life history of red lionfish, especially their reproductive biology and food habits, should be investigated along the east coast of the US to determine the potential impacts of this species on ecosystems they have invaded. C1 S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Res Inst, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Aquat Resource Studies, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Meister, HS (reprint author), S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Res Inst, 217 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM meisters@dnr.sc.gov NR 30 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 20 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PY 2005 VL 4 IS 2 BP 193 EP 206 DI 10.1656/1528-7092(2005)004[0193:FEFTIA]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 947YU UT WOS:000230684000001 ER PT J AU O'Connell, MT O'Connell, AMU Williams, JD AF O'Connell, MT O'Connell, AMU Williams, JD TI Assessment of rarity of the blackmouth shiner Notropis melanostomus (Cyprinidae) based on museum and recent survey data SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID SPECIES GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS; BIODIVERSITY; COLLECTIONS; MODELS AB Accurate knowledge of an organism's distribution is necessary for conserving species with small or isolated populations. A perceived rarity may only reflect inadequate sampling effort and suggest the need for more research. We used a recently developed method to evaluate the distribution of a rare fish species, the blackmouth shiner Notropis melanostomus Bortone 1989 (Cyprinidae), which occurs in disjunct populations in Mississippi and Florida. Until 1995, N. melanostomus had been collected from only three localities in Mississippi, but in 1995, eight new localities were discovered. We analyzed museum records of fish collections from Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama to compare sampling effort before and after 1995. Results supported our predictions that 1) pre-1995 data would indicate inadequate sampling effort in Mississippi, 2) additional post-1995 sampling improved confidence in the currently known Mississippi distribution, and 3) there has not been enough sampling to accurately represent the actual distribution of N. melanostomus in Florida and across its entire known range. This last prediction was confirmed with the recent (2003) discovery of the first N. melanostomus in Alabama. C1 Univ New Orleans, Pontchartrain Inst Environm Sci, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL USA. RP O'Connell, MT (reprint author), Univ New Orleans, Pontchartrain Inst Environm Sci, 349 CERM Bldg,Res & Technol Pk, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. EM moconnel@uno.edu NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PY 2005 VL 4 IS 2 BP 247 EP 260 DI 10.1656/1528-7092(2005)004[0247:AOROTB]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 947YU UT WOS:000230684000005 ER PT J AU La Peyre, MKG Thom, CSB Winslow, C Caldwell, A Nyman, JA AF La Peyre, MKG Thom, CSB Winslow, C Caldwell, A Nyman, JA TI Comparison of seed bank size and composition in fringing, restored, and impounded marsh in southwest Louisiana SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID WETLAND PLANT-COMMUNITIES; PRAIRIE GLACIAL MARSHES; FRESH-WATER WETLAND; COASTAL-PLAIN FLORA; SYRINGODIUM-FILIFORME; AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; HALODULE-WRIGHTII; GERMINATION; ESTABLISHMENT AB In coastal Louisiana many restoration projects are approved based on assumed regeneration of submerged aquatic species (SAV) in shallow marsh interior ponds. In this study, we estimated seed bank size and composition of shallow water areas in oligohaline fringing and restored (terraced) marsh, and a freshwater managed (impounded) marsh, located in Sabine NWR, LA, using the sieving method. For the same marshes, we also provided an estimate of the readily germinable fraction of the seed bank using the germination method. Sieving results indicated that restored marsh edges had very low seed densities (5034 seeds/m(2)) compared to fringing marsh (331,185 seeds/m(2)), although species composition was similar. Managed freshwater marsh ponds had more diverse seed banks and mid-range seed densities (80,500 seeds/m(2)). Viability estimates of dominant species in the seed bank reduced seed density estimates at all sites by as much as 10 fold (fringing marsh: 36,185 seedS/m(2); restored marsh: 859 seeds/m(2); managed marsh 44,388 seeds/m(2)) suggesting that a correction factor should be applied to future seed density estimates in this region. Seedling emergence was significantly higher in the managed marsh under drawdown conditions (> 2500 seedlings/m(2)) as compared to flooded conditions (< 500 seedlings/ m(2); ANOVA, p = 0.0001). Seedling emergence in oligohaline marsh was significantly affected by salinity and management (fringing, restored) (ANOVA, p = 0.0186). Fringing marsh at 0 g/L had the highest seedling emergence (> 500 seedlings/ m(2)). At higher salinities, fringing and restored marsh had similar emergence (< 150 seedlings/m(2)). Results indicate that recruitment is likely to be more successful under drawdown conditions, and in low salinity conditions. However, both a lack of SAV emergence in the germination experiment and a lack of SAV seeds in the seed banks using the sieving method suggest that reliance on seed banks for the restoration of shallow water areas in southwest Louisiana may prove unsuccessful. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Agr Res Ctr, Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Sch Renewable Nat Resources,US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP La Peyre, MKG (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Agr Res Ctr, Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Sch Renewable Nat Resources,US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM mlapey@lsu.edu RI Nyman, John/D-3903-2009 NR 51 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PY 2005 VL 4 IS 2 BP 273 EP 286 DI 10.1656/1528-7092(2005)004[0273:COSBSA]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 947YU UT WOS:000230684000007 ER PT J AU Garmestani, AS Percival, HF AF Garmestani, AS Percival, HF TI Raccoon removal reduces sea turtle nest depredation in the ten thousand islands of Florida SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID PREDATION; AVERSION; EGGS AB Predation by raccoons, Procyon lotor marinus (L.), is the primary cause of sea turtle nest loss in the Ten Thousand Islands archipelago. Four islands within Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge were surveyed for sea turtle nesting activity from 1991-95. Raccoons depredated 76-100% of nests on Panther Key from 1991-94, until 14 raccoons were removed in 1995 resulting in 0% depredation and 2 more were removed in 1996 resulting in 0% depredation. Raccoon removal may be an effective management option for increasing sea turtle nest survival on barrier islands. C1 Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Program Policy Studies, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Florida, USGS, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Garmestani, AS (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Program Policy Studies, G27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM agarmes@clemson.edu NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 11 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PY 2005 VL 4 IS 3 BP 469 EP 472 DI 10.1656/1528-7092(2005)004[0469:RRRSTN]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 972OL UT WOS:000232463000008 ER PT S AU Gori, P Highland, L AF Gori, P Highland, L BE Kungolos, A Brebbia, CA Beriatos, E TI Partnership between land-use planners and scientists to reduce landslide hazards SO Sustainable Development and Planning II, Vols 1 and 2 SE WIT TRANSACTIONS ON ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Development and Planning CY SEP 12-14, 2005 CL Bologna, ITALY SP Wessex Inst Technol, WIT Transact Ecol & Environm DE landslides; landslide-hazards; debris-flow hazards; land-use planning; natural hazards AB Land-use planners have an important role in reducing losses from landslide hazards. For that reason, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the American Planning Association (APA) have developed a strategy to make information about landslide and debris-flow hazards available to local planners so that they can incorporate this information into the planning process. A guidebook for planners and active training and technical support are the centerpieces of this strategy. The guidebook offers planners and public officials numerous suggestions and cased studies of how landslide-hazard information can be and has been incorporated into the local planning and development process. Although the guidebook is designed for a U.S. audience, it can nevertheless serve as a resource for planners in other counties. The process that the USGS used to enlist a professional society such as the APA to develop the guidebook and communicate with and educate its members is a sound one that allows scientists and planning professions to work together to reduce future losses from landslides. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1746-448X BN 1-84564-051-9 J9 WIT TRANS ECOL ENVIR PY 2005 VL 84 BP 1071 EP 1077 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Urban Studies GA BDQ79 UT WOS:000234955700105 ER PT S AU Horowitz, AJ Elrick, KA Smith, JJ AF Horowitz, Arthur J. Elrick, Kent A. Smith, James J. BE Savic, DA Marino, MA Savenije, HG Bertoni, JC TI Design, implementation, and initial results from a water-quality monitoring network for Atlanta, Georgia, USA SO Sustainable Water Management Solutions for Large Cities SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Sustainable Water Management for Large Cities held at the 7th Scientific Assembly of the International-Association-of-Hyrological-Science CY APR 03-09, 2005 CL Foz do Iguaco, BRAZIL SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Water Resources Syst DE nutrients; stormwater; suspended sediment; trace elements; urban hydrology ID PHARMACEUTICALS; GEOCHEMISTRY; CONTAMINANTS; STREAMS; AREA AB In cooperation with the City of Atlanta, Georgia, the US Geological Survey has designed and implemented a water-quantity and quality monitoring network that measures a variety of biological and chemical constituents in water and suspended sediment. The network consists of 20 long-term monitoring sites and is intended to assess water-quality trends in response to planned infrastructural improvements. Initial results from the network indicate that nonpoint-source contributions may be more significant than point-source contributions for selected sediment associated trace elements and nutrients. There also are indications of short-term discontinuous point-source contributions of these same constituents during baseflow. C1 US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Horowitz, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, 339 Amwiler Rd, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 978-1-901502-97-8 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2005 VL 293 BP 245 EP 256 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BGO19 UT WOS:000248925400033 ER PT B AU Luoma, SN Stewart, AR Kidd, KA AF Luoma, SN Stewart, AR Kidd, KA BE Meyer, JS Adams, WJ Brix, KV Luoma, SN Mount, DR Stubblefield, WA Wood, CM TI Processes affecting trophic transfer and resultant effects of metals SO TOXICITY OF DIETBORNE METALS TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Pellston Workshop on Role of Dietary Exposure in the Evaluation of Risk of Metals to Aquatic Organisms CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 2002 CL Hot Springs, CANADA SP Eastman Kodak Co, Elect Power Res Inst, Environm Canada, Int Copper Assoc, Int Lead Zinc Res Org, Kennecott Utah Copper, Nat Resources Canada, Nickel Producers Environm Res Assoc, US Borax, US Environm Protect Agcy ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; MARINE BIVALVES; POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; FOOD-WEB; SUBCELLULAR COMPARTMENTALIZATION; ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; MACOMA-BALTHICA; STABLE-ISOTOPE; BIOACCUMULATION; ASSIMILATION C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Luoma, SN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-70-8 PY 2005 BP 247 EP 261 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA BDM07 UT WOS:000234236900010 ER PT J AU Meeuwig, MH Bayer, JM Seelye, JG AF Meeuwig, MH Bayer, JM Seelye, JG TI Effects of temperature on survival and development of early life stage pacific and western brook lampreys SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SEA LAMPREY; PETROMYZON-MARINUS; GREAT-LAKES; GROWTH AB We examined the effects of temperature (10, 14, 18, and 22degreesC) on survival and development of Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata and western brook lampreys L. richardsoni during embryological and early larval stages. The temperature for zero development was estimated for each species, and the response to temperature was measured as the proportion of individuals surviving to hatch, surviving to the larval stage, and exhibiting abnormalities at the larval stage (i.e., malformations of the body). The estimated temperature for zero development was 4.85degreesC for Pacific lampreys and 4.97degreesC for western brook lampreys. Survival was greatest at 18degreesC, followed by 14, 10, and 22degreesC, significant differences being observed between 22degreesC and the other temperatures. Overall survival was significantly greater for western brook lampreys than for Pacific lampreys; however, the overall difference in proportion of individuals surviving was only 0.02. Overall survival significantly decreased from the time of hatch (proportion surviving = 0.85) to the larval stage (0.82; i.e., during the free-embryo stage). The proportion of individuals exhibiting abnormalities at the larval stage was greatest at 22degreesC, followed by 18, 10, and 14degreesC, significant differences being observed between 22degreesC and the other temperatures. These data provide baseline information on the thermal requirements of early life stage Pacific and western brook lampreys and will aid in assessment and prediction of suitable spawning and rearing habitats for these species. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Meeuwig, MH (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, POB 173460, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM mmeeuwig@montana.edu NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 134 IS 1 BP 19 EP 27 DI 10.1577/FT03-206.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 899PG UT WOS:000227156200002 ER PT J AU McKenna, JE AF McKenna, JE TI Application of neural networks to prediction of fish diversity and salmonid production in the Lake Ontario basin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; STREAM; CRAYFISH; INDEX; COMMUNITY; MICHIGAN; ECOLOGY AB Diversity and fish productivity are important measures of the health and status of aquatic systems. Being able to predict the values of these indices as a function of environmental variables would be valuable to management. Diversity and productivity have been related to environmental conditions by multiple linear repression and discriminant analysis, but such methods have several shortcomings. In an effort to predict fish species diversity and estimate salmonid production for streams in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario, I constructed neural networks and trained them on a data set containing abiotic information and either fish diversity or juvenile salmonid abundance. Twenty percent of the original data were retained as a test data set and used in the training. The ability to extend these neural networks to conditions throughout the streams was tested with data not involved in the network training. The resulting neural networks were able to predict the number of salmonids with more than 84% accuracy and diversity with more than 73% accuracy, which was far superior to the performance of multiple regression. The networks also identified the environmental variables with the greatest predictive power, namely, those describing water movement, stream size, and water chemistry. Thirteen input variables were used to predict diversity and 17 to predict salmonid abundance. C1 US Geol Survey, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP McKenna, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 3075 Gracie Rd, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. EM jim_mckenna@usgs.gov NR 62 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 134 IS 1 BP 28 EP 43 DI 10.1577/FT04-044.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 899PG UT WOS:000227156200003 ER PT J AU Meador, MR AF Meador, MR TI Single-pass versus two-pass boat electrofishing for characterizing river fish assemblages: Species richness estimates and sampling distance SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; REMOVAL; POPULATION; ABUNDANCE; CATCHES AB Determining adequate sampling effort for characterizing fish assemblage structure in nonwadeable rivers remains a critical issue in river biomonitoring. Two-pass boat electrofishing data collected from 500-1,000-m-long river reaches as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program were analyzed to assess the efficacy of single-pass boat electrofishing. True fish species richness was estimated by use of a two-pass removal model and nonparametric jackknife estimation for 157 sampled reaches across the United States. Compared with estimates made with a relatively unbiased nonparametric estimator, estimates of true species richness based on the removal model may be biased, particularly when true species richness is greater than 10. Based on jackknife estimation, the mean percent of estimated true species richness collected in the first electrofishing pass (p(j.s1),) for all 157 reaches was 65.5%. The effectiveness of single-pass boat electrofishing may be greatest when the expected species richness is relatively low (> 10 species). The second pass produced additional species (1-13) in 89.2% of sampled reaches. Of these additional species, centrarchids were collected in 50.3% of reaches and cyprinids were collected in 45.9% of reaches. Examination of relations between channel width ratio (reach length divided by wetted channel width) and P-j.s1, values provided no clear recommendation for sampling distances based on channel width ratios. Increasing sampling effort through an extension of the sampled reach distance can increase the percent species richness obtained from single-pass boat electrofishing. When single-pass boat electrofishing is used to characterize fish assemblage structure, determination of the sampling distance should take into account such factors as species richness and patchiness, the presence of species with relatively low probabilities of detection, and human alterations to the channel. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Meador, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 413, Reston, VA USA. EM mrmeador@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 134 IS 1 BP 59 EP 67 DI 10.1577/FT03-094.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 899PG UT WOS:000227156200005 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AJ Brandt, TM AF Mitchell, AJ Brandt, TM TI Temperature tolerance of red-rim Melania Melanoides tuberculatus, an exotic aquatic snail established in the United States SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; HONG-KONG; THIARIDAE; MULLER AB The red-rim melania Melanoides tuberculattis (family Thiaridae), a tropical, nonindigenous aquatic snail, has become established and is spreading in the United States. Concerns associated with the spread of this snail include its potential to displace native snail populations and to transmit trematodes. Of particular concern is the gill trematode Centrocestus formosanus now found in U.S. commercial and wild fish stocks. The snail survives year-round in subtropical ponds and constant-temperature spring runs in Florida and Texas and in geothermal waters of several western and midwestern states. Knowledge of the temperature tolerances of the snail will increase the ability to predict its potential range in North American waters and to control its spread. Under constant temperature conditions in the laboratory, all red-rim melania (15-25 turn shell height [SH]) were killed by exposure to 5degreesC for 1 d, 9degreesC for 2 d, 11degreesC for 8 d, and 13degreesC for 12 d. At 17degreesC and 32.5degreesC, about 10% of the snails died within 27 d, indicating the outer limits of the temperature range for the snail. waters that attain temperatures less than 18degreesC or greater than 32degreesC will probably not support red-rim melania. All snails (10-20 mm SH) died within 10 h at 40degreesC and within 20 min at 45degreesC. At 50degreesC, all snails (:542 mm SH) succumbed within 2.5 min, and the smallest snails (1-4 mm SH) survived for less than 0.5 min. A 4-5-min exposure to 50degreesC or warmer water should kill all red-rim melania on dip nets and other fisheries equipment. C1 USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. RP Mitchell, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 1050, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. EM dmitchell@spa.ars.usda.gov NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 134 IS 1 BP 126 EP 131 DI 10.1577/FT03-178.1 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 899PG UT WOS:000227156200010 ER PT J AU Amadio, CJ Hubert, WA Johnson, K Oberlie, D Dufek, D AF Amadio, CJ Hubert, WA Johnson, K Oberlie, D Dufek, D TI Factors affecting the occurrence of saugers in small, high-elevation rivers near the western edge of the species' natural distribution SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MISSOURI RIVER; RESERVOIRS AB Factors affecting the occurrence of saugers Sander canadensis were studied throughout the Wind River basin, a high-elevation watershed ( > 1,440 m above mean sea level) on the western periphery of the species' natural distribution in central Wyoming. Adult saugers appeared to have a contiguous distribution over 170 km of streams among four rivers in the watershed. The upstream boundaries of sauger distribution were influenced by summer water temperatures and channel slopes in two rivers and by water diversion dams that created barriers to upstream movement in the other two rivers. Models that included summer water temperature, maximum water depth, habitat type (pool or run), dominant substrate, and alkalinity accounted for the variation in sauger occurrence across the watershed within the areas of sauger distribution. Water temperature was the most important basin-scale habitat feature associated with sauger occurrence, and maximum depth was the most important site-specific habitat feature. Saugers were found in a larger proportion of pools than runs in all segments of the watershed and occurred almost exclusively in pools in upstream segments of the watershed. Suitable summer water temperatures and deep, low-velocity habitat were available to support saugers over a large portion of the Wind River watershed. Future management of saugers in the Wind River watershed, as well as in other small river systems within the species' native range, should involve (1) preserving natural fluvial processes to maintain the summer water temperatures and physical habitat features needed by saugers and (2) assuring that barriers to movement do not reduce upstream boundaries of populations. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Fish Div, Lander, WY 82520 USA. RP Hubert, WA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM whubert@uwyo.edu NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 134 IS 1 BP 160 EP 171 DI 10.1577/FT03-225.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 899PG UT WOS:000227156200014 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Hook, TO Rutherford, ES Mason, DM Croley, TE Szalai, EB Bence, JR AF Madenjian, CP Hook, TO Rutherford, ES Mason, DM Croley, TE Szalai, EB Bence, JR TI Recruitment variability of alewives in Lake Michigan SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MAXIMUM REPRODUCTIVE RATE; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FOOD-WEB; ONTARIO; GROWTH; FISH; PREDATION; FISHERIES AB We used a long-term series of observations on alewife Alosa pseudoharengus abundance that was based on fall bottom-trawl catches to assess the importance of various abiotic and biotic factors on alewife recruitment in Lake Michigan during 1962-2002. We first fit a basic Ricker spawner-recruit model to the lakewide biomass estimates of age-3 recruits and the corresponding spawning stock size; we then fit models for all possible combinations of the following four external variables added to the basic model: an index of salmonine predation on an alewife year-class. an index for the spring-summer water temperatures experienced by alewives during their first year in the lake, an index of the severity of the first winter experienced by alewives in the lake, and an index of lake productivity during an alewife year-class's second year in the lake. Based on an information criterion, the best model for alewife recruitment included indices of salmonine predation and spring-summer water temperatures as external variables. Our analysis corroborated the contention that a decline in alewife abundance during the 1970s and early 1980s in Lake Michigan was driven by salmonine predation. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the extraordinarily warm water temperatures during the spring and summer of 1998 probably led to a moderately high recruitment of age-3 alewives in 2001, despite abundant salmonines. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM chuck_madenjian@usgs.gov RI Bence, James/E-5057-2017; OI Bence, James/0000-0002-2534-688X; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667; Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243 NR 47 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 134 IS 1 BP 218 EP 230 DI 10.1577/FT03-222.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 899PG UT WOS:000227156200019 ER PT J AU Waloszek, D Repetski, JE Maas, A AF Waloszek, D Repetski, JE Maas, A TI A new Late Cambrian pentastomid and a review of the relationships of this parasitic group SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH-EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE arthropoda stem lineage; parasitism; phylogeny ID REIGHARDIA-STERNAE PENTASTOMIDA; DIFFERENT ONTOGENIC STAGES; RAILLIETIELLA SP. PENTASTOMIDA; CROCODILE CROCODYLUS-POROSUS; DIESING 1864 PENTASTOMIDA; MALE GENITAL SYSTEM; LIFE-CYCLE; POROCEPHALUS-CROTALI; AFRICAN DWARF; STEM LINEAGE AB Pentastomida, tongue worms, are a taxon of about 130 species of parasites, living exclusively in the respiratory tracts of vertebrates. Three-dimensionally preserved Upper Cambrian larvae already demonstrate a high degree of adaptation to parasitism, striking morphological conservatism, and a high diversification by the Late Cambrian, thereby suggesting a likewise diversified host group. Not least due to their highly modified morphology, the systematic affinities of pentastomids remain controversial. The two major alternatives place the group as either close to branchiuran crustaceans or as stem-lineage derivatives of the Euarthropoda. To this set of Cambrian fossil representatives of the pentastomids we can add a new form from Lower Ordovician boundary beds from Sweden, most likely reworked from Upper Cambrian horizons. Based on this new species, named Aengapentastomum andresi gen. et sp. nov., and the available information about fossil and Recent pentastomids, we review the diverging ideas on the systematic position of this fully parasitic taxon. C1 Univ Ulm, Sect Biosyst Documentat, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Waloszek, D (reprint author), Univ Ulm, Sect Biosyst Documentat, Helmholtzstr 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. EM dieter.waloszek@uni-ulm.de; jrepetski@usgs.gov; andreas.maas@umi-ulm.de NR 116 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC EDINBURGH PI EDINBURGH PA 22-24 GEORGE ST, EDINBURGH EH2 2PQ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0263-5933 J9 T ROY SOC EDIN-EARTH JI Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.-Earth Sci. PY 2005 VL 96 BP 163 EP 176 DI 10.1017/S0263593300001280 PN 2 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 038AB UT WOS:000237188600004 ER PT J AU Phipps, RL AF Phipps, RL TI Some geometric constraints on ring-width trend SO TREE-RING RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ring-width; growth trend; simulation; BAI; Quercus alba; White oak AB Simulations of tree rings from trees of undisturbed forest sites are used to describe natural, long-term width trends. Ring-width trends of canopy-sized white oak are simulated from regressions of BAI (ring area) data of real trees. Examples are given of a tree from a typical re-growth forest in Illinois and of a more slowly growing tree from an old-growth forest in Kentucky. The long-term width trend was simulated as being toward constant ring width regardless of growth rate of the tree. Conditions by which either increasing or decreasing ring-width trends could be simulated from the same linear BAI trend are examined. I conclude that curvilinear width trends, either increasing or decreasing, represent width adjustments to changes in growth rate (BAI trend) after which the width trend stabilizes to a near-constant value. Interpretation of ring-width trends of trees from undisturbed stands may be useful in assessing stand disturbance history. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22101 USA. RP Phipps, RL (reprint author), 4204 Woodland Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM rlphipps348@AOL.com NR 1 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU TREE-RING SOCIETY PI TUCSON PA UNIV ARIZONA, TREE-RING LABORATORY, BLDG 58, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA SN 1536-1098 J9 TREE-RING RES JI Tree-Ring Res. PY 2005 VL 61 IS 2 BP 73 EP 76 DI 10.3959/1536-1098-61.2.73 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 004HX UT WOS:000234743700002 ER PT J AU Smith, TS Herrero, S DeBruyn, TD AF Smith, TS Herrero, S DeBruyn, TD TI Alaskan brown bars, humans, and habituation SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; bear-human interactions; bear viewing; Brooks Camp; brown bears; habituation; individual distance; Katmai National Park; McNeil River; overt reaction distance; personal space; Ursus arctos ID BEARS AB We present a new paradigm for understanding habituation and the role it plays in brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations and interactions with humans in Alaska. We assert that 3 forms of habituation occur in Alaska: bear-to-bear, bear-to-human, and human-to-bear. We present data that supports our theory that beardensity is an important factor influencing a bear's overt reaction distance (ORD); that as bear density increases, overt reaction distance decreases, as does the likelihood of bear-human interactions. We maintain that the effects of bear-to-bear habituation are largely responsible for not only shaping bear aggregations but also for creating the relatively safe environment for bear viewing experienced at areas where there are high densities of brown bears. By promoting a better understanding of the forces that shape bear social interactionswithin populations and with humans that mingle with them, we can better manage human activities and minimize bear-human conflict. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Calgary, Fac Env Design, Env Sci Program, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. US Natl Park Serv, Alaska Reg Off, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. RP Smith, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM tom_smith@usgs.gov; herrero@ucalgary.ca; terry_debruyn@nps.gov NR 37 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 21 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BEAR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT (IBA) PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0001:ABBHAH]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 927VG UT WOS:000229228000001 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ Herrero, S Merrill, T AF Mattson, DJ Herrero, S Merrill, T TI Are black bears a factor in the restoration of North American grizzly bear populations? SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE American black bear; biogeography; brown bear; Cabinet-Yaak; competition; grizzly bear; North America; North Cascade; restoration; Selkirk; Selway-Bitterroot; Ursus americanus; Ursus arctos ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; SOUTHEASTERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; FLATHEAD RIVER DRAINAGE; URSUS-ARCTOS; BROWN BEAR; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; FOOD-HABITS; BODY-SIZE; FASTING ENDURANCE; MONTANA AB We assess the potential for American black bears (Ursus americanus) to limit the growth of colonizing or severely reduced grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations. Managers are faced with the challenge of increasing the size of small (N < 75) grizzly bear populations in the North Cascade, Selkirk. Cabinet-Yaak, and Bitterroot recovery areas of the USA and Canada. These populations are mainly limited by human-caused mortality. However, other factors such as competition from black bears could impose additional constraints. Brown and grizzly bears and American black bears evolved separately until about 13,000 years ago and, as a probable consequence, they can have substantial diet overlap. Where meat and roots are available, grizzly bears consume more of these foods than doblack bears. Where fleshy fruits and succulent forbs are the primary high quality bear foods, as in the North Cascade. Selkirk and Cabinet-Yaak ecosystems,dietary overlap between grizzly and black bears can be almost complete. Largely because they are smaller, black bears can exist at roughly 10 times the density of grizzly bears, use ranges that are, on average, four-fifths smaller, and are more efficient than Grizzly bears at using low densities of small berries. We postulate that the primary impact of black bears on grizzly bears is through reduced reproduction and recruitment caused by exploitation competition,despite the documented ability of most grizzly bears to dominate most black bears during physical confrontations. Such an effect would be greatest in areaswhere both species rely on berries and forbs, when: grizzly bear populations have been extirpated, substantially reduced, or are absent but within dispersal distance, and where black bear populations are comparatively robust. On thisbasis we postulate that exploitation competition by resident black bears, together with mortality caused by Native Americans, slowed or even curbed the invasion of grizzly bears east across North America during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. We also postulate that grizzly bears are absent on some coastal islands within dispersal distance of robust grizzly bear populations because of competitive exclusion by black bears. C1 No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Calgary, Fac Environm Design, Env Sci Program, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. LTB Inst Landscape Ecol, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, POB 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM david_mattson@usgs.gov; herrero@ucalgary.ca; tray@ltb-ile.com NR 169 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 34 PU INT ASSOC BEAR RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT-IBA PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 1 BP 11 EP 30 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0011:ABBAFI]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 927VG UT WOS:000229228000002 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ Podruzny, SR Haroldson, MA AF Mattson, DJ Podruzny, SR Haroldson, MA TI Consumption of pondweed rhizomes by Yellowstone grizzly beers SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE excavation; foraging; grizzly bear; pondweed; Potamogeton; Ursus arctos; Yellowstone ID BEARS AB Pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) are common foods of waterfowl throughout the Northern Hemisphere. However, consumption of pondweeds by bears has been noted only once, in Russia. We documented consumption of pondweed rhizomes by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Yellowstone region. 1977-96, during investigations of telemetry locations obtained from 175 radiomarked bears. We documented pondweed excavations at 25 sites and detected pondweed rhizomes in 18 feces. We observed grizzly bears excavating and consuming pondweed on 2 occasions. All excavations occurred in wetlands that were inundated during and after snowmelt, but dry by late August or early September of most years. These wetlands were typified by the presence of inflated sedge (Carex vesicaria) and occurred almostexclusively on plateaus of Pliocene-Pleistocene detrital sediments or volcanic rhyolite flows. Bears excavated wetlands with pondweeds when they were free of standing water, most commonly during October and occasionally during springprior to the onset of terminal snowmelt. Most excavations were about 4.5 cm deep, 40 cubic decimeter (dm(3)) in total volume, and targeted the thickened pondweed rhizomes. Starch content of rhizomes collected near grizzly bear excavations averaged 28% (12% SD; n = 6). These results add to the documented diversity of grizzly bear food habits and, because pondweed is distributed circumboreally, also raise the possibility that consumption of pondweed by grizzly bears has been overlooked in other regions. C1 No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team,Forest Sci Lab, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, POB 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM david_mattson@usgs.gov; shannon_podruzny@usgs.gov; mark_haroldson@usgs.gov NR 25 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BEAR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT (IBA) PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 1 BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0041:COPRBY]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 927VG UT WOS:000229228000004 ER PT J AU Thompson, LM van Manen, FT King, TL AF Thompson, LM van Manen, FT King, TL TI Geostatistical analysis of allele presence patterns among American black bearsin eastern North Carolina SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE allele mapping; American black bear; anisotropy; geostatistics; highways; North Carolina; semivariogram; Ursus americanus ID MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS; GRIZZLY BEARS; DIVERSITY AB Highways are one of the leading causes of wildlife habitat fragmentation and may particularly affect wide-ranging species, such as American black bears (Ursus americauus). We initiated a research project in 2000 to determine potentialeffects of a 4-lane highway on black bear ecology in Washington County, NorthCarolina. The research design included a treatment area (highway construction) and a control area and a pre- and post-construction phase. We used data fromthe pre-construction phase to determine whether we could detect scale dependency or directionality among allele occurrence patterns using geostatistics. Detection of such patterns could provide a powerful tool to measure the effects of landscape fragmentation on gene flow. We sampled DNA from roots of black bear hair at 70 hair-sampling sites on each study area for 7 weeks during fall of 2000. We used microsatellite analysis based on 10 loci to determine unique multi-locus genotypes. We examined all all alleles sampled at >= 25 sites on each study area and mapped their presence or absence at each hair-sample site. We calculated semivariograms, which measure the strength of statistical correlation as a function of distance, and adjusted them for anisotropy to determine the maximum direction of spatial continuity. We then calculated the mean direction of spatial continuity for all examined alleles. The mean direction of allele frequency variation was 118.3 degrees (SE = 8.5) on the treatment area and172.3 degrees (SE = 6.0) on the control area. Rayleigh's tests showed that these directions differed from random distributions (P = 0.028 and P < 0.001, respectively), indicating consistent directional patterns for the alleles we examined in each area. Despite the small spatial scale of our study (approximately 11,000 ha for each study area), we observed distinct and consistent patternsof allele occurrence, suggesting different directions of gene flow between the study areas. These directions seemed to coincide with the primary orientation of the best habitat areas. Furthermore, the patterns we observed suggest directions of potential source populations beyond the 2 study areas. Indeed, nearby areas classified as core black bear habitat exist in the directions indicated by our analysis. Geostatistical analysis of allele occurrence patterns may provide a useful technique to identify potential barriers to gene flow among bear populations. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Field Branch, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Thompson, LM (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, 274 Ellington Plant Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM lthompson11@utk.edu; vanmanen@utk.edu; tim_king@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BEAR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT (IBA) PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 1 BP 59 EP 69 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0059:GAOAPP]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 927VG UT WOS:000229228000006 ER PT J AU Wilson, SM Madel, MJ Mattson, DJ Graham, JM Burchfiled, JA Belsky, JM AF Wilson, SM Madel, MJ Mattson, DJ Graham, JM Burchfiled, JA Belsky, JM TI Natural landscape features, human-related attractants, and conflict hotspots: a spatial analysis of human-grizzly bear conflicts SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE attractants; beehives; grizzly bear; livestock; management practices; Montana; private landowners; ranches; Ursus arctos ID BLACK BEARS; MOUNTAINS; MONTANA; ALBERTA AB There is a long history of conflict in the western United States between humans and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) involving agricultural attractants. However, little is known about the spatial dimensions of this conflict and the relative importance of different attractants. This study was undertaken to better understand the spatial and functional components of conflict between humans and grizzly bears on privately owned agricultural lands in Montana. Our investigations focused on spatial associations of rivers and creeks, livestock pastures,boneyards (livestock carcass dump sites), beehives, and grizzly bear habitat with. reported human-grizzly bear conflicts during 1986-2001. We based our analysis on a survey of 61 of 64 livestock producers in our study in the Rocky Mountain East Front, Montana. With the assistance of livestock and honey producers, we mapped the locations of cattle and sheep pastures, boneyards, and beehives. We used density surface mapping to identify seasonal clusters of conflicts that we term conflict hotspots. Hotspots accounted for 75% of all conflicts and encompassed approximately 8% of the study area. We also differentiated chronic (4 or more years of conflicts) from non-chronic hotspots (fewer than 4 years of conflict). The 10 chronic hotpots accounted for 58% of all conflicts. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, we found that conflict locations were most strongly associated with rivers and creeks followed by sheep lambing areas and fall sheep pastures. Conflicts also were associated with cattle calving areas, spring cow-calf pastures, summer and fall cattle pastures, and boneyards. The Monte Carlo simulations indicated associations between conflict locations and unprotected beehives at specific analysis scales. Protected (fenced) beehives were less likely to experience conflicts than unprotected beehives. Conflicts occurred at a greater rate in riparian and wetland vegetation than would be expected. The majority of conflicts occurred in a small portion of the study area, where concentrations of attractants existed that overlapped with bear habitat. These hotspots should be the target of management and conservation effortsthat focus on removing or protecting attractants using non-lethal techniques. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Choteau, MT 59422 USA. No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Wilson, SM (reprint author), 130 Pattee Creek Dr, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. EM swilson@bigsky.net; fwpbearm@3rivers.net; david_mattson@usgs.gov; jgraham@mso.umt.edu; jburch@forestry.umt.edu; belsky@forestry.umt.edu NR 38 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 5 U2 22 PU INT ASSOC BEAR RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT-IBA PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 1 BP 117 EP 129 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0117:NLFHAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 927VG UT WOS:000229228000012 ER PT J AU Haroldson, MA Gunther, KA Reinhart, DP Podruzny, SR Cegelski, C Waits, L Wymans, T Smith, J AF Haroldson, MA Gunther, KA Reinhart, DP Podruzny, SR Cegelski, C Waits, L Wymans, T Smith, J TI Changing numbers of spawning cutthroat trout in tributary streams of Yellowstone Lake and estimates of grizzly bears visiting streams from DNA SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE cutthroat trout; DNA; grizzly bear; lake trout; Oncorhynchus clarki; Salvelinus namaycush; spawning; Ursus arctos; Yellowstone ID URSUS-ARCTOS; POPULATION; ECOSYSTEM; MARK; CAPTURE; SIZE AB Spawning Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) provide a source of highly digestible energy for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that visit tributary streams to Yellowstone Lake during the spring and early summer. During 1985-87, research documented grizzly bears fishing on 61% of the 124 tributary streams to the lake. Using track measurements, it was estimated that a minimum of 44 grizzly bears fished those streams annually. During 1994, non-native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were discovered in Yellowstone Lake. Lake trout are efficient predators and have the potential to reduce the native cutthroat population and negatively impact terrestrial predators that use cutthroat trout as a food resource. In 1997, we began sampling a subset of streams (n = 25) from areas of Yellowstone Lake surveyed during the previous study to determine if changes in spawner numbers or bear use had occurred. Comparisons of peak numbers and duration suggested a considerable decline between study periods in streams in the West Thumb area of the lake. The apparent decline may be due to predation by lake trout. Indices of bear use also declined on West Thumb area streams. We used DNA from hair collected near spawning streams to estimate the minimum number of bears visiting the vicinity of spawning streams. Seventy-four individual bears were identified from 429 hair samples. The annual number of individuals detected ranged from 15 in 1997 to 33 in 2000. Seventy percent of genotypes identified were represented by more than 1 sample, but only 31% of bears were documented more than 1 year of the study. Sixty-two (84%) bears were only documented in 1 segment of the lake, whereas 12 (16%) were found in 2-3 lake segments. Twenty-seven bears were identified from hair collected at multiple streams. One bear was identified on 6 streams in 2 segments of the lake and during 3 years of the study. We used encounter histories derived from DNA and the Jolly-Seber procedure in Program MARK to produce annual estimates of grizzly bears visiting streams. Approximately 68 grizzly bears visited the vicinity of cutthroat trout spawning streams annually. Thus, approximately 14-21% of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) may have used this threatened food resource annually. Yellowstone National Park (YNP) is attempting to control the lake trout population in Yellowstone Lake; our results underscore the importance of that effort to grizzly bears. C1 Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team,Forestry Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Bear Management Off, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. Resource Management Operat, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Yellowstone Ctr Resources, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. RP Haroldson, MA (reprint author), Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team,Forestry Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM mark_haroldson@usgs.gov; kerry_gunther@nps.gov; dan_reinhart@nps.gov; shannon_podruzny@usgs.gov; cegelski@uidaho.edu; lwaits@uidaho.edu; travis_wyman@nps.gov NR 57 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 21 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BEAR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT (IBA) PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 2 BP 167 EP 180 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0167:CNOSCT]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 989NH UT WOS:000233680300003 ER PT J AU Collins, GH Kovach, SD Hinkes, MT AF Collins, GH Kovach, SD Hinkes, MT TI Home range and movements of female brown bears in southwestern Alaska SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE anadromous; denning; elevation; kernel; Oncorhynchus; radio telemetry; salmon; Ursus arctos ID SAMPLE-SIZE; MANAGEMENT; SALMON; BLACK AB Between 1993 and 2003, 40 adult female brown bears (Ursus arctos) were radiocollared and monitored in the southwest Kuskokwim Mountains of Alaska. The 95% kernel home range size for individuals with >= 50 relocations (n = 20) ranged from 93-623 km(2) (= 356 km(2)). Bears occupied lower elevations during July and August ((x) over bar = 454 m) when salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) were available and higher elevations in September ((x) over bar = 520 m), presumably to feed on berries, ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus). During the denning period, bears moved to higher average elevations ((x) over bar = 632 m), generally remaining through June ((x) over bar = 570 m). Radiomarked females entered the den in mid October and exited in mid May. There was fidelity to denning areas, with an average distance between consecutive dens of 4.5 km (SD = 3.1). Females with cubs were found at higher average elevations than females without young or with yearlings. Radiomarked females were found closer to anadromous streams from 16 July-15 August, coinciding with chinook (O.tschawytscha), chum (O.keta), and sockeye salmon (O.nerka) availability. Beginning in 1998, chinook and chum salmon escapement was low in the Kuskokwim drainage. There was an inverse relationship between measures of salmon availability and bear distances to anadromous streams. This indicates that although the study area was at the fringe of salmon range, salmon abundance influenced bear seasonal movements and distribution. With reduced salmon availability, this area may support a lower bear density, and brown bear population management should be considered in salmon escapement goals. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Togiak Natl Wildlife Refuge, Dillingham, AK 99576 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. RP Collins, GH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Tetlin Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 779, Tok, AK 99780 USA. EM Gail_Collins@fws.gov; Steve_Kovach@fws.gov; Michael_Hinkes@fws.gov NR 48 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC BEAR RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT-IBA PI KNOXVILLE PA C/O TERRY WHITE, UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT FORESTRY, WILDLIFE & FISHERIES, PO BOX 1071, KNOXVILLE, TN 37901-1071 USA SN 1537-6176 EI 1938-5439 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 2 BP 181 EP 189 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0181:HRAMOF]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 989NH UT WOS:000233680300004 ER PT J AU Peralvo, MF Cuesta, F van Manen, F AF Peralvo, MF Cuesta, F van Manen, F TI Delineating priority habitat areas for the conservation of Andean bears in northern Ecuador SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE Andean bear; Andes Mountains; conservation planning; Ecuador; geographical information system; GIS; habitat suitability; Mahalanobis distance; Tremarctos ornatus ID TREMARCTOS-ORNATUS; BIODIVERSITY; MANAGEMENT; TERRAIN; MODEL AB We sought to identify priority areas for the conservation of Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) habitat in the northern portion of the eastern Andean cordillera in Ecuador. The study area included paramo and montane forest habitats within the Antisana and Cayambe-Coca ecological reserves, and unprotected areas north of these reserves with elevations ranging from 1,800 to 4,300 m. We collected data on bear occurrence along 53 transects during 2000-01 in the Oyacachi River basin, an area of indigenous communities within the Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve. We used those data and a set of 7 environmental variables to predict suitability of Andean bear habitat using Mahalanobis distance, a multivariate measure of dissimilarity. The Mahalanobis distance values were classified into 5 classes of habitat suitability and generalized to a resolution of 1,650-m x 1,650-m grid cells. Clusters of grid cells with high suitability values were delineated from the generalized model and defined as important habitat areas (IHAs) for conservation. The IHAs were ranked using a weighted index that included factors of elevation range, influence from disturbed areas, and current conservation status. We identified 12 IHAs, which were mainly associated with paramo and cloud forest habitats; 2 of these areas have high conservation priorities because they are outside existing reserves and close to areas of human pressure. The distribution of the IHAs highlighted the role of human land use as the main source of fragmentation of Andean bear habitat in this region, emphasizing the importance of preserving habitat connectivity to allow the seasonal movements among habitat types that we documented for this species. Furthermore, the existence of areas with high habitat suitability close to areas of intense human use indicates the importance of bear-human conflict management as a critical Andean bear conservation strategy. We suggest that a promising conservation opportunity for this species is linked to its occurrence in highland habitats, which play a key role in the maintenance of long-term water supplies. C1 EcoCiencia, Quito, Ecuador. Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Field Branch, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Peralvo, MF (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Geog, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM peralvomf@mail.utexas.edu; F.CuestaCamacho@student.uva.nl; vanmanen@utk.edu NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 23 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BEAR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT (IBA) PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 2 BP 222 EP 233 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0222:DPHAFT]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 989NH UT WOS:000233680300008 ER PT J AU Clark, JD Dobey, S Masters, DV Scheick, BK Pelton, MR Sunquist, ME AF Clark, JD Dobey, S Masters, DV Scheick, BK Pelton, MR Sunquist, ME TI American black bears and bee yard depredation at Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE American black bear; apiary; bees; damage; electric fencing; Florida; Georgia; habitat; Okefenokee; Ursus americanus ID ELECTRIC FENCES; HABITAT USE; HOME-RANGE; FLORIDA; ERROR AB We studied American black bears (Ursus americanus), on the northwest periphery of Okefenokee Swamp in southeast Georgia, to assess landowner attitudes toward bears, estimate the extent of damage to commercial honey bee operations by bears, and evaluate methods to reduce bear depredations to apiaries. We collected 8,351 black bear radiolocations and identified 51 bee yards on our study area. Twenty-seven of 43 home ranges contained >= 1 bee yard, averaging 11.3 and 5.1 bee yards/home range of males (n = 7) and females (n = 20), respectively. From 1996 to 1998, we documented 7 instances of bears raiding bee yards within our study area and 6 instances in adjacent areas. All but 1 of the 13 raided yards were enclosed by electric fencing. In the 12 cases of damage to electrically fenced yards, however, the fences were not active because of depleted batteries. Based on compositional analysis, bear use of areas 800-1,400 m from bee yards was disproportionately greater than use 0-800 m from bee yards. Bears disproportionately used bay (red bay: Persea borbonia, loblolly bay: Gordonia lasianthus, and southern magnolia: Magnolia virginia), gum (water tupelo: Nyssa aquatic and black gum: N. sylvatica), and cypress (Taxodium spp.) and loblolly bay habitats, however, compared with slash pine (Pinus elliottii) or pine-oak (Quercus spp.), where bee yards usually were placed. The distribution of bear radiolocations likely reflected the use of those swamp and riparian areas, rather than avoidance of bee yards. Distances to streams from damaged bee yards ((x) over bar = 1,750 m) were less than from undamaged yards ((x) over bar = 4,442 m), and damaged bee yards were closer to unimproved roads ((x) over bar = 134 m) than were undamaged bee yards ((x) over bar = 802 m). Our analysis suggests that bee yard placement away from bear travel routes (such as streams and unimproved roads) can reduce bear depredation problems. Our results strongly indicate that working electric fences are effective deterrents to bear damage to bee yards, even in areas frequented by bears. A survey of beekeepers indicated that apiarists often relied on more expensive, less effective, and sometimes illegal methods to protect their bee yards from bears. Beekeepers within bear range should be urged to consider electric fencing, which can almost eliminate bear damage to their yards. C1 Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Field Branch, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Clark, JD (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Field Branch, 274 Ellington Plant Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM jclark1@utk.edu OI Scheick, Brian/0000-0001-9055-0329 NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 15 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BEAR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT (IBA) PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 2 BP 234 EP 244 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0234:ABBABY]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 989NH UT WOS:000233680300009 ER PT J AU Hersey, KR Edwards, AS Clark, JD AF Hersey, KR Edwards, AS Clark, JD TI Assessing American black bear habitat in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta of southwestern Alabama SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE Alabama; Florida black bear; habitat; Mobile-Tensaw Delta; reintroduction; Ursus americanus; White River ID DENNING ECOLOGY; ARKANSAS; RIVER; LOUISIANA; DENSITY AB American black bears (Ursus americanus) have been extirpated from all but a few areas in southwestern Alabama, and the remaining habitat is being rapidly lost to development. Remnant bear populations exist near extensive (> 125,000 ha) bottomland hardwood forests in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta (MTD), but those bottomland areas are rarely used by bears. Reintroduction of black bears to the MTD may improve viability of the remaining bear populations in southwestern Alabama. To evaluate the suitability of this area for bears, we compared habitat conditions at the MTD with similar alluvial habitats at White River National Wildlife Refuge (White River NWR), where bears are numerous. We measured overstory, midstory, and understory vegetation in the MTD and on the North and South management units at White River NWR. We used principal components analysis and principal variable selection to identify 9 variables associated with 5 principal components (hard mast, soft mast, cavity tree availability, large tree availability, and total basal area) that best explained variation among study areas. Differences among the study areas were associated with hard mast, soft mast, and cavity tree availability (P <= 0.001). Hard and soft mast production in the MTD was lower than at White River NWR, but we believe it was adequate. However, suitable den trees, which may be a critical habitat component given the duration and severity of winter flooding, appeared to be lacking in the MTD. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Field Branch, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Hersey, KR (reprint author), State Utah Dept Nat Resources, Div Wildlife Resources, 1594 W N Temple,Suite 2110, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. EM kenthersey@utah.gov NR 46 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 13 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BEAR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT (IBA) PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2005 VL 16 IS 2 BP 245 EP 254 DI 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0245:AABBHI]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 989NH UT WOS:000233680300010 ER PT B AU Ingersoll, CG Bay, SM Crane, JL Field, LJ Gries, TH Hyland, JL Long, ER Macdonald, DD O'Connor, TP AF Ingersoll, CG Bay, SM Crane, JL Field, LJ Gries, TH Hyland, JL Long, ER Macdonald, DD O'Connor, TP BE Wenning, RJ Batley, GE Ingersoll, CG Moore, DW TI Ability of SQGs to estimate effects of sediment-associated contaminants in laboratory toxicity tests or in benthic community assessments SO USE OF SEDIMENT: QUALITY GUIDELINES AND RELATED TOOLS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Pellston Workshop on Use of Sediment Quality Guidelines and Related Tools for the Assessment of Contaminated Sediments CY AUG 18-22, 2002 CL Fairmont, MT SP Soc Envirnom Toxicol & Chem, Amer Chem Council, Amer Petr Inst, Autorita Portuale Venezia, CSIRO-Australia, E I duPont Nemours & Co, ENVIRON Int Corp, Environm Canada, Int Lead Zinc Res Org, Kennecott Utah Copper Corp, MEC Analyt Syst, Natl Sci Fdn, Nations Port, Port Author New York, Port Author New Jersey, Rohm & Haas Co, San Diego Unified Port District, SO Calif Coastal Water & Resource Protect Agcy, USA Corps Engineers, US Geol Survey, USN ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBON MIXTURES; FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; QUALITY TRIAD APPROACH; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; TECHNICAL BASIS; GUIDELINES; AMPHIPOD; RIVER C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. RP Ingersoll, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. NR 71 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-71-6 PY 2005 BP 497 EP 556 PG 60 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BCU25 UT WOS:000231244100012 ER PT J AU Rah, H Chomel, BB Follmann, EH Kasten, RW Hew, CH Farver, TB Garner, GW Amstrup, SC AF Rah, H Chomel, BB Follmann, EH Kasten, RW Hew, CH Farver, TB Garner, GW Amstrup, SC TI Serosurvey of selected zoonotic agents in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article ID BRUCELLA SPECIES INFECTION; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; SEROLOGIC SURVEY; MARINE MAMMALS; BLACK-BEARS; GRIZZLY-BEARS; PHOCA-VITULINA; UNITED-STATES; RINGED SEALS; ANTIBODIES AB Between 1982 and 1999 blood samples were collected from 500 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) captured in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella species, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichinella species infections. The bears were classified into four age groups, cubs, yearlings, subadults and adults. Brucella and Toxoplasma antibodies were detected by agglutination (a buffered acidified card antigen and rapid automated presumptive test for brucellosis and a commercial latex agglutination test for toxoplasmosis); an ELISA was used to detect Trichinella antibodies. The overall seroprevalence of Brucella species was 5 per cent, and subadults and yearlings were 2.62 times (95 per cent confidence interval 1.02 to 6.82) more likely to be seropositive for Brucella species than adults and their cubs. The antibody prevalence for Toxoplasma gondii was 6 per cent, and for Trichinella species 55.6 per cent. The prevalence of antibodies to Trichinella species increased with age (P<0.001). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. USGS Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Rah, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 65 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 21 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON W1M 0AT, ENGLAND SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 156 IS 1 BP 7 EP 13 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 886WU UT WOS:000226264500009 PM 15658561 ER PT S AU Lemeshewsky, GP AF Lemeshewsky, GP BE Rahman, ZU Schowengerdt, RA Reichenbach, SE TI Sharpening Advanced Land Imager multispectral data using a sensor model SO Visual Information Processing XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Visual Information Processing XIV CY MAR 29-30, 2005 CL Orlando, FL DE Advanced Land Imager; sharpening; sensor model; PSF AB The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) instrument on NASA's Earth Observing One (EO-1) satellite provides for nine spectral bands at 30m ground sample distance (GSD) and a 10m GSD panchromatic band. This report describes an image sharpening technique where the higher spatial resolution information of the panchromatic band is used to increase the spatial resolution of ALI multispectral (MS) data. To preserve the spectral characteristics, this technique combines reported deconvolution deblurring methods for the MS data with highpass filter-based fusion methods for the Pan data. The deblurring process uses the point spread function (PSF) model of the ALI sensor. Information includes calculation of the PSF from pre-launch calibration data. Performance was evaluated using simulated ALI MS data generated by degrading the spatial resolution of high resolution IKONOS satellite MS data. A quantitative measure of performance was the error between sharpened MS data and high resolution reference. This report also compares performance with that of a reported method that includes PSF information. Preliminary results indicate improved sharpening with the method reported here. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Lemeshewsky, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5802-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5817 BP 336 EP 346 DI 10.1117/12.604517 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Physics GA BCU84 UT WOS:000231343200035 ER PT J AU Madden, EM Restani, M AF Madden, EM Restani, M TI History and breeding ecology of the American White Pelican at Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Montana SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Meeting of the Pacific-Seabird-Group CY FEB 20-23, 2002 CL Santa Barbara, CA SP Pacific Seabird Grp DE American White Pelican; Medicine Lake; Montana; breeding colony; ecology; productivity; numbers; Pelecanus erythrorhynchos AB The American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) has been breeding at Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in northeastern Montana since 1939. We compiled information on the history and ecology of this breeding colony from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) reports and narratives filed at Medicine Lake NWR. Nesting by American White Pelicans first occurred in 1939, and the recent 10-yr average size (19932002) is about 4,000 breeding pairs. Since 1990, the mean number of young fledged pair(-1) was 0.51 +/- 0.07 (SE, N = 56). Low temperatures, hailstorms, predation, and botulism have killed > 50% of young pelicans in some years. American White Pelicans banded at Medicine Lake migrated south, mostly within the Central Flyway. They wintered predominately in Texas, Louisiana and Mexico. Protection of the Medicine Lake colony is important because the breeding colony is the largest in Montana and an important contributor to the eastern metapopulation. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Med Lake Natl Wildlife Refuge, Med Lake, MT 59247 USA. St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Toyono, Osaka 56301, Japan. RP Madden, EM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Med Lake Natl Wildlife Refuge, 223 N Shore Rd, Med Lake, MT 59247 USA. EM elizabeth_madden@fws.gov; restani@stcloudstate.edu NR 6 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PY 2005 VL 28 SI 1 BP 23 EP 26 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[23:HABEOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 977MR UT WOS:000232808400005 ER PT J AU Sovada, MA King, DT Erickson, M Gray, C AF Sovada, MA King, DT Erickson, M Gray, C TI Historic and current status of the American White Pelican breeding at Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Meeting of the Pacific-Seabird-Group CY FEB 20-23, 2002 CL Santa Barbara, CA SP Pacific Seabird Grp DE American White Pelican; breeding colony; numbers; Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge; North Dakota; Pelecanus erythrorhynchos AB Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge currently supports the largest breeding colony of the American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in North America. The first written account of the colony's status was in 1905, when approximately 500 pelicans nested on two islands in Chase Lake. The colony grew to nearly 34,000 breeding birds by 2002. Surveys of breeding pelicans in the colony were sporadic from 1905 until 1972. Because the availability of foraging areas affects recruitment, pond counts from south-central North Dakota were used as an index of the relative availability of foraging areas. Pond counts varied widely in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1993, pond numbers increased dramatically, reached a peak in 1997, then declined but remained relatively high through 2002. Pelican numbers also increased in the mid- to late-1990s, possibly in response to increased and stable foraging opportunities. Because rising water in Chase Lake inundated the original nesting islands during that period, pelicans were forced to relocate nesting areas. Relocation provided more nesting space than the original islands, and nesting pelicans seemed to be gradually filling these areas. Threats to the Chase Lake breeding colony include disease, predation, and human disturbance. Research is needed to better understand the mechanisms that underlie the dynamics of AWPE metapopulations and their sub-units, including factors that influence nest-site selection, productivity, and survival of adults and young in large colonies. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Dept Agr, WS, APHIS,, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chase Lake Prairie Project, Woodworth, ND 58490 USA. RP Sovada, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM Marsha_Sovada@usgs.gov; tommy.king@aphis.usda.gov NR 31 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PY 2005 VL 28 SI 1 BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[27:HACSOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 977MR UT WOS:000232808400006 ER PT J AU Rocke, T Converse, K Meteyer, C McLean, B AF Rocke, T Converse, K Meteyer, C McLean, B TI The impact of disease in the American White Pelican in North America SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Meeting of the Pacific-Seabird-Group CY FEB 20-23, 2002 CL Santa Barbara, CA SP Pacific Seabird Grp DE American White Pelican; avian botulism; disease; Newcastle disease; West Nile Virus; Pelicanus erythrorhynchos ID DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; BRAIN CHOLINESTERASE; NEWCASTLE-DISEASE; WILD BIRDS; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS; PESTICIDES AB Records of reported die-offs of the American White Pelican (Pelicanus erythrorhynchos) held by the U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center from 1978 through 2003 indicate that type C botulism (caused by Clostridium botulinum) was the major cause of mortality. In 1996, over 15,000 birds, including 8,500 American White Pelicans, were estimated to have died from type C botulism at the Salton Sea in California. This was the largest documented die-off of any pelican species and was estimated to represent 15-20% of the western metapopulation. This event was also notable in that it was the first time that fish, specifically Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), were implicated as the source of type C botulinum toxin for birds. Type C botulism has recurred in both North American species of pelicans at the Salton Sea every year since, although the magnitude of mortality is much lower. West Nile virus caused mortality in both adult and immature American White Pelicans, but may have a more significant impact on nestlings. Emaciation and mortality is common in pelican nesting colonies. Further clarification of the cause of nestling mortality and the ability to differentiate background mortality from mortality due to infectious disease agents such as West Nile virus and Newcastle disease virus would be important in determining the impact of disease in pelicans. Although definitive conclusions cannot be drawn, the number of die-offs and the estimated losses of American White Pelicans appears to have increased along with declines in number in western U.S. C1 USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Rocke, T (reprint author), USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM tonie_rocke@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PY 2005 VL 28 SI 1 BP 87 EP 94 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[87:TIODIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 977MR UT WOS:000232808400013 ER PT J AU Wiemeyer, SN Miesner, JF Tuttle, PL Murphy, EC AF Wiemeyer, SN Miesner, JF Tuttle, PL Murphy, EC TI Organochlorine contaminants in the American White Pelican breeding at Pyramid Lake, Nevada SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Meeting of the Pacific-Seabird-Group CY FEB 20-23, 2002 CL Santa Barbara, CA SP Pacific Seabird Grp DE American White Pelican; Pelecanus erythrorhynchos; organochlorine pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls; reproduction; eggshell thickness; Nevada ID CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; EGGS; WASHINGTON; CALIFORNIA; RESIDUES; BIRDS; DDE AB Reproductive success of the American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) was monitored at a breeding colony on Anaho Island, Pyramid Lake, Nevada in 1996. Eggs were collected in 1988 and 1996 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Muscle from adults found dead or debilitated and euthanized, fishes from representative feeding areas and regurgitated fish samples from nestlings; were also analyzed for OCs and PCBs. Reproductive success at the breeding colony was normal in 1996 based on hatching rates of eggs (>= 79% in undisturbed areas) and survival of nestlings. Organochlorine pesticide and PCB concentrations in eggs were below known effect levels on reproduction. DDE concentrations in eggs from Anaho Island declined between 1988 and 1996. Eggshell thickness for the Anaho colony was significantly lower (6%) than the pre-OC norm, but the level of thinning was less than that associated with population declines. OCs and PCBs were seldom detected in fish. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Reno, NV 89502 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Wiemeyer, SN (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1340 Financial Blvd,Suite 234, Reno, NV 89502 USA. EM stanley_wiemeyer@fws.gov; john_miesner@fws.gov; pete_tuttle@fws.gov; ffecm@uaf.edu NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PY 2005 VL 28 SI 1 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[95:OCITAW]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 977MR UT WOS:000232808400014 ER PT J AU Quist, MC Hubert, WA Rahel, FJ AF Quist, MC Hubert, WA Rahel, FJ TI Fish assemblage structure following impoundment of a Great Plains River SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE impoundment; conservation; exotic species; Great Plains; Wyoming ID DAM REMOVAL; FRESH-WATER; PREDATION; SYSTEMS; STREAM; RESTORATION; RESERVOIRS; HABITAT; WORLD AB Understanding the upstream and downstream effect of impoundments on stream fish assemblages is important in managing fish populations and predicting the effects of future human activities on stream ecosystems. We used information collected over a 41-year period (1960-2001) to assess changes in fish assemblage structure resulting from impoundment of the Laramie River by Grayrocks Reservoir. Prior to impoundment (i.e., 1960-1979), fish assemblages were dominated by native catostomids and cyprinids. After impoundment several exotic species (e.g., smallmouth bass [Micropterus dolomieu], walleye [Sander vitreus; formerly Stizostedion vitreum], yellow perch [Perca flavescens], brown trout [Salmo trutta]) were sampled from reaches upstream and downstream of the reservoir. Suckermouth minnows (Phenacobius mirabilis) were apparently extirpated, and hornybead chubs (Nocomis biguttatus) and common shiners (Luxilus corrutus) became rare upstream of Grayrocks Reservoir. The lower Laramie River downstream from Grayrocks Reservoir near its mouth retains habitat characteristics similar to those prior to impoundment (e.g., shallow, braided channel morphology) and is the only downstream area where several sensitive species persist, including sucker-mouth minnows, hornyhead chubs, and bigmouth shiners (Notropis dorsalis). Grayrocks Reservoir serves as a source of exotic piscivores to both upstream and downstream reaches and has altered downstream habitat characteristics. These impacts have had a substantial influence on native fish assemblages. Our results suggest that upstream and downstream effects of impoundment on fish assemblage structure are similar and that downstream reaches which retain habitat characteristics similar to pre-impoundment conditions may serve as areas of refuge for native species. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Quist, MC (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 37 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 23 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JAN PY 2005 VL 65 IS 1 BP 53 EP 63 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 897EG UT WOS:000226986200006 ER PT J AU Dobey, S Masters, DV Scheick, BK Clark, JD Pelton, MR Sunquist, ME AF Dobey, S Masters, DV Scheick, BK Clark, JD Pelton, MR Sunquist, ME TI Ecology of Florida black bears in the Okefenokee-Osceola ecosystem SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE black bear; DNA; Florida black bear; habitat; microsatellites; Okefenokee; Osceola; population; Ursus amoicanus floridanus ID ESTIMATING ANIMAL ABUNDANCE; ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS; NORTH-CAROLINA; GRIZZLY BEARS; POLAR BEARS; BROWN BEARS; HOME-RANGE; SURVIVAL AB The population status of the Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) is problematic within many portions of its range and its potential listing as a federally threatened species has been the subject of legal debate. We studied Florida black bears in 2 areas in the Okenfenokee-Osceola ecosystem in southeast Georgia (i.e., Okenfenokee) and north Florida (i.e., Osceola) from 1995 and 1999 to evaluate relationships between population characterisitcs, habitat conditions, and human activites. Bears in Okenfenokee were hunted and those in Osceola were not. We captured 205 different black bears (124M:81F) 345 times from June 1995 to September 1998. We obtained 13,573 radiolocations from 87 (16M:71F) individual bears during the study. In Okenfenokee, black gum (Nyssa sylvatica) and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruits were the most important foods for bears based on scat analysis. In Osceola, corn from white-tailed deer (Odocileus virginianus) feeders was the most stable food source but saw palmetto was heavily used when available. Corn from deer feeders was not available in Okenfenokee. Adult bears in Osceola were 29% heavier than those in Okenfenokee (t(82) = 3.55, P < 0.001). The mean annual home-range size for Osceola females (x = 30.3 km(2) +/- 4.0 [SE], n = 53) varied little seasonally or annually and was almost half that of Okefenokee females (55.9 km(2) +/- 6.9, n = 69; Z = -2.27, P = 0.014). In constrast, radiocollared females in Okenfenokee expanded their home ranges during years of poor black gum production. That expansion was most apparent between autumn 1998 and 1999, when mean home-range size for Okenfenokee females increased from 14.5 km(2) to 78.4 km(2), respectively, and included a larger proportion of upland areas open to sport hunting. As a result, 5 females were harvested in the Okenfenokee study area during the 1999 bear hunting season compared with only 7 harvested from 1996 and 1998. Home ranges of adult female bears were located in areas with disproportionately high lobolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) and gum-bay-cypress (Taxodium spp.) vegetation associations in Okenfenokee and gum-bay-cypress associations in Osceola. The pine vegetation association ranked lower than most other assocations within the home ranges of bears in both study areas even though much of the summer and autumn diets of bears included food items found almost exclusively in pine. Sixteen mortalities of radiocollared bears were documented in Okenfenokee; hunting accounted for 11 (68.8%) of these deaths. The annual survival rate of radiocollared males in Okenfenokee was 0.71 (95% CI = 0.53-0.88) whereas survival of females in Okefenokee was higher (Z = 18.87, P < 0.001) at 0.89 (95% CI = 0.83-0.95). The survival rate for females in Osceola was 0.97 (95% CI = 0.92-1.00). Overall, 67 bears (51M:16F) were killed by hunters in the Okenfenokee study area from 1995 and 1999. Based on all radiocollared bears in Okenfenokee, many of which resided within areas closed to hunging, we estimated an annual harvest rate of 0.22 (95% CI = 0.03-0.37) for males and 0.07 (95% CI = 0.01-0.12) for females. When we exluded those bears that were not in areas open to hunting, however, the annual harvest rate rose to 0.37 (95% CI = 0.07-0.58) for males and 0.39 (95% CI = 0.09-0.58) for females. Following a black gum shortage in autumn 1995, only 1 of 15 radiocollared females in Okenfenokee produced cubs in winter 1996. That low reproductive rate was in contrast to winter 1997, which followed heavy black gum production, when 21 of 22 radiocollared females produced cubs. Reproductive output was more consistent in the Osceola study area, with 46 cubs being produced from 8, 5, and 9 litters in 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. To estimate population size, we maintained 88 and 94 barbed-wire hair traps during 1999 in the Okenfenokee and Osceola study areas, respectively. Using DNA collected at the hair traps, mark-recapture models produced estimates of 71 bears (95% CI = 59-91) in Okenfenokee and 44 bears (95% CI = 40-57) in the Osceola study area during 1999. The estimated densities in the Okenfenokee and Osceola study areas were 0.12 and 0.14 bears/km(2), respectively. Alternative density estimates based on the amount of time bears spent within study area boundaries were similar (0.11 and 0.14 bears/km(2) on Okenfenokee and Osceola, respectively). We used a population model to estimate the effect of harvest in the Okenfenokee bear population. Excluding harvest, bears at Osceola experienced higher average annual population growth (lambda = 1.184 +/- 0.002) than those at Okenfenokee (1.064 +/- 0.002; t(18) = 3.93, P = 0.001), most likely due to protection from hunting and higher recruitment. Including the effects of emigration and immigration, we estimated an average annual sustainable harvest at Okenfenokee of approximately 9 bears (12.6%), which was slightly less than the average 1995-1999 annual harvest of 9.4. That level of hunging in Okenfenokee is sustainable but likely represents the highest exploitation rate in the region. Our mark-recapture data from Osceola suggest a high dispersal rate by subadult bears, and our population modeling data support this this hypthesis; we documented bears in Okenfenokee that originated from Osceola but not the reverse. We speculate that bears from the interior of the Okenfenokee National Wildlife Refuge (ONWR), and to some extent northern Florida, served as a source to the population sink caused by hunting mortality in Okenfenokee and in the surrounding Georgia counties. Corn from deer feeders was the most probable reason for smaller home-range sizes and greater body masses and reproductive output at Osceola. Changes in management to eliminate or reduce bainting for deer with corn would negatively affect the Osceola bear population. On Okenfenokee, sporadic black gum and palmetto production influenced harvest rates and cub production and, thus, governed bear population dynamics. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) concluded in 1998 that listing the Florida black bear as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was not warranted. That decision was largely based on the stability and protection afforded to a few subpopulations within the range of the subspecies, which includes the Okenfenokee-Osceola subpopulation; our results support that conclusion. However, we suggest that metapopulation processes among the various subpopulations be given greater consideration, with the ultimate goal of managing the subspecies as a unit rather than as an assemblage of independent components. Our study illustrates the importance of travel corridors for maintaining metapopulation processes. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Field Lab, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Dobey, S (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, 274 Ellington Plant Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM jclark1@utk.edu OI Scheick, Brian/0000-0001-9055-0329 NR 107 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 7 U2 53 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0084-0173 EI 1938-5455 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD JAN PY 2005 IS 158 BP 1 EP 41 PG 41 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 920AA UT WOS:000228658000001 ER PT J AU Lukacs, PM Anderson, DR Burnham, KP AF Lukacs, PM Anderson, DR Burnham, KP TI Evaluation of trapping-web designs SO WILDLIFE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-ESTIMATION; POPULATIONS AB The trapping web is a method for estimating the density and abundance of animal populations. A Monte Carlo simulation study is performed to explore performance of the trapping web for estimating animal density under a variety of web designs and animal behaviours. The trapping performs well when animals have home ranges, even if the home ranges are large relative to trap spacing. Webs should contain at least 90 traps. Trapping should continue for 5 - 7 occasions. Movement rates have little impact on density estimates when animals are confined to home ranges. Estimation is poor when animals do not have home ranges and movement rates are rapid. The trapping web is useful for estimating the density of animals that are hard to detect and occur at potentially low densities. C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Lukacs, PM (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 1201 Oakridge Dr,Suite 250, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM Paul_Lukacs@partner.nps.gov NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI CLAYTON PA UNIPARK, BLDG 1, LEVEL 1, 195 WELLINGTON RD, LOCKED BAG 10, CLAYTON, VIC 3168, AUSTRALIA SN 1035-3712 EI 1448-5494 J9 WILDLIFE RES JI Wildl. Res. PY 2005 VL 32 IS 2 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1071/WR04011 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 922KN UT WOS:000228836900001 ER PT J AU Hartup, BK Olsen, GH Czekala, NM AF Hartup, BK Olsen, GH Czekala, NM TI Fecal corticoid monitoring in whooping cranes (Grus americana) undergoing reintroduction SO ZOO BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corticosterone; migration; radioimmunoassay; stress ID FLORIDA SANDHILL CRANES; SERUM CORTICOSTERONE; BASE-LINE; STRESS; BIRDS; METABOLITES; MIGRATION; HORMONES AB We used radioimmunoassay to determine fecal corticoid concentrations and assess potential stress in 10 endangered whooping cranes (Grus americana) undergoing reintroduction to the wild. Fecal samples were collected shortly after hatching at a captive facility in Maryland, during field training in Wisconsin, and throughout a human-led migration to Florida. After a 14-day decline following hatching, fecal corticoid concentrations stabilized at baseline levels for the duration of the captive period, despite exposure to potentially stressful stimuli. Shipment of the cranes to the field training site was correlated with an eight- to 34-fold increase in fecal corticoid concentrations, which returned to baseline levels within 1 week. Increases were positively correlated with age but not body weight at the time of shipping. Fecal corticoid concentrations during the training period increased slightly and exhibited greater variation than levels observed at the captive facility, but were well within expected norms based on previous studies. Fecal corticoid concentrations increased twofold following premigration physical examinations and placement of radiotransmitters, and persisted for up to 4 days before they returned to baseline levels. Though fecal corticoid concentrations and variation during the migration period were similar to training levels, there was an overall decline in fecal corticoid concentrations during the artificial migration. Acute stressors, such as capture, restraint, and severe storms, were associated with stress responses by the cranes that varied in accordance with lasting physical or psychological stimuli. The overall reintroduction process of costume-rearing, ultralight aircraft habituation, training, and artificial migration was not associated with elevations in fecal corticoid concentrations suggestive of chronic stress. C1 Int Crane Fdn, Baraboo, WI 53913 USA. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. Zool Soc San Diego, Ctr Reprod Endangered Species, San Diego, CA 92112 USA. RP Hartup, BK (reprint author), Int Crane Fdn, E-1136 Shady Lane Rd, Baraboo, WI 53913 USA. EM hartup@savingcranes.org NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0733-3188 J9 ZOO BIOL JI Zoo Biol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 24 IS 1 BP 15 EP 28 DI 10.1002/zoo.20033 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 903TL UT WOS:000227448400002 ER PT J AU Jachowski, DS Pizzaras, C AF Jachowski, DS Pizzaras, C TI Introducing an innovative semi-captive environment for the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) SO ZOO BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tarsius syrichta; captive breeding; Philippines; semi-captive ID BANCANUS AB In response to demands for research, captive breeding, and tourism, a semi-captive environment was created for the Philippine tarsiers (Tarsius syrichta) in Corella, Bohol, Philippines. The 7600-m(2) enclosure was continuous with the surrounding habitat, and utilized a unique predator control fence design and a lighting system to attract nocturnal insects. During 2 years of observation, the locations of over 500 tarsier sleeping sites were recorded. Tarsiers were found to prefer dense, low-level vegetation in secondary forests, with perching sites averaging 2 in above the ground. Up to 10 tarsiers were observed within the enclosure at one time, which is a high density compared to densities based on home-range estimates for wild tarsiers in the vicinity of the study site. In addition, the tarsiers were observed to be more social than previously reported. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman, MT USA. Philippine Tarsier Fdn, Bohol, Philippines. RP Jachowski, DS (reprint author), 7900 Nash Rd, Bozeman, MT 59538 USA. EM djachowski@email.com NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 5 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0733-3188 EI 1098-2361 J9 ZOO BIOL JI Zoo Biol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 24 IS 1 BP 101 EP 109 DI 10.1002/zoo.20023 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 903TL UT WOS:000227448400008 ER PT J AU Richards, PM Mooij, WM DeAngelis, DL AF Richards, PM Mooij, WM DeAngelis, DL TI Evaluating the effect of salinity on a simulated American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) population with applications to conservation and Everglades restoration SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE everglades restoration; simulation model; American crocodile; uncertainty analysis; individual-based model ID SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; FLORIDA BAY; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; ERROR ANALYSIS; MODELS; LANDSCAPES; DISPERSAL; MOVEMENTS; BEHAVIOR; DYNAMICS AB Everglades restoration will alter the hydrology of South Florida, affecting both water depth and salinity levels in the southern fringes of the Everglades, the habitat of the endangered American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). A key question is what the effects of these hydrologic changes will be on the crocodile population. Reliable predictions of the viability of endangered species under a variety of management scenarios are of vital importance in conservation ecology. Juvenile American crocodiles are thought to be sensitive to high salinity levels, suffering reduced mass, and potentially reduced survivorship and recruitment. This could negatively impact the population recovery. We addressed the management issue of how the crocodile population will respond to alterations in hydrology with a spatially explicit individual-based model. The model is designed to relate water levels, salinities, and dominant vegetation to crocodile distribution, abundance, population growth, individual growth, survival, nesting effort, and nesting success. Our analysis shows that Everglades restoration, through its effects on water flow to estuaries, may benefit crocodile populations if increased freshwater flow reduces the chance that regional salinity levels exceed levels where small individuals lose mass. In addition, we conclude that conservation priority should be placed on reducing anthropogenic sources of mortality on large individuals, such as road mortality. Finally, research should focus on estimates of annual survivorship for large individuals. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands. Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Richards, PM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, USDOC, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM paul.richards@noaa.gov RI Mooij, Wolf/C-2677-2008; Barley, Kamal/F-9579-2011 OI Mooij, Wolf/0000-0001-5586-8200; Barley, Kamal/0000-0003-1874-9813 NR 80 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD DEC 25 PY 2004 VL 180 IS 2-3 BP 371 EP 394 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.04.038 PG 24 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 864LT UT WOS:000224635700009 ER PT J AU ten Brink, U Lin, J AF ten Brink, U Lin, J TI Stress interaction between subduction earthquakes and forearc strike-slip faults: Modeling and application to the northern Caribbean plate boundary SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE stress interaction; subduction; strike-slip faults; forearc; Puerto Rico; Hispaniola ID PUERTO-RICO; OBLIQUE SUBDUCTION; GPS MEASUREMENTS; SAN-ANDREAS; CONVERGENCE; ZONE; DEFORMATION; CONSTRAINTS; SEISMICITY; COLLISION AB Strike-slip faults in the forearc region of a subduction zone often present significant seismic hazard because of their proximity to population centers. We explore the interaction between thrust events on the subduction interface and strike-slip faults within the forearc region using three-dimensional models of static Coulomb stress change. Model results reveal that subduction earthquakes with slip vectors subparallel to the trench axis enhance the Coulomb stress on strike-slip faults adjacent to the trench but reduce the stress on faults farther back in the forearc region. In contrast, subduction events with slip vectors perpendicular to the trench axis enhance the Coulomb stress on strike-slip faults farther back in the forearc, while reducing the stress adjacent to the trench. A significant contribution to Coulomb stress increase on strike-slip faults in the back region of the forearc comes from "unclamping'' of the fault, i.e., reduction in normal stress due to thrust motion on the subduction interface. We argue that although Coulomb stress changes from individual subduction earthquakes are ephemeral, their cumulative effects on the pattern of lithosphere deformation in the forearc region are significant. We use the Coulomb stress models to explain the contrasting deformation pattern between two adjacent segments of the Caribbean subduction zone. Subduction earthquakes with slip vectors nearly perpendicular to the Caribbean trench axis is dominant in the Hispaniola segment, where the strike-slip faults are more than 60 km inland from the trench. In contrast, subduction slip motion is nearly parallel to the Caribbean trench axis along the Puerto Rico segment, where the strike-slip fault is less than 15 km from the trench. This observed jump from a strike-slip fault close to the trench axis in the Puerto Rico segment to the inland faults in Hispaniola is explained by different distributions of Coulomb stress in the forearc region of the two segments, as a result of the change from the nearly trench parallel slip on the Puerto Rico subduction interface to the more perpendicular subduction slip beneath Hispaniola. The observations and modeling suggest that subduction-induced strike-slip seismic hazard to Puerto Rico may be smaller than previously assumed but the hazard to Hispaniola remains high. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM utenbrink@usgs.gov RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008 OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001 NR 38 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS B12 AR B12310 DI 10.1029/2004JB003031 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 883QC UT WOS:000226028300002 ER PT J AU Tiedeman, CR Ely, DM Hill, MC O'Brien, GM AF Tiedeman, CR Ely, DM Hill, MC O'Brien, GM TI A method for evaluating the importance of system state observations to model predictions, with application to the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE advective transport; prediction uncertainty; sensitivities; system state observations ID MONITORING NETWORK DESIGN; UNCERTAINTY; CONTAMINATION; WORTH AB We develop a new observation-prediction (OPR) statistic for evaluating the importance of system state observations to model predictions. The OPR statistic measures the change in prediction uncertainty produced when an observation is added to or removed from an existing monitoring network, and it can be used to guide refinement and enhancement of the network. Prediction uncertainty is approximated using a first-order second-moment method. We apply the OPR statistic to a model of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system (DVRFS) to evaluate the importance of existing and potential hydraulic head observations to predicted advective transport paths in the saturated zone underlying Yucca Mountain and underground testing areas on the Nevada Test Site. Important existing observations tend to be far from the predicted paths, and many unimportant observations are in areas of high observation density. These results can be used to select locations at which increased observation accuracy would be beneficial and locations that could be removed from the network. Important potential observations are mostly in areas of high hydraulic gradient far from the paths. Results for both existing and potential observations are related to the flow system dynamics and coarse parameter zonation in the DVRFS model. If system properties in different locations are as similar as the zonation assumes, then the OPR results illustrate a data collection opportunity whereby observations in distant, high-gradient areas can provide information about properties in flatter-gradient areas near the paths. If this similarity is suspect, then the analysis produces a different type of data collection opportunity involving testing of model assumptions critical to the OPR results. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Earth Knowledge, Tucson, AZ 85747 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Tiedeman, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tiedeman@usgs.gov; mely@usgs.gov; mchill@usgs.gov; grady@earthknowledge.net NR 32 TC 25 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC 22 PY 2004 VL 40 IS 12 AR W12411 DI 10.1029/2004WR03313 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 883QJ UT WOS:000226029300003 ER PT J AU Lellis, WA Barrows, FT Hardy, RW AF Lellis, WA Barrows, FT Hardy, RW TI Effects of phase-feeding dietary phosphorus on survival, growth, and processing characteristics of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; phase-feeding; rainbow trout; low-pollution diets AB A factorial experiment involving eight diets and three feeding periods was conducted to determine the minimal level of dietary phosphorus required to maintain survival. growth. and processing characteristics of post-juvenile rainbow trout. Trout were reared to an average size, of 200. 300, or 400 g using a commercial feed (1.20% P), then allotted by triplicate groups of nine fish to one of seven experimental diets containing logarithmic increments of dietary phosphorus (0.15%%, 0.21%, 0.30%, 0.42%, 0.60%. 0.85%, and 1.20% P) or a commercial trout feed (1.20% P). At an average weight of 550 g, fish were transported to a commercial processing plant, mechanically filleted, and evaluated for quality. Fish survival and weight gain increased quadratically with increased dietary phosphorus for fish started on treatment at 200 and 300 e. but were similar among all fish started at 400 g. Phosphorus retention decreased with increasing dietary phosphorus level,. from approximately 88% in groups fed diets containing 0.21% phosphorus to between 23% and 32% in groups fed diets containing 0.85% phosphorus. Calculated phosphorus losses increased as dietary phosphorus levels increased. from a low of approximately 0.4 g phosphorus kg(-1) fish weight gain to between 9.5 and 13 g phosphorus kg(-1) fish weight gain at the highest dietary phosphorus level. Dietary phosphorus did not affect carcass moisture, protein. lipid, or ash, but carcass phosphorus increased with increased dietary phosphorus among fish started on treatment at 200 and 300 g. There were no differences among any treatment group in carcass dressing or finishing percentage, or visual or textural appeal. The results indicate that available phosphorus levels can be reduced in rainbow trout diets to 0.60% at 200 g, to 0.30% at 300 g, or to 0.15% at 400 g live weight without loss in production or product quality in fish harvested at 550 g. Using these phase-feeding strategies would reduce the amount of phosphorus fed to the fish over the production cycle by 25%, and the amount lost to the environment by 12.5% for fish starting at 300 or 400 g. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. US Geol Survey, No Appalachian Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Wellsboro, PA USA. RP Hardy, RW (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, USDA ARS, 3059F Natl Fish Hatchery Rd, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. EM rhardy@uidaho.edu NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD DEC 20 PY 2004 VL 242 IS 1-4 BP 607 EP 616 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.016 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 882CK UT WOS:000225916000043 ER PT J AU Root, DB Hacker, BR Mattinson, JM Wooden, JL AF Root, DB Hacker, BR Mattinson, JM Wooden, JL TI Zircon geochronology and ca. 400 Ma exhumation of Norwegian ultrahigh-pressure rocks: an ion microprobe and chemical abrasion study SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE zircon; U/Pb; UHP; REE; eclogite; Norway ID WESTERN GNEISS REGION; HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM; SM-ND AGES; U-PB; ECLOGITE TRANSITION; NORWAY; CALEDONIDES; GARNET; RECRYSTALLIZATION; PRESERVATION AB Understanding the formation and exhumation of the remarkable ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks of the Western Gneiss Region, Norway, hinges oil precise determination of the time of eclogite recrystallization. We conducted detailed thermal ionization mass spectrometry, chemical abrasion analysis and sensitive high-resolution ion-microprobe analysis of zircons from four ultrahigh- and high-pressure (HP) rocks. Ion-microprobe analyses from the Flatraket eclogite yielded a broad range of apparently concordant Caledonian ages, suggesting long-term growth. In contrast. higher precision thermal ionization mass spectrometry analysis of zircon subject to combined thermal annealing and multi-step chemical abrasion yielded moderate Pb loss front the first (lowest temperature) abrasion step.. possible minor Pb loss or minor growth at 400 Ma from the second step and a 407-404 Ma cluster of slightly discordant - Pb-206/(238) U ages, most likely free from Ph loss, from the remaining abrasion steps. We interpret the latter to reflect zircon crystallization at similar to405-400 Ma with minor discordance from inherited cores. Zircon crystallization occurred at eclogite-facies, possibly post-peak conditions, based on compositions of garnet inclusions in zircon as well as nearly flat HREE profiles and lack of Eu anomalies in zircon fractions subjected to chemical abrasion. These ages are significantly younger than the 425 Ma age often cited for western Norway eclogite recrysiallization, implying faster of exhumation (>2.5-8.5 km/Myr), and coeval formation of eclogites across the UHP portion of the Western Gneiss Region. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Root, DB (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM rootd@si.edu; hacker@geol.ucsb.edu; mattinson@geol.ucsb.edu; jwooden@usgs.gov RI Hacker, Bradley/E-7750-2011 NR 43 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2004 VL 228 IS 3-4 BP 325 EP 341 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.10.019 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 882JV UT WOS:000225936100009 ER PT J AU Kahl, JS Stoddard, JL Haeuber, R Paulsen, SG Birnbaum, R Deviney, FA Webb, JR Dewalle, DR Sharpe, W Driscoll, CT Herlihy, AT Kellogg, JH Murdoch, PS Roy, K Webster, KE Urquhart, NS AF Kahl, JS Stoddard, JL Haeuber, R Paulsen, SG Birnbaum, R Deviney, FA Webb, JR Dewalle, DR Sharpe, W Driscoll, CT Herlihy, AT Kellogg, JH Murdoch, PS Roy, K Webster, KE Urquhart, NS TI Have US surface waters responded to the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments? SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADIRONDACK REGION; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; NORTH-AMERICA; UNITED-STATES; NEW-YORK; ACIDIFICATION; LAKES; TRENDS; RECOVERY; EUROPE C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Clean Air Markets Div, Off Atmospher Programs, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Clean Air Markets Div, Assessment & Commun Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014 NR 30 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 24 BP 484A EP 490A DI 10.1021/es040686l PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 880AX UT WOS:000225761800006 PM 15669297 ER PT J AU Millsap, SD Blankenship, AL Bradley, PW Jones, PD Kay, D Neigh, A Park, C Strause, KD Zwiernik, MJ Giesy, JP AF Millsap, SD Blankenship, AL Bradley, PW Jones, PD Kay, D Neigh, A Park, C Strause, KD Zwiernik, MJ Giesy, JP TI Comparison of risk assessment methodologies for exposure of mink to PCBs on the Kalamazoo River, Michigan SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MUSTELA-VISON; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; DIETARY EXPOSURE; SAGINAW BAY; REPRODUCTION; WILDLIFE; CONGENERS; RESERVOIR AB Risk assessments are generally based on exposures predicted by use of simple models of accumulation from abiotic compartments or the diet. The use of tissue-specific measurements of residue concentrations in wildlife tissues is more accurate and subject to less uncertainty, but these data are often not available. This report compares the results of two different site-specific approaches for assessing the risk of PCBs to mink residing along the Kalamazoo River, MI. The first approach was based on hepatic concentrations of PCBs and 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) of mink. The second approach was based on measured concentrations of both PCBs and TEQs in the diets of mink. For each of these methodologies, assessments were based on no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) or concentrations (NOAECs) and lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) or concentrations (LOAECs). Samples of mink (Mustela vison) and its diet were collected from within the Kalamazoo River Area of Concern (KRAOC) and an upstream reference area in the Fort Custer Recreation Area (FC). Hazard quotient (HQ) values were calculated based on congener-specific concentrations of PCBs or TEQs, several toxicity reference values (TRVs), and several assumed dietary compositions. Mean total hepatic concentrations of PCBs were 2.7 and 2.3 mg PCBs/kg, ww, in mink from the KRAOC and FC, respectively. HQs based on the LOAEC and mean hepatic PCB concentrations ranged from 0.37 to 0.87 at KRAOC and 0.31-0.73 at FC. HQs based on PCBs in the diet ranged from 0.20 to 1.8 at KRAOC and from 0.04 to 0.35 at FC. Dietary HQs were Ness than 10-fold different than tissue-based HQs. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Ctr Integrat Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. ENTRIX Inc, Okemos, MI 48864 USA. RP Millsap, SD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 9311 Groh Rd, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. EM stephanie_millsap@fws.gov RI Jones, Paul/O-2046-2015 OI Jones, Paul/0000-0002-7483-5380 NR 34 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 24 BP 6451 EP 6459 DI 10.1021/es049600e PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 880AX UT WOS:000225761800008 PM 15669299 ER PT J AU Power, JA Stihler, SD White, RA Moran, SC AF Power, JA Stihler, SD White, RA Moran, SC TI Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian arc volcanoes; 1989-2002 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE deep long-period seismic event; Aleutian volcanoes; Alaska; magma transport ID KATMAI-NATIONAL-PARK; SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SPURR MAGMATIC SYSTEM; REDOUBT VOLCANO; PAVLOF VOLCANO; 1989-1990 ERUPTIONS; SHISHALDIN-VOLCANO; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; UPPER MANTLE; CRATER PEAK AB Between October 12, 1989 and December 31, 2002, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) located 162 deep long-period (DLP) events beneath 11 volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc. These events generally occur at mid- to lower-crustal depths (1045 km) and are characterized by emergent phases, extended codas, and a strong spectral peak between 1.0 and 3.0 Hz. Observed wave velocities and particle motions indicate that the dominant phases are P- and S-waves. DLP epicenters often extend over broad areas (5-20 km) surrounding the active volcanoes. The average reduced displacement of Aleutian DLPs is 26.5 cm(2) and the largest event has a reduced displacement of 589 cm(2) (or M-L 2.5). Aleutian DLP events occur both as solitary events and as sequences of events with several occurring over a period of 1-30 min. Within the sequences, individual DLPs are often separated by lower-amplitude volcanic tremor with a similar spectral character. Occasionally, volcano-tectonic earthquakes that locate at similar depths are contained within the DLP sequences. At most, Aleutian volcanoes DLPs appear to loosely surround the main volcanic vent and occur as part of background seismicity. A likely explanation is that they reflect a relatively steady-state process of magma ascent over broad areas in the lower and middle portions of the crust. At Mount Spurr, DLP seismicity was initiated by the 1992 eruptions and then slowly declined until 1997. At Shishaldin Volcano, a short-lived increase in DLP seismicity occurred about 10 months prior to the April 19, 1999 eruption. These observations suggest a link between eruptive activity and magma flux in the mid- to lower-crust and uppermost mantle. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Power, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM jpower@usgs.gov NR 87 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD DEC 15 PY 2004 VL 138 IS 3-4 BP 243 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.07.005 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 874JA UT WOS:000225345500004 ER PT J AU Sah, JP Ross, MS Koptur, S Snyder, JR AF Sah, JP Ross, MS Koptur, S Snyder, JR TI Estimating aboveground biomass of broadleaved woody plants in the understory of Florida Keys pine forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE shrub; biomass; fuel; regression equation; Florida Keys; pine forests ID ALLOMETRIC REGRESSIONS; TROPICAL FORESTS; EQUATIONS; SHRUBS; FIRE; TREES; PRODUCTIVITY; SUCCESSION; VEGETATION; DIMENSION AB Species-specific allometric equations that provide estimates of biomass from measured plant attributes are currently unavailable for shrubs common to South Florida pine rocklands, where fire plays an important part in shaping the structure and function of ecosystems. We developed equations to estimate total aboveground biomass and fine fuel of 10 common hardwood species in the shrub layer of pine forests of the lower Florida Keys. Many equations that related biomass categories to crown area and height were significant (p < 0.05), but the form and variables comprising the best model varied among species. We applied the best-fit regression models to structural information from the shrub stratum in 18 plots on Big Pine Key, the most extensive pine forest in the Keys. Estimates based on species-specific equations indicated clearly that total aboveground shrub biomass and shrub fine fuel increased with time since last fire, but the relationships were non-linear. The relative proportion of biomass constituted by the major species also varied with stand age. Estimates based on mixed-species regressions differed slightly from estimates based on species-specific models, but the former could provide useful approximations in similar forests where species-specific regressions are not yet available. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Ochopee, FL 34141 USA. RP Sah, JP (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM sahj@fiu.edu RI Koptur, Suzanne/B-7809-2009 NR 50 TC 42 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC 13 PY 2004 VL 203 IS 1-3 BP 319 EP 329 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.059 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 876UI UT WOS:000225523000025 ER PT J AU Sawai, Y Satake, K Kamataki, T Nasu, H Shishikura, M Atwater, BF Horton, BP Kelsey, HM Nagumo, T Yamaguchi, M AF Sawai, Y Satake, K Kamataki, T Nasu, H Shishikura, M Atwater, BF Horton, BP Kelsey, HM Nagumo, T Yamaguchi, M TI Transient uplift after a 17th-century earthquake along the Kuril subduction zone SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TOKACHI-OKI EARTHQUAKE; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; JAPAN; DEFORMATION; TRENCH; HOKKAIDO; ALASKA; SPACE; GPS AB In eastern Hokkaido, 60 to 80 kilometers above a subducting oceanic plate, tidal mudflats changed into freshwater forests during the first decades after a 17th-century tsunami. The mudflats gradually rose by a meter, as judged from fossil diatom assemblages. Both the tsunami and the ensuing uplift exceeded any in the region's 200 years of written history, and both resulted from a shallow plate-boundary earthquake of unusually large size along the Kuril subduction zone. This earthquake probably induced more creep farther down the plate boundary than did any of the region's historical events. C1 Geol Survey Japan, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Int Res Ctr Japan Studies, Nishikyo Ku, Kyoto 6101192, Japan. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Sea Level Res Lab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Nippon Dent Univ Tokyo, Dept Biol, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1028159, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. RP Sawai, Y (reprint author), Geol Survey Japan, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Act Fault Res Ctr, Site C7 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. EM yuki.sawai@aist.go.jp RI Satake, Kenji/E-2312-2011; Sawai, Yuki /D-3216-2013 OI Satake, Kenji/0000-0002-3368-3085; Sawai, Yuki /0000-0001-7015-4361 NR 29 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 10 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5703 BP 1918 EP 1920 DI 10.1126/science.1104895 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 879DC UT WOS:000225695600039 PM 15591198 ER PT J AU Ross, DS AF Ross, DS TI Comment on "A study of mechano-catalysis for overall water splitting" SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ross, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dsross3@yahoo.com NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 9 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 49 BP 19076 EP 19077 DI 10.1021/jp0403361 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 877DT UT WOS:000225548700042 ER PT J AU Woodman, N AF Woodman, N TI Designation of the type species of Musaraneus Pomel, 1848 (Manunalia : Soricomorpha : Soricidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article AB The genus name Musaraneus often is attributed to Brisson (1762), however, most of Brisson's names are unavailable. Pomel (1848) subsequently made the name Musaraneus available, but did not designate a type species. The 18 species that Pomel listed under Musaraneus currently are distributed among five modern genera, two of which (Cryptotis Pomel, 1848 and Diplomesodon Brandt, 1852) are predated by Musaraneus. Because Cryptotis and Diplomesodon potentially could be considered junior synonyms of Musaraneus, I propose Sorex leucodon Hermann, 1780 (= Crocidura leucodon) as the type species for Musaraneus, thereby establishing Musaraneus as a junior synonym of Crocidura Wagler, 1832. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Woodman, N (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD DEC 7 PY 2004 VL 117 IS 3 BP 266 EP 270 PG 5 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 895RH UT WOS:000226880200004 ER PT J AU Gauthier-Clerc, M Gendner, JP Ribic, CA Fraser, WR Woehler, EJ Descamps, S Gilly, C Le Bohec, C Le Maho, Y AF Gauthier-Clerc, M Gendner, JP Ribic, CA Fraser, WR Woehler, EJ Descamps, S Gilly, C Le Bohec, C Le Maho, Y TI Long-term effects of flipper bands on penguins SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE life history; monitoring; conservation; seabird; banding; Aptenodytes patagonicus ID KING PENGUINS; BREEDING CYCLE AB Changes in seabird populations, and particularly of penguins, offer a unique opportunity for investigating the impact of fisheries and climatic variations on marine resources. Such investigations often require large-scale banding to identify individual birds, but the significance of the data relies on the assumption that no bias is introduced in this type of long-term monitoring. After 5 years of using an automated system of identification of king penguins implanted with electronic tags (100 adult king penguins were implanted with a transponder tag, 50 of which were also flipper banded), we can report that banding results in later arrival at the colony for courtship in some years, lower breeding probability and lower chick production. We also found that the survival rate of unbanded, electronically tagged king penguin chicks after 2-3 years is approximately twice as large as that reported in the literature for banded chicks. C1 Stn Biol Tour Valat, F-13200 Arles, France. CNRS, Ctr Ecol & Physiol Energet, F-67087 Strasbourg 2, France. Inst Polaire Francais Paul Emile, F-29280 Plouzane, France. Univ Wisconsin, USGS Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlfe Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Polar Oceans Res Grp, Sheridan, MT 59749 USA. Australian Antarctic Div, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia. RP Gauthier-Clerc, M (reprint author), Stn Biol Tour Valat, F-13200 Arles, France. EM gauthier-clerc@tourduvalat.org NR 19 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 18 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD DEC 7 PY 2004 VL 271 SU 6 BP S423 EP S426 DI 10.1098/rsbl.2004.0201 PG 4 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 884QJ UT WOS:000226100600012 PM 15801593 ER PT J AU Palmer, CA Tuncali, E Dennen, KO Coburn, TC Finkelman, RB AF Palmer, CA Tuncali, E Dennen, KO Coburn, TC Finkelman, RB TI Characterization of Turkish coals: a nationwide perspective SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coal; coal geology; trace elements; Turkey; inductively coupled atomic emission spectroscopy ID NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AREA; MIOCENE RODENT FAUNAS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; TURKEY; GEOCHEMISTRY; ANATOLIA; QUALITY; HISTORY; GEOLOGY AB The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Turkish General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Mudurlugu, MTA) are working together to provide a better understanding of the chemical properties of Turkish coals from major Turkish lignite producing areas. The coals in Turkey are generally low rank (lignite or subbituminous) formed in several different depositional environments at different geologic times and have differing chemical properties. Eocene coals are limited to northern Turkey; Oligocene coals, found in the Thrace Basins of northwestern Turkey, are intercalated with marine sediments; Miocene coals are generally located in Western Turkey. The coal deposits, which have limnic characteristics, have relatively abundant reserves. Pliocene-Pleistocene coals are found in the eastern part of Turkey. Most of these coals have low calorific values, high moisture, and high ash contents. Analysis of 143 coal channel samples (most are lignite and subbituminous in rank, but a few are bituminous and one is anthracitic in rank) has been completed for up to 54 elements and other coal properties using a variety of analytical techniques, including inductively coupled plasma emission and mass spectrometry, instrumental neutron activation analysis, and various single element techniques and ASTM standard procedures. Many of these coals have elemental concentrations similar to U.S. lignites found in the Gulf Coast and Fort Union regions, However, maximum or mean concentrations of B, Cr, Cs, Ni, As, Br, Sb, Cs, and U in Turkey are higher than the corresponding maximum or mean values found in either the Fort Union or Gulf Coast regions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Directorate Mineral Res & Explorat, TR-06520 Ankara, Turkey. Abilene Christian Univ, Abilene, TX 79699 USA. RP Palmer, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM cpalmer@usgs.gov NR 63 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD DEC 3 PY 2004 VL 60 IS 2-4 BP 85 EP 115 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2004.05.001 PG 31 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 877YN UT WOS:000225612200001 ER PT J AU Kargel, JS AF Kargel, JS TI Proof for water, hints of life? SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID MARS C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kargel, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jkargel@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 3 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5702 BP 1689 EP 1691 DI 10.1126/science.1105533 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 878FA UT WOS:000225630800028 PM 15576596 ER PT J AU Squyres, SW Arvidson, RE Bell, JF Bruckner, J Cabrol, NA Calvin, W Carr, MH Christensen, PR Clark, BC Crumpter, L Des Marais, DJ d'Uston, C Economou, T Farmer, J Farrand, W Folkner, W Golombek, M Gorevan, S Grant, JA Greeley, R Grotzinger, J Haskin, L Herkenhoff, KE Hviid, S Johnson, J Klingelhofer, G Knoll, AH Landis, G Lemmon, M Li, R Madsen, MB Malin, MC McLennan, SM McSween, HY Ming, DW Moersch, J Morris, RV Parker, T Rice, JW Richter, L Rieder, R Sims, M Smith, M Smith, P Soderblom, LA Sutlivan, R Wanke, H Wdowiak, T Wolff, M Yen, A AF Squyres, SW Arvidson, RE Bell, JF Bruckner, J Cabrol, NA Calvin, W Carr, MH Christensen, PR Clark, BC Crumpter, L Des Marais, DJ d'Uston, C Economou, T Farmer, J Farrand, W Folkner, W Golombek, M Gorevan, S Grant, JA Greeley, R Grotzinger, J Haskin, L Herkenhoff, KE Hviid, S Johnson, J Klingelhofer, G Knoll, AH Landis, G Lemmon, M Li, R Madsen, MB Malin, MC McLennan, SM McSween, HY Ming, DW Moersch, J Morris, RV Parker, T Rice, JW Richter, L Rieder, R Sims, M Smith, M Smith, P Soderblom, LA Sutlivan, R Wanke, H Wdowiak, T Wolff, M Yen, A TI The Opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; EXPLORATION ROVERS; MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER; MICROSCOPIC IMAGER; TERRA-MERIDIANI; MINI-TES; ART.; HEMATITE; MISSION; CRATER AB The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface tag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and silicictastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. New Mexico Museum Nat Hist & Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, Toulouse, France. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Honeybee Robot, New York, NY 10012 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Orsted Lab, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. DLR, Inst Space Simulat, Cologne, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Phys, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Space Sci Inst, Martinez, GA 30907 USA. RP Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM squyres@astro.cornell.edu RI Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Moersch, Jeffrey/F-7189-2010; Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012; Madsen, Morten/D-2082-2011 OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; Madsen, Morten/0000-0001-8909-5111 NR 34 TC 315 Z9 321 U1 13 U2 55 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 3 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5702 BP 1698 EP 1703 DI 10.1126/science.1106171 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 878FA UT WOS:000225630800034 PM 15576602 ER PT J AU Bell, JF Squyres, SW Arvidson, RE Arneson, HM Bass, D Calvin, W Farrand, WH Goetz, W Gotombek, M Greeley, R Grotzinger, J Guinness, E Hayes, AG Hubbard, MYH Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, MJ Johnson, JR Joseph, J Kinch, KM Lemmon, MT Li, R Madsen, MB Maki, JN Malin, M McCartney, E McLennan, S McSween, HY Ming, DW Morris, RV Dobrea, EZN Sullivan, RJ Weitz, CM Wolff, MJ AF Bell, JF Squyres, SW Arvidson, RE Arneson, HM Bass, D Calvin, W Farrand, WH Goetz, W Gotombek, M Greeley, R Grotzinger, J Guinness, E Hayes, AG Hubbard, MYH Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, MJ Johnson, JR Joseph, J Kinch, KM Lemmon, MT Li, R Madsen, MB Maki, JN Malin, M McCartney, E McLennan, S McSween, HY Ming, DW Morris, RV Dobrea, EZN Sullivan, RJ Weitz, CM Wolff, MJ TI Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MARS PATHFINDER; REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; HEMATITE; SOILS; PYROXENE; CRATER; ROCKS AB Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images from Meridiani Planum reveal a low-albedo, generally flat, and relatively rock-free surface. Within and around impact craters and fractures, laminated outcrop rocks with higher albedo are observed. Fine-grained materials include dark sand, bright ferric iron-rich dust, angular rock clasts, and millimeter-size spheroidal granules that are eroding out of the laminated rocks. Spectra of sand, clasts, and one dark plains rock are consistent with mafic silicates such as pyroxene and olivine. Spectra of both the spherules and the laminated outcrop materials indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission. Astronomical observations captured solar transits by Phobos and Deimos and time-lapse observations of sunsets. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89501 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Aarhus Univ, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst Inc, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Bell, JF (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jfb8@cornell.edu RI Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Madsen, Morten/D-2082-2011; Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014; Kinch, Kjartan/C-5742-2015; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Seelos, Frank/C-7875-2016; OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; Madsen, Morten/0000-0001-8909-5111; Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630; Kinch, Kjartan/0000-0002-4629-8880; Seelos, Frank/0000-0001-9721-941X; Soderblom, Jason/0000-0003-3715-6407 NR 29 TC 80 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 3 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5702 BP 1703 EP 1709 DI 10.1126/science.1105245 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 878FA UT WOS:000225630800035 PM 15576603 ER PT J AU Squyres, SW Grotzinger, JP Arvidson, RE Bell, JF Calvin, W Christensen, PR Clark, BC Crisp, JA Farrand, WH Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, JR Klingelhofer, G Knoll, AH McLennan, SM McSween, HY Morris, RV Rice, JW Rieder, R Soderblom, LA AF Squyres, SW Grotzinger, JP Arvidson, RE Bell, JF Calvin, W Christensen, PR Clark, BC Crisp, JA Farrand, WH Herkenhoff, KE Johnson, JR Klingelhofer, G Knoll, AH McLennan, SM McSween, HY Morris, RV Rice, JW Rieder, R Soderblom, LA TI In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NEAR-SURFACE; CLASSIFICATION; SPECTROMETER; EVAPORITES AB Sedimentary rocks at Eagle crater in Meridiani Planum are composed of fine-grained siliciclastic materials derived from weathering of basaltic rocks, sulfate minerals (including magnesium sulfate and jarosite) that constitute several tens of percent of the rock by weight, and hematite. Cross-stratification observed in rock outcrops indicates eolian and aqueous transport. Diagenetic features include hematite-rich concretions and crystal-mold vugs. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciciastic sediments with a complex diagenetic history. The environmental conditions that they record include episodic inundation by shallow surface water, evaporation, and desiccation. The geologic record at Meridiani Planum suggests that conditions were suitable for biological activity for a period of time in martian history. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atrmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63031 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. RP Squyres, SW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM squyres@astrosun.tn.cornell.edu RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 35 TC 546 Z9 558 U1 12 U2 87 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 3 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5702 BP 1709 EP 1714 DI 10.1126/science.1104559 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 878FA UT WOS:000225630800036 PM 15576604 ER PT J AU Soderblom, LA Anderson, RC Arvidson, RE Bell, JF Cabrol, NA Calvin, W Christensen, PR Clark, BC Economou, T Ehlmann, BL Farrand, WH Fike, D Gellert, R Glotch, TD Golombek, MP Greeley, R Grotzinger, JP Herkenhoff, KE Jerolmack, DJ Johnson, JR Jolliff, B Klingelhofer, G Knoll, AH Learner, ZA Li, R Malin, MC McLennan, SM McSween, HY Ming, DW Morris, RV Rice, JW Richter, L Rieder, R Rodionov, D Schroder, C Seelos, FP Soderblom, JM Squyres, SW Sullivan, R Watters, WA Weitz, CM Wyatt, MB Yen, A Zipfel, J AF Soderblom, LA Anderson, RC Arvidson, RE Bell, JF Cabrol, NA Calvin, W Christensen, PR Clark, BC Economou, T Ehlmann, BL Farrand, WH Fike, D Gellert, R Glotch, TD Golombek, MP Greeley, R Grotzinger, JP Herkenhoff, KE Jerolmack, DJ Johnson, JR Jolliff, B Klingelhofer, G Knoll, AH Learner, ZA Li, R Malin, MC McLennan, SM McSween, HY Ming, DW Morris, RV Rice, JW Richter, L Rieder, R Rodionov, D Schroder, C Seelos, FP Soderblom, JM Squyres, SW Sullivan, R Watters, WA Weitz, CM Wyatt, MB Yen, A Zipfel, J TI Soils of eagle crater and Meridiani Planum at the Opportunity Rover landing site SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; GUSEV CRATER; MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; PATHFINDER SITE; SPIRIT ROVER; MARS; ROCKS; CHEMISTRY; LOCALIZATION AB The soils at the Opportunity site are fine-grained basaltic sands mixed with dust and sulfate-rich outcrop debris. Hematite is concentrated in spherules eroded from the strata. Ongoing saltation exhumes the spherules and their fragments, concentrating them at the surface. Spherules emerge from soils coated, perhaps from subsurface cementation, by salts. Two types of vesicular clasts may represent basaltic sand sources. Eolian ripples, armored by well-sorted hematite-rich grains, pervade Meridiani Planum. The thickness of the soil on the plain is estimated to be about a meter. The flatness and thin cover suggest that the plain may represent the original sedimentary surface. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NASA, Ames SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. DLR Inst Space Simulat, D-51147 Cologne, Germany. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Soderblom, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM lsoderblom@usgs.gov RI Glotch, Timothy/B-6829-2008; Schroder, Christian/B-3870-2009; Fike, David/D-3634-2011; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Seelos, Frank/C-7875-2016; OI Schroder, Christian/0000-0002-7935-6039; Fike, David/0000-0003-2848-0328; Seelos, Frank/0000-0001-9721-941X; Soderblom, Jason/0000-0003-3715-6407 NR 25 TC 91 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 3 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5702 BP 1723 EP 1726 DI 10.1126/science.1105127 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 878FA UT WOS:000225630800038 PM 15576606 ER PT J AU Herkenhoff, KE Squyres, SW Arvidson, R Bass, DS Bell, JF Bertelsen, P Ehlmann, BL Farrand, W Gaddis, L Greeley, R Grotzinger, J Hayes, AG Hviid, SF Johnson, JR Jolliff, B Kinch, KM Knoll, AH Madsen, MB Maki, JN McLennan, SM McSween, HY Ming, DW Rice, JW Richter, L Sims, M Smith, PH Soderblom, LA Spanovich, N Sullivan, R Thompson, S Wdowiak, T Weitz, C Whelley, P AF Herkenhoff, KE Squyres, SW Arvidson, R Bass, DS Bell, JF Bertelsen, P Ehlmann, BL Farrand, W Gaddis, L Greeley, R Grotzinger, J Hayes, AG Hviid, SF Johnson, JR Jolliff, B Kinch, KM Knoll, AH Madsen, MB Maki, JN McLennan, SM McSween, HY Ming, DW Rice, JW Richter, L Sims, M Smith, PH Soderblom, LA Spanovich, N Sullivan, R Thompson, S Wdowiak, T Weitz, C Whelley, P TI Evidence from Opportunity's microscopic imager for water on Meridiani Planum SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EXPLORATION ROVER MISSION; LANDING SITE; MARS; SOILS; SPECTROMETER; CRATER; ROCKS AB The Microscopic Imager on the Opportunity rover analyzed textures of soils and rocks at Meridiani Planum at a scale of 31 micrometers per pixel. The uppermost millimeter of some soils is weakly cemented, whereas other soils show little evidence of cohesion. Rock outcrops are laminated on a millimeter scale; image mosaics of cross-stratification suggest that some sediments were deposited by flowing water. Vugs in some outcrop faces are probably molds formed by dissolution of relatively soluble minerals during diagenesis. Microscopic images support the hypothesis that hematite-rich spherules observed in outcrops and soils also formed diagenetically as concretions. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Ctr Planetary Sci, Danish Space Res Inst, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst Astron Phys & Geophys, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg, Germany. Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, Aarhus, Denmark. Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolut Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. DLR Inst Raumsimulat, Cologne, Germany. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Phys, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM kherkenhoff@usgs.gov RI Whelley, Patrick/B-9560-2012; Madsen, Morten/D-2082-2011; Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014; Kinch, Kjartan/C-5742-2015; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 OI Whelley, Patrick/0000-0003-3266-9772; Madsen, Morten/0000-0001-8909-5111; Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630; Kinch, Kjartan/0000-0002-4629-8880; NR 20 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 3 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5702 BP 1727 EP 1730 DI 10.1126/science.1105286 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 878FA UT WOS:000225630800039 PM 15576607 ER PT J AU Arvidson, RE Anderson, RC Bartlett, P Bell, JF Christensen, PR Chu, P Davis, K Ehlmann, BL Golombek, MP Gorevan, S Guinness, EA Haldemann, AFC Herkenhoff, KE Landis, G Li, R Lindemann, R Ming, DW Myrick, T Parker, T Richter, L Seelos, FP Soderblom, LA Squyres, SW Sullivan, RJ Wilson, J AF Arvidson, RE Anderson, RC Bartlett, P Bell, JF Christensen, PR Chu, P Davis, K Ehlmann, BL Golombek, MP Gorevan, S Guinness, EA Haldemann, AFC Herkenhoff, KE Landis, G Li, R Lindemann, R Ming, DW Myrick, T Parker, T Richter, L Seelos, FP Soderblom, LA Squyres, SW Sullivan, RJ Wilson, J TI Localization and physical property experiments conducted by opportunity at Meridiani Planum SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MARS; ROVER; SPECTROMETER; HEMATITE AB The location of the Opportunity landing site was determined to better than 10-m absolute accuracy from analyses of radio tracking data. We determined Rover locations during traverses with an error as small as several centimeters using engineering telemetry and overlapping images. Topographic profiles generated from rover data show that the plains are very smooth from meter- to centimeter-length scales, consistent with analyses of orbital observations. Solar cell output decreased because of the deposition of airborne dust on the panels. The lack of dust-covered surfaces on Meridiani Planum indicates that high velocity winds must remove this material on a continuing basis. The low mechanical strength of the evaporitic rocks as determined from grinding experiments, and the abundance of coarse-grained surface particles argue for differential erosion of Meridiani Planum. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Honeybee Robot, New York, NY 10012 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Deutsch Zentrun Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Raumsimulat, D-51170 Cologne, Germany. RP Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM arvidson@wunder.wustl.edu RI Seelos, Frank/C-7875-2016 OI Seelos, Frank/0000-0001-9721-941X NR 15 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 3 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5702 BP 1730 EP 1733 DI 10.1126/science.1104211 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 878FA UT WOS:000225630800040 PM 15576608 ER PT J AU Christensen, PR Wyatt, MB Glotch, TD Rogers, AD Anwar, S Arvidson, RE Bandfield, JL Blaney, DL Budney, C Calvin, WM Faracaro, A Fergason, RL Gorelick, N Graff, TG Hamilton, VE Hayes, AG Johnson, JR Knudson, AT McSween, HY Mehall, GL Mehall, LK Moersch, JE Morris, RV Smith, MD Squyres, SW Ruff, SW Wolff, MJ AF Christensen, PR Wyatt, MB Glotch, TD Rogers, AD Anwar, S Arvidson, RE Bandfield, JL Blaney, DL Budney, C Calvin, WM Faracaro, A Fergason, RL Gorelick, N Graff, TG Hamilton, VE Hayes, AG Johnson, JR Knudson, AT McSween, HY Mehall, GL Mehall, LK Moersch, JE Morris, RV Smith, MD Squyres, SW Ruff, SW Wolff, MJ TI Mineralogy at Meridiani Planum from the Mini-TES experiment on the Opportunity Rover SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY; MARTIAN SURFACE; CRYSTALLINE HEMATITE; TERRA-MERIDIANI; SPIRIT ROVER; GUSEV CRATER; MGS-TES; MARS; ROCKS; SPECTROMETER AB The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Opportunity investigated the mineral abundances and compositions of outcrops, rocks, and soils at Meridiani Planum. Coarse crystalline hematite and olivine-rich basaltic sands were observed as predicted from orbital TES spectroscopy. Outcrops of aqueous origin are composed of 15 to 35% by volume magnesium and calcium sulfates [a high-silica component modeled as a combination of glass, feldspar, and sheet silicates (similar to20 to 30%)], and hematite; only minor jarosite is identified in Mini-TES spectra. Mini-TES spectra show only a hematite signature in the millimeter-sized spherules. Basaltic materials have more plagioclase than pyroxene, contain olivine, and are similar in inferred mineral composition to basalt mapped from orbit. Bounce rock is dominated by clinopyroxene and is close in inferred mineral composition to the basaltic martian meteorites. Bright wind streak material matches global dust. Waterlain rocks covered by unaltered basaltic sands suggest a change from an aqueous environment to one dominated by physical weathering. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Hawaii, Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Space Sci Inst, Martinez, GA 30907 USA. RP Christensen, PR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM phil.christensen@asu.edu RI Glotch, Timothy/B-6829-2008; Moersch, Jeffrey/F-7189-2010; Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012; Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Rogers, Deanne/I-9737-2016 OI Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630; Rogers, Deanne/0000-0002-4671-2551 NR 47 TC 234 Z9 240 U1 11 U2 33 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 3 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5702 BP 1733 EP 1739 DI 10.1126/science.1104909 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 878FA UT WOS:000225630800041 PM 15576609 ER PT J AU Chapman, RN Engle, DM Masters, RE Leslie, DM AF Chapman, RN Engle, DM Masters, RE Leslie, DM TI Grassland vegetation and bird communities in the southern Great Plains of North America SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE grassland; grassland birds; grazing; habitat management; plant species composition ID CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM; NATIVE PRAIRIE; HABITAT; FIELDS; ABUNDANCE; SPARROWS; BRITAIN AB Structure and composition of vegetation and abundance of breeding birds in grasslands seeded to Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa ischmaeum) were compared to native mixed prairie in the southern Great Plains of North America. Abundance of birds was determined using fixed-radius point counts. Detrended correspondence analysis was used to compare plant community composition and canonical correspondence analysis was used to examine the relationships between plant species composition and vegetation structure with the bird community. Plant species composition differed distinctly between seeded grassland and native mixed prairie, but the differences were not reflected in habitat structure. bird community composition, or abundance of bird species. Seeded grassland was inferior to native mixed prairie in terms of diversity of plant species. but that difference did not translate into meaningful differences in structure that drove habitat selection by breeding bird. Conservation programs that promote establishment of seeded grassland and do not allow for suitable disturbance regimes will selectively benefit a narrow suite of birds regardless of plant species composition. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Rolla, MO 65402 USA. Tall Timbers Res Stn, Tallahassee, FL 32312 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, USGS Biol Resources Div, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM dme@mail.pss.okstate.edu NR 43 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 EI 1873-2305 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 104 IS 3 BP 577 EP 585 DI 10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.026 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 879VO UT WOS:000225747400018 ER PT J AU Horton, TW Sjostrom, DK Abruzzese, MJ Poage, MA Waldbauer, JR Hren, M Wooden, J Chamberlain, CP AF Horton, TW Sjostrom, DK Abruzzese, MJ Poage, MA Waldbauer, JR Hren, M Wooden, J Chamberlain, CP TI Spatial and temporal variation of Cenozoic surface elevation in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; PEDOGENIC CLAY-MINERALS; OXYGEN-ISOTOPE EVIDENCE; STABLE-ISOTOPE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTH-AMERICA; PALEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE; TIBETAN PLATEAU; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; (U-TH)/HE AGES AB The surface uplift of mountain belts caused by tectonism plays an important role in determining the long-term climate evolution of the Earth. However, the general lack of information on the paleotopography of mountain belts limits our ability to identify the links and feedbacks between topography, tectonics, and climate change on geologic time-scales. Here, we present a delta(18)O and deltaD record of authigenic minerals for the northern Great Basin that captures the timing and magnitude of regional surface uplift and subsidence events in the western United States during the Cenozoic. Authigenic calcite, smectite, and chert delta(18)O values suggest the northern Great Basin region experienced similar to2km of surface uplift between the middle Eocene and early Oligocene followed by similar to1 to 2km of surface subsidence in the southern Great Basin and/or Sierra Nevada since the middle Miocene. These data when combined with previously published work show that the surface uplift history varied in both space and time. Surface uplift migrated from north to south with high elevations in southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington in the middle Eocene and development of surface uplift in north and central Nevada in the Oligocene. This pattern of north to south surface uplift is similar to the timing of magmatism in the western Cordillera, a result that supports tectonic models linking magamtism with removal of mantle lithosphere and/or a subducting slab. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Chamberlain, CP (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM chamb@pangea.stanford.edu OI Horton, Travis/0000-0003-0558-2970 NR 85 TC 85 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER JOURNAL SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 EI 1945-452X J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 304 IS 10 BP 862 EP 888 DI 10.2475/ajs.304.10.862 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 889SQ UT WOS:000226463200002 ER PT J AU Booth, AL Zeitler, PK Kidd, WSF Wooden, J Liu, YP Idleman, B Hren, M Chamberlain, CP AF Booth, AL Zeitler, PK Kidd, WSF Wooden, J Liu, YP Idleman, B Hren, M Chamberlain, CP TI U-Pb zircon constraints on the tectonic evolution of southeastern Tibet, Namche Barwa area SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INDO-ASIAN COLLISION; SHAN-RED-RIVER; EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS; FOLD-THRUST BELT; SLIP SHEAR ZONE; SOUTHERN TIBET; NANGA-PARBAT; THERMAL EVOLUTION; STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION; PAKISTAN HIMALAYA AB The eastern syntaxis of the Himalayas is expressed in the crust as a pronounced southward bend in the orogen. The change in strike of geologic features coincides with the high topography of the Namche Barwa region, the exposure of granulite-grade metamorphic rocks, and a 180-degree bend in the Yalu Tsangpo. We have conducted a geochronologic and geochemical investigation of several suites of granitoids collected from the Namche Barwa massif and subjacent terranes of southeastern Tibet, ranging from cm-scale dikes and sills to larger, outcrop-scale intrusions. U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon ages establish at least five magmatic episodes: similar to400 to 500 Ma, similar to120 Ma, 40 to 70 Ma, 18 to 25 Ma, and 3 to 10 Ma. These episodes broadly correlate to spatial patterns in sample localities, as follows: 400 to 500 Ma ages occur in zircon cores collected from within the massif proper; similar to120 Ma granites, related to early Gangdese arc plutonism, are primarily located northeast of Namche Barwa; later (40 - 70 Ma) Gangdese activity is expressed in granites west of Namche Barwa. 18 to 25 Ma granites occur both along the suture zone west of Gyala Peri, and directly north of Namche Barwa along the area of the jiali fault zone, and are attributed both to shearing within the jiali fault zone and to an early Miocene Gangdese Thrust event. Exceptionally young (<10 Ma) zircon ages are clustered near the core of the massif, along the Yalu Tsangpo gorge. Trace-element geochemical data indicates the presence of both fluid-present and fluid absent melts, with a fluid-absent (decompression) melting regime dominating near the core of Namche Barwa. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Chengdu Inst Geol & Mineral Sci, Chengdu, Peoples R China. RP Booth, AL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Bldg 320, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM mbooth@pangea.stanford.edu NR 93 TC 99 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 304 IS 10 BP 889 EP 929 DI 10.2475/ajs.304.10.889 PG 41 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 889SQ UT WOS:000226463200003 ER PT J AU Lisle, JT Smith, JJ Edwards, DD McFeters, GA AF Lisle, JT Smith, JJ Edwards, DD McFeters, GA TI Occurrence of microbial indicators and Clostridium perfringens in wastewater, water column samples, sediments, drinking water, and Weddell seal feces collected at McMurdo Station, Antarctica SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ENTERIC BACTERIA; RNA BACTERIOPHAGES; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; SEWAGE OUTFALL; FRESH-WATER; SURVIVAL; SEAWATER; TEMPERATURE; COMMUNITIES AB McMurdo Station, Antarctica, has discharged untreated sewage into McMurdo Sound for decades. Previous studies delineated the impacted area, which included the drinking water intake, by using total coliform and Clostridium perfringens concentrations. The estimation of risk to humans in contact with the impacted and potable waters may be greater than presumed, as these microbial indicators may not be the most appropriate for this environment. To address these concerns, concentrations of these and additional indicators (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, coliphage, and enteroviruses) in the untreated wastewater, water column, and sediments of the impacted area and drinking water treatment facility and distribution system at McMurdo Station were determined. Fecal samples from Weddell seals in this area were also collected and analyzed for indicators. All drinking water samples were negative for indicators except for a single total coliform-positive sample. Total coliforms were present in water column samples at higher concentrations than other indicators. Fecal coliform and enterococcus concentrations were similar to each other and greater than those of other indicators in sediment samples closer to the discharge site. C. perfringens concentrations were higher in sediments at greater distances from the discharge site. Seal fecal samples contained concentrations of fecal coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens similar to those found in untreated sewage. All samples were negative for enteroviruses. A wastewater treatment facility at McMurdo Station has started operation, and these data provide a baseline data set for monitoring the recovery of the impacted area. The contribution of seal feces to indicator concentrations in this area should be considered. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Res, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Montana Microbiol Serv, Bozeman, MT USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Lisle, JT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Res, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM jlisle@usgs.gov OI Smith, James/0000-0001-9687-3022 NR 40 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 12 BP 7269 EP 7276 DI 10.1128/AEM.70.12.7269-7276.2004 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 879LM UT WOS:000225719300041 PM 15574926 ER PT J AU Kreger, MD Estevez, I Hatfield, JS Gee, GF AF Kreger, MD Estevez, I Hatfield, JS Gee, GF TI Effects of rearing treatment on the behavior of captive whooping cranes (Grus americana) SO APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE whooping crane; Grus; hand rearing; parent rearing; foraging; vigilance ID ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR; SANDHILL CRANES; REINTRODUCTION; SURVIVAL; SKILLS; BIRDS AB Small founder populations of whooping cranes are managed to maximize egg production for the purpose of reintroducing young to the wild. This results in an excessive number of hatched chicks that cannot be naturally reared by parents. Hand-rearing techniques have been developed to raise the additional hatches. However, hand rearing may affect the behavior of the birds and their chances of survival later in life. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of rearing practices on the behavior of whooping crane chicks. The birds were reared under three commonly used rearing techniques: parent reared (PR), hand reared (HR), and hand reared with exercise (HRE). Fifty-six whooping crane chicks were observed by focal animal sampling from hatch to 20 weeks of age. During these observations, occurrences of comfort behavior, aggression, foraging, nonvigilance, sleep, vigilance, and other types of behavior were collected. Data were analyzed using mixed models repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Behavior was affected by rearing treatment, age, and time of day. PR birds spent more time being vigilant than HR and HRE birds. An inverse correlation was found between percentage of time foraging and vigilant (r = -0.686, P < 0.0001). However, there were no differences in the behavior of birds reared in HR or HRE programs. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Sci Author, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kreger, MD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Sci Author, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Room 750, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. EM michael_kreger@fws.gov NR 60 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 5 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1591 J9 APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI JI Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 89 IS 3-4 BP 243 EP 261 DI 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.005 PG 19 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences GA 871WW UT WOS:000225168300006 ER PT J AU Watten, BJ Sibrell, PL Montgomery, GA Tsukuda, SM AF Watten, BJ Sibrell, PL Montgomery, GA Tsukuda, SM TI Modification of pure oxygen absorption equipment for concurrent stripping of carbon dioxide SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Aquacultural-Engineeting-Society-Issues Forum CY NOV 03-05, 2003 CL Seattle, WA SP Aquacultural Engn Soc Issues DE carbon dioxide; NaOH solution; gas pressure; oxygen absorption; spray tower ID MODELING GAS TRANSFER; SPRAY TOWER; RESPIRATION; COLUMNS; SYSTEMS; FISH AB The high solubility of carbon dioxide precludes significant desorption within commercial oxygen absorption equipment. This operating characteristic of the equipment limits its application in recirculating water culture systems despite its ability to significantly increase allowable fish loading rates (kg/(L min)). Carbon dioxide (DC) is typically removed by air stripping. This process requires a significant energy input for forced air movement, air heating in cold climates and water pumping. We developed a modification for a spray tower that provides for carbon dioxide desorption as well as oxygen absorption. Elimination of the air-stripping step reduces pumping costs while allowing dissolved nitrogen to drop below saturation concentrations. This latter response provides for an improvement in oxygen absorption efficiency within the spray tower. DC desorption is achieved by directing head-space gases from the spray tower (O-2, N-2, CO2) through a sealed packed tower scrubber receiving a 2 N NaOH solution. Carbon dioxide is selectively removed from the gas stream, by chemical reaction, forming the product Na2CO3. Scrubber off-gas, lean with regard to carbon dioxide but still rich with oxygen, is redirected through the spray tower for further stripping of DC and absorption of oxygen. Make-up NaOH is metered into the scrubbing solution sump on an as needed basis as directed by a feedback control loop programmed to maintain a scrubbing solution pH of 11.4-11.8. The spent NaOH solution is collected, then regenerated for reuse, in a batch process that requires relatively inexpensive hydrated lime (Ca(OH)(2)). A by-product of the regeneration step is an alkaline filter cake, which may have use in bio-solids stabilization. Given the enhanced gas transfer rates possible with chemical reaction, the required NaOH solution flow rate through the scrubber represents a fraction of the spray tower water flow rate. Further, isolation of the water being treated from the atmosphere (1), allows for an improvement in oxygen absorption efficiency by maintaining DN well below local saturation concentrations (2), minimizes building energy requirements related to heating and ventilation and (3), reduces the potential for pathogen transmittance. We report on the performance of a test scrubber evaluated over a range of NaOH solution temperatures, pH, packing irrigation rates, and gas stream compositions. We also describe our experience with the process in a pilot scale recirculating water (trout) production system. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Inst Freshwater, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. RP Watten, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM barnaby_watten@usgs.gov OI Sibrell, Philip/0000-0001-5666-1228 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 32 IS 1 BP 183 EP 208 DI 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2004.03.010 PG 26 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 876VL UT WOS:000225526400013 ER PT J AU Vinci, BJ Summerfelt, ST Creaser, DA Gillette, K AF Vinci, BJ Summerfelt, ST Creaser, DA Gillette, K TI Design of partial water reuse systems at White River NFH for the production of Atlantic salmon smolt for restoration stocking SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Aquacultural-Engineeting-Society-Issues Forum CY NOV 03-05, 2003 CL Seattle, WA SP Aquacultural Engn Soc Issues DE water reuse; salmon smolt; restoration; hatchery AB The design process utilized in the partial water reuse systems at the White River National Fish Hatchery (NFH) is described in detail. The design of the White River NFH partial water reuse systems illustrates that important criteria for fish production in restoration or supplementation programs can be met and achieve a reduction in water use and utilize technologies that effect good waste capture and concentration. The design also describes a method to build on existing infrastructure for the conversion to reuse systems for state, federal, and commercial hatcheries. The partial water reuse system design was based on the design that Summerfelt et al. (2004) has used to increase salmonid production for a given water flow, improve waste capture efficiency, and maintain excellent water quality within the culture tanks. However, the White River NFH, partial water reuse system design was based on a different set of biological criteria that are important for species restoration programs. Future work will be done at White River NFH with the Atlantic salmon smolt stocking program to determine the effectiveness of the system beyond the aforementioned benefits. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Conservat Fund Freshwater Inst, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, White River Natl Fish Hatchery, Bethel, VT 05032 USA. RP Vinci, BJ (reprint author), Conservat Fund Freshwater Inst, 1098 Turner Rd, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. EM b.vinci@freshwaterinstitute.org OI Vinci, Brian/0000-0002-5724-6955 NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 32 IS 1 BP 225 EP 243 DI 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2004.07.003 PG 19 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 876VL UT WOS:000225526400015 ER PT J AU Darby, PC Valentine-Darby, PL Percival, HF Kitchens, WM AF Darby, PC Valentine-Darby, PL Percival, HF Kitchens, WM TI Florida apple snail (Pomacea paludosa Say) responses to lake habitat restoration activity SO ARCHIV FUR HYDROBIOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE aquatic snails; habitat change; water-level fluctuations; water-level drawdown; survival ID EVERGLADES; SURVIVAL AB Water-level drawdown has long been recognized as an effective approach to enhance habitat conditions for aquatic fauna in lakes and impoundments. Although targeted species such as sport fish may benefit, increasingly there are concerns over nontarget species. We assessed the impacts of a drawdown of Lake Kissimmee on Florida apple snails. Prior to the drawdown, we found apple snails at significantly higher densities in sites dominated by sandy substrates and emergent macrophytes: no snails were found in sites with deep layers of unconsolidated organic material and dominated by Nuphar luteum. Following the drawdown. some of the sites containing this unconsolidated organic material were also scraped with heavy equipment (e.g., bulldozer) to remove the organic layer. We monitored the response of 31 snails from one site. most of which were stranded in the dry littoral zone during the 1995-1996 drawdown. Mortality rates of stranded snails were high due to the dry conditions of the littoral zone., but also indirectly due to increased vulnerability to predation by several avian species. The Survival data was corroborated by the 1996 and 1997 funnel trap data wherein our catch declined by 80 % from 1995 (pre-drawdown) levels. The proportion of juveniles also declined significantly, indicating an impact on recruitment. Snail abundance did increase. albeit marginally. in some sites. indicating potential benefits of drawdown and organic Substrate removal in some types of littoral zone habitats. However, the timing of drawdown events appears critical, as evident in poor recruitment and relatively low abundance following completion of lake restoration activity. In order to avoid substantial losses to non-target species such as apple snails, we suggested that natural resource managers give greater consideration to the potential negative impacts of deviating from the natural hydrologic regime in terms of timing, duration, and frequency. C1 Univ W Florida, Dept Biol, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Univ W Florida, Dept Biol, 11000 Univ Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER, SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0003-9136 J9 ARCH HYDROBIOL JI Arch. Hydrobiol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 161 IS 4 BP 561 EP 575 DI 10.1127/0003-9136/2004/0161-0561 PG 15 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 885OC UT WOS:000226165800008 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN Dalgarn, J Dudding, S French, JB Mateo, R Miesner, J Sileo, L Spann, J AF Beyer, WN Dalgarn, J Dudding, S French, JB Mateo, R Miesner, J Sileo, L Spann, J TI Zinc and lead poisoning in wild birds in the Tri-State Mining District (Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DALENE RIVER-BASIN; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT; MUTE SWANS; WATERFOWL; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; TOXICOSIS; INGESTION; METALS; BLOOD AB The Tri-State Mining District (Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri) is contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Zn from mining, milling and smelting. Metals have been dispersed heterogeneously throughout the District in the form of milled mine waste ("chat"), as flotation tailings and from smelters as aerial deposition or slag. This study was conducted to determine if the habitat has been contaminated to the extent that the assessment populations of wild birds are exposed to toxic concentrations of metals. American robins (Turdus migratorius), northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), and waterfowl had increased Pb tissue concentrations (p < 0.05) compared with Pb tissue concentrations from reference birds, and the exposure of songbirds to Pb was comparable with that of birds observed at other sites severely contaminated with Pb. Mean activities of the Pb-sensitive enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) were decreased by >50% in red blood cells in these birds (p < 0.05). Several birds had tissue concentrations of Pb that have been associated with impaired biological functions and external signs of poisoning. Cadmium was increased in kidneys of songbirds (p < 0.05), but no proximal tubule cell necrosis associated with Cd poisoning was observed. Zinc concentrations in liver and kidney of waterfowl were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than reference values. The increased environmental concentrations of Zn associated with mining in the District accounted for the pancreatitis previously observed in five waterfowl from the District. The District is the first site at which free-flying wild birds have been found to be suffering severe effects of Zn poisoning. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Miami Agcy, Bur Indian Affairs, Miami, OK 74355 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Tulsa, OK 74127 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC E, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM nelson_beyer@usgs.gov RI Mateo, Rafael/A-3117-2011 OI Mateo, Rafael/0000-0003-1307-9152 NR 44 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 5 U2 34 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 48 IS 1 BP 108 EP 117 DI 10.1007/s00244-004-0010-7 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 884OM UT WOS:000226094900014 ER PT J AU Gerber, LR Buenau, KE Vanblaricom, GR AF Gerber, LR Buenau, KE Vanblaricom, GR TI Density dependence and risk of extinction in a small population of sea otters SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE akaike information criteria; demography; density dependence; diffusion approximation; extinction risk; oil spill; sea otter ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; OIL-SPILL; CONTAMINATION; MORTALITY AB Sea otters (Enhydra lutris (L.)) were hunted to extinction off the coast of Washington State early in the 20th century. A new population was established by translocations from Alaska in 1969 and 1970, and currently numbers at least 550 animals. A major threat to the population is the ongoing risk of major oil spills in sea otter habitat. We apply population models to census and demographic data in order to evaluate the status of the population. We fit several density dependent models to test for density dependence and determine plausible values for the carrying capacity (K) by comparing model goodness of fit to an exponential model. Model fits were compared using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). A significant negative relationship was found between the population growth rate and population size (r(2) = 0.27, F = 5.57, df = 16, p < 0.05), suggesting density dependence in Washington state sea otters. Information Criterion statistics suggest that the Beverton-Holt model is the most parsimonious, followed closely by the logistic model. Values of K ranged from 612 to 759 with best-fit parameter estimates for the Beverton-Holt model including 0.26 for r and 612 for K. The latest ( 2001) population index count (555) puts the population at 87-92% of the estimated carrying capacity, above the suggested range for optimum sustainable population (OSP). Analyses of extinction risk associated with oil spills were based on assumptions of variable spill frequency, and variable mortality rates associated with spills once they occurred. At lower rates of assumed spill frequency, extinction risk was either negligible or was substantial only at the highest assumed mortality rates. At the highest assumed frequency rate (0.5 yr(-1)), extinction risks were high across the full range of assumed mortality rates. Elasticity analysis was conducted to examine the effects of proportional changes in vital rates on the population growth rate (λ). The elasticity values indicate that the population is most sensitive to changes in survival rates (particularly adult survival). C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Gerber, LR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, POB 871501, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. OI Buenau, Kate/0000-0003-2156-7260 NR 40 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 36 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 13 IS 14 BP 2741 EP 2757 DI 10.1007/s10531-004-2146-1 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 876AY UT WOS:000225468900009 ER PT J AU Conn, PB Kendall, WL Samuel, MD AF Conn, PB Kendall, WL Samuel, MD TI A general model for the analysis of mark-resight, mark-recapture, and band-recovery data under tag loss SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE band recovery; barker model; collar retention; mark-recapture; mark-resight; survival; tag loss ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; CANADA GEESE; SURVIVAL RATES; NECK BANDS; MOVEMENT; FIDELITY; BIAS AB Estimates of waterfowl demographic parameters often come from resighting studies where birds fit with individually identifiable neck collars are resighted at a distance. Concerns have been raised about the effects of collar loss on parameter estimates, and the reliability of extrapolating from collared individuals to the population. Models previously proposed to account for collar loss do not allow survival or harvest parameters to depend on neck collar presence or absence. Also, few models have incorporated recent advances in mark-recapture theory that allow for multiple states or auxiliary encounters such as band recoveries. We propose a multistate model for tag loss in which the presence or absence of a collar is considered as a state variable. In this framework, demographic parameters are corrected for tag loss and questions related to collar effects on survival and recovery rates can be addressed. Encounters of individuals between closed sampling periods also can be incorporated in the analysis. We discuss data requirements for answering questions related to tag loss and sampling designs that lend themselves to this purpose. We illustrate the application of our model using a study of lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens). C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. USGS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Conn, PB (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM pconn@cnr.colostate.edu NR 42 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD DEC PY 2004 VL 60 IS 4 BP 900 EP 909 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2004.00245.x PG 10 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 882LB UT WOS:000225939300007 PM 15606410 ER PT J AU Bennett, JP Wright, DM AF Bennett, JP Wright, DM TI Element content of Xanthoparmelia scabrosa growing on asphalt in urban and rural New Zealand SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE asphalt; scabrosins; heavy metals; roads; Xanthoparmelia; New Zealand; phytoremediation ID LICHENS AB Xanthoparmelia scabrosa is a fibliose lichen that grows abundantly oil pedestrian and automobile asphalt in New Zealand, which are considered inhospitable habitats for lichens. Samples were collected at eight localities ranging from urban streets to very rural roads and analyzed for 28 chemical elements in order to determine elemental chemistry and to test hypotheses about tolerance mechanisms. Anthropogenic elements (Cu, Pb, and Zn) decreased significantly from urban to rural areas, while nutritional elements (K. P. and S) increased. Samples from urban areas contained 10% calcium. Sulfur was elevated at both urban and rural sites. possibly due to pollution in. the former site and higher levels of sulfur-containing scabrosin esters at the rural sites. The ability of this lichen to accumulate high levels of Cu, Pb and Zn may make it useful as a remediation tool. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bennett, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, 445 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM jpbennet@wisc.edu; dwright3@xtra.co.nz NR 18 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC PI FAIRFAX PA C/O JAMES D LAWREY, GEORGE MASON UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY MSN 3E1, FAIRFAX, VA 22030 USA SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD WIN PY 2004 VL 107 IS 4 BP 421 EP 428 DI 10.1639/0007-2745(2004)107[421:ECOXSG]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 888BF UT WOS:000226348500001 ER PT J AU Jung, RE Karasov, WH Melancon, MJ AF Jung, RE Karasov, WH Melancon, MJ TI Cytochrome P450 activity in green frogs (Rana clamitans melanota) exposed to water and sediments in the Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN LEOPARD FROGS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; INDUCTION; PIPIENS C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jung, RE (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 73 IS 6 BP 955 EP 962 DI 10.1007/s00128-004-0519-5 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 872PA UT WOS:000225218500002 PM 15674707 ER PT J AU Muller, JK Johnson, KG Sepulveda, MS Borgert, CJ Gross, TS AF Muller, JK Johnson, KG Sepulveda, MS Borgert, CJ Gross, TS TI Accumulation of dietary DDE and dieldrin by largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EROD INDUCTION C1 Appl Pharmacol & Toxicol Inc, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ctr Aquat Resource Studies, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Muller, JK (reprint author), Appl Pharmacol & Toxicol Inc, 2250 NW 24th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. RI Sepulveda, Maria/P-3598-2014 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES07375] NR 13 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 73 IS 6 BP 1078 EP 1085 DI 10.1007/S00128-004-0535-5 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 872PA UT WOS:000225218500018 PM 15674723 ER PT J AU Mellors, RJ Magistrale, H Earle, P Cogbill, A AF Mellors, RJ Magistrale, H Earle, P Cogbill, A TI Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; 1999 HECTOR MINE; SURFACE DEFORMATION; SAR INTERFEROMETRY; DISPLACEMENT FIELD; LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; EARTHS SURFACE; HALF-SPACE; FAULT; SLIP AB Source parameters determined from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements and from seismic data are compared from four moderate-size (less than M 6) earthquakes in southern California. The goal is to verify approximate detection capabilities of InSAR, assess differences in the results, and test how the two results can be reconciled. First, we calculated the expected surface deformation from all earthquakes greater than magnitude 4 in areas with available InSAR data (347 events). A search for deformation from the events in the interferograms yielded four possible events with magnitudes less than 6. The search for deformation was based on a visual inspection as well as cross-correlation in two dimensions between the measured signal and the expected signal. A grid-search algorithm was then used to estimate focal mechanism and depth from the InSAR data. The results were compared with locations and focal mechanisms from published catalogs. An independent relocation using seismic data was also performed. The seismic locations fell within the area of the expected rupture zone for the three events that show clear surface deformation. Therefore, the technique shows the capability to resolve locations with high accuracy and is applicable worldwide. The depths determined by InSAR agree with well-constrained seismic locations determined in a 3D velocity model. Depth control for well-imaged shallow events using InSAR data is good, and better than the seismic constraints in some cases. A major difficulty for InSAR analysis is the poor temporal coverage of InSAR data, which may make it impossible to distinguish deformation due to different earthquakes at the same location. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Geophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Mellors, RJ (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. EM mellors@geology.sdsu.edu; ahc@lanl.gov; pearle@usgs.gov RI Mellors, Robert/K-7479-2014 OI Mellors, Robert/0000-0002-2723-5163 NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 BP 2004 EP 2014 DI 10.1785/0120020219 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 887GI UT WOS:000226293400002 ER PT J AU Spudich, P Guatteri, M AF Spudich, P Guatteri, M TI The effect of bandwidth limitations on the inference of earthquake slip-weakening distance from seismograms SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RUPTURE AB Numerous researchers have obtained estimates of slip-weakening distance, D, and fracture energy for recent earthquakes. D, is often observed to be a significant fraction of the total slip and tends to correlate with total slip. Although these observations may well be true of real earthquakes, we show that low-pass filtering of strong-motion seismograms can also produce some of these effects in inverted rupture models. We test the accuracy of D, estimates by calculating them in low-pass-filtered versions of models A and B of Guatteri and Spudich (2000). Models A and B are two different rupture models for a hypothetical M 6.5 earthquake, and they have nearly identical rupture time, slip, and stress-drop distributions, and nearly identical predicted seismograms, but D, for model B is about twice that for model A. By low-pass filtering slip models A and B at 1.0 Hz, we simulate the blurring effects of band-limited waveform inversions on these slip models. At each point on a fault, D-c' is defined to be the slip at the time of the peak slip speed at that point. Low-pass filtering the slip models causes an upward bias in D-c inferred from stress-slip curves, and it causes an artificial correlation between Dc' and the total slip. Low-pass filtering might also bias fracture energy high and radiated energy low. These biases should be considered when interpreting D-c derived from band-limited slip models of real earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94205 USA. Swiss Re, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. RP Spudich, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94205 USA. EM spudich@usgs.gov; Mariagiovanna_Guatteri@swissre.com NR 10 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 BP 2028 EP 2036 DI 10.1785/0120030104 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 887GI UT WOS:000226293400004 ER PT J AU Aagaard, BT Heaton, TH AF Aagaard, BT Heaton, TH TI Near-source ground motions from simulations of sustained intersonic and supersonic fault ruptures SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; 1999 CHI-CHI; SUPERSHEAR RUPTURE; SHEAR CRACKS; EARTHQUAKE; PROPAGATION; TURKEY; SLIP; RECORDINGS; FRICTION AB We examine the long-period near-source ground motions from simulations of M 7.4 events on a strike-slip fault using kinematic ruptures with rupture speeds that range from subshear speeds through intersonic speeds to supersonic speeds. The strong along-strike shear-wave directivity present in scenarios with subshear rupture speeds disappears in the scenarios with ruptures propagating faster than the shear-wave speed. Furthermore, the maximum horizontal displacements and velocities rotate from generally fault-perpendicular orientations at subshear rupture speeds to generally fault-parallel orientations at supersonic rupture speeds. For rupture speeds just above the shear-wave speed, the orientations are spatially heterogeneous as a result of the random nature of our assumed slip model. At locations within a few kilometers of the rupture, the time histories of the polarization of the horizontal motion provide a better diagnostic with which to gauge the rupture speed than the orientation of the peak motion. Subshear ruptures are associated with significant fault-perpendicular motion before fault-parallel motion close to the fault; supershear ruptures are associated with fault-perpendicular motion a er significant fault-parallel motion. Consistent with previous studies, we do not find evidence for prolonged supershear rupture in the long-period (>2 sec) ground motions from the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. However, we are unable to resolve the issue of whether a limited portion of the rupture (approximately 10 km in length) propagated faster than the shear-wave speed. Additionally, a recording, from the 2002 Denali fault earthquake does appear to be qualitatively consistent with locally supershear rupture. Stronger evidence for supershear rupture in earthquakes may require very dense station coverage in order to capture these potentially distinguishing traits. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Aagaard, BT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Aagaard, Brad/0000-0002-8795-9833 NR 34 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 BP 2064 EP 2078 DI 10.1785/0120030249 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 887GI UT WOS:000226293400007 ER PT J AU Wang, GQ Boore, DM Igel, H Zhou, XY AF Wang, GQ Boore, DM Igel, H Zhou, XY TI Comparisons of ground motions from five aftershocks of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake with empirical predictions largely based on data from California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RESPONSE SPECTRA; MAGNITUDE AB The observed ground motions from five large aftershocks of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake are compared with predictions from four equations based primarily on data from California. The four equations for active tectonic regions are those developed by Abrahamson and Silva (1997), Boore et al. (1997), Campbell (1997, 2001), and Sadigh et al. (1997). Comparisons are made for horizontal-component peak ground accelerations and 5%-damped pseudoacceleration response spectra at periods between 0.02 sec and 5 sec. The observed motions are in reasonable agreement with the predictions, particularly for distances from 10 to 30 km. This is in marked contrast to the motions from the Chi-Chi mainshock, which are much lower than the predicted motions for periods less than about 1 sec. The results indicate that the low motions in the mainshock are not due to unusual, localized absorption of seismic energy, because waves from the mainshock and the aftershocks generally traverse the same section of the crust and are recorded at the same stations. The aftershock motions at distances of 30-60 km are somewhat lower than the predictions (but not nearly by as small a factor as those for the mainshock), suggesting that the ground motion attenuates more rapidly in this region of Taiwan than it does in the areas we compare with it. We provide equations for the regional attenuation of response spectra, which show increasing decay of motion with distance for decreasing oscillator periods. This observational study also demonstrates that ground motions have large earthquake-location-dependent variability for a specific site. This variability reduces the accuracy with which an earthquake-specific prediction of site response can be predicted. C1 Univ Munich, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, D-80333 Munich, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Architectural & Civil Engn, Beijing 100022, Peoples R China. RP Wang, GQ (reprint author), Univ Munich, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, D-80333 Munich, Germany. RI Igel, Heiner/E-9580-2010 NR 27 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 BP 2198 EP 2212 DI 10.1785/0120030237 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 887GI UT WOS:000226293400015 ER PT J AU Johnson, SY Nelson, AR Personius, SF Wells, RE Kelsey, HN Sherrod, BL Okumura, K Koehler, R Witter, RC Bradley, LA Harding, DJ AF Johnson, SY Nelson, AR Personius, SF Wells, RE Kelsey, HN Sherrod, BL Okumura, K Koehler, R Witter, RC Bradley, LA Harding, DJ TI Evidence for Late Holocene earthquakes on the Utsalady Point Fault, northern puget lowland, Washington SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEATTLE FAULT; FORE-ARC; DEFORMATION; CASCADIA; ISLAND; SOUND; ZONE; CALIBRATION; SEISMICITY; HAZARDS AB Trenches across the Utsalady Point fault in the northern Puget Lowland of Washington reveal evidence of at least one and probably two late Holocene earthquakes. The "Teeka"' and "Duffers" trenches were located along a 1.4-km-long. 1- to 4-m-high, northwest-trending, southwest-facing. topographic scarp recognized from Airborne Laser Swath Mapping. Glaciomarine drift exposed in the trenches reveals evidence of about 95 to 150 cm of vertical and 200 to 220 cm of left-lateral slip in the Teeka trench. Radiocarbon ages from a buried soil A horizon and overlying slope colluvium alone, with the historical record of earthquakes suggest that this faulting occurred 100 to 400 calendar years B.P. (A.D. 1550 to 1850). In the Duffers trench, 370 to 450 cm of vertical separation is accommodated by faulting (similar to210 cm) and folding (similar to160 to 240 cm), with probable but undetermined amounts of lateral slip. Stratigraphic relations and radiocarbon ages from buried soil, colluvium. and fissure fill in the hanging wall suggest the deformation at Duffers is most likely from two earthquakes that occurred between 100 to 500 and 1100 to 2200 calendar years B.P., but deformation during a single earthquake is also possible. For the two-earthquake hypothesis, deformation at Teeka trench in the first event involved folding but not faulting. Regional relations suggest that the earthquake(s) were M greater than or equal to similar to6.7 and that offshore rupture may have produced tsunamis. Based on this investigation and related recent studies, the maximum recurrence interval for large ground-rupturing crustal-fault earthquakes in the Puget Lowland is about 400 to 600 years or less. C1 US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Hiroshima Univ, Dept Geog, Higashihiroshima 7398522, Japan. William Lettis & Assoc Inc, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Johnson, SY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RI Harding, David/F-5913-2012 NR 46 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 BP 2299 EP 2316 DI 10.1785/0120040050 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 887GI UT WOS:000226293400023 ER PT J AU Roman, DC Moran, SC Power, JA Cashman, KV AF Roman, DC Moran, SC Power, JA Cashman, KV TI Temporal and spatial variation of local stress fields before and after the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FAULT-PLANE SOLUTIONS; FOCAL MECHANISM DATA; GEOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS; MAGMATIC SYSTEM; SEISMICITY; TENSOR; MODEL; SEGMENTATION; EARTHQUAKES; WASHINGTON AB We searched for changes in local stress-field orientation at Mount Spurr volcano, Alaska, between August 1991 and December 2001. This study focuses on the stress-field orientation beneath Crater Peak vent, the site of three eruptions in 1992, and beneath the summit of Mount Spurr. Local stress tensors were calculated by inverting subsets of 140 fault-plane solutions for earthquakes beneath Crater Peak and 96 fault-plane solutions for earthquakes beneath Mount Spurr. We also calculated an upper-crustal regional stress tensor by inverting fault-plane solutions for 66 intraplate earthquakes located near Mount Spurr during 1991-2001. Prior to the 1992 eruptions, and for 11 months beginning with a posteruption seismic swarm, the axis of maximum compressive stress beneath Crater Peak was subhorizontal and oriented N67-76degreesE, approximately perpendicular to the regional axis of maximum compressive stress (N43degreesW). The strong temporal correlation between this horizontal stress-field rotation (change in position of the sigma(1)/sigma(3) axes relative to regional stress) and magmatic activity indicates that the rotation was related to magmatic activity, and we suggest that the Crater Peak stress-field rotation resulted from pressurization of a network of dikes. During the entire study period, the stress field beneath the summit of Mount Spurr also differed from the regional stress tensor and was characterized by a vertical axis of maximum compressive stress. We suggest that slip beneath Mount Spurr's summit occurs primarily on a major normal fault in response to a combination of gravitational loading, hydrothemal circulation, and magmatic processes beneath Crater Peak. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Roman, DC (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, 1272 Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. EM droman@earth.leeds.ac.uk NR 32 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 BP 2366 EP 2379 DI 10.1785/0120030259 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 887GI UT WOS:000226293400027 ER PT J AU Aagaard, BT Anderson, G Hudnut, KW AF Aagaard, BT Anderson, G Hudnut, KW TI Dynamic rupture modeling of the transition from thrust to strike-slip motion in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1992 LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; HECTOR MINE EARTHQUAKE; SAN-BERNARDINO COUNTY; GOBI-ALTAY; SIMULATION; PROPAGATION; CALIFORNIA; VELOCITY; MONGOLIA; VALLEY AB We use three-dimensional dynamic (spontaneous) rupture models to investigate the nearly simultaneous ruptures of the Susitna Glacier thrust fault and the Denali strike-slip fault. With the 1957 M-w 8.3 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, earthquake as the only other well-documented case of significant, nearly simultaneous rupture of both thrust and strike-slip faults, this feature of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake provides a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms responsible for development of these large, complex events. We find that the geometry of the faults and the orientation of the regional stress field caused slip on the Susitna Glacier fault to load the Denali fault. Several different stress orientations with oblique right-lateral motion on the Susitna Glacier fault replicate the triggering of rupture on the Denali fault about 10 sec after the rupture nucleates on the Susitna Glacier fault. However, generating slip directions compatible with measured surface offsets and kinematic source inversions requires perturbing the stress orientation from that determined with focal mechanisms of regional events. Adjusting the vertical component of the principal stress tensor for the regional stress field so that it is more consistent with a mixture of strike-slip and reverse faulting significantly improves the fit of the slip-rake angles to the data. Rotating the maximum horizontal compressive stress direction westward appears to improve the fit even further. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. UNAVCO Inc, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Aagaard, BT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010 OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; NR 39 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S190 EP S201 DI 10.1785/0120040614 PN B PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100013 ER PT J AU Boore, DM AF Boore, DM TI Ground motion in Anchorage, Alaska, from the 2002 Denali fault earthquake: Site response and displacement pulses SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID GENERALIZED INVERSION METHOD; CALIFORNIA; WAVES AB Data from the 2002 Denali fault earthquake recorded at 26 sites in and near Anchorage, Alaska, show a number of systematic features important in studies of site response and in constructing long-period spectra for use in earthquake engineering. The data demonstrate that National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Pro-ram (NEHRP) site classes are a useful way of grouping stations according to site amplification. In general, the sites underlain by lower shear-wave velocities have higher amplification. The amplification on NEHRP class D sites exceeds a factor of 2 relative to an average of motions on class C sites. The amplifications are period dependent. They are in rough agreement with those from previous studies, but the new data show that the amplifications extend to at least 10 sec, periods longer than considered in previous studies. At periods longer than about 14 sec, all sites have motion of similar amplitude, and the ground displacements are similar in shape, polarization, and amplitude for all stations. The displacement ground motion is dominated by a series of four pulses, which are associated with the three subevents identified in inversion studies (the first pulse is composed of P waves from the first subevent). Most of the high-frequency ground motion is associated with the S waves from subevent 1. The pulses from subevents I and 2, with moment releases corresponding to M 7.1 and 7.0, are similar to the pulse of displacement radiated by the M 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake. The signature from the largest subevent (M 7.6) is more subdued than those from the first two subevents. The two largest pulses produce response spectra with peaks at a period of about 15 sec. The spectral shape at long periods is in good agreement with the recent 2003 NEHRP code spectra but is in poor agreement with the shape obtained from Eurocode 8. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM boore@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S72 EP S84 DI 10.1785/0120040606 PN B PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100006 ER PT J AU Brocher, TM Fuis, GS Lutter, WJ Christensen, NI Ratchkovski, NA AF Brocher, TM Fuis, GS Lutter, WJ Christensen, NI Ratchkovski, NA TI Seismic velocity models for the Denali fault zone along the Richardson Highway, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PASSCAL OUACHITA EXPERIMENT; YUKON-TANANA TERRANE; EAST-CENTRAL ALASKA; COPPER RIVER BASIN; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; SOUTHERN ALASKA; CHUGACH MOUNTAINS; GUIDED-WAVES; SUTURE ZONE AB Crustal-scale seismic-velocity models across the Denali fault zone along the Richardson Highway show a 50-km-thick crust, a near vertical fault trace, and a 5-km-wide damage zone associated with the fault near Trans-Alaska Pipeline Pump Station 10, which provided the closest strong ground motion recordings of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake. We compare models, derived from seismic reflection and refraction surveys acquired in 1986 and 1987, to laboratory measurements of seismic velocities for typical metamorphic rocks exposed along the profiles. Our model for the 1986 seismic reflection profile indicates a 5-km-wide low-velocity zone in the upper I km of the Denali fault zone, which we interpret as fault gouge. Deeper refractions from our 1987 line image a 40-km wide, 5-km-deep low-velocity zone along the Denali fault and nearby associated fault strands, which we attribute to a composite damage zone along several strands of the Denali fault zone and to the obliquity of the seismic line to the fault zone. Our velocity model and other geophysical data indicate a nearly vertical Denali fault zone to a depth of 30 km. Aftershocks of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake and our velocity model provide evidence for a flower structure along the fault zone consisting of faults dipping toward and truncated by the Denali fault. Wide-angle reflections indicate that the crustal thickness beneath the Denali fault is transitional between the 60-km-thick crust beneath the Alaska Range to the south, and the extended, 30-km-thick crust of the Yukon-Tanana terrane to the north. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Earthquake Informat Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Brocher, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 54 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S85 EP S106 DI 10.1785/0120040615 PN B PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100007 ER PT J AU Bufe, CG AF Bufe, CG TI Stress transfer to the Denali and other regional faults from the M 9.2 Alaska earthquake of 1964 SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID WILLIAM-SOUND EARTHQUAKE; NORTH-AMERICAN PLATE; SOUTHERN ALASKA; COSEISMIC SLIP; SEISMIC ZONE; DEFORMATION; MECHANISM; INVERSION; SEQUENCE; BASIN AB Stress transfer from the great 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake is modeled on the Denali fault, including the Denali-Totscbunda fault segments that ruptured in 2002, and on other regional fault systems where M 7.5 and larger earthquakes have occurred since 1900. The results indicate that analysis of Coulomb stress transfer from the dominant earthquake in a region is a potentially powerful tool in assessing time-varying earthquake hazard. Modeled Coulomb stress increases on the northern Denali and Totschunda faults from the great 1964 earthquake coincide with zones that ruptured in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, although stress on the Susitna Glacier thrust plane, where the 2002 event initiated, was decreased. A southeasterly-trending Coulomb stress transect along the right-lateral Totschunda-Fairweather-Queen Charlotte trend shows stress transfer from the 1964 event advancing slip on the Totschunda, Fairweather, and Queen Charlotte segments, including the southern Fait-weather segment that ruptured in 1972. Stress transfer retarding right-lateral strike slip was observed from the southern pan of the Totschunda fault to the northern end of the Fairweather fault (1958 rupture). This region encompasses a gap with shallow thrust faulting but with little evidence of strike-slip faulting connecting the segments to the northwest and southeast. Stress transfer toward failure was computed on the north-south trending right-lateral strike-slip faults in the Gulf of Alaska that ruptured in 1987 and 1988, with inhibitory stress changes at the northern end of the northernmost (1987) rupture. The northern Denali and Totschunda faults, including the zones that ruptured in the 2002 earthquakes, follow very closely (within 3%), for about 90degrees, an arc of a circle of radius 375 km. The center of this circle is within a few kilometers of the intersection at depth of the Patton Bay fault with the Alaskan megathrust. This inferred asperity edge may be the pole of counterclockwise rotation of the block south of the Denali fault. These observations suggest that the asperity and its recurrent rupture in great earthquakes as in 1964 may have influenced the tectonics of the region during the later stages of evolution of the Denali strike-slip fault system. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Bufe, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S145 EP S155 DI 10.1785/0120040622 PN B PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100010 ER PT J AU Carver, G Plafker, G Metz, M Cluff, L Slemmons, B Johnson, E Roddick, J Sorensen, S AF Carver, G Plafker, G Metz, M Cluff, L Slemmons, B Johnson, E Roddick, J Sorensen, S TI Surface rupture on the Denali fault interpreted from tree damage during the 1912 Delta River M-w 7.2-7.4 earthquake: Implications for the 2002 Denali fault earthquake slip distribution SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ALASKA; MAGNITUDE; AREA AB During the 3 November 2002 Denali fault earthquake, surface rupture propagated through a small, old-growth forest in the Delta River valley and damaged many trees growing on the fault. Damage was principally the result of fault offset of tree roots and tilting of trees. Some trees were split by surface faults that intersected the base of their trunks or large taproots. A few trees appear to have been damaged by strong shaking. Many of the older trees damaged in 2002 were deformed and scarred. Some of these scarred trees exhibit past damage indicative of surface faulting and have abrupt changes in their annual ring patterns that coincide with the past damage. Annual ring counts from several of these older scarred trees indicate the damage was caused by surface rupture on the Denali fault in 1912. The only earthquake of sufficient magnitude that fits the requirements for timing and general location as recorded by the damaged trees is a widely felt M-s 7.2-7.4 earthquake on 6 July 1912 informally referred to as the 1912 Delta River earthquake. Seismologic data and intensity distribution for the 1912 Delta River earthquake indicate that its epicenter was within 60-90 km of the Delta River and that rupture probably propagated toward the west. Inferred fault length, displacement, and rupture direction suggest the 1912 rupture was probably largely coincident with the western, lower slip section of the 2002 rupture. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Carver Geol Inc, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Pflaker Geohazzard Consultants, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. MC Metz & Associates, Anchorage, AK 99502 USA. Pacific Gas & Elect Co, San Francisco, CA 94015 USA. Alyeska Pipeline Serv Co, Anchorage, AK 99519 USA. Alyeska Pipeline Serv Co, Fairbanks, AK 99706 USA. RP Carver, G (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S58 EP S71 DI 10.1785/0120040625 PN B PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100005 ER PT J AU Choy, GL Boatwright, J AF Choy, GL Boatwright, J TI Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SPECTRA; ALASKA AB Displacement, velocity, and velocity-squared records of P and SH body waves recorded at teleseismic distances are analyzed to determine the rupture characteristics of the Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake of 3 November 2002 (M-W 7.9, Me 8.1). Three episodes of rupture can be identified from broadband (similar to0.1-5.0 Hz) waveforms. The Denali fault earthquake started as a M-W 7.3 thrust event. Subsequent right-lateral strike-slip rupture events with centroid depths of 9 km occurred about 22 and 49 see later. The teleseismic P waves are dominated by energy at intermediate frequencies (0.1-1 Hz) radiated by the thrust event, while the SH waves are dominated by energy at lower frequencies (0.05-0.2 Hz) radiated by the strike-slip events. The strike-slip events exhibit strong directivity in the teleseismic SH waves. Correcting the recorded P-wave acceleration spectra for the effect of the free surface yields an estimate of 2.8 x 10(15) N m for the energy radiated by the thrust event. Correcting the recorded SH-wave acceleration spectra similarly yields an estimate of 3.3 x 10(16) N m for the energy radiated by the two strike-slip events. The average rupture velocity for the strike-slip rupture process is 1.1beta-1.2beta. The strike-slip events were located 90 and 188 km east of the epicenter. The rupture length over which significant or resolvable energy is radiated is, thus, far shorter than the 340-km fault length over which surface displacements were observed. However, the seismic moment released by these three events, 4 x 10(20) N m, was approximately half the seismic moment determined from very low-frequency analyses of the earthquake. The difference in seismic moment can be reasonably attributed to slip on fault segments that did not radiate significant or coherent seismic energy. These results suggest that very large and great strike-slip earthquakes can generate stress pulses that rapidly produce substantial slip with negligible stress drop and little discernible radiated energy on fault segments distant from the initial point of nucleation. The existence of this energy-deficient rupture mode has important implications for the evaluation of the seismic hazard of very large strike-slip earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Choy, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S269 EP S277 DI 10.1785/0120040605 PN B PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100018 ER PT J AU Crone, AJ Personius, SF Craw, PA Haeussler, PJ Staft, LA AF Crone, AJ Personius, SF Craw, PA Haeussler, PJ Staft, LA TI The Susitna Glacier thrust fault: Characteristics of surface ruptures on the fault that initiated the 2002 Denali fault earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EASTERN ALASKA RANGE; MAGNITUDE; TECTONICS; SLIP; DISPLACEMENT; SYSTEM; MOVEMENT; SEGMENT; LENGTH; AREA AB The 3 November 2002 M-w 7.9 Denali fault earthquake sequence initiated on the newly discovered Susitna Glacier thrust fault and caused 48 km of surface rupture. Rupture of the Susitna Glacier fault generated scarps on ice of the Susitna and West Fork glaciers and on tundra and surficial deposits along the southern front of the central Alaska Range. Based on detailed mapping, 27 topographic profiles, and field observations, we document the characteristics and slip distribution of the 2002 ruptures and describe evidence of pre-2002 ruptures on the fault. The 2002 surface faulting produced structures that range from simple folds on a single trace to complex thrust-fault ruptures and pressure ridges on multiple, sinuous strands. The deformation zone is locally more than I km wide. We measured a maximum vertical displacement of 5.4 m on the south-directed main thrust. North-directed backthrusts have more than 4 m of surface offset. We measured a well-constrained near-surface fault dip of about 19degrees at one site, which is considerably less than seismologically determined values of 35degrees-48degrees. Surface-rupture data yield an estimated magnitude of M-w 7.3 for the fault, which is similar to the seismological value of M-w 7.2. Comparison of field and seismological data suggest that the Susitna Glacier fault is part of a large positive flower structure associated with northwest-directed transpressive deformation on the Denali fault. Prehistoric scarps are evidence of previous rupture of the Sustina Glacier fault, but additional work is needed to determine if past failures of the Susitna Glacier fault have consistently induced rupture of the Denali fault. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Alaska Div Geol & Geophys Surveys, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP US Geol Survey, MS 966,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S5 EP S22 DI 10.1785/0120040619 PN B PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100002 ER PT J AU Fisher, MA Ratchkovski, NA Nokleberg, WJ Pellerin, L Glen, JMG AF Fisher, MA Ratchkovski, NA Nokleberg, WJ Pellerin, L Glen, JMG TI Geophysical data reveal the crustal structure of the Alaska Range orogen within the aftershock zone of the M-w 7.9 Denali fault earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID YUKON-TANANA TERRANE; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; EAST-CENTRAL ALASKA; MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; OBLIQUE SUBDUCTION; BASIN DEVELOPMENT; REFLECTION DATA AB Geophysical information, including deep-crustal seismic reflection, magnetotelluric (NIT), gravity, and magnetic data, cross the aftershock zone of the 3 November 2002 M-w 7.9 Denali fault earthquake. These data and aftershock seismicity, jointly interpreted, reveal the crustal structure of the right-lateral-slip Denali fault and the eastern Alaska Range orogen, as well as the relationship between this structure and seismicity. North of the Denali fault, strong seismic reflections from within the Alaska Range orogen show features that dip as steeply as 25degrees north and extend downward to depths between 20 and 25 km. These reflections reveal crustal structures, probably ductile shear zones, that most likely formed during the Late Cretaceous, but these structures appear to be inactive, having produced little seismicity during the past 20 years. Furthermore, seismic reflections mainly dip north, whereas alignments in aftershock hypocenters dip south. The Denali fault is nonreflective, but modeling of MT, gravity, and magnetic data suggests that the Denali fault dips steeply to vertically. However, in an alternative structural model, the Denali fault is defined by one of the reflection bands that dips to the north and flattens into the middle crust of the Alaska Range orogen. Modeling of NIT data indicates a rock body, having low electrical resistivity (>10 Omega (.) m), that lies mainly at depths greater than 10 km, directly beneath aftershocks of the Denali fault earthquake. The maximum depth of aftershocks along the Denali fault is 10 km. This shallow depth may arise from a higher-than-normal geothermal gradient. Alternatively, the low electrical resistivity of deep rocks along the Denali fault may be associated with fluids that have weakened the lower crust and helped determine the depth extent of the aftershock zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Green Engn Inc, Berkeley, CA 94702 USA. RP Fisher, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mfisher@usgs.gov NR 98 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S107 EP S131 DI 10.1785/0120040613 PN B PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100008 ER PT J AU Frankel, A AF Frankel, A TI Rupture process of the M 7.9 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake: Subevents, directivity, and scaling of high-frequency ground motions SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; TECTONIC STRESS; SOURCE MODELS; CALIFORNIA; MAGNITUDE; SPECTRA; WAVES; SLIP AB Displacement waveforms and high-frequency acceleration envelopes from stations at distances of 3-300 km were inverted to determine the source process of the M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake. Fitting the initial portion of the displacement waveforms indicates that the earthquake started with an oblique thrust subevent (subevent #1) with an east-west-striking, north-dipping nodal plane consistent with the observed surface rupture on the Susitna Glacier fault. Inversion of the remainder of the waveforms (0.02-0.5 Hz) for moment release along the Denali and Totschunda faults shows that rupture proceeded eastward on the Denali fault, with two strikeslip subevents (numbers 2 and 3) centered about 90 and 2 10 km east of the hypocenter. Subevent 2 was located across from the station at PS 10 (Trans-Alaska Pipeline Pump Station #10) and was very localized in space and time. Subevent 3 extended from 160 to 230 kin east of the hypocenter and had the largest moment of the subevents. Based on the timing between subevent 2 and the east end of subevent 3, an average rupture velocity of 3.5 km/sec, close to the shear wave velocity at the average rupture depth, was found. However, the portion of the rupture 130-220 km east of the epicenter appears to have an effective rupture velocity of about 5.0 km/sec, which is supershear. These two subevents correspond approximately to areas of large surface offsets observed after the earthquake. Using waveforms of the M 6.7 Nenana Mountain earthquake as empirical Green's functions, the high-frequency (1-10 Hz) envelopes of the M 7.9 earthquake were inverted to determine the location of high-frequency energy release along the faults. The initial thrust subevent produced the largest high-frequency energy release per unit fault length. The high-frequency envelopes and acceleration spectra (>0.5 Hz) of the M 7.9 earthquake can be simulated by chaining together rupture zones of the M 6.7 earthquake over distances from 30 to 180 km east of the hypocenter. However, the inversion indicates that there was relatively little high-freqUency energy generated along the 60-km portion of the Totschunda fault on the east end of the rupture. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Frankel, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 43 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S234 EP S255 DI 10.1785/0120040612 PN B PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100016 ER PT J AU Haeussler, PJ Schwartz, DP Dawson, TE Stenner, HD Lienkaemper, JJ Sherrod, B Cinti, FR Montone, P Craw, PA Crone, AJ Personius, SF AF Haeussler, PJ Schwartz, DP Dawson, TE Stenner, HD Lienkaemper, JJ Sherrod, B Cinti, FR Montone, P Craw, PA Crone, AJ Personius, SF TI Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RANGE; MAGNITUDE; TECTONICS; EASTERN; SCALE AB The 3 November 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake resulted in 341 km of surface rupture on the Susima Glacier, Denali, and Totschunda faults. The rupture proceeded from west to east and began with a 48-km-long break on the previously unknown Susitna Glacier thrust fault. Slip on this thrust averaged about 4 m (Crone et al., 2004). Next came the principal surface break, along 226 km of the Denali fault, with average right-lateral offsets of 4.5-5.1 m and a maximum offset of 8.8 m near its eastern end. The Denali fault trace is commonly left stepping and north side up. About 99 km of the fault ruptured through glacier ice, where the trace orientation was commonly influenced by local ice fabric. Finally, slip transferred southeastward onto the Totschunda fault and continued for another 66 km where dextral offsets average 1.6-1.8 m. The transition from the Denali fault to the Totschunda fault occurs over a complex 25-km-long transfer zone of right-slip and normal fault traces. Three methods of calculating average surface slip all field a moment magnitude of M-w 7.8, in very good agreement with the seismologically determined magnitude of M 7.9. A comparison of strong-motion inversions for moment release with our slip distribution shows they have a similar pattern. The locations of the two largest pulses of moment release correlate with the locations of increasing steps in the average values of observed slip. This suggests that slip-distribution data can be used to infer moment release along other active fault traces. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol Sismol & Tettonofis, I-00143 Rome, Italy. State Alaska, Dept Nat Resources, Div Geol & Geophys Surveys, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 34 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 7 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S23 EP S52 DI 10.1785/0120040626 PN B PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100003 ER PT J AU Johnston, MJS Prejean, SG Hill, DP AF Johnston, MJS Prejean, SG Hill, DP TI Triggered deformation and seismic activity under Mammoth Mountain in Long Valley caldera by the 3 November 2002 M-W 7.9 Denali fault earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 28 JUNE 1992; M(W)=7.3 LANDERS; TENSILE FAULTS; HALF-SPACE; CALIFORNIA; TRANSIENT; MAGNITUDE; ALASKA; SHEAR AB The 3 November 2002 M-W 7.9 Denali fault earthquake triggered deformational offsets and microseismicity under Mammoth Mountain (MM) on the rim of Long Valley caldera, California, some 3460 kin from the earthquake. Such strain offsets and microseismicity were not recorded at other borehole strain sites along the San Andreas fault system in California. The Long Valley offsets were recorded on borehole strainmeters at three sites around the western part of the caldera that includes Mammoth Mountain-a young volcano on the southwestern rim of the caldera. The largest recorded strain offsets were -0.1 microstrain at PO on the west side of MM, 0.05 microstrain at MX to the southeast of MM, and -0.025 microstrain at BS to the northeast of MM with negative strain extensional. High sample rate strain data show initial triggering of the offsets began at 22:30 UTC during the arrival of the first Rayleigh waves from the Alaskan earthquake with peak-to-peak dynamic strain amplitudes of about 2 microstrain corresponding to a stress amplitude of about 0.06 MPa. The strain offsets crew to their final values in the next 10 min. The associated triggered seismicity occurred beneath the south flank of MM and also began at 22:30 UTC and died away over the next 15 min. This relatively weak seismicity burst included some 60 small events with magnitude all less than M = 1. While poorly constrained, these strain observations are consistent with triggered slip and intrusive opening on a north-striking normal fault centered at a depth of 8 kin with a moment of 10(16) N in, or the equivalent of a M 4.3 earthquake. The cumulative seismic moment for the associated seismicity burst was more than three orders of magnitude smaller. These observations and this model resemble those for the triggered deformation and slip that occurred beneath the north side of MM following the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake. However, in this case, we see little post-event slip decay reflected in the strain data after the Rayleigh-wave arrivals from the Denali fault earthquake and onset of triggered seismicity did not lac, the triggered deformation by 20 min. These observations are also distinctly different from the more widespread and energetic seismicity and deformation triggered by the 1992 M 7.3 Landers earthquake in the Long Valley caldera. Thus, each of the three instances of remotely triggered unrest in Long Valley caldera recorded to date differ. In each case, however, the deformation moment inferred from the strain meter data was more than an order of magnitude larger than the cumulative moment for the associated triggered seismicity. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Johnston, MJS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S360 EP S369 DI 10.1785/0120040603 PN B PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100026 ER PT J AU Moran, SC Power, JA Stihler, SD Sanchez, JJ Caplan-Auerbach, J AF Moran, SC Power, JA Stihler, SD Sanchez, JJ Caplan-Auerbach, J TI Earthquake triggering at Alaskan volcanoes following the 3 November 2002 Denali fault earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID KATMAI NATIONAL-PARK; DISTANT EARTHQUAKES; SHISHALDIN-VOLCANO; 1999 ERUPTION; HECTOR MINE; SEISMICITY; CALIFORNIA; MAGNITUDE; LANDERS; MECHANISM AB The 3 November 2002 M-W 7.9 Denali fault earthquake provided an excellent opportunity to investigate triggered earthquakes at Alaskan volcanoes. The Alaska Volcano Observatory operates short-period seismic networks on 24 historically active volcanoes in Alaska, 247-2159 km distant from the mainshock epicenter. We searched for evidence of triggered seismicity by examining the unfiltered waveforms for all stations in each volcano network for similar to1 hr after the M-W 7.9 arrival time at each network and for significant increases in located earthquakes in the hours after the mainshock. We found compelling evidence for triggering only at the Katmai volcanic cluster (KVC, 720-755 kin southwest of the epicenter), where small earthquakes with distinct P and S arrivals appeared within the mainshock coda at one station and a small increase in located earthquakes occurred for several hours after the mainshock. Peak dynamic stresses of similar to0.1 MPa at Augustine Volcano (560 km southwest of the epicenter) are significantly lower than those recorded in Yellowstone and Utah (>3000 km southeast of the epicenter), suggesting that strong directivity effects were at least partly responsible for the lack of triggering at Alaskan volcanoes. We describe other incidents of earthquake-induced triggering in the KVC, and outline a qualitative magnitude/distance-dependent triggering threshold. We argue that triggering results from the perturbation of magmatic-hydrothermal systems in the KVC and suggest that the comparative lack of triggering at other Alaskan volcanoes could be a result of differences in the nature of magmatic-hydrothermal systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Moran, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct,Bldg 10, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM smoran@usgs.gov; jpower@usgs.gov; stihler@giseis.alaska.edu; jjsanchez@giseis.alaska.edu; jca@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S300 EP S309 DI 10.1785/0120040608 PN B PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100021 ER PT J AU Oglesby, DD Dreger, DS Harris, RA Ratchkovski, N Hansen, R AF Oglesby, DD Dreger, DS Harris, RA Ratchkovski, N Hansen, R TI Inverse kinematic and forward dynamic models of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE PROPAGATION; 1992 LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; 3-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMICS; NONPLANAR FAULT; 3D SIMULATIONS; BRANCHED FAULT; DIPPING FAULTS; THRUST-FAULT; SHEAR CRACK AB We perform inverse kinematic and forward dynamic models of the M 7.9 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake to shed light on the rupture process and dynamics of this event, which took place on a geometrically complex fault system in central Alaska. We use a combination of local seismic and Global Positioning System (GPS) data for our kinematic inversion and find that the slip distribution of this event is characterized by three major asperities on the Denali fault. The rupture nucleated on the Susitna Glacier thrust fault, and after a pause, propagated onto the strike-slip Denali fault. Approximately 216 kin to the east, the rupture abandoned the Denali fault in favor of the more southwesterly directed Totschunda fault. Three-dimensional dynamic models of this event indicate that the abandonment of the Denali fault for the Totschunda fault can be explained by the Totschunda fault's more favorable orientation with respect to the local stress field. However, a uniform tectonic stress field cannot explain the complex slip pattern in this event. We also find that our dynamic models predict discontinuous rupture from the Denali to Totschunda fault segments. Such discontinuous rupture helps to qualitatively improve our kinematic inverse models. Two principal implications of our study are (1) a combination of inverse and forward modelinc, can bring insight into earthquake processes that are not possible with either technique alone, and (2) the stress field on geometrically complex fault systems is most likely not due to a uniform tectonic stress field that is resolved onto fault segments of different orientations; rather, other forms of stress heterogeneity must be invoked to explain the observed slip patterns. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Oglesby, DD (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 51 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 10 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S214 EP S233 DI 10.1785/0120040620 PN B PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100015 ER PT J AU Prejean, SG Hill, DP Brodsky, EE Hough, SE Johnston, MJS Malone, SD Oppenheimer, DH Pitt, AM Richards-Dinger, KB AF Prejean, SG Hill, DP Brodsky, EE Hough, SE Johnston, MJS Malone, SD Oppenheimer, DH Pitt, AM Richards-Dinger, KB TI Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the M-W 7.9 Denali fault earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LONG-VALLEY CALDERA; HECTOR MINE; CALIFORNIA; LANDERS; DEFORMATIONS; MAGNITUDE; ALASKA; SLIP; WASHINGTON; TRANSIENT AB The M-W 7.9 Denali fault earthquake in central Alaska of 3 November 2002 triggered earthquakes across western North America at epicentral distances of up to at least 3660 km. We describe the spatial and temporal development of triggered activity in California and the Pacific Northwest, focusing on Mount Rainier, the Geysers geothermal field, the Long Valley caldera, and the Coso geothermal field. The onset of triggered seismicity at each of these areas be-an during the Love and Raleigh waves of the M-W 7.9 wave train, which had dominant periods of 15 to 40 sec, indicating that earthquakes were triggered locally by dynamic stress changes due to low-frequency surface wave arrivals. Swarms during the wave train continued for similar to4 min (Mount Rainier) to similar to40 min (the Geysers) after the surface wave arrivals and were characterized by spasmodic bursts of small (M less than or equal to 2.5) earthquakes. Dynamic stresses within the surface wave train at the time of the first triggered earth-quakes ranged from 0.01 MPa (Coso) to 0.09 MPa (Mount Rainier). In addition to the swarms that began during the surface wave arrivals, Long Valley caldera and Mount Rainier experienced unusually large seismic swarms hours to days after the Denali fault earthquake. These swarms seem to represent a delayed response to the Denali fault earthquake. The occurrence of spatially and temporally distinct swarms of triggered seismicity at the same site suggests that earthquakes may be triggered by more than one physical process. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USN, Geothermal Program, China Lake, CA 93555 USA. RP Prejean, SG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RI Brodsky, Emily/B-9139-2014 NR 39 TC 94 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 13 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S348 EP S359 DI 10.1785/0120040610 PN B PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100025 ER PT J AU Wright, TJ Lu, Z Wicks, C AF Wright, TJ Lu, Z Wicks, C TI Constraining the slip distribution and fault geometry of the M-w 7.9, 3 November 2002, Denali fault earthquake with interferometric synthetic aperture radar and global positioning system data SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHS SURFACE; ALASKA; DEFORMATION AB The M-w 7.9, Denali fault earthquake (DFE) is the largest continental strike-slip earthquake to occur since the development of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). We use five interferograms, constructed using radar images from the Canadian Radarsat-1 satellite, to map the surface deformation at the western end of the fault rupture. Additional geodetic data are provided by displacements observed at 40 campaign and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) sites. We use the data to determine the geometry of the Susitna Glacier fault, thrusting on which initiated the DFE, and to determine a slip model for the entire event that is consistent with both the InSAR and GPS data. We find there was an average of 7.3 +/- 0.4 m slip on the Susitna Glacier fault, between 1 and 9.5 km depth on a 29 km long fault that dips north at 41 +/- 0.7degrees and has a surface projection close to the mapped rupture. On the Denali fault, a simple model with large slip patches finds a maximum of 8.7 +/- 0.7 m of slip between the surface and 14.3 +/- 0.2 km depth. A more complex distributed slip model finds a peak of 12.5 +/- 0.8 m in the upper 4 km, significantly higher than the observed surface slip. We estimate a geodetic moment of 670 +/- 10 X 10(18) N m (M-w 7.9), consistent with seismic estimates. Lack of preseismic data resulted in an absence of InSAR coverage for the eastern half of the DFE rupture. A dedicated geodetic InSAR mission could obviate coverage problems in the future. C1 Ctr Observ & Modelling Earthquakes & Tecton, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57196 USA. US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ctr Observ & Modelling Earthquakes & Tecton, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. RI Wright, Tim/A-5892-2011; NCEO, COMET+`/A-3443-2013 OI Wright, Tim/0000-0001-8338-5935; NR 24 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S175 EP S189 DI 10.1785/0120040623 PN B PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 902DG UT WOS:000227331100012 ER PT J AU Burgisser, A Gardner, JE AF Burgisser, A Gardner, JE TI Experimental constraints on degassing and permeability in volcanic conduit flow SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bubble growth; conduit flow; coalescence; decompression; degassing; rhyolite ID VESICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; BUBBLE-GROWTH; HIGH-PRESSURE; CONTINUOUS DECOMPRESSION; RHYOLITIC MELTS; SILICATE MELTS; AD 79; MAGMA; FRAGMENTATION; DYNAMICS AB This study assesses the effect of decompression rate on two processes that directly influence the behavior of volcanic eruptions: degassing and permeability in magmas. We studied the degassing of magma with experiments on hydrated natural rhyolitic glass at high pressure and temperature. From the data collected, we defined and characterized one degassing regime in equilibrium and two regimes in disequilibrium. Equilibrium bubble growth occurs when the decompression rate is slower than 0.1 MPa s(-1), while higher rates cause porosity to deviate rapidly from equilibrium, defining the first disequilibrium regime of degassing. If the deviation is large enough, a critical threshold of super-saturation is reached and bubble growth accelerates, defining the second disequilibrium regime. We studied permeability and bubble coalescence in magma with experiments using the same rhyolitic melt in open degassing conditions. Under these open conditions, we observed that bubbles start to coalesce at similar to 43 vol% porosity, regardless of decompression rate. Coalescence profoundly affects bubble texture and size distributions, and induces the melt to become permeable. We determined coalescence to occur on a time scale (similar to 180 s) independent of decompression rate. We parameterized and incorporated our experimental results into a 1D conduit flow model to explore the implications of our findings on eruptive behavior of rhyolitic melts with low crystal contents stored in the upper crust. Compared to previous models that assume equilibrium degassing of the melt during ascent, the introduction of disequilibrium degassing reduces the deviation from lithostatic pressure by similar to 25%, the acceleration at high porosities (> 50 vol%) by a factor 5, and the associated decompression rate by an order of magnitude. The integration of the time scale of coalescence to the model shows that the transition between explosive and effusive eruptive regimes is sensitive to small variations of the initial magma ascent speed, and that flow conditions near fragmentation may significantly be affected by bubble coalescence and gas escape. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Burgisser, A (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM Alain@gi.alaska.edu RI Gardner, James/H-1713-2011 NR 38 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 67 IS 1 BP 42 EP 56 DI 10.1007/s00445-004-0359-5 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 877WK UT WOS:000225605400004 ER PT J AU Harris, A Carniel, R Patrick, M Dehn, J AF Harris, A Carniel, R Patrick, M Dehn, J TI The sulfur flow fields of the Fossa di Vulcano SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sulfur flows; sulfur lakes; combustion; thermal erosion; Vulcano ID LIQUID SULFUR; VOLCANO AB Sulfur flow deposits at the Fossa di Vulcano fumarole field ( Italy) are dominated by thermal erosion features. These are characteristic of sulfur flows at this location, where most flows are emplaced in a combusting mode such that all flow sulfur is melted and consumed during the emplacement event. Further, thermal erosion during emplacement results in pits and channels that mark the passage of the combusting flow. These thermal erosion pits and channels are typically littered with noncombusted silicate blocks, show overhanging rims and an absence of sulfur. If activity remains confined to a source fumarole basin, then sulfur lake activity will result. Combustion of such a feature leaves thermally eroded pits, typically a few tens of centimeters to a few meters wide and long, and a few tens of centimeters deep. However, the increase in sulfur volume during melting and erosion of pit walls mean that overflow and breaching is common. This leads to capture of new sulfur encrusted fumarole basins and flow extension. Flow extension away from the lake results in thermal erosion channels as much as 1.7 m wide, 0.6 m deep and 23.5 m long. Flow direction is dictated by slope, cinder ejection and sources of new sulfur, thus flows are capable of moving down, across and/or up slope if that is the dominant source of new sulfur. We estimate that sulfur flow activity has combusted 2,000 - 5,000 m(3), or 4,000 - 10,000 tons, of sulfur at Vulcano. Only one noncombusted unit could be found during seven fumarole-fieldwide surveys during 1998 - 2003; this was 7.3 m long and 0.3 m wide, and had a viscosity of 0.1 - 40 Pa s. This viscosity is consistent with emplacement temperatures of 165 - 180 degreesC, which are lower than sulfur's combustion temperature. At Vulcano the commonality of thermal erosion features over noncombusted sulfur flow units indicates that combusting emplacement has been the main mode of flow emplacement at this volcano. The common occurrence of combustion is also evident from reference to the same phenomenon by Deodat de Dolomieu in 1783. C1 Univ Hawaii, HIGP SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Udine, Dipartimento Georisorse & Terr, I-33100 Udine, Italy. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Harris, A (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, HIGP SOEST, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM harris@higp.hawaii.edu RI Carniel, Roberto/A-7044-2008; OI Carniel, Roberto/0000-0001-8391-2512; Patrick, Matthew/0000-0002-8042-6639 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 66 IS 8 BP 749 EP 759 DI 10.1007/s00445-004-0361-y PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 876UV UT WOS:000225524500006 ER PT J AU Gard, M Randall, P AF Gard, M Randall, P TI Setting priorities for native fish conservation: An example from the South Yuba River watershed SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article AB 'This study examined the fish species composition and abundance in tributaries of the South Yuba River and how priorities for conservation of native fish can be established among tributaries. Most of the tributaries were dominated by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, while California roach, Lavinia symmetricus, were only found in one tributary, Kentucky Ravine. Priorities should consider numbers and abundance of natives, species composition, ownership, and watershed disturbance. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Conservat Wildlife & Fisheries Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Gard, M (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento Fish & Wildlife Off, 2800 Cottage Way,Room W-2605, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD WIN PY 2004 VL 90 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 802BU UT WOS:000220139800001 ER PT J AU Fleskes, JP Gilmer, DS Jarvis, RL AF Fleskes, JP Gilmer, DS Jarvis, RL TI Habitat selection by female northern pintails wintering in the Grassland Ecological Area, California SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; SACRAMENTO-VALLEY; FEEDING ECOLOGY; WETLANDS; SHOREBIRDS; WATERFOWL; DUCKS AB To determine relative importance of habitats available in the Grassland Ecological Area (G EA) to wintering female northern pintails, Anas acuta, we studied habitat use relative to availability (i.e., habitat selection) in the GEA during September through March, 1991-94 for 196 Hatch-Year (HY) and 221 After-Hatch-Year (AHY) female pintails that were radio tagged during August-early October in the GEA (n = 239), other San Joaquin Valley areas (n = 132), or other Central Valley areas (n = 46). Habitat availability and use varied among seasons and years, but pintails always selected shallow and, except on hunting days, open habitats. Swamp timothy, Heleochloa schoenoides, marsh was the most available, used, and selected habitat. Watergrass, Echinochloa crusgalli, marsh in the GEA was used less than available at night in contrast to previous studies in other SJV areas. Preferred late-winter habitats were apparently lacking in the GEA, at least relative to in the Sacramento Valley and Delta where most pintails moved to in December each year. Impacts on pintails of the increasing practice of managing marshes for increased emergent vegetation to attract other species should be monitored. Shallow, open habitats that produce seeds and invertebrates available to pintails in late winter would help maintain pintail abundance in the GEA. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Fleskes, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM joe_fleskes@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD WIN PY 2004 VL 90 IS 1 BP 13 EP 28 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 802BU UT WOS:000220139800002 ER PT J AU Gard, M AF Gard, M TI Potential for restoration of a california stream native fish assemblage SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID BIODIVERSITY AB The South Yuba River has a depleted native fish fauna, with five of the expected nine native fish species absent because of past human impacts on the system. Anadromous Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, and chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, are excluded by a downstream barrier. Three smaller native species, riff le sculpin, Cottus gulosus; California roach, Lavinia symmetricus; and speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus, were probably extirpated from the South Yuba River by the effects of hydraulic mining in the late 1800's. The fish community of the South Yuba River can be partially restored through reintroductions. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Conservat Wildlife & Fisheries Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Gard, M (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento Fish & Wildlife Off, 2800 Cottage Way,Room W-2605, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD WIN PY 2004 VL 90 IS 1 BP 29 EP 35 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 802BU UT WOS:000220139800003 ER PT J AU Letcher, BH Dubreuil, T O'Donnell, MJ Obedzinski, M Griswold, K Nislow, KH AF Letcher, BH Dubreuil, T O'Donnell, MJ Obedzinski, M Griswold, K Nislow, KH TI Long-term consequences of variation in timing and manner of fry introduction on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth, survival, and life-history expression SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Status of Atlantic Salmon CY AUG 11-14, 2003 CL Quebec, CANADA ID FOOD-CONSUMPTION; PRIOR RESIDENCE; MARKED ANIMALS; BROOK TROUT; POPULATIONS; TIME; PARR; TEMPERATURE; EMERGENCE; PARENTAGE AB We tested the influence of introduction time and the manner of introduction on growth, survival, and life-history expression of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Introduction treatments included three fry stocking times and stream rearing of embryos. Despite poor growth conditions during the early stocking period, early-stocked fish were larger throughout the entire study period, likely the result of prior residence advantage. This interpretation was reinforced by the laboratory study, where early-stocked fish outgrew late-stocked fish when reared together, but not when they were reared separately. In contrast to growth, abundance of stocked fish was greatest for fish stocked during the middle period, and this stocking group produced the greatest number of smolts. Despite smaller size, survival of stream-incubated fish was generally greater than survival of stocked fish. Introduction timing had a pronounced effect on smolt age but a weak effect on extent of parr maturation. Overall, these observations indicate that small differences (similar to2 weeks) in introduction time can have long-term effects on size, survival, and life-history expression. Results suggest stabilizing selection on introduction times, mediated by the interaction between prior residence (advantage to fish introduced earlier) and habitat suitability (advantage to fish introduced later). C1 USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Letcher, BH (reprint author), USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. EM bletcher@forwild.umass.edu RI Ebersole, Joseph/A-8371-2009 NR 48 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 12 BP 2288 EP 2301 DI 10.1139/F04-214 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 902EO UT WOS:000227337200004 ER PT J AU Obedzinski, M Letcher, BH AF Obedzinski, M Letcher, BH TI Variation in freshwater growth and development among five New England Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations reared in a common environment SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Status of Atlantic Salmon CY AUG 11-14, 2003 CL Quebec, CANADA ID EGG SIZE; CHINOOK SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; COHO SALMON; BROWN TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; INCUBATION-TEMPERATURE; BODY MORPHOLOGY; RAPID EVOLUTION; PACIFIC SALMON AB We examined phenotypic variation in growth and development from the eyed-egg stage to the age-1+ smolt stage among five New England populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar: East Machias, Narraguagus, Sheepscot, Penobscot, Connecticut) reared in a common laboratory environment. Study populations originated from rivers varying in size, latitude, and level of hatchery supplementation and included one reintroduced population (Connecticut was a recipient of Penobscot origin stock). Phenotypic trait differences were found among populations, and the degree of stock variation depended on ontogeny. Eggs were smaller and hatched sooner in the Penobscot (a northern, intensively managed population), but no stock differences were detected in size or growth efficiency from the onset of exogenous feeding to age 0+ summer. Differences again emerged in age 0+ autumn, with the degree of bimodality in length- frequency distributions differing among stocks; the Connecticut had the highest proportion of upper-mode fish and, ultimately, age-1+ smolts. Although genetic effects could not be entirely separated from maternal effects for egg size variation, it is likely that differences in hatch timing and smolt age had a genetic basis. Early emphasis on age-1+ hatchery-reared smolts in the Connecticut may have led to divergence in smolt age between the Penobscot and Connecticut populations in less than eight generations. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Obedzinski, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Rosa, Cooperat Extens, 133 Aviat Blvd,Suite 109, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 USA. EM mobedzinski@ucdavis.edu NR 63 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 12 BP 2314 EP 2328 DI 10.1139/F05-005 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 902EO UT WOS:000227337200006 ER PT J AU Parrish, DL Hawes, EJ Whalen, KG AF Parrish, DL Hawes, EJ Whalen, KG TI Winter growth and survival of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in experimental raceways SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Status of Atlantic Salmon CY AUG 11-14, 2003 CL Quebec, CANADA ID SMOLT RECRUITMENT; PARR; TEMPERATURE; MATURATION; CONSEQUENCES; SELECTION; SEASON AB We used experimental raceways to determine overwinter mortality of wild-reared immature and mature post-young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Secondarily, we investigated the effects of differing treatments (velocity and shelter) on winter growth and survival. Overall survival from November to April was 94%, and survival of immature (98%) and mature (90%) parr, although statistically different, was very similar. Immature parr grew more in length than mature parr, and both immature and mature parr in higher velocity (12 cm(.)s(-1)) raceways grew more than those in lower velocity (0.6 cm(.)s(-1)) raceways. Stomach contents were twofold greater in parr occupying higher velocity raceways than those in lower velocity raceways. Caloric content of immature and mature parr did not differ in any of five monthly samples. Lowest caloric content occurred in early February and increased between February and March when water temperatures were well below those considered optimal for growth. Although ice cover was present, isolating parr from conditions that occur in natural settings may have helped parr achieve nearly 2.5 times greater survival than parr in the wild. Further, whereas previous studies showed parr select habitats to minimize energetic loss, our results show a distinct advantage for parr to expend energy to feed during winter. C1 Univ Vermont, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Parrish, DL (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM Donna.Parrish@uvm.edu NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 12 BP 2350 EP 2357 DI 10.1139/F04-212 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 902EO UT WOS:000227337200009 ER PT J AU Bacon, CR Weber, PK Larsen, KA Reisenbichler, R Fitzpatrick, JA Wooden, JL AF Bacon, CR Weber, PK Larsen, KA Reisenbichler, R Fitzpatrick, JA Wooden, JL TI Migration and rearing histories of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) determined by ion microprobe Sr isotope and Sr/Ca transects of otoliths SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; FISH OTOLITHS; STRONTIUM/CALCIUM RATIOS; ANGUILLA-JAPONICA; RIVER; MICROCHEMISTRY; CHEMISTRY; ELEMENTS; MICROSTRUCTURE; IDENTIFICATION AB Strontium isotope and Sr/Ca ratios measured in situ by ion microprobe along radial transects of otoliths of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) vary between watersheds with contrasting geology. Otoliths from ocean-type chinook from Skagit River estuary, Washington, had prehatch regions with Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios of similar to0.709, suggesting a maternally inherited marine signature, extensive fresh water growth zones with Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios similar to those of the Skagit River at similar to0.705, and marine-like Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios near their edges. Otoliths from stream-type chinook from central Idaho had prehatch Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios greater than or equal to0.711, indicating that a maternal marine Sr isotopic signature is not preserved after the similar to1000- to 1400-km migration from the Pacific Ocean. Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios in the outer portions of otoliths from these Idaho juveniles were similar to those of their respective streams (similar to0.708-0.722). For Skagit juveniles, fresh water growth was marked by small decreases in otolith Sr/Ca, with increases in Sr/Ca corresponding to increases in Sr-87/Sr-86 with migration into salt water. Otoliths of Idaho fish had Sr/Ca radial variation patterns that record seasonal fluctuation in ambient water Sr/Ca ratios. The ion microprobe's ability to measure both Sr-87/Sr-86 and Sr/Ca ratios of otoliths at high spatial resolution in situ provides a new tool for studies of fish rearing and migration. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USGS, Ion Microprobe Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Bacon, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cbacon@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 17 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 12 BP 2425 EP 2439 DI 10.1139/f04-167 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 902EO UT WOS:000227337200016 ER PT J AU Wahbe, TR Bunnell, FL Bury, RB AF Wahbe, TR Bunnell, FL Bury, RB TI Terrestrial movements of juvenile and adult tailed frogs in relation to timber harvest in coastal British Columbia SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Review ID PACIFIC GIANT SALAMANDERS; ASCAPHUS-TRUEI STEJNEGER; CLEAR-CUT; STREAM AMPHIBIANS; PLETHODON-VEHICULUM; BODY-CONDITION; STAND AGE; FOREST; POPULATIONS; HABITAT AB Tailed frog (Ascaphus truei Stejneger) populations are at risk in much of the Pacific Northwest, and recolonization of sites may be slow postlogging. To examine the terrestrial movements of Ascaphus in clearcuts and old growth, we employed pitfall traps and drift-fence arrays installed along streams and 100 m into upland habitat. In the fall, we captured frogs farther from streams in old growth than in clearcuts, and more frogs were captured less than or equal to25 m from streams in clearcuts. Stronger stream affinity in clearcuts was most evident with juvenile frogs, which exhibited more upstream movements than adults. Compared with inland sites where frogs remained close to streams (e.g., 12 m), frogs at our coastal sites were captured at greater distances from streams (greater than or equal to100 m), having lower stream affinity than frogs at inland sites. Long-distance overland movements appear more likely where forested stands are present. Aggregations of Ascaphus at individual streams may not represent distinct populations and should not be managed as distinct units. Preserving groups of interconnected streams within watersheds instead of individual streams will improve the conservation status of Ascaphus. Population monitoring can ensure conservation measures promote long-term persistence. C1 Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Forest Sci Ctr, Ctr Appl Conservat Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wahbe, TR (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM wahbe@interchange.ubc.ca NR 112 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2455 EP 2466 DI 10.1139/X04-126 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 891QO UT WOS:000226595800006 ER PT J AU Guo, QF Brandle, J Schoeneberger, M Buettner, D AF Guo, QF Brandle, J Schoeneberger, M Buettner, D TI Simulating the dynamics of linear forests in Great Plains agroecosystems under changing climates SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID MODEL REGCM2; LANDSCAPE; DISPERSAL; BIODIVERSITY; DIVERSITY; STABILITY; GRADIENTS; EXPANSION; EDGE AB Most forest growth models are not suitable for the highly fragmented, linear (or linearly shaped) forests in the Great Plains agroecosystems (e.g., windbreaks, riparian forest buffers), where such forests are a minor but ecologically important component of the land mosaics. This study used SEEDSCAPE, a recently modified gap model designed for cultivated land mosaics in the Great Plains, to simulate the effects of climate change on the dynamics of such linear forests. We simulated the dynamics of windbreaks with different initial planting species richness and widths (light changes as the selected resulting factor) using current climate data and nested regional circulation models (RegCMs). Results indicated that (i) it took 70-80 simulation years for the linear forests to reach a steady state under both normal (present-day) and warming climates; (ii) warming climates would reduce total aboveground tree biomass and the spatial variation in biomass, but increase dominance in the linear forests, especially in the upland forests; (iii) linear forests with higher planting species richness and smaller width produced higher aboveground tree biomass per unit area; and (iv) the same species performed very differently with different climate scenarios, initial planting diversity, and forest widths. Although the model still needs further improvements (e.g., the effects of understory species should be included), the model can serve as a useful tool in modeling the succession of linear forests in human-dominated land mosaics under changing climates and may also have significant practical implications in other systems. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Guo, QF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM qguo@usgs.gov RI Guo, Qinfeng/A-8034-2009 NR 33 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2564 EP 2572 DI 10.1139/X04-138 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 891QO UT WOS:000226595800016 ER PT J AU Pergams, ORW Czech, B Haney, JC Nyberg, D AF Pergams, ORW Czech, B Haney, JC Nyberg, D TI Linkage of conservation activity to trends in the US economy SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE charitable giving; conservation; econometrics; economic growth; economic trends; financing; forecasting; steady state economy ID BIODIVERSITY; DONATIONS; CANADA AB As an economy grows, natural capital such as timber, soil, and water is reallocated to the human economy. This conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation creates a conundrum for conservation biologists because traditional forms of conservation action require money. We hypothesize that conservation spending in the United States is highly correlated with income and wealth, and we tested whether selected proxies for U.S. conservation activity could be predicted by U.S. economic indicators over time scales of 7-71 years. Stock market indexes (Dow Jones Industrial Average, Standard & Poor's 500 Index), gross domestic product (GDP), and personal income (PI) explained as much as 99% of annual variation in total revenue (including contributions) to four large nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the World Wildlife Fund, Sierra Club, Environmental Defense, The Nature Conservancy. These broad economic indicators also explained as much as 96% of the annual number of university conservation programs, 83% of membership in professional conservation organizations (Natural Areas Association, Society for Conservation Biology), 93% of natural park visitation, and 99+% of national park acreage. In most analyses, the income variables GDP and PI explained more variation in conservation activity than did either of the stock-market wealth variables. After long-term growth was removed from the time series, changes in revenues to the four NGOs combined were significantly correlated with GDP but not PI over the short term. Short-term variation in park acreage was significantly correlated with GDP and PI but lagged both by 3 years. Using linear models based on GDP, we predicted increases of 2.3% in 2003 cumulative NGO revenues and 1.0% in 2006 acreage owned by the National Park Service. The conservation activity parameters we measured may exhibit positive trends even in the face of declining biodiversity, but biodiversity conservation will ultimately require the cessation of economic growth. The challenge to the conservation biology community is to retain a significant presence during and after the cessation of growth. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Chicago Zool Soc, Brookfield, IL 60513 USA. Brookfield Zoo, Nat Conservancy, Smith Fellows Program, Brookfield, IL 60513 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Refuge Syst, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Pergams, ORW (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci, 845 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. EM pergams@uic.edu NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 34 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1617 EP 1623 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00411.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 879RT UT WOS:000225737300025 ER PT J AU Swarzenski, P Campbell, P Porcelli, D McKee, B AF Swarzenski, P Campbell, P Porcelli, D McKee, B TI The estuarine chemistry and isotope systematics of U-234,U-238 in the Amazon and Fly Rivers SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE radionuclides; estuarine transport; porewater; scavenging; turbidity maximum ID COASTAL MARINE-SEDIMENTS; RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; URANIUM ISOTOPES; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; PELAGIC SEDIMENTS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; GEOCHEMISTRY; WATER; BEHAVIOR AB Natural concentrations of U-238 and delta(234)U values were determined in estuarine surface waters and pore waters of the Amazon and Fly (Papua New Guinea) Rivers to investigate U transport phenomena across river-dominated land-sea margins. Discharge from large, tropical rivers is a major source of dissolved and solid materials transported to the oceans, and are important in defining not only oceanic mass budgets, but also terrestrial weathering rates. On the Amazon shelf, salinity-property plots of dissolved organic carbon, pH and total suspended matter revealed two vastly contrasting water masses that were energetically mixed. In this mixing zone, the distribution of uranium was highly non-conservative and exhibited extensive removal from the water column. Uranium removal was most pronounced within a salinity range of 0-16.6, and likely the result of scavenging and flocculation reactions with inorganic (i.e., Fe/Mn oxides) and organic colloids/particles. Removal of uranium may also be closely coupled to exchange and resuspension processes at the sediment/water interface. An inner-shelf pore water profile indicated the following diagenetic processes: extensive (similar to1 m),zones of Fe(III)-and, to a lesser degree, Mn(IV)-reduction in the absence of significant S(II) concentrations appeared to facilitate the formation of various authigenic minerals (e.g., siderite, rhodocrosite and uraninite). The pore water dissolved U-238 profile co-varied closely with Mn(II). Isotopic variations as evidenced in delta(234)U pore waters values from this site revealed information on the origin and history of particulate uranium. Only after a depth of about 1 m did the delta(234)U value approach unity (secular equilibrium), denoting a residual lattice bound uranium complex that is likely an upper-drainage basin weathering product. This suggests that the enriched delta(234)U values represent a riverine surface complexation product that is actively involved in Mn-Fe diagenetic cycles and surface complexation reactions. In the Fly River estuary, U-238 appears to exhibit a reasonably conservative distribution as a function of salinity. The absence of observed U removal does not necessarily imply non-reactivity, but instead may record an integration of concurrent U removal and release processes. There is not a linear correlation between delta(234)U vs. l/U-238 that would imply simple two component mixing. It is likely that resuspension of bottom sediments, prolonged residence times in the lower reaches of the Fly River, and energetic particle-colloid interactions contribute to the observed estuarine U distribution. The supply of uranium discharged from humid, tropical river systems to the sea appears to be foremost influenced by particle/water interactions that are ultimately governed by the particular physiographic and hydrologic characteristics of an estuary. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33705 USA. ETI Profess Inc, St Petersburg, FL 33705 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. Tulane Univ, Dept Geol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Swarzenski, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33705 USA. EM pswarzen@usgs.gov NR 66 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 24 IS 19 BP 2357 EP 2372 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2004.07.025 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 879ZD UT WOS:000225757100005 ER PT J AU Ogston, AS Storlazzi, CD Field, ME Presto, MK AF Ogston, AS Storlazzi, CD Field, ME Presto, MK TI Sediment resuspension and transport patterns on a fringing reef flat, Molokai, Hawaii SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE suspended sediment; turbidity; coral reefs; sedimentation; reef flat ID GROWTH; ENVIRONMENT; RESPONSES; CORALS; WATER AB Corals are known to flourish in various turbid environments around the world. The quantitative distinction between clear and turbid water in coral habitats is not well defined nor are the amount of sediment in suspension and rates of sedimentation used to evaluate the condition of reef environments well established. This study of sediment resuspension, transport, and resulting deposition on a fringing reef flat off Molokai, Hawaii, uses a year of time-series data from a small, instrumented tripod. It shows the importance of trade winds and ocean wave heights in controlling the movement of sediment. Sediment is typically resuspended daily and the dominant controls on the magnitude of events (10-25 mg/l) are the trade-wind-generated waves and currents and tidal elevation on the reef flat. The net flux of sediment on this reef is primarily along the reef flat in the direction of the prevailing trade winds (to the west), with a secondary direction of slightly offshore, towards a zone of low coral abundance. These results have application to reef studies and reef management in other areas in several ways. First, the observed resuspension and turbidity results from fine-grained terrigenous sediment that appears to be trapped and recycled on the reef flat. Thus corals are subjected to light attenuation by the same particles repeatedly, however small the amount. Secondly, the measurements show high temporal variability (from daily to seasonal scales) of sediment resuspension, indicating that single measurements are inadequate to accurately describe conditions on a reef flat. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Ogston, AS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM ogston@ocean.washington.edu OI Storlazzi, Curt/0000-0001-8057-4490 NR 35 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD DEC PY 2004 VL 23 IS 4 BP 559 EP 569 DI 10.1007/s00338-004-0415-9 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 884OO UT WOS:000226095100016 ER PT J AU Thogmartin, WE Sauer, JR Knutson, MG AF Thogmartin, WE Sauer, JR Knutson, MG TI A hierarchical spatial model of avian abundance with application to Cerulean Warblers SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE abundance mapping; Bayesian; CAR; Cerulean Warbler; conditional autoregression; count data; Dendroica cerulea; Markov chain Monte Carlo; MCMC; North American Breeding Bird Survey; spatial autocorrelation ID POPULATION-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; AUTOCORRELATION; GEOSTATISTICS; BIRDS; RIVER AB Surveys collecting count data are the primary means by which abundance is indexed for birds. These counts are confounded, however, by nuisance effects including observer effects and spatial correlation between counts. Current methods poorly accommodate both observer and spatial effects because modeling these spatially autocorrelated counts within a hierarchical framework is not practical using standard statistical approaches. We propose a Bayesian approach to this problem and provide as an example of its implementation a spatial model of predicted abundance for the Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) in the Prairie-Hardwood Transition of the upper midwestern United States. We used an overdispersed Poisson regression with fixed and random effects, fitted by Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We used 21 years of North American Breeding Bird Survey counts as the response in a loglinear function of explanatory variables describing habitat, spatial relatedness, year effects, and observer effects. The model included a conditional autoregressive term representing potential correlation between adjacent route counts. Categories of explanatory habitat variables in the model included land cover composition and configuration, climate, terrain heterogeneity, and human influence. The inherent hierarchy in the model was from counts occurring, in part, as a function of observers within survey routes within years. We found that the percentage of forested wetlands, an index of wetness potential, and an interaction between mean annual precipitation and deciduous forest patch size best described Cerulean Warbler abundance. Based on a map of relative abundance derived from the posterior parameter estimates, we estimated that only 15% of the species' population occurred on federal land, necessitating active engagement of public landowners and state agencies in the conservation of the breeding habitat for this species. Models of this type can be applied to any data in which the response is counts, such as animal counts, activity (e.g.,nest) counts, or species richness. The most noteworthy practical application of this spatial modeling approach is the ability to map relative species abundance. The functional relationships that we elucidated for the Cerulean Warbler provide a basis for the development of management programs and may serve to focus management and monitoring on areas and habitat variables important to Cerulean Warblers. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Thogmartin, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM wthogmartin@usgs.gov RI Thogmartin, Wayne/A-4461-2008 OI Thogmartin, Wayne/0000-0002-2384-4279 NR 53 TC 97 Z9 103 U1 4 U2 38 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1766 EP 1779 DI 10.1890/03-5247 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 881IV UT WOS:000225858000013 ER PT J AU Royle, JA Rubenstein, DR AF Royle, JA Rubenstein, DR TI The role of species abundance in determining breeding origins of migratory birds with stable isotopes SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Bayes Rule; Black-throated Blue Warbler; breeding origins; connectivity; Dendroica caerulescens; likelihood assignment; migratory birds; relative abundance; species abundance; stable isotopes ID WINTERING GROUNDS; POPULATIONS; CONNECTIVITY; FEATHERS; RATIOS AB Understanding the breeding origins of migratory birds captured on their wintering grounds has important management and conservation implications for declining populations of songbirds. Stable isotopes have recently been used to infer origins for species where application of conventional markers fails. A natural method of linking wintering birds to breeding populations, and one that has not been previously applied to stable isotopes, is based on likelihood. Using a likelihood assignment rule, birds are associated with the breeding population under which their realized isotope signature is most likely to have been generated. We report the first illustration of using likelihood-based assignment with stable isotope data. Moreover, within a probability-based framework for assignment, we argue that a more natural formulation of the assignment problem should be based on the probability of origin given the observed data, or the posterior probability of origin. The relationship between posterior assignment and that based on simple likelihood is embodied in Bayes Rule, which establishes a clear linkage between the distribution of the breeding population (i.e., relative abundance) and probability of origin. We demonstrate likelihood and posterior assignment using a large data set on Black-throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica caerulescens). Our results suggest that relative abundance is likely to be a more crucial consideration in the presence of less geographically structured isotopes, when the distribution of abundance is highly non-uniform, or when the range of the species is geographically restricted. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Royle, JA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM andy_royle@fws.gov RI Rubenstein, Dustin/A-3451-2015; OI Rubenstein, Dustin/0000-0002-4999-3723; Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 24 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1780 EP 1788 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 881IV UT WOS:000225858000014 ER PT J AU Tiner, RW AF Tiner, RW TI Remotely-sensed indicators for monitoring the general condition of "natural habitat" in watersheds: an application for Delaware's Nanticoke River watershed SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article DE natural habitat integrity; watershed characterization; Nanticoke River watershed; environmental indicators; remotely-sensed indicators ID JERSEY PINE-BARRENS; LAND-USE; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; RIPARIAN FORESTS; QUALITY; COMMUNITIES; STREAMS; ROADS; FRAGMENTATION; REQUIREMENTS AB Over the past two decades there has been increasing interest in developing indicators to monitor environmental change. Remote sensing techniques have been primarily used to generate information on land use/land cover changes. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has used this technology to monitor wetland trends and recently developed a set of remotely-sensed indicators to characterize and assess trends in the integrity of natural habitat in watersheds. The indices largely focus on the extent of "natural" cover throughout a given watershed, with an emphasis on locations important to fish, wildlife, and water quality. Six indices address natural habitat extent and four deal with human-caused disturbance. A composite index of natural habitat integrity combining the habitat extent and habitat disturbance indices may be formulated to provide an overall numeric value for a watershed or subbasin. These indices facilitate comparison between watersheds (and subbasins) and assesssment of trends useful for environmental monitoring. This paper describes the indices and presents an example of their application for characterizing and assessing conditions of subbasins within Delaware's Nanticoke River watershed. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Reg 5, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. RP Tiner, RW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Reg 5, 300 Westgate Ctr Dr, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. EM ralph_tiner@fws.gov NR 64 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1470-160X J9 ECOL INDIC JI Ecol. Indic. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 4 IS 4 BP 227 EP 243 DI 10.1016/j.ecolind.2004.04.002 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 873UD UT WOS:000225305700001 ER PT J AU Whitman, RL Nevers, MB Goodrich, ML Murphy, PC Davis, BM AF Whitman, RL Nevers, MB Goodrich, ML Murphy, PC Davis, BM TI Characterization of Lake Michigan coastal lakes using zooplankton assemblages SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article DE indicators; monitoring; community; trophic status; principal component analysis ID CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; DISTURBANCE GRADIENTS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TROPHIC STATE; INDICATORS; SIZE; ABUNDANCE; ROTIFERS AB Zooplankton assemblages and water quality were examined bi-weekly from 17 April to 19 October 1998 in 11 northeastern Lake Michigan coastal lakes of similar origin but varied in trophic status and limnological condition. All lakes were within or adjacent to Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan. Zooplankton (principally microcrustaceans and rotifers) from triplicate Wisconsin net (80 mum) vertical tows taken at each lake's deepest location were analyzed. Oxygen-temperature-pH-specific conductivity profiles and surface water quality were concurrently measured. Bray-Curtis similarity analysis showed small variations among sample replicates but large temporal differences. The potential use of zooplankton communities for environmental lake comparisons was evaluated by means of BIOENV (Primer 5.1) and principal component analyses. Zooplankton analyzed at the lowest identified taxonomic level yielded greatest sensitivity to limnological variation. Taxonomic and ecological aggregations of zooplankton data performed comparably, but less well than the finest taxonomic analysis. Secchi depth, chlorophyll a, and sulfate concentrations combined to give the best correlation with patterns of variation in the zooplankton data set. Principal component analysis of these variables revealed trophic status as the most influential major limnological gradient among the study lakes. Overall, zooplankton abundance was an excellent indicator of variation in trophic status. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Sleeping Bear Dunes Natl Lakeshore, Empire, MI 49630 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Whitman, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. EM richard_whitman@usgs.gov OI Nevers, Meredith/0000-0001-6963-6734 NR 36 TC 19 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1470-160X J9 ECOL INDIC JI Ecol. Indic. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 4 IS 4 BP 277 EP 286 DI 10.1016/j.ecolind.2004.08.001 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 873UD UT WOS:000225305700004 ER PT J AU Nichols, JD Kendall, WL Hines, JE Spendelow, JA AF Nichols, JD Kendall, WL Hines, JE Spendelow, JA TI Estimation of sex-specific survival from capture-recapture data when sex is not always known SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture models; classification by sex; Roseate Terns; sex-specific survival rates; Sterna dougallii; uncertain state assignment ID POPULATION PROJECTION MATRICES; ROSEATE TERNS; POSTFLEDGING SURVIVAL; BREEDING PROPORTIONS; STERNA-DOUGALLII; MARKED ANIMALS; FALKNER ISLAND; RATES; MODELS; RATIO AB Many animals lack obvious sexual dimorphism. making assignment of sex difficult even for observed or captured animals. For many such species it is possible to assign sex with certainty only at some occasions, for example, when they exhibit certain types of behavior. A common approach to handling this situation in capture-recapture Studies has been to group capture histories into those of animals eventually identified as male and female and those For which sex was never known. Because group membership is dependent on the number of occasions at which an animal was caught or observed (known sex animals, on average, will have been observed at more occasions than unknown-sex animals), survival estimates for known-sex animals will he positively biased, and those for unknown aninials will be negatively biased. In this paper. we develop capture-recapture models that incorporate sex ratio and sex assignment parameters that permit unbiased estimation in the face of this sampling problem. We demonstrate the magnitude of bias in the traditional capture-recapture approach to this sampling problem, and we explore properties of estimators from other ad hoc approaches. The model is then applied to capture-recapture data for adult Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) at Falkner Island, Connecticut, 1993-2002. Sex ratio among adults ill this population favors females, and we tested the hypothesis that this population showed sex-specific differences in adult survival. Evidence was provided for higher survival of adult females than males, as predicted. We recommend use of this modeling approach for future capture-recapture studies in which sex cannot always be assigned to captured or observed animals. We also place this problem in the more general Context Of uncertainty in state classification ill multistate capture-recapture model. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Nichols, JD (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Jim_Nichols@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 2004 VL 85 IS 12 BP 3192 EP 3201 DI 10.1890/03-0578 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 887HV UT WOS:000226297500002 ER PT J AU Williams, TM Estes, JA Doak, DF Springer, AM AF Williams, TM Estes, JA Doak, DF Springer, AM TI Killer appetites: Assessing the role of predators in ecological communities SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Islands; caloric intake; community structure; energy comsumption; enhydralutris; Eumetopias jubatus; killer whale; metabolism; Orcinus orca; predators; sea otter; Steller sea lion ID SEA OTTERS; HEAT-BALANCE; WHALE PREDATION; MARINE MAMMALS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; POPULATION; ALASKA; PREY; ARCHIPELAGO; RECRUITMENT AB Large body size, carnivory, and endothermic costs lead to exceptionally high caloric demands in many mammalian predators. The potential impact oil prey resources may be marked but is difficult to demonstrate because of the mobility, sparseness, and cryptic nature of these animals. In this study, we developed a method based on comparative bioenergetics and demographic modeling to evaluate predator effects and then used this approach to assess the potential impact of killer whales on sea otter and Steller sea lion populations in the Aleutian Islands. Daily caloric requirements of killer whales determined from allometric regressions for field metabolic rate show that all adult killer whale requires 51-59 kcal(.)kg (1.)d(-1) (2.5-2.9 W/kg). Caloric values of prey items determined by bomb calorimetry ranged from 41 630 kcal for all adult female sea otter to sequentially higher values for male otters. sea lion pups. and adult Steller sea lions. Integrating these results with demographic changes in marine mammal populations show that fewer than 40 killer whales Could have caused the recent Steller sea lion decline in the Aleutian archipelago; a pod of five individuals could account for the decline in sea otters and the continued Suppression of sea lions. The collapse of the historical prey base of killer whales due to human whaling may have contributed to a sequential dietary switch from high to low caloric value prey. thereby initiating these declines. This study demonstrates that a combined physiological-demographic approach increases Our ability to critically evaluate the potential impact of a predator oil community structure and enables us to define underlying mechanisms that drive or constrain top-down forcing in dynamic ecosystems. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Williams, TM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM williams@biology.ucsc.ede NR 76 TC 143 Z9 150 U1 13 U2 123 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 2004 VL 85 IS 12 BP 3373 EP 3384 DI 10.1890/03-0696 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 887HV UT WOS:000226297500018 ER PT J AU Kruse, JA White, RG Epstein, HE Archie, B Berman, M Braund, SR Chapin, FS Charlie, J Daniel, CJ Eamer, J Flanders, N Griffith, B Haley, S Huskey, L Joseph, B Klein, DR Kofinas, GP Martin, SM Murphy, SM Nebesky, W Nicolson, C Russell, DE Tetlichi, J Tussing, A Walker, MD Young, OR AF Kruse, JA White, RG Epstein, HE Archie, B Berman, M Braund, SR Chapin, FS Charlie, J Daniel, CJ Eamer, J Flanders, N Griffith, B Haley, S Huskey, L Joseph, B Klein, DR Kofinas, GP Martin, SM Murphy, SM Nebesky, W Nicolson, C Russell, DE Tetlichi, J Tussing, A Walker, MD Young, OR TI Modeling sustainability of arctic communities: An interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers and local knowledge holders SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Arctic tundra vegetation; Canada; caribou; climate change; indigenous communities; integrated assessment; local knowledge; petroleum development; sustainability; tourism ID PORCUPINE CARIBOU HERD; INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT; BODY-COMPOSITION; FEMALE CARIBOU; ALASKA; SUBSISTENCE; CLIMATE; CHOICE; TUNDRA; FERTILIZER AB How will climate change affect the sustainability of Arctic villages over the next 40 years? This question motivated a collaboration of 23 researchers and four Arctic communities (Old Crow, Yukon Territory, Canada; Aklavik, Northwest Territories, Canada; Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories, Canada; and Arctic Village, Alaska, USA) in or near the range of the Porcupine Caribou Herd. We drew on existing research and local knowledge to examine potential effects of climate change, petroleum development, tourism, and government spending cutbacks on the sustainability of four Arctic villages. We used data across eight disciplines to develop an Arctic Community Synthesis Model and a Web-based, interactive Possible Futures Model. Results suggested that climate warming will increase vegetation biomass within the herd's summer range. However, despite forage increasing, the herd was projected as likely to decline with a warming climate because of increased insect harassment in the summer and potentially greater winter snow depths. There was a strong negative correlation between hypothetical, development-induced displacement of cows and calves from utilized calving grounds and calf survival during June. The results suggested that climate warming coupled with petroleum development would cause a decline in caribou harvest by local communities. Because the Synthesis Model inherits uncertainties associated with each component model, sensitivity analysis is required. Scientists and stakeholders agreed that (1) although simulation models are incomplete abstractions of the real world, they helped bring scientific and community knowledge together, and (2) relationships established across disciplines and between scientists and communities were a valuable outcome of the study. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Social & Econ Res, Leverett, MA 01054 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Inuvialuit Hunters & Trappers Comm, Aklavik, NT X03 0A0, Canada. Univ Alaska, Inst Social & Econ Res, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Stephen R Braund & Associates, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. ESSA Technol Ltd, Ottawa, ON K2B 5A3, Canada. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 5B7, Canada. Dartmouth Coll, Inst Arctic Studies, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Coll Rural Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. ABR Inc, Fairbanks, AK 99708 USA. Alaska Div Oil & Gas, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Social & Econ Res, Mercer Isl, WA 98040 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst No Forestry, Cooperat Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Epstein, HE (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM hee2b@virginia.edu OI Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910 NR 69 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 7 U2 41 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD DEC PY 2004 VL 7 IS 8 BP 815 EP 828 DI 10.1007/s10021-004-0008-z PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 885NE UT WOS:000226163400004 ER PT J AU Reid, SE Marion, JL AF Reid, SE Marion, JL TI Effectiveness of a confinement strategy for reducing campsite impacts in Shenandoah National Park SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; campsite impacts; camping policies; campsite impact monitoring; recreation ecology ID MANAGEMENT; WILDERNESS; VEGETATION AB The expansion and proliferation of backcountry campsites is a persistent problem in many parks and protected areas. Shenandoah National Park (SNP) has one of the highest backcountry overnight use densities in the USA national parks system. SNP managers implemented a multi-option backcountry camping policy in 2000 that included camping containment with established campsites. These actions were intended to reduce the number of campsites and the area of camping disturbance at each site. This paper describes a longitudinal adaptive management assessment of the new campsite policies, applying quantitative measures of campsite conditions to evaluate the efficacy of management interventions. Physical campsite measurements combined with qualitative visitor interviews indicated SNP had successfully reduced the number of campsites and aggregate measures of camping-related disturbance in the Park, while minimizing the use of regulations, site facilities and staff resources. Implications for managers of other protected areas are that an established site camping policy can minimize camping disturbance, including the number and size of campsites, provided managers can sustain rehabilitation efforts to close and restore unneeded campsites. Experiential attributes, such as the potential for solitude, can also be manipulated through control over the selection of established campsites. Integrating resource and social science methods also provided a more holistic perspective on management policy assessments. Adaptive management research provided a timely evaluation of management success while facilitating effective modifications in response to unforeseen challenges. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of a visitor impact containment strategy involving an established site camping option are offered. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Virginia Tech Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Tech Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Marion, JL (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Virginia Tech Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, 304 Cheatham Hall 0324, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM jmarion@vt.edu NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 9 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0376-8929 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV JI Environ. Conserv. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 31 IS 4 BP 274 EP 282 DI 10.1017/S0376892904001602 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 926BO UT WOS:000229098000002 ER PT J AU Moore, JE Raynolds, RG Barkmann, PE AF Moore, JE Raynolds, RG Barkmann, PE TI Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - past, present, and future SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aquifers; mining groundwater; artesian aquifers; Denver; Colorado; USA AB The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system is an important source of water for municipal and agricultural uses in the Denver and Colorado Springs metropolitan areas. The Denver area is one of the fastest growing areas in the United States with a population of 1.2 million in 1960 that has increased to over 2.4 million by 2000. This rapid population growth has produced a corresponding increase in demand for potable water. Historically, the Denver area has relied on surface water, however, in the past 10 years new housing and recreation developments have begun to rely on groundwater from the bedrock aquifers as the surface water is fully appropriated and in short supply. The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous age sedimentary rocks known as the Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe and Laramie-Fox Hills Aquifers. The number of bedrock wells has increased from 12,000 in 1985 to 33,700 in 2001 and the withdrawal of groundwater has caused water level declines of 76 m. Water level declines for the past 10 years have ranged from 3 to 12 m per year. The groundwater supplies were once thought to last 100 years but there is concern that the groundwater supplies may be essentially depleted in 10 to 15 years in areas on the west side of the basin. Extensive development of the aquifer system has occurred in the last 25 years especially near the center of the basin in Douglas and El Paso Counties where rapid urban growth continues and surface water is lacking. Groundwater is being mined from the aquifer system because the discharge by wells exceeds the rate of recharge. Concern is mounting that increased groundwater withdrawal will cause water level declines, increased costs to withdraw groundwater, reduced well yield, and reduced groundwater storage. As the long-term sustainability of the groundwater resource is in doubt, water managers believe that the life of the Denver Basin aquifers can be extended with artificial recharge, water reuse, restrictions on lawn watering, well permit restrictions and conservation measures. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Moore, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM moore123@aol.com; Bobraynolds@yahoo.com; peter.barkmann@state.co.us NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 47 IS 1 BP 63 EP 68 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 886CW UT WOS:000226205500008 ER PT J AU Bartholow, JM Campbell, SG Flug, M AF Bartholow, JM Campbell, SG Flug, M TI Predicting the thermal effects of dam removal on the Klamath River SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Klamath River; dam removal; thermal regime; phase shift; recovery distance; anadromous fish ID RESTORATION; REGIME; SALMON; SYSTEM AB The Klamath River once supported large runs of anadromous salmonids. Water temperature associated with multiple mainstem hydropower facilities might be one of many factors responsible for depressing Klamath salmon stocks. We combined a water quantity model and a water quality model to predict how removing the series of dams below Upper Klamath Lake might affect water temperatures, and ultimately fish survival, in the spawning and rearing portions of the mainstem Klamath. We calibrated the water quantity and quality models and applied them for the hydrometeorological conditions during a 40-year postdam period. Then, we hypothetically removed the dams and their impoundments from the models and reestimated the river's water temperatures. The principal thermal effect of dam and reservoir removal would be to restore the timing ( phase) of the river's seasonal thermal signature by shifting it approximately 18 days earlier in the year, resulting in river temperatures that more rapidly track ambient air temperatures. Such a shift would likely cool thermal habitat conditions for adult fall chinook ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during upstream migration and benefit mainstem spawning. By contrast, spring and early summer temperatures could be warmer without dams, potentially harming chinook rearing and outmigration in the mainstem. Dam removal might affect the river's thermal regime during certain conditions for over 200 km of the mainstem. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Bartholow, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM John_Bartholow@USGS.gov NR 52 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 10 U2 48 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 34 IS 6 BP 856 EP 874 DI 10.1007/s00267-004-0269-5 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 900TI UT WOS:000227236800008 PM 15726283 ER PT J AU Althoff, DP Rivers, JW Pontius, JS Gipson, PS Woodford, PB AF Althoff, DP Rivers, JW Pontius, JS Gipson, PS Woodford, PB TI A comprehensive approach to identifying monitoring priorities of small landbirds on military installations SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE index of relative difference; landbirds; LCTA; military installations; population monitoring; species richness ID CONDITION-TREND ANALYSIS; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; POPULATION TRENDS; NESTING SUCCESS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; HABITAT; SITE; COMMUNITIES; INDICATORS AB Military installations provide important native habitat for songbirds, including many species that have experienced population declines in recent decades. As part of the Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) program to monitor animal populations on military lands, we surveyed small (< 250 g) breeding landbirds on 60 permanent plots on the Fort Riley Military Installation in northeastern Kansas from 1991 to 2002. During this period, species richness averaged 39.0 species ( SE 0.9)/ year and mean species richness per plot ranged from 3.6 species ( SE = 0.2)/ plot ( 1999) to 7.5 species ( SE = 0.3)/ plot ( 1992). Turnover ( the appearance and disappearance of species on all plots from one year to the next) ranged from 5 species ( 2000 - 2001) to 16 species ( 1992 - 1993) and was driven primarily by turnover of woodland species. We developed an index of relative difference ( C) to evaluate relative trends of local populations and found that 25 species declined, 15 species increased, and 7 did not change. Based on migration assemblages, more resident species ( 6 of 10) and more short-distant migrants ( 9 of 12) decreased than long-distance migrants ( 10 vs. 11). Our analysis of major vegetation communities on plots showed few changes in the quantity of habitats ( grassland vs. woodlands) during the study. Our results indicate that Fort Riley provides important habitats for many landbirds, particularly those that require grasslands for breeding. Several species exhibited local declines when compared to the regional Breeding Bird Survey routes. We offer an approach that evaluates population changes of small landbirds and provides objective inputs for conservation directives. These can be adopted easily for use on military installations ( that use LCTA), parks, and wildlife refuges that have data from annual breeding bird surveys. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. AFZN GT RD Range Div, Integrated Training Area Management, Ft Riley, KS 66442 USA. RP Althoff, DP (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM dal-thoff@ksu.edu NR 51 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X EI 1432-1009 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 34 IS 6 BP 887 EP 902 DI 10.1007/s00267-004-0023-z PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 900TI UT WOS:000227236800010 PM 15696298 ER PT J AU James, SM Little, EE Semlitsch, RD AF James, SM Little, EE Semlitsch, RD TI The effect of soil composition and hydration on the bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to hibernating juvenile American toads (Bufo americanus) SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Bufo americanus; cadmium; dermal uptake; hibernation; soil composition ID NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; FROG RANA-RIDIBUNDA; HEAVY-METALS; ZINC; EXPOSURE; GROWTH; WATER; BIOACCUMULATION; AMPHIBIANS; SURVIVAL AB The soil ecotoxicology literature has focused primarily on a few major taxa, to the neglect of other fossorial organisms such as amphibians. We selected cadmium (Cd) and the American toad (Bufo americanus) as a model contaminant and biological species to assess the impact of soil contamination on amphibian hibernation survival and post-hibernation condition. Soil sand composition (50, 70, 90%) and hydration (100, 150% water holding capacity (WHC)) were manipulated in addition to Cd concentration (0, 56, 165, 483 mug/g) to determine whether these soil properties affect toxicity. Soil Cd concentration significantly reduced survival and locomotor performance, and was correlated negatively with percent mass loss and positively with whole body Cd concentration. Higher sand content resulted in less mass loss and greater Cd uptake. Toads that were hibernated in 50% sand hydrated to 100% WHC had higher survival, less mass loss, and better sprint performance than those hibernated in 50% sand, 150% WHC. This study demonstrates that concentrations of Cd found in soil at highly contaminated sites can be bioaccumulated by hibernating amphibians and may reduce fitness. Differences in microhabitat use may cause species to vary in their exposure and susceptibility to soil contamination. The toxicity of Cd to amphibians could be greater in natural systems where there are multiple stressors and fluctuations in environmental variables. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP James, SM (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, 105 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM smj21b@mizzou.edu OI Semlitsch, Raymond/0000-0002-7999-5762 NR 54 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 132 IS 3 BP 523 EP 532 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.005 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 855MB UT WOS:000223976300016 PM 15325468 ER PT J AU Besser, JM Brumbaugh, WG Kemble, NE May, TW Ingersoll, CG AF Besser, JM Brumbaugh, WG Kemble, NE May, TW Ingersoll, CG TI Effects of sediment characteristics on the toxicity of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTION; WATER; BIOAVAILABILITY; CR(VI); COPPER; CHEMISTRY; MECHANISM; CADMIUM; WETLAND; TESTS AB We evaluated the influence of sediment characteristics, acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and organic matter (OM), on the toxicity of chromium (Cr) in freshwater sediments. We conducted chronic (28-42-d) toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca exposed to Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in water and in spiked sediments. Waterborne Cr(VI) caused reduced survival of amphipods with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 40 mug/L. Cr(VI) spiked into test sediments with differing levels of AVS resulted in graded decreases in AVS and sediment OM. Only Cr(VI)-spiked sediments with low AVS concentrations (<1 mumol/g) caused significant amphipod mortality. Waterborne Cr(III) concentrations near solubility limits caused decreased survival of amphipods at pH 7 and pH 8 but not at pH 6. Sediments spiked with high levels of Cr(III) did not affect amphipod survival but had minor effects on growth and inconsistent effects on reproduction. Pore waters of some Cr(III)-spiked sediments contained measurable concentrations of Cr(VI), but observed toxic effects did not correspond closely to Cr concentrations in sediment or pore waters. Our results indicate that risks of Cr toxicity are low in freshwater sediments containing substantial concentrations of AVS. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Besser, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM jbesser@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 23 BP 6210 EP 6216 DI 10.1021/es049715i PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 876XU UT WOS:000225532900014 PM 15597873 ER PT J AU Nichols, JW Echols, KR Tillitt, DE Secord, AL McCarty, JP AF Nichols, JW Echols, KR Tillitt, DE Secord, AL McCarty, JP TI Bioenergetics-based modeling of individual PCB congeners in nestling tree swallows from two contaminated sites on the Upper Hudson River, New York SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAYFLY HEXAGENIA-LIMBATA; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; EMERGING INSECTS; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; BIOACCUMULATION; ABSORPTION; ENERGETICS; USA AB A bioenergetics-based model was used to simulate the accumulation of total PCBs and 20 PCB congeners by nestling tree swallows at two contaminated sites on the Upper Hudson River, New York. PCB concentrations in birds were calculated as the sum of inherited residues and those acquired through consumption of contaminated insects. Close agreement between simulations and measured residues in 5-, 10-, and 15-day-old nestlings was obtained when PCB concentrations in the diet were set equal to those in food boli taken from adult birds. These simulations were further optimized by fitting the value of a dietary assimilation efficiency constant. Fitted constants for both sites were similar and averaged about 0.7. An evaluation of model performance for individual congeners provided no evidence of metabolic biotransformation. The results of this study are consistent with a companion effort in which principal components analysis was used to compare PCB congener patterns in insects and in tree swallow eggs, nestlings, and adults. Together, these studies establish a quantitative linkage between nestling tree swallows and the insects that they consume and provide strong support for the use of nestling swallows as a biomonitoring species for exposure assessment. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Nichols, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM nichols.john@epa.gov RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 23 BP 6234 EP 6239 DI 10.1021/es0497734 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 876XU UT WOS:000225532900017 PM 15597876 ER PT J AU Echols, KR Tillitt, DE Nichols, JW Secord, AL McCarty, JP AF Echols, KR Tillitt, DE Nichols, JW Secord, AL McCarty, JP TI Accumulation of PCB congeners in nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) on the Hudson River, New York SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; EATING SEA BIRDS; IRISH COASTAL WATERS; MOLECULAR-FEATURES; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; GREEN BAY; FOX RIVER; FISH; USA; CONTAMINATION AB Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were used as a sentinel species to monitor the contamination and bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Hudson River watershed. Several tree swallow nest box colonies around and downstream from Hudson Falls, NY were studied. Tree swallow eggs, adults, and 5-, 10-, and 15-day-old nestlings were collected and analyzed for 103 PCB congeners. Emergent insects collected by net (primarily Odonata) or as a food bolus (primarily Diptera) taken from the mouths of adult tree swallows returning to the nest were analyzed in the same manner. Total PCB concentrations (wet weight) in eggs from two contaminated sites ranged from 9000 to 25 000 ng/g and accumulated to 32 000 and 96 000 ng/g in 15-day-old nestling at two contaminated sites. The congener patterns of PCBs in eggs, nestlings, and adults were compared to those found in emergent insects (Odonata and Diptera) using principal components analysis. The PCB patterns of the biota differed from that of Aroclor technical mixtures. PCB patterns in adult tree swallows were similar to those in eggs, while the patterns in dietary insects were similar to nestling tree swallows. Uptake rate constants were determined for tree swallow nestlings and compared between the two contaminated sites. The estimated PCB congener uptake rate constants were 0.008-0.02 d(-1) based on uptake in nestlings until day 15 post-hatch. The rate constants were comparable between the two study areas and may be used to predict nestling contamination at other locations. Our studies confirm the utility of nestling tree swallows to evaluate localized PCB contamination. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, MED Duluth, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Tillitt, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM dtillitt@usgs.gov RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 39 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 23 BP 6240 EP 6246 DI 10.1021/es049785p PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 876XU UT WOS:000225532900018 PM 15597877 ER PT J AU Carvalho, PSM Tillitt, DE AF Carvalho, PSM Tillitt, DE TI 2,3,7,8-TCDD effects on visual structure and function in swim-up rainbow trout SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID APOPTOTIC CELL-DEATH; STENOTOMUS-CHRYSOPS SCUP; EARLY LIFE STAGES; LAKE TROUT; EMBRYONIC VASCULATURE; HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; DORSAL MIDBRAIN; FISH; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; LARVAL AB An understanding of mechanisms of contaminant effects across levels of biological organization is essential in ecotoxicology if we are to generate predictive models for population-level effects. We applied a suite of biochemical, histological, and behavioral end points related to visual structure and function and foraging behavior to evaluate effects of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on swim-up rainbow trout. We detected a dose-dependent decrease in densities of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), key retinal neurons that link the eye with the brain. These changes resulted in corresponding deficits in visual/motor function including reductions in visual acuity and in scotopic and photopic thresholds due to TCDD. The loss of RGCs suggests an increase in convergence of synapses from photoreceptors to RGCs as a cellular mechanism for the visual deficits. Dose-dependent increases in immunohistochemical detection of CYPIA protein in the vasculature of the brain and eye choroid was proportional with decreased ganglion cell densities in the retina. TCDDinduced AHR-regulated effects on these tissues might be involved in the detected decrease in ganglion cell densities. Prey capture rate decreased after TCDD exposure only at the highest treatment groups evaluated. Collectively, these results show that TCDD causes biochemical and structural changes in the eye and brain of rainbow trout that are associated with behavioral deficits leading to decreased individual fitness. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Carvalho, PSM (reprint author), Univ Fed Santa Catarina, CCB, Dept Bioquim, CP 476, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. EM pcarvalho@ccb.ufsc.br RI Carvalho, Paulo/D-7213-2011 OI Carvalho, Paulo/0000-0002-4957-9768 NR 48 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 23 BP 6300 EP 6306 DI 10.1021/es034857i PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 876XU UT WOS:000225532900026 PM 15597885 ER PT J AU Snyder, EM Snyder, SA Kelly, KL Gross, TS Villeneuve, DL Fitzgerald, SD Villalobos, SA Giesy, JP AF Snyder, EM Snyder, SA Kelly, KL Gross, TS Villeneuve, DL Fitzgerald, SD Villalobos, SA Giesy, JP TI Reproductive responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed in cages to influent of the Las Vegas Wash in Lake Mead, Nevada, from late winter to early spring SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT; SEX STEROIDS; VITELLOGENIN INDUCTION; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; UNITED-KINGDOM; EROD ACTIVITY; ANNUAL CYCLE; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; WATERBORNE EXPOSURE; SEASONAL-CHANGES AB The Las Vegas Wash (LW) delivers tertiary-treated municipal wastewater effluent, nonpotable shallow groundwater seepage, and runoff from the urbanized Las Vegas Valley to Las Vegas Bay (LX) of Lake Mead. To investigate the potential for contaminants in LW influent to produce effects indicative of endocrine disruption in vivo, adult male and female common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed in cages for 42-48 d at four sites in Lake Mead: LW, LX, and two reference locations in the lake. End points examined included gonadosomatic index; gonad histology; concentrations of plasma vitellogenin (VTG) and plasma sex steroids (17beta-estradiol (E2),testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT)); plasma estrogen:androgen ratios (E2:T, E2:11-KT), in vitro production of T by gonad tissue, and hepatopancreas ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity. Few differences among fish caged at different sites were potentially attributable to exposure to contaminants in LW influent. Male carp caged at LW had slightly greater concentrations of plasma VTG than those at other sites, and a modest elevation in plasma E2 was observed in male carp at LX and LW, but causes other than contaminant exposure cannot be ruled out. Water temperature differences among sites complicated interpretation of the results. Variation in some end points among carp at two different reference sites supports the use of multiple reference sites in field studies of the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Ctr Integrat Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Denver Fed Ctr, Ecol Res & Invest D8220, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Pathobiol & Diagnost Invest, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. Michigan State Univ, Diagnost Ctr Populat & Anim Hlth, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. RP Snyder, EM (reprint author), Black & Veatch Corp, 4040 S Eastern Ave,Suite 330, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM SnyderEM@bv.com RI Snyder, Shane/A-3302-2011 OI Snyder, Shane/0000-0003-2709-9840 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07255] NR 70 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 23 BP 6385 EP 6395 DI 10.1021/es049690n PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 876XU UT WOS:000225532900037 PM 15597896 ER PT J AU Whitehead, A Kuivila, KM Orlando, JL Kotelevtsev, S Anderson, SL AF Whitehead, A Kuivila, KM Orlando, JL Kotelevtsev, S Anderson, SL TI Genotoxicity in native fish associated with agricultural runoff events SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE genotoxicity; pesticides; field study; native fish; DNA strand breaks ID PRINCE-WILLIAM SOUND; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; GEL COMET ASSAY; DNA-DAMAGE; IN-VIVO; PESTICIDES; CALIFORNIA; RIVER; CHEMICALS; RADIOCESIUM AB The primary objective of the present study was to test whether agricultural chemical runoff was associated with instream genotoxicity in native fish. Using Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis), we combined field-caging experiments in an agriculturally dominated watershed with controlled laboratory exposures to field-collected water samples, and we coupled genotoxicity biomarker measurements in fish with bacterial mutagenicity analysis of water samples. We selected DNA strand breakage as a genotoxicity biomarker and Ames Salmonella mutagenicity tests as a second, supporting indicator of genotoxicity. Data from experiments conducted during rainfall runoff events following winter application of pesticides in 2000 and 2001 indicated that DNA strand breaks were significantly elevated in fish exposed to San Joaquin River (CA, USA) water (38.8, 28.4, and 53.6% DNA strand breakage in year 2000 field, year 2000 lab, and year 2001 field exposures, respectively) compared with a nearby reference site (15.4, 8.7, and 12.6% DNA strand breakage in year 2000 field, year 2000 lab, and year 2001 field exposures, respectively). Time-course measurements in field experiments supported a linkage between induction of DNA strand breakage and the timing of agricultural runoff. San Joaquin River water also caused significant reversion mutation in two Ames Salmonella tester strains. Salmonella mutagenicity corroborated in-stream effects, further strengthening a causal relationship between runoff events and genotoxicity. Potentially responsible agents are discussed in the context of timing of runoff events in the field, concordance between laboratory and field exposures, pesticide application patterns in the drainage, and analytical chemistry data. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Biol, Moscow 119899, Russia. RP Anderson, SL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, POB 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. EM susanderson@ucdavis.edu RI Whitehead, Andrew/G-2122-2012 NR 36 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 23 IS 12 BP 2868 EP 2877 DI 10.1897/03-649.1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 878XK UT WOS:000225680500013 PM 15648762 ER PT J AU Sciera, KL Isely, JJ Tomasso, JR Klaine, SJ AF Sciera, KL Isely, JJ Tomasso, JR Klaine, SJ TI Influence of multiple water-quality characteristics on copper toxicity to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE copper; fathead minnow; dissolved organic matter; low water hardness; organic matter source ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL; RAINBOW-TROUT; FISH GILLS; CADMIUM-BINDING; LOW-ALKALINITY; PH; HARDNESS; METALS AB Water quality influences the bioavailability and toxicity of copper to aquatic organisms. Understanding the relationships between water-quality parameters and copper toxicity may facilitate the development of site-specific criteria for water quality and result in better protection of aquatic biota. Many studies have examined the influence of a single water-quality parameter on copper toxicity, but the interactions of several characteristics have not been well studied in low-hardness water. The goal of the present research was to examine the interactions among water-quality characteristics and their effects on copper toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, DOC source, pH, and hardness on acute copper toxicity were determined using a complete factorially designed experiment. Hardness, pH, DOC, and interaction of pH and DOC all significantly affected copper toxicity. A predictive model based on these data described 88% of the variability in copper toxicity. This model also explained 58% of the variability in copper toxicity for an independent dataset of South Carolina (USA) waters. The biotic ligand model underpredicted the acute copper toxicity to fathead minnows when compared with observed values. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Grad Program Environm Toxicol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Sciera, KL (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Grad Program Environm Toxicol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM sciera.katherine@epa.gov RI Klaine, Stephen/C-5352-2011 NR 26 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 17 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 23 IS 12 BP 2900 EP 2905 DI 10.1897/03-574.1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 878XK UT WOS:000225680500016 PM 15648765 ER PT J AU Rauschenberger, RH Sepulveda, MS Wiebe, JJ Szabo, NJ Gross, TS AF Rauschenberger, RH Sepulveda, MS Wiebe, JJ Szabo, NJ Gross, TS TI Predicting maternal body burdens of organochlorine pesticides from eggs and evidence of maternal transfer in Alligator mississippiensis SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE organochlorine pesticides; reptile; maternal transfer; egg ID AMERICAN ALLIGATOR; CONTAMINANTS; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS; METABOLISM; RESIDUES; EXPOSURE; FLORIDA; BELIZE; PHASE; BIRDS AB Few data exist regarding maternal-embryonal transfer of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in reptiles. The objective of the present study was to evaluate maternal transfer of OCPs in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from low-, intermediate-, and high-OCP-exposure sites. Overall, total OCP burdens ranged from less than 0.8 ppb in blood to more than 44,000 ppb in abdominal adipose tissue (wet wt concentrations). Lipid-adjusted ratios of maternal adipose burdens (total OCPs) to yolk burdens were close to one (0.94 +/- 0.31:1), suggesting that animals were in steady state and that OCPs in eggs originated from adipose lipids. In contrast, lipid-adjusted muscle and liver OCP burdens were greater than yolk OCP burdens, suggesting that lipids in muscle were not utilized during oogenesis and that nonlipid liver tissue sequesters OCPs. Predictive equations were derived for several tissues and several OCP analytes with r(2) values ranging from 0.40 to 0.99 (p < 0.05). We suggest that yolk burdens are predictive of maternal tissue burdens for certain tissues and OCPs and that certain OCPs are maternally transferred in the American alligator. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies should investigate the applicability of these predictive equations for assessing maternal exposure in other crocodilian species. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Analyt Toxicol Core Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Rauschenberger, RH (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, POB 100144, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. EM heath_rauschenberger@usgs.gov RI Sepulveda, Maria/P-3598-2014 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42-ES-07375] NR 30 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 8 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 23 IS 12 BP 2906 EP 2915 DI 10.1897/03-584.1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 878XK UT WOS:000225680500017 PM 15648766 ER PT J AU Schlekat, CE Purkerson, DG Luoma, SN AF Schlekat, CE Purkerson, DG Luoma, SN TI Modeling selenium bioaccumulation through arthropod food webs in San Francisco Bay, California, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE selenium; trophic transfer; bioaccumulation; mysid; copepod ID BIVALVE POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; MARINE COPEPODS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; BIOAVAILABILITY; ACCUMULATION; METALS; ASSIMILATION; ZOOPLANKTON AB Trophic transfer is the main process by which upper trophic level wildlife are exposed to selenium. Transfers through lower levels of a predator's food web thus can be instrumental in determining the threat of selenium in an ecosystem. Little is known about Se transfer through pelagic, zooplankton-based food webs in San Francisco Bay ([SFB], CA, USA), which serve as an energy source for important predators such as striped bass. A dynamic multipathway bioaccumulation model was used to model Se transfer from phytoplankton to pelagic copepods to carnivorous mysids (Neomysis mercedis). Uptake rates of dissolved Se, depuration rates, and assimilation efficiencies (AE) for the model were determined for copepods and mysids in the laboratory. Small (73-250 mum) and large (250-500 mum) herbivorous zooplankton collected from SFB (Oithonal Limnoithona and Acartia sp.) assimilated Se with similar efficiencies (41-52%) from phytoplankton. Mysids assimilated 73% of Se from small herbivorous zooplankton; Se AE was significantly lower (61%) than larger herbivorous zooplankton. Selenium depuration rates were high for both zooplankton and mysids (12-25% d(-1)), especially compared to bivalves (2-3% d(-1)). The model predicted steady state Se concentrations in mysids similar to those observed in the field. The predicted concentration range (1.5-5.4 mug g(-1)) was lower than concentrations of 4.5 to 24 mug g(-1) observed in bivalves from the bay. Differences in efflux between mysids and bivalves were the best explanation for the differences in uptake. The results suggest that the risk of selenium toxicity to predators feeding on N. mercedis would be less than the risk to predators feeding on bivalves. Management of selenium contamination should include food webs analyses to focus on the most important exposure pathways identified for a given watershed. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Florida Dept Environm Protect, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Schlekat, CE (reprint author), Nickel Producers Environm Res Assoc, 2605 Meridian Pkwy,Suite 200, Durham, NC 27713 USA. EM cschlekat@nipera.org NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 23 IS 12 BP 3003 EP 3010 DI 10.1897/03-4.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 878XK UT WOS:000225680500027 PM 15648776 ER PT J AU Crusius, J Bothner, MH Sommerfield, CK AF Crusius, J Bothner, MH Sommerfield, CK TI Bioturbation depths, rates and processes in Massachusetts Bay sediments inferred from modeling of Pb-210 and Pu239+240 profiles SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bioturbation; radionuclides; sediment-mixing model; non-local mixing; food-caching ID ORGANIC-CARBON; TRANSPORT; SLOPE; TIME; MATHEMATICS; SAMPLES; BURIAL; FLUXES; CS-137; SHELF AB Profiles of Pb-210 and Pu239 + 240 from sediment cores collected throughout Massachusetts Bay (water depths of 36-192 m) are interpreted with the aid of a numerical sediment-mixing model to infer bioturbation depths, rates and processes. The nuclide data suggest extensive bioturbation to depths of 25-35 cm. Roughly half the cores have Pb-210 and Pu239 + 240 profiles that decrease monotonically from the surface and are consistent with biodiffusive mixing. Bioturbation rates are reasonably well constrained by these profiles and vary from similar to0.7 to similar to40 cm(2) yr(-1). As a result of this extensive reworking, however, sediment ages cannot be accurately determined from these radionuclides and only upper limits on sedimentation rates (of similar to0.3 cm yr(-1)) can be inferred. The other half of the radionuclide profiles are characterized by subsurface maxima in each nuclide, which cannot be reproduced by biodiffusive mixing models. A numerical model is used to demonstrate that mixing caused by organisms that feed at the sediment surface and defecate below the surface can cause the subsurface maxima, as suggested by previous work. The deep penetration depths of excess Pb-210 and Pu239 + 240 suggest either that the organisms release material over a range of >15 cm depth or that biodiffusive mixing mediated by other organisms is occurring at depth. Additional constraints from surficial sediment Th-234 data suggest that in this half of the cores, the vast majority of the present-day flux of recent, nuclide-bearing material to these core sites is transported over a timescale of a month or more to a depth of a few centimeters below the sediment surface. As a consequence of the complex mixing processes, surface sediments include material spanning a range of ages and will Dot accurately record recent changes in contaminant deposition. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA. RP Crusius, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jcrusius@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 4 BP 643 EP 655 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.07.005 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 876SL UT WOS:000225517700008 ER PT J AU Angermeier, PL Wheeler, AP Rosenberger, AE AF Angermeier, PL Wheeler, AP Rosenberger, AE TI A conceptual framework for assessing impacts of roads on aquatic biota SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID FISH COMMUNITIES; UNITED-STATES; STREAM; URBANIZATION; URBAN; CONSTRUCTION; SEDIMENT; HIGHWAY; MACROINVERTEBRATES; INFRASTRUCTURE AB Roads are pervasive in modern landscapes and adversely affect many aquatic ecosystems. Conventional environmental assessments of roads focus on construction impacts but ignore subsequent impacts. A comprehensive framework for considering all impacts of roads would enable scientists and managers to develop assessment tools that more accurately inform stakeholders and policymakers about the biological consequences of road building. We developed a two-dimensional framework to organize impacts of roads on aquatic biota. One dimension recognizes three phases of road development, each with distinctive ranges of spatial and temporal scales. The second dimension recognizes five classes of environmental impacts associated with road development. The framework is useful in evaluating the completeness of assessments and in identifying gaps in scientific knowledge. We applied the framework to a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) for a proposed interstate highway to illustrate which road impacts are typically ignored in such assessments and how our framework can be used to enhance assessments. The DEIS largely omitted long-term, large-scale impacts from consideration. Such omissions preclude fair assessments of the desirability of roads and bias landscape-management decisions in favor of road building. Additional scientific input and changes in agency ideology are needed to reduce bias in assessments of the biological impacts of roads. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit 2, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. N Carolina Wildlife Resources Commiss, Waynesville, NC USA. Univ Idaho, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Dept Civil Engn, Boise, ID USA. RP Angermeier, PL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit 2, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM biota@vt.edu NR 53 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD DEC PY 2004 VL 29 IS 12 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2004)29[19:ACFFAI]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 878IQ UT WOS:000225640600008 ER PT J AU Choy, GL Kirby, SH AF Choy, GL Kirby, SH TI Apparent stress, fault maturity and seismic hazard for normal-fault earthquakes at subduction zones SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE apparent stress; intraslab earthquake; seismic energy; seismic hazard; subduction zone ID SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SOURCE PARAMETERS; WAVEFORM DATA; ENERGY; PLATE; TECTONICS; TRENCH; LITHOSPHERE; INVERSION; PATTERNS C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80215 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Choy, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80215 USA. EM choy@usgs.gov NR 50 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 159 IS 3 BP 991 EP 1012 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02449.x PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 873FA UT WOS:000225264100013 ER PT J AU Hamiel, Y Liu, YF Lyakhovsky, V Ben-Zion, Y Lockner, D AF Hamiel, Y Liu, YF Lyakhovsky, V Ben-Zion, Y Lockner, D TI A viscoelastic damage model with applications to stable and unstable fracturing SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE cracked media; rheology; viscoelasticity ID SEISMICITY PATTERNS; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; WESTERLY GRANITE; ROCK; DEFORMATION; FAULT; GROWTH; SHEAR; LOCALIZATION; SANDSTONE AB A viscoelastic damage rheology model is presented that provides a generalization of Maxwell viscoelasticity to a non-linear continuum mechanics framework incorporating material degradation and recovery, transition from stable to unstable fracturing and gradual accumulation of non-reversible deformation. The model is a further development of the damage rheology framework of Lyakhovsky et al. for evolving effective elasticity. The framework provides a quantitative treatment for macroscopic effects of evolving distributed cracking with local density represented by an intensive state variable. The formulation, based on thermodynamic principles, leads to a system of kinetic equations for the evolution of damage. An effective viscosity inversely proportional to the rate of damage increase is introduced to account for gradual accumulation of irreversible deformation due to dissipative processes. A power-law relation between the damage variable and elastic moduli leads to a non-linear coupling between the rate of damage evolution and the damage variable itself. This allows the model to reproduce a transition from stable to unstable fracturing of brittle rocks and the Kaiser effect. 3-D numerical simulations based on the model formulation for homogeneous and heterogeneous materials account for the main features of rock behaviour under large strain. The model coefficients are constrained, using triaxial laboratory experiments with low-porosity Westerly granite and high-porosity Berea sandstone samples. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hamiel, Y (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. EM yarivh@cc.huji.ac.il NR 55 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 159 IS 3 BP 1155 EP 1165 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02452.x PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 873FA UT WOS:000225264100023 ER PT J AU Founie, A AF Founie, A TI Mineral of the month: Gypsum SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Founie, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD DEC PY 2004 VL 49 IS 12 BP 44 EP 44 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 878NA UT WOS:000225652300020 ER PT J AU Masiello, CA Chadwick, OA Southon, J Torn, MS Harden, JW AF Masiello, CA Chadwick, OA Southon, J Torn, MS Harden, JW TI Weathering controls on mechanisms of carbon storage in grassland soils SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE pyrophosphate; radiocarbon; soil carbon storage ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND; MINERAL SURFACES; MARINE TERRACES; COASTAL DUNES; ALUMINUM; EXTRACTION; COMPLEXES; SEDIMENTS AB [ 1] On a sequence of soils developed under similar vegetation, temperature, and precipitation conditions, but with variations in mineralogical properties, we use organic carbon and 14 C inventories to examine mineral protection of soil organic carbon. In these soils, 14 C data indicate that the creation of slow-cycling carbon can be modeled as occurring through reaction of organic ligands with Al3+ and Fe3+ cations in the upper horizons, followed by sorption to amorphous inorganic Al compounds at depth. Only one of these processes, the chelation of Al3+ and Fe3+ by organic ligands, is linked to large carbon stocks. Organic ligands stabilized by this process traverse the soil column as dissolved organic carbon (both from surface horizons and root exudates). At our moist grassland site, this chelation and transport process is very strongly correlated with the storage and long-term stabilization of soil organic carbon. Our 14 C results show that the mechanisms of organic carbon transport and storage at this site follow a classic model previously believed to only be significant in a single soil order (Spodosols), and closely related to the presence of forests. The presence of this process in the grassland Alfisol, Inceptisol, and Mollisol soils of this chronosequence suggests that this process is a more significant control on organic carbon storage than previously thought. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Isotope Geochem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Masiello, CA (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM masiello@rice.edu RI Masiello, Caroline/A-2653-2011; Torn, Margaret/D-2305-2015 OI Masiello, Caroline/0000-0003-2102-6229; NR 38 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 43 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 AR GB4023 DI 10.1029/2004GB002219 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 877PY UT WOS:000225583700001 ER PT J AU Martin, JB Cable, JE Swarzenski, PW Lindenberg, MK AF Martin, Jonathan B. Cable, Jaye E. Swarzenski, Peter W. Lindenberg, Mary K. TI Enhanced Submarine Ground Water Discharge from Mixing of Pore Water and Estuarine Water SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Submarine ground water discharge is suggested to be an important pathway for contaminants from continents to coastal zones, but its significance depends on the volume of water and concentrations of contaminants that originate in continental aquifers. Ground water discharge to the Banana River Lagoon, Florida, was estimated by analyzing the temporal and spatial variations of Cl(-) concentration profiles in the upper 230 cm of pore waters and was measured directly by seepage meters. Total submarine ground water discharge consists of slow discharge at depths > similar to 70 cm below seafloor (cmbsf) of largely marine water combined with rapid discharge of mixed pore water and estuarine water above similar to 70 cmbsf. Cl- profiles indicate average linear velocities of similar to 0.014 cm/d at depths > similar to 70 cmbsf. In contrast, seepage meters indicate water discharges across the sediment-water interface at rates between 3.6 and 6.9 cm/d. The discrepancy appears to be caused by mixing in the shallow sediment, which may result from a combination of bioirrigation, wave and tidal pumping, and convection. Wave and tidal pumping and convection would be minor because the tidal range is small, the short fetch of the lagoon limits wave heights, and large density contacts are lacking between lagoon and pore water. Mixing occurs to similar to 70 cmbsf, which represents depths greater than previously reported. Mixing of oxygenated water to these depths could be important for remineralization of organic matter. C1 [Martin, Jonathan B.; Lindenberg, Mary K.] Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Cable, Jaye E.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Swarzenski, Peter W.] US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Martin, JB (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM jmartin@geology.ufl.edu NR 71 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1000 EP 1010 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02639.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DN UT WOS:000207174400006 ER PT J AU Cable, JE Martin, JB Swarzenski, PW Lindenberg, MK Steward, J AF Cable, Jaye E. Martin, Jonathan B. Swarzenski, Peter W. Lindenberg, Mary K. Steward, Joel TI Advection Within Shallow Pore Waters of a Coastal Lagoon, Florida SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Ground water sources can be a significant portion of a local water budget in estuarine environments, particularly in areas with high recharge rates, transmissive aquifers, and permeable marine sediments. However, field measurements of ground water discharge are often incongruent with ground water flow modeling results, leaving many scientists unsure which estimates are accurate. In this study, we find that both measurements and model results are reasonable. The difference between estimates apparently results from the sources of water being measured and not the techniques themselves. In two locations in the Indian River Lagoon estuarine system, we found seepage meter rates similar to rates calculated from the geochemical tracers (222)Rn and (226)Ra. Ground water discharge rates ranged from 4 to 9 cm/d using seepage meters and 3 to 20 cm/d using (222)Rn and (226)Ra. In contrast, in comparisons to other studies where finite element ground water flow modeling was used, much lower ground water discharge rates of similar to 0.05 to 0.15 cm/d were estimated. These low rates probably represent discharge of meteoric ground water from land-recharged aquifers, while the much higher rates measured with seepage meters, (222)Rn, and (226)Ra likely include an additional source of surface waters that regularly flush shallow (<1 m depth) sediments. This resultant total flow of mixed land-recharged water and recirculated surface waters contributes to the total biogeochemical loading in this shallow estuarine environment. C1 [Cable, Jaye E.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Martin, Jonathan B.; Lindenberg, Mary K.] Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Swarzenski, Peter W.] US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Steward, Joel] St Johns River Water Management Dist, Palatka, FL 32178 USA. RP Cable, JE (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM jcable@lsu.edu NR 63 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1011 EP 1020 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02640.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DN UT WOS:000207174400007 ER PT J AU Bratton, JF Bohlke, JK Manheim, FT Krantz, DE AF Bratton, John F. Boehlke, John Karl Manheim, Frank T. Krantz, David E. TI Ground Water Beneath Coastal Bays of the Delmarva Peninsula: Ages and Nutrients SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; UNITED-STATES; DATING TOOLS; CAPE-COD; NITRATE; DENITRIFICATION; SEDIMENTS; NITROGEN AB To complement a large-scale geophysical investigation of occurrence and discharge of fresh water beneath Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (Delmarva) coastal bays, we measured (1) salinity and nutrient concentrations in ground water samples from several offshore coring sites and (2) a suite of chemical and isotopic parameters, including age tracers, in ground water samples from a Delaware site. Samples were collected in a variety of Holocene and Plio-Pleistocene sediments in nearshore and offshore areas of the bays. Ground waters that were significantly fresher than overlying waters were found in plumes up to at least 15 m thick extending to more than 500 m offshore in some areas. Steep salinity and nutrient gradients occur within a few meters of the sediment surface in most locations studied. The zone of transition from deeper fresher waters to shallower brackish waters is generally thin near shore, but thickens and becomes more gradual offshore. Ground water ages at the Delaware site were mostly < 50 yr in both fresh waters and brackish waters up to 22 m below the bay bottom. Water chemistry and age data indicate that fresh water plumes beneath the estuary are active extensions of the surficial aquifer carrying nitrate from recharge areas on land, whereas brackish ground water surrounding the fresh water plumes is recharged beneath the estuary and contains ammonium and phosphate released by diagenesis of shallow estuarine sediments. Denitrification affects some of the fresh water nitrate before it mixes with brackish ground water or discharges to surface water. C1 [Bratton, John F.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Boehlke, John Karl] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Krantz, David E.] Univ Toledo, Dept Earth Ecol & Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. RP Bratton, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jbratton@usgs.gov OI Bratton, John/0000-0003-0376-4981 NR 61 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1021 EP 1034 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02641.x PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DN UT WOS:000207174400008 ER PT J AU Krantz, DE Manheim, FT Bratton, JF Phelan, DJ AF Krantz, David E. Manheim, Frank. T. Bratton, John F. Phelan, Daniel J. TI Hydrogeologic Setting and Ground Water Flow Beneath a Section of Indian River Bay, Delaware SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB The small bays along the Atlantic coast of the Delmarva Peninsula ( Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia) are a valuable natural resource, and an asset for commerce and recreation. These coastal bays also are vulnerable to eutrophication from the input of excess nutrients derived from agriculture and other human activities in the watersheds. Ground water discharge may be an appreciable source of fresh water and a transport pathway for nutrients entering the bays. This paper presents results from an investigation of the physical properties of the surficial aquifer and the processes associated with ground water flow beneath Indian River Bay, Delaware. A key aspect of the project was the deployment of a new technology, streaming horizontal resistivity, to map the subsurface distribution of fresh and saline ground water beneath the bay. The resistivity profiles showed complex patterns of ground water flow, modes of mixing, and submarine ground water discharge. Cores, gamma and electromagnetic-induction logs, and in situ ground water samples collected during a coring operation in Indian River Bay verified the interpretation of the resistivity profiles. The shore-parallel resistivity lines show subsurface zones of fresh ground water alternating with zones dominated by the flow of salt water from the estuary down into the aquifer. Advective flow produces plumes of fresh ground water 400 to 600 m wide and 20 m thick that may extend more than 1 km beneath the estuary. Zones of dispersive mixing between fresh and saline ground water develop on the upper, lower, and lateral boundaries of the plume. The plumes generally underlie small incised valleys that can be traced landward to streams draining the upland. The incised valleys are filled with 1 to 2 m of silt and peat that act as a semiconfining layer to restrict the downward flow of salt water from the estuary. Active circulation of both the fresh and saline ground water masses beneath the bay is inferred from the geophysical results and supported by geochemical data. C1 [Krantz, David E.] Univ Toledo, Dept Earth Ecol & Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. [Manheim, Frank. T.] US Geol Survey, Washington, DC USA. [Bratton, John F.] US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Phelan, Daniel J.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. RP Krantz, DE (reprint author), Univ Toledo, Dept Earth Ecol & Environm Sci, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. EM david.krantz@utoledo.edu OI Bratton, John/0000-0003-0376-4981 NR 59 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1035 EP 1051 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02642.x PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DN UT WOS:000207174400009 ER PT J AU Manheim, FT Krantz, DE Bratton, JF AF Manheim, Frank T. Krantz, David E. Bratton, John F. TI Studying Ground Water Under Delmarva Coastal Bays Using Electrical Resistivity SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Fresh ground water is widely distributed in subsurface sediments below the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula ( Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia). These conditions were revealed by nearly 300 km of streamer resistivity surveys, utilizing a towed multichannel cable system. Zones of high resistivity displayed by inversion modeling were confirmed by vibradrilling investigations to correspond to fresh ground water occurrences. Fresh water lenses extended from a few hundred meters up to 2 km from shore. Along the western margins of coastal bays in areas associated with fine-grained surficial sediments, high-resistivity layers were widespread and were especially pronounced near tidal creeks. Fresh ground water layers were less common along the eastern barrier-bar margins of the bays, where sediments were typically sandy. Mid-bay areas in Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, did not show evidence of fresh water. Indian River Bay, Delaware, showed complex subsurface salinity relationships, including an area with possible hypersaline brines. The new streamer resistivity system paired with vibradrilling in these investigations provides a powerful approach to recovering information required for extension of hydrologic modeling of shallow coastal aquifer systems into offshore areas. C1 [Manheim, Frank T.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Krantz, David E.] Univ Toledo, Dept Earth Ecol & Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. [Bratton, John F.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Bratton, John/0000-0003-0376-4981 NR 66 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1052 EP 1068 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02643.x PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DN UT WOS:000207174400010 ER PT J AU Colman, JA Masterson, JP Pabich, WJ Walter, DA AF Colman, John A. Masterson, John P. Pabich, Wendy J. Walter, Donald A. TI Effects of Aquifer Travel Time on Nitrogen Transport to a Coastal Embayment SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen reaction and loading to Popponesset Bay, a eutrophic coastal embayment on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are evaluated through hydrologic analysis of flow and transport. Approximately 10% of the total nitrogen load to the embayment is intercepted by fresh water ponds and delivered to the coast by connecting streams. For the nitrogen load not intercepted by ponds, we compare two steady-state methods of analyzing nitrogen loss in the aquifer, one using a constant-loss factor and the other time-dependent loss rates. The constant-loss method, which assumes that all similar land uses have the same per unit area loading rate to surface water regardless of location within the watershed, predicts that 42% of the nonpond watershed nitrogen load originated within the zero to 2 yr time-of-travel zone, which is 40% of the contributing area. The time-of-travel loss method calculates loss rates based on aquifer travel times and denitrification reaction kinetics, evaluated separately for carbon-unlimited and carbon-limited cases. Time-of-travel loss calculations for percent of nonpond load that originated within the area of < 2 yr aquifer residence time are 64% when carbon is not limiting, but only 49% when carbon limitation is included, not greatly different from the constant-loss method. A feature of the kinetics used is that carbon (and the denitrified nitrogen) is lost rather quickly in the aquifer travel path, after which carbon limitation stops denitrification altogether. Carbon limitation causes the time-of-travel loss model to approximate the constant-loss model such that in most of the watershed, a nearly constant fraction of the nitrogen input is lost in both models. C1 [Colman, John A.; Masterson, John P.; Walter, Donald A.] US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. [Pabich, Wendy J.] Tetra Tech EM Inc, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. RP Colman, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. EM jacolman@usgs.gov; jpmaster@usgs.gov; wendy.pabich@ttemi.com; dawalter@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1069 EP 1078 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02644.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DN UT WOS:000207174400011 ER PT J AU Harvey, JW Krupa, SL Krest, JM AF Harvey, Judson W. Krupa, Steven L. Krest, James M. TI Ground Water Recharge and Discharge in the Central Everglades SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Rates of ground water recharge and discharge are not well known in the central Everglades. Here we report estimates of ground water recharge and discharge at 15 sites in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project and in Water Conservation Area 2A ( WCA-2A), along with measurements of hydraulic properties of peat at 11 sites. A simple hydrogeologic simulation was used to assess how specific factors have influenced recharge and discharge. Simulations and measurements agreed that the highest values of recharge and discharge occur within 600 m of levees, the result of ground water flow beneath levees. There was disagreement in the interior wetlands of WCA-2A ( located > 1000 m from levees) where measurements of recharge and discharge were substantially higher than simulated fluxes. A five-year time series ( 1997 to 2002) of measured fluxes indicated that recharge and discharge underwent reversals in direction on weekly, monthly, and annual timescales at interior sites in WCA-2A. Ground water discharge tended to occur during average to moderately dry conditions when local surface water levels were decreasing. Recharge tended to occur during moderately wet periods or during very dry periods just as water levels began to increase following precipitation or in response to a pulse of surface water released from water-control structures by water managers. Discharge also tended to occur at sites in the wetland interior for similar to 1 week preceding the arrival of the surface water pulse. We conclude that ground water recharge and discharge vary cyclically in the interior wetlands of the central Everglades, driven by the differential responses of surface water and ground water to annual, seasonal, and weekly trends in precipitation and operation of water-control structures. C1 [Harvey, Judson W.; Krest, James M.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Krupa, Steven L.] S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33578 USA. RP Harvey, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 430 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM jwharvey@usgs.gov RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 39 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1090 EP 1102 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02646.x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA V06DN UT WOS:000207174400013 ER PT J AU Ehlke, TA Imbrigiotta, TE Dale, JM AF Ehlke, TA Imbrigiotta, TE Dale, JM TI Laboratory comparison of polyethylene and dialysis membrane diffusion samplers SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID INSITU; WATER; GROUNDWATER AB The ability of diffusion samplers constructed from regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane and low density, lay flat polyethylene tubing to collect. volatile organic compounds and inorganic ions was compared in a laboratory study. Concentrations of vinyl chloride, cis-1, 2-dichloroethene, bromochloromethane, trichloroethene, bromodichloromethane, and tetrachloroethene collected by both types of diffusion samplers reached equilibrium with the concentrations of these compounds in test solution within three days. Concentrations of bromide and iron collected by the dialysis membrane diffusion samplers reached equilibrium with the concentrations of these compounds in a test solution within three to seven days. No detectable concentrations of bromide or iron were found,in polyethylene diffusion samplers even after 21 days. No measurable concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, and lead, or sulfide, were leached out of dialysis membrane samplers over seven days. Compared with using a gas-tight syringe to sample the diffusion sampler, clipping the bag and pouring the water sample into a sample vial resulted in only a small 6.2% average loss of volatile organic compounds. Dialysis membrane diffusion samplers offer promise for use in sampling ground water for inorganic constituents as well as volatile organic compounds. C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, W Trenton, NJ 08626 USA. USN, Facil Engn Command, Philadelphia, PA 19113 USA. RP Ehlke, TA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, 810 Bear Tavern Rd,Suite 206, W Trenton, NJ 08626 USA. EM tehlke@usgs.gov; timbrig@usgs.gov; dalejm@efane.navfac.navy.mil NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 53 EP 59 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb00704.x PG 7 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 777ET UT WOS:000189163400005 ER PT J AU Bartelt, PE Peterson, CR Klaver, RW AF Bartelt, PE Peterson, CR Klaver, RW TI Sexual differences in the post-breeding movements and habitats selected by Western toads (Bufo borers) in southeastern Idaho SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE amphibians; forests; habitat selection; movements; Western toads ID BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION; BUFFER ZONES; FOREST; AMPHIBIANS; ABUNDANCE; SALAMANDERS; ENVIRONMENT; MIGRATION; WATER AB We used radio-telemetry to study the movements and habitat use of Western toads (Bufo boreas) in the Targhee National Forest in southeastern Idaho. Eighteen toads (10 male and 8 female) that bred in a seasonally flooded pond, were fitted with radio-transmitters, tracked, and their movements mapped and analyzed with global positioning and geographic information systems. We also analyzed their patterns of habitat selection at micro- and macro-scales by comparing sites used by toads with randomly selected sites. After breeding, two male and sir female toads left the breeding pond and used terrestrial habitats extensively. Male and female toads showed different patterns of movement and habitat use, although all toads seemed to behave in ways that reduced loss of body water (e.g., such as traveling on nights of high humidity). Male toads traveled shorter distances from the pond than females (581 +/- 98 m and 1105 +/- 272 m, respectively). Female toads used terrestrial habitats extensively and were selective of cover types (e.g., shrub) that provided greater protection from dehydration. Female toads also preferred certain habitat edges and open forests over forests with closed canopies or clearcuts. Information from thus study can assist land managers in establishing protective buffers and managing forests for the protection of toad populations. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, EROS Date Ctr, US Geol Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Idaho State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Herpetol Lab, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. RP Bartelt, PE (reprint author), Waldorf Coll, Dept Biol, Forest City, IA 50436 USA. EM barteltp@waldorf.edu NR 58 TC 54 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 29 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 EI 1938-5099 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD DEC PY 2004 VL 60 IS 4 BP 455 EP 467 DI 10.1655/01-50 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 879CQ UT WOS:000225694400008 ER PT J AU Dodd, CK Dorazio, RM AF Dodd, CK Dorazio, RM TI Using counts to simultaneously estimate abundance and detection probabilities in a salamander community SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE abundance; counts; Desmognathus quadramaculatus; detection probability; Great Smoky Mountains National Park; monitoring; Plethodon jordani; salamanders ID DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS; PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS; NATURAL FLUCTUATIONS; HUMAN IMPACTS; EXTINCTION; CINEREUS; ECOLOGY; COLONIZATION AB A critical variable in both ecological and conservation field studies is determining how many individuals of a species are present within a defined sampling area. Labor intensive techniques such as capture-mark-recapture and removal sampling may provide estimates of abundance, but there are many logistical constraints to their widespread application. Many studies on terrestrial and aquatic salamanders use counts as an index of abundance, assuming that detection remains constant while sampling. If this constancy is violated, determination of detection probabilities is critical to the accurate estimation of abundance. Recently, a model was developed that provides a statistical approach that allows abundance and detection to be estimated simultaneously from spatially and temporally replicated counts. We adapted this model to estimate these parameters for salamanders sampled over a six year period in area-constrained plots in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Estimates of salamander abundance varied among years, but annual changes in abundance did not vary uniformly among species. Except for one species, abundance estimates were not correlated with site covariates (elevation, soil and water pH, conductivity, air and water temperature). The uncertainty in the estimates was so large as to make correlations ineffectual in predicting which covariates might influence abundance. Detection probabilities also varied among species and sometimes among years for the six species examined. We found such a high degree of variation in our counts and in estimates of detection among species, sites, and years as to cast doubt upon the appropriateness of using count data to monitor population trends using a small number of area-constrained surrey plots. Still, the model provided reasonable estimates of abundance that could make it useful in estimating population size from count surveys. C1 Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Dodd, CK (reprint author), Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, 7920 NW 71 St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. EM ken_dodd@usgs.gov NR 54 TC 70 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 34 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 EI 1938-5099 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD DEC PY 2004 VL 60 IS 4 BP 468 EP 478 DI 10.1655/03-60 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 879CQ UT WOS:000225694400009 ER PT J AU Markham, BL Storey, JC Crawford, MM Goodenough, D Irons, JR AF Markham, BL Storey, JC Crawford, MM Goodenough, D Irons, JR TI Foreword to the special issue on Landsat sensor performance characterization SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Space Res, Austin, TX 78759 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Pacific Forestry Ctr, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. RP Markham, BL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Irons, James/D-8535-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 12 BP 2687 EP 2689 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.841174 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 878OE UT WOS:000225655300001 ER PT J AU Markham, BL Storey, JC Williams, DL Irons, JR AF Markham, BL Storey, JC Williams, DL Irons, JR TI Landsat sensor performance: History and current status SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE calibration; characterization; history; Landsat; thematic mapper (TM) ID THEMATIC MAPPER; RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION; ETM+; TM AB The current Thematic Mapper (TM) class of Landsat sensors began with Landsat-4, which was launched in 1982. This series continued with the nearly identical sensor on Landsat-5, launched in 1984. The final sensor in the series was the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), which. was carried into orbit in 1999. Varying degrees of effort have been devoted to the characterization of these instruments and data over the past 22 years. Extensive short-lived, efforts early in the history, very limited efforts in the middle years, and now a systematic program for continuing characterization of all three systems are apparent. Currently, both the Landsat-5 TM and the Landsat-7 ETM+ are operational and providing data. Despite 20+ years of operation, the TM on Landsat-5 is fully functional, although downlinks for the data are limited. Landsat-7 ETM+ experienced a failure of its Scan Line Corrector mechanism in May 2003. Although there are gaps in the data coverage, the data remain of equivalent quality to prefailure data. Data products have been developed to fill these gaps using other, ETM+ scenes. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Land Cover Satellite Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, Sci Applicat Int Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Markham, BL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Land Cover Satellite Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Brian.L.Markham@nasa.gov; James.C.Storey.1@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Irons, James/D-8535-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 18 TC 96 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 12 BP 2691 EP 2694 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.840720 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 878OE UT WOS:000225655300002 ER PT J AU Storey, JC Choate, MJ AF Storey, JC Choate, MJ TI Landsat-5 bumper-mode geometric correction SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE bumper mode; Landsat; scan mirror; Thematic Mapper (TM) AB The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) scan mirror was switched from its primary operating mode to a backup mode in early 2002 in order to overcome internal synchronization problems arising from long-term wear of the scan mirror mechanism. The backup bumper mode of operation removes the constraints on scan start and stop angles enforced in the primary scan angle monitor operating mode, requiring additional geometric calibration effort to monitor the active scan angles. It also eliminates scan timing telemetry used to correct the TM scan geometry. These differences require changes to the geometric correction algorithms used to process TM data. A mathematical model of the scan mirror's behavior when operating in bumper mode was developed. This model includes a set of key timing parameters that characterize the time-varying behavior of the scan mirror bumpers. To simplify the implementation of the bumper-mode model, the bumper timing parameters were recast in terms of the calibration and telemetry data items used to process normal TM imagery. The resulting geometric performance, evaluated over 18 months of bumper-mode operations; though slightly reduced from that achievable in the primary operating mode, is still within the Landsat specifications when the data are processed with the most up-to-date calibration parameters. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Storey, JC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM James.C.Storey.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; choate@usgs.gov NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 12 BP 2695 EP 2703 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.836390 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 878OE UT WOS:000225655300003 ER PT J AU Helder, DL Micijevic, E AF Helder, DL Micijevic, E TI Landsat-5 thematic mapper outgassing effects SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE artifacts; Landsat; outgassing; radiometry; Thematic Mapper (TM) AB A periodic 3% to 5% variation in detector response affecting both image and internal calibrator (IC) data has been observed in bands 5 and 7 of the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper. The source for this variation is thought to be an interference. effect due to buildup of an. ice-like contaminant film on a ZnSe window, covered with an antireflective coating (ARC), of the cooled dewar containing these detectors. Periodic warming of the dewar is required in order to remove the contaminant and restore detector response to an uncontaminated level. These effects in the IC data have been characterized over four individual outgassing cycles using thin-film models to estimate transmittance of the window/ARC and ARC/contaminant film stack throughout the instrument lifetime. Based on the results obtained from this modeling, a lookup table procedure has been implemented that provides correction factors to improve the calibration accuracy of bands 5 and 7 by approximately 5%. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US Geol Survey, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Earth Resources Observ Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57078 USA. RP Helder, DL (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM Dennis.Helder@sdstate.edu; emicijevic@usgs.gov NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 12 BP 2717 EP 2729 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.839086 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 878OE UT WOS:000225655300005 ER PT J AU Chander, G Helder, DL Markham, BL Dewald, JD Kaita, E Thome, KJ Micijevic, E Ruggles, TA AF Chander, G Helder, DL Markham, BL Dewald, JD Kaita, E Thome, KJ Micijevic, E Ruggles, TA TI Landsat-5 TM reflective-band absolute radiometric calibration SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE absolute calibration; characterization; Internal Calibrator (IC); Landsat; Landsat-5 (L5) Thematic Mapper (TM); Landgat-7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM plus ); lookup table (LUT); radiance; radiometry; reflectance; relative spectral response; vicarious ID THEMATIC MAPPER; SENSORS AB The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor provides the longest running continuous dataset of moderate spatial resolution remote sensing imagery, dating back to its launch in March 1984. Historically, the radiometric calibration procedure for this imagery used the instrument's response to the Internal Calibrator (IC) on a scene-by-scene basis to determine the gain and offset of each detector. Due to observed degradations in the IC, a new procedure was implemented for U.S.-processed data in May 2003. This new calibration procedure is based on a lifetime radiometric calibration model for the instrument's reflective bands (1-5 and 7) and is derived, in part, from the IC response without the related degradation effects and is tied to the cross calibration with the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus. Reflective-band absolute radiometric accuracy of the instrument tends. to be on the order of 7% to 10%, based on a variety of calibration methods. C1 US Geol Survey, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Landsat Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Ctr Remote Sensing, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Chander, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM gchander@usgs.gov; Dennis.Helder@sdstate.edu; Brian.L.Markham@nasa.gov; Edward.Kaita@gsfc.nasa.gov; kurt.thome@opt-sci.arizona.edu RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 16 TC 50 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 12 BP 2747 EP 2760 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.836388 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 878OE UT WOS:000225655300007 ER PT J AU Hook, SJ Chander, G Barsi, JA Alley, RE Abtahi, A Palluconi, FD Markham, BL Richards, RC Schladow, SG Helder, DL AF Hook, SJ Chander, G Barsi, JA Alley, RE Abtahi, A Palluconi, FD Markham, BL Richards, RC Schladow, SG Helder, DL TI In-flight validation and recovery of water surface temperature with Landsat-5 thermal infrared data using an automated high-altitude lake validation site at Lake Tahoe SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflectance; radiometer (ASTER); emissivity; Lake Tahoe; Landsat; Landsat-5; moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS); temperature; thermal; validation ID TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER; WIND-SPEED; COOL-SKIN; CALIBRATION; TRANSPORT; BULK; RETRIEVAL; DEVIATION; SHEAR AB The absolute radiometric accuracy of the thermal infrared band (B6) of the Thematic Mapper (TM) instrument on the Landsat-5 (L5) satellite was assessed over a period of approximately four years using data from the Lake Tahoe automated validation site (California-Nevada). The Lake Tahoe site was established in July 1999, and measurements of the skin and bulk temperature have been made approximately every 2 min from four permanently moored buoys since mid-1999. Assessment involved using a radiative transfer model to propagate surface skin temperature measurements made at the time of the L5 overpass to predict the at-sensor radiance. The predicted radiance was then convolved with the L5B6 system response function to obtain the predicted 1,5136 radiance, which wag then compared with the radiance measured by L5B6. Twenty-four cloud-free scenes acquired between 1999 and 2003 were used in the analysis with scene temperatures ranging between 4 degreesC and 22 degreesC. The results indicate L5B6 had a radiance bias of 2.5% (1.6 degreesC) in late 1999, which gradually decreased to 0.8% (0.5 degreesC) in mid-2002. Since that time, the bias has remained positive (predicted minus measured) and between 0.3% (0.2 degreesC) and 1.4% (0.9 degreesC). The cause for the cold bias (L5 radiances are lower than expected) is unresolved, but likely related to changes in instrument temperature associated with changes in instrument usage. The in situ data were then used to develop algorithms to recover the skin and bulk temperature of the water by regressing the L5B6 radiance and the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) total column water data to either the skin or bulk temperature. Use of the NCEP data provides an alternative approach to the split-window approach used with instruments that have two thermal infrared bands. The results indicate the surface skin and bulk temperature can be recovered with a standard error of 0.6 degreesC. This error is larger than errors obtained with other instruments due, in part, to the calibration bias. L5 provides the only long-duration high spatial resolution thermal infrared measurements of the land surface. If these data are to be used effectively in studies designed to monitor change, it is essential to continue to monitor instrument performance in-flight and develop quantitative algorithms for recovering surface temperature. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Earth Resources Observ Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Landsat Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Tahoe Res Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Hook, SJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM simon.j.hook@jpl.nasa.gov; gchander@usgs.gov; Julia.Barsi@gsfc.nasa.gov; Brian.L.Markham@nasa.gov RI Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 33 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 12 BP 2767 EP 2776 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.839092 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 878OE UT WOS:000225655300009 ER PT J AU Lee, DS Storey, JC Choate, MJ Hayes, RW AF Lee, DS Storey, JC Choate, MJ Hayes, RW TI Four years of Landsat-7 on-orbit geometric calibration and performance SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE band-to-band registration; geodetic accuracy; geometric calibration; image-to-image registration; Landsat-7 AB Unlike its predecessors, Landsat-7 has undergone regular geometric and radiometric performance monitoring and calibration since launch in April 1999. This ongoing activity, which includes issuing quarterly updates to calibration parameters, has generated a wealth of geometric performance data over the four-year on-orbit period of operations. A suite of geometric. characterization (measurement and evaluation procedures) and calibration (procedures to derive improved estimates of instrument parameters) methods are employed by the Landsat-7 Image Assessment System to maintain the geometric calibration and to track specific aspects of geometric performance. These include geodetic accuracy, band-to-band registration accuracy, and image-to-image registration accuracy. These characterization and calibration activities maintain image product geometric accuracy, at a high level-by monitoring performance to determine when calibration is necessary, generating new calibration parameters, and verifying that new parameters achieve desired improvements in accuracy. Landsat-7 continues to meet and exceed all geometric accuracy requirements, although aging components have begun to affect performance. C1 US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observ Syst Data Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lee, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observ Syst Data Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM slee@usgs.gov; James.C.Storey.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; choate@usgs.gov; hayes@usgs.gov NR 8 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 12 BP 2786 EP 2795 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.836769 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 878OE UT WOS:000225655300011 ER PT J AU Chander, G Meyer, DJ Helder, DL AF Chander, G Meyer, DJ Helder, DL TI Cross calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI sensor SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE bands; Brookings; characterization; Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) Advanced Land Imager (ALI); Landsat Data Continuity Missions; Landsat radiance; Landsat-7 (U) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM plus ); radiometry; Railroad Valley Playa; relative spectral response (RSR); sensor chip assembly (SCA); shortwave infrared (SWIR); spectral; vicarious calibration; visible near-infrared (VNIR); White Sands ID ETM+; TM AB As part of the Earth Observer I (EO-I) Mission, the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) demonstrates a potential technological direction for Landsat Data Continuity Missions. To evaluate ALI's capabilities in this role, a cross-calibration methodology has been developed using image pairs from the Landsat-7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and EO-1 (ALI) to verify the radiometric calibration of ALI with respect to the well-calibrated L7 ETM+ sensor. Results have been obtained using two different approaches. The first approach involves calibration of nearly simultaneous surface observations based on image statistics from areas observed simultaneously by the two sensors. The second approach uses vicarious calibration techniques to compare the predicted top-of-atmosphere radiance derived from ground reference data collected during the overpass to the measured radiance obtained from the sensor. The results indicate that the relative sensor chip assemblies gains agree with the ETM+ visible and near-infrared bands to within 2% and the shortwave infrared bands to within 4%. C1 US Geol Survey, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Chander, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM gchander@usgs.gov; Dennis.Helder@sdstate.edu NR 6 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 6 U2 18 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 12 BP 2821 EP 2831 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.836387 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 878OE UT WOS:000225655300014 ER PT J AU Benowitz-Fredericks, M Kitaysky, AS Hatch, SA AF Benowitz-Fredericks, M Kitaysky, AS Hatch, SA TI Yolk androgens in black-legged kittiwakes: Consequences of food supplementation SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology (SICB) CY JAN 04-08, 2005 CL San Diego, CA SP Soc Integrat & Comparat Biol C1 Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. EM zmbf@u.washington.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 EI 1557-7023 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 44 IS 6 BP 523 EP 523 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 893LU UT WOS:000226721400052 ER PT J AU Lehmer, EM Biggins, DE AF Lehmer, EM Biggins, DE TI Variations in torpor patterns of free-ranging black tailed and Utah prairie dogs across elevational gradients SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology (SICB) CY JAN 04-08, 2005 CL San Diego, CA SP Soc Integrat & Comparat Biol C1 Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. EM lehmer@biology.utah.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 EI 1557-7023 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 44 IS 6 BP 590 EP 590 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 893LU UT WOS:000226721400320 ER PT J AU Wang, GL Chew, WC Cui, TJ Aydiner, AA Wright, DL Smith, DV AF Wang, GL Chew, WC Cui, TJ Aydiner, AA Wright, DL Smith, DV TI 3D near-to-surface conductivity reconstruction by inversion of VETEM data using the distorted Born iterative method SO INVERSE PROBLEMS LA English DT Article ID GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR; MODIFIED GRADIENT-METHOD; PLANAR AIR-SOIL; ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING; DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY; DIELECTRIC OBJECTS; LOSSY EARTH; ALGORITHM; APPROXIMATION; INTERFACE AB In this paper, three-dimensional (3D) subsurface imaging by inversion of data obtained from the very early time electromagnetic system (VETEM) is presented. The distorted Born iterative method is used to match the internal nonlinear property of the 3D inversion problem. The frequency explored is from 0.062 to 3.052 MHz, the high end of which is beyond the induction range. No reported 3D approximation works well for this frequency range, thus the 3D stabilized bi-conjugate-gradient fast Fourier transform method is invoked as the forward solver, in which the total current formulation other than the induced current formulation is used to achieve higher stability. With the use of the reciprocity theorem, the Frechet derivatives are computed rapidly by two calls to the forward solver. Tikhonov regularization is used so that the contribution from small singular values is suppressed to warrant a smooth solution. The selection of regularization parameter follows a heuristic rule as used in the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm so that the iteration is stable. Processing the whole data set at one time is prohibitively time-consuming and expensive. The localized property of the geophysical problem is exploited to decompose the original large problem into a number of smaller subproblems. The nonlinear inversion is implemented subsequently on each subproblem first. The inverted conductivity profiles are then combined together to arrive at a complete conductivity image under the whole data domain. The proposed method is first tested on synthetic data and then applied to the VETEM data from the Pit 9 complex of the Department of Energy. C1 Univ Illinois, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Southeast Univ, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Dept Radio Engn, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China. Southeast Univ, State Key Lab Millimeter Waves, Dept Radio Engn, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Wang, GL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM glwang@uiuc.edu RI Chew, Weng Cho/C-1792-2009 NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0266-5611 J9 INVERSE PROBL JI Inverse Probl. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 20 IS 6 BP S195 EP S216 AR PII S0266-5611(04)79637-9 DI 10.1088/0266-5611/20/6/S12 PG 22 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 885SU UT WOS:000226178000013 ER PT J AU DuBey, R Caldwell, C AF DuBey, R Caldwell, C TI Distribution of Tubifex tubifex lineages and Myxobolus cerebralis infection in the tailwater of the San Juan River, New Mexico SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SALMONID WHIRLING DISEASE; LIFE-CYCLE; CAUSATIVE AGENT; BIOLOGY; MULLER; TROUT; STAGE; OLIGOCHAETA; COMMUNITIES; TUBIFICIDAE AB We chose a hypolimnetic-release tailwater of the San Juan River, New Mexico, to characterize the etiology of whirling disease, a parasitic infection of salmonids. We sampled a 2-km reach of the tailwater in August and December 2001 and June 2002 to characterize environmental factors influencing the distribution and density of Tubifex tubifex lineages and Myxobolus cerebralis infection rates. Shortly after the scouring flow, organic matter in sediments and T. tubifex densities increased within deep habitats. In contrast, no differences were observed in T. tabifex densities and organic matter collected from shallow habitats throughout the three sampling dates. Within this study area, we found three sympatric lineages of T. tubifex (lineages I, III, and VI). Lineage VI dominated riffle reaches, whereas lineages I, III, and VI were observed in pool habitats. Myxobolus cerebralis infection rates were higher in T. tubifex collected in pool habitats (3.01%) than in those collected in riffle habitats (0.51%). Only lineage III exhibited infection with M. cerebralis. We suggest that the habitat and genotype of T. tubifex are important in characterizing prevalence of disease within the San Juan River tailwater. Scouring flow may have a beneficial effect on disease severity in salmonid hosts by reducing organic loading and hence T. tubifex abundance in deep habitats. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US Geol Survey, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP DuBey, R (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Box 30003 MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM rdubey@nmsu.edu NR 45 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2004 VL 16 IS 4 BP 179 EP 185 DI 10.1577/H04-018.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 886ZF UT WOS:000226271100002 ER PT J AU Olsen, GH AF Olsen, GH TI Mortality of Mississippi sandhill crane chicks SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY LA English DT Article AB Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grits canadensis pulla) are a highly endangered species that live in the wild in I County in Mississippi. As part of a large effort to restore these endangered cranes, we are conducting a project to look at the causes of mortality in crane chicks on the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge in Gautier, MS, USA. This includes surgically implanting Miniature radio transmitters in crane chicks to gather data on mortality. This article describes some of the practical difficulties in conducting this type of project in a savannah and swamp location along the Gulf Coast of the USA. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Olsen, GH (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12302 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC AVIAN VETERINARIANS PI BOCA RATON PA PO BOX 811720, BOCA RATON, FL 33481 USA SN 1082-6742 J9 J AVIAN MED SURG JI J. Avian Med. Surg. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 BP 269 EP 272 DI 10.1647/1082-6742(2004)018[0269:MOMSCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 012OF UT WOS:000235347800007 ER PT J AU Anderson, JL Balaji, V Broccoli, AJ Cooke, WF Delworth, TL Dixon, KW Donner, LJ Dunne, KA Freidenreich, SM Garner, ST Gudgel, RG Gordon, CT Held, IM Hemler, RS Horowitz, LW Klein, SA Knutson, TR Kushner, PJ Langenhost, AR Lau, NC Liang, Z Malyshev, SL Milly, PCD Nath, MJ Ploshay, JJ Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD Shevliakova, E Sirutis, JJ Soden, BJ Stern, WF Thompson, LA Wilson, RJ Wittenberg, AT Wyman, BL AF Anderson, JL Balaji, V Broccoli, AJ Cooke, WF Delworth, TL Dixon, KW Donner, LJ Dunne, KA Freidenreich, SM Garner, ST Gudgel, RG Gordon, CT Held, IM Hemler, RS Horowitz, LW Klein, SA Knutson, TR Kushner, PJ Langenhost, AR Lau, NC Liang, Z Malyshev, SL Milly, PCD Nath, MJ Ploshay, JJ Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD Shevliakova, E Sirutis, JJ Soden, BJ Stern, WF Thompson, LA Wilson, RJ Wittenberg, AT Wyman, BL CA GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Dev TI The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Review ID LARGE-SCALE MODELS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT; RELAXED ARAKAWA-SCHUBERT; STEP-MOUNTAIN COORDINATE; CLOUD LIQUID WATER; PART I; CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY AB The configuration and performance of a new global atmosphere and land model for climate research developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) are presented. The atmosphere model, known as AM2, includes a new gridpoint dynamical core, a prognostic cloud scheme, and a multispecies aerosol climatology, as well as components from previous models used at GFDL. The land model, known as LM2, includes soil sensible and latent heat storage, groundwater storage, and stomatal resistance. The performance of the coupled model AM2-LM2 is evaluated with a series of prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) simulations. Particular focus is given to the model's climatology and the characteristics of interannual variability related to El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). One AM2-LM2 integration was performed according to the prescriptions of the second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II) and data were submitted to the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI). Particular strengths of AM2-LM2, as judged by comparison to other models participating in AMIP II, include its circulation and distributions of precipitation. Prominent problems of AM2 LM2 include a cold bias to surface and tropospheric temperatures, weak tropical cyclone activity, and weak tropical intraseasonal activity associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation. An ensemble of 10 AM2-LM2 integrations with observed SSTs for the second half of the twentieth century permits a statistically reliable assessment of the model's response to ENSO. In general, AM2-LM2 produces a realistic simulation of the anomalies in tropical precipitation and extratropical circulation that are associated with ENSO. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RS Informat Syst, Mclean, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Forrestal Campus,US Rte 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Stephen.Klein@noaa.gov RI Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013; Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Sentman, Lori/D-4402-2014; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014; Shevliakova, Elena/J-5770-2014; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016; Kushner, Paul/H-6716-2016 OI Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X; Kushner, Paul/0000-0002-6404-4518 NR 110 TC 340 Z9 342 U1 2 U2 40 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 17 IS 24 BP 4641 EP 4673 PG 33 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 884KZ UT WOS:000226084900005 ER PT J AU Stone, GW Pepper, DA Xu, JP Zhang, XP AF Stone, GW Pepper, DA Xu, JP Zhang, XP TI Ship shoal as a prospective borrow site for barrier island restoration, coastal south-central Louisiana, USA: Numerical wave modeling and field measurements of hydrodynamics and sediment transport SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cold fronts; currents; inner shelf storms; Gulf of Mexico ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA; BOTTOM BOUNDARY-LAYER; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; PREDICTIONS; CURRENTS; STRESS; RESUSPENSION; EVENTS; SCALE; PLAIN AB Ship Shoal, a transgressive sand body located at the 10 m isobath off south-central Louisiana, is deemed a potential sand source for restoration along the rapidly eroding Isles Dernieres barrier chain and possibly other sites in Louisiana. Through numerical wave modeling we evaluate the potential response of mining Ship Shoal on the wave field. During severe and strong storms, waves break seaward of the western flank of Ship Shoal. Therefore, removal of Ship Shoal (approximately 1.1 billion m(3)) causes a maximum increase of the significant wave height by 900%-100% and 40%-50% over the shoal and directly adjacent to the lee of the complex for two strong storm scenarios. During weak storms and fair weather conditions, waves do not break over Ship Shoal. The degree of increase in significant wave height due to shoal removal is considerably smaller, only 10%-20% on the west part of the shoal. Within the context of increasing nearshore wave energy levels, removal of the shoal is not significant enough to cause increased erosion along the Isles Dernieres. Wave approach direction exerts significant control on the wave climate leeward of Ship Shoal for stronger storms, but not weak storms or fairweather. Instrumentation deployed at the shoal allowed comparison of measured wave heights with numerically derived wave heights using STWAVE. Correlation coefficients are high in virtually all comparisons indicating the capability of the model to simulate wave behavior satisfactorily at the shoal. Directional waves, currents and sediment transport were measured during winter storms associated with frontal passages using three bottom-mounted arrays deployed on the seaward and landward sides of Ship Shoal (November, 1998-January, 1999). Episodic increases in wave height, mean and oscillatory current speed, shear velocity, and sediment transport rates, associated with recurrent cold front passages, were measured. Dissipation mechanisms included both breaking and bottom friction due to variable depths across the shoal crest and variable wave amplitudes during storms and fair-weather. Arctic surge fronts were associated with southerly storm waves, and southwesterly to westerly currents and sediment transport. Migrating cyclonic fronts generated northerly swell that transformed into southerly sea, and currents and sediment transport that were southeasterly overall. Waves were 36% higher and 9% longer on the seaward side of the shoal, whereas mean currents were 10% stronger landward, where they were directed onshore, in contrast to the offshore site, where seaward currents predominated. Sediment transport initiated by cold fronts was generally directed southeasterly to southwesterly at the offshore site, and southerly to westerly at the nearshore site. The data suggest that both cold fronts and the shoal, exert significant influences on regional hydrodynamics and sediment transport. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Inst Coastal Studies, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Stone, GW (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Inst Coastal Studies, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 49 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 1 BP 70 EP 88 DI 10.2112/1551-5036(2004)20[70:SSAAPB]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 808DN UT WOS:000220549900006 ER PT J AU Smith, D AF Smith, D TI Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) reproductive activity on Delaware Bay beaches: interactions with beach characteristics (vol 18, pg 730, 2002) SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Correction ID EGGS C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Smith, D (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, 11700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 1 BP 357 EP 357 DI 10.2112/1551-5036(2004)20[357:C]2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 808DN UT WOS:000220549900026 ER PT J AU Anthony, RM Grand, JB Fondell, TF Manly, BFJ AF Anthony, RM Grand, JB Fondell, TF Manly, BFJ TI A quantitative approach to identifying predators from nest remains SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; artificial egg; bald eagle; Branta canadensis; brown bear; camera; Dusky Canada Goose; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; mixture-model analysis; nest predation; Ursus arctos ID BRANTA-CANADENSIS-OCCIDENTALIS; DUSKY CANADA GEESE; COPPER RIVER DELTA; ALASKA; PHOTOGRAPHY; SUCCESS; EGGS AB Nesting success of Dusky Canada Geese (Branta canadensis occidentalis) has declined greatly since a major earthquake affected southern Alaska in 1964. To identify nest predators, we collected predation data at goose nests and photographs of predators at natural nests containing artificial eggs in 1997-2000. To document feeding behavior by nest predators, we compiled the evidence from destroyed nests with known predators on our study site and from previous studies. We constructed a profile for each predator group and compared the evidence from 895 nests with unknown predators to our predator profiles using mixture-model analysis. This analysis indicated that 72% of destroyed nests were depredated by Bald Eagles and 13% by brown bears, and also yielded the probability that each nest was correctly assigned to a predator group based on model fit. Model testing using simulations indicated that the proportion estimated for eagle predation was unbiased and the proportion for bear predation was slightly overestimated. This approach may have application whenever there are adequate data on nests destroyed by known predators and predators exhibit different feeding behavior at nests. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. WEST Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Anthony, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM mike_anthony@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 75 IS 1 BP 40 EP 48 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 771MW UT WOS:000188790800004 ER PT J AU Peterson, BL Kus, BE Deutschman, DH AF Peterson, BL Kus, BE Deutschman, DH TI Determining nest predators of the Least Bell's Vireo through point counts, tracking stations, and video photography SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Least Bell's Vireo; nest predators; parental activity; tracking stations; videophotography; Vireo bellii pusillus; Western Scrub-Jay ID EDGE; FOREST; POPULATION; LANDSCAPE; BIRDS AB We compared three methods to determine nest predators of the Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) in San Diego County, California, during spring and summer 2000. Point counts and tracking stations were used to identify potential predators and video photography to document actual nest predators. Parental behavior at depredated nests was compared to that at successful nests to determine whether activity (frequency of trips to and from the nest) and singing vs. non-singing on the nest affected nest predation. Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria virens) were the most abundant potential avian predator, followed by Western Scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica). Coyotes (Canis latrans) were abundant, with smaller mammalian predators occurring in low abundance. Cameras documented a 48% predation rate with scrub-jays as the major nest predators (67%), but Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana, 17%), gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus, 8%) and Argentine ants (Linepithema humile, 8%) were also confirmed predators. Identification of potential predators from tracking stations and point counts demonstrated only moderate correspondence with actual nest predators. Parental behavior at the nest prior to depredation was not related to nest outcome. C1 USGS, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Peterson, BL (reprint author), Merkel & Associates Inc, 5434 Ruffin Rd, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. EM peterson@sciences.sdsu.edu NR 25 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 10 U2 41 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 75 IS 1 BP 89 EP 95 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 771MW UT WOS:000188790800011 ER PT J AU Paukert, CP AF Paukert, CP TI Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bluehead sucker; Colorado River; flannelmouth sucker; humpback chub; sampling ID COLORADO RIVER; FLANNELMOUTH SUCKER; GRAND-CANYON; CATOSTOMUS-LATIPINNIS; ARIZONA; REPRODUCTION; ECOLOGY AB The variability in size structure and relative abundance (CPUE; number of fish greater than or equal to200 mm total length, LT, collected per hour of electrofishing or trammel netting) of three native Colorado River fishes, the endangered humpback chub Gila cypha, flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnus and bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, collected from electrofishing and trammel nets was assessed to determine which gear was most appropriate to detect trends in relative abundance of adult fishes. Coefficient of variation (CV) of CPUE ranged from 210 to 566 for electrofishing and 128 to 575 for trammel netting, depending on season, diel period and species. Mean CV was lowest for trammel nets for humpback chub (P = 0.004) and tended to be lower for flannelmouth sucker (P = 0(.)12), regardless of season or diel period. Only one bluehead sucker >200mm was collected with electrofishing. Electrofishing and trammel netting CPUE were not related for humpback chub (r = -0(.)32, P = 0(.)43) or flannelmouth sucker (r = -0(.)27, P = 0(.)46) in samples from the same date, location and hour set. Electrofishing collected a higher proportion of smaller (<200 mm L-T) humpback chub (P < 0(.)001), flannelmouth suckers (P < 0(.)001) and bluehead suckers (P < 0(.)001) than trammel netting, suggesting that conclusions derived from one gear may not be the same as from the other gear. This is probably because these gears fished different habitats, which are occupied by different fish life stages. To detect a 25% change in CPUE at a power of 0(.)9, at least 473 trammel net sets or 1918 electrofishing samples would be needed in this 8km reach. This unattainable amount of samples for both trammel netting and electrofishing indicates that detecting annual changes in CPUE may not be practical and analysis of long-term data or stock assessment models using mark-recapture methods may be needed to assess trends in abundance of Colorado River native fishes, and probably other rare fishes as well. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles (No claim to original US government works). C1 US Geol Survey, Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Paukert, CP (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit,Div Biol, 205 Leasure Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM cpaukert@ksu.edu NR 28 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1643 EP 1652 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00575.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 885VH UT WOS:000226184700013 ER PT J AU Stone, DM AF Stone, DM TI Differential detection of ingested items evacuated from genus Gila cyprinids by two nonlethal alimentary tract lavage techniques SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMPBACK CHUB; GRAND-CANYON; LIFE-HISTORY; SEEING WELL; COLORADO; SQUAWFISH; DIGESTION; RATES; RIVER; FISH AB Two nonlethal alimentary tract lavage techniques were conducted on ten bonytail chub (Gila elegans, 211-241 mm TL) that had previously ingested 2-4 rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss, similar to40 mm TL) to evaluate their capabilities of detecting piscivory in the field. Each fish was initially lavaged with water down its buccal cavity and out its anal vent using the Wasowicz and Valdez (W-V) technique and then immediately flushed in the opposite direction with the Baker and Fraser (B-F) method. Microscopic examination of evacuated material revealed only three identifiable rainbow trout scales and other assorted clumps of presumably well-digested body material. Overall, 30% of bonytail chub expelled rainbow trout scales and/or other body material during the initial W-V lavage, and 60% expelled material during the B-F flush. Dissections of four bonytail, seven humpback (G. cypha), and four roundtail chubs (G. robusta) revealed that their intestines were similarly curved and tapered to less than or equal to50% of the anterior widths. Whereas the B-F method pushes ingested items backwards through the increasingly larger intestinal circumferences in these Gila fishes, it is more apt to retrieve greater quantities of food items. Food preference studies based on findings from a highly size-selective lavage technique will likely be biased in favor of smaller, less-digestible prey items, such as invertebrates with chitinous exoskeletons. Use of the B-F rather than W-V technique should lessen this bias. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. RP Stone, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 338, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. EM Dennis_Stone@fws.gov NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 4 BP 559 EP 565 DI 10.1080/02705060.2004.9664735 PG 7 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 878OO UT WOS:000225656300005 ER PT J AU Walsh, MG Winkelman, DL AF Walsh, MG Winkelman, DL TI Characteristics of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and shadow bass (Ambloplites ariommus) populations in an Ozark stream before and after rainbow trout introduction SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PISCIVOROUS BASS; GRAZING MINNOWS; ALGAE AB We evaluated characteristics of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and shadow bass (Ambloplites ariommus) populations in a small, northeastern Oklahoma Ozark stream from February 2000 to March 2003 to evaluate potential effects of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduction on these species. We experimentally stocked rainbow trout into the stream from November 2000 to March 2001 and November 2001 to March 2002. Mark-recapture and telemetry data showed patterns of limited movement among pool habitats by both bass species, and presence of rainbow trout in Brush Creek did not appear to influence movement patterns. We documented recruitment by smallmouth and shadow bass during our study, indicating that rainbow trout introduction did not inhibit spawning. Mean relative weight (W,) of smallmouth bass ranged from 77 - 80, and we did not detect differences in relative weight among pre-stocking, the first year of stocking, and the second year of stocking. It appears that important population characteristics of these two species in our study stream were not negatively impacted by rainbow trout introduction. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Walsh, MG (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM mgwalsh@smokey.forestry.uga.edu; dlw@cnr.colostate.edu NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 13 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 4 BP 587 EP 596 DI 10.1080/02705060.2004.9664739 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 878OO UT WOS:000225656300009 ER PT J AU Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA del Rio, CM Rule, DC AF Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA del Rio, CM Rule, DC TI Factors affecting swimming performance of fasted rainbow trout with implications of exhaustive exercise on overwinter mortality SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CUTTHROAT TROUT; HABITAT USE; WINTER MOVEMENTS; REGULATED RIVER; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; FALL; METABOLISM; STREAMS; CONSEQUENCES; TEMPERATURE AB We evaluated the effects of body size, water temperature, and sustained swimming activity on swimming performance and the effects of exhaustive exercise on mortality of fasted juvenile rainbow trout. Fasting caused swimming performance to decline more rapidly for small fish than large fish, and warmer water temperatures and sustained swimming activity further decreased swimming performance. Exhaustive exercise increased mortality among fasted fish. Our observations suggest that juvenile rainbow trout with little or no food intake during winter can swim for long periods of time with little effect on mortality, but swimming to exhaustion can enhance mortality, especially among the smallest juveniles. C1 Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY USA. US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY USA. RP Simpkins, DG (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 201 Wagar Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM simpkins@cnr.colostate.edu NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 4 BP 657 EP 666 DI 10.1080/02705060.2004.9664748 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 878OO UT WOS:000225656300018 ER PT J AU Gagnon, PM Golladay, SW Michener, WK Freeman, MC AF Gagnon, PM Golladay, SW Michener, WK Freeman, MC TI Drought responses of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in coastal plain tributaries of the Flint River basin, Georgia SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB During extreme drought conditions, mussel survival and habitat conditions were monitored weekly at nine locations representing a gradient in stream size in the lower Flint River basin, Georgia, USA. Cumulative unionid mortality ranged from 13 to 93% among sites, and was associated with low flow velocity (below 0.01 m/s) and dissolved oxygen concentrations below 5 mg/L. Species assemblages demonstrated differential mortality under declining dissolved oxygen conditions. Riffle and medium-large stream mussel assemblages had greater mortality than generalist assemblages under reduced dissoloved oxygen (DO < 5 mg/L). Mussel community composition at medium-sized sites shifted toward greater dominance of generalist species and lower proportions of riffle and medium-large stream species. At other sites, community structure changed little, likely due to the dominance of drought-resilient species in small streams and less detrimental changes in stream habitat conditions in large streams. Low flow conditions and severe drought adversely affected mussel distributions and assemblages, particularly in high diversity, medium-sized streams. C1 Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, LTER Network Off, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Gagnon, PM (reprint author), 6923 31st St, Berwyn, IL 60402 USA. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 10 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 4 BP 667 EP 679 DI 10.1080/02705060.2004.9664749 PG 13 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 878OO UT WOS:000225656300019 ER PT J AU Cetin, KO Seed, RB Der Kiureghian, A Tokimatsu, K Harder, LF Kayen, RE Moss, RES AF Cetin, KO Seed, RB Der Kiureghian, A Tokimatsu, K Harder, LF Kayen, RE Moss, RES TI Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE; MODELS; SPT AB This paper presents new correlations for assessment of the likelihood of initiation (or "triggering") of soil liquefaction. These new correlations eliminate several sources of bias intrinsic to previous, similar correlations, and provide greatly reduced overall uncertainty and variance. Key elements in the development of these new correlations are (1) accumulation of a significantly expanded database of field performance case histories; (2) use of improved knowledge and understanding of factors affecting interpretation of standard penetration test data; (3) incorporation of improved understanding of factors affecting site-specific earthquake ground motions (including directivity effects, site-specific response, etc.); (4) use of improved methods for assessment of in situ cyclic shear stress ratio; (5) screening of field data case histories on a quality/uncertainty basis; and (6) use of high-order probabilistic tools (Bayesian updating). The resulting relationships not only provide greatly reduced uncertainty, they also help to resolve a number of corollary issues that have long been difficult and controversial including: (1) magnitude-correlated duration weighting factors, (2) adjustments for fines content, and (3) corrections for overburden stress. C1 Middle E Tech Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ankara, Turkey. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Architecture & Bldg Engn, Tokyo, Japan. Calif Dept Water Resources, Div Engn, Sacramento, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Fugro W Inc, Ventura, CA USA. RP Cetin, KO (reprint author), Middle E Tech Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ankara, Turkey. RI Moss, Robb/N-7376-2014 NR 57 TC 152 Z9 164 U1 4 U2 28 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 130 IS 12 BP 1314 EP 1340 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1314) PG 27 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 871FG UT WOS:000225114600009 ER PT J AU Bjurlin, CD Bissonette, JA AF Bjurlin, CD Bissonette, JA TI Survival during early life stages of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in the south-central Mojave desert SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN TORTOISES; EGG-PRODUCTION; CALIFORNIA; HISTORIES; SIZE; AGE; POPULATIONS; PATTERNS; TURTLES AB Early age classes of the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) are particularly vulnerable to predation by several mammal and bird species. We studied tortoise survival at the Sand Hill Training Area of the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California, from 1998 to 1999. We radiographed and thread-spooled 25 females to determine reproductive and nesting ecology. Predators consumed 11 of 42 monitored nests during the first 70 days of incubation. Ninety-one of 132 eggs in nests fenced after 70 days developed into healthy neonates. We recorded 0.84 and 0.91 neonate survival probability during dispersal in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Applying neonatal survival to egg success, we predict that 40% of individuals survived from oviposition to hibernation. Our findings support other chelonian life-history models indicating relatively high mortality early in life. Our data also suggest that neonatal Desert Tortoises are less susceptible to predation than was previously thought, perhaps because of their cryptic coloration and secretive habits. The Common Raven (Corvus corax) was not found to be a source of neonate mortality during this study. C1 Utah State Univ, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bjurlin, CD (reprint author), Endangered Species Recovery Program, Bakersfield, CA 93304 USA. EM cbjurlin@esrp.csustan.edu; john.bissonette@usu.edu NR 42 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 527 EP 535 DI 10.1670/94-02A PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 886JK UT WOS:000226223100008 ER PT J AU Hoffman, RL Larson, GL Samora, B AF Hoffman, RL Larson, GL Samora, B TI Responses of Ambystoma gracile to the removal of introduced nonnative fish from a mountain lake SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ELEVATION LAKES; RAINIER-NATIONAL-PARK; SIERRA-NEVADA; MONTANE LAKES; TROUT; POPULATIONS; FROG; MACRODACTYLUM; CALIFORNIA; RECOVERY AB Introduced, normative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were removed from a mountain lake in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, to examine the capacity of native Ambystoma gracile (Northwestern Salamander) in the lake to respond to the intentional removal of fish. Temporal trends (AN) were calculated for A. gracile larvae/neotene and egg mass relative abundances in the Fish Removal and an adjacent Fishless Lake. The diel and spatial patterns of A. gracile in the lakes were also enumerated during time-intervals of fish presence in and after fish removal from the Fish Removal Lake. Sixty-six fish were removed from the Fish Removal Lake. The DeltaNs for relative abundances in the Fish Removal Lake were positive for the study period and indicated that the number of larvae/neotenes and egg masses observed in the lake increased concurrent with the removal and extirpation of fish from the lake. Numbers of larvae/neotenes and egg masses observed in the Fishless Lake varied annually, but no overall positive or negative trends were evident during the study. Ambystoma gracile in the Fish Removal Lake, during fish presence, were predominantly nocturnal and located in the shallow, structurally complex nearshore area of the lake. After fish were removed, the number of A. gracile observed in the lake increased, especially during the day and in the deeper, less structurally complex offshore area of the lake. Fishless Lake A. gracile were readily observed day and night in all areas of the lake throughout the study. The A. gracile in the Fish Removal Lake behaviorally adapted to the presence of introduced fish and were able to recover from the affects of the fish following fish removal. This study underscores the important relationship between species life history and the variability of responses of montane aquatic-breeding amphibians to fish introductions in mountain lakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Hoffman, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 777 Northwest 9th St,Suite 400, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM robert_hoffman@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 7 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 578 EP 585 DI 10.1670/44-04A PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 886JK UT WOS:000226223100014 ER PT J AU Dayton, GH Jung, RE Droege, S AF Dayton, GH Jung, RE Droege, S TI Large-scale habitat associations of four desert anurans in Big Bend National Park, Texas SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SCAPHIOPUS-COUCHII; PREDATION; COMPETITION; COMMUNITY AB We used night driving to examine large scale habitat associations of four common desert anurans in Big Bend National Park, Texas. We examined association of soil types and vegetation communities with abundance of Couch's Spadefoots (Scaphiopus couchii), Red-spotted Toads (Bufo punctatus), Texas Toads (Bufo speciosus), and Western Green Toads (Bufo debilis). All four species were disproportionately associated with frequently inundated soils that are relatively high in clay content. Bufo punctatus was associated with rocky soil types more frequently than the other three species. Association between all four species and vegetation types was disproportionate in relation to availability. Bufo debilis and Bufo punctatus were associated with creosote and mixed scrub vegetation. Bufo speciosus and Scaphiopus couchii were associated with mesquite scrub vegetation. Bufo debilis, Scaphiopus couchii, and B. speciosus were more tightly associated with specific habitat types, whereas B. punctatus exhibited a broader distribution across the habitat categories. Examining associations between large-scale habitat categories and species abundance is an important first step in understanding factors that influence species distributions and presence-absence across the landscape. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Texas Cooperat Wildlife Collect, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Dayton, GH (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Texas Cooperat Wildlife Collect, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM gdayton@tamu.edu NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 619 EP 627 DI 10.1670/125-04N PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 886JK UT WOS:000226223100022 ER PT J AU Dettinger, M Redmond, K Cayan, D AF Dettinger, M Redmond, K Cayan, D TI Winter orographic precipitation ratios in the Sierra Nevada - Large-scale atmospheric circulations and hydrologic consequences SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; MOUNTAINS; OSCILLATION; CLIMATE; FRONTS; CALJET; COAST; MODEL; FLOW; RAIN AB The extent to which winter precipitation is orographically enhanced within the Sierra Nevada of California varies from storm to storm, and season to season, from occasions when precipitation rates at low and high altitudes are almost the same to instances when precipitation rates at middle elevations ( considered here) can be as much as 30 times more than at the base of the range. Analyses of large-scale conditions associated with orographic precipitation variations during storms and seasons from 1954 to 1999 show that strongly orographic storms most commonly have winds that transport water vapor across the range from a more nearly westerly direction than during less orographic storms and than during the largest overall storms, and generally the strongly orographic storms are less convectively stable. Strongly orographic conditions often follow heavy precipitation events because both of these wind conditions are present in midlatitude cyclones that form the cores of many Sierra Nevada storms. Storms during La Nina winters tend to yield larger orographic ratios (ORs) than do those during El Ninos. A simple experiment with a model of streamflows from a river basin draining the central Sierra Nevada indicates that, for a fixed overall basin-precipitation amount, a decrease in OR contributes to larger winter flood peaks and smaller springtime flows, and thus to an overall hastening of the runoff season. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Dept 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Western Reg Climate Ctr, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Dettinger, M (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Dept 0224, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM mdettinger@ucsd.edu NR 33 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 5 IS 6 BP 1102 EP 1116 DI 10.1175/JHM-390.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 885VA UT WOS:000226184000007 ER PT J AU Williams, CL Breck, SW Baker, BW AF Williams, CL Breck, SW Baker, BW TI Genetic methods improve accuracy of gender determination in beavers SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE AGS; beaver; Castor canadensis; gender determination; Zfx; Zfy ID YAMPA RIVERS; SEX; HERBIVORY; MAMMALS; SAMPLES; GREEN; SHEEP; DEER AB Gender identification of sexually monomorphic mammals can be difficult. We used analysis of zinc-finger protein (Zfx and Zfy) DNA regions to determine gender of 96 beavers (Castor canadensis) from 3 areas and used these results to verify gender determined in the field. Gender was correctly determined for 86 (89.6%) beavers. Incorrect assignments were not attributed to errors in any one age or sex class. Although methods that can be used in the field (such as morphological methods) can provide reasonably accurate gender assignments in beavers, the genetic method might be preferred in certain situations. C1 USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Geol Survey, Fort Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, CL (reprint author), USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM christen.l.williams@aphis.usda.gov NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1145 EP 1148 DI 10.1644/BPR-104.1 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 882PM UT WOS:000225950800015 ER PT J AU Anderson, CR Lindzey, FG McDonald, DB AF Anderson, CR Lindzey, FG McDonald, DB TI Genetic structure of cougar populations across the Wyoming Basin: Metapopulation or megapopulation SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE central Rocky Mountains; cougar; gene flow; genetic structure; metapopulation; microsatellite DNA; panmixia; Puma concolor ID MICROSATELLITE LOCI; DIFFERENTIATION; CONSERVATION; PATTERNS; SIZE; EVOLUTIONARY; MANAGEMENT; DIVERSITY; DYNAMICS; MARKERS AB We examined the genetic structure of 5 Wyoming cougar (Puma concolor) populations surrounding the Wyoming Basin, as well as a population from southwestern Colorado. When using 9 microsatellite DNA loci, observed heterozygosity was similar among populations (H-O = 0.49-0.59) and intermediate to that of other large carnivores. Estimates of genetic structure (F-ST = 0.028, R-ST = 0.029) and number of migrants per generation (Nm) suggested high gene flow. Nm was lowest between distant populations and highest among adjacent populations. Examination of these data, plus Mantel test results of genetic versus geographic distance (P less than or equal to 0.01), suggested both isolation by distance and an effect of habitat matrix. Bayesian assignment to population based on individual genotypes showed that cougars in this region were best described as a single panmictic population. Total effective population size for cougars in this region ranged from 1,797 to 4,532 depending on mutation model and analytical method used. Based on measures of gene flow, extinction risk in the near future appears low. We found no support for the existence of metapopulation structure among cougars in this region. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Anderson, CR (reprint author), Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Trophy Game Sect, 260 Buena Vista, Lander, WY 82520 USA. EM charles.anderson@wgf.state.wy.us RI McDonald, David/C-3195-2008 OI McDonald, David/0000-0001-8582-3775 NR 47 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 19 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1207 EP 1214 DI 10.1644/BEL-111.1 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 882PM UT WOS:000225950800022 ER PT J AU Gondim, LFP McAllister, MM Mateus-Pinilla, NE Pitt, WC Mech, LD Nelson, ME AF Gondim, LFP McAllister, MM Mateus-Pinilla, NE Pitt, WC Mech, LD Nelson, ME TI Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; DEFINITIVE HOSTS; DOGS; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; AMPLIFICATION; COYOTES; OOCYSTS AB To determine whether deer can transmit Neospora caninum, brains of naturally infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were fed to 4 dogs; 2 of these dogs shed oocysts. Oocysts from 1 of the dogs were tested by polymerase chain reaction and found to be positive for N. caninum and negative for Hammondia heydorni. The internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence of the new strain (designated NC-deer1) was identical to N. caninum from domestic animals, indicating that N. caninum is transmitted between wild and domestic animals, often enough to prevent divergent evolution of isolated populations of the parasite. NC-deer1 oocysts were administered to a calf that developed a high antibody titer, providing evidence that N. caninum from wildlife can infect cattle. In addition, N. caninum antibody seroprevalence was detected in 64/164 (39%) free-ranging gray wolves (Canis lupus), 12/113 (11%) coyotes (Canis latrans), 50/193 (26%) white-tailed deer, and 8/61 (13%) moose (Alces alces). These data are consistent with a sylvatic transmission cycle of N. caninum between cervids and canids. We speculate that hunting by humans favors the transmission of N. caninum from deer to canids, because deer carcasses are usually eviscerated in the field. Infection of canids in turn increases the risk of transmitting the parasite to domestic livestock. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, APHIS WS, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Gondim, LFP (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. EM pita@ufba.br RI McAllister, Milton/C-8146-2013 OI McAllister, Milton/0000-0001-5457-2678 NR 26 TC 59 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 EI 1937-2345 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1361 EP 1365 DI 10.1645/GE-341R PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 887ZL UT WOS:000226343900026 PM 15715229 ER PT J AU Kerans, BL Rasmussen, C Stevens, R Colwell, AEL Winton, JR AF Kerans, BL Rasmussen, C Stevens, R Colwell, AEL Winton, JR TI Differential propagation of the metazoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis by Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Ilyodrilus templetoni, and genetically distinct strains of Tubifex tubifex SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACERS; SALMONID WHIRLING DISEASE; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; LOCAL ADAPTATION; LIFE-CYCLE; WILD TROUT; HOST; MULLER; POPULATIONS; DIVERGENCE AB Whirling disease, caused by the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, has infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other salmonid fish in the western United States, often with devastating results to native populations but without a discernible spatial pattern. The parasite develops in a complex 2-host system in which the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex is an obligate host. Because substantial differences in whirling disease severity in different areas of North America did not seem explainable by environmental factors or features of the parasite or its fish host, we sought to determine whether ecological or genetic variation within oligochaete host populations may be responsible. We found large differences in compatibility between the parasite and various laboratory strains of T. tubifex that were established from geographic regions with different whirling disease histories. Moreover, 2 closely related species of tubificids, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Ilyodrilus templetoni, which occur naturally in mixed species assemblages with T. tubifex, were incompatible with M. cerebralis. Virulence of the parasite was directly correlated with the numbers of triactinomyxon spores that developed within each strain of T. tubifex. Thus, the level of virulence was directly related to the compatibility between the host strain and the parasite. Genetic analyses revealed relationships that were in agreement with the level of parasite production. Differences in compatibilities between oligochaetes and M. cerebralis may contribute to the spatial variance in the severity of the disease among salmonid populations. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kerans, BL (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM bkerans@montana.edu NR 61 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1366 EP 1373 DI 10.1645/GE-3355 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 887ZL UT WOS:000226343900027 PM 15715230 ER PT J AU Hyer, KE Moyer, DL AF Hyer, KE Moyer, DL TI Enhancing fecal coliform total maximum daily load models through bacterial source tracking SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE bacterial source tracking (BST); total maximum daily load (TMDL); hydrological simulation program-FORTRAN; (HSPF); fecal coliform bacteria; modeling; water quality ID WATER-QUALITY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CHICKENS; ANIMALS; LITTER; BASIN AB Surface water impairment by fecal coliform bacteria is a water quality issue of national scope and importance. In Virginia, more than 400 stream and river segments are on the Commonwealth's 2002 303(d) list because of fecal coliform impairment. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) will be developed for most of these listed streams and rivers. Information regarding the major fecal coliform sources that impair surface water quality would enhance the development of effective watershed models and improve TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking (BST) is a recently developed technology for identifying the sources of fecal coliform bacteria and it may be helpful in generating improved TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking was performed, watershed models were developed, and TMDLs were prepared for three streams (Accotink Creek, Christians Creek, and Blacks Run) on Virginia's 303(d) list of impaired waters. Quality assurance of the BST work suggests that these data adequately describe the bacteria sources that are impairing these streams. Initial comparison of simulated bacterial sources with the observed BST data indicated that the fecal coliform sources were represented inaccurately in the initial model simulation. Revised model simulations (based on BST data) appeared to provide a better representation of the sources of fecal coliform bacteria in these three streams. The coupled approach of incorporating BST data into the fecal coliform transport model appears to reduce model uncertainty and should result in an improved TMDL. C1 US Geol Survey, Richmond, VA 23228 USA. RP Hyer, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1730 E Parham Rd, Richmond, VA 23228 USA. EM kenhyer@usgs.gov OI Moyer, Douglas/0000-0001-6330-478X NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1511 EP 1526 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01602.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 887WI UT WOS:000226335800008 ER PT J AU Ambrose, HE Wilzbach, MA Cummins, KW AF Ambrose, HE Wilzbach, MA Cummins, KW TI Periphyton response to increased light and salmon carcass introduction in northern California streams SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE periphyton; salmon carcasses; riparian canopy; nutrient enrichment; algae; primary productivity; light; streams ID PACIFIC SALMON; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; SPECIES COMPOSITION; SOUTHEAST ALASKA; FORESTED STREAMS; FISH POPULATIONS; BENTHIC ALGAE; NUTRIENTS AB Periphyton response to riparian canopy opening and salmon carcass addition in coastal streams of northern California was evaluated in a manipulative field experiment. The experiment followed a split-plot design, with streams as whole plots and two 100-m reaches in each of 6 streams as subplots. At the subplot level, riparian hardwoods were removed from one reach in each stream. At the whole-plot level, carcasses were added to both open- and closed-canopy reaches of 3 of the streams. Thus, treatments consisted of reaches with open or closed canopies, in the presence and absence of carcasses. Nutrient limitation of the periphyton was assessed in 2 streams (1 with carcasses and 1 without carcasses) using nutrient-diffusing clay saucers (N-enriched, P-enriched, N+P-enriched, or unenriched control) incubated in open- and closed-canopy reaches in the streams. Canopy and carcass treatments did not affect gross primary productivity or periphyton biomass on natural substrates. The periphyton assemblage consisted primarily of diatoms in all reaches on all dates. N amendment of agar in nutrient-diffusing, clay saucers and canopy removal increased biofilm ash-free dry mass on the saucers, but carcass introduction did not. Failure of periphyton to respond to carcass addition may have reflected overriding light limitation, inadequate within-stream retention of carcass nutrients, and/or limitations of the study design. C1 Humboldt State Univ, US Geol Survey, Calif Cooperat Fish Res Unit, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Wilzbach, MA (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, US Geol Survey, Calif Cooperat Fish Res Unit, 1 Harpst St, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM heambrose77@hotmail.com; paw7002@humboldt.edu; kwc7002@humboldt.edu NR 47 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 17 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 23 IS 4 BP 701 EP 712 DI 10.1899/0887-3593(2004)023<0701:PRTILA>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 874US UT WOS:000225376200004 ER PT J AU Sowers, A Young, SP Isely, JJ Browdy, CL Tomasso, JR AF Sowers, A Young, SP Isely, JJ Browdy, CL Tomasso, JR TI Nitrite toxicity to Litopenaeus vannamei in water containing low concentrations of sea salt or mixed salts SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CATFISH ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; PENAEUS-MONODON; AMBIENT NITRITE; SALINITY LEVELS; HEMOLYMPH; ACCUMULATION; JAPONICUS; JUVENILES; OXYHEMOCYANIN; EXPOSURE AB The uptake, depuration and toxicity of environmental nitrite was characterized in Litopenaeus vannamei exposed in water containing low concentrations of artificial sea salt or mixed salts. In 2 g/L artificial sea salts, nitrite was concentrated in the hemolymph in a dose-dependent and rapid manner (steady-state in about 2 d). When exposed to nitrite in 2 g/L artificial sea salts for 4 d and then moved to a similar environment without added nitrite, complete depuration occurred within a day. Increasing salinity up to 10 g/L decreased uptake of environmental nitrite. Nitrite uptake in environments containing 2 g/L mixed salts (combination of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium chlorides) was similar to or lower than rates in 2 g/L artificial sea salt. Toxicity was inversely related to total dissolved salt and chloride concentrations and was highest in 2 g/L artificial sea salt (96-h medial lethal concentration = 8.4 mg/L nitrite-N). Animals that molted during the experiments did not appear to be more susceptible to nitrite than animals that did not molt. The shallow slope of the curve describing the relationship between toxicity and salinity suggests that management of nitrite toxicity in low-salinity shrimp ponds by addition of more salts may not be practical. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Tomasso, JR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 35 IS 4 BP 445 EP 451 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb00109.x PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 883RI UT WOS:000226033000003 ER PT J AU Busing, RT Mailly, D AF Busing, RT Mailly, D TI Advances in spatial, individual-based modelling of forest dynamics SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE canopy gap model; forest dynamics; forest succession; landscape; simulations; spatial pattern ID DEPENDENT COMPETITION MEASURES; BASAL AREA GROWTH; GAP MODELS; TREE GROWTH; LOBLOLLY-PINE; RECRUITMENT LIMITATION; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; PREDICTING GROWTH; SIMULATION-MODELS AB Many individual-based models of forest dynamics lack spatial complexity. Although, in certain cases, spatially simple models may not be substantially inferior to spatially complex models, advances in vegetation science indicate potential weaknesses, particularly the lack of consideration of propagule availability in horizontal space, and varying patch (or canopy gap) dimensions. Models with vertical and horizontal spatial complexity can address these issues, but, thus far, evidence that they outperform patch (or gap) models is limited. Comparison of projections from models that differ only in their spatial complexity is needed to address the effects of propagule availability in space, spatial pattern of canopy tree mortality, and spatial resolution. C1 US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Direct Rech Forestiere, St Foy, PQ G1P 3W8, Canada. RP Busing, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM busing.richard@epamail.epa.gov NR 134 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 22 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI GRANGARDE PA GAMLA VAGEN 40, S-770 13 GRANGARDE, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 15 IS 6 BP 831 EP 842 DI 10.1658/1100-9233(2004)015[0831:AISIMO]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 880JH UT WOS:000225785600014 ER PT J AU Hernandez-Divers, SJ Bakal, RS Hickson, BH Rawlings, CA Wilson, HG Radlinsky, MA Hernandez-Divers, SM Dover, SR AF Hernandez-Divers, SJ Bakal, RS Hickson, BH Rawlings, CA Wilson, HG Radlinsky, MA Hernandez-Divers, SM Dover, SR TI Endoscopic sex determination and gonadal manipulation in Gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Gulf sturgeon; Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi; endoscopy; orchidectomy; ovariectomy; sterilization ID MALE 3-SPINED STICKLEBACK; GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS L; CASTRATION; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; PLASMA AB Seventeen Gulf Of Mexico sturgeons (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) underwent endoscopic sex determination. gonadal biopsy. and various reproductive surgeries as part of a conservation development plan. The fish were anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) buffered with sodium bicarbonate and maintained on a recirculating, water anesthesia circuit. A 6-mm Ternamian EndoTip Cannula, placed through the ventral midline, midway between pectoral and pelvic fins, permitted the introduction of a 5-mm telescope. Swim bladder aspiration and CO2 insufflation of the coelomic cavity provided excellent observation. Second and third cannulae were placed under direct visual control, lateral and cranial or caudal to the telescope cannula. Sex determination was successfully performed in all fish; however five of 17 Sturgeons (29%) required endoscopic gonadal biopsy to confirm sex. Bilateral ovariectomy or orchidectomy was successfully performed in three males and four females. Unilateral ovariectomy and bilateral ligation of the mullerian ducts using an extracorporeal suturing technique was accomplished in an additional three females. No apparent morbidity was associated with the anesthesia or endoscopic surgery in any fish. The ability to safety perform minimally invasive reproductive surgery in fish may have important management and conservation benefits. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Med & Surg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Warm Springs Reg Fisheries Ctr, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Warm Springs, GA 31830 USA. Channel Isl Marine & Wildlife Inst, Goleta, CA 93117 USA. RP Hernandez-Divers, SJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Med & Surg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 35 IS 4 BP 459 EP 470 DI 10.1638/04-005 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 889NR UT WOS:000226450200004 PM 15732586 ER PT J AU Juracek, KE AF Juracek, KE TI Flood-related, organic-carbon anomalies as possible temporal markers in reservoir bottom sediments SO LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE organic carbon; anomaly; flood; age dating; reservoir; sediment ID RIVER-BASINS; UPPER MISSISSIPPI; CORES; VARIABILITY; VEGETATION; RECORD; SHELF AB Results of a study of sediment cores from four reservoirs in the upper Mississippi River Basin, USA, indicated that anomalous organic carbon concentrations associated with flood deposits may provide detectable temporal markers in reservoir bottom sediments. Temporal markets are needed for reservoir sediment studies to date sediment layers deposited between the 1963-64 cesium-137 peak and the present. For two of four reservoirs studied, anomalously low organic carbon concentrations were measured for a sample interval in the upper part of a sediment core. The anomalous interval was interpreted to have been deposited during the July 1993 flood that affected a large area of the upper Mississippi River Basin. Potentially, the July 1993 flood deposit may be used as a temporal marker in reservoir bottom sediments in parts of the basin affected by the flood. Several uncertainties remain regarding the viability of organic carbon as a temporal marker including the combination of flood, basin, and reservoir characteristics required to produce a recognizable organic carbon marker in the bottom sediment and the optimal sampling strategy needed to detect the marker in a sediment core. It is proposed that flood duration and basin size may be important factors as to whether or not an anomalous and detectable organic carbon layer is deposited in a reservoir. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Juracek, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. EM kjuracek@usgs.gov NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU NORTH AMER LAKE MANAGEMENT SOC PI MADISON PA PO BOX 5443, MADISON, WI 53705-5443 USA SN 1040-2381 J9 LAKE RESERV MANAGE JI Lake Reserv. Manag. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 20 IS 4 BP 309 EP 321 PG 13 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 889NC UT WOS:000226448700005 ER PT J AU Matson, CW Franson, JC Hollmen, T Kilpi, M Hario, M Flint, PL Bickham, JW AF Matson, CW Franson, JC Hollmen, T Kilpi, M Hario, M Flint, PL Bickham, JW TI Evidence of chromosomal damage in common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Baltic Sea SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Baltic Sea; Somateria mollissima; common eider; genotoxicity; biomarker; flow cytometry ID FLOW-CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TESTICULAR TISSUES; MYTILUS-EDULIS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; BEAUFORT SEA; EXPOSURE; TRIETHYLENEMELAMINE; ORGANOCHLORINES; PARAMETERS AB Common eiders nesting in the Baltic Sea are exposed to generally high levels of contaminants including potentially genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines. Blood samples were collected from eiders at eight sites in the Baltic Sea and two sites in the Beaufort Sea. DNA content variation was estimated using the flow cytometric method, and subsequently utilized as a biomarker of genetic damage. We observed no significant differences in genetic damage among populations within either the Baltic or Beaufort Seas. However, eider populations from the Baltic Sea had significantly elevated estimates of genetic damage compared to populations from the Beaufort Sea. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Fac Med Vet, Dept Vet Basic Sci, Helsinki 00014, Finland. Sydvast Polytech, FIN-10600 Ekenas, Finland. Abo Acad Univ, FIN-10600 Ekenas, Finland. Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, FIN-00721 Helsinki, Finland. Alaska Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska SeaLife Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Seward, AK 99664 USA. RP Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM j-bickham@tamu.edu RI Matson, Cole/F-7992-2010; OI Matson, Cole/0000-0002-6472-9357; Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238; Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04917] NR 35 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 49 IS 11-12 BP 1066 EP 1071 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.07.014 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 882GH UT WOS:000225926700034 PM 15556194 ER PT J AU Beadell, JS Gering, E Austin, J Dumbacher, JP Peirce, MA Pratt, TK Atkinson, CT Fleischer, RC AF Beadell, JS Gering, E Austin, J Dumbacher, JP Peirce, MA Pratt, TK Atkinson, CT Fleischer, RC TI Prevalence and differential host-specificity of two avian blood parasite genera in the Australo-Papuan region SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Australia; avian malaria; Haemoproteus; host-specificity; Papua New Guinea; Plasmodium ID HAEMATOZOAN PARASITES; MALARIAL PARASITES; PASSERIFORM BIRDS; TURDUS-MERULA; CYTOCHROME-B; LAND BIRDS; PLASMODIUM; HEMATOZOA; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCE AB The degree to which widespread avian blood parasites in the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus pose a threat to novel hosts depends in part on the degree to which they are constrained to a particular host or host family. We examined the host distribution and host-specificity of these parasites in birds from two relatively understudied and isolated locations: Australia and Papua New Guinea. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we detected infection in 69 of 105 species, representing 44% of individuals surveyed (n = 428). Across host families, prevalence of Haemoproteus ranged from 13% (Acanthizidae) to 56% (Petroicidae) while prevalence of Plasmodium ranged from 3% (Petroicidae) to 47% (Ptilonorhynchidae). We recovered 78 unique mitochondrial lineages from 155 sequences. Related lineages of Haemoproteus were more likely to derive from the same host family than predicted by chance at shallow (average LogDet genetic distance = 0, n = 12, P = 0.001) and greater depths (average distance = 0.014, n = 11, P < 0.001) within the parasite phylogeny. Within two major Haemoproteus subclades identified in a maximum likelihood phylogeny, host-specificity was evident up to parasite genetic distances of 0.029 and 0.007 based on logistic regression. We found no significant host relationship among lineages of Plasmodium by any method of analysis. These results support previous evidence of strong host-family specificity in Haemoproteus and suggest that lineages of Plasmodium are more likely to form evolutionarily-stable associations with novel hosts. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Genet Program, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. Calif Acad Sci, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. MP Int Consultancy, Wokingham RG41 3AZ, Berks, England. RP Beadell, JS (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Genet Program, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20008 USA. EM beadellj@si.edu RI Austin, Jeremy/F-8729-2010 OI Austin, Jeremy/0000-0003-4244-2942 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01GM063258] NR 37 TC 118 Z9 119 U1 4 U2 33 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 13 IS 12 BP 3829 EP 3844 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02363.x PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 871RC UT WOS:000225150000018 PM 15548295 ER PT J AU Jones, JW Culver, M David, V Struthers, J Johnson, NA Neves, RJ O'Brien, SJ Hallerman, EM AF Jones, JW Culver, M David, V Struthers, J Johnson, NA Neves, RJ O'Brien, SJ Hallerman, EM TI Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in the endangered oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis (Bivalvia : Unionidae) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE DNA; Epioblasma; freshwater mussel; microsatellites AB Primers for 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and characterized for the endangered oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis from the Clinch River, Tennessee. Microsatellite loci also were tested in four other populations or species. Amplification was successful for most loci in these closely related endangered species or populations; therefore, a high level of flanking sequence similarity was inferred for this group of species and populations. Allelic diversity ranged from nine to 20 alleles/locus, and averaged 13.6/locus. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to amplify microsatellite loci across freshwater mussel species to conduct population genetics studies. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Coll Nat Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. FCRDC, Lab Genom Divers, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. FCRDC, NCI, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Jones, JW (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Coll Nat Resources, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM vtaquaculture@hotmail.com OI Johnson, Nathan/0000-0001-5167-1988 NR 6 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD DEC PY 2004 VL 4 IS 4 BP 649 EP 652 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00762.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 876KV UT WOS:000225496600036 ER PT J AU Gadomski, DM Venditti, DA Robinson, TC Beeman, JW Maule, AG AF Gadomski, DM Venditti, DA Robinson, TC Beeman, JW Maule, AG TI Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in littoral areas of Chief Joseph Reservoir, Columbia River SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; RAINBOW-TROUT; SPAWNING MIGRATIONS; LARGESCALE SUCKER; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RESIDENT FISH; LAKE; MACROCHEILUS; WASHINGTON; PATTERNS AB We surveyed fish assemblages in littoral areas of Chief Joseph Reservoir of the upper Columbia River to aid in understanding this ecosystem. Fish distributions and abundances were examined during April-July 1999 in relation to environmental conditions in the reservoir. We also compared the fish assemblages in Chief Joseph Reservoir in 1999 to a past study conducted during 1974-1975, and to assemblages in other areas of the Columbia River. During 67 hr of electrofishing and 78 beach seine hauls in Chief Joseph Reservoir, 7460 fishes representing 8 families were collected. The majority of the catch was native-northern pikeminnow; redside shiners; longnose, bridgelip, and largescale suckers; and sculpins. The most abundant introduced species was walleye, and one species, rainbow trout, was mostly of net-pen origin. Larger sizes of suckers and northern pikeminnow were most abundant in the upper reservoir, likely due to upstream spawning migrations. The lower reservoir contained greater abundances of smaller fishes, and this area had lower flows, smaller substrates, and more complex shorelines that offered these fishes refugia. Only adult suckers displayed significant differences in abundance related to substrate. The relative abundances of species appeared to have changed since the 1970s, when the dominant fishes were northern pikeminnow, peamouth, largescale suckers, and walleye. Fish assemblage differences between Chief Joseph Reservoir and lower Columbia River reservoirs were also evident due to the morphology of the reservoir, its more northerly location, and the lack of fish passage facilities at Chief Joseph Dam. Our study is one of the few descriptions of fishes in the upper Columbia River. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Gadomski, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM dena_gadomski@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 8 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 78 IS 1 BP 48 EP 58 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 779TB UT WOS:000189315800006 ER PT J AU Mesa, MG Weiland, LK Zydlewski, GB AF Mesa, MG Weiland, LK Zydlewski, GB TI Critical swimming speeds of wild bull trout SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; FISHWAY DESIGN; SOCKEYE-SALMON; PERFORMANCE; RIVER; TEMPERATURE; LAKE; VELOCITIES; MONTANA AB We estimated the critical swimming speeds (U-crit) of wild bull trout at 6degrees, 11degrees, and 15degreesC in laboratory experiments. At 11degreesC, 5 fish ranging from 11 to 19 cm in length had a mean U-crit of 48.24 cm/s or 3.22 body lengths per second (BL/s). Also at 11degreesC, 6 fish from 32 to 42 cm had a mean U-crit of 73.99 cm/s or 2.05 BL/S. At 15degreesC, 5 fish from 14 to 23 cm had a mean U-crit of 54.66 cm/s or 2.88 BL/s. No fish successfully swam at 6degreesC. Swim speed was significantly influenced by fish length. Many bull trout performed poorly in our enclosed respirometers: of 71 U-crit tests we attempted, only the 16 described above were successful. Bull trout that refused to swim held station within tunnels by using their pectoral fins as depressors, or they rested and later became impinged against a downstream screen. Several common techniques did not stimulate consistent swimming activity in these fish. Our estimates of U-crit for bull trout provide an understanding of their performance capacity and will be useful in modeling efforts aimed at improving fish passage structures. We recommend that fishway or culvert designers concerned with bull trout passage maintain velocities within their structures at or below our estimates of U-crit, thus taking a conservative approach to ensuring that these fish can ascend migratory obstacles safely. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Mesa, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underworld Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM matt_mesa@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 14 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 78 IS 1 BP 59 EP 65 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 779TB UT WOS:000189315800007 ER PT J AU Lewis, SB DeSimone, P Titus, K Fuller, MR AF Lewis, SB DeSimone, P Titus, K Fuller, MR TI A video surveillance system for monitoring raptor nests in a temperate rainforest environment SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GYRFALCONS; ECOLOGY; CAMERA; DIET C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. Starr Ranch Sanctuary, Trabuco Canyon, CA 92679 USA. Boise State Univ, USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Lewis, SB (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, POB 240020, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. EM steve_lewis@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 78 IS 1 BP 70 EP 74 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 779TB UT WOS:000189315800009 ER PT J AU Alpizar-Jara, R Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Pollock, KH Rosenberry, CS AF Alpizar-Jara, R Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Pollock, KH Rosenberry, CS TI The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE animal community ecology; capture-recapture models; community dynamics; North American Breeding Bird Survey; species turnover ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; UNEQUAL CATCHABILITY; ANIMAL COMMUNITIES; BIRD COMMUNITIES; NESTED SUBSETS; RICHNESS; VARY; HETEROGENEITY; ROBUST AB In community-level ecological studies, generally not all species present in sampled areas are detected. Many authors have proposed the use of estimation methods that allow detection probabilities that are < 1 and that are heterogeneous among species. These methods can also be used to estimate community-dynamic parameters such as species local extinction probability and turnover rates (Nichols et al. Ecol Appl 8: 1213 - 1225; Conserv Biol 12: 1390 - 1398). Here, we present an ad hoc approach to estimating community-level vital rates in the presence of joint heterogeneity of detection probabilities and vital rates. The method consists of partitioning the number of species into two groups using the detection frequencies and then estimating vital rates ( e. g., local extinction probabilities) for each group. Estimators from each group are combined in a weighted estimator of vital rates that accounts for the effect of heterogeneity. Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, we computed such estimates and tested the hypothesis that detection probabilities and local extinction probabilities were negatively related. Our analyses support the hypothesis that species detection probability covaries negatively with local probability of extinction and turnover rates. A simulation study was conducted to assess the performance of vital parameter estimators as well as other estimators relevant to questions about heterogeneity, such as coefficient of variation of detection probabilities and proportion of species in each group. Both the weighted estimator suggested in this paper and the original unweighted estimator for local extinction probability performed fairly well and provided no basis for preferring one to the other. C1 Univ Evora, Dept Matemat, P-7000671 Evora, Portugal. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Fisheries & Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Alpizar-Jara, R (reprint author), Univ Evora, Dept Matemat, Rua Romao Ramalho 59, P-7000671 Evora, Portugal. EM alpizar@uevora.pt RI Alpizar-Jara, Russell/N-7270-2013 OI Alpizar-Jara, Russell/0000-0001-8806-3345 NR 36 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD DEC PY 2004 VL 141 IS 4 BP 652 EP 660 DI 10.1007/s00442-004-1641-0 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 869QT UT WOS:000224999800011 PM 15375685 ER PT J AU Kuris, AM Torchin, ME Lafferty, KD AF Kuris, AM Torchin, ME Lafferty, KD TI Parasites in the thoracic ganglion of Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Brachyura : Grapsidae) from the coast of Portugal SO PARASITE-JOURNAL DE LA SOCIETE FRANCAISE DE PARASITOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Pachygrapsus marmoratus; shore crab; parasite; trematode; metacercaria; thoracic ganglion; Grapsion cavolini; Microspora ID DECAPODA AB We examined 149 marbled shore crabs, Pachygrapsus marmoratus, from the coast of Portugal for parasites. In particular, we focused our effort on the crab thoracic ganglion. The thoracic ganglion is the largest concentration of nervous tissue in a crab and thus, parasites associated with this organ ere well situated to influence host behavior. We found metacercariae of two microphallid trematode species in the thoracic ganglion. We also found a microsporan and an apicomplexan associated with the thoracic ganglion. Other parasites not associated with the thoracic ganglion included gregarine trophozoites which were present in the digestive diverticulae in some of the crabs and the entoniscid isopod, Grapsion covolini. Metacercariae of one of the trematodes (probably Microphollus pachygrapsi (Deblock and Prevot)), may influence the mortality of its host. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, USGS, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Kuris, AM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, USGS, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM ktiris@lifesci.ucsb.edu RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU PRINCEPS EDITIONS PI ISSY MOULINEAUX PA 64 AVENUE CHARLES DE GAULLE, 92130 ISSY MOULINEAUX, FRANCE SN 1252-607X J9 PARASITE JI Parasite-J. Soc. Fr. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 11 IS 4 BP 425 EP 427 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 884BC UT WOS:000226058600013 PM 15638146 ER PT J AU Basilevsky, AT Keller, HU Nathues, A Mall, J Hiesinger, H Rosiek, M AF Basilevsky, AT Keller, HU Nathues, A Mall, J Hiesinger, H Rosiek, M TI Scientific objectives and selection of targets for the SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR) SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE the Moon; lunar studies; near-infrared spectroscopy ID CRUSTAL MAGNETIC-ANOMALIES; SOUTH-POLE-AITKEN; LUNAR MARE VOLCANISM; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OCEANUS-PROCELLARUM; WATER ICE; COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES; TRANSPORT MECHANISMS; ERUPTION CONDITIONS; THORIUM ABUNDANCES AB The European SMART-1 mission to the Moon, primarily a testbed for innovative technologies, was launched in September 2003 and will reach the Moon in 2005. On board are several scientific instruments, including thepoint-spectrometer SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR). Taking into account the capabilities of the SMART-I mission and the SIR instrument in particular, as well as the open questions ill lunar science, a selection of targets for SIR observations has been compiled. SIR can address at least five topics: (1) Surface/regolith processes; (2) Lunar volcanism; (3) Lunar crust structure; (4) Search for spectral signatures of ices at the lunar poles; and (5) Ground truth and study of geometric effects on the spectral shape. For each topic we will discuss specific observation modes, necessary to achieve our scientific goals. The majority of SIR targets will be observed in the nadir-tracking mode. More than 100 targets, which require off-nadir pointing and off-nadir tracking, are planned. h is expected that results of SIR observations will significantly increase our understanding of the Moon. Since the exact arrival date and the orbital parameters of the SMART-I spacecraft are not known yet, a more detailed planning of the scientific observations will follow in the near future. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, VI Vernadskii Inst Geochem & Analyt Chem, Lab Comparat Planetol, Moscow 119991, Russia. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. USGS, Astrogeol Team, Planetary Geomat Grp, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Basilevsky, AT (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, VI Vernadskii Inst Geochem & Analyt Chem, Lab Comparat Planetol, Kosygin Str 19, Moscow 119991, Russia. EM atbas@geokhi.ru NR 170 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 52 IS 14 BP 1261 EP 1285 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.002 PG 25 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 878EB UT WOS:000225628300004 ER PT J AU Madison, M AF Madison, M TI Conserving conservation: Field notes from an animal archive SO PUBLIC HISTORIAN LA English DT Article AB In 1997 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) opened a museum, archive, and history office at the National Conservation Training Center in Shepherdstown, West Virginia. FWS staff have tried simultaneously to chronicle the history of the agency in an education program and a new archive/museum. Working with artifacts from the history of wildlife biology has reinforced the connections between conserving creatures and conserving history. Both the history of the FWS and the value in sharing this history are slowly coming into focus. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. RP Madison, M (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CALIF PRESS PI BERKELEY PA C/O JOURNALS DIVISION, 2000 CENTER ST, STE 303, BERKELEY, CA 94704-1223 USA SN 0272-3433 J9 PUBL HISTORIAN JI Public Hist. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 145 EP 155 DI 10.1525/tph.2004.26.1.145 PG 11 WC History SC History GA 803CL UT WOS:000220209100008 ER PT J AU Harris, RA AF Harris, RA TI Numerical simulations of large earthquakes: Dynamic rupture propagation on heterogeneous faults SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd ACES International Workshop CY MAY 05-10, 2002 CL Maui, HI DE earthquake dynamics; earthquake source physics; spontaneous rupture; fault complexity; computer simulations of earthquakes ID STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; STRONG-MOTION DATA; 3D SIMULATIONS; FLUID PRESSURE; SHEAR CRACK; STRESS; MODEL; ZONE; AFTERSHOCKS; CALIFORNIA AB Our current conceptions of earthquake rupture dynamics, especially for large earthquakes, require knowledge of the geometry of the faults involved in the rupture, the material properties of the rocks surrounding the faults, the initial state of stress on the faults, and a constitutive formulation that determines when the faults can slip. In numerical simulations each of these factors appears to play a significant role in rupture propagation, at the kilometer length scale. Observational evidence of the earth indicates that at least the first three of the elements, geometry, material, and stress, can vary over many scale dimensions. Future research on earthquake rupture dynamics needs to consider at which length scales these features are significant in affecting rupture propagation. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Harris, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM harris@usgs.gov RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 61 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 161 IS 11-12 BP 2171 EP 2181 DI 10.1007/s00024-004-2556-8 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 865WA UT WOS:000224733700005 ER PT J AU Ewing, RC Palenik, CS Konikow, LF AF Ewing, RC Palenik, CS Konikow, LF TI Comment on "Probabilistic risk analysis for a high-level radioactive waste repository" by B. L. Cohen in Risk analysis, volume 23, 909-915 SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Editorial Material ID YUCCA MOUNTAIN; NUCLEAR-WASTE C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Nucl Engn & Radiol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Ewing, RC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Nucl Engn & Radiol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM rodewing@umich.edu NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1417 EP 1419 DI 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.537_1.x PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 886NO UT WOS:000226235800001 PM 15660599 ER PT J AU Meade, J Patnode, K Davis, C AF Meade, J Patnode, K Davis, C TI Handbook of ecotoxicology SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Book Review C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Meade, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver, CO USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1755 EP 1756 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 886NO UT WOS:000226235800028 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, DM Kulp, M Penland, S Flocks, J Kindinger, J AF Fitzgerald, DM Kulp, M Penland, S Flocks, J Kindinger, J TI Morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of muddy ebb-tidal deltas along a subsiding coast: Barataria Bay, Mississippi River delta SO SEDIMENTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coastal deposits; ebb-tidal delta; tidal inlet; tidal prism ID FACIES RELATIONSHIPS; TRANSPORT PATTERNS; NORTH-CAROLINA; SOUTH-CAROLINA; INLET; PLAIN; SHELF; SEA; SHOREFACE; LOUISIANA AB The Barataria barrier coast formed between two major distributaries of the Mississippi River delta: the Plaquemines deltaic headland to the east and the Lafourche deltaic headland to the west. Rapid relative sea-level rise (1.03 cm year(-1)) and other erosional processes within Barataria Bay have led to substantial increases in the area of open water (> 775 km(2) since 1956) and the attendant bay tidal prism. Historically, the increase in tidal discharge at inlets has produced larger channel cross-sections and prograding ebb-tidal deltas. For example, the ebb delta at Barataria Pass has built seaward > 2.2 km since the 1880s. Shoreline erosion and an increasing bay tidal prism also facilitated the formation of new inlets. Four major lithofacies characterize the Barataria coast ebb-tidal deltas and associated sedimentary environments. These include a proximal delta facies composed of massive to laminated, fine grey-brown to pale yellow sand and a distal delta facies consisting of thinly laminated, grey to pale yellow sand and silty sand with mud layers. The higher energy proximal delta deposits contain a greater percentage of sand (75-100%) compared with the distal delta sediments (60-80%). Associated sedimentary units include a nearshore facies consisting of horizontally laminated, fine to very fine grey sand with mud layers and an offshore facies that is composed of grey to dark grey, laminated sandy silt to silty clay. All facies coarsen upwards except the offshore facies, which fines upwards. An evolutionary model is presented for the stratigraphic development of the ebb-tidal deltas in a regime of increasing tidal energy resulting from coastal land loss and tidal prism growth. Ebb-tidal delta facies prograde over nearshore sediments, which interfinger with offshore facies. The seaward decrease in tidal current velocity of the ebb discharge produces a gradational contact between proximal and distal tidal delta facies. As the tidal discharge increases and the inlet grows in dimensions, the proximal and distal tidal delta facies prograde seawards. Owing to the relatively low gradient of the inner continental shelf, the ebb-tidal delta lithosome is presently no more than 5 m thick and is generally only 2-3 m in thickness. The ebb delta sediment is sourced from deepening of the inlet and the associated channels and from the longshore sediment transport system. The final stage in the model envisages erosion and segmentation of the barrier chain, leading to a decrease in tidal discharge through the former major inlets. This process ultimately results in fine-grained sedimentation seaward of the inlets and the encasement of the ebb-tidal delta lithosome in mud. The ebb-tidal deltas along the Barataria coast are distinguished from most other ebb deltas along sand-rich coasts by their muddy content and lack of large-scale stratification produced by channel cut-and-fills and bar migration. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, Coastal Res Lab, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Fitzgerald, DM (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM dunc@bu.edu NR 62 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0037-0746 J9 SEDIMENTOLOGY JI Sedimentology PD DEC PY 2004 VL 51 IS 6 BP 1157 EP 1178 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00663.x PG 22 WC Geology SC Geology GA 874OM UT WOS:000225359700001 ER PT J AU Goldberg, CS Schwalbe, CR AF Goldberg, CS Schwalbe, CR TI Consideration for monitoring a rare anuran (Eleutherodactylus augusti) SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID DESERT TORTOISES; POPULATIONS; CONSERVATION; CALIFORNIA; ANIMALS; POWER; MARK AB Monitoring wildlife populations is a challenging task for scientists and resource managers. We assessed 4 methods for monitoring population size of barking frogs (Eleutherodactylus augusti) in southern Arizona: mark-recapture, distance sampling, call counts, and visual encounter Surveys. Because of the ecology and behavior of this species, all methods produced data that contained too much variability and bias to be useful for monitoring population size. For cryptic species such as barking frogs, monitoring programs might be more effective if they focus on parameters other than population size. C1 Univ Arizona, Sonaran Desert Field Stn, USGS Western Ecol Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Goldberg, CS (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM careng8@yahoo.com RI Goldberg, Caren/B-4075-2015 NR 37 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 442 EP 448 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0442:CFMARA>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 887XC UT WOS:000226337800003 ER PT J AU Mullin, SJ Imbert, H Fish, JM Ervin, EL Fisher, RN AF Mullin, SJ Imbert, H Fish, JM Ervin, EL Fisher, RN TI Snake (Colubridae : Thamnophis) predatory responses to chemical cues from native and introduced prey species SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID AFRICAN CLAWED FROG; GARTER SNAKES; EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSE; BEHAVIORAL VARIATION; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; DANGEROUS PREY; CALIFORNIA; DECLINE; LIZARD; SIZE AB Several aquatic vertebrates have been introduced into freshwater systems in California over the past 100 years. Some populations of the two-striped garter snake (Thamnophis hammondii) have lived in sympatry with these species since their introduction; other populations have never encountered them. To assess the possible adaptation to a novel prey, we tested the predatory responses of T. hammondii from different populations to different chemosensory cites from native and introduced prey species. We presented chemical extracts from potential prey types and 2 control odors to individual snakes on cotton swabs and recorded the number of tongue flicks and attacks directed at each swab. Subject response was higher for prey odors than control substances. Odors from introduced centrarchid fish (Lepomis) elicited higher response levels than other prey types, including native anuran larvae (Pseudacris regilla). The pattern of response was similar for both populations of snakes (experienced and naive, with respect to the introduced prey). We suggest that the generalist aquatic lifestyle of T. hammondii has allowed it to take advantage of increasing populations of introduced prey. Decisions on the management strategies for some of these introduced prey species should include consideration of how T. hammondii populations might respond in areas of sympatry. C1 Eastern Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Charleston, IL 61920 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Mullin, SJ (reprint author), Eastern Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Charleston, IL 61920 USA. EM cfsjm@eiu.edu NR 46 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 EI 1943-6262 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 449 EP 456 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0449:SCTPRT>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 887XC UT WOS:000226337800004 ER PT J AU Albert, S Ramotnik, CA Schmitt, CG AF Albert, S Ramotnik, CA Schmitt, CG TI Collared peccary range expansion in northwestern New Mexico SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID TEXAS AB We report new records of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) in New Mexico that document its continued northward expansion in the United States, in general, and in northwestern New Mexico, in particular. These records might represent the northernmost extent of its range in the Southwest. Collared peccaries in New Mexico typically occur in desert, rocky, and brushy foothill regions and riparian communities. On the Zuni Indian Reservation, animals were observed at elevations up to 2,335 m in pinon-juniper and ponderosa pine habitats. Climate might play an important role in range expansion and contraction as collared peccaries might migrate north during years of drought or mild winters in search of food or new habitat. C1 Parametrix Inc, Zuni, NM 87327 USA. Univ New Mexico, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Albert, S (reprint author), Parametrix Inc, POB 1473, Zuni, NM 87327 USA. EM salbert@parametrix.com OI Albert, Steven/0000-0001-6786-9956 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 15 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 524 EP 528 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0524:CPREIN>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 887XC UT WOS:000226337800018 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Suarez, SA Olsen, DA AF Custer, CM Suarez, SA Olsen, DA TI Feeding habitat characteristics of the Great Blue Heron and Great Egret nesting along the Upper Mississippi River, 1995-1998 SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Great Blue Heron; Ardea herodias; Great Egret; Ardea alba; feeding habitat; Upper Mississippi River ID WADING BIRDS CICONIIFORMES; RICE FIELDS; LAKE-OKEECHOBEE; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; FORAGING HABITATS; NATURAL WETLANDS; BREEDING-SEASON; ARDEA-HERODIAS; COLONIES; FLORIDA AB The Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) and Great Egret (Ardea alba) nested in eight colonies along the Upper Mississippi River, USA, and individual birds were followed by airplane to feeding sites during the nesting seasons in 1995-1998. Both species used braided channel/backwater habitats for feeding more than expected, based on availability, and open pool and main navigation channel less than expected. Most individuals of both species fed <5 km from their breeding colony and avoided sites >10 km away. Habitat and distance need to be considered simultaneously when assessing habitat quality for herons and egrets. The Great Blue Heron flew farther to feeding sites during the care-of-young period than during incubation and the Great Egret showed the opposite pattern. The Great Blue Heron tended to feed solitarily; only 10% of the feeding flights ended at a location where another heron was already present. About one-third of Great Egret feeding flights ended at a location with another egret already present. Colony placement on the landscape seemed to be a function of the feeding radius of each colony. C1 USGS, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), USGS, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM ccuster@usgs.gov RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014 NR 48 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 23 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2004 VL 27 IS 4 BP 454 EP 468 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0454:FHCOTG]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 886EZ UT WOS:000226211000011 ER PT J AU Henry, PY Bennetts, RE Kayser, Y Hafner, H AF Henry, PY Bennetts, RE Kayser, Y Hafner, H TI Do adult little egrets respond to disturbance at their nest by increased breeding dispersal? SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE breeding dispersal; capture; disturbance; Egretta garzetta; Little Egret ID GARZETTA AB When studying breeding dispersal with marked individuals, manipulation-induced disturbance should not affect movement patterns. As part of a study on the Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), we tested whether the capture of breeding adults at their nest and handling (i.e., disturbance) increased their probability to move to a new colony in the subsequent breeding season (i.e., breeding dispersal). The proportion of adults disturbed in a given year that had changed colony in the subsequent breeding season was compared with the dispersal of adults observed during at least two consecutive years at colonies and not disturbed on the previous year: (1) birds marked as chicks and (2) birds marked as adults and observed ? two years after capture at the nest. Disturbed birds were not found to have an increased propensity to disperse. We conclude that, for this species, capture did not increase the subsequent breeding dispersal. C1 Stn Biol Tour Valat, F-13200 Arles, France. USGS, Florida & Carribean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32618 USA. RP Henry, PY (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 301 Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM gauthier-clerc@tourduvalat.org RI Henry, Pierre-Yves/G-3139-2013 OI Henry, Pierre-Yves/0000-0003-2255-7347 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD DEC PY 2004 VL 27 IS 4 BP 480 EP 482 DI 10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0480:DALERT]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 886EZ UT WOS:000226211000013 ER PT J AU Vasilas, B Vasilas, L Thompson, J Rizzo, A Fuhrmann, J Evans, T Pesek, J Kunkle, K AF Vasilas, B Vasilas, L Thompson, J Rizzo, A Fuhrmann, J Evans, T Pesek, J Kunkle, K TI Ectomycorrhizal mantles as indicators of hydrology for jurisdictional wetland determinations SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE ectomycorrhizae; mantles; seasonally-saturated wetlands; hydrology indicators; drained hydric soils; wetland delineation ID MYCORRHIZAE; WATER; FUNGI; SOIL AB Ectomycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships between soil fungi and higher plants. Evidence of the symbiosis is the presence of a 'mantle,' a hyphal layer that covers root tips, and a change in root morphology. The potential use of ectomycorrhizal mantles as hydrology indicators for wetland determinations was evaluated on the Delmarva Coastal Plain (Delaware and eastern shores of Maryland and Virginia, USA) over three seasons. In theory, the distribution of mantles with soil depth should vary from uplands to wetlands in most years, as mantle development is considered to be impeded by anaerobic conditions. At four forested locations, plots were set up in seasonally-saturated wetlands and adjacent uplands and drained wetlands (twelve sub-sites). Plots were evaluated according to the Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual for soils, plant community, and hydrology to identify a jurisdictional classification. Hydrology was further addressed using automated monitoring wells (twice daily readings), and anaerobic conditions were confirmed via platinum electrodes. Plant roots (Pinus taeda was targeted) were sampled via spade slices in March and August each year and separated by depth: 0 horizon, 0-5 cm, 510 cm, 10-15 cm, and 15-20 cm. Roots were evaluated for the presence of mantles. A threshold depth of 5 cm was identified. From a total of 892 roots with mantles in uplands (including effectively-drained wetland sub-sites), 253 (28%) were found below the threshold depth. For wetlands (including one ineffectively-drained wetland), seven of 331 roots with mantles (2%) were found below the threshold depth. Temporal and spatial variability in mantle data was common; however, mantles consistently occurred at greater depths where seasonally high water tables were lower. We concluded that mantle depth has potential as a hydrology indicator. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv 339, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Maryland Dept Environm, Wetlands & Waterways Program, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Food & Resource Econ, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Vasilas, B (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Townsend Hall,541 S Coll Ave, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2004 VL 24 IS 4 BP 784 EP 795 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0784:EMAIOH]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 886WW UT WOS:000226264700008 ER PT J AU Erwin, RM Sanders, GM Prosser, DJ AF Erwin, RM Sanders, GM Prosser, DJ TI Changes in lagoonal marsh morphology at selected northeastern Atlantic coast sites of significance to migratory waterbirds SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE salt marsh; marsh loss; GIS; Atlantic coast; waterbirds; Spartina; sea-level rise ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; SALT-MARSH; CHESAPEAKE BAY; HABITAT USE; SNOW GEESE; ACCRETION; SHOREBIRDS; DEPENDENCE; MOVEMENTS AB Five lagoonal salt marsh areas, ranging from 220 ha to 3,670 ha, were selected from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to the southern DelMarVa peninsula, Virginia, USA to examine the degree to which Spartina marsh area and microhabitats had changed from the early or mid- 1900s to recent periods. We chose areas based on their importance to migratory bird populations, agency concerns about marsh loss and sea-level rise, and availability of historic imagery. We georeferenced and processed aerial photographs from a variety of sources ranging from 1932 to 1994. Of particular interest were changes in total salt marsh area, tidal creeks, tidal flats, tidal and non-tidal ponds, and open water habitats. Nauset Marsh, within Cape Cod National Seashore, experienced an annual marsh loss of 0.40% (19% from 1947 to 1994) with most loss attributed to sand overwash and conversion to open water. At Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge in southern New Jersey, annual loss was 0.27% (17% from 1932 to 1995), with nearly equal attribution of loss to open water and tidal pond expansion. At Curlew Bay, Virginia, annual loss was 0.20% (9% from 1949 to 1994) and almost entirely due to perimeter erosion to open water. At Gull Marsh, Virginia, a site chosen because of known erosional losses, we recorded the highest annual loss rate, 0.67% per annum, again almost entirely due to erosional, perimeter loss. In contrast, at the southernmost site, Mockhorn Island Wildlife Management Area, Virginia, there was a net gain of 0.09% per annum (4% from 1949 to 1994), with tidal flats becoming increasingly vegetated. Habitat. implications for waterbirds are considerable; salt marsh specialists such as laughing gulls (Larus atricilla), Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri), black rail, (Laterallus jamaicensis), seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus), and saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus) are particularly at risk if these trends continue, and all but the laughing gull are species of concern to state and federal managers. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Erwin, RM (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, 291 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. OI Prosser, Diann/0000-0002-5251-1799 NR 50 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 21 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2004 VL 24 IS 4 BP 891 EP 903 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0891:CILMMA]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 886WW UT WOS:000226264700018 ER PT J AU Bridges, AS Vaughan, MR Klenzendorf, S AF Bridges, AS Vaughan, MR Klenzendorf, S TI Seasonal variation in American black bear Ursus americanus activity patterns: quantification via remote photography SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activity patterns; American black bear; dogs; optimality theory; remote camera; Ursus americanus; Virginia ID POPULATION-SIZE; HABITAT USE; ENVIRONMENT; WILDLIFE; SENSORS AB Activity pattern plasticity may serve as an evolutionary adaptation to optimize fitness in an inconstant environment, however, quantifying patterns and demonstrating variation can be problematic. For American black bears Ursus americanus, wariness and habitat inaccessibility further complicate quantification. Radio telemetry has been the primary technique used to examine activity, however, interpretation error and limitation on numbers of animals available to monitor prevent extrapolation to unmarked or untransmittered members of the population. We used remote cameras to quantify black bear activity patterns and examined differences by season, sex and reproductive class in the Alleghany Mountains of western Virginia, USA. We used 1,533 pictures of black bears taken during 1998-2002 for our analyses. Black bears generally were diurnal in summer and nocturnal in autumn with a vespertine activity peak during both seasons. Bear-hound training seasons occurred during September and may offer explanation for the observed shift towards nocturnal behaviour. We found no substantial differences in activity patterns between sex and reproductive classes. Use of remote cameras allowed us to efficiently sample larger numbers of individual animals and likely offered a better approximation of population-level activity patterns than individual-level, telemetry-based methodologies. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, USGS BRD, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Vaughan, MR (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, 100 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM mvaughan@vt.edu NR 40 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 25 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 10 IS 4 BP 277 EP 284 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 883DX UT WOS:000225991700005 ER PT J AU Hoving, CL Harrison, DJ Krohn, WB Jakubas, WJ McCollough, MA AF Hoving, CL Harrison, DJ Krohn, WB Jakubas, WJ McCollough, MA TI Canada lynx Lynx canadensis habitat and forest succession in northern Maine, USA SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AIC; habitat; Lepus americanus; Lynx canadensis; Maine; model; regeneration; succession ID SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAKS; SNOWSHOE HARES; NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; MODELS; POPULATION; PREDICTION; RESPONSES; SELECTION; ALBERTA; REGION AB The contiguous United States population of Canada lynx Lynx canadensis was listed as threatened in 2000. The long-term viability of lynx populations at the southern edge of their geographic range has been hypothesized to be dependent on old growth forests; however, lynx are a specialist predator on snowshoe hare Lepus americanus, a species associated with early-successional forests. To quantify the effects of succession and forest management on landscape-scale (100 km(2)) patterns of habitat occupancy by lynx, we compared landscape attributes in northern Maine, USA, where lynx had been detected on snow track surveys to landscape attributes where surveys had been conducted, but lynx tracks had not been detected. Models were constructed a priori and compared using logistic regression and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), which quantitatively balances data fit and parsimony. In the models with the lowest (i.e. best) AIC, lynx were more likely to occur in landscapes with much regenerating forest, and less likely to occur in landscapes with much recent clearcut, partial harvest and forested wetland. Lynx were not associated positively or negatively with mature coniferous forest. A probabilistic map of the model indicated a patchy distribution of lynx habitat in northern Maine. According to an additional survey of the study area for lynx tracks during the winter of 2003, the model correctly classified 63.5% of the lynx occurrences and absences. Lynx were more closely associated with young forests than mature forests; however, old-growth forests were functionally absent from the landscape. Lynx habitat could be reduced in northern Maine, given recent trends in forest management practices. Harvest strategies have shifted from clearcutting to partial harvesting. If this trend continues, future landscapes will shift away from extensive regenerating forests and toward landscapes dominated by pole-sized and larger stands. Because Maine presently supports the only verified populations of this federally threatened species in the eastern United States, changes in forest management practices could affect recovery efforts throughout that region. C1 Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Maine Dept Inland Fisheries & Wildlife, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Old Town, ME 04468 USA. RP Hoving, CL (reprint author), Michigan Dept Nat Resources, 621 N 10th St, Plainwell, MI 49080 USA. EM hovingc@michigan.gov; harrison@umenfa.maine.edu; wkrohn@umenfa.maine.edu; walter.jakubas@maine.gov; mark_mccollough@fws.gov NR 62 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 26 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 10 IS 4 BP 285 EP 294 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 883DX UT WOS:000225991700006 ER PT J AU DeBruyn, TD Smith, TS Proffitt, K Partridge, S Drummer, TD AF DeBruyn, TD Smith, TS Proffitt, K Partridge, S Drummer, TD TI Brown bear response to elevated viewing structures at Brooks River, Alaska SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bear-human conflict; bear management; bear viewing; Brooks River; brown bear; Katmai National Park; Ursus arctos AB The increasing popularity of brown bear (Ursus arctos) viewing at Brooks River in Katmai National Park, Alaska has resulted in overcrowded facilities, increasing bear-human conflicts, displacement of bears from important habitats, and degradation of cultural resources. To partially address these issues, the National Park Service (NPS) constructed a 300-m-long elevated boardwalk with interconnected viewing platforms in August 2000. To determine what effects the new structures might have on individual bears, we observed bear movements and behaviors before and after construction. We used direct observations and motion-detection cameras to construct temporal-spatial profiles of bear activity. Although bear numbers were similar (59 bears in 2000 and 56 bears in 2001) and bear activity within the greater Brooks River area did not differ (P = 0.62, n = 29) between the 2 years of this study, trail crossings in the vicinity of the new structures decreased 78% (7,436 crossings in 2000 and 1,646 crossings in 2001; x(2) = 762, df = 14, P < 0.001). Bear temporal use of the boardwalk area changed such that when human use was highest, bear use was proportionally lower in the post- versus pre-construction phase (x(2) = 34, df = 3, P < 0.005). Of 123 direct observations of bears approaching to pass beneath the structures, only 19.5% rerouted or avoided crossing under the structures. Bears' responses to the new structures were influenced by the behavior of visitors upon the structures. Potential management tools to minimize impacts of these structures on bears include enhanced public education regarding visitor conduct on the boardwalk, as well as visitor management and monitoring. C1 Natl Pk Serv, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Math Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP DeBruyn, TD (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, 240 W 5th Ave,Room 114, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. EM terry_debruyn@nps.gov NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1132 EP 1140 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1132:BBRTEV]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 905QV UT WOS:000227585400016 ER PT J AU Fulton, DC Skerl, K Shank, EM Lime, DW AF Fulton, DC Skerl, K Shank, EM Lime, DW TI Beliefs and attitudes toward lethal management of deer in Cuyahoga Valley National Park SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE attitudes; beliefs; deer; lethal control; National Park Service; Odocoileus virginianus ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; OVERABUNDANCE; PENNSYLVANIA; AUTHORITY; FAIRNESS; FORESTS AB We used the theory of reasoned action to help understand attitudes and beliefs about lethal management of deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CVNP), Ohio. We used a mail-back survey to collect data from Ohio residents in the surrounding 9-county area. Two strata were defined: residents < 10 km from CVNP (near n = 369) and residents = 10 km from CVNP (far n = 312). Respondents indicated that lethal control of deer was acceptable (near 71% +/- 4.7%, far 62% +/- 5.5%) and taking no action to reduce deer populations was unacceptable (near 75% +/- 4.5%, far 72% +/- 5.1%). Beliefs about outcomes of lethal control and evaluation of those outcomes proved to be strong predictors of the acceptability of lethal control of deer in CVNP. Lethal control was more acceptable if it was done to prevent severe consequences for humans (e.g., spread of disease, car collisions) or the natural environment (e.g., maintain a healthy deer herd) than to prevent negative aesthetic impacts or personal property damage. Results from the study can be used to assist managers at CVNP as they make decisions regarding alternatives for deer management in the park and to inform others managing abundant deer populations of socially relevant impacts of management actions. C1 Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Cuyahoga Valley Natl Pk, Brecksville, OH 44141 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Powder Valley Nat Ctr, St Louis, MO 63122 USA. Univ Minnesota, Cooperat Pk Studies Program, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Fulton, DC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM dcfulton@umn.edu NR 41 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 6 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1166 EP 1176 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1166:BAATLM]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 905QV UT WOS:000227585400020 ER PT J AU Rivera-Milan, FF Zaccagnini, ME Canavelli, SB AF Rivera-Milan, FF Zaccagnini, ME Canavelli, SB TI Field trials of line-transect surveys of bird carcasses in agro-ecosystems of Argentina's Pampas region SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE agro-ecosystems; Argentina; bird carcasses; density estimates; field trials; line-transect surveys; monitoring; mortality; observers; pesticides; scavenging AB Pesticides caused high mortality of birds in agro-ecosystems of Argentina's Pampas region during 1995-2003. As part of a program to monitor mortality events, we trained observers in distance sampling methods, conducted field trials under simulated conditions to assess the degree to which the critical assumptions of line-transect surveys were met, and estimated the density and number of chicken carcasses randomly placed along fixed transects in corn stubble, corn, alfalfa, wheat, pasture, and forest. The assumption of 100% detection probability of carcasses at 0 distance was met. We measured cluster size (1-5 carcasses) exactly and measured perpendicular distance from a cluster to transect centerline (0-40 m) with little error (absolute difference between actual and measured distances: (x) over bar =0.14 m, SE=0.01, n= 12 1). Cluster detection was not size-biased in corn stubble but was size-biased in corn, alfalfa, wheat, pasture, forest, and all strata combined. Thirteen 3-observer teams performed equally well in field trials regardless of having or not having observers with previous experience conducting transect surveys of bird carcasses in agro-ecosystems. Teams with experienced and inexperienced observers missed clusters near the centerline (defined here as 1.5-5 m for wheat and 5-15 m for other strata) but detected all clusters on the centerline (defined here as 0-1.5 m for wheat and 0-5 m for other strata). Percent relative bias was 0.36% for corn stubble (n=39); 5.63% for the combined data of corn, alfalfa, wheat, pasture, and forest (n=73); and 0.51% for all strata (n=121). Bias estimates were small in relation to standard errors of density estimates, and the density estimator produced 95% confidence intervals that always included true densities. Predators and scavengers started removing carcasses during the first day of exposure (cumulative survival: (x) over bar =0.69, SE=0.04, n=36) and stopped removing them after day 5 (cumulative survival: (x) over bar =0.04, SE=0.02, n=5). Carcass removal rate averaged -0.38/day (SE=0.03). Although line-transect sampling represents a viable method to estimate the density and number of dead birds in agro-ecosystems, scavenging data should be collected to adjust these estimates, even when surveys are conducted the day following pesticide application. An effective communication network between collaborators and the general public and observer readiness are needed as part of research and monitoring efforts to guide decision-making on agricultural practices, promote law enforcement, and manage wildlife in agro-ecosystems. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Int Conservat, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuaria, RA-1088 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuaria, RA-3100 Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina. RP Rivera-Milan, FF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Int Conservat, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Room 730 ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. EM frank_rivera@fws.gov NR 0 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1219 EP 1228 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1219:FTOLSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 905QV UT WOS:000227585400025 ER PT J AU Ackerman, JT Adams, J Takekawa, JY Carter, HR Whitworth, DL Newman, SH Golighty, RT Orthmeyer, DL AF Ackerman, JT Adams, J Takekawa, JY Carter, HR Whitworth, DL Newman, SH Golighty, RT Orthmeyer, DL TI Effects of radiotransmitters on the reproductive performance of Cassin's auklets SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE alcid; Cassin's auklet; chick growth; double brooding; fledging success; parental care; Ptychoramphus aleuticus; radiotelemetry; transmitter effects ID FORAGING TRIP DURATION; MOUNTED RADIO TRANSMITTERS; SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; MARBLED MURRELETS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PTYCHORAMPHUS-ALEUTICUS; INSTRUMENT ATTACHMENT; CHINSTRAP PENGUINS; RECORDING DEVICES; TRIANGLE-ISLAND AB We examined whether radiotransmitters adversely affected the reproductive performance of Cassin's auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) breeding on the California Channel Islands during 1999-2001. We attached external radiotransmitters to 1 partner in 108 Cassin's auklet pairs after nest initiation and used 131 unmarked, but handled, pairs as controls. Compared to alpha chicks raised by radiomarked pairs, alpha chicks raised by unmarked pairs had faster mass growth rates (1.95 +/- 0.30 g d(-1) vs. 3.37 +/- 0.53 g d(-1), respectively), faster wing growth rates (2.46 +/- 0.10 mm d(-1) vs. 2.85 +/- 0.05 mm d(-1)), greater peak fledging masses (118.9 +/- 3.5 g vs. 148.3 +/- 2.4 g), and higher fledging success (61% vs. 90%). Fledging success was reduced more when we radiomarked the male (50% fledged) rather than the female partner (77% fledged). After fledging an alpha chick, unmarked pairs were more likely to initiate a second clutch (radiomarked: 7%; unmarked: 39%) but did not hatch a second egg (radiomarked: 4%; unmarked: 25%) or fledge a second (beta) chick (radiomarked: 4%; unmarked: 18%) significantly more often than radiomarked pairs. We resighted 12 radiomarked individuals nesting during a subsequent breeding season; each bird had shed its transmitter and healed the site of attachment. We suggest caution in using telemetry to evaluate the reproductive performance of alcids, but marking only females may minimize adverse effects. C1 Univ Calif Davis, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95093 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Ackerman, JT (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Davis Field Stn, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jackerman@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1229 EP 1241 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1229:EOROTR]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 905QV UT WOS:000227585400026 ER PT J AU Bart, J Droege, S Geissler, P Peterjohn, B Ralph, CJ AF Bart, J Droege, S Geissler, P Peterjohn, B Ralph, CJ TI Density estimation in wildlife surveys SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bias; density estimation; distance methods; double-observer; double-sampling; estimation; indices; surveys; trends ID ABUNDANCE; COUNTS; TRENDS AB Several authors have recently discussed the problems with using index methods to estimate trends in population size. Some have expressed the view that index methods should virtually never be used. Others have responded by defending index methods and questioning whether better alternatives exist. We suggest that index methods are often a cost-effective component of valid wildlife monitoring but that double-sampling or another procedure that corrects for bias or establishes bounds on bias is essential. The common assertion that index methods require constant detection rates for trend estimation is mathematically incorrect; the requirement is no long-term trend in detection "ratios" (index result/parameter of interest), a requirement that is probably approximately met by many well-designed index surveys. We urge that more attention be given to defining bird density rigorously and in ways useful to managers. Once this is done, 4 sources of bias in density estimates may be distinguished: coverage, closure, surplus birds, and detection rates. Distance, double-observer, and removal methods do not reduce bias due to coverage, closure, or surplus birds. These methods may yield unbiased estimates of the number of birds present at the time of the survey, but only if their required assumptions are met, which we doubt occurs very often in practice. Double-sampling, in contrast, produces unbiased density estimates if the plots are randomly selected and estimates on the intensive surveys are unbiased. More work is needed, however, to determine the feasibility of double-sampling in different populations and habitats. We believe the tension that has developed over appropriate survey methods can best be resolved through increased appreciation of the mathematical aspects of indices, especially the effects of bias, and through studies in which candidate methods are evaluated against known numbers determined through intensive surveys. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Sci Staff, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Bart, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM jon_bart@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 22 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1242 EP 1247 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1242:DEIWS]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 905QV UT WOS:000227585400027 ER PT J AU Merriman, JW Zwank, PJ Boal, CW Bashore, TL AF Merriman, JW Zwank, PJ Boal, CW Bashore, TL TI From the Field: Efficacy of visual barriers in reducing black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. DORI, Nat Cultural Resource Programs, ACC Ranges Airspace & Airfields, HQ ACC, Langley Air Force Base, VA 23665 USA. RP Merriman, JW (reprint author), 3610 NE 123rd St, Seattle, WA 98125 USA. EM clint.boal@ttu.edu NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1316 EP 1320 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1316:FTFEOV]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 905QV UT WOS:000227585400038 ER PT J AU Amidon, FA Haas, CA Morton, JM AF Amidon, FA Haas, CA Morton, JM TI Breeding biology of the endangered Rota Bridled White-eye SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DECLINE AB Little is known about the breeding biology of Bridled White-eyes (Zosterops conspicillatus), especially the federally endangered Rota Bridled White-eye (Z. c. rotensis). Here, we report on the breeding behavior, nest-site characteristics, and nest dimensions of Rota Bridled White-eyes. From 1997 to 1999, we found 20 Rota Bridled White-eye nests in Elaeocarpus joga (35%), Hernandia labyrinthica (30%), Merrillio-dendron megacarpum (20%), and introduced Acacia confusa (15%) trees between 320 and 460 in in elevation. Nests were 2.5-12.8 m above the ground (n = 18) in trees 3.3-14.6 m tall (n = 16). Clutch size ranged from one to two eggs (n = 7) and the breeding season was from at least December through August. Nest dimensions (n = 4) were 36-44 x 57.7-60.8 turn (outer height x diameter) and 25-29 x 44.6-47.7 mm (cup depth x diameter). C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Fish & Wildlife Off, Dededo, GU 96912 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci 0321, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Amidon, FA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Fish & Wildlife Off, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. EM fred_amidon@fws.gov RI Haas, Carola/B-5056-2009 OI Haas, Carola/0000-0002-5490-6882 NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 116 IS 4 BP 342 EP 346 DI 10.1676/04-037 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 898TY UT WOS:000227100300009 ER PT J AU Hiroi, J Yasumasu, S Iuchi, I McCormick, S Ohtani-Kaneko, R Kaneko, T AF Hiroi, Junya Yasumasu, Shigeki Iuchi, Ichiro McCormick, Stephen Ohtani-Kaneko, Ritsuko Kaneko, Toyoji TI Time-course changes in the localization of three ion transporters in chloride cells of tilapia embryos in response to salinity changes SO ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 St Marianna Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2168511, Japan. Sophia Univ, Inst Life Sci, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1028554, Japan. US Geol Survey, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01370 USA. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Dept Aquat Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA TOSHIN-BUILDING, HONGO 2-27-2, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0033, JAPAN SN 0289-0003 J9 ZOOL SCI JI Zool. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 21 IS 12 BP 1286 EP 1286 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 044CZ UT WOS:000237651300260 ER PT J AU Pollitz, F Bakun, WH Nyst, M AF Pollitz, F Bakun, WH Nyst, M TI A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay region: Stress evolution since 1838 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE crustal deformation; plate boundary zones; viscoelastic relaxation; San Francisco Bay Region ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; LAYERED SPHERICAL EARTH; ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEM; HAYWARD FAULT; POSTSEISMIC RELAXATION; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; SLIP; SEISMICITY; CREEP; DEFORMATION AB Understanding of the behavior of plate boundary zones has progressed to the point where reasonably comprehensive physical models can predict their evolution. The San Andreas fault system in the San Francisco Bay region (SFBR) is dominated by a few major faults whose behavior over about one earthquake cycle is fairly well understood. By combining the past history of large ruptures on SFBR faults with a recently proposed physical model of strain accumulation in the SFBR, we derive the evolution of regional stress from 1838 until the present. This effort depends on ( 1) an existing compilation of the source properties of historic and contemporary SFBR earthquakes based on documented shaking, geodetic data, and seismic data (Bakun, 1999) and ( 2) a few key parameters of a simple regional viscoelastic coupling model constrained by recent GPS data (Pollitz and Nyst, 2004). Although uncertainties abound in the location, magnitude, and fault geometries of historic ruptures and the physical model relies on gross simplifications, the resulting stress evolution model is sufficiently detailed to provide a useful window into the past stress history. In the framework of Coulomb failure stress, we find that virtually all M greater than or equal to 5.8 earthquakes prior to 1906 and M greater than or equal to 5.5 earthquakes after 1906 are consistent with stress triggering from previous earthquakes. These events systematically lie in zones of predicted stress concentration elevated 5-10 bars above the regional average. The SFBR is predicted to have emerged from the 1906 "shadow'' in about 1980, consistent with the acceleration in regional seismicity at that time. The stress evolution model may be a reliable indicator of the most likely areas to experience M greater than or equal to 5.5 shocks in the future. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov; bakun@usgs.gov; mnyst@usgs.gov NR 50 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 109 IS B11 AR B11408 DI 10.1029/2004JB003003 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 877QW UT WOS:000225586100002 ER PT J AU Nyst, M Thatcher, W AF Nyst, M Thatcher, W TI New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Aegean; continental deformation; GPS; neotectonics; microplate ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; QUATERNARY SLIP RATES; MARMARA SEA REGION; HELLENIC ARC; CONTINENTAL COLLISION; GPS MEASUREMENTS; CENTRAL GREECE; GEODETIC DETERMINATION AB Site velocities from six separate Global Positioning System (GPS) networks comprising 374 stations have been referred to a single common Eurasia-fixed reference frame to map the velocity distribution over the entire Aegean. We use the GPS velocity field to identify deforming regions, rigid elements, and potential microplate boundaries, and build upon previous work by others to initially specify rigid elements in central Greece, the South Aegean, Anatolia, and the Sea of Marmara. We apply an iterative approach, tentatively defining microplate boundaries, determining best fit rigid rotations, examining misfit patterns, and revising the boundaries to achieve a better match between model and data. Short-term seismic cycle effects are minor contaminants of the data that we remove when necessary to isolate the long-term kinematics. We find that present day Aegean deformation is due to the relative motions of four microplates and straining in several isolated zones internal to them. The RMS misfit of model to data is about 2-sigma, very good when compared to the typical match between coseismic fault models and GPS data. The simplicity of the microplate description of the deformation and its good fit to the GPS data are surprising and were not anticipated by previous work, which had suggested either many rigid elements or broad deforming zones that comprise much of the Aegean region. The isolated deforming zones are also unexpected and cannot be explained by the kinematics of the microplate motions. Strain rates within internally deforming zones are extensional and range from 30 to 50 nanostrain/year (nstrain/year, 10(-9)/year), 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than rates observed across the major microplate boundaries. Lower strain rates may exist elsewhere within the microplates but are only resolved in Anatolia, where extension of 13 +/- 4 nstrain/year is required by the data. Our results suggest that despite the detailed complexity of active continental deformation revealed by seismicity, active faulting, fault geomorphology, and earthquake fault plane solutions, continental tectonics, at least in the Aegean, is to first order very similar to global plate tectonics and obeys the same simple kinematic rules. Although the widespread distribution of Aegean seismicity and active faulting might suggest a rather spatially homogeneous seismic hazard, the focusing of deformation near microplate boundaries implies the highest hazard is comparably localized. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Nyst, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM mnyst@pangea.stanford.edu NR 76 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS B11 AR B11406 DI 10.1029/2003JB002830 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 875OR UT WOS:000225430600001 ER PT J AU Gauthier, DT Vogelbein, WK Ottinger, CA AF Gauthier, DT Vogelbein, WK Ottinger, CA TI Ultrastructure of Mycobacterium marinum granuloma in striped bass Morone saxatilis SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE mycobacteriosis; striped bass; Morone saxatilis; Mycobacterium marinum; granuloma; ultrastructure ID CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS; TUBERCLE-BACILLI; PROTEIN LYSOPHOSPHOLIPASE; TUBERCULOUS LESIONS; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; EPITHELIOID CELLS; CARASSIUS-AURATUS; GIANT-CELLS; LUNG-TISSUE; MACROPHAGES AB An emerging epizootic of mycobacteriosis currently threatens striped bass Morone saxatilis populations in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Several species of mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium marinum, species resembling AT. avium, All. gordonae, M. peregrinum, M. scrofulaceum and M. terrae, and the new species M. shottsii have been isolated from diseased and healthy bass. In this study, we describe the ultrastructure of developing M. marinum granulomas in experimentally infected bass over a period of 45 wk. The primary host response to injected mycobacteria was formation of large macrophage aggregations containing phagocytosed bacilli. AT marinum were always contained within phagosomes. Close association of lysosomes with mycobacterial phagosomes, as well as the presence of electron-opaque material within phagosomes, suggested phagolysosomal fusion. Development of granulomas involved epithelioid transformation of macrophages, followed by appearance of central necrosis. Desmosomes were present between mature epithelioid cells. The necrotic core region of M. marinum granulomas was separated from overlying epithelioid cells by several layers of flattened, electron-opaque spindle-shaped cells. These cells appeared to be formed by compression of epithelioid cells and, aside from a flattened nucleus, did not possess recognizable organelles. Following the development of well-defined, paucibacillary granulomas, secondary disease was observed. Recrudescence was marked by bacterial replication followed by disruption of granuloma architecture, including loss of epithelioid and spindle cell layers. In advanced recrudescent lesions, normal tissue was replaced by macrophages, fibroblasts, and other inflammatory leukocytes. Large numbers of mycobacteria were observed, both intracellular and suspended in cellular debris. C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Gauthier, DT (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM gauthier@vims.edu OI Ottinger, Christopher/0000-0003-2551-1985 NR 45 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD NOV 23 PY 2004 VL 62 IS 1-2 BP 121 EP 132 DI 10.3354/dao062121 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 892WO UT WOS:000226680900014 PM 15648839 ER PT J AU Work, TM Balazs, GH Rameyer, RA Morris, RA AF Work, TM Balazs, GH Rameyer, RA Morris, RA TI Retrospective pathology survey of green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis in the Hawaiian Islands, 1993-2003 SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE green turtle; Chelonia mydas; fibropapillomatosis; pathology; epizootiology ID CUTANEOUS FIBROPAPILLOMAS; MARINE TURTLES; TRANSMISSION; HERPESVIRUS; SPIRORCHIDIASIS; IDENTIFICATION; ASSOCIATION; MALIGNANCY; FLORIDA; MARKER AB We necropsied 255 stranded green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis (FP) from the Hawaiian Islands, North Pacific, from August 1993 through May 2003. Of these, 214 (84%) were euthanized due to advanced FP and the remainder were found dead in fresh condition. Turtles were assigned a standardized tumor severity score ranging from 1 (lightly tumored) to 3 (heavily tumored). Tumors were counted and measured and categorized as external, oral, or internal and tissues evaluated by light microscopy. Turtles in tumor score 2 and 3 categories predominated, and tumor score 3 turtles were significantly larger than the other 2 categories. More juveniles stranded than subadults or adults. Total cross-sectional area of tumors increased significantly with straight carapace length (SCL). Frequency distribution of total number of external tumors per turtle was significantly skewed to the right, and there were significantly more tumors at the front than Fear of turtles. Eighty percent of turtles had oral tumors, and 51% of turtles with oral tumors had tumors in the glottis. Thirty-nine percent of turtles had internal tumors, most of them in the lung, kidney and heart. Fibromas predominated in lung, kidney and musculoskeletal system whereas myxofibromas were more common in intestines and spleen. Fibrosarcomas of low-grade malignancy were most frequent in the heart, and heart tumors had a predilection for the right atrium. Turtles with FP had significant additional complications including inflammation with vascular flukes. bacterial infections, poor body condition, and necrosis of salt gland. Turtles with oral tumors were more likely to have secondary complications such as pneumonia. Most turtles came from the island of Oahu (74%) followed by Maui (20%), Hawaii, Molokai, and Lanai (<3% each). On Oahu, significantly more turtles we necropsied stranded along the northwestern and northeastern shores. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Makai Anim Clin, Kailua, HI 96734 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Room 5-231, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. EM thierry_work@usgs.gov RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 58 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD NOV 23 PY 2004 VL 62 IS 1-2 BP 163 EP 176 DI 10.3354/dao062163 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 892WO UT WOS:000226680900018 PM 15648843 ER PT J AU Keszthelyi, L Thordarson, T McEwen, A Haack, H Guilbaud, MN Self, S Rossi, MJ AF Keszthelyi, L Thordarson, T McEwen, A Haack, H Guilbaud, MN Self, S Rossi, MJ TI Icelandic analogs to Martian flood lavas SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Iceland; lava; Mars; volcanology : lava rheology and morphology; volcanology : planetary volcanism ID LAKI SKAFTAR-FIRES; CERBERUS FOSSAE; KILAUEA VOLCANO; BASALTIC LAVA; PHASE-RELATIONS; MARS; FLOWS; PAHOEHOE; EMPLACEMENT; ELYSIUM AB We report on new field observations from Icelandic lava flows that have the same surface morphology as many Martian flood lava flows. The Martian flood lavas are characterized by a platy-ridged surface morphology whose formation is not well understood. The examples on Mars include some of the most pristine lava on the planet and flows >1500 km long. The surfaces of the flows are characterized by (1) ridges tens of meters tall and wide and hundreds of meters long, (2) plates hundreds of meters to kilometers across that are bounded by ridges, (3) smooth surfaces broken into polygons several meters across and bowed up slightly in the center, (4) parallel grooves 1-10 km long cut into the flow surface by flow past obstacles, and (5) inflated pahoehoe margins. The Icelandic examples we examined (the 1783-1784 Laki Flow Field, the Burfells Lava Flow Field by Lake Myvatn, and a lava flow from Krafla Volcano) have all these surface characteristics. When examined in detail, we find that the surfaces of the Icelandic examples are composed primarily of disrupted pahoehoe. In some cases the breccia consists of simple slabs of pahoehoe lava; in other cases it is a thick layer dominated by contorted fragments of pahoehoe lobes. Our field observations lead us to conclude that these breccias are formed by the disruption of an initial pahoehoe surface by a large flux of liquid lava within the flow. In the case of Laki, the lava flux was provided by surges in the erupted effusion rate. At Burfells it appears that the rapid flow came from the sudden breaching of the margins of a large ponded lava flow. Using the observations from Iceland, we have improved our earlier thermal modeling of the Martian flood lavas. We now conclude that these platy-ridged lava flows may have been quite thermally efficient, allowing the flow to extend for >100 km under a disrupted crust that was carried on top of the flow. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Geol Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Open Univ, Volcan Dynam Grp, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Printel OY, FIN-01510 Vantaa, Finland. RP Keszthelyi, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, 2555 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM laz@usgs.gov RI Thordarson, Thorvaldur/A-8990-2013; Thordarson, Thorvaldur/M-2422-2015; Haack, Henning/A-4807-2013 OI Thordarson, Thorvaldur/0000-0003-4011-7185; Haack, Henning/0000-0002-4618-3178 NR 63 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD NOV 23 PY 2004 VL 5 AR Q11014 DI 10.1029/2004GC000758 PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 875NX UT WOS:000225428500002 ER PT J AU Maier, RM Drees, KP Neilson, JW Henderson, DA Quade, J Betancourt, JL AF Maier, RM Drees, KP Neilson, JW Henderson, DA Quade, J Betancourt, JL TI Microbial life in the Atacama Desert SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Anim Sci, Div Epidemiol Biostat, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Maier, RM (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Gonzalez, Rafael/D-1748-2009 NR 5 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 19 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5700 BP 1289 EP 1289 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 873SP UT WOS:000225301600018 PM 15556928 ER PT J AU Snyder, NP Rubin, DM Alpers, CN Childs, JR Curtis, JA Flint, LE Wright, SA AF Snyder, NP Rubin, DM Alpers, CN Childs, JR Curtis, JA Flint, LE Wright, SA TI Estimating accumulation rates and physical properties of sediment behind a dam: Englebright Lake, Yuba River, northern California SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE reservoir sedimentation; river restoration; dam removal; sediment transport; Yuba River ID RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION; TRAP EFFICIENCY; VARIABILITY; YIELD; RETENTION; REMOVAL; IMPACT; WATER; PONDS AB Studies of reservoir sedimentation are vital to understanding scientific and management issues related to watershed sediment budgets, depositional processes, reservoir operations, and dam decommissioning. Here we quantify the mass, organic content, and grain-size distribution of a reservoir deposit in northern California by two methods of extrapolating measurements of sediment physical properties from cores to the entire volume of impounded material. Englebright Dam, completed in 1940, is located on the Yuba River in the Sierra Nevada foothills. A research program is underway to assess the feasibility of introducing wild anadromous fish species to the river upstream of the dam. Possible management scenarios include removing or lowering the dam, which could cause downstream transport of stored sediment. In 2001 the volume of sediments deposited behind Englebright Dam occupied 25.5% of the original reservoir capacity. The physical properties of this deposit were calculated using data from a coring campaign that sampled the entire reservoir sediment thickness (6-32 m) at six locations in the downstream similar to3/4 of the reservoir. As a result, the sediment in the downstream part of the reservoir is well characterized, but in the coarse, upstream part of the reservoir, only surficial sediments were sampled, so calculations there are more uncertain. Extrapolation from one-dimensional vertical sections of sediment sampled in cores to entire three-dimensional volumes of the reservoir deposit is accomplished via two methods, using assumptions of variable and constant layer thickness. Overall, the two extrapolation methods yield nearly identical estimates of the mass of the reservoir deposit of similar to26 x 10(6) metric tons (t) of material, of which 64.7-68.5% is sand and gravel. Over the 61 year reservoir history this corresponds to a maximum basin-wide sediment yield of similar to340 t/km(2)/yr, assuming no contribution from upstream parts of the watershed impounded by other dams. The uncertainties and limitations of the estimates of overall sediment quantities are discussed. Implications for watershed management and future reservoir sedimentation studies are also presented. C1 US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Snyder, NP (reprint author), Boston Coll, Dept Geol & Geophys, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. EM noah.snyder@bc.edu; drubin@usgs.gov; cnalpers@usgs.gov; jchilds@usgs.gov; jacurtis@usgs.gov; lflint@usgs.gov; sawright@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 18 PY 2004 VL 40 IS 11 AR W11301 DI 10.1029/2004WR003279 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 875EK UT WOS:000225402500001 ER PT J AU Lanphere, M AF Lanphere, M TI Reply to comment on "Precise K-Ar, Ar-40/Ar-39, Rb-Sr and U-Pb mineral ages from the 27.5 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff Reference Standard" by M.A. Lanphere and H. Baadsgaard SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID GEOCHRONOLOGY C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lanphere, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-937, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM alder@usgs.gov NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 211 IS 3-4 BP 389 EP 390 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.03.003 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 867YY UT WOS:000224880200011 ER PT J AU Trehu, AM Torres, ME Long, PE Bohrmann, G Rack, FR Collett, TS Goldberg, DS Milkov, AV Riedel, M Schultheiss, P Bangs, NL Barr, SR Borowski, WS Claypool, GE Delwiche, ME Dickens, GR Gracia, E Guerin, G Holland, M Johnson, JE Lee, YJ Liu, CS Su, X Teichert, B Tomaru, H Vanneste, M Watanabe, M Weinberger, JL AF Trehu, AM Torres, ME Long, PE Bohrmann, G Rack, FR Collett, TS Goldberg, DS Milkov, AV Riedel, M Schultheiss, P Bangs, NL Barr, SR Borowski, WS Claypool, GE Delwiche, ME Dickens, GR Gracia, E Guerin, G Holland, M Johnson, JE Lee, YJ Liu, CS Su, X Teichert, B Tomaru, H Vanneste, M Watanabe, M Weinberger, JL TI Three-dimensional distribution of gas hydrate beneath southern Hydrate Ridge: constraints from ODP Leg 204 (vol 222, pg 845, 2004) SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. JOI, Washington, DC 20036 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Borehole Res Grp, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. GEOTEK, Daventry NN11 5RD, Northants, England. Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Geol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Eastern Kentucky Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Richmond, KY 40475 USA. Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX USA. Ctr Mediterrani Invest Marines & Ambientals, Unidad Tecnol Marina, Barcelona 08003, Spain. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Petr & Marine Resources Res Div, Taejon 305350, South Korea. Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Oceanog, Taipei 106, Taiwan. China Univ Geosci, Ctr Marine Geol, Beijing, Peoples R China. Univ Bremen, Forschungszentrum Ozeanrander, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Univ Tromso, Dept Geol, N-9037 Tromso, Norway. Geol Survey Japan, Geosci Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92093 USA. RP Trehu, AM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM trehu@coas.oregonstate.edu RI Bangs, Nathan/A-1584-2009; Dickens, Gerald/G-1222-2011; Gracia, Eulalia/E-6153-2013 OI Bangs, Nathan/0000-0002-4377-3463; Gracia, Eulalia/0000-0001-9311-3108 NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 227 IS 3-4 BP 557 EP 558 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.016 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 871IS UT WOS:000225124900029 ER PT J AU Tufenkji, N Miller, GF Ryan, JN Harvey, RW Elimelech, M AF Tufenkji, N Miller, GF Ryan, JN Harvey, RW Elimelech, M TI Transport of Cryptosporidium oocysts in porous media: Role of straining and physicochemical filtration SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLLOID DEPOSITION RATES; SLOW SAND FILTRATION; PARVUM OOCYSTS; REMOVING GIARDIA; IONIC-STRENGTH; WATER; SOIL; CONTAMINATION; PATHOGENS; MOVEMENT AB The transport and filtration behavior of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in columns packed with quartz sand was systematically examined under repulsive electrostatic conditions. An increase in solution ionic strength resulted in greater oocyst deposition rates despite theoretical predictions of a significant electrostatic energy barrier to deposition. Relatively high deposition rates obtained with both oocysts and polystyrene latex particles of comparable size at low ionic strength (1 mM) suggest that a physical mechanism may play a key role in oocyst removal. Supporting experiments conducted with latex particles of varying sizes, under very low ionic strength conditions where physicochemical filtration is negligible, clearly indicated that physical straining is an important capture mechanism. The results of this study indicate that irregularity of sand grain shape (verified by SEM imaging) contributes considerably to the straining potential of the porous medium. Hence, both straining and physicochemical filtration are expected to control the removal of C. parvum oocysts in settings typical of riverbank filtration, soil infiltration, and slow sand filtration. Because classic colloid filtration theory does not account for removal by straining, these observations have important implications with respect to predictions of oocyst transport. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Environm Engn Program, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Elimelech, M (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Environm Engn Program, POB 208286, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM menachem.elimelech@yale.edu RI Elimelech, Menachem/E-7137-2012; Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012; Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Elimelech, Menachem/0000-0003-4186-1563; Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 53 TC 155 Z9 157 U1 3 U2 49 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 22 BP 5932 EP 5938 DI 10.1021/es049789u PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 873IC UT WOS:000225272100017 PM 15573591 ER PT J AU Stoeckel, DM Mathes, MV Hyer, KE Hagedorn, C Kator, H Lukasik, J O'Brien, TL Fenger, TW Samadpour, M Strickler, KM Wiggins, BA AF Stoeckel, DM Mathes, MV Hyer, KE Hagedorn, C Kator, H Lukasik, J O'Brien, TL Fenger, TW Samadpour, M Strickler, KM Wiggins, BA TI Comparison of seven protocols to identify fecal contamination sources using Escherichia coli SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE PATTERNS; MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; POLLUTION; POPULATIONS; PROFILES; ANIMALS; HUMANS; IDENTIFICATION; VARIABILITY AB Microbial source tracking (MST) uses various approaches to classify fecal-indicator microorganisms to source hosts. Reproducibility, accuracy, and robustness of seven phenotypic and genotypic MST protocols were evaluated by use of Escherichia coli from an eight-host library of known-source isolates and a separate, blinded challenge library. In reproducibility tests, measuring each protocol's ability to reclassify blinded replicates, only one (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; PFGE) correctly classified all test replicates to host species; three protocols classified 48-62% correctly, and the remaining three classified fewer than 25% correctly. In accuracy tests, measuring each protocol's ability to correctly classify new isolates, ribotyping with EcoRl and Pvull approached 100% correct classification but only 6% of isolates were classified; four of the other six protocols (antibiotic resistance analysis, PFGE, and two repetitive-element PCR protocols) achieved better than random accuracy rates when 30-100% of challenge isolates were classified. In robustness tests, measuring each protocol's ability to recognize isolates from nonlibrary hosts, three protocols correctly classified 33-100% of isolates as "unknown origin," whereas four protocols classified all isolates to a source category. A relevance test, summarizing interpretations for a hypothetical water sample containing 30 challenge isolates, indicated that false-positive classifications would hinder interpretations for most protocols. Study results indicate that more representation in known-source libraries and better classification accuracy would be needed before field application. Thorough reliability assessment of classification results is crucial before and during application of MST protocols. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. US Geol Survey, Charleston, WV 25301 USA. US Geol Survey, Richmond, VA 23228 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Biol Consulting Serv N Florida, Gainesville, FL 32609 USA. Marshall Univ, Sch Med, Huntington, WV 25704 USA. Inst Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. W Virgina Dept Agr, Moorefield, WV 26836 USA. James Madison Univ, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. RP Stoeckel, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6480 Doubletree Ave, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. EM stoeckel@usgs.gov OI Stoeckel, Don/0000-0003-3772-171X NR 40 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 22 BP 6109 EP 6117 DI 10.1021/es0354519 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 873IC UT WOS:000225272100040 PM 15573614 ER PT J AU Paone, A AF Paone, A TI Evidence of crustal contamination, sediment, and fluid components in the campanian volcanic rocks SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediments; trace elements; isotopes; geochemical processes; Campanian region ID CAMPI FLEGREI CALDERA; ARC MAGMA GENESIS; PB ISOTOPE DATA; ROCCAMONFINA VOLCANO; ROMAN REGION; ISLAND-ARC; ALKALINE ROCKS; MANTLE; GEOCHEMISTRY; SR AB The Campanian Volcanic Subprovince is part of the classic western potassic volcanic province of the Italian Peninsula. The Campanian volcanic produces show the effects of shallow assimilation and fractional crystallisation, and the contribution of regional crustal sources (e.g., Hercynian basement-Calabrian crust). The Roccamonfina, Campi Flegrei, and Ventotene volcanic rocks are characterised by wide isotopic and geochemical variations. Such variations appear to reflect both AFC processes and chemical heterogeneity in the upper mantle that may be linked to subduction processes. Mixing curves (Th/Ce-, Ba/K- and Eu/ Eu*- Nd-143/Nd-144) linking sediments and mantle end-members account for the variations in the Campanian Subprovince volcanic rocks with a sediment contribution of 2-10%. The upper mantle sources for the low- and high-K rocks at Roccamonfina have been constrained on the basis of a multi-element normalised diagram. The two sources require different amounts of sediment in the mantle wedge (LKsimilar to2% versus HKsimilar to10%) and a fluid component probably from altered ocean crust to explain the fluid mobile elements. Low-K Roccamonfina rocks are geochemically similar to those from Campi Flegrei, Ventotene, and Somma-Vesuvius, suggesting a similar proportion of sediment in their upper mantle source regions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80138 Naples, Italy. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Paone, A (reprint author), Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, Via Mezzocannone 8, I-80138 Naples, Italy. EM Angelo_Paone@katamail.com NR 84 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 138 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 26 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.06.004 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 874IY UT WOS:000225345300001 ER PT J AU Hu, CM Chen, ZQ Clayton, TD Swarzenski, P Brock, JC Muller-Karger, FE AF Hu, CM Chen, ZQ Clayton, TD Swarzenski, P Brock, JC Muller-Karger, FE TI Assessment of estuarine water-quality indicators using MODIS medium-resolution bands: Initial results from Tampa Bay, FL SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE MODIS; SeaWiFS; CZCS; Landsat; ocean color; remote sensing; estuary; water quality; chlorophyll; colored dissolved organic matter; total suspended sediment; Tampa Bay ID OCEAN COLOR IMAGERY; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; COASTAL WATERS; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SEAWIFS IMAGERY; TURBID COASTAL; FLORIDA BAY; LANDSAT-TM; ALGORITHM; CHLOROPHYLL AB Using Tampa Bay, FL as an example, we explored the potential for using MODIS medium-resolution bands (250- and 500-m data at 469-, 555-, and 645-nm) for estuarine monitoring. Field surveys during 21-22 October 2003 showed that Tampa Bay has Case-II waters, in that for the salinity range of 24-32 psu, (a) chlorophyll concentration (11 to 23 mg m(-3)), (b) colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption coefficient at 400 nm (0.9 to 2.5 m(-1)), and (c) total suspended sediment concentration (TSS: 2 to 11 mg L(-1)) often do not co-vary. CDOM is the only constituent that showed a linear, inverse relationship with surface salinity, although the slope of the relationship changed with location within the bay. The MODIS medium-resolution bands, although designed for land use, are 4-5 times more sensitive than Landsat-7/ ETM+ data and are comparable to or higher than those of CZCS. Several approaches were used to derive synoptic maps of water constituents from concurrent MODIS medium-resolution data. We found that application of various atmospheric-correction algorithms yielded no significant differences, due primarily to uncertainties in the sensor radiometric calibration and other sensor artifacts. However, where each scene could be aroundtruthed, simple regressions between in situ observations of Constituents and at-sensor radiances provided reasonable synoptic maps. We address the need for improvements of sensor calibration/characterization, atmospheric correction, and bio-optical algorithms to make operational and quantitative use of these medium-resolution bands. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, Inst Marine Remote Sensing, IMaRS, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Hu, CM (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, Inst Marine Remote Sensing, IMaRS, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM hu@marine.usf.edu RI hu, chuanmin/J-5021-2012 NR 70 TC 188 Z9 204 U1 7 U2 61 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 3 BP 423 EP 441 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2004.08.007 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 864QT UT WOS:000224648700012 ER PT J AU Faillettaz, J Louchet, F Grasso, JR AF Faillettaz, J Louchet, F Grasso, JR TI Two-threshold model for scaling laws of noninteracting snow avalanches SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; HYSTERESIS; BREAKDOWN; DISORDER; DYNAMICS AB The sizes of snow slab failure that trigger snow avalanches are power-law distributed. Such a power-law probability distribution function has also been proposed to characterize different landslide types. In order to understand this scaling for gravity-driven systems, we introduce a two-threshold 2D cellular automaton, in which failure occurs irreversibly. Taking snow slab avalanches as a model system, we find that the sizes of the largest avalanches just preceding the lattice system breakdown are power-law distributed. By tuning the maximum value of the ratio of the two failure thresholds our model reproduces the range of power-law exponents observed for land, rock, or snow avalanches. We suggest this control parameter represents the material cohesion anisotropy. C1 INP, ENSHMG, Lab 3S, Grenoble, France. INP, Lab LTPCM, Grenoble, France. Observ Grenoble, LGIT, Grenoble, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Faillettaz, J (reprint author), INP, ENSHMG, Lab 3S, Grenoble, France. RI grasso, jean-robert /I-8383-2012 NR 26 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 12 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 20 AR 208001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.208001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 870PB UT WOS:000225068800071 PM 15600971 ER PT J AU Hardebeck, JL Michael, AJ AF Hardebeck, JL Michael, AJ TI Stress orientations at intermediate angles to the San Andreas Fault, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE fault strength; San Andreas Fault; stress ID SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH BOREHOLE; 3.5 KM DEPTH; FOCAL MECHANISMS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; CAJON PASS; HEAT-FLOW; FRICTIONAL STRENGTH; EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE; PLATE BOUNDARY; LOMA-PRIETA AB [1] There are currently two competing models for the frictional strength of the San Andreas Fault in California: the strong-fault model and the weak-fault model. The strong-fault model predicts the maximum horizontal compressive stress axis to be at low angles to the fault, while the relatively weak fault model predicts it to be at high angles. Previous studies have disagreed as to which model is supported by observed stress orientations. We review and compare these studies and present results from several new focal mechanism stress inversions. We find that the observed stress orientations of different studies are generally consistent, implying that the disagreement is one of interpretation. The majority of studies find compressive stress orientations at intermediate angles to the fault, not strictly consistent with either current model. The strong-fault model is acceptable if the San Andreas is assumed to be a nonoptimally orientated fault that fails because optimally oriented, preexisting planes are not present. The relatively weak fault model is not consistent with the stress orientations. We propose two alternative models to better explain the observed intermediate stress orientations: an intermediate-strength San Andreas model and a model in which all major active faults are weak. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jhardebeck@usgs.gov RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010; OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019; Hardebeck, Jeanne/0000-0002-6737-7780 NR 48 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 9 PY 2004 VL 109 IS B11 AR B11303 DI 10.1029/2004JB003239 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 872ET UT WOS:000225191200008 ER PT J AU Marzocchi, W Sandri, L Gasparini, P Newhall, C Boschi, E AF Marzocchi, W Sandri, L Gasparini, P Newhall, C Boschi, E TI Quantifying probabilities of volcanic events: The example of volcanic hazard at Mount Vesuvius SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE volcanic hazard; forecasting eruptions; Mount Vesuvius ID ERUPTION; SEISMICITY; MAGNITUDE; BEHAVIOR; FIELDS; CRISES; MODEL; RISK; TIME AB [1] We describe an event tree scheme to quantitatively estimate both long- and short-term volcanic hazard. The procedure is based on a Bayesian approach that produces a probability estimation of any possible event in which we are interested and can make use of all available information including theoretical models, historical and geological data, and monitoring observations. The main steps in the procedure are ( 1) to estimate an a priori probability distribution based upon theoretical knowledge, ( 2) to modify that using past data, and ( 3) to modify it further using current monitoring data. The scheme allows epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties to be dealt with in a formal way, through estimation of probability distributions at each node of the event tree. We then describe an application of the method to the case of Mount Vesuvius. Although the primary intent of the example is to illustrate the methodology, one result of this application merits special mention. The present emergency response plan for Mount Vesuvius is referenced to a maximum expected event (MEE), the largest out of all the possible eruptions within the next few decades. Our calculation suggest that there is a nonnegligible ( 1 - 20%) chance that the next eruption could be larger than that stipulated in the present MEE. The methodology allows all assumptions and thresholds to be clearly identified and provides a rational means for their revision if new data or information are obtained. C1 INGV Bologna, I-40128 Bologna, Italy. Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Fis, I-80126 Naples, Italy. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. INGV Roma, I-00143 Rome, Italy. RP INGV Bologna, Via D Creti 12, I-40128 Bologna, Italy. EM marzocchi@bo.ingv.it; sandri@bo.ingv.it; paolo.gasparini@na.infn.it; cnewhall@ess.washington.edu; presidente@ingv.it RI Boschi, Enzo/B-4211-2011; Marzocchi, Warner/J-9299-2012 OI Boschi, Enzo/0000-0003-0527-9664; Marzocchi, Warner/0000-0002-9114-1516 NR 46 TC 109 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 9 PY 2004 VL 109 IS B11 AR B11201 DI 10.1029/2004JB003155 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 872ET UT WOS:000225191200007 ER PT J AU Norabuena, E Dixon, TH Schwartz, S DeShon, H Newman, A Protti, M Gonzalez, V Dorman, L Flueh, ER Lundgren, P Pollitz, F Sampson, D AF Norabuena, E Dixon, TH Schwartz, S DeShon, H Newman, A Protti, M Gonzalez, V Dorman, L Flueh, ER Lundgren, P Pollitz, F Sampson, D TI Geodetic and seismic constraints on some seismogenic zone processes in Costa Rica SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review DE seismogenic zone; Costa Rica; geodetic and seismic ID MIDDLE AMERICA TRENCH; NICARAGUA TSUNAMI EARTHQUAKE; CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; NAZCA-SOUTH AMERICA; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; DE-LA-ESTRELLA; CONVERGENT MARGIN; NICOYA PENINSULA; APRIL 22 AB [1] New seismic and geodetic data from Costa Rica provide insight into seismogenic zone processes in Central America, where the Cocos and Caribbean plates converge. Seismic data are from combined land and ocean bottom deployments in the Nicoya peninsula in northern Costa Rica and near the Osa peninsula in southern Costa Rica. In Nicoya, inversion of GPS data suggests two locked patches centered at 14 +/- 2 and 39 +/- 6 km depth. Interplate microseismicity is concentrated in the more freely slipping intermediate zone, suggesting that small interseismic earthquakes may not accurately outline the updip limit of the seismogenic zone, the rupture zone for future large earthquakes, at least over the short (similar to 1 year) observation period. We also estimate northwest motion of a coastal "sliver block'' at 8 +/- 3 mm/yr, probably related to oblique convergence. In the Osa region to the south, convergence is orthogonal to the trench. Cocos-Caribbean relative motion is partitioned here, with similar to 8 cm/yr on the Cocos-Panama block boundary ( including a component of permanent shortening across the Fila Costena fold and thrust belt) and similar to 1 cm/yr on the Panama block - Caribbean boundary. The GPS data suggest that the Cocos plate - Panama block boundary is completely locked from similar to 10 - 50 km depth. This large locked zone, as well as associated forearc and back-arc deformation, may be related to subduction of the shallow Cocos Ridge and/or younger lithosphere compared to Nicoya, with consequent higher coupling and compressive stress in the direction of plate convergence. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Nacl, Observ Vulcanol & Sismol Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, IFM GEOMAR, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. SSFB574 Christian Albrechts Univ, Kiel, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM enorabueana@rsmas.miami.edu; tdixon@rsmas.miami.edu; sschwartz@es.ucsc.edu; anewman@lanl.gov; jprotti@una.ac.cr; eflueh@ifm-geomar.de; paul@weed.jpl.nasa.gov; fpollitz@usgs.gov RI Newman, Andrew/E-7682-2012; Norabuena, Edmundo/I-5486-2013 OI Newman, Andrew/0000-0001-7414-1197; NR 109 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 9 PY 2004 VL 109 IS B11 AR B11403 DI 10.1029/2003JB002931 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 872ET UT WOS:000225191200003 ER PT J AU Ohte, N Sebestyen, SD Shanley, JB Doctor, DH Kendall, C Wankel, SD Boyer, EW AF Ohte, N Sebestyen, SD Shanley, JB Doctor, DH Kendall, C Wankel, SD Boyer, EW TI Tracing sources of nitrate in snowmelt runoff using a high-resolution isotopic technique SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER; CATSKILL MOUNTAINS; NEW-YORK; NITROGEN; ACIDIFICATION; DELTA-O-18; DELTA-N-15; CATCHMENT; SEAWATER; STREAMS AB [ 1] The denitrifier method to determine the dual isotopic composition (delta(15)N and delta(18)O) of nitrate is well suited for studies of nitrogen contributions to streams during runoff events. This method requires only 70 nmol of NO ($) over bar (3) and enables high throughput of samples. We studied nitrate sources to a headwater stream during snowmelt by generating a high-temporal resolution dataset at the Sleepers River Research Watershed in Vermont, USA. In the earliest phase of runoff, stream NO ($) over bar (3) concentrations were highest and stream discharge, NO ($) over bar (3) concentrations, and delta(18)O of NO ($) over bar (3) generally tracked one another during diurnal melting. The isotopic composition of stream NO ($) over bar (3) varied in-between atmospheric and groundwater NO ($) over bar (3) end members indicating a direct contribution of atmospherically-derived NO ($) over bar (3) from the snow pack to the stream. During the middle to late phases of snowmelt, the source shifted toward soil NO ($) over bar (3) entering the stream via shallow subsurface flow paths. C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ohte, N (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. EM nobu@bluemoon.kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp RI Sebestyen, Stephen/D-1238-2013; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013; OI Sebestyen, Stephen/0000-0002-6315-0108; Ohte, Nobuhito/0000-0003-0658-6834 NR 22 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 6 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 21 AR L21506 DI 10.1029/2004GL020908 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 870CF UT WOS:000225030900004 ER PT J AU Dawson, P Whilldin, D Chouet, B AF Dawson, P Whilldin, D Chouet, B TI Application of near real-time radial semblance to locate the shallow magmatic conduit at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SIGNALS AB [ 1] Radial Semblance is applied to broadband seismic network data to provide source locations of Very-Long-Period ( VLP) seismic energy in near real time. With an efficient algorithm and adequate network coverage, accurate source locations of VLP energy are derived to quickly locate the shallow magmatic conduit system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. During a restart in magma flow following a brief pause in the current eruption, the shallow magmatic conduit is pressurized, resulting in elastic radiation from various parts of the conduit system. A steeply dipping distribution of VLP hypocenters outlines a region extending from sea level to about 550 m elevation below and just east of the Halemaumau Pit Crater. The distinct hypocenters suggest the shallow plumbing system beneath Halemaumau consists of a complex plexus of sills and dikes. An unconstrained location for a section of the conduit is also observed beneath the region between Kilauea Caldera and Kilauea Iki Crater. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Ctr Study Act Volcanoes, Hilo, HI USA. RP Dawson, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dawson@usgs.gov NR 12 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 5 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 21 AR L21606 DI 10.1029/2004GL021163 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 870CE UT WOS:000225030800006 ER PT J AU Eberl, DD AF Eberl, DD TI Quantitative mineralogy of the Yukon River system: Changes with reach and season, and determining sediment provenance SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID GROWTH MECHANISMS; ORINOCO RIVER; ILLITE; SMECTITE; CHANNEL; ROCKS; SIZE AB The mineralogy of Yukon River basin sediment has been studied by quantitative X-ray diffraction. Bed, beach, bar, and suspended sediments were analyzed using the RockJock computer program. The bed sediments were collected from the main stem and from selected tributaries during a single trip down river, from Whitehorse to the Yukon River delta, during the summer of 2001. Beach and bar sediments were collected from the confluence region of the Tanana and Yukon Rivers during the summer of 2003. Suspended sediments were collected at three stations on the Yukon River and from a single station on the Tanana River at various times during the summers of 2001 through 2003, with the most complete set of samples collected during the summer of 2002. Changes in mineralogy of Yukon River bed sediments are related to sediment dilution or concentration effects from tributary sediment and to chemical weathering during transport. Carbonate minerals compose about 2 wt% of the bed sediments near Whitehorse, but increase to 14 wt% with the entry of the White River tributary above Dawson. Thereafter, the proportion of carbonate minerals decreases downstream to values of about 1 to 7 wt% near the mouth of the Yukon River. Quartz and feldspar contents of bed sediments vary greatly with the introduction of Pelly River and White River sediments, but thereafter either increase irregularly (quartz from 20 to about 50 wt%) or remain relatively constant (feldspar at about 35 wt%) with distance downstream. Clay mineral content increases irregularly downstream from about 15 to about 30 wt%. The chief clay mineral is chlorite, followed by illite + smectite; there is little to no kaolinite. The total organic carbon content of the bed sediments remains relatively constant with distance for the main stem (generally 1 to 2 wt%, with one exception), but fluctuates for the tributaries (1 to 6 wt%). The mineralogies of the suspended sediments and sediment flow data were used to calculate the amount of mineral dissolution during transport between Eagle and Pilot Station, a distance of over 2000 km. We estimate that approximately 3 wt% of the quartz, 15 wt% of the feldspar (1 wt% of the alkali and 25 wt% of the plagioclase), and 26 wt% of the carbonates (31 wt% of the calcite and 15 wt% of the dolomite) carried by the river dissolve in this reach. The mineralogies of the suspended sediments change with the season. For example, during the summer of 2002 the quartz content varied by 20 wt%, with a minimum in mid-summer. The calcite content varied by a similar amount, and had a maximum corresponding to the quartz minimum. These modes are related to the relative amount of sediment flowing from the White River system, which is relatively poor in quartz, but rich in carbonate minerals. Suspended total clay minerals varied by as much as 25 wt%, with maxima in mid July, and suspended feldspar varied up to 10 wt%. Suspended sediment data from the summers of 2001 and 2003 support the 2002 trends. A calculation technique was developed to determine the proportion of various sediment sources in a mixed sediment by unmixing its quantitative mineralogy. Results from this method indicate that at least three sediment sources can be identified quantitatively with good accuracy. With this technique, sediment mineralogies can be used to calculate the relative flux of sediment from different tributaries., thereby identifying sediment provenance. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Eberl, DD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St,Suite E-127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM ddeberl@usgs.gov NR 16 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 8 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 89 IS 11-12 BP 1784 EP 1794 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 877MS UT WOS:000225575300025 ER PT J AU Kulp, TR Hoeft, SE Oremland, RS AF Kulp, TR Hoeft, SE Oremland, RS TI Redox transformations of arsenic oxyanions in periphyton communities SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL DISSIMILATORY REDUCTION; MONO LAKE WATER; MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS; ANAEROBIC OXIDATION; RAPID OXIDATION; SEDIMENTS; MOBILIZATION; CALIFORNIA; ENVIRONMENTS; RESPIRATION AB Periphyton (Cladophora sp.) samples from a suburban stream lacking detectable dissolved As were able to reduce added As (V) to As (III) when incubated under anoxic conditions and, conversely, oxidized added As (III) to As(V) with aerobic incubation. Both types of activity were abolished in autoclaved controls, thereby demonstrating its biological nature. The reduction of As(V) was inhibited by chloramphenicol, indicating that it required the synthesis of new protein. Nitrate also inhibited As(V) reduction, primarily because it served as a preferred electron acceptor to which the periphyton community was already adapted. However, part of the inhibition was also caused by microbial reoxidation of As(III) linked to nitrate. Addition of [C-14] glucose to anoxic samples resulted in the production of (CO2)-C-14, suggesting that the observed As(V) reduction was a respiratory process coupled to the oxidation of organic matter. The population density of As(V)-reducing bacteria within the periphyton increased with time and with the amount of As(V) added, reaching values as high as similar to10(6) cells ml(-1) at the end of the incubation. This indicated that dissimilatory As(V) reduction in these populations was linked to growth. However, As(V)-respiring bacteria were found to be present, albeit at lower numbers (similar to10(2) ml(-1)), in freshly sampled periphyton. These results demonstrate the presence of a bacterial population within the periphyton communities that is capable of two key arsenic redox transformations that were previously studied in As-contaminated environments, which suggests that these processes are widely distributed in nature. This assumption was reinforced by experiments with estuarine samples of Cladophora sericea in which we detected a similar capacity for anaerobic As(V) reduction and aerobic As(III) oxidation. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 480, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM roremlan@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 11 BP 6428 EP 6434 DI 10.1128/AEM.70.11.6428-6434.2004 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 870RR UT WOS:000225076100011 PM 15528502 ER PT J AU Senay, GB Verdin, JP AF Senay, GB Verdin, JP TI Developing index maps of water-harvest potential in Africa SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers CY JUL 27-30, 2003 CL Las Vegas, NV SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE runoff; curve number; ponds ID MODEL; EASTERN AB The food security problem in Africa is tied to the small farmer whose subsistence farming relies heavily on rain-fed agriculture. A dry spell lasting two to three weeks can cause a significant yield reduction. A small-scale irrigation scheme from small-capacity ponds can alleviate this problem. This solution would require a water harvest mechanism at a farm level. In this study, we looked at the feasibility of implementing such a water harvest mechanism in drought prone parts of Africa. A water balance study was conducted at different watershed levels. Runoff (watershed yield) was estimated using the SCS curve number technique and satellite derived rainfall estimates (RFE). Watersheds were delineated from the Africa-wide HYDRO-1K digital elevation model (DEM) data set in a GIS environment. Annual runoff volumes that call potentially be stored in a pond during storm events were estimated as the product of the watershed area and runoff excess estimated from the SCS Curve Number method. Estimates were made for seepage and net evaporation losses. A series of water harvest index maps were developed based on a combination of factors that took into account the availability of runoff, evaporation losses. population density, and the required watershed size needed to fill a small storage reservoir that con be used to alleviate, water stress during a crop growing season. This study presents Africa-wide water-harvest index maps that could be used for conducting feasibility, studies at a regional scale in assessing the relative differences in runoff potential between regions for the possibility of using ponds as a water management tool. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Senay, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM senay@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 20 IS 6 BP 789 EP 799 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 887NX UT WOS:000226313900008 ER PT J AU McMahon, PB Bohlke, JK Christenson, SC AF McMahon, PB Bohlke, JK Christenson, SC TI Geochemistry, radiocarbon ages, and paleorecharge conditions along a transect in the central High Plains aquifer, southwestern Kansas, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; IN-GROUND WATER; SAN-JUAN BASIN; NOBLE-GASES; NATURAL DENITRIFICATION; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; UNITED-STATES; FRESH-WATER; NEW-MEXICO; C-14 AGES AB Water samples from short-screen monitoring wells installed along a 90-km transect in southwestern Kansas were analyzed for major ions, trace elements, isotopes (H, B, C, N, O, S, Sr), and dissolved gases (He, Ne, N(2), Ar, O(2), CH(4)) to evaluate the geochemistry, radiocarbon ages, and paleorecharge conditions in the unconfined central High Plains aquifer. The primary reactions controlling water chemistry were dedolomitization, cation exchange, feldspar weathering, and O(2) reduction and denitrification. Radiocarbon ages adjusted for C mass transfers ranged from <2.6 ka ((14)C) B.P. near the water table to 12.8 +/- 0.9 ka ((14)C) B.P. at the base of the aquifer, indicating the unconfined central High Plains aquifer contained a stratified sequence of ground water spanning Holocene time. A cross-sectional model of steady-state ground-water flow, calibrated using radiocarbon ages, is consistent with recharge rates ranging from 0.8 mm/a in areas overlain by loess to 8 mm/a in areas overlain by dune sand. Paleorecharge temperatures ranged from an average of 15.2 +/- 0.7 degreesC for the most recently recharged waters to 11.6 +/- 0.4 degreesC for the oldest waters. The temperature difference between Early and Late Holocene recharge was estimated to be 2.4 +/- 0.7 degreesC, after taking into account variable recharge elevations. Nitrogen isotope data indicate NO(3) in paleorecharge (average concentration = 193 muM) was derived from a relatively uniform source such as soil N, whereas NO(3) in recent recharge (average concentration = 885 muM) contained N from varying proportions of fertilizer, manure, and soil N. Deep water samples contained components of N(2) derived from atmospheric, denitrification, and deep natural gas sources. Denitrification rates in the aquifer were slow (5 +/- 2 x 10(-3) mumol N L(-1) a(-1)), indicating this process would require >10 ka to reduce the average NO(3) concentration in recent recharge to the Holocene background concentration. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Oklahoma City, OK 73116 USA. RP McMahon, PB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 415, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM pmcmahon@usgs.gov NR 94 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1655 EP 1686 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.003 PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 861SI UT WOS:000224438500001 ER PT J AU Bischoff, JL Israde-Alcantara, I Garduno-Monroy, VH Shanks, WC AF Bischoff, JL Israde-Alcantara, I Garduno-Monroy, VH Shanks, WC TI The springs of Lake Patzcuaro: chemistry, salt-balance, and implications for the water balance of the lake SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MEXICO; MICHOACAN; EXCHANGE AB Lake Patzcuaro, the center of the ancient Tarascan civilization located in the Mexican altiplano west of the city of Morelia, has neither river input nor outflow. The relatively constant lake-salinity over the past centuries indicates the lake is in chemical steady state. Springs of the south shore constitute the primary visible input to the lake, so influx and discharge must be via sub-lacustrine ground water. The authors report on the chemistry and stable isotope composition of the springs, deeming them representative of ground-water input. The springs are dominated by Ca, Mg and Na, whereas the lake is dominated by Na. Combining these results with previously published precipitation/rainfall measurements on the lake, the authors calculate the chemical evolution from spring water to lake water, and also calculate a salt balance of the ground-water-lake system. Comparing Cl and delta(18)O compositions in the springs and lake water indicates that 75-80% of the spring water is lost evaporatively during evolution toward lake composition. During evaporation Ca and Mg are lost from the water by carbonate precipitation. Each liter of spring water discharging into the lake precipitates about 18.7 mg of CaCO3. Salt balance calculations indicate that ground water input to the lake is 85.9 x 10(6) m(3)/a and ground water discharge from the lake is 23.0 x 10(6) m(3)/a. Thus, the discharge is about 27% of the input, with the rest balanced by evaporation. A calculation of time to reach steady-state ab initio indicates that the Cl concentration of the present day lake would be reached in about 150 a. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Michoacana, Dept Geol, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Bischoff, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jbischoff@usgs.gov NR 13 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1827 EP 1835 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.04.003 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 861SI UT WOS:000224438500012 ER PT J AU Whelan, JF Paces, JB Peterman, ZE Marshall, BD Neymark, LA AF Whelan, JF Paces, JB Peterman, ZE Marshall, BD Neymark, LA TI Reply to the comment on "Physical and stable-isotope evidence for formation of secondary calcite and silica in the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada", by Y.V. Dublyansky, S.E. Smirnov and G.P. Palyanova SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID FLUID CHEMISTRY; COLUMNAR CALCITE; CALCAREOUS SOLUTIONS; FRACTURE SURFACES; THIN-FILMS; FLOW; SPELEOTHEMS; MORPHOLOGY; ROLES; WATER C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, SM Stoller Corp, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Whelan, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 963, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jfwhelan@usgs.gov OI Marshall, Brian/0000-0002-8093-0093 NR 69 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1879 EP 1889 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.04.006 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 861SI UT WOS:000224438500016 ER PT J AU Barnes, RA Eplee, RE Patt, FS Kieffer, HH Stone, TC Meister, G Butler, JJ McClain, CR AF Barnes, RA Eplee, RE Patt, FS Kieffer, HH Stone, TC Meister, G Butler, JJ McClain, CR TI Comparison of SeaWiFS measurements of the Moon with the US Geological Survey lunar model SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION; ZONE COLOR SCANNER; IRRADIANCE; TIME; NM AB The Sea-Viewing Wide-Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) has made monthly observations of the Moon since 1997. Using 66 monthly measurements, the SeaWiFS calibration team has developed a correction for the instrument's on-orbit response changes. Concurrently, a lunar irradiance model has been developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from extensive Earth-based observations of the Moon. The lunar irradiances measured by SeaWiFS are compared with the USGS model. The comparison shows essentially identical response histories for SeaWiFS, with differences from the model of less than 0.05% per thousand days in the long-term trends. From the SeaWiFS experience we have learned that it is important to view the entire lunar image at a constant phase angle from measurement to measurement and to understand, as best as possible, the size of each lunar image. However, a constant phase angle is not required for using the USGS model. With a long-term satellite lunar data set it is possible to determine instrument changes at a quality level approximating that from the USGS lunar model. However, early in a mission, when the dependence on factors such as phase and libration cannot be adequately determined from satellite measurements alone, the USGS model is critical to an understanding of trends in instruments that use the Moon for calibration. This is the case for SeaWiFS. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Futuretech Corp, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Barnes, RA (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM rbarnes@seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Meister, Gerhard/F-7159-2012; Butler, James/D-4188-2013 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 31 BP 5838 EP 5854 DI 10.1364/AO.43.005838 PG 17 WC Optics SC Optics GA 866NJ UT WOS:000224779900013 PM 15540442 ER PT J AU Bartkow, ME Huckins, JN Muller, JF AF Bartkow, ME Huckins, JN Muller, JF TI Field-based evaluation of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE semivolatile organic compounds; atmospheric sampling; sampling rates ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; UPTAKE KINETICS; SAMPLING RATES; WATER; ATMOSPHERE; AUSTRALIA; BRISBANE; PCDD/FS; PLANTS AB Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been used as passive air samplers of semivolatile organic compounds in a range of studies. However, due to a lack of calibration data for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), SPMD data have not been used to estimate air concentrations of target PAHs. In this study, SPMDs were deployed for 32 days at two sites in a major metropolitan area in Australia. High-volume active sampling systems (HiVol) were co-deployed at both sites. Using the HiVol air concentration data from one site, SPMD sampling rates were measured for 12 US EPA Priority Pollutant PAHs and then these values were used to determine air concentrations at the second site from SPMD concentrations. Air concentrations were also measured at the second site with co-deployed HiVols to validate the SPMD results. PAHs mostly associated with the vapour phase (Fluorene to Pyrene) dominated both the HiVol and passive air samples. Reproducibility between replicate passive samplers was satisfactory (CV < 20%) for the majority of compounds. Sampling rates ranged between 0.6 and 6.1 m(3) d(-1). SPMD-based air concentrations were calculated at the second site for each compound using these sampling rates and the differences between SPMD-derived air concentrations and those measured using a HiVol were, on average, within a factor of 1.5. The dominant processes for the uptake of PAHs by SPMDs were also assessed. Using the SPMD method described herein, estimates of particulate sorbed airborne PAHs with five rings or greater were within 1.8-fold of HiVol measured values. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Queensland, Natl Res Ctr Environm Toxicol, ENTOX, St Lucia, Qld 4108, Australia. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Bartkow, ME (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Natl Res Ctr Environm Toxicol, ENTOX, 39 Kessels Rd, St Lucia, Qld 4108, Australia. EM m.bartkow@uq.edu.au RI Mueller, Jochen/C-6241-2008; OI Mueller, Jochen/0000-0002-0000-1973 NR 27 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 38 IS 35 BP 5983 EP 5990 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.036 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 864SV UT WOS:000224654100010 ER PT J AU Birkeland, C AF Birkeland, C TI Ratcheting down the coral reefs SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coral reefs; economics; positive feedback; symptoms; responsibility ID MANAGEMENT; DECLINE; CONSERVATION AB Coral reefs are continuing to deteriorate around the world, despite millions of dollars' worth of government effort per year, the commitment of more than 450 nongovernmental organizations, and a long list of successful accomplishments. Researchers and managers must become more aware of positive feedback, including the self-reinforcing ecological, technological, economic, cultural and conceptual processes that accelerate the degradation of coral reefs. Much of the research on coral reef damage has focused on its proximal causes (e.g., global warming, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, overfishing, pollution, sedimentation, and disease) rather than its ultimate causes, the increasing human population and associated economic demands. To stop the deterioration of coral reef ecosystems, management must be proactive, terminating the self-reinforcing processes of coral reef degradation rather than perpetually restoring reefs or resource stocks. This can be accomplished only by clarifying the entire economic picture to instill more responsible behavior in the public. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, US Geol Survey, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Birkeland, C (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, US Geol Survey, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM charlesb@hawaii.edu NR 32 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 2004 VL 54 IS 11 BP 1021 EP 1027 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[1021:RDTCR]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 869GB UT WOS:000224970300011 ER PT J AU van Mantgem, PJ Stephenson, NL AF van Mantgem, PJ Stephenson, NL TI Does coring contribute to tree mortality? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SEQUOIA-NATIONAL-PARK; INTERVENTION ANALYSIS; FORESTS; PSEUDOREPLICATION; CALIFORNIA AB We assess the potential of increment coring, a common method for measuring tree ages and growth, to contribute to mortality. We used up to 21 years of annual censuses from two cored and two uncored permanent plots in the Sierra Nevada of California, to detect changes in mortality rates 12 years following coring for individuals >5 cm DBH from two coniferous species, Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. (white fir) and Abies magnifica A. Murr. (red fir). Using a randomized before-after control impact (BACI) design, we found no differences in mortality rates following coring for 825 cored and 525 uncored A. concolor and 104 cored and 66 uncored A. magnifica. These results support the view that collecting tree cores can be considered nondestructive sampling, but we emphasize that our 12-year postcoring records are short compared with the maximum life-span of these trees and that other species in different environments may prove to be more sensitive to coring. C1 USGS Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. RP van Mantgem, PJ (reprint author), USGS Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, 47050 Gen Highway, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM pvanmantgem@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2394 EP 2398 DI 10.1139/X04-120 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 879BN UT WOS:000225691500021 ER PT J AU Warnock, N Takekawa, JY Bishop, MA AF Warnock, N Takekawa, JY Bishop, MA TI Migration and stopover strategies of individual Dunlin along the Pacific coast of North America SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID COPPER RIVER DELTA; WESTERN SANDPIPERS; SPRING MIGRATION; BREEDING GROUNDS; CALIDRIS-ALPINA; SEX-RATIOS; ALASKA; ECOLOGY; SHOREBIRDS; BIRDS AB We radio-marked 18 Dunlin, Calidris alpina (L., 1758), at San Francisco Bay, California, and 11 Dunlin at Grays Harbor, Washington, and relocated 90% of them along the 4200 km long coastline from north of San Francisco Bay to the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. The Copper River Delta, Alaska, was the single most important stopover site, with 79% of the marked birds detected there. Our second most important site was the Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor complex of wetlands in Washington. The mean length of stay past banding sites ranged from 1.0 to 3.8 days. Controlling for date of departure, birds banded at San Francisco Bay had higher rates of travel to the Copper River Delta than those banded at Grays Harbor. The later a bird left a capture site, the faster it traveled to the Copper River Delta. Length of stay at the Copper River Delta was inversely related to arrival date. We did not find any effect of sex on travel rate or length of stay. Combining the results of this study with our previous work on Western Sandpipers, Calidris mouri (Cabanis, 1875), reveals variation of migration strategies used within and among shorebird species along the eastern Pacific Flyway. C1 PRBO Conservat Sci, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA. US Geol Survey, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Prince William Sound Sci Ctr, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. RP Warnock, N (reprint author), PRBO Conservat Sci, 4990 Shoreline Highway, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA. EM nwarnock@prbo.org NR 70 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 19 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1687 EP 1697 DI 10.1139/Z04-154 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 904KO UT WOS:000227497100002 ER PT J AU Kirby, RE Sargeant, GA Shutler, D AF Kirby, RE Sargeant, GA Shutler, D TI Haldane's rule and American black duck x mallard hybridization SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SEX-RATIO; INCREASING MALLARDS; POPULATION ECOLOGY; HYBRID BIRDS; NO EVIDENCE AB Species ratios and rangewide distributions of American black ducks (Anas rubripes Brewster, 1902) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos L., 1758) have undergone recent changes. Mechanisms behind these changes are not known with certainty, but recent investigations have focused on the possibility of competitive exclusion and the consequences of hybridization. Consequences of hybridization have been difficult to assess because of the difficulty in identifying hybrids beyond the F, generation and lack of means to quantify introgression in wild populations. We documented a postmating isolating mechanism between the two species that follows Haldane's rule in controlled, interspecific matings in captive populations. Hybridization reduces the proportion of F, females available to return to the breeding grounds in the subsequent year. This effect, although likely small in overall population consequences in any year, may be of local significance and may contribute to recent reports of range shifts in both American black ducks and mallards. C1 US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Acadia Univ, Dept Biol, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada. RP Kirby, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Reg Off, 909 1st Ave,8th Floor, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. EM ronald_kirby@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1827 EP 1831 DI 10.1139/Z04-169 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 904KO UT WOS:000227497100016 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, LD TI Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the High Arctic? SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID CANIS-LUPUS; WOLVES; PRODUCTIVITY AB Gobal climate change may affect wolves in Canada's High Arctic (80degrees N) acting through three trophic levels (vegetation, herbivores, and wolves). A wolf pack dependent on muskoxen and arctic hares in the Eureka area of Ellesmere Island denned and produced pups most years from at least 1986 through 1997. However, when summer snow covered vegetation in 1997 and 2000 for the first time since records were kept, halving the herbivore nutrition-replenishment period, muskox and hare numbers dropped drastically, and the area stopped supporting denning wolves through 2003. The unusual weather triggering these events was consistent with global-climate-change phenomena. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Div Biol Resources, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, 1920 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM mechx002@tc.umn.edu NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 33 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD NOV PY 2004 VL 67 IS 1 BP 87 EP 93 DI 10.1007/s10584-004-7093-z PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890NH UT WOS:000226517600006 ER PT J AU McCarthy, K Walker, L Vigoren, L Bartel, J AF McCarthy, K Walker, L Vigoren, L Bartel, J TI Remediation of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons by in situ landfarming at an arctic site SO COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arctic; biodegradation; bioremediation; cold; fuel; hydrocarbon; landfarming ID SOILS; BIOREMEDIATION; BIODEGRADATION; TEMPERATURE; MINERALIZATION; ENHANCEMENT; INHIBITION; NITROGEN; NUTRIENT; OIL AB A simple, economical landfarming operation was implemented to treat 3600 m(3) of soil at a site just northeast of Barrow, AK (latitude 71.3degreesN). Prior to landfarming, diesel-range organics (DRO) and trimethylbenzenes (TMB) were present in the soil at concentrations more than an order of magnitude greater than the established cleanup goals, and moderate levels of gasoline-range organics (GRO) and BTEX compounds were also present. The landfarming operation included application of a commercial fertilizer mix at a rate designed to approach, but not exceed, soil concentrations of 100 mg N/kg soil and 50 mg P/ kg soil, and an aggressive schedule of soil tilling using heavy equipment that was readily available from a local source. The operation was designed to continue through the brief thaw season-a scheduled duration of 70 days-but was successfully completed more than 2 weeks ahead of schedule. This work demonstrates that even in extremely harsh climates, soils that are moderately contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons can be effectively and economically remediated within reasonable time frames via landfarming. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. Langston Walker & Associates, Seabeck, WA 98380 USA. Foster Wheeler Environm Corp, Poulsbo, WA 98370 USA. ICRC, Eagle River, AK 99577 USA. RP McCarthy, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. EM mccarthy@usgs.gov NR 20 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-232X J9 COLD REG SCI TECHNOL JI Cold Reg. Sci. Tech. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 40 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 39 DI 10.1016/j.codlregions.2004.05.001 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 871SY UT WOS:000225155000003 ER PT J AU Clark, RG Hobson, KA Nichols, JD Bearhop, S AF Clark, RG Hobson, KA Nichols, JD Bearhop, S TI Avian dispersal and demography: Scaling up to the landscape and beyond SO CONDOR LA English DT Editorial Material ID GREAT REED WARBLERS; STABLE-ISOTOPES; POPULATION; MOVEMENT; FITNESS; BIRDS C1 Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Biol & Biochem, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland. RP Clark, RG (reprint author), Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, 115 Perimeter Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. EM bob.clark@ec.gc.ca OI Bearhop, Stuart/0000-0002-5864-0129 NR 25 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 14 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2004 VL 106 IS 4 BP 717 EP 719 DI 10.1650/7644 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 869VS UT WOS:000225013200001 ER PT J AU Kendall, WL Nichols, JD AF Kendall, WL Nichols, JD TI On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds SO CONDOR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Avian Dispersal and Demography - Scaling up to the Landscape and Beyond held at the 121st Annual Meeting of the AOU CY AUG, 2003 CL Urbana Chambaign, IL SP AOU DE capture-mark-recapture; estimation; occupancy; presence-absence; recoveries; spatial coupling; telemetry ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; POLLOCKS ROBUST DESIGN; ESTIMATE TEMPORARY EMIGRATION; TAG-RECOVERY DATA; EUROPEAN DUCKS; SITE FIDELITY; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; ECOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS; LOCAL EXTINCTION; MARK-RECAPTURE AB The estimation of dispersal and movement is important to evolutionary and population ecologists, as well as to wildlife managers. We review statistical methodology available to estimate movement probabilities. We begin with cases where individual birds can be marked and their movements estimated with the use of multisite capture-recapture methods. Movements can be monitored either directly, using telemetry, or by accounting for detection probability when conventional marks are used. When one or more sites are unobservable, telemetry, band recoveries, incidental observations, a closed- or open-population robust design, or partial determinism in movements can be used to estimate movement. When individuals cannot be marked, presence-absence data can be used to model changes in occupancy over time, providing indirect inferences about movement. Where abundance estimates over time are available for multiple sites, potential coupling of their dynamics can be investigated using linear cross-correlation or nonlinear dynamic tools. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Kendall, WL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM william_kendall@usgs.gov NR 79 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 30 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2004 VL 106 IS 4 BP 720 EP 731 DI 10.1650/7630 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 869VS UT WOS:000225013200002 ER PT J AU Suryan, RM Craig, DP Roby, DD Chelgren, ND Collis, K Shuford, WD Lyons, DE AF Suryan, RM Craig, DP Roby, DD Chelgren, ND Collis, K Shuford, WD Lyons, DE TI Redistribution and growth of the Caspian Tern population in the pacific coast region of North America, 1981-2000 SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic effects; Caspian Tern; population size; range expansion; redistribution; Sterna caspia; survival rates ID CONSPECIFIC REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SURVIVAL RATES; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; COLUMBIA RIVER; ROSEATE TERNS; SITE TENACITY; COLONY; PREDATION; SELECTION; MORTALITY AB We examined nesting distribution and demography of the Pacific Coast population of Caspian Terns (Sterna caspia) using breeding records and band recoveries spanning two decades since the first population assessment. Since 1980, population size has more than doubled to about 12 900 pairs, yet the proportion of the population nesting at inland (18%) versus coastal sites (82%) has remained constant. Although the breeding range of the Pacific Coast population has expanded northward into Alaska and farther south in Mexico, there was no net latitudinal shift in the distribution of breeding pairs or new colonies. The distribution of breeding birds among areas changed dramatically, however, with 69% of breeding terns now nesting in Oregon (primarily in the Columbia River estuary) versus 4% during the late 1970s. During the past 20 years, there has continued to be a greater proportion of Caspian Terns breeding at anthropogenic sites compared to natural sites. Estimated annual survival rates for hatch-year and after-third-year birds during 1981 1998 were greater than during 1955-1980, consistent with the higher rate of population increase in recent decades. Fecundity required to maintain a stable population (lambda = 1) was estimated at 0.32-0.74 fledglings pair(-1), depending on band recovery probabilities for sub-adults. Caspian Terns readily moved among breeding sites and rapidly colonized new areas; however, a greater concentration of breeding Caspian Terns among fewer colonies in response to anthropogenic factors is an important conservation concern for this species. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Oregan Coop Fish & Wildlife Res Unit,Dept Fisheri, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Oregan Coop Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Columbia River Inter Tribal Fish Commiss, Portland, OR 97232 USA. PRBO Conservat Stn, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA. RP Suryan, RM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Oregan Coop Fish & Wildlife Res Unit,Dept Fisheri, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM rob.suryan@oregonstate.edu NR 63 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2004 VL 106 IS 4 BP 777 EP 790 DI 10.1650/7508 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 869VS UT WOS:000225013200007 ER PT J AU Gill, VA Hatch, SA Lanctot, RB AF Gill, VA Hatch, SA Lanctot, RB TI Colonization, population growth, and nesting success of Black Oystercatchers following a seismic uplift SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Black Oystercatcher; colonization; earthquake; Haematopus bachmani; nesting success; population ecology ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; HAEMATOPUS-BACHMANI; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; CHICK GROWTH; OYSTER-CATCHER; ALASKA; PREDATION; ISLAND AB We present data on the colonization of Middleton Island, Alaska, by Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) following the creation of an extensive rocky intertidal zone after the Alaskan earthquake of 1964. The first pair of oystercatchers was detected in 1976, and it was another 5 years before the population increased to three pairs. Oystercatcher numbers increased steadily thereafter, with a population explosion occurring in the 1990s. By 2002, there were 171 territorial pairs on the island. The total number of birds increased from two in 1976 to 718 in 2002. Breeding-pair densities on Middleton Island are the highest recorded for any portion of Alaska, averaging more than 5 pairs per km of shoreline in 2002. Nesting success in 2001 and 2002 was greater (83% or more of the eggs laid hatched) than that reported for any other population of oystercatchers in Alaska or along the Pacific Coast. We attribute this exponential growth rate and exceptionally high reproductive success to the large area of available and suitable habitat, the low number of avian predators and the complete lack of mammalian predators, low rate of nest loss to high tides and storm surges, and a low level of human disturbance. We propose nominating Middleton Island as a regional Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network site because a high percentage of the world's and region's population of Black Oystercatchers resides there during the breeding season. Further, since Middleton Island may be the single most important site in Alaska for Black Oystercatchers, we suggest it be protected from future development. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marine Mammals Management, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Gill, VA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marine Mammals Management, Migratory Bird Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd,MS 341, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM verena_gill@fws.gov NR 54 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2004 VL 106 IS 4 BP 791 EP 800 DI 10.1650/7539 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 869VS UT WOS:000225013200008 ER PT J AU Sonsthagen, SA Talbot, SL White, CM AF Sonsthagen, SA Talbot, SL White, CM TI Gene flow and genetic characterization of Northern Goshawks breeding in Utah SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Accipter gentilis; gene flow; microsatellite loci; Northern Goshawk; population structure ID ACCIPITER-GENTILIS-ATRICAPILLUS; MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; REPEAT POLYMORPHISMS; LOCI; MOVEMENTS; DISTANCE; STATISTICS; MIGRATION; DISPERSAL AB Adult movement and natal dispersal data demonstrate that Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) are able to travel over long distances, suggesting a large functional population. However, these data are unable to determine whether these movements contribute to gene flow among adjacent breeding areas. We used eight microsatellite DNA loci and mitochondrial DNA control-region sequence data to assess population structure of Northern Goshawks breeding in Utah. Goshawks had moderate levels of genetic variation at microsatellite loci (observed heterozygosity = 50%), similar to levels found in other medium-sized, highly mobile birds. Overall estimates of interpopulation variance in microsatellite alleles (F-ST = 0.011) and mtDNA haplotypes (Phi(ST) = 0.126) were low and not significantly different from zero. Pairwise population comparisons using microsatellite markers revealed no differentiation among sampled sites, indicating that the functional population extends beyond Utah. However, pairwise population analyses of mtDNA uncovered a single case of differentiation between goshawks inhabiting Ashley National Forest, in northeastern Utah, and Dixie National Forest, in southwestern Utah. Low levels of population structuring observed in mtDNA between the two forests may be due to the smaller effective population size sampled by mtDNA, a cline of haplotypes across the West, or the presence of a contact zone between A. g. atricapillus and goshawks of southern Arizona and the Mexican Plateau. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Integrat Biol, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Sonsthagen, SA (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ftsas@uaf.edu RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 73 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 14 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2004 VL 106 IS 4 BP 826 EP 836 DI 10.1650/7448 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 869VS UT WOS:000225013200011 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Ellis, CH Sabo, BA Rea, AM Dawson, J Fackler, JK Larue, CT Grubb, TG Schmitt, J Smith, DG Kery, M AF Ellis, DH Ellis, CH Sabo, BA Rea, AM Dawson, J Fackler, JK Larue, CT Grubb, TG Schmitt, J Smith, DG Kery, M TI Summer diet of the Peregrine Falcon in faunistically rich and poor zones of Arizona analyzed with capture-recapture modeling SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Arizona; diet; Falco peregrinus; Peregrine Falcon; prey ID FOOD-NICHE RELATIONSHIPS; NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; ANIMAL COMMUNITIES; WEST GREENLAND; PREY REMAINS; PREDATION; DYNAMICS; HABITS; ISLAND; RATES AB We collected prey remains from 25 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) territories across Arizona from 1977 to 1988 yielding 58 eyrie-years of data. Along with 793 individual birds (107 species and six additional genera), we found seven mammals and nine insects. In addition, two nestling peregrines were consumed. We found a larger dependence upon White-throated Swifts (Aeronautes saxatalis) and birds on migration in northern Arizona, while in southeastern and central Arizona average prey mass was greater and columbiforms formed the largest dietary component. In northern, central, and southeastern Arizona, 74, 66, and 56 avian prey taxa, respectively, were recorded. We used capture-recapture modeling to estimate totals of 111 +/- 9.5, 113 +/- 10.5, and 86 +/- 7.9 (SE) avian taxa taken in these same three areas. These values are counterintuitive inasmuch as the southeast has the richest avifauna. For the entire study area, 156 +/- 9.3 avian taxa were estimated to be taken by peregrines. C1 US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Sonoran Desert Field Stn, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Inst Raptor Studies, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Otus Shelf, Irving, TX 75061 USA. Univ San Diego, Anthropol Program, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. Liberty Wildlife, Catalina, AZ 85739 USA. Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. So Connecticut State Univ, Dept Biol, New Haven, CT 06515 USA. Swiss Ornithol Inst, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Sonoran Desert Field Stn, HC1 Box 4420, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. EM dcellis@theriver.com NR 52 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2004 VL 106 IS 4 BP 873 EP 886 DI 10.1650/7535 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 869VS UT WOS:000225013200015 ER PT J AU Lukacs, PM Dreitz, VJ Knopf, FL Burnham, KP AF Lukacs, PM Dreitz, VJ Knopf, FL Burnham, KP TI Estimating survival probabilities of unmarked dependent young when detection is imperfect SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; Cormack-Jolly-Seber model; Mountain Plover; open population models; survival estimation ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; BROOD AB We present a capture-recapture modeling approach to the estimation of survival probability of dependent chicks when only the attending adult bird is marked. The model requires that the bird's nest is found prior to hatching and that the number of eggs that hatch are counted. Subsequent data are sightings of the marked adult and a count of chicks with the adult. The model allows for imperfect detection of chicks, but the number of chicks can never exceed the number of eggs in the nest (i.e., adults cannot adopt chicks). We use data from radio-tagged adult Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) and their unmarked chicks as an example. We present the model in terms of precocial bird species, but the method extends to many other taxa. C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Geol Survey, Colorado Coop Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Lukacs, PM (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 1484 Campus Delivery, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM plukacs@cnr.colostate.edu NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 28 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2004 VL 106 IS 4 BP 926 EP 931 DI 10.1650/7583 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 869VS UT WOS:000225013200022 ER PT J AU Warrick, JA Mertes, LAK Washburn, L Siegel, DA AF Warrick, JA Mertes, LAK Washburn, L Siegel, DA TI A conceptual model for river water and sediment dispersal in the Santa Barbara Channel, California SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Santa Barbara Channel; Santa Clara River; river plumes; hyperpycnal; suspended sediment ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY; AMAZON SHELF; FLOOD; PLUME; CIRCULATION; TRANSPORT; DISCHARGE AB The ephemeral Santa Clara River delivers large amounts of freshwater and sediment to the eastern Santa Barbara Channel during brief, episodic discharge events. This discharge into the channel was characterized here with shipboard measurements during floods of 1997 and 1998. Within approximately 1-km of the river mouth, the river discharge quickly stratifies into a freshened, turbid surface plume and a bottom nephloid layer. Observations immediately off the Santa Clara River mouth on a peak day of river discharge revealed that sediment rapidly settled from the freshened surface waters, as suspended sediment in the freshened surface plume contained only similar to6% of the sediment mass expected if the sediment mixed conservatively. On the two subsequent days the reduction of sediment mass in the surface plume continued at similar to50% per day. These observations suggest that river sediment undergoes rapid initial settling within similar to1-km of the river mouth, followed by somewhat slower rates of settling. Although we did not measure sedimentation or bottom boundary layer processes, our mass balance results suggest that almost all of the river sediment either escapes along or deposits upon the inner shelf seabed. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Interdept Grad Program Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Warrick, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jwarrick@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 24 IS 17 BP 2029 EP 2043 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2004.07.010 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 872CH UT WOS:000225183100003 ER PT J AU Kelley, KD Jennings, S AF Kelley, KD Jennings, S TI A special issue devoted to barite and Zn-Pb-Ag deposits in the Red Dog district, Western Brooks Range, Northern Alaska SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID GENESIS; BASIN; EVOLUTION C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Teck Cominco Amer Inc, Spokane, WA 99216 USA. RP Kelley, KD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 973, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM kdkelley@usgs.gov NR 66 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1267 EP 1280 DI 10.2113/99.7.1267 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600001 ER PT J AU Rombach, CS Layer, PW AF Rombach, CS Layer, PW TI Geochronology of the western and central Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for the geologic evolution of the Anarraaq and Red Dog, Zn-Pb-Ao, deposits SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISSION-TRACK; CRUSTAL TRANSECT; AGE; BASIN; DEFORMATION; LASER AB A compilation of published geochronology of rocks and minerals from the western mid central Brooks Range provides a framework for understanding the complex history; of the Brooks Range. mid northern Alaska. A simplified timeline of events comprises (1) Devonian extension, (2) Mississippian extension mid Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization, (3) a passive interval, (4) pre-Brooks Range orogeny rock-formation and thermal event, (5) inception of Brooks Range orogeny (6) exhumation and the end of main-stage deformation, and (7) subsequent episodic deformation. This compilation is supplemented by new Ar-40/Ar-69 dates of white mica from the Anarraaq and Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag (+ barite) deposits from the western Brooks Range. The deposits are hosted in black shale mid carbonate rocks of the Late Mississippian-Early Pennsylvanian Kuna Formation. Quartz-pyrite-white mica grains in sedimentary rocks above the Anarraaq deposit yield an age of 195.0 +/- 2.0 Ma, and paragenetically late quartz-pyrite-white mica from the Main orebody at the Red Dog deposit has an age of 126.1 +/- 0.7 Ma. These white micas are much younger than the age of Zn-Pb-Ag, mineralization at Red Dog (338 +/- 5.8 Ma Re-Os age of pyrite). The date for white mica from Anarraaq (similar to195 Ma) appears to be related to a large-scale thermal event in the region immediately before the inception of the Brooks Range orogeny The white mica from die Red Dog deposit (similar to126 Ma) correlates with the later stages of die orogeny, a period of blueschist metamorphism, extension, and rapid exhumation, which varied with geographic location. These dates suggest that the Red Dog deposits underwent significant hydrothermal overprinting during multiple episodes of the Brooks Range orogeny. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80433 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Rombach, CS (reprint author), AngloGold Ashanti USA Explorat Inc, 7400 E Orchand Rd Ste 350, Greenwood Village, CO 80111 USA. EM crombach@anglodashantina.com RI Layer, Paul/F-5465-2010 NR 59 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1307 EP 1322 DI 10.2113/99.7.1307 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600003 ER PT J AU Dumoulin, JA Harris, AG Blome, CD Young, LE AF Dumoulin, JA Harris, AG Blome, CD Young, LE TI Depositional settings, correlation, and age of carboniferous rocks in the western Brooks Range, Alaska SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LISBURNE GROUP AB The Kuna Formation (Lisburne Group) in northwest Alaska hosts the Red Dog mid other Zn-Pb-Ag massive. sulfide deposits in the Red Dog, district. New studies of the sedimentology mid paleontology of the Lisburne Group constrain the setting, acre, and thermal history, of these deposits. In the western and west-central Brooks Range, the Lisburne Group includes both deep- and shallow-water sedimentary facies mid local volcanic rocks, that are exposed in a series of thrust sheets or allochthons. Deep-water facies in the Red Dog area (i.e. the Kuna Formation and related rocks) are found chiefly in the Endicott Mountains and structurally higher Picnic Creek allochthons. In the Red Door plate of the Endicott Mountains allochthon. the, Kuna Consists of at least 122 m of thinly interbedded calcareous shale, calcareous spiculite, and bioclastic supportstone (Kivalina unit) overlain by 30 to 240 111 of siliceous shale, mudstone, calcareous radiolarite, and calcareous lithlic turbidite (Ikalukrok unit). The Ikalukrok unit in the Red Dog plate hosts all massive sulfide deposits in the area. It is notably carbonaceous, is generally finely laminated, and contains siliceous sponge. spicules and radiolarians. The Kuna Formation in the Key Creek plate of the Endicott Mountains allochthon (60-110 m) resembles the Ikalukrok unit but is unmineralized and has thinner carbonate layers that are. mainly organic-rich dolostone. Correlative strata in the Picnic Creek allochthon include less shale mid mudstone mid more. carbonate (mostly calcareous spiculite). Conodonts and radiolarians indicate ail acre range of Osagean to early Chesterian (late Early to Late Mississippian) for the Kuna in the Red Dog area. Sedimentologic, faunal, and geochemical data imply that most of the Kuna formed in slope and basin settings characterized by anoxic or dysoxic bottom water and by local high productivity. Shallow-water facies of the Lisburne Group in the Red Dog area are present locally in the Endicott Mountains allochthon and throughout the Kelly River allochthon and consist of the Utukok and Kogruk Formations. The Utukok Formation is an impure limestone with disseminated and interbedded noncarbonate mud mid quartz-rich silt and sand. Clean carbonate predominates in the overlying Kogruk Formation but has been widely altered to dolostone and chert. Deep-water strata. similar to that in the Kuna Formation. overlie and,grade laterally into shallow-water rocks in the Endicott Mountains allochthon mid compose the uppermost Lisburne in the Kelly River allochthon. The Utukok Formation is mainly Osagean but its base is Kinderhookian (early Early Mississippian) in the. highest plates of the Kelly River allochthon. The Kogruk Formation is mostly Meramecian but partly Osagean and early Chesterian hi some areas. We interpret inner to middle platform settings for most of the Utukok and Kogruk Formations. Deep-water. locally phosphatic facies of the uppermost Lisburne Group formed during a platform-drowning event of regional extent that began in the late Meramecian. In the Howard Pass area, similar to120 to 250 km to the east. the Lisburne Group includes an array, of shallow- and deep-water facies that correspond well in age and geueral depositional environment to those in the Red Dog area but differ in some details. Deep-water strata are generally thinner. include less carbonate. and formed in settings that were deeper and/or had less detrital input. Shallow-water deposits are less extensive. contain less quartz silt mid sand, and formed chiefly in middle mid outer platform settings. Paleogeographic reconstructions imply that carbonate platforms flanked the Kuna basin to the north and South in the west but flourished chiefly; north of the basin in die east. These platforms provided carbonate and perhaps some siliciclastic detritus to the basin; siliciclastic detritus could also have come from older strata underlaying the platforms and/or from the Endicott delta to the north. Carbonate turbidite deposition in the Kuna basin occurred chiefly during middle Osagean and late Meramecian-early Chesterian times and ceased when adjacent platforms drowned. A combination of local mid eustatic factors probably controlled the timing of detrital input to the basin and the demise of the adjoining carbonate platforms. Platform inundation is roughly coeval with the onset of barite precipitation and sulfide mineralization, implying that regional extension was a significant component of all three events. High productivity. locally thick calcareous turbidite fill, and proximity to restricted, shallow-water carbonate platform environments are aspects of the Kuna basin that appear to have been important in forming the giant Red Dog deposits. Conodont color alteration indices of the Lisburne Group ill the Red Dog area and much of the Howard Pass area are mostly 2.5 to 3.5 and indicate temperatures of 110degrees to 200degreesC. Such temperatures are typically produced by burial depths of 3,500 to 5,500 m. Because Pennsylvanian-Cretaceous strata above the Lisburne Group are less than 1,500 m thick, tectonic burial and/or an elevated geothermal gradient are needed to explain the conodont color alteration index data. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Dumoulin, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM dumoulin@usgs.gov NR 65 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1355 EP 1384 DI 10.2113/99.7.1355 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600006 ER PT J AU Slack, JF Dumoulin, JA Schmidt, JM Young, LE Rombach, CS AF Slack, JF Dumoulin, JA Schmidt, JM Young, LE Rombach, CS TI Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district mid vicinity western Brooks Range, Alaska: Provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Review ID RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; PENNSYLVANIAN BLACK SHALES; MIOCENE MONTEREY FORMATION; ORGANIC-CARBON; BURIAL DIAGENESIS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; BIOGENIC SILICA; ARGILLACEOUS SEDIMENT; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; FRAMBOIDAL PYRITE AB Geochemical analyses of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the western Brooks Range reveal a complex evolutionary history for strata surrounding the large Zn-Pb-Ag deposits of the Red Dog district. Data for major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements (REE) were obtained on 220 samples of unaltered and unmineralized siliciclastic rocks from the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Endicott Group (Hunt Fork Shale, Noatak Sandstone, Kanayut Conglomerate. Kavak Shale), the overlying Carboniferous Lisburne Group (Kona Formation, unnamed drowned shelf facies). and the Pennsyivanian-pennian Silaikpuk- Forination. Major base metal sulfide deposits of the region are present only in the Kuna Formation, which in the Red Dog district comprises siliceous black shale and black chert. minor limestone (calcareous radiolarite), and sparse lithic turbidite and bedded siliceous rock. Gray and rare black shales of the Kayak Shale and common black shales of the Kuna Formation are anomalously; low in iron (avg Fe/Ti = 6.25 and 6.34, respectively) relative to other Paleozoic shales in the region (9.58-10.6) mid to average Shales worldwide (10.1-10.5). In contrast, the bedded siliceous rocks contain appreciable hematite (avg Fe/Ti = 35.0) and high U/Ti and REE/Ti ratios that are interpreted to reflect low amounts of detrital material and a major Fe-rich eolian component. Geochemical data (e.g., MnO < 0.01 wt %: avg, Cr = 317 ppm), sizes of frarnboidal pyrite grains. and limited bioturbation suggest anoxic and denitrifying depositional conditions for most black shales of the Kuna Formation; low Mo/Ti ratios argue against euxinic (sulfate-reducing) conditions. Organic-rich black shales of the Kuna Formation with tip to 8.4 wt percent C-orgainic and gray to black shales of the Kayak Shale with up to 4.1 wt percent C-organic typically have only sparse pyrite (< 1 wt % S) and very low iron-limited S/C ratios (mostly < 0.2). immobile element plots (e.g, Th-Zr/10-Sc) suggest that source terranes for all of the formations were dominated by one or more felsic-rich continental arcs; a small proportion of recycled sediments is present locally. A minor mafic igneous component also Occurs in several shales of the Kuna and Siksikpuk Formations. Hicyli averaue values for the chemical index of alteration [Al2O3/(Al2O3/CaO/Na-2/K2O)] for shales of the Endicott Group (76.4-81.5) imply moderate to intense chemical weathering In source areas of these sediments. A lower average for black shales of the Kuna Formation (73.7) does not, require such weathering. Textural and geochemical data record the effects of diagenetic and/or hydrothermal fluid flow in some of the 0 11 Paleozoic rocks. Mobility of P. F, U, and light REE is documented in black shales of the Kuna Formation by, phosphate replacements of carbonate clasts and of matrix material surrounding the clasts. A relatively,-, low average,e Ce/Cedegrees value of 0.73 for P-poor black shales of the Kuna Formation (less than or equal to 0.05 wt % P2O5) and a similar Ce/Cedegrees value of 0.78 for a siderite concretion in Kavak Shale suggest that these diagenetic fluids were oxidizing Many shales of the Kuna Formation have high (K2O x 100)/(K2O/Al2O3) ratios of 21.0 to,23.0. which contrast with low ratios of generally < 18.0 for shales of die underlying Endicott Group. The high ratios in shales of the Kuna Formation reflect preferential reaction of smectite to illite during the Jurassic-Cretaceous Brookian orogeny owing, to high silica activities in pore fluids that were generated by the dissolution of abundant biogenic silica. The distribution and composition of Paleozoic strata in the western Brooks Range may have Owed a fundamental role in Zn-Pb mineralization of the Red Dog district. In our model deposition and early lithification of biogenic chert and bedded siliceous rocks in the tipper part of the Kuna Formation served as a regional hydrologic seal, acting as a cap rock to heat and hydrothermal fluids during Late Mississippian base-metal mineralization. Equally important was the iron-poor composition of black shales of the Kuna Formation (i.e., low Fe/Ti ratios),which limited synsedimentary pyrite formation in precursor sediments, resulting in significant H2S production in pore waters through the interaction of aqueous sulfate with abundant organic matter. This H2S may have been critical to the subsurface deposition of the huge quantities of Zn and Pb in the district. Oil the basis of this model, we propose that low Fe/Ti and S/C ratios in black shale sequences are potential basin-scale exploration guides for giant sediment-hosted, stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Teck Cominco Amer Inc, Spokane, WA 99216 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM jfslack@usgs.gov NR 155 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 22 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 EI 1554-0774 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1385 EP 1414 DI 10.2113/99.7.1385 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600007 ER PT J AU Johson, CA Kelley, KD Leach, DL AF Johson, CA Kelley, KD Leach, DL TI Sulfur and oxygen isotopes in barite deposits of the western Brooks Range, Alaska, and implications for the origin of the Red Dog massive sulfide deposits SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PORE-WATER SULFATE; SUBDUCTION ZONE; BACTERIAL DISPROPORTIONATION; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; CONVERGENT MARGIN; ELEMENTAL SULFUR; VENT FLUIDS; SEDIMENTS; BASIN; REDUCTION AB Sulfur and oxygen isotope analyses have been obtained for barite samples from the giant stratiform sulfide-barite deposits at Red Dog in the western Brooks Range of Alaska, from stratiform barite deposits elsewhere in the Red Dog district, and from stratiform and vein and breccia barite occurrences in the central Brooks Range. Twelve of the 15 deposits studied lie within middle to Upper Mississippian black shale and chert units. The data reveal two different patterns on delta(34)S versus delta(18)O plots. The first, which is best illustrated by the barite deposit at Anarraaq, shows linear trends with slopes that vary with barite texture. For most samples, delta(34)S and delta(18)O values are both higher than the values characteristic of Mississippian marine sulfate. The second pattern, which is evident at the Red Dog deposits, shows no correlation between delta(34)S and delta(18)O. In most samples, delta(18)O is below the value for Mississippian marine sulfate. Comparisons with sulfate in modern marine environments suggest a possible model for the mineralizing process. Anarraaq-type barite formed at sea-floor vents where ascending fluids carrying barium and methane encountered sulfate-bearing, pore waters or bottom waters. Barite deposition was accompanied by the reduction of sulfate to H2S by means of microbially mediated anaerobic methane oxidation. Red Dog-type barite was formed in a manner similar to Anarraaq-type barite but was over-printed by a massive sulfide-forming event. Red Dog sulfides precipitated where metal-bearing hydrothermal fluids encountered pore waters that had been charged with H2S by anaerobic methane oxidation. Textural and isotopic evidence indicates that the sulfide bodies by consuming the available H2S and then by reductively dissolving barite. Dissolution of barite caused barium to be released to higher stratigraphic levels where it was reprecipitated on encountering sulfate. Isotopic evidence is presented for a link between methane venting and barite formation and raises the possibility that the coexistence of barite and sulfide at Red Dog, and the occurrence elsewhere in the district of barite-only and sulfide-only deposits, can be explained by a spectrum of vent types in the Mississippian basin analogous to the spectrum that is observed today along the modem continental margins. Authigenic barite formed at some but not all methane seeps, perhaps owing to differences; in the barium content of vent fluids, differences in the relative proportion of aqueous fluid and gas emanating from vents, or differences in sulfate availability in local bottom waters. Some barite-forming seeps were later replaced by sulfides (Red Dog deposits) whereas others were not (eg., Anarraaq barite horizon. Gull Creek. Moil). At sulfide occurrences where there is little evidence of preexisting barite (eg., Anarraaq, Wulik, Suds), methane venting is indicated by Fossils suggestive of chemosynthetic fauna. Mammiform sedimentary structures that are widespread in black chert at the top of the Kuna Formation may represent seeps that supported neither authigenic mineral formation nor chemosynthetic megafauna. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Johson, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 963, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM cjohnso@usgs.gov NR 91 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1435 EP 1448 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600009 ER PT J AU Leach, DL Marsh, E Emsbo, P Rombach, CS Kelley, KD Anthonty, M AF Leach, DL Marsh, E Emsbo, P Rombach, CS Kelley, KD Anthonty, M TI Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE; CONFINING PRESSURE; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; CRUSTAL TRANSECT; FISSION-TRACK; INCLUSIONS; BASIN; SYSTEMATICS; EVOLUTION; ORIGIN AB The Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district in the western Brooks Range, northern Alaska, contains numerous shale-hosted Zn-Pb sulfide and barite deposits in organic-rich siliceous mudstone and shale, chert, mid carbonate rocks of the Carboniferous Kuna Formation. The giant Red Dog shale-hosted deposits consist of a cluster of four orebodies (Main, Qairaiyaq, Aqqaluk, and Paalaaq) that lie within distinct thrust panels that offset a single ore deposit during the Mesozoic Brookian orogeny. These Zn-Pb-Ag-barite orebodies contain one of the world's largest reserves and resources of zinc. Fluid inclusions in samples of vein sphalerite, which accounts for about 20 percent of the ore in the Main deposit, and quartz that composes the bulk of the extensive silicification in the ore deposit. were studied by microthermometry, Raman spectrometry, and ion chromatography. The study of fluid inclusions in the vein sphalerite was limited by the intense postore deformation of the ore deposits. However, four primary aqueous fluid inclusion assemblages in vein sphalerite yield temperatures of homogenization of 115degrees to 120degreesC, 123degrees to 127degreesC, 110degrees to 120degreesC and 175degrees to 180degreesC. More abundant final-melting temperatures indicate that the fluid inclusions in sphalerite have salinities of about 14 to 19 wt percent NaCl equiv. The fluid inclusion electrolyte data show that the ore fluid responsible for the vein sphalerite derived its salinity from the evaporation of sea-water. Considering the salinity of the fluid inclusions together with the electrolyte data, it is possible that the evaporative brine was initially about 30 wt percent saline fluid and that it mixed with a more dilute fluid somewhere along its flow path. The temperature, salinity, and electrolyte composition of vein sphalerite in the Red Dog deposits are remarkably similar to those characteristics in sphalerite veins near the Century zinc deposit. Australia. Together. these data compose the majority of information oil the temperature and composition of sphalerite in deposits of this type. On the basis of data describing fluid inclusions in sphalerite and the geologic setting of the ore deposits. a "reflux brine" model is suggested for the Red Dog deposits. In this model, brines were produced in evaporative environments in supratidal carbonate facies of the Lisburne Group less than 100 km from the Red Dog deposits. These reflux brines may have infiltrated the underlying rocks of Endicott Group or fractured metasedimentary basement rocks. In the absence of a local heat source at the Red Dog deposits, the temperature of the ore fluids (similar to100degrees to <200degreesC) requires that the fluids circulated at depths between similar to2.4 and 7.4 km. In the Red Dog area, the metalliferous fluids ascended into the organic-rich rocks of the Kuna Formation. probably along zones of active extensional faults or breaches in the shale aquitards overlying the aquifers in the Endicott Group. Fluid inclusions were also studied in the abundant quartz that constitutes the majority of the silica rock in the ore deposits. This postore quartz extensively replaced barite and was traditionally thought to be part of the main ore event. Primary fluid inclusion assemblages contain two-phase aqueous inclusions, single-phase inclusions of dense methane. or both. Primary assemblages that contain single-phase, dense-methane inclusions together with two-phase aqueous inclusions yield consistent homogenization temperatures that provide unequivocal evidence for the coeval trapping of immiscible gas and aqueous fluids. The densities of the methane inclusions, together with the temperature of homogenization of coexisting aqueous fluid inclusions, show that these fluid inclusions were trapped between pressures of SW and 3,400 bars and temperatures between 187degrees and 214degreesC. The pressures obtained provide unequivocal evidence that the quartz formed after ore deposition in the Carboniferous because such high fluid pressures could only have been produced front thrust loading during the Mesozoic Brookian orogeny. The observed large variation in pressure is best explained by transient fluid pressures from hydrostatic to lithostatic conditions dining thrust loading. The 3,400 bars pressure corresponds with about 12 km of lithostatic burial, whereas the lower pressures (800 bars) correspond with about 8 km of hydrostatic pressure. Because of their low salinity (0-5 wt % NaCl equiv) the electrolyte compositions of the quartz fluid inclusions do not constrain their origin. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Leach, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 973, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM dleach@usgs.gov NR 100 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 17 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1449 EP 1480 DI 10.2113/99.7.1449 PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600010 ER PT J AU Slack, JF Kelley, KD Anderson, VM Clark, JL Ayuso, RA AF Slack, JF Kelley, KD Anderson, VM Clark, JL Ayuso, RA TI Multistage hydrothermal silicification mad Fe-Tl-As-Sb-Ge-REE enrichment in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district, northern Alaska: Geochemistry, origin, and exploration applications SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT; LITHOGEOCHEMICAL HALOS; FLUID EVOLUTION; BIOGENIC SILICA; BROOKS RANGE; BA-DEPOSIT; MINERALIZATION; SEDIMENTS; ELEMENTS; EXAMPLE AB Geochemical analyses of major, trace, and rare earth elements (REE) in more than 200 samples of variably silicified and altered wall rocks, massive and banded sulfide, silica rock, mid sulfide-rich mid unimineralized barite were obtained from the Main, Aqqaluk, and Anarraaq deposits in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district of northern Alaska. Detailed litbogeochemical profiles for two drill cores at Aqqaluk display an antithetic relationship between SiO2/Al2O3 and TiO2/Zr which together with textural information, suggest preferential silicification of carbonate-bearing sediments. Data for both drill cores also show generally high Tl, Sb, As, and Ge and uniformly positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eudegrees >1.0). Similar high Tl, Sb, As, Ge, and Eu/Eudegrees vulues are present in the footwall and shallow hanging wall of Zn-Pb-Ag sulfide intervals at Anarraaq but are not as widely dispersed. Net chemical changes for altered wall rocks in the district. on the basis of average Al-normalized data relative to unaltered black shales of the host Kuna Formation, include large enrichments (>50%) of Fe. Ba, Eu, V, S, Co, Zn, Pb, Tl, As, Sb, and Ge at both Red Dog mid Anarraaq Si at Red Dog, and Sr. U, and Se at Anarraaq. Large depletions (>50%) are evident for Ca at both Red Dog and Anarraaq, for Mg, P, and Y at Red Dog, and for Na at Anarraaq. At both Red Dog and Anarraaq, wall-rock alteration removed calcite and minor dolomite during hydrothermal decarbonation reactions and introduced Si. Eu, and Ge during silicification. Sulfidation reactions deposited Fe, S, Cc, Zn, Pb, Tl, As, and Sb: barite mineralization in' troduced Ba. S. and Sr. Light REE and U were mobilized locally. This alteration and mineralization occurred during Mississippian hydrothermal events that predated the Middle Jurassic-Cretaceous Brookian orogeny. Early hydrothermal silicification at Red Dog took place, prior to or during massive sulfide mineralization, on the basis of the dominantly planar nature of Zn-Pb veins, which suggests filling of fractures that developed in previously lithified rock. Uniformly low Ca and Mg mid uniformly negative Cc anomalies in highly siliceous Red Dog wall rocks reflect hydrothermal decarbonation reactions and pervasive silicification owing to conductive cooling of oxidized metalliferous fluids. Similar Ca and Mg depletions are evident at Anarraaq but generally lack associated silicification. possibly because temperatures of the hydrothermal fluids were too low (<180degreesC) or because the thermal contrast between the fluids and wall rocks was smaller owing to the greater depth of alteration and mineralization there, compared with Red Dog. Chalcophile element anomalies (Fe. Zn,, Pb, Tl, As, Sb) in wall rocks at both Red Dog mid Anarraq are attributed to sulfidation reactions, coeval with subsurface Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization, during the mixing of oxidized metalliferous fluids with H.,S-rich fluids derived locally within the Kuna Formation. Sedimentary wall rocks in the Red Dog district are characterized by a distinctive suite of geochemical anomalies. especially for Zn, Pb, Tl, As. Sb, Ge, and Eu/Eudegrees. At the Aqqaluk deposit, wall rocls without visible sphalerite or galena (<300 ppm Zn + Pb) have anomalous Eu/Eudegrees. Tl, Sb, and As for tip to similar to100 in stratigraphically below Zn-rich silica rock. At Anarraaq, the Tl anomaly is most extensively developed, and enrichment relative to unaltered black shale of the Kuna Formation is present tip to 62 in above the highest Zn-Pb sulfide zones. The magnitude of the enrichment and systematic behavior of Tl in the district make Tl a promising geochemical exploration guide for Red Dog-type Zn-Pb-Ag deposits elsewhere. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Anderson, VM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM jfslack@usgs.gov NR 92 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 EI 1554-0774 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1481 EP 1508 DI 10.2113/99.7.1481 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600011 ER PT J AU Kelly, KD Leach, DL Johnson, CA Clark, JL Fayek, M Slack, JF Anderson, VM Ayuso, RA Ridley, WI AF Kelly, KD Leach, DL Johnson, CA Clark, JL Fayek, M Slack, JF Anderson, VM Ayuso, RA Ridley, WI TI Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for ore formation SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THERMOCHEMICAL SULFATE REDUCTION; MASSIVE SULFIDE; S-34/S-32 RATIOS; GEOCHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENTS; MICROPROBE; GENESIS; SEA; MINERALIZATION; MECHANISMS AB The Red Dog Zn-Pb deposits are hosted in organic-rich mudstone mid shale of the Mississippian Kuna Formation. A complex mineralization history is defined by four sphalerite types or stages: (1) early brown sphalerite, (2) yellow-brown sphalerite, (3) red-brown sphalerite, and (4) late tan sphalerite. Stages 2 and 3 constitute the main ore-forming event and are volumetrically the most important. Sulfides in stages 1 and 2 were deposited with barite, whereas stage 3 largely replaces barite. Distinct chemical differences exist among the different stages of sphalerite. From early brown sphalerite to later yellow-brown sphalerite mid red-brown sphalerite, Fe and Co content generally increase and Mn and Tl content generally decrease. Early brown sphalerite contains no more than 1.9 wt percent Fe and 63 ppm Co, with high Mn (up to 37 ppm) and Tl (126 ppm) whereas yellow-brown sphalerite and red-brown sphalerite contain high Fe (up to 7.3 wt %) and Co (up to 382 ppm), and low Mn (<27 ppm) and Tl (<37 ppm). Late tan sphalerite has distinctly lower Fe (<0.9 wt %) and higher Tl (up to 355 ppm), Mn (up to 177 ppm), and Ge (426 ppm), relative to earlier sphalerite. Wide ranges in concentrations of Ag, Cu, Pb, and Sb characterize all sphalerite types, particularly yellow-brown sphalerite and red-brown sphalerite and most likely reflect submicroscopic inclusions of galena, chalcopyrite and/or tetrahedrite in the sphalerite. In situ ion microprobe sulfur isotope analyses show a progression from extremely low delta(34)S values for stage 1 (as low as -37.2parts per thousand) to much higher values for yellow-brown sphalerite (mean of 3.3parts per thousand; n = 30) and red-brown sphalerite (mean of 3.4; n = 20). Late tan sphalerite is isotopically light (-16.4 to -27.2parts per thousand). The textural, chemical, and isotopic data indicate the following paragenesis: (1) deposition of early brown sphalerite with abundant barite, minor pyrite, and trace galena immediately beneath the sea floor in unconsolidated mud; (2) deposition of yellow-brown sphalerite during subsea-floor hydrothermal recrystalization and coarsening of preexisting barite: (3) open-space deposition of barite, red-brown sphalerite and other sulfides in veins and coeval replacement of barite; and (4) postore sulfide deposition, including the formation of late tan sphalerite breccias. Stage 1 mineralization took place in a low-temperature environment where fluids rich in Ba mixed with pore water or water-column sulfate to form barite, and metals combined with H2S derived from bacterial sulfate reduction to form sulfides. Higher temperatures and salinities and relatively oxidized ore-stage fluids (stages 2 and 3) compared with stage 1 were probably important controls on the abundances and relative amounts of metals in the fluids and the resulting sulfide chemistry. Textural observations and isotopic data show that preexisting barite was reductively dissolved, providing a source of H2S for sulfide mineral formation. In stage 3, the continued flow of hydrothermal fluids caused thermal alteration of organic-rich mudstones and a build-up of methane that led to fluid overpressuring, hydrofracturing, and vein formation. Barite, red-brown sphalerite, and other sulfides were deposited in the veins, and preexisting barite was pervasively replaced by red-brown sphalerite. Hydrothermal activity ceased until Jurassic time when thrusting and large-scale fluid flow related to the Brookian orogeny remobilized and formed late tan sphalerite in tectonic breccias. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Teck Cominco Amer Inc, Spokane, WA 99216 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Kelly, KD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM kdkelley@usgs.gov NR 78 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 13 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1509 EP 1532 DI 10.2113/99.7.1509 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600012 ER PT J AU Ayuso, RA Kelley, KD Leach, DL Young, LE Slack, JF Wandless, G Lyon, AM Dillingham, JL AF Ayuso, RA Kelley, KD Leach, DL Young, LE Slack, JF Wandless, G Lyon, AM Dillingham, JL TI Origin of the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Evidence from regional Pb and Sr isotope sources SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DRENCHWATER CREEK AREAS; GALENA-BARITE DEPOSITS; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; MARINE BARITE; GEOCHEMISTRY; STRONTIUM; LEAD; EVOLUTION; SEAWATER; BEARING AB Pb and Sr isotope data were obtained on the shale-hosted Zn-Pb-As Red Dog deposits (Qanaiyaq, Main, Aqqaluk, and Paalaaq), other shale-hosted deposits near Red Dog, and Zn-Pb-Ag sulfide and barite deposits, in the western and central Brooks Range. The Red Dog deposits and other shale-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposits near Red Dog are hosted in the Mississippian Kuna Formation, which is underlain by a sequence of marine-deltaic elastic rocks of the Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian Endicott Group. Ag-Pb-Zn vein-breccias are found in the Endicott Group. Galena formed during the main mineralization stages in the Red Dog deposits and from the Anarraaq and Wulik deposits have overlapping Pb isotope compositions in the range Pb-206/Pb-204 = 18.364 to 18.428, Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.553 to 15.621, and Pb-208/Pb-204 = 38.083 to 38.323. Galena and sphalerite formed during the main ore-forming stages in the Red Dog deposits define a narrow field on standard uranogenic and thorogenic Pb isotope diagrams. Lead in sulfides of the Red Dog district is less radiogenic (U-235/Pb-204: mu = 9.51-9.77) than is indicated by the average crustal lead evolution model (mu = 9.74), a difference consistent, with a long history of evolution at low ratios of mu before the Carboniferous. The homogeneous regional isotopic reservoir of Pb may indicate large-scale transport and leaching of minerals with various mu ratios and Th/Pb ratios. Younger and genetically unrelated fluids did not sig nificantly disturb the isotopic compositions of galena and sphalerite after the main mineralization event in the Red Dog district. Some pyrite shows evidence of minor Pb remobilization. The overall lead isotope homogeneity in the shale-hosted massive sulfide deposits is consistent with three types of control: a homogeneous regional source, mixing of lead during leaching of a thick sedimentary section and fluid transport, or mixing at the site of deposition. Isotopic variability of the hydrothermal fluids, as represented by galena in the Red Dog district, appears to be consistent with a simple mixing system. Evidence indicates that galena was deposited from largely similar hydrothermal solutions throughout the Red Dog district. A shared regional isotopic reservoir is also supported by the correspondence of Pb isotope compositions of galena in deposits of the Red Dog district and galena in elastic rocks (vein-breccias). Leaching of metals and progressive extraction of radiogenic lead from the elastic rocks in the Endicott Group may account for the trend of increasing Pb-206/Pb-204 in galena of the Red Dog district. Galena in the Red Dog deposits is unlikely to have been derived entirely from the same isotopic reservoir as that represented by the lead in the Kuna Formation or from the igneous rocks in the Red Dog district. Sr isotope data for barite, calcite, and witherite from the Red Dog deposits are compared with data from regional barite that is associated with sulfides and from barite in sulfide-poor occurrences. Fluids with hetrogeneous Sr isotope signatures are indicated. Barite in the Main deposit extends to higher ratios of Sr-87/Sr-86 (0.709034-0.709899) than barite in the Anarraaq deposit (0.708615-0.709256). All barite is more radiogenic than Carboniferous seawater. Other Mississippian(?) shale-hosted deposits and mineral occurrences containing barite in the Red Dog district and barite in regional occurrences east of Red Dog Western and central Brooks Range also have heterogeneous Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios. Carbonate (Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.710319-0.713637) and witherite (Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.710513) in the Main deposit are more radiogenic than barite. In contrast, carbonate (Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.708196-0.709740) intergrown with massive sulfides at Anarraaq has isotopic compositions similar to that of barite. Paragenetic and isotopic studies suggest that early barite is similar to barite typically formed in cold seeps along continental margins. This early fine-grained barite formed before the main mineralization event at Red Dog, contains Sr that is more radiogenic than Carboniferous seawater, and suggests two possible sources of Sr: fluid-rock reactions involving radiogenic elastic minerals derived from ancient continental crust in strata underlying, the Kuna Formation and/or mixing with radiogenic pore fluids in the Ikalukrok unit. The Sr isotope data do not show compelling differences between coarse-grained barite, related to the influx of metalliferous fluids, and the early barite. Higher ratios of Sr-87/Sr-86 in barite in the Red Dog deposits compared with massive barite at Anarraaq that is not directly associated with massive sulfides probably resulted from superposition of the metal-bearing hydrothermal fluid. Leachates (acetic acid and HCl) of whole-rock samples from the elastic rocks in the Endicott Group, as well as samples from the ore-hosting Ikalukrok unit of the Kuna Formation distal to the mineralization, indicate variable and more radiogenic Sr than that in barite and carbonate of the Red Dog district. In contrast, the calcareous radiolarites and lithic turbidites in the Ikalukrock unit may have contributed Sr to the barite and carbonate in the deposits. Comparison of Sr isotope compositions in barite in deposits and occurrences in the Red Dog district and elsewhere in the Brooks Range indicate that no single fluid was responsible for their isotopic signature. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Teck Cominco Amer Inc, Spokane, WA 99216 USA. RP Ayuso, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM rayuso@usgs.gov NR 70 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1533 EP 1553 DI 10.2113/99.7.1533 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600013 ER PT J AU Lewchuk, MT Leach, DL Kelley, KD Symons, DTA AF Lewchuk, MT Leach, DL Kelley, KD Symons, DTA TI Paleomagnetism of the Red Dog Zn-Pb massive sulfide deposit in northern Alaska SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN BROOKS RANGE; SOUTHEAST MISSOURI; VALLEY; AGE; GEOLOGY; GENESIS; ORIGIN; PATH AB Paleomagnetic methods have isolated two ancient magnetizations in and around the Paleozoic shale-hosted Red Dog ore deposit in northern Alaska. A high-latitude, westerly magnetization carried by magnetite, termed characteristic remanent magnetization A, was found in rocks that have barite and/or substantial quartz replacement of barite. An intermediate- to low-latitude. southerly magnetization (characteristic remanent magnetization B) is carried by pyrrhotite and was found in rocks dominated by galena and sphalerite. The ages the two components are constrained by their relationship with geochemistry, radiometric age, dating and hypotheses for the Mesozoic tectonic history of the Brooks Range. Characteristic remanent magnetization A fails the fold test so it must postdate the end of Brookian orogenesis (similar to150 Ma). It is always found with replacement quartz that has a radiometric date (white mica from a vug, Ar-39/Ar-40) of 126 Ma. The paleolatitude for characteristic remanent magnetization B is too shallow to be Mesozoic or younger, regardless of the model for the tectonic origin of northern Alaska, and must predate Brookian orogenesis. Geologic mapping suggests that most of the ore is syngenetic, formed at 330 to 340 Ma, mid a radiometric date (Re-Os on pyrite) yields an age of 338 Ma. Since characteristic remanent magnetization B predates deformation, is found in mineralized rocks and is carried by pyrrhotite, it was probably acquired during the mineralizing process as well. The combined C radiometric ages and paleomagnetic data sets can be best interpreted by assuming that northern Alaska was part of an accreted terrane that was translated northward by about 30degrees into its current location relative to the rest of North America and then rotated counterclockwise by 50degrees to 70degrees. This tectonic interpretation yields plausible magnetization ages for both characteristic remanent magnetization A and B. Geologic evidence, isotopic ages, and paleomagnetic data indicate formation of the deposit at a paleolatitude that is much lower than today. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73019 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Windsor, Dept Earth Sci, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. RP Lewchuk, MT (reprint author), Casady Sch, 9500 N Penn Ave, Oklahoma City, OK 73120 USA. EM lewchukm@casady.org NR 48 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1555 EP 1567 DI 10.2113/99.7.1555 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600014 ER PT J AU Morelli, RM Creaser, RA Selby, D Kelley, KD Leach, DL King, AR AF Morelli, RM Creaser, RA Selby, D Kelley, KD Leach, DL King, AR TI Re-Os sulfide geochronology of the Red Dog sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Brooks Range, Alaska SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GOLD MINERALIZATION; U-PB; OSMIUM; MOLYBDENITE; PYRITE; SYSTEMATICS; CHRONOMETER; SEPARATION; ISOTOPES AB The Red Dog sediment-hosted deposit in the De Long Mountains of northern Alaska is the largest Zn producer in the world. Main stage mineralization is characterized by massive sulfide ore mid crosscutting subvertical veins. Although the vein mineralization is clearly younger than the massive ore. the exact temporal relationship between the two is unclear. Re-Os geochronology of pyrite is used to determine the absolute age, of main stage ore at Red Dog. A 10-point isochron on both massive and vein pyrite yields an age of 338.3 +/- 5.8 Ma and is interpreted to represent the age of main stagre ore. The Re-Os data indicate that both massive and vein ore types are coeval within the resolution of the technique. Formation of the Red Dog deposit was associated with b extension along a passive continental margin, and therefore the Re-Os age of main stage, ore, constrains the timing of rifting as well as the age of the host sedimentary rocks. Sphalerite from both massive and vein ore yields imprecise ages and shows a high degree of scatter compared to pyrite. We suggest that the Re-Os systematics of sphalerite can be disturbed and that this mineral is not reliable for Re-Os geochronology. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Teck Cominco Amer Inc, Spokane, WA 99216 USA. RP Morelli, RM (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. EM rmorelli@ualberta.ca OI Creaser, Robert/0000-0002-7672-035X NR 57 TC 58 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 12 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1569 EP 1576 DI 10.2113/99.7.1569 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600015 ER PT J AU Kelley, KD Dumoulin, JA Jennings, S AF Kelley, KD Dumoulin, JA Jennings, S TI The Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag and barite deposit, northern Alaska: Evidence for replacement of carbonate by barite and sulfides SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COUNTY TIPPERARY; MINERALIZATION; IRELAND AB The Anarraaq deposit in northern Alaska consists of a barite body, estimated to be as much as 1 billion metric tons, and a Zn-Pb-Ag massive sulfide zone with an estimated resource of about 18 Mt at 18 percent Zn, 5.4 percent Pb, and 85 g/t Ag. The barite and sulfide minerals are hosted by the uppermost part of the Mississippian Kuna Formation (Ikalukrok unit) that consists of carbonaceous and siliceous mudstone or shale interbedded with carbonate. The amount of interbedded carbonate in the Anarraaq deposit is atypical of the district as a whole, comprising as much as one third of the section. The total thickness of the Ikalukrok unit is considerably greater in the area of the deposit (210 to almost 350 m) than to the north mid south (maximum of 164 m). The mineralized zone at Anarraaq is lens shaped and has a relatively flat top mid a convex base, it also ranges greatly in thickness, from a few meters to more than 100 m. Textures of some of the carbonate layers are distinctive. consisting of nodules, within siliceous mudstone or layers interbedded with shale. Many of the layers contain calcitized sponge spicules or radiolarians in a carbonate matrix. Textures of barite and sulfide minerals mimic those of carbonate mid provide unequivocal evidence that replacement of precursor carbonate was an important process. Barite and sulfide textures include either nodular, bladed grains of various sizes that resemble spicules (observed only with iron sulfides) or well-rounded forms that are replaced radiolarians. Mineralization at Anarraaq probably occurred in a fault-bounded Carboniferous basin during early diagenesis in the shallow subsurface. The shape and size of the mineralized body suggest that barite and sulfides replaced calcareous mass flow deposits in a submarine channel. The distribution of biogenic and/or early diagenetic silica may have served as impermeable barriers to the fluids, thereby focusing and controlling fluid flow through unreplaced carbonate layers. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Kelley, KD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM kdkelley@usgs.gov NR 42 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 99 IS 7 BP 1577 EP 1591 DI 10.2113/99.7.1577 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 889VK UT WOS:000226470600016 ER PT J AU Turetsky, MR AF Turetsky, MR TI Decomposition and organic matter quality in continental peatlands: The ghost of permafrost past SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE carbon; peat; peatlands; boreal forest; permafrost; climate warming; decomposition; organic matter quality; moss; bryophytes ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; LITTER QUALITY; BOREAL PEATLANDS; WESTERN CANADA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LABORATORY INCUBATIONS; PEAT SOILS; SPHAGNUM; ACCUMULATION; DYNAMICS AB Permafrost patterning in boreal peatlands contributes to landscape heterogeneity, as peat plateaus, palsas, and localized permafrost mounds are interspersed among unfrozen bogs and fens. The degradation of localized permafrost in peatlands alters local topography, hydrology, thermal regimes, and plant communities, and creates unique peatland features called "internal lawns." I used laboratory incubations to quantify carbon dioxide (CO2) production in peat formed under different permafrost regimes (with permafrost, without permafrost, melted permafrost), and explored the relationships among proximate organic matter fractions, nutrient concentrations, and decomposition. Peat within each feature (internal lawn, bog, permafrost mound) is more chemically similar than peat collected within the same province (Alberta, Saskatchewan) or within depth intervals (surface, deep). Internal lawn peat produces more CO2 than the other peatland types. Across peatland features, acid-insoluble material (AIM) and AIM/nitrogen are significant predictors of decomposition. However, within each peatland feature, soluble proximate fractions are better predictors Of CO2 production. Permafrost stability in peatlands influences plant and soil environments, which control litter inputs, organic matter quality, and decomposition rates. Spatial patterns of permafrost, as well as ecosystem processes within various permafrost features, should be considered when assessing the fate of soil carbon in northern ecosystems. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. RP Turetsky, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd MS962, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mturetsky@usgs.gov RI Turetsky, Merritt/B-1255-2013 NR 47 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 39 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV PY 2004 VL 7 IS 7 BP 740 EP 750 DI 10.1007/s10021-004-0247-z PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 874OL UT WOS:000225359600004 ER PT J AU Fiorillo, F Wilson, RC AF Fiorillo, F Wilson, RC TI Rainfall induced debris flows in pyroclastic deposits, Campania (southern Italy)* SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE debris flow; rainfall; threshold pyroclastic; Campania; Italy ID LANDSLIDES; MODEL; SOILS AB A combination of empirical and physically based hydrological models has been used to analyze historical data on rainfall and debris-flow occurrence in western Campania, to examine the correlation between rainfall and debris-flow events. Rainfall data from major storms recorded in recent decades in western Campania were compiled, including daily series from several rain gauges located inside landslide areas, supplemented by hourly rainfall data from some of the principal storms. A two-phase approach is proposed. During phase 1, soil moisture levels have been modelled as the hydrological balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration, on a daily scale, using the method of Thornthwaite [Geograph. Rev. 38 (1948) 55]. Phase 2 is related to the accumulation of surplus moisture from intense rainfall, leading to the development of positive pore pressures. These interactions take place on an hourly time scale by the "leaky barrer" (LB) model described by Wilson and Wiezoreck [Env. Eng. Geoscience, 1 (1995) 11]. In combination with hourly rainfall records, the LB model has been used to compare hydrological effects of different storms. The critical level of retained rain water has been fixed by the timing of debris-flow activity, related to recorded storm events. New rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for debris-flow initiation in western Campania are proposed. These thresholds are related to individual rain gauge and assume a previously satisfied field capacity condition. The new thresholds are somewhat higher than those plotted by previous authors, but are thought to be more accurate and thus need less conservatism. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sannio, Dipartimento Studi Geol & Ambientali, I-82100 Benevento, Italy. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fiorillo, F (reprint author), Univ Sannio, Dipartimento Studi Geol & Ambientali, Via Port Arsa 11, I-82100 Benevento, Italy. EM francesco.fiorillo@unisannio.it; rwilson@usgs.gov OI fiorillo, francesco/0000-0003-3498-1292 NR 72 TC 74 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 75 IS 3-4 BP 263 EP 289 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.06.014 PG 27 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 867VW UT WOS:000224871700004 ER PT J AU Garrison, VH Rogers, CS Beets, J Friedlander, AM AF Garrison, VH Rogers, CS Beets, J Friedlander, AM TI The habitats exploited and the species trapped in a Caribbean island trap. shery SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE coral reef fishes; benthic habitats; trap fishing; Virgin Islands ID REEF FISH COMMUNITIES; US VIRGIN-ISLANDS; CORAL-REEF; PREDATORY FISH; PATCH REEFS; PUERTO-RICO; ECOSYSTEMS; ASSEMBLAGES; DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY AB We visually observed fish traps in situ to identify the habitats exploited by the U. S. Virgin Islands fishery and to document species composition and abundance in traps by habitat. Fishers set more traps in algal plains than in any other habitat around St. John. Coral reefs, traditionally targeted by fishers, accounted for only 16% of traps. Traps in algal plain contained the highest number of fishes per trap and the greatest numbers of preferred food species. Traps on coral reefs contained the most species, 41 of the 59 taxa observed in the study. Acanthurus coeruleus was the most abundant species and Acanthuridae the most abundant family observed in traps. Piscivore numbers were low and few serranids were observed. Traps in algal plain contained the most fishes as a result of: ecological changes such as shifts in habitat use, mobility of species and degradation of nearshore habitat (fishery independent); and, catchability of fishes and long-term heavy fishing pressure (fishery dependent). The low number of serranids per trap, dominance of the piscivore guild by a small benthic predator, Epinephelus guttatus, and dominance of trap contents overall by a small, fast-growing species of a lower trophic guild, Acanthurus coeruleus, all point to years of intense fishing pressure. C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, St John, VI 00830 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Ocean Inst, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. RP Garrison, VH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM ginger_garrison@usgs.gov NR 68 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD NOV PY 2004 VL 71 IS 3 BP 247 EP 260 DI 10.1007/s10641-004-0301-x PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 865KQ UT WOS:000224702000005 ER PT J AU Gard, MF AF Gard, MF TI Interactions between an introduced piscivore and a native piscivore in a California stream SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE intraguild predation; pikeminnow; smallmouth bass; microhabitat shifts; community structure ID INTRAGUILD PREDATION; SMALLMOUTH BASS; FISH; LAKES AB I quantified microhabitat use and abundance of fishes in the South Yuba River (Nevada County, California) to test the hypothesis that predation by introduced smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, limits the abundance of native Sacramento pikeminnow, Ptychocheilus grandis. Predation by smallmouth bass appears to be the most likely cause of decreases in native species. Based on microhabitat experiments, competition with juvenile smallmouth bass did not contribute to predation by adult smallmouth bass on native species. The main factors that appear to favor smallmouth bass, with regard to intraguild predation with pikeminnow, are: (1) the smaller size of smallmouth bass at the onset of piscivory; (2) the greater use of cover by juvenile smallmouth bass; and (3) lower microhabitat overlaps of juvenile smallmouth bass with piscivores. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Gard, MF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. EM markgard@lanset.com NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD NOV PY 2004 VL 71 IS 3 BP 287 EP 295 DI 10.1007/s10641-004-1262-9 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 865KQ UT WOS:000224702000008 ER PT J AU Morrissey, MM Wieczorek, GF Morgan, BA AF Morrissey, MM Wieczorek, GF Morgan, BA TI Transient hazard model using radar data for predicting debris flows in Madison County, Virginia SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE geological process; hydrogeology; infiltration; landslides; modeling; remote sensing AB During the rainstorm of June 27, 1995, roughly 330-750 mm of rain fell within a 16-hour period, initiating floods and over 600 debris flows in a small area (130 km(2)) of Madison County, VA. We developed a distributed version of Iverson's transient response model for regional slope stability analysis for the Madison County debris flows. This version of the model evaluates pore-pressure head response and factor of safety on a regional scale in areas prone to rainfall-induced shallow (< 2-3 m) landslides. These calculations used soil properties of shear strength and hydraulic conductivity from laboratory measurements of soil samples collected from field sites where debris flows initiated. Rainfall data collected by radar every 6 minutes provided a basis for calculating the temporal variation of slope stability during the storm. The results demonstrate that the spatial and temporal variation of the factor of safety correlates with the movement of the storm cell. When the rainstorm was treated as two separate rainfall events and a larger hydraulic conductivity and friction angle than the laboratory values were used, the timing and location of landslides predicted by the model were in closer agreement with eyewitness observations of debris flows. Application of spatially variable initial pre-storm water table depth and soil properties may improve both the spatial and temporal prediction of instability. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Morrissey, MM (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 10 IS 4 BP 285 EP 296 DI 10.2113/10.4.285 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 910AN UT WOS:000227901900001 ER PT J AU Watten, BJ Sibrell, PL Schwartz, MF AF Watten, BJ Sibrell, PL Schwartz, MF TI Effect of acidity and elevated P-CO2 on acid neutralization within pulsed limestone bed reactors receiving coal mine drainage SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acid mine drainage; limestone dissolution; carbon dioxide; acidity; bed height; dissolved metals; pulsed bed reactors; treatment; alkalinity; pressure ID RESPONSES; CALCIUM; WATER AB Limestone has potential for reducing reagent costs and sludge volume associated with the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD), but its use has been restricted by slow dissolution rates and sensitivity to scale forming reactions that retard transport of H+ at the solid-liquid interface. We evaluated a pulsed limestone bed (PLB) remediation process designed to circumvent these problems through use of intermittently fluidized beds of granular limestone and elevated carbon dioxide pressure. PLB limestone dissolution (LD, mg/L), and effluent alkalinity (Alk, mg/L) were correlated with reactor pressure (P-CO2, kPa), influent acidity (Acy, mg/L) and reactor bed height (H, cm) using a prototype capable of processing 10 L/min. The PLB process effectively neutralized sulfuric acid acidity over the range of 6-1033 mg/L (as CaCO3) while generating high concentrations of alkalinity (36-1086 mg/L) despite a hydraulic residence time of just 4.2-5.0 min. Alk and LD (mg/L CaCO3) rose with increases in influent acidity and P-CO2 (p < 0.001) according to the models: Alk = 58 + 38.4 (P-CO2)(0.5) + 0.080 (Acy); 0.0059(P-CO2)(0.5) (Acy); LD = 55 + 38.3 (P-CO2)(0.5) + 1.08 (Acy) - 0.0059 (P-CO2)(0.5) (Acy). Alkalinity decreased at an increasing rate with reductions in H over the range of 27.3-77.5 cm (p < 0.001). Carbon dioxide requirements (Q(avg)(CO2), L/min) increased with P-CO2 (P < 0.001) following the model Q(avg)(CO2) = 0.858 (P-CO2)(0.620), resulting in a greater degree of pH buffering (depression) within the reactors, a rise in limestone solubility and an increase in limestone dissolution related to carbonic acid attack. Corresponding elevated concentrations of effluent alkalinity allow for sidestream treatment with blending. Numerical modeling demonstrated that carbon dioxide requirements are reduced as influent acidity rises and when carbon dioxide is recovered from system effluent and recycled. Field trials demonstrated that the PLB process is capable of raising the pH of AMD above that required for hydrolysis and precipitation of Fe3+ and Al3+ but not Fe2+ and Mn2+. C1 US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Conservat Funds Freshwater Inst, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. RP Watten, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM barnaby_watten@usgs.gov NR 49 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 21 IS 6 BP 786 EP 802 DI 10.1089/ees.2004.21.786 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 872IU UT WOS:000225201700011 ER PT J AU De Stoppelaire, GH Gillespie, TW Brock, JC Tobin, GA AF De Stoppelaire, GH Gillespie, TW Brock, JC Tobin, GA TI Use of remote sensing techniques to determine the effects of grazing on vegetation cover and dune elevation at Assateague Island National Seashore: Impact of horses SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Assateague Island; sand dunes; horses; remote sensing ID LIDAR SURVEYS; FERAL HORSES; COASTAL; MARYLAND AB The effects of grazing by feral horses on vegetation and dune topography at Assateague Island National Seashore were investigated using color-infrared imagery, lidar surveys, and field measurements. Five pairs of fenced and unfenced plots (300 m(2)) established in 1993 on sand flats and small dunes with similar elevation, topography, and vegetation cover were used for this study. Color-infrared imagery from 1998 and field measurements from 2001 indicated that there was a significant difference in vegetation cover between the fenced and unfenced plot-pairs over the study period, Fenced plots contained a higher percentage of vegetation cover that was dominated by American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata). Lidar surveys from 1997, 1999, and 2000 showed that there were significant differences in elevation and topography between fenced and unfenced plot-pairs. Fenced plots were, on average, 0.63 m higher than unfenced plots, whereas unfenced plots had generally decreased in elevation after establishment in 1993. Results demonstrate that feral horse grazing has had a significant impact on dune formation and has contributed to the erosion of dunes at Assateague Island. The findings suggest that unless the size of the feral horse population is reduced, grazing will continue to foster unnaturally high rates of dune erosion into the future. In order to maintain the natural processes that historically occurred on barrier islands, much larger fenced exclosures would be required to prevent horse grazing. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Geog, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP De Stoppelaire, GH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM georgia.destoppelaire@my.FWC.com NR 42 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 34 IS 5 BP 642 EP 649 DI 10.1007/s00267-004-0009-x PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 891LO UT WOS:000226582800004 PM 15633024 ER PT J AU Olyphant, GA Whitman, RL AF Olyphant, GA Whitman, RL TI Elements of a predictive model for determining beach closures on a real time basis: The case of 63rd Street Beach Chicago SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE beach closures; E. coli; statistical forecasting equations ID SOUTHERN LAKE-MICHIGAN; BACTERIA; SEAWATER; SUNLIGHT; WATERS AB Data on hydrometeorological conditions and E. coli concentration were simultaneously collected on 57 occasions during the summer of 2000 at 63rd Street Beach, Chicago, Illinois. The data were used to identify and calibrate a statistical regression model aimed at predicting when the bacterial concentration of the beach water was above or below the level considered safe for full body contact. A wide range of hydrological, meteorological, and water quality variables were evaluated as possible predictive variables. These included wind speed and direction, incoming solar radiation ( insolation), various time frames of rainfall, air temperature, lake stage and wave height, and water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity. The best-fit model combined real-time measurements of wind direction and speed ( onshore component of resultant wind vector), rainfall, insolation, lake stage, water temperature and turbidity to predict the geometric mean E. coli concentration in the swimming zone of the beach. The model, which contained both additive and multiplicative (interaction) terms, accounted for 71% of the observed variability in the log E. coli concentrations. A comparison between model predictions of when the beach should be closed and when the actual bacterial concentrations were above or below the 235 cfu 100 ml(-1) threshold value, indicated that the model accurately predicted openings versus closures 88% of the time. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Ctr Geospatial Data Anal, Bloomington, IN USA. US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN USA. RP Olyphant, GA (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. EM olyphant@indiana.edu NR 15 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 98 IS 1-3 BP 175 EP 190 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038185.79137.b9 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 847AM UT WOS:000223361000010 PM 15473535 ER PT J AU Vyas, NB Spann, JW Hulse, CS Torrez, M Williams, BI Leffel, R AF Vyas, NB Spann, JW Hulse, CS Torrez, M Williams, BI Leffel, R TI Decomposed gosling feet provide evidence of insecticide exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE birds; decomposition; diazinon; feet; insecticides; residues ID CANADA GEESE; TURF APPLICATION; DIAZINON AG500; PESTICIDES; MORTALITY; CARRION AB Canada goose goslings were exposed to turf sprayed with D.Z.N(R) diazinon 50W application (2.24 kg a.i./ha). The control plot was subjected to a water application. One foot from each bird was placed outdoors for 7 d to decompose and the other foot was kept frozen. Diazinon residues were analyzed on both feet. Results showed that diazinon was detected from undecomposed and decomposed feet of the birds. Diazinon residues were below the level of detection (<0.01 ppm, a.i.) on the feet from the control goslings. Decomposed feet may be used for determining insecticide exposure when the traditional matrices are not available. C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Unit 130, Riverdale, MD USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, Patuxent Res Refuge, Laurel, MD USA. RP Vyas, NB (reprint author), US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Nimish_Vyas@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 98 IS 1-3 BP 351 EP 361 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038195.38438.be PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 847AM UT WOS:000223361000020 PM 15473545 ER PT J AU Ezenwa, VO AF Ezenwa, VO TI Selective defecation and selective foraging: Antiparasite behavior in wild ungulates? SO ETHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOST SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES; PARASITE AVOIDANCE; NUTRIENT INTAKE; CENTRAL KENYA; TRADE-OFFS; SHEEP; STRATEGIES; NUTRITION; DECISIONS AB Selective defecation and selective foraging are two potential antiparasite behaviors used by grazing ungulates to reduce infection by fecal-oral transmitted parasites. While there is some evidence that domestic species use these strategies, less is known about the occurrence and efficacy of these behaviors in wild ungulates. In this study, I examined whether wild antelope use selective defecation and selective foraging strategies to reduce exposure to gastrointestinal nematode parasites. By quantifying parasite levels in the environment in relation to the defecation patterns of three species, dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii), Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), and impala (Aepyceros melampus), I found that nematode larval concentrations in pasture were higher in the vicinity of clusters of feces (dung middens) compared to single fecal pellet groups or dung-free areas. In addition, experimental feeding trials in free-ranging dik-dik showed that individuals selectively avoided feeding near concentrations of feces. Given that increased parasite contamination was found in the immediate vicinity of fecal clusters, fecal avoidance could help reduce host consumption of parasites and may therefore be an effective antiparasite behavior for certain species. On the other hand, while the concentration of parasite larvae in the vicinity of middens coupled with host avoidance of these areas during grazing could reduce host contact with parasites, results showing a positive correlation between the number of middens in a habitat and larval abundance at control sites suggest that dung middens might increase and not decrease overall host exposure to parasites. If this is the case, dung midden formation may not be a viable antiparasite strategy. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Ezenwa, VO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 521 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA USA. EM vezenwa@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 58, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-1613 J9 ETHOLOGY JI Ethology PD NOV PY 2004 VL 110 IS 11 BP 851 EP 862 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01013.x PG 12 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 869VP UT WOS:000225012900002 ER PT J AU Carlson, SM Hendry, AP Letcher, BH AF Carlson, SM Hendry, AP Letcher, BH TI Natural selection acting on body size, growth rate and compensatory growth: an empirical test in a wild trout population SO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE brown trout; compensatory growth; correlational selection; costs of growth; life-history trade-offs; Salmo trutta ID JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON; ENERGY ACQUISITION RATES; CHARR SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; REARED COHO SALMON; BROWN TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; RAINBOW-TROUT; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; INTRINSIC GROWTH; SEXUAL MATURITY AB Organisms usually grow slower than their maximum potential under a given set of conditions, suggesting that fast growth carries a corresponding fitness cost. A pattern of growth that might influence such costs is compensatory (or catch-up) growth, where individuals grow faster than expected. One form of compensatory growth occurs when small individuals grow faster for their size than do large individuals, thereby decreasing (or slowing the increase in) size disparity between themselves and larger conspecifics. We tested these ideas over several seasons in wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) by estimating selection acting on individual size, growth and compensatory growth. We then examined population-level growth patterns to determine whether they influence individual-level selection. Selection generally did not favour large individuals or those with slow growth; indeed, the opposite was more likely. Moreover, selection did not act against small/fast-growing individuals (i.e. those expressing compensatory growth). Population-level growth was proportional (i.e. mass increases were a constant percentage of initial mass across the range of body sizes) in all seasons except for the spring and, to a lesser degree, the early summer of the second year of life. In these two intervals, small fish showed greater proportional growth than large fish and small/fast-growing fish had higher (or at least not lower) survival. An intriguing explanation for these results is that fast (and compensatory) growth is only exhibited when the costs of fast growth are lows. Our study introduces a novel approach for assessing growth at the population level, as well as the survival costs associated with individual size and growth. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. McGill Univ, Redpath Museum, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. US Geol Survey Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Carlson, SM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM sear@u.washington.edu RI Hendry, Andrew/C-5765-2008 OI Hendry, Andrew/0000-0002-4807-6667 NR 86 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 17 PU EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY LTD PI TUCSON PA UNIV ARIZONA, 321 BIOSCIENCES WEST, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA SN 1522-0613 J9 EVOL ECOL RES JI Evol. Ecol. Res. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 6 IS 7 BP 955 EP 973 PG 19 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 873DJ UT WOS:000225259300002 ER PT J AU Johnson, CE Barton, CC AF Johnson, CE Barton, CC TI Where in the world are my field plots? Using GPS effectively in environmental field studies SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review AB Global positioning system (GPS) technology is rapidly replacing tape, compass, and traditional surveying instruments as the preferred tool for estimating the positions of environmental research sites. One important problem, however, is that it can be difficult to estimate the uncertainty of GPS-derived positions. Sources of error include various satellite- and site-related factors, such as forest canopy and topographic obstructions. In a case study from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, hand-held, mapping-grade GPS receivers generally estimated positions with 1-5 m precision in open, unobstructed settings, and 20-30 m precision under forest canopy. Surveying-grade receivers achieved precisions of 10 cm or less, even in challenging terrain. Users can maximize the quality of their GPS measurements by "mission planning" to take advantage of high-quality satellite conditions. Repeated measurements and simultaneous data collection at multiple points can be used to assess accuracy and precision. C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Johnson, CE (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 220 Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI Johnson, Chris/A-6979-2011 OI Johnson, Chris/0000-0001-9079-813X NR 6 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 2 IS 9 BP 475 EP 482 DI 10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0475:WITWAM]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 868LB UT WOS:000224914000014 ER PT J AU Thomas, WA Astini, RA Mueller, PA Gehrels, GE Wooden, JL AF Thomas, WA Astini, RA Mueller, PA Gehrels, GE Wooden, JL TI Transfer of the Argentine Precordillera terrane from Laurentia: Constraints from detrital-zircon geochronology SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Argentine Precordillera; continental rifting; detrital-zircon geochronology; Laurentia; terrane transfer ID U-PB; GONDWANAN CONNECTION; OUACHITA EMBAYMENT; GRENVILLE-AGE; EVOLUTION; BASEMENT; MARGIN; ROCKS; AMERICA; CRATON AB Ages from U-Pb and Pb-207/Pb-206 analyses of detrital zircons from synrift sandstone in the Lower Cambrian Cerro Totora Formation of the Argentine Precordillera have strong similarities to those from late synrift sandstones in the Lower Cambrian Rome Formation of southern Laurentia (Alabama). Ages of detrital zircons from the Cerro Totora sample cluster at 1160-970 Ma (60% of analyzed zircons), 1490-1300 Ma (24%), and 1890-1640 Ma (16%). Ages from two Rome samples cluster at 1240-970 Ma (32% of analyzed zircons), 1540-1270 Ma (31%), 1840-1610 Ma (14%), 1970-1890 Ma (5%), and 2930-2310 Ma (18%). The ages of detrital zircons from the Rome and Cerro Totora sandstones are consistent with sediment supply from the Grenville and older Proterozoic Laurentian provinces, and the older cluster in the Rome sandstones corresponds in age to the Laurentian Archean Superior province. Neither the Rome nor Cerro Totora samples include components younger than Grenville, and the lack of zircons from distinctly Gondwanan provinces is consistent with a Laurentian provenance. The detrital-zircon ages support previous interpretations that the Precordillera was rifted from the Ouachita embayment of Laurentia during Early Cambrian time and subsequently was transferred to Gondwana. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Geol Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Univ Nacl Cordoba, Catedra Estratig & Geol Hist, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Univ Kentucky, Dept Geol Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM geowat@uky.edu RI Mueller, Paul/B-3974-2013; OI Mueller, Paul/0000-0003-2608-193X NR 39 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2004 VL 32 IS 11 BP 965 EP 968 DI 10.1130/G20727.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 869TI UT WOS:000225006800010 ER PT J AU MacKinnon, DJ Clow, GD Tigges, RK Reynolds, RL Chavez, PS AF MacKinnon, DJ Clow, GD Tigges, RK Reynolds, RL Chavez, PS TI Comparison of aerodynamically and model-derived roughness lengths (z(o)) over diverse surfaces, central Mojave Desert, California, USA SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerodynamic roughness; boundary layer; wind erosion; deflation; desertification processes ID DRAG PARTITION; THRESHOLD; VEGETATION; STRESS AB The vulnerability of dryland surfaces to wind erosion depends importantly on the absence or the presence and character of surface roughness elements, such as plants, clasts, and topographic irregularities that diminish wind speed near the surface. A model for the friction velocity ratio has been developed to account for wind sheltering by many different types of co-existing roughness elements. Such conditions typify a monitored area in the central Mojave Desert, California, that experiences frequent sand movement and dust emission. Two additional models are used to convert the friction velocity ratio to the surface roughness length (z(o)) for momentum. To calculate roughness lengths from these models, measurements were made at I I sites within the monitored area to characterize the surface roughness element. Measurements included (1) the number of roughness species (e.g., plants, small-scale topography, clasts), and their associated heights and widths, (2) spacing among species, and (3) vegetation porosity (a measurement of the spatial distribution of woody elements of a plant). Documented or estimated values of drag coefficients for different species were included in the modeling. At these sites, wind-speed profiles were measured during periods of neutral atmospheric stability using three 9-m towers with three or four calibrated anemometers on each. Modeled roughness lengths show a close correspondence (correlation coefficient, 0.84-0.86) to the aerodynamically determined values at the field sites. The geometric properties of the roughness elements in the model are amenable to measurement at much higher temporal and spatial resolutions using remote-sensing techniques than can be accomplished through laborious ground-based methods. A remote-sensing approach to acquire values of the modeled roughness length is particularly important for the development of linked surface/atmosphere wind-erosion models sensitive to climate variability and land-use changes in areas such as the southwestem United States, where surface roughness has large spatial and temporal variations. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP MacKinnon, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 20 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 63 IS 1-2 BP 103 EP 113 DI 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.03.009 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 873CP UT WOS:000225257000006 ER PT J AU Neuzil, CE AF Neuzil, CE TI Nothing older than three years SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USGS, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA USA. RP Neuzil, CE (reprint author), USGS, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 6 BP 797 EP 797 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02735.x PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 867OC UT WOS:000224850900001 PM 15584293 ER PT J AU Hsieh, PA Matott, S AF Hsieh, PA Matott, S TI SVFlux and ChemFlux: Software for two-dimensional/three-dimensional finite element variably saturated flow and transport modeling SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Civil Struct & Environm Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Hsieh, PA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM pahsieh@usgs.gov; lsmatott@buffalo.edu NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 6 BP 804 EP + PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 867OC UT WOS:000224850900004 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, WB AF Shoemaker, WB TI Important observations and parameters for a salt water intrusion model SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; FLOW AB Sensitivity analysis with a density-dependent ground water flow simulator can provide insight and understanding of salt water intrusion calibration problems far beyond what is possible through intuitive analysis alone. Five simple experimental simulations presented here demonstrate this point. Results show that dispersivity is a very important parameter for reproducing a steady-state distribution of hydraulic head, salinity, and flow in the transition zone between fresh water and salt water in a coastal aquifer system. When estimating dispersivity, the following conclusions can be drawn about the data types and locations considered. (1) The "toe" of the transition zone is the most effective location for hydraulic head and salinity observations. (2) Areas near the coastline where submarine ground water discharge occurs are the most effective locations for flow observations. (3) Salinity observations are more effective than hydraulic head observations. (4) The importance of flow observations aligned perpendicular to the shoreline varies dramatically depending on distance seaward from the shoreline. Extreme parameter correlation can prohibit unique estimation of permeability parameters such as hydraulic conductivity and flow parameters such as recharge in a density-dependent ground water flow model when using hydraulic head and salinity observations. Adding flow observations perpendicular to the shoreline in areas where ground water is exchanged with the ocean body can reduce the correlation, potentially resulting in unique estimates of these parameter values. Results are expected to be directly applicable to many complex situations, and have implications for model development whether or not formal optimization methods are used in model calibration. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Ctr Water & Restorat Studies, Miami, FL 33178 USA. RP Shoemaker, WB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Ctr Water & Restorat Studies, 9100 NW 36th St,Suite 107, Miami, FL 33178 USA. EM bshoemak@usgs.gov OI Shoemaker, W. Barclay/0000-0002-7680-377X NR 36 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 6 BP 829 EP 840 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 867OC UT WOS:000224850900007 PM 15584297 ER PT J AU Su, GW Jasperse, J Seymour, D Constantz, J AF Su, GW Jasperse, J Seymour, D Constantz, J TI Estimation of hydraulic conductivity in an alluvial system using temperatures SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DEPTH PROFILES; EPHEMERAL CHANNELS; BENEATH; STREAM; DURATION; FLOW AB Well water temperatures are often collected simultaneously with water levels; however, temperature data are generally considered only as a water quality parameter and are not utilized as an environmental tracer. In this paper, water levels and seasonal temperatures are used to estimate hydraulic conductivities in a stream-aquifer system. To demonstrate this method, temperatures and water levels are analyzed from six observation wells along an example study site, the Russian River in Sonoma County, California. The range in seasonal ground water temperatures in these wells varied from <0.2degreesC in two wells to similar to8degreesC in the other four wells from June to October 2000. The temperature probes in the six wells are located at depths between 3.5 and 7.1 in relative to the river channel. Hydraulic conductivities are estimated by matching simulated ground water temperatures to the observed ground water temperatures. An anisotropy of 5 (horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity) generally gives the best fit to the observed temperatures. Estimated conductivities vary over an order of magnitude in the six locations analyzed. In some locations, a change in the observed temperature profile occurred during the study, most likely due to deposition of fine-grained sediment and organic matter plugging the streambed. A reasonable fit to this change in the temperature profile is obtained by decreasing the hydraulic conductivity in the simulations. This study demonstrates that seasonal ground water temperatures monitored in observation wells provide an effective means of estimating hydraulic conductivities in alluvial aquifers. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Sonoma Cty Water Agcy, Santa Rosa, CA 95406 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Su, GW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM gwsu@lbl.gov NR 24 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 42 IS 6 BP 890 EP 901 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 867OC UT WOS:000224850900012 PM 15584302 ER PT J AU Mooring, MS Patton, ML Lance, VA Hall, BM Schaad, EW Fortin, SS Jella, JE McPeak, KM AF Mooring, MS Patton, ML Lance, VA Hall, BM Schaad, EW Fortin, SS Jella, JE McPeak, KM TI Fecal androgens of bison bulls during the rut SO HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE fecal steroid; testosterone; androgens; bison; pre-rut; rut; post-rut; mating success; age; dominance ID MONITORING OVARIAN-FUNCTION; NORTH-AMERICAN BISON; WHITE-TAILED DEER; REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR; MELENGESTROL ACETATE; DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK; SEASONAL-CHANGES; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; BREEDING-SEASON; CERVUS-ELAPHUS AB The influence of sex hormones is a key proximate factor underlying male reproductive behavior in mammals. Effective conservation policies for the remaining purebred plains bison (Bison bison bison) herds require knowledge of the physiology underlying bison reproductive biology. We used fecal steroid analysis to characterize androgen levels in adult bison bulls before, during, and after the rut, and to examine androgen levels of bulls differing in reproductive status, age, and mating success. Fieldwork was carried out at the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge in north-central Nebraska. All adult bison in the herd were individually known by unique brands. Fecal samples were collected during 2003 from bulls during pre-rut (June), rut (July-August), and post-rut (September), and behavioral observations focused on reproductive status and mating success during the rut. Matched sample data indicated that androgen levels (ng/g feces) of bulls peaked during the rut, doubling from pre-rut to rut and then declining by 75% during post-rut. Dominant bulls that tended (guarded) cows maintained higher androgen levels than bulls that were not tending. There was a positive correlation between bull age (associated with mating success) and androgens, with higher androgen levels in prime-aged bulls compared with younger bulls. Nonetheless, there was no correlation between mating success (measured by number of copulations observed) and androgen level. This suggests that while androgens may provide the proximate motivation to compete for matings, other factors determine the mating success of bison bulls. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Point Loma Nazarene Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92106 USA. Zool Soc San Diego, Ctr Reprod Endangered Species, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fort Niobrara Natl Wildlife Refuge, Valentine, NE 69201 USA. RP Mooring, MS (reprint author), Point Loma Nazarene Univ, Dept Biol, 3900 Lomaland Dr, San Diego, CA 92106 USA. EM mikemooring@ptloma.edu NR 46 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0018-506X J9 HORM BEHAV JI Horm. Behav. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 46 IS 4 BP 392 EP 398 DI 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.03.008 PG 7 WC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 864LL UT WOS:000224634900003 PM 15465524 ER PT J AU McCormick, PV Shuford, RBE Rawlik, PS AF McCormick, PV Shuford, RBE Rawlik, PS TI Changes in macroinvertebrate community structure and function along a phosphorus gradient in the Florida Everglades SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE everglades; impact assessment; macroinvertebrates; nutrients; phosphorus; wetlands ID NORTHERN EVERGLADES; PERIPHYTON RESPONSES; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; INSECT COMMUNITIES; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; MARSH; USA AB Aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were sampled between 1994 and 1996 at 13 sites downstream of phosphorus (P)-enriched canal inflows in a northern Everglades marsh to determine the effects of nutrient enrichment on community structure and function. Sampling was performed using sweep nets and Hester Dendy (HD) samplers. Data were analyzed to assess changes in taxa richness and diversity, species composition, and functional group composition along the gradient. Environmental conditions at each site were characterized to interpret spatial changes in these metrics. Mean water-column total P (TP) increased from less than or equal to10 mug l(-1) at sites in the marsh interior to as high as 160 mug l(-1) at sites closest to the canal. Vegetation and habitat composition changed dramatically along the gradient, with sawgrass and slough-wet prairie habitats accounting for most vegetative cover in the interior and cattail accounting for nearly 100% of the cover near the canal. These differences in TP concentrations and vegetation were used to classify sites as reference, enriched, and highly enriched. Daytime dissolved oxygen ( DO) concentrations averaged greater than or equal to 3 mg l(-1) at reference sites as compared with concentrations less than or equal to2 mg l(-1) at enriched and highly enriched sites. Total macroinvertebrate densities were significantly higher in sweep samples and significantly lower in HD samples from highly enriched sites as compared with the reference condition. Taxa richness and diversity in sweep samples did not change significantly along the gradient, but declined with enrichment on the HD samplers. Insects were the dominant organisms at all sites, but declined in percent abundance with enrichment in sweep samples due to decreases in dipterans, trichopterans and odonates and an increase in oligochaetes. Changes in major invertebrate classes were less pronounced on HD samplers, although amphipods showed significant declines with enrichment. Principal components analysis revealed a clear distinction in taxonomic composition between reference sites and both enriched and highly enriched sites for sweep samples as common chironomid taxa at reference sites declined with enrichment while pollution-tolerant chironomid and oligochaete taxa increased. A similar, but less dramatic trend was found for HD samples, with selected amphipod, chironomid, and gastropod taxa declining with enrichment and pollution-tolerant taxa reaching peak abundance at enriched sites. The functional composition in sweep samples showed modest changes with enrichment, including a shift in dominance from epibenthic collector - gatherers/ deposit feeders, which were predominantly chironomids, to subsurface taxa, which were predominantly oligochaetes. Shifts in invertebrate functional composition on HD samplers with enrichment were attributable to declines in the dominance of shredders and collector-filterer/suspension-feeders. Portions of the Everglades exposed to P-enriched runoff are showing characteristic shifts in macroinvertebrate taxonomic composition related to eutrophication. This shift has occurred without a change in species diversity and with an increase in total invertebrate abundance indicative of an overall increase in marsh productivity. The transition from an oligotrophic to eutrophic community signals a decline in the biological integrity of the Everglades ecosystem in response to P enrichment. C1 S Florida Water Management Dist, Everglades Dept, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Dept, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. RP McCormick, PV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM pmccormick@usgs.gov NR 49 TC 40 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 24 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV PY 2004 VL 529 IS 1 BP 113 EP 132 DI 10.1007/s10750-004-5737-7 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 870FE UT WOS:000225042200011 ER PT J AU Shaman, J Stieglitz, M Burns, D AF Shaman, J Stieglitz, M Burns, D TI Are big basins just the sum of small catchments? SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article ID REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTARY AREA; NEW-YORK; RUNOFF; FLOW; SCALE; SIZE; GENERATION; MACROPORES; STORMFLOW; PATHWAYS AB Many challenges remain in extending our understanding of bow hydrologic processes within small catchments scale to larger river basins. In this study we examine how low-flow runoff varies as a function of basin scale at 11 catchments, many of which are nested, in the 176 km(2) Neversink River watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York. Topography, vegetation, soil and bedrock structure are similar across this river basin, and previous research has demonstrated the importance of deep groundwater springs for maintaining low-flow stream discharge at small scales in the basin. Therefore, we hypothesized that deep groundwater would contribute an increasing amount to low-flow discharge as basin scale increased, resulting in increased runoff. Instead, we find that, above a critical basin size of 8 to 21 km(2), low-flow runoff is similar within the Neversink watershed. These findings are broadly consistent with those of a previous study that examined stream chemistry as a function of basin scale for this watershed. However, we find physical evidence of self-similarity among basins greater than 8 kin 2, whereas the previous study found gradual changes in stream chemistry among basins greater than 3 km(2). We believe that a better understanding of self-similarity and the subsurface flow processes that affect stream runoff will be attained through simultaneous consideration of both chemical and physical evidence. We also suggest that similar analyses of stream runoff in other basins that represent a range of spatial scales, geomorphologies and climate conditions will further elucidate the issue of scaling of hydrologic processes. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Hoffman Labs 207, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY USA. RP Shaman, J (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Hoffman Labs 207, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM jshaman@fas.harvard.edu RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009 NR 33 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 23 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 18 IS 16 SI SI BP 3195 EP 3206 DI 10.1002/hyp.5739 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 874QU UT WOS:000225365700017 ER PT J AU McCord, TB Coradini, A Hibbitts, CA Capaccioni, F Hansen, GB Filacchione, G Clark, RN Cerroni, P Brown, RH Baines, KH Bellucci, G Bibring, JP Buratti, BJ Bussoletti, E Combes, M Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Formisano, V Jaumann, R Langevin, Y Matson, DL Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C AF McCord, TB Coradini, A Hibbitts, CA Capaccioni, F Hansen, GB Filacchione, G Clark, RN Cerroni, P Brown, RH Baines, KH Bellucci, G Bibring, JP Buratti, BJ Bussoletti, E Combes, M Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Formisano, V Jaumann, R Langevin, Y Matson, DL Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C TI Cassini VIMS observations of the Galilean satellites including the VIMS calibration procedure SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE satellites; Galilean satellites; Jupiter system; satellite surfaces; surface composition; space mission ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; HYDRATED SALT MINERALS; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; SURFACE-STRUCTURE; EUROPAS SURFACE; PHASE CURVES; MU-M; GANYMEDE; CALLISTO; SPECTROSCOPY AB The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observed the Galilean satellites during the Cassim spacecraft's 2000/2001 flyby of Jupiter, providing compositional and thermal information about their surfaces. The Cassini spacecraft approached the jovian system no closer than about 126 Jupiter radii, about 9 million kilometers, at a phase angle of < 90degrees, resulting in only sub-pixel observations by VIMS of the Galilean satellites. Nevertheless, most of the spectral features discovered by the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) aboard the Galileo spacecraft during more than four years of observations have been identified in the VIMS data analyzed so far, including a possible C-13 absorption. In addition, VIMS made observations in the visible part of the spectrum and at several new phase angles for all the Galilean satellites and the calculated phase functions are presented. In the process of analyzing these data, the VIMS radiometric and spectral calibrations were better determined in preparation for entry into the Saturn system. Treatment of these data is presented as an example of the VIMS data reduction, calibration and analysis process and a detailed explanation is given of the calibration process applied to the Jupiter data. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, SOEST, HIGP, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Winthrop, WA 98862 USA. CNR, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-00133 Rome, Italy. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Paris 11, IAS, F-91405 Orsay, France. Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, I-80131 Naples, Italy. Dept Rech Spatial, F-92195XC Meudon, France. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Observ Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France. DLR, Inst Planet Expl, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Nantes, F-44072 Nantes 03, France. CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP McCord, TB (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, SOEST, HIGP, POST 502, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM mccordtb@aol.com RI Hibbitts, Charles/B-7787-2016; OI Hibbitts, Charles/0000-0001-9089-4391; Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679; Capaccioni, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1631-4314; Filacchione, Gianrico/0000-0001-9567-0055 NR 35 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2004 VL 172 IS 1 BP 104 EP 126 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.001 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 869HK UT WOS:000224973800009 ER PT J AU Geissler, P McEwen, A Porco, C Strobel, D Saur, J Ajello, J West, R AF Geissler, P McEwen, A Porco, C Strobel, D Saur, J Ajello, J West, R TI Cassini observations of Io's visible aurorae SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Io; aurorae; satellites; atmospheres ID EXCITATION CROSS-SECTIONS; ELECTRON-IMPACT; ATOMIC OXYGEN; PLASMA TORUS; ATMOSPHERE; GALILEO; ULTRAVIOLET; EMISSION; ECLIPSE; FLUORESCENCE AB More than 500 images of to in eclipse were acquired by the Cassim spacecraft in late 2000 and early 2001 as it passed through the jovian system en route to Saturn (Porco et al., 2003, Science 299, 1541-1547). Io's bright equatorial glows were detected in Cassini's near-ultraviolet filters, supporting the interpretation that the visible emissions are predominantly due to molecular SO2. Detailed comparisons of laboratory SO2 spectra with the Cassini observations indicate that a mixture of gases contribute to the equatorial emissions. Potassium is suggested by new detections of the equatorial glows at near-infrared wavelengths from 730 to 800 nm. Neutral atomic oxygen and sodium are required to explain the brightness of the glows at visible wavelengths. The molecule S-2 is postulated to emit most of the glow intensity in the wavelength interval from 390 to 500 nm. The locations of the visible emissions vary in response to the changing orientation of the external magnetic field, tracking the tangent points of the jovian magnetic field lines. Limb glows distinct from the equatorial emissions were observed at visible to near-infrared wavelengths from 500 to 850 nm, indicating that atomic O, Na, and K are distributed across to's surface. Stratification of the atmosphere is demonstrated by differences in the altitudes of emissions at various wavelengths: SO2 emissions are confined to a region close to Io's surface, whereas neutral oxygen emissions are seen at attitudes that reach up to 900 km, or half the radius of the satellite. Pre-egress brightening demonstrates that light scattered into Jupiter's shadow by gases or aerosols in the giant planet's upper atmosphere contaminates images of to taken within 13 minutes of entry into or emergence from Jupiter's umbra. Although partial atmospheric collapse is suggested by the longer timescale for post-ingress dimming than pre-egress brightening, to's atmosphere must be substantially supported by volcanism to retain auroral emissions throughout the duration of eclipse. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. SW Res Inst, Dept Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Geissler, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM pgeissler@usgs.gov NR 51 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2004 VL 172 IS 1 BP 127 EP 140 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.008 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 869HK UT WOS:000224973800010 ER PT J AU Bellucci, G D'Aversa, E Formisano, V Cruikshank, D Nelson, RM Clark, RN Baines, KH Matson, D Brown, RH McCord, TB Buratti, BJ Nicholson, PD AF Bellucci, G D'Aversa, E Formisano, V Cruikshank, D Nelson, RM Clark, RN Baines, KH Matson, D Brown, RH McCord, TB Buratti, BJ Nicholson, PD CA Cassini VIMS Team TI Cassini/VIMS observation of an Io post-eclipse brightening event SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Io; atmosphere; infrared observations; satellites of Jupiter ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ALBEDO CHANGES; SEARCH; LO; CONDENSATION; ATMOSPHERE; NIGHTSIDE; JUPITER; VIMS AB During the Cassini-Jupiter flyby, VIMS observed Io at different phase angles, both in full sunlight and in eclipse. By using the sunlight measurements, we were able to produce phase curves in the visual through all the near infrared wavelengths covered by the VIMS instrument (0.85-5.1 mum). The phase angle spanned from similar to2degrees to similar to120degrees. The measurements, done just after To emerged from Jupiter's shadow, show an increase of about 15% in Io's reflectance with respect to what would be predicted by the phase curve. This behavior is observed at wavelengths > 1.2 mum. Moreover, just after emergence from eclipse an increase of about 25% is observed in the depth of SO2 frost bands at 4.07 and 4.35 mum. At 0.879 < lambda < 1.04 mum the brightening is 10-24%. Below lambda = 0.879 mum the brightening, if present, should be less than the precision of our measurements (similar to5%). Apparently, these observations are not explained neither by a diverse spatial distribution of SO2 on the Io' surface nor by atmospheric SO2 condensation on the surface during the eclipse. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 INAF, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-00133 Rome, Italy. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80025 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Bellucci, G (reprint author), INAF, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Via Fosso Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy. EM giancarlo.bellucci@ifsi.rm.cnr.it OI Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679; D'Aversa, Emiliano/0000-0002-5842-5867 NR 36 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2004 VL 172 IS 1 BP 141 EP 148 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.05.012 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 869HK UT WOS:000224973800011 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA Piatt, JF Abookire, AA Robards, MD AF Litzow, MA Piatt, JF Abookire, AA Robards, MD TI Energy density and variability in abundance of pigeon guillemot prey: support for the quality-variability trade-off hypothesis SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE foraging; patchiness; resource heterogeneity; resource quality; risk sensitivity ID SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; CEPPHUS-COLUMBA; FORAGE FISHES; ECOLOGY; FOOD; COMPETITION; SEABIRD; DISTRIBUTIONS; INVERTEBRATES; STRATEGIES AB 1. The quality-variability trade-off hypothesis predicts that (i) energy density (kJ g(-1)) and spatial-temporal variability in abundance are positively correlated in nearshore marine fishes; and (ii) prey selection by a nearshore piscivore, the pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba Pallas), is negatively affected by variability in abundance. 2. We tested these predictions with data from a 4-year study that measured fish abundance with beach seines and pigeon guillemot prey utilization with visual identification of chick meals. 3. The first prediction was supported. Pearson's correlation showed that fishes with higher energy density were more variable on seasonal (r = 0.71) and annual (r = 0.66) time scales. Higher energy density fishes were also more abundant overall (r = 0.85) and more patchy at a scale of 10s of km (r = 0.77). 4. Prey utilization by pigeon guillemots was strongly non-random. Relative preference, defined as the difference between log-ratio transformed proportions of individual prey taxa in chick diets and beach seine catches, was significantly different from zero for seven of the eight main prey categories. 5. The second prediction was also supported. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to summarize variability in correlated prey characteristics (energy density, availability and variability in abundance). Two PCA scores explained 32% of observed variability in pigeon guillemot prey utilization. Seasonal variability in abundance was negatively weighted by these PCA scores, providing evidence of risk-averse selection. Prey availability, energy density and km-scale variability in abundance were positively weighted. 6. Trophic interactions are known to create variability in resource distribution in other systems. We propose that links between resource quality and the strength of trophic interactions may produce resource quality-variability trade-offs. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Litzow, MA (reprint author), Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, 301 Res Ct, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM mike_litzow@yahoo.com NR 46 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8790 EI 1365-2656 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 73 IS 6 BP 1149 EP 1156 DI 10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00890.x PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 866ZW UT WOS:000224812900014 ER PT J AU Tieszen, LL Tappan, GG Toure, A AF Tieszen, LL Tappan, GG Toure, A TI Sequestration of Carbon in Soil Organic Matter in Senegal: an overview SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; LAND-USE; RAINFALL VARIABILITY; AFRICA; DESERTIFICATION; TURNOVER; FOREST; DESERT; COVER; SAHEL AB Sequestration of Carbon in Soil Organic Matter (SOCSOM) in Senegal is a multi-disciplinary development project planned and refined through two international workshops. The project was implemented by integrating a core of international experts in remote sensing, biogeochemical modeling, community socio-economic assessments, and carbon measurements in a fully collaborative manner with Senegal organizations, national scientists, and local knowledge and expertise. The study addresses the potential role developing countries in semi-arid areas can play in climate mitigation activities. Multiple benefits to smallholders could accrue as a result of management practices to re-establish soil carbon content lost because of land use changes or management practices that are not sustainable. The specific importance for the Sahel is because of the high vulnerability to climate change in already impoverished rural societies. The project focuses on four objectives in specific locations across the agroecological zones of Senegal. These objectives are: use of soil sampling and biogeochemical modeling to quantify the biophysical potential for carbon sequestration and to determine the sensitivity of the carbon stocks to various management and climate scenarios, to evaluate the socio-economic and cultural requirements necessary for successful project implementation directed toward an aggregation of smallholders to sequester around 100,000 t carbon (C), to support capacity building to develop a Carbon Specialist Team, and to initiate extrapolation from site-specific project areas to the Sahel region and the national level. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. USGS, EROS Data Ctr, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Ctr Suivi Ecol, Dakar, Senegal. RP Tieszen, LL (reprint author), USGS, EROS Data Ctr, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM tieszen@usgs.gov RI El Husny, Chafic/G-5410-2012 NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 409 EP 425 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.04.002 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854ND UT WOS:000223909700001 ER PT J AU Tappan, GG Sall, M Wood, EC Cushing, M AF Tappan, GG Sall, M Wood, EC Cushing, M TI Ecoregions and land cover trends in Senegal SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE desertification; land use change; land cover change; environmental monitoring; remote sensing; natural resources; Senegal; Sahel ID CARBON SEQUESTRATION; UNITED-STATES; FOREST; CORONA AB This study examines long-term changes in Senegal's natural resources. We monitor and quantify land use and land cover changes occurring across Senegal using nearly 40 years of satellite imagery, aerial surveys, and fieldwork. We stratify Senegal into ecological regions and present land use and land cover trends for each region, followed by a national summary. Results aggregated to the national level show moderate change, with a modest decrease in savannas from 74 to 70 percent from 1965 to 2000, and an expansion of cropland from 17 to 21 percent. However, at the ecoregion scale, we observed rapid change in some and relative stability in others. One particular concern is the decline in Senegal's biodiverse forests. However, in the year 2000, Senegal's savannas, woodlands, and forests still cover more than two-thirds of the country, and the rate of agricultural expansion has slowed. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USGS, SAIC, EROS Date Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Ctr Suivi Ecol, Dakar, Senegal. RP Tappan, GG (reprint author), USGS, SAIC, EROS Date Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM tappan@usgs.gov OI Cushing, Wm Matthew/0000-0001-5209-6006 NR 38 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 20 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 427 EP 462 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.018 PG 36 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854ND UT WOS:000223909700002 ER PT J AU Li, J Lewis, J Rowland, J Tappan, G Tieszen, LL AF Li, J Lewis, J Rowland, J Tappan, G Tieszen, LL TI Evaluation of land performance in Senegal using multi-temporal NDVI and rainfall series SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE land cover performance; NDVI; rainfall; Senegal; correlation analysis; vegetation change; productivity ID DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; GREAT-PLAINS; DEGRADATION; IMAGERY; GRASSLANDS; CLIMATE AB Time series of rainfall data and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to evaluate land cover performance in Senegal, Africa, for the period 1982-1997, including analysis of woodland/forest, agriculture, savanna, and steppe land cover types. A strong relationship exists between annual rainfall and season-integrated NDVI for all of Senegal (r = 0.74 to 0.90). For agriculture, savanna, and steppe areas, high positive correlations portray 'normal' land cover performance in relation to the rainfall/NDVI association. Regions of low correlation might indicate areas impacted by human influence. However, in the woodland/forest area, a negative or low correlation (with high NDVI) may reflect 'normal' land cover performance, due in part to the saturation effect of the rainfall/NDVI association. The analysis identified three areas of poor performance, where degradation has occurred over many years. Use of the 'Standard Error of the Estimate' provided essential information for detecting spatial anomalies associated with land degradation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. USGS, EROS Data Ctr, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), Cancada Ctr Remote Sensing, 588 Booth St,Room 413, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y7, Canada. EM Junhua.Li@CCRS.NRCan.gc.ca NR 36 TC 50 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 463 EP 480 DI 10.1016/j.jardinev.2004.03.019 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854ND UT WOS:000223909700003 ER PT J AU Budde, ME Tappan, G Rowland, J Lewis, J Tieszen, LL AF Budde, ME Tappan, G Rowland, J Lewis, J Tieszen, LL TI Assessing land cover performance in Senegal, West Africa using 1-km integrated NDVI and local variance analysis SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE land degradation; NDVI; sahel; remote sensing; Senegal; vegetation; natural resource management ID IMAGERY; SAHEL; RAINFALL AB The researchers calculated seasonal integrated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for each of 7 years using a time-series of 1-km data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) (1992-93, 1995) and SPOT Vegetation (1998-2001) sensors. We used a local variance technique to identify each pixel as normal or either positively or negatively anomalous when compared to its surroundings. We then summarized the number of years that a given pixel was identified as an anomaly. The resulting anomaly maps were analysed using Landsat TM imagery and extensive ground knowledge to assess the results. This technique identified anomalies that can be linked to numerous anthropogenic impacts including agricultural and urban expansion, maintenance of protected areas and increased fallow. Local variance analysis is a reliable method for assessing vegetation degradation resulting from human pressures or increased land productivity from natural resource management practices. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USGS, EROS Data Ctr, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. RP Budde, ME (reprint author), USGS, EROS Data Ctr, SAIC, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM mbudde@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 481 EP 498 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.020 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854ND UT WOS:000223909700004 ER PT J AU Tschakert, P Tappan, G AF Tschakert, P Tappan, G TI The social context of carbon sequestration: considerations from a multi-scale environmental history of the Old Peanut Basin of Senegal SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE environmental change; soil fertility management; remote sensing; carbon sequestration; rural livelihoods; Senegal ID RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; LANDSCAPE CHANGE; DYNAMICS; LAND; ECOSYSTEMS; ECOLOGY; AFRICA; MEXICO AB This paper presents the results of a multi-scale investigation of environmental change in the Old Peanut Basin of Senegal throughout the 20th century. Based on historical accounts, ethnographies, aerial photos, satellite images, field and household surveys as well as various participatory research activities with farmers in selected villages, the study attempts to make explicit layered scales of analysis, both temporally and spatially. It shows that, despite some general trends of resource degradation in the Old Peanut Basin, local farming systems have embarked on different pathways of change to adapt to their evolving environment. It also illustrates that high diversity with respect to soil fertility management exists at the farm and household level. Finally, the paper proposes a farmer-oriented approach to carbon sequestration in order to integrate recommended technical options more efficiently into the complex and dynamic livelihoods of smallholders in dryland environments. This approach includes pathway-specific land use and management options at the level of farming systems and, at the level of individual households, a basket of possible practices from which farmers can choose depending on their multiple needs, capacities, and adaptive strategies to cope with risk and uncertainty. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Arid Lands Resource Sci, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. USGS, SAIC, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Tschakert, P (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Arid Lands Resource Sci, 1955 E 6th St, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM petra.tschakert@mail.mcgill.ca NR 67 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 535 EP 564 DI 10.1016/j.jardinev.2004.03.021 PG 30 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854ND UT WOS:000223909700007 ER PT J AU Wood, EC Tappan, GG Hadj, A AF Wood, EC Tappan, GG Hadj, A TI Understanding the drivers of agricultural land use change in south-central Senegal SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article ID SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION; AFRICA; CARBON; SAVANNAS; ECUADOR; FLUXES; SAHEL AB Described is (1) the land use and land cover changes that have taken place in the Department of Velingara, an area of tropical dry woodland in south-central Senegal, (2) the biophysical and socio-economic drivers of those changes with an emphasis on transition to agricultural use, and (3) an assessment of the likelihood of intensification of agriculture in the Department. Results indicate that land devoted to agriculture, either in active cultivation or short-term fallow, is increasing. There is little evidence of agricultural intensification in most of Velingara, with extensification coming largely at the cost of reduction in both upland woodlands and riparian forest. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, SAIC, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Ctr Int Echanges Dev, Dakar, Senegal. RP Wood, EC (reprint author), USGS, SAIC, EROS Data Ctr, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM woodec@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 565 EP 582 DI 10.1016/j.jardinev.2004.03.022 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854ND UT WOS:000223909700008 ER PT J AU Liu, S Kaire, M Wood, E Diallo, O Tieszen, LL AF Liu, S Kaire, M Wood, E Diallo, O Tieszen, LL TI Impacts of land use and climate change on carbon dynamics in south-central Senegal SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE carbon cycle; carbon sequestration; sustainable development; data-model fusion; biogeochemistry; fuelwood production ID SEMI-PERMANENT CULTIVATION; SOIL CARBON; PHOSPHORUS ALLOCATION; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY MODELS; AMAZONIAN ECOSYSTEMS; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; ANALYSIS PROJECT; BIOTIC CONTROLS; ORGANIC-MATTER AB Total carbon stock in vegetation and soils was reduced 37% in south-central Senegal from 1900 to 2000. The decreasing trend will continue during the 21st century unless forest clearing is stopped, selective logging dramatically reduced, and climate change, if any, relatively small. Developing a sustainable fuelwood and charcoal production system could be the most feasible and significant carbon sequestration project in the region. If future climate changes dramatically as some models have predicted, cropland productivity will drop more than 65% around 2100, posing a serious threat to food security and the efficiency of carbon sequestration projects. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, SAIC, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Senegalese Inst Agr Res, Dakar, Senegal. Ctr Suivi Ecol, Dakar, Senegal. RP Liu, S (reprint author), USGS, SAIC, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM sliu@usgs.gov RI El Husny, Chafic/G-5410-2012 NR 52 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 583 EP 604 DI 10.1016/j.jardinev.2004.03.023 PG 22 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854ND UT WOS:000223909700009 ER PT J AU Parton, W Tappan, G Ojima, D Tschakert, P AF Parton, W Tappan, G Ojima, D Tschakert, P TI Ecological impact of historical and future land-use patterns in Senegal SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE soil carbon; ecosystem models; total system carbon; land-use change; forest carbon ID SOIL ORGANIC-CARBON; SEMI-PERMANENT CULTIVATION; PHOSPHORUS ALLOCATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NITROGEN; MODEL; AGROECOSYSTEMS; AFRICA; SIMULATION; COMPONENT AB The CENTURY model was used to simulate changes in total system carbon resulting from land-use history (1850-2000), and impacts of climatic changes and improved land-use management practices in Senegal. Results show that 0.477 Gtons of carbon have been lost from 1850 to 2000. Improved management practices have the potential of increasing carbon levels by 0.116 Gtons from 2000 to 2100. Potential to store carbon exists for improved forest management and agriculture practices in southern Senegal. Potential climatic changes decrease plant production (30 percent), total system carbon (14 percent), and the potential to store carbon from improved management practices (31 percent). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USGS, SAIC, EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Univ Arizona, Arid Lands Resource Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Parton, W (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM billp@nrel.colostate.edu RI Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 NR 40 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 605 EP 623 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.024 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854ND UT WOS:000223909700010 ER PT J AU Woomer, PL Tieszen, LL Tappan, G Toure, A Sall, M AF Woomer, PL Tieszen, LL Tappan, G Toure, A Sall, M TI Land use change and terrestrial carbon stocks in Senegal SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Africa; carbon sequestration; deforestation; land degradation; Sahel; Sudanian savanna; soil organic carbon ID SEMI-PERMANENT CULTIVATION; PHOSPHORUS ALLOCATION; UNITED-STATES; COVER CHANGES; AFRICA; AGROECOSYSTEMS; COMPONENT; NITROGEN; MODEL AB Environmental degradation resulting from long-term drought and land use change has affected terrestrial carbon (C) stocks within Africa's Sahel. We estimated Senegal's terrestrial carbon stocks in 1965, 1985, and 2000 using an inventory procedure involving satellite images revealing historical land use change, and recent field measurements of standing carbon stocks occurring in soil and plants. Senegal was divided into eight ecological zones containing 11 land uses. In 2000, savannas, cultivated lands, forests, and steppes were the four largest land uses in Senegal, occupying 70, 22, 2.7, and 2.3 percent of Senegal's 199,823 km(2). System C stocks ranged from 9 t C ha(-1) in degraded savannas in the north, to 113 t C ha(-1) in the remnant forests of the Senegal River Valley. This approach resulted in estimated total C stocks of 1019 and 727 MTC between 1965 and 2000, respectively, indicating a loss of 292 MTC over 35 years. The proportion of C residing in biomass decreased with time, from 55 percent in 1965 to 38 percent in 2000. Calculated terrestrial C flux for 1993 was -7.5 MTC year(-1) and had declined by 17 percent over the previous 18 years. Most of the terrestrial C flux in 1993 was attributed to biomass C reduction. Human disturbance accounted for only 22 percent of biomass C loss in 1993, suggesting that the effects of long-term Sahelian drought continue to play an overriding role in ecosystem change. Some carbon mitigation strategies for Senegal were investigated, including potential C sequestration levels. Opportunities for C mitigation exist but are constrained by available knowledge and access to resources. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Village Market, SACRED Africa, Nairobi 00621, Kenya. USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Ctr Suivi Ecol, Dakar, Senegal. RP Woomer, PL (reprint author), Village Market, SACRED Africa, POB 79, Nairobi 00621, Kenya. EM plwoomer@africaonline.co.ke RI El Husny, Chafic/G-5410-2012 NR 41 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 625 EP 642 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.025 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854ND UT WOS:000223909700011 ER PT J AU Tranah, G Campton, DE May, B AF Tranah, G Campton, DE May, B TI Genetic evidence for hybridization of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID SCAPHIRHYNCHUS-ALBUS; INTROGRESSION; PLATORYNCHUS; SEQUENCES; ACIPENSER; MISSOURI; FISHES AB To determine the genetic origin of individual sturgeon that are morphologically intermediate to pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) and shovelnose (Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus) sturgeon, we combined previously published mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite data with additional microsatellite data. Two sympatric populations of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon from the upper Missouri River and a sympatric population containing pallid, shovelnose, and putative pallid-shovelnose hybrids from the Atchafalaya River were analyzed using an index of hybridization and a principle components analysis of individual relatedness scores. The addition of new microsatellite data improved our ability to genetically differentiate individual pallid and shovelnose sturgeon collected in both areas. Our methods distinguished morphologically intermediate Atchafalaya River sturgeon, which appear to be genetically intermediate between pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. The results support a hybrid origin for morphologically intermediate individuals, although it is unclear whether they are all first-generation hybrids or if some are the result of subsequent backcrossing with the more common shovelnose sturgeon. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP May, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM bpmay@ucdavis.edu OI Goforth, Reuben/0000-0001-6891-3146 NR 34 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 95 IS 6 BP 474 EP 480 DI 10.1093/jhered/esh077 PG 7 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 862HV UT WOS:000224482500002 PM 15475392 ER PT J AU Mishra, A Ray, C Kolpin, DW AF Mishra, A Ray, C Kolpin, DW TI Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE neural networks; pesticides; nitrates; wells; contamination; agricultural wastes; Illinois ID NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS AB A neural network analysis of agrichemical occurrence in groundwater was conducted using data from a pilot study of 192 small-diameter drilled and driven wells and 115 dug and bored wells in Illinois, a regional reconnaissance network of 303 wells across 12 Midwestern states, and a study of 687 domestic wells across Iowa. Potential factors contributing to well contamination (e.g., depth to aquifer material, well depth, and distance to cropland) were investigated. These contributing factors were available in either numeric (actual or categorical) or descriptive (yes or no) format. A method was devised to use the numeric and descriptive values simultaneously. Training of the network was conducted using a standard backpropagation algorithm. Approximately 15% of the data was used for testing. Analysis indicated that training error was quite low for most data. Testing results indicated that it was possible to predict the contamination potential of a well with pesticides. However, predicting the actual level of contamination was more difficult. For pesticide occurrence in drilled and driven wells, the network predictions were good. The performance of the network was poorer for predicting nitrate occurrence in dug and bored wells. Although the data set for Iowa was large, the prediction ability of the trained network was poor, due to descriptive or categorical input parameters, compared with smaller data sets such as that for Illinois, which contained more numeric information. C1 Indira Gandhi Inst Technol, Orissa, India. Univ Hawaii, Civil & Environm Engn Dept, Honolulu, HI USA. Univ Hawaii, Water Resources Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RP Ray, C (reprint author), Indira Gandhi Inst Technol, Orissa, India. EM cray@hawaii.edu NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 9 IS 6 BP 502 EP 511 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 866LB UT WOS:000224773900006 ER EF