FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Thompson, BC Hughes, MA Anderson, MC AF Thompson, BC Hughes, MA Anderson, MC TI Effects of including non-breeding bird species on predicted bird distributions for conservation planning in New Mexico SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; birds; gap analysis; GIS; habitat association; habitat relationships; migrant birds; model comparison; New Mexico; species richness ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; HABITAT; COMMUNITIES; POPULATION; GRASSLAND; PATTERNS; RICHNESS; WINTER; WETLANDS; DYNAMICS AB There has been uncertainty in the national gap analysis program about including non-breeding birds in distribution models because of concerns that distributions of migrant and winter birds are difficult to predict and are not necessary to assess biodiversity patterns. New Mexico gap analysis included migrant and non-breeding birds assuming that distributions could be predicted using habitat associations, and that excluding non-breeding bird habitat from avian richness projections potentially underestimates community types important to birds. We compared biodiversity estimates including non-breeding birds (inclusive estimate-324 species) to estimates including only breeding birds (breeding bird estimate-257 species) in terms of estimated patterns of species richness. Inclusive and breeding bird richness estimates agreed about general locations of some species-rich areas and the most species-poor areas in the state, but were less comparable for intermediate al:eas of bird occurrence. We found < 50% agreement between the two estimates about areas with highest species richness. When non-breeding birds were included, over 2,000,000 ha of short grass steppe shifted to a higher richness category and another 11,600 ha moved into the highest richness category. Graminoid wetlands, playa lakes, and waters in eastern New Mexico also showed elevated richness levels in the inclusive estimate. Our analyses indicate that only assessing breeding distribution does not reliably predict relative importance of areas used by birds throughout New Mexico and should not be used exclusively to identify potential gaps in conservation for land-use evaluation and planning. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Fishery & Wildlife Sci Dept, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Thompson, BC (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 30003 MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 78 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 100 IS 2 BP 229 EP 242 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00026-X PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 445WK UT WOS:000169481400008 ER PT J AU Foster, EP Fitzpatrick, MS Feist, GW Schreck, CB Yates, J AF Foster, EP Fitzpatrick, MS Feist, GW Schreck, CB Yates, J TI Gonad organochlorine concentrations and plasma steroid levels in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) from the Columbia River, USA SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; ENVIRONMENT; PROFILES; FISH C1 Oregon Dept Environm Qual, Water Qual Div, Portland, OR 97204 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon Dept Environm Qual, Lab Div, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Foster, EP (reprint author), Oregon Dept Environm Qual, Water Qual Div, 811 SW 6th Ave, Portland, OR 97204 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 67 IS 2 BP 239 EP 245 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 451ZJ UT WOS:000169832400012 PM 11429682 ER PT J AU Boatwright, J Thywissen, K Seekins, LC AF Boatwright, J Thywissen, K Seekins, LC TI Correlation of ground motion and intensity for the 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ACCELERATION; PARAMETERS; AMERICA AB We analyze the correlations between intensity and a set of ground-motion parameters obtained from 66 free-field stations in Los Angeles County that recorded the 1994 Northridge earthquake. We use the tagging intensities from Thy-wissen and Boatwright (1998) because these intensities are determined independently on census tracts. rather than interpolated from zip codes, as are the modified Mercalli isoseismals from Dewey et al. (1995). The ground-motion parameters we consider are the peak ground acceleration (PGA), the peak ground velocity (PGV), the 5%-, damped pseudovelocity response spectral (PSV) ordinates at 14 periods from 0. 1 to 7.5 sec, and the rms average of these spectral ordinates from 0.3 to 3 see. Visual comparisons of the distribution of tagging intensity with contours of PGA, PGV, and the average PSV suggest that PGV and the average PSV are better correlated with the intensity than PGA. The correlation coefficients between the intensity and the ground-motion parameters bear this out: r = 0.75 for PGA, 0.85 for PGV, and 0.85 for the average PSV. Correlations between the intensity and the PSV ordinates, as a function of period, are strongest at 1.5 sec (r = 0.83) and weakest at 0.2 sec (r = 0.66). Regressing the intensity on the logarithms of these ground-motion parameters yields relations I infinity mlog theta with 3.0 less than or equal to m less than or equal to 5.2 for the parameters analyzed, where m = 4.4 +/- 0.7 for PGA, 3.4 +/- 0.4 for PGV. and 3.6 +/- 0.5 for the average PSV. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Swiss Re Amer, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. RP Boatwright, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 29 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 91 IS 4 BP 739 EP 752 DI 10.1785/0119990049 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 466PT UT WOS:000170654500009 ER PT J AU Dusel-Bacon, C Murphy, JM AF Dusel-Bacon, C Murphy, JM TI Apatite fission-track evidence of widespread Eocene heating and exhumation in the Yukon-Tanana Upland, interior Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EAST-CENTRAL ALASKA; CRUSTAL TRANSECT TACT; TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS; THERMAL HISTORY; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; LENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS; BASEMENT APATITES; VICTORIA-LAND; EVOLUTION; TERRANE AB We present an apatite fission-track (AFT) study of five plutonic rocks and seven metamorphic rocks across 310 km of the Yukon-Tanana Upland in east-central Alaska. Samples yielding similar to 40 Ma AFT ages and mean confined track lengths > 14 mum with low standard deviations cooled rapidly from > 120 degreesC to < 50 degreesC during a 3-5 Ma period, beginning at about 40 Ma. Data from samples yielding AFT ages > 40 Ma suggest partial annealing and, therefore, lower maximum temperatures (similar to 90-105 degreesC). A few samples with single-grain ages of similar to 20 Ma apparently remained above similar to 50 degreesC after initial cooling. Although the present geothermal gradient in the western Yukon-Tanana Upland is similar to 32 degreesC/km, it could have been as high as 45 degreesC/km during a widespread Eocene intraplate magmatic episode. Prior to rapid exhumation, samples with similar to 40 Ma AFT ages were >3.8-2.7 km deep and samples with > 50 Ma AFT ages were >3.3-2.0 km deep. We calculate a 440-320 m/Ma minimum rate for exhumation of all samples during rapid cooling. Our AFT data, and data from rocks north of Fairbanks and from the Eielson deep test hole, indicate up to 3 km of post-40 Ma vertical displacement along known and inferred northeast-trending high-angle faults. The predominance of 40-50 Ma AFT ages throughout the Yukon-Tanana Upland indicates that, prior to the post-40 Ma relative uplift along some northeast-trending faults, rapid regional cooling and exhumation closely followed the Eocene extensional magmatism. We propose that Eocene magmatism and exhumation were somehow related to plate movements that produced regional-scale oroclinal rotation, northward translation of outboard terranes, major dextral strike-slip faulting, and subduction of an oceanic spreading ridge along the southern margin of Alaska. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Dusel-Bacon, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 901,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cdusel@usgs.gov NR 70 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 38 IS 8 BP 1191 EP 1204 DI 10.1139/e01-015 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 469JW UT WOS:000170811600005 ER PT J AU Leonard, JBK McCormick, SD AF Leonard, JBK McCormick, SD TI Metabolic enzyme activity during smolting in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; COHO SALMON; NA+,K+-ATPASE ACTIVITY; LIPID-METABOLISM; SMOLTIFICATION; PARR; WILD; TRANSFORMATION; PERFORMANCE; SEAWATER AB To evaluate the metabolic differences between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and smolts and the effect of rearing environment, we examined metabolic enzyme activity in white muscle, liver, and heart in stream- and hatchery-reared juveniles. Spring increases in gill Na+,K+-ATPase (3.5-fold) and cardiosomatic index (37-69%) and decreases in condition factor (similar to 17%) occurred in smolts, but not in parr. White muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) increased during spring and was 3.6-fold higher in smolts than in parr by late spring. There were seasonal increases in liver citrate synthase (CS) (similar to 42%), liver beta- hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD) (similar to 60%), and heart CS (similar to 23%) and decreases in liver lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (similar to 28%) in parr and smolts. Activity of liver HOAD was greater in stream-reared smolts (similar to 18%) than in parr or hatchery smolts. Heart PFK activity increased during spring in wild-reared parr and smolts, while it decreased in hatchery-reared smolts. White muscle LDH and PFK increased earlier in spring in hatchery- than in stream-reared smolts. Our results suggest that increased heart size and high white muscle PFK occur during smolting and may be adaptive for downstream and ocean migration. Hatchery- and stream-reared Atlantic salmon differ in the timing of metabolic changes during smolting, which may impact their long-term survival. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Geol Survey, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Leonard, JBK (reprint author), No Michigan Univ, Dept Biol, 1401 Presque Isle Ave, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 58 IS 8 BP 1585 EP 1593 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-8-1585 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 458PQ UT WOS:000170204100007 ER PT J AU Basciano, LC Groat, LA Roberts, AC Grice, JD Dunning, GE Foord, EE Kjarsgaard, IM Walstrom, RE AF Basciano, LC Groat, LA Roberts, AC Grice, JD Dunning, GE Foord, EE Kjarsgaard, IM Walstrom, RE TI Kampfite, a new barium silicate carbonate mineral species from Fresno County, California SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE kampfite; new mineral species; barium chloride silicate carbonate hydrate; X-ray data; electron-microprobe data; Big Creek; Rush Creek; Fresno County; California AB Kampfite, ideally Ba-6[(Si,Al)O-2](8)(CO3)(2)Cl-2(CI,H2O)(2), is a newly identified mineral species found in barium-silicate-rich deposits at Big Creek and Rush Creek, Fresno County, California. It forms irregular masses up to 10 mm in size enclosed in quartz-rich portions of the sanbornite-bearing rock. It is light blue-grey, with one perfect cleavage on {001}. Other physical properties are: brittle, translucent, nonfluorescent, vitreous luster, white streak, hardness 3, uneven fracture. Kampfite is uniaxial negative, omega 1.642(2), epsilon 1.594(2), nonpleochroic. It is hexagonal, with unit-cell parameters refined from powder data: a 5.244(2), c 29.83(1) Angstrom, V 710.5(4) Angstrom (3), and Z = 1. The strongest seven lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Angstrom (I)(hkl)] are: 14.67(100)(002),3.883(100)(104),3.357(50)(106), 2.988(60)(00 (1) over bar(0) over bar), 2.887(50)(108),2.616(70)(110), and 1.969(50)(11 (1) over bar(0) over bar). Precession photographs show that possible space-groups are P6(3)/mmc, P (6) over bar 2c, P6(3)mc, P (3) over bar (1)c and P3(1)c. The empirical formula of kampfite (based on the average of three electron-microprobe analyses, normalized on 26 anions) is: (Ba5.83Na0.04Ca0.02)Sigma (5.89) [(Si5.18Al2.36)(Sigma7.54)O-15.08](CO3)(2)Cl-2[(H2O)Cl-0.45]Sigma1.45. The calculated density is 3.51 g/cm(3). All crystals studied contain inclusions or are multiple. Thus, it was not possible to unambiguously determine the correct space-group or precise details of the structure. However, the preliminary results show that the structure is based on double layers of tetrahedra, [T4O8](infinity), consisting of six-membered rings, with three layers of Ba polyhedra connecting the layers of tetrahedra. Kampfite is part of the monteregianite-(Y) - wickenburgite series (Strunz classification) and is structurally and chemically similar to cymrite. The mineral name honors Anthony R. Kampf, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, for his many significant contributions to the study of new and rare minerals. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. Canadian Museum Nat, Div Res, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. RP Basciano, LC (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 BP 1053 EP 1058 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.39.4.1053 PN 4 PG 6 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 487DM UT WOS:000171858400007 ER PT J AU Lager, GA Swayze, GA Loong, CK Rotella, FJ Richardson, JW Stoffregen, RE AF Lager, GA Swayze, GA Loong, CK Rotella, FJ Richardson, JW Stoffregen, RE TI Neutron spectroscopic study of synthetic alunite and oxonium-substituted alunite SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE alunite; inelastic neutron scattering; crystal structure; oxonium ion ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; DIFFRACTION; DECOMPOSITION; REFINEMENT; MINERALS; SULFATE AB Synthetic, polycrystalline samples of alunite [K(0.88)(H(3)O)(0.12)Al(2.64)(SO(4))(2)(OH)(4.92)(H(2)O)(1.08)] and oxonium-substituted alunite [H(3)OAl(2.87)(SO(4))(2)(OH)(5.61)(H(2)O)(0.39)] have been investigated using incoherent, inelastic neutron-scattering (IINS) methods in order to determine the nature of the non-OH "H(2)O". IINS measurements were made on non-deuterated samples at 20 K using the HRMECS chopper spectrometer with 250 and 600 meV incident energies. Alunite and oxonium-substituted alunite exhibit Similar spectral features over the energy range of 120-550 meV, where assignments for local vibrations can be made based on the presence of OH and H(2)O groups. Salient differences in the intensities and positions of the observed low-energy vibrational bands reflect the effects of chemical substitution on the structural environment ofthe monovalent cation site and neighboring Al and OH sites in the framework. C1 Univ Louisville, Dept Geog & Geosci, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. AWK Consulting Engineers, Turtle Creek, PA 15145 USA. RP Lager, GA (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Dept Geog & Geosci, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. EM galager@louisville.edu NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 BP 1131 EP 1138 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.39.4.1131 PN 4 PG 8 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 487DM UT WOS:000171858400016 ER PT J AU Brigatti, MF Kile, DE Poppi, M AF Brigatti, MF Kile, DE Poppi, M TI Crystal structure and crystal chemistry of lithium-bearing muscovite-2M(1) SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE lithium; muscovite; crystal structure; crystal chemistry; octahedral occupancy ID PIKES PEAK BATHOLITH; STRUCTURE REFINEMENT; SOLID-SOLUTIONS; MICAS; PEGMATITES; PHLOGOPITE; EVOLUTION; LEPIDOLITE; COLORADO; SPACE AB Crystal-structure refinements were done on Li-bearing muscovite-2M(l) crystals from microgranite and granitic pegmatite rocks in order to characterize their crystal chemistry and their relationships with muscovite and trioctahedral lithium-containing micas. In addition to the substitution mechanism Li-[6](+) Al-[6](-1)3+ Al-[4](-2)3+ Si-[4](2)4+, Li-bearing muscovite shows additional substitutions, such as mechanism Li-[6](+) Fe-[6](2+) Al-[6](-1)3+ ([6])(square -1), indicating that the structure deviates from ideal dioctahedral character. Single-crystal X-ray-diffraction data were collected for five crystals in space group C2/c; the agreement factor, R-obs, varies between 0.033 and 0.042. The mean tetrahedral cation-oxygen atom distances range from 1.637 to 1.646 Angstrom and from 1.629 to 1.647 Angstrom for T1 and T2 sites, respectively. Variation in distances is associated with the Li+ / (Li+ + Al3+) ratio, octahedral M2 site expansion (9.30 less than or equal to volume(M2) less than or equal to 9.90 Angstrom (3)) and reduction in size of the M1 site. Moreover, as the Li+ / (Li+ + Al3+) ratio increases, the silicate ring becomes less distorted (5.9 less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 11.4 degrees), the basal oxygen-atom planes become less corrugated (0.147 less than or equal to Deltaz less than or equal to 0.232 Angstrom), and the interlayer separation narrows (3.337 less than or equal to interlayer separation less than or equal to 3.422 Angstrom). C1 Univ Modena, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-41100 Modena, Italy. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Brigatti, MF (reprint author), Univ Modena, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Via S Eufemia 19, I-41100 Modena, Italy. RI Brigatti, Maria Franca/L-9792-2015 OI Brigatti, Maria Franca/0000-0002-7526-9931 NR 43 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 BP 1171 EP 1180 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.39.4.1171 PN 4 PG 10 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 487DM UT WOS:000171858400021 ER PT J AU Melton, CM Zaunbrecher, GM Yoshizaki, G Patino, R Whisnant, S Rendon, A Lee, VH AF Melton, CM Zaunbrecher, GM Yoshizaki, G Patino, R Whisnant, S Rendon, A Lee, VH TI Expression of connexin 43 mRNA and protein in developing follicles of prepubertal porcine ovaries SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE follicular development; connexin 43; ovary; gap junctions; granulosa cells; prepubertal ovarian development; porcine ovary ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; OOCYTE MATURATIONAL COMPETENCE; EARLY FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT; GAP JUNCTIONAL PROTEINS; PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; ATLANTIC CROAKER; BOVINE OVARY; RAT; GROWTH AB A major form of cell-cell communication is mediated by gap junctions, aggregations of intercellular channels composed of connexins (Cxs), which are responsible for exchange of low molecular weight ( < 1200 Da) cytosolic materials. These channels are a growing family of related proteins. This study was designed to determine the ontogeny of connexin 43 (Cx43) during early stages of follicular development in prepubertal porcine ovaries. A partial-length (412 base) cDNA clone was obtained from mature porcine ovaries and determined to have 98% identity with published porcine Cx43. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a 4.3-kb mRNA in total RNA isolated from prepubertal and adult porcine ovaries. In-situ hybridization revealed that Cx43 mRNA was detectable in granulosa cells of primary follicles but undetectable in dormant primordial follicles. The intensity of the signal increased with follicular growth and was greatest in the large antral follicles. Immunohistochemical evaluation indicated that Cx43 protein expression correlated with the presence of Cx43 mRNA. These results indicate that substantial amounts of Cx43 are first expressed in granulosa cells following activation of follicular development and that this expression increases throughout follicular growth and maturation. These findings suggest an association between the enhancement of intercellular gap-junctional communication and onset of follicular growth. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Lubbock, TX 79406 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Tokyo Univ Fisheries, Dept Aquat Biosci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Biochem, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. RP Lee, VH (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Lubbock, TX 79406 USA. RI YOSHIZAKI, Goro/O-1937-2014 NR 46 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1 BP 43 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00403-1 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 457RH UT WOS:000170150200005 PM 11470443 ER PT J AU Ballard, G Ainley, DG Ribic, CA Barton, KR AF Ballard, G Ainley, DG Ribic, CA Barton, KR TI Effect of instrument attachment and other factors on foraging trip duration and nesting success of Adelie Penguins SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE foraging; penguin; radio-transmitter; recorder; seabird; sea ice; weighbridge ID FAST SEA-ICE; PYGOSCELIS-ADELIAE; DIVING BEHAVIOR; CHINSTRAP PENGUINS; DEVICES; DEPTH; SEABIRDS; AREAS AB We compared foraging-trip duration of Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) carrying various combinations of radio-telemetry transmitters, implanted, passively interrogated transponder (PIT) tags, and time-depth recorders at two widely separated colonies of different size on Ross Island, Antarctica, during three austral summers. Trip duration was measured by electronic devices rather than human observation. Instrumentation had no significant effect on foraging trip duration. Most of the variation in foraging trip duration was attributed to individual and year. Males' trips were significantly shorter than females' in a subset of known-sex birds. No effect was evident in nesting success even for birds that wore instruments for >20 days. We recommend use of small, hydrodynamically designed and placed instruments to researchers who wish to collect data unaffected by instrument attachment. C1 HT Harvey & Associates, San Jose, CA 95118 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, USGS BRD, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Landcare Res New Zealand Ltd, Nelson, New Zealand. RP Ballard, G (reprint author), Point Reyes Bird Observ, 4990 Shoreline Highway, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA. NR 36 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 12 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 481 EP 490 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0481:EOIAAO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200006 ER PT J AU Howard, MN Skagen, SK Kennedy, PL AF Howard, MN Skagen, SK Kennedy, PL TI Does habitat fragmentation influence nest predation in the shortgrass prairie? SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE artificial nests; Conservation Reserve Program; habitat fragmentation; habitat structure; nest mortality; predation; shortgrass prairie ID ARTIFICIAL NESTS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; MAYFIELD METHOD; POWER ANALYSIS; SUCCESS; EDGE; LANDSCAPE; BIRDS; RATES; VEGETATION AB We examined the effects of habitat fragmentation and vegetation structure of shortgrass prairie and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands on predation rates of artificial and natural nests in northeastern Colorado. The CRP provides federal payments to landowners to take highly erodible cropland out of agricultural production. In our study area, CRP lands have been reseeded primarily with non-native grasses, and this vegetation is taller than native shortgrass prairie. We measured three indices of habitat fragmentation (patch size, degree of matrix fragmentation, and distance from edge), none of which influenced mortality rates of artificial or natural nests. Vegetation structure did influence predation rates of artificial nests; daily mortality decreased significantly with increasing vegetation height. Vegetation structure did not influence predation rates of natural nests. CR-P lands and shortgrass sites did not differ with respect to mortality rates of artificial nests. Our study area is only moderately fragmented; 62% of the study area is occupied by native grassland. We conclude that the extent of habitat fragmentation in our study area does not result in increased predation in remaining patches of shortgrass prairie habitat. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Skagen, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM susan_skagen@usgs.gov RI Kennedy, Patricia/I-4902-2015 OI Kennedy, Patricia/0000-0002-2090-1821 NR 41 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 530 EP 536 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0530:DHFINP]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200011 ER PT J AU Schueck, LS Marzluff, JM Steenhof, K AF Schueck, LS Marzluff, JM Steenhof, K TI Influence of military activities on raptor abundance and behavior SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE avian conservation; behavior; foraging; human disturbance; military training; raptors ID TOWNSEND GROUND-SQUIRRELS; SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO; PREY ABUNDANCE; RESPONSES; HABITAT; WEATHER; REPRODUCTION; SUCCESS; HAWKS; NOISE AB We investigated the influence of military training on the abundance and behavior of raptors at a military training area in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area in Idaho during the breeding seasons of 1991-1994. Rapier counts on military training ranges did not differ when we compared all training days to all non-training days. However, during one period of intensive military training in one breeding season, raptor counts were lower during training than on non-training days. During training, Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus) did not alter their behavior on training days. In years when prey numbers were low, falcons, hawks, and eagles perched and flew at low levels less often and flew at higher altitudes more often during training than they did when training did not occur. We observed fewer prey capture attempts on ranges on days with training than on days without training. Specific types of military training activity affected counts of raptors on ranges. The lowest raptor counts were associated with firing of artillery, small arms, and main turret guns or machine guns on tanks. Raptor counts associated with tank preparation (i.e., assembling and loading ammunition), driving, laser training, and convoy traffic were similar to non-training periods. C1 Greenfalk, Boise, ID 83709 USA. USGS, Forest Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Schueck, LS (reprint author), Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, 1910 Univ Dr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. RI Jenkins, Stephanie/F-5216-2011 NR 32 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 8 U2 23 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 606 EP 615 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0606:IOMAOR]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200020 ER PT J AU Maniscalco, JM Ostrand, WD Suryan, RM Irons, DB AF Maniscalco, JM Ostrand, WD Suryan, RM Irons, DB TI Passive interference competition by Glaucous-winged Gulls on Black-legged Kittiwakes: A cost of feeding in flocks SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Black-legged Kittiwake; Glaucous-winged Gall; multispecics feeding flocks; passive interference competition; Prince William Sound ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; FISH SCHOOLS; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; ROSEATE TERNS; SEABIRDS; ALASKA; MURRELETS; SELECTION; ECOLOGY; SUCCESS AB We analyzed data from two independent studies of foraging Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Our purpose was to determine if Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) hindered prey capture by kittiwakes. At tightly aggregated feeding flocks, gulls remained on the water directly over the prey and foraged by making brief hop-plunges or surface-seizes. Kittiwakes, in contrast, fed by diving from the air into open spots in the flock or around its periphery. Data from both studies indicated that kittiwakes made fewer feeding attempts in flocks that had greater numbers of gulls. However, kittiwake success rate per feeding attempt did not change as the number of gulls increased. Kittiwakes were more likely to avoid flocks that had a greater number of Glaucous-winged Gulls. Gulls successfully pirated less than 1% of fish captured by kittiwakes. Our findings suggest that passive interference may be costly for smaller birds that feed in multispecies feeding flocks. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Ostrand, WD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM william_ostrand@fws.gov NR 26 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 14 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 616 EP 619 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0616:PICBGW]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200021 ER PT J AU Schwarzbach, SE Henderson, JD Thomas, CM Albertson, JD AF Schwarzbach, SE Henderson, JD Thomas, CM Albertson, JD TI Organochlorine concentrations and eggshell thickness in failed eggs of the California Clapper Rail from south San Francisco Bay SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE California Clapper Rail; eggs; organochlorines; San Francisco Bay ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HATCHABILITY; BIRDS AB In 1992 we collected 22 failed California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) eggs from four tidal marshes of south San Francisco Bay for organochlorine analysis and determination of eggshell thickness. Mean eggshell thickness of these eggs (262 microns) was not statistically distinguishable from that of pre-1932 museum eggs (271 microns). Total PCB concentrations in eggs ranged from 0.65 to 5.01 mug g(-1) on an adjusted fresh wet weight basis, with a geometric mean concentration of 1.30 mug g(-1). DDE concentrations were extremely low at a geometric mean of 0.11 mug g(-1). Geometric mean concentrations of all other organochlorines detected were below 0.10 mug g(-1). The concentrations of all organochlorines except PCBs appear to have declined in California Clapper Rails since the mid 1980s. PCBs may still be high enough in some rail eggs to produce embryotoxic effects but additional work to quantify the more toxic PCB congeners in rail eggs is needed. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, SAcramento Fish & Wildlife Off, Environm Contaminants Div, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Newark, CA 94560 USA. RP Schwarzbach, SE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, SAcramento Fish & Wildlife Off, Environm Contaminants Div, 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 620 EP 624 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0620:OCAETI]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200022 ER PT J AU Adams, AAY Skagen, SK Adams, RD AF Adams, AAY Skagen, SK Adams, RD TI Movements and survival of Lark Bunting fledglings SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE brood division; Calamospiza melanocorys; Lark Bunting; post-fledging behavior; post-fledging survival; radio-telemetry ID BROOD DIVISION; CARE; POPULATIONS; MORTALITY; SUCCESS; ROBINS AB We quantified post-fledging pre-independence behavior and survival in Lark Buntings (Calamospiza melanocorys) using radio-telemetry. Brood division was recorded in six broods and was maintained throughout the observed fledgling care period. Chicks were capable of short flights (up to 25 in) by fledgling day 6 and longer flights (to 100 m) by fledgling day 13. During the first three weeks after fledging, juveniles moved as far as 800 in from nests. Nine of 23 (39%) monitored fledglings died within 15 days of fledging, primarily due to predation by raptors. Daily survival rates were 0.953 +/- 0.019 for fledgling days 0-9, 0.955 +/- 0.038 for fledgling clays 10-20, and 0.953 +/- 0.015 for fledgling days 0-20. The probability of surviving fledgling days 0-20 was 0.367. More quantification of juvenile survival is clearly needed to understand the role of post-fledging mortality in source-sink dynamics. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Skagen, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM susan_skagen@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 16 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 643 EP 647 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0643:MASOLB]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200027 ER PT J AU Aldridge, CL Oyler-McCance, SJ Brigham, RM AF Aldridge, CL Oyler-McCance, SJ Brigham, RM TI Occurrence of Greater Sage-Grouse x Sharp-tailed Grouse hybrids in Alberta SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alberta; DNA; Greater Sage-Grouse; hybrid; Sharp-tailed Grouse ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; COLORADO AB Two distinct grouse were regularly observed at two Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) 1eks in both 1999 and 2000 in southeastern Alberta. Physically and behaviorally, the birds exhibited characteristics of both Greater Sage-Grouse and Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchas phasianellus), suggesting they were hybrids. DNA analyses of blood and feather samples indicated that both birds were males with Greater Sage-Grouse mothers and thus, fathers that were likely Sharp-tailed Grouse. C1 Univ Regina, Dept Biol, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada. Univ Denver, Dept Biol Sci, USGS, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Aldridge, CL (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. RI Brigham, R Mark/E-6825-2010; Aldridge, Cameron /F-4025-2011 OI Brigham, R Mark/0000-0001-6765-4250; NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 657 EP 660 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0657:OOGSGS]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200030 ER PT J AU Peterjohn, BG AF Peterjohn, BG TI Some considerations on the use of ecological models to predict species' geographic distributions SO CONDOR LA English DT Editorial Material DE avian distribution patterns; BBS; GARP models; North American Breeding Bird Survey; predictive distribution models; roadside surveys ID BREEDING BIRD SURVEY AB Peterson (2001) used Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP) models to predict distribution patterns from Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Evaluations of these models should consider inherent limitations of BBS data: (1) BBS methods may not sample species and habitats equally; (2) using BBS data for both model development and testing may overlook poor fit of some models; and (3) BBS data may not provide the desired spatial resolution or capture temporal changes in species distributions. The predictive value of GARP models requires additional study, especially comparisons with distribution patterns from independent data sets. When employed at appropriate temporal and geographic scales, GARP models show considerable promise for conservation biology applications but provide limited inferences concerning processes responsible for the observed patterns. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Peterjohn, BG (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 661 EP 663 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0661:SCOTUO]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 461XY UT WOS:000170390200031 ER PT J AU Stallard, RF AF Stallard, RF TI Possible environmental factors underlying amphibian decline in eastern Puerto Rico: Analysis of US government data archives SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; POPULATION DECLINES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AFRICAN DUST; MORTALITY; AEROSOLS; FORESTS; AMERICA; OCEAN AB The past three decades have seen major declines in populations of several species of amphibians at high elevations in eastern Puerto Rico, a region unique in the humid tropics because of the degree of environmental monitoring that bets taken place through the efforts of U.S. government agencies. I examined changes in environmental conditions by examining time-series data sets that extend back at least into the 1980s, a period when frog populations were declining. The data include forest cover; annual mean, minimum, and maximum daily temperature; annual rainfall; rain and stream chemistry; and atmospheric-dust transport. I examined satellite imagery and air-chemistry samples from a single National Aeronautics and Space Administration aircraft flight across the Caribbean showing patches of pollutants, described as thin sheets or lenses, in the lower troposphere. The main source of these pollutants appeared to be fires from land clearing and deforestation, primarily in Africa. Some pollutant concentrations were high and, in the case of ozone, approached health limits set for urban air. Urban pollution impinging on Puerto Rico, dust generation from Africa (potential soil pathogens), and tropical forest burning (gaseous pollutants) have all increased during the last three decades, overlapping the timing of amphibian declines in eastern Puerto Rico. None of the data sets pointed directly to changes so extreme that they might be considered a direct lethal cause of amphibian declines in Puerto Rico. More experimental research is required to link any of these environmental factors to this problem. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Stallard, RF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 NR 58 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 943 EP 953 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015004943.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458EE UT WOS:000170179600021 ER PT J AU Harding, EK Doak, DF Albertson, JD AF Harding, EK Doak, DF Albertson, JD TI Evaluating the effectiveness of predator control: the non-native red fox as a case study SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VULPES-VULPES; POTENTIAL IMPACT; POPULATION; CATS; AUSTRALIA; EMPHASIS; SYSTEM; FAUNA AB Non-native vertebrate predators pose a severe threat to many native species, and a variety of management programs are aimed at reducing predator effects. We sought to assess the effects of predator-control programs by analyzing changes in prey and predator populations based on data commonly collected in these programs. Me ( examined data from a predator-control program that primarily targets The introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes regalis) in central California. Red foxes negatively affect populations of native waterbirds, particularly tbe endangered California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus). Using a combination of matrix population modeling, simple difference equations, and statistical analysis, we analyzed data on removed predators and monitored prey populations, Past control efforts succeeded in depressing fox numbers in local areas over 3-month intervals, and there was a significant, positive relationship between the growth rate of local Clapper Rail populations and the successful trapping of red foxes in the preceding year. By modeling tbe effect of different-fox-removal rates, we found that a stable or declining population could be achieved by removing a minimum of 50% of the adults and 25% of the juveniles. Under trapping rates of 50-70%, the proportion of the fox population composed of immigrants averaged 20-52%. In contrast to the current management approach, elasticity analyses suggested that changes in adult survival rates had relatively little cf(ect on long-term population growth. Overall, our approach indicated that predator control was effective in the short term, but for longer-term success it),nay be necessary, to redirect efforts to control juvenile and immigrant foxes. Our analytical approach) is potentially useful for evaluating current control programs aimed at reducing the effects of predators on native species. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Don Edwards San Francisco Bay Natl Wildlife Refug, Newark, CA 94560 USA. RP Harding, EK (reprint author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, POB 6811, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia. NR 39 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 8 U2 38 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 1114 EP 1122 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.0150041114.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458EE UT WOS:000170179600037 ER PT J AU Scott, JM Davis, FW McGhie, RG Wright, RG Groves, C Estes, J AF Scott, JM Davis, FW McGhie, RG Wright, RG Groves, C Estes, J TI Nature reserves: Do they capture the full range of America's biological diversity? SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; coterminus United States; elevation; endangered species; gap analysis; land use; nature reserves; public lands; soil productivity ID GAP ANALYSIS; CONSERVATION; VEGETATION; MAMMALS AB Less than 6% of the coterminous United States is in nature reserves. Assessment of the occurrence of nature reserves across ranges of elevation and soil productivity classes indicates that nature reserves are most frequently found at higher elevations and on less productive soils. The distribution of plants and animals suggests that the greatest number of species is found at lower elevations. A preliminary assessment of the occurrence of mapped land cover types indicates that similar to 60% of mapped cover types have < 10% of their area in nature reserves. Land ownership patterns show that areas of lower elevation and more productive soils are most often privately owned and already extensively converted to urban and agricultural uses. Thus any effort to establish a system of nature reserves that captures the full geographical and ecological range of cover types and species must fully engage the private sector. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Nature Conservancy, Boise, ID 83705 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Scott, JM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RI Davis, Frank/B-7010-2009 OI Davis, Frank/0000-0002-4643-5718 NR 49 TC 308 Z9 325 U1 2 U2 61 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 999 EP 1007 DI 10.2307/3061007 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458RW UT WOS:000170209200005 ER PT J AU Lane, RR Day, JW Kemp, GP Demcheck, DK AF Lane, RR Day, JW Kemp, GP Demcheck, DK TI The 1994 experimental opening of the Bonnet Carre Spillway to divert Mississippi River water into Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE overland flow; nutrients; stoichiometric ratio; ecological restoration; Lake Pontchartrain; Bonnet Carre Spillway; Mississippi River ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; SALINITY REGIME; WETLAND; DENITRIFICATION; SYSTEM; EUTROPHICATION; PRODUCTIVITY; ACCRETION; SEDIMENTS; BIOMASS AB A diversion of Mississippi River water into Lake Pontchartrain. Louisiana, USA by way of the Bonnet Carre Spillway has been proposed as a restoration technique to help offset regional wetland loss. An experimental diversion of Mississippi River water into Lake Pontchartrain was carried out in April 1994 to monitor the fate of nutrients and sediments in the spillway and Lake Pontchartrain. Approximately 6.4 x 10(8) m(3) of Mississippi River water was diverted into Lake Pontchartrain over 42 days. As water passed through the Bonnet Carre Spillway, there were reductions in total suspended sediment concentrations of 82-83%, nitrite + nitrate (NOx) of 28-42%, in total nitrogen (TN) of 26-30%, and in total phosphorus (TP) of 50-59%. 3.9 +/- 1.1 cm of accretion was measured in the spillway. Nutrient concentrations at the freshwater plume edge in Lake Pontchartrain compared to the Mississippi River were lower for NOx (44-81%), TN (37-57%), and TP (40-70%), and generally higher for organic nitrogen (-7-57%). The Si:N ratio generally increased and the N:P ratio decreased from the river to the plume edge. Nutrient stoichiometric ratios indicate water at the plume edge was not silicate limited, suggesting conditions favoring diatomic phytoplankton. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Special Programs, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70816 USA. RP Lane, RR (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 57 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 17 IS 4 BP 411 EP 422 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00170-1 PG 12 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 452WD UT WOS:000169881900007 ER PT J AU Bain, MB Zhang, SM AF Bain, MB Zhang, SM TI Threatened fishes of the world: Aspiorhynchus laticeps (Day, 1877) (Cyprinidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article C1 Cornell Univ, US Geol Survey, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Bain, MB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, US Geol Survey, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD AUG PY 2001 VL 61 IS 4 BP 380 EP 380 DI 10.1023/A:1011673801865 PG 1 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 467WC UT WOS:000170725900004 ER PT J AU Kaeding, LR Boltz, GD AF Kaeding, LR Boltz, GD TI Spatial and temporal relations between fluvial and allacustrine yellowstone cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri, spawning in the Yellowstone River, outlet stream of Yellowstone Lake SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE migration; sympatry; reproductive isolation; spawning-area fidelity; life history; radio telemetry; Salmonidae ID DISTINCT SYMPATRIC POPULATIONS; ATLANTIC SALMON; RESIDENT; SALAR AB Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT), Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri, that spawn in the outlet of Yellowstone Lake show two potamodromous migration patterns, fluvial and allacustrine. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether those fluvial and allacustrine YCT represent reproductively isolated stocks. Redd surveys indicated spawning occurred during about 5 consecutive weeks between late May and mid-July 1993-1995. Lake fish (N=6), defined as radiotagged YCT that entered Yellowstone Lake after the spawning period (i.e. allacustrine pattern), were found in the river between the lake outlet (river kilometer [Rkm] 0) and Rkm 20.0 during spawning. Probable lake fish (N=28; tagged YCT that were last detected near the lake outlet) were found between Rkm 0 and Rkm 22.5 during spawning. River fish (N=4; tagged YCT that remained in the river when annual tracking concluded in fall, i.e. fluvial pattern) were found between Rkm 1.1 and Rkm 18.0 during spawning. Fidelity to spawning areas used between consecutive years was suggested by one of five lake fish and the single river fish for which data were available. Spatial overlap in spawning and a lack of temporal separation between the life-history types during spawning suggested that fluvial and allacustrine YCT were not reproductively isolated. Radiotagging, as well as visual observations made annually from boats during April and May, indicated fluvial YCT overwintered downstream from Rkm 14 and were few, probably on the order of 10% of all YCT that spawned in the Yellowstone River. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yellowstone Fishery Assistance Off, Yellowstone Natl Pk, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. RP Kaeding, LR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Branch Native Fishes Management, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD AUG PY 2001 VL 61 IS 4 BP 395 EP 406 DI 10.1023/A:1011698712982 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 467WC UT WOS:000170725900006 ER PT J AU Brown, KM Erwin, RM Richmond, ME Buckley, PA Tanacredi, JT Avrin, D AF Brown, KM Erwin, RM Richmond, ME Buckley, PA Tanacredi, JT Avrin, D TI Managing birds and controlling aircraft in the Kennedy Airport-Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge complex: The need for hard data and soft opinions SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aircraft; bird strike; gull; management; John F. Kennedy International Airport; Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge; New York City ID NEST SITE SELECTION; LAUGHING-GULLS; INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT; NEW-YORK; COLONY; COMMON AB During the 1980s, the exponential growth of laughing gull (Larus atricilla) colonies, from 15 to about 7600 nests in 1990, in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge and a correlated increase in the bird-strike rate at nearby John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City) led to a controversy between wildlife and airport managers over the elimination of the colonies. In this paper, we review data to evaluate if: (1) the colonies have increased the level of risk to the flying public; (2) on-colony population control would reduce the presence of gulls, and subsequently bird strikes, at the airport; and (3) all on-airport management alternatives have been adequately implemented. Since 1979, most (2987, 87%) of the 3444 bird strikes (number of aircraft struck) were actually bird carcasses found near runways (cause of death unknown bur assumed to be bird strikes by definition). Of the 457 pilot-reported strikes (mean = 23 +/- 6 aircraft/yr, N = 20 years), 78 (17%) involved laughing gulls, Since a gull-shooting program was initiated on airport property in 1991, over 50,000 adult laughing gulls have been killed and the number of reported bird strikes involving laughing gulls has declined from 6.9 +/- 2.9 (1983-1990) to 2.6 +/- 1.3 (1991-1998) aircraft/yr; nongull reported bird strikes, however, have more than doubled (6.4 +/- 2.6, 1983-1990; 14.9 +/- 5.1, 1991-1998). We found no evidence to indicate that on-colony management would yield a reduction of bird strikes at Kennedy Airport. Dietary and mark-recapture studies suggest that 60%-90% of the laughing gulls collected on-airport were either failed breeders and/or nonbreeding birds. We argue that the Jamaica Bay laughing gull colonies, the only ones in New York State, should not be managed at least until all on-airport management alternatives have been properly implemented and demonstrated to be ineffective at reducing bird strikes, including habitat alterations and increasing the capability of the bird control unit to eliminate bird flocks on-airport using nonlethal bird dispersal techniques. Because the gull-shooting program may be resulting in a nonsustainable regional population of laughing gulls (>30% decline), we also recommend that attempts be made to initiate an experimental colony elsewhere on Long Island to determine if colony relocation is a feasible management option. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, USGS, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. US Natl Pk Serv, Div Nat Resources, Staten Isl, NY 10305 USA. US Natl Pk Serv, Div Nat Resources, Brooklyn, NY 11234 USA. RP Brown, KM (reprint author), Brock Univ, Dept Biol Sci, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. NR 50 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 28 IS 2 BP 207 EP 224 DI 10.1007/s002670010219 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 442UR UT WOS:000169303800007 PM 11443385 ER PT J AU Kannan, K Franson, JC Bowerman, WW Hansen, KJ Jones, JD Giesy, JP AF Kannan, K Franson, JC Bowerman, WW Hansen, KJ Jones, JD Giesy, JP TI Perfluorooctane sulfonate in fish-eating water birds including bald eagles and albatrosses SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID AB Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was measured in 161 samples of liver, kidney, blood, or egg yolk from 21 species of fish-eating water birds collected in the United States including albatrosses from Sand Island, Midway Atoll, in the central North Pacific Ocean. Concentrations of PFOS in the blood plasma of bald eagles collected from the midwestern United States ranged from 13 to 2220 ng/mL (mean: 330 ng/mL), except one sample that did not contain quantifiable concentrations of PFOS. Concentrations of PFOS were greater in blood plasma than in whole blood. Among 82 livers from various species of birds from inland or coastal U.S. locations, Brandt's cormorant from San Diego, CA, contained the greatest concentration of PFOS (1780 ng/g, wet wt). PFOS was also found in the sera of albatrosses from the central North Pacific Ocean at concentrations ranging from 3 to 34 ng/mL. Occurrence of PFOS in birds from remote marine locations suggests widespread distribution of PFOS and related fluorochemicals in the environment. C1 Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. 3M Environm Lab, St Paul, MN 55133 USA. RP Kannan, K (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Jones, Paul/O-2046-2015; OI Jones, Paul/0000-0002-7483-5380; Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 13 TC 219 Z9 243 U1 5 U2 47 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 15 BP 3065 EP 3070 DI 10.1021/es001945i PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 459ZK UT WOS:000170281200018 PM 11505980 ER PT J AU French, JB Voltura, MB Tomasi, TE AF French, JB Voltura, MB Tomasi, TE TI Effects of pre- and postnatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure on metabolic rate and thyroid hormones of white-footed mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 14-20, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE energetics; metabolic rate; thyroid hormone; polychlorinated biphenyl; Peromyscus leucopus ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; MATERNAL INGESTION; PEROMYSCUS; GROWTH; PCB; REPRODUCTION; ENERGETICS; RESPONSES; RESIDUES AB Energy budgets have proven to be a valuable tool for predicting life history from physiological data in terrestrial vertebrates, yet these concepts have not been applied to the physiological effects of contaminants. Contaminants might affect energy budgets by imposing an additional metabolic cost or by reducing the overall amount of energy taken in; either process will reduce the energy available for production (i.e., growth or reproduction). This study examined whole animal energetic effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Exposure to PCBs is known to reduce concentrations of plasma thyroid hormones, and thyroid hormones exert strong control over the rate of energy metabolism in mammals. Peromyscus leucopus that were proven breeders were fed PCBs in their food at 0, 10, and 25 ppm. Through lactation, offspring were exposed to PCB from conception and were maintained on the maternal diet to adulthood. No effects were seen on energy metabolism (O-2 consumption, measured in adulthood) or on growth, but there were large dose-dependent decreases in thyroid hormone concentrations, particularly T-4. The apparent disparity in our data between unchanged metabolic rates and 50% reductions in T-4 concentrations can be rationalized by noting that free T-3 (the fraction not bound to plasma protein) in treated mice was not significantly different from controls and that metabolism is most strongly influenced by free T-3. Overall, this study did not demonstrate any energetic consequences of PCB exposure in P. leucopus at dietary concentrations up to 25 ppm. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. SW Missouri State Univ, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. RP French, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11501 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 20 IS 8 BP 1704 EP 1708 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1704:EOPAPP>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 455JB UT WOS:000170022800012 PM 11491552 ER PT J AU Day, JW Shaffer, GP Reed, DJ Cahoon, DR Britsch, LD Hawes, SR AF Day, JW Shaffer, GP Reed, DJ Cahoon, DR Britsch, LD Hawes, SR TI Patterns and processes of wetland loss in coastal Louisiana are complex: A reply to Turner 2001. Estimating the indirect effects of hydrologic change on wetland loss: If the earth is curved, then how would we know it? SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER; DELTA; SUBSIDENCE; USA C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. SE Louisiana Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Hammond, LA 70402 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Div Engn, New Orleans, LA 70160 USA. RP Day, JW (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 4 BP 647 EP 651 DI 10.2307/1353265 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 471VF UT WOS:000170948800016 ER PT J AU Sommer, T Harrell, B Nobriga, M Brown, R Moyle, P Kimmerer, W Schemel, L AF Sommer, T Harrell, B Nobriga, M Brown, R Moyle, P Kimmerer, W Schemel, L TI California's Yollo Bypass: Evidence that flood control can be compatible with fisheries, wetlands, wildlife, and agriculture SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN DELTA; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; CHINOOK SALMON; RIVER; PHYTOPLANKTON; ESTUARY; SYSTEM; CONNECTIVITY; RESTORATION; BIOMASS AB Unlike conventional flood control systems that frequently isolate rivers from ecologically-essential floodplain habitat, California's Yolo Bypass has been engineered to allow Sacramento Valley floodwaters to inundate a broad floodplain. From a flood control standpoint, the 24,000 ha leveed floodplain has been exceptionally successful based on its ability to convey up to 80% of the flow of the Sacramento River basin during high water events. Agricultural lands and seasonal and permanent wetlands within the bypass provide key habitat for waterfowl migrating through the Pacific Flyway. Our field studies demonstrate that the bypass seasonally supports 42 fish species, 15 of which are native, The floodplain appears to be particularly valuable spawning and rearing habitat for the splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus), a federally-listed cyprinid, and for young chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), which use the Yolo, Bypass as a nursery area. The system may also be an important source to the downstream food web of the San Francisco Estuary as a result of enhanced production of phytoplankton and detrital material. These results suggest that alternative flood control systems can be designed without eliminating floodplain function and processes, key goals of the 1996 Draft AFS Floodplain Management Position Statement. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. San Francisco State Univ, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 34 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 45 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD AUG PY 2001 VL 26 IS 8 BP 6 EP 16 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2001)026<0006:CYB>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 460LL UT WOS:000170309000002 ER PT J AU Bullen, TD White, AF Childs, CW Vivit, DV Schulz, MS AF Bullen, TD White, AF Childs, CW Vivit, DV Schulz, MS TI Demonstration of significant abiotic iron isotope fractionation in nature SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE iron; isotope geochemistry; inorganic origin; oxidation; aqueous speciation ID SPRINGS; WATERS AB Field and laboratory studies reveal that the mineral ferrihydrite, formed as a result of abiotic oxidation of aqueous ferrous to ferric Fe, contains Fe that is isotopically heavy relative to coexisting aqueous Fe. Because the electron transfer step of the oxidation process at pH >5 is essentially irreversible and should favor the lighter Fe isotopes in the ferric iron product, this result suggests that relatively heavy Fe isotopes are preferentially partitioned into the readily oxidized Fe(II)(OH)(x(aq)) species or their transition complexes prior to oxidation. The apparent Fe isotope fractionation factor, alpha (ferrihydrite-water), depends primarily on the relative abundances of the Fe(II)((aq)) species. This study demonstrates that abiotic processes can fractionate the Fe isotopes to the same extent as biotic processes, and thus Fe isotopes on their own do not provide an effective biosignature. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Chem & Phys Sci, Wellington, New Zealand. RP Bullen, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 17 TC 225 Z9 244 U1 5 U2 73 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 29 IS 8 BP 699 EP 702 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0699:DOSAII>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 458XH UT WOS:000170220400009 ER PT J AU Netoff, DI Shroba, RR AF Netoff, DI Shroba, RR TI Conical sandstone landforms cored with clastic pipes in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, southeastern Utah SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE clastic pipe; Entrada Sandstone; Glen Canyon National Recreation Area; sandstone landforms; weathering pits AB Clusters of conical sandstone landforms, many with summit weathering pits, have developed on barren outcrops of the Jurassic Entrada Sandstone in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, southeastern Utah. The conical landforms have developed on cylindrical bodies of fluidized sandstone (elastic pipes) that typically have near-vertical contacts with the enclosing cross-bedded, eolian sandstone. These landforms vary in size and shape due chiefly to differential erosion of the elastic pipe relative to the enclosing sandstone. The greater resistance to weathering of the elastic pipes is due in part to their higher content of calcite cement. Conical, pipe-cored landforms develop progressively from low domes to cones as high as 70 m. Some of the elastic pipes have relatively soft cores and resistant contacts, leading to the development of conical landforms with summit weathering pits. With time, the size of these pits increases as does the relief of the conical landform. The summit pits are as deep as 16 m and have width-depth ratios as low as 1.5. The resistant rims of these pits are due in part to calcite-enriched pipe contacts. Sandy pit-floor sediment is removed principally by strong wind rotors and vortices. Intense eolian activity in and near the landforms is indicated by abrasional features and pit-floor sand dunes. Factors that promote the development of these conical landforms include (i) the presence of elastic pipes, some with relatively soft cores; (ii) porous, friable, fine-grained pipe and host sandstones; (iii) aridity; (iv) strong winds; and (v) virtually sediment-free, unvegetated bedrock outcrops. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Sam Houston State Univ, Dept Geog & Geol, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Netoff, DI (reprint author), Sam Houston State Univ, Dept Geog & Geol, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 3-4 BP 99 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00096-9 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 475RF UT WOS:000171177400002 ER PT J AU Waythomas, CF AF Waythomas, CF TI Formation and failure of volcanic debris dams in the Chakachatna River valley associated with eruptions of the Spurr volcanic complex, Alaska SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lahar dams; debris-avalanche dams; Mt. Spurr Volcano; glacier-dammed lake; volcano hazards ID TEPHRA DEPOSITS; SEDIMENTOLOGY; FLOOD; LAKE AB The formation of lahars and a debris avalanche during Holocene eruptions of the Spurr volcanic complex in south-central Alaska have led to the development of volcanic debris dams in the Chakachatna River valley. Debris dams composed of lahar and debris-avalanche deposits formed at least five times in the last 8000-10,000 years and most recently during eruptions of Crater Peak vent in 1953 and 1992. Water impounded by a large debris avalanche of early Holocene (?) age may have destabilized an upstream glacier-dammed lake causing a catastrophic flood on the Chakachatna River. A large alluvial fan just downstream of the debris-avalanche deposit is strewn with boulders and blocks and is probably the deposit generated by this flood. Application of a physically based dam-break model yields estimates of peak discharge (Q(p)) attained during failure of the debris-avalanche dam in the range 10(4) < Q(p) < 10(6) m(3) s(-1) for plausible breach erosion rates of 10-100 m h(-1). Smaller, short-lived, lahar dams that formed during historical eruptions in 1953, and 1992, impounded smaller lakes in the upper Chakachatna River valley and peak flows attained during failure of these volcanic debris dams were in the range 10(3) < Q(p) < 10(4) m(3) s(-1) for plausible breach erosion rates. Volcanic debris dams have formed at other volcanoes in the Cook Inlet region, Aleutian are, and Wrangell Mountains but apparently did not fail rapidly or result in large or catastrophic outflows. Steep valley topography and frequent eruptions at volcanoes in this region make for significant hazards associated with the formation and failure of volcanic debris dams. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Waythomas, CF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4230 Univ Dr,Suite 201, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 38 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 3-4 BP 111 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00097-0 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 475RF UT WOS:000171177400003 ER PT J AU Cannon, SH Kirkham, RM Parise, M AF Cannon, SH Kirkham, RM Parise, M TI Wildfire-related debris-flow initiation processes, Storm King Mountain, Colorado SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE wildfire; erosion; debris flow; initiation ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; FIRE; USA AB A torrential rainstorm on September 1, 1994 at the recently burned hillslopes of Storm King Mountain, CO, resulted in the generation of debris flows from every burned drainage basin. Maps (1:5000 scale) of bedrock and surficial materials and of the debris-flow paths, coupled with a 10-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of topography, are used to evaluate the processes that generated fire-related debris flows in this setting. These evaluations form the basis for a descriptive model for fire-related debris-flow initiation. The prominent paths left by the debris flows originated in 0- and 1st-order hollows or channels. Discrete soil-slip scars do not occur at the heads of these paths. Although 58 soil-slip scars were mapped on hillslopes in the burned basins, material derived from these soil slips accounted for only about 7% of the total volume of material deposited at canyon mouths. This fact, combined with observations of significant erosion of hillslope materials, suggests that a runoff-dominated process of progressive sediment entrainment by surface runoff, rather than infiltration-triggered failure of discrete soil slips, was the primary mechanism of debris-flow initiation. A paucity of channel incision, along with observations of extensive hillslope erosion, indicates that a significant proportion of material in the debris flows was derived from the hillslopes, with a smaller contribution from the channels. Because of the importance of runoff-dominated rather than infiltration-dominated processes in the generation of these fire-related debris flows, the runoff-contributing area that extends upslope from the point of debris-flow initiation to the drainage divide, and its gradient, becomes a critical constraint in debris-flow initiation. Slope-area thresholds for fire-related debris-flow initiation from Storm King Mountain are defined by functions of the form A(cr)(tan theta)(3) = S, where A(cr) is the critical area extending upslope from the initiation location to the drainage divide, and tan theta is its gradient. The thresholds vary with different materials. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Geol Harzards Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Geol Survey, Monte Vista, CO USA. Natl Res Council Italy CERIST, Ist Geol Applicata & Geotecn, I-70125 Bari, Italy. RP Cannon, SH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Geol Harzards Team, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Parise, Mario/0000-0003-0873-5303 NR 34 TC 108 Z9 113 U1 3 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 3-4 BP 171 EP 188 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00108-2 PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 475RF UT WOS:000171177400006 ER PT J AU Foulger, GR Pritchard, MJ Julian, BR Evans, JR Allen, RM Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Bergsson, BH Erlendsson, P Jakobsdottir, S Ragnarsson, S Stefansson, R Vogfjord, K AF Foulger, GR Pritchard, MJ Julian, BR Evans, JR Allen, RM Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Bergsson, BH Erlendsson, P Jakobsdottir, S Ragnarsson, S Stefansson, R Vogfjord, K TI Seismic tomography shows that upwelling beneath Iceland is confined to the upper mantle SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE hotspot; Iceland; seismic tomography; upper mantle; plume ID CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; RIDGE INTERACTION; TRANSITION ZONE; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; PLUME MATERIAL; LATERAL FLOW; TRAVEL-TIMES; HOT-SPOT; CONVECTION AB We report the results of the highest-resolution teleseismic tomography study yet performed of the upper mantle beneath Iceland. The experiment used data gathered by the Iceland Hotspot Project, which operated a 35-station network of continuously recording, digital, broad-band seismometers over all of Iceland 1996-1998. The structure of the upper mantle was determined using the ACH damped least-squares method and involved 42 stations, 3159 P-wave, and 1338 S-wave arrival times, including the phases P, pP, sP, PP, SP, PcP, PKIKP, pPKIKP, S, sS, SS, SKS and Sdiff. Artefacts, both perceptual and parametric, were minimized by well-tested smoothing techniques involving layer thinning and offset-and-averaging. Resolution is good beneath most of Iceland from similar to 60 km depth to a maximum of similar to 450 km depth and beneath the Tjornes Fracture Zone and near-shore parts of the Reykjanes ridge. The results reveal a coherent, negative wave-speed anomaly with a diameter of 200-250 km. and anomalies in P-wave speed, V-P, as strong as -2.7 per cent and in S-wave speed, V-S, as strong as -4.9 per cent. The anomaly extends from the surface to the limit of good resolution at similar to 450 km depth. In the upper similar to 250 km it is centred beneath the eastern part of the Middle Volcanic Zone, coincident with the centre of the similar to 100 mGal Bouguer gravity low over Iceland, and a lower crustal low-velocity zone identified by receiver functions. This is probably the true centre of the Iceland hotspot. In the upper similar to 200 km, the low-wave-speed body extends along the Reykjanes ridge but is sharply truncated beneath the Tjornes Fracture Zone. This suggests that material may flow unimpeded along the Reykjanes ridge from beneath Iceland but is blocked beneath the Tjornes Fracture Zone. The magnitudes of the V-P, V-S and V-P/V-S anomalies cannot be explained by elevated temperature alone, but favour a model of maximum temperature anomalies <200 K, along with up to 2 per cent of partial melt in the depth range similar to 100-300 km beneath east-central Iceland. The anomalous body is approximately cylindrical in the top 250 km but tabular in shape at greater depth, elongated north-south and generally underlying the spreading plate boundary. Such a morphological change and its relationship to surface rift zones are predicted to occur in convective upwellings driven by basal heating, passive upwelling in response to plate separation and lateral temperature gradients. Although we cannot resolve structure deeper than similar to 450 km, and do not detect a bottom to the anomaly, these models suggest that it extends no deeper than the mantle transition zone. Such models thus suggest a shallow origin for the Iceland hotspot rather than a deep mantle plume, and imply that the hotspot has been located on the spreading ridge in the centre of the north Atlantic for its entire history, and is not fixed relative to other Atlantic hotspots. The results are consistent with recent, regional full-thickness mantle tomography and whole-mantle tomography images that show a strong, low-wave-speed anomaly beneath the Iceland region that is confined to the tipper mantle and thus do not require a plume in the lower mantle. Seismic and geochemical observations that are interpreted as indicating a lower mantle, or core-mantle boundary origin for the North Atlantic Igneous Province and the Iceland hotspot should be re-examined to consider whether they are consistent with upper mantle processes. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Meteorol Off Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Natl Energy Author, Reykjavik, Iceland. RP Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. EM G.R.Foulger@durham.ac.uk NR 92 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 26 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 146 IS 2 BP 504 EP 530 DI 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01470.x PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 462NK UT WOS:000170426000015 ER PT J AU McCabe, PJ AF McCabe, PJ TI Sizing things up SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Letter C1 USGS, Denver, CO USA. RP McCabe, PJ (reprint author), USGS, Denver, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD AUG PY 2001 VL 46 IS 8 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 504HX UT WOS:000172852200004 ER PT J AU Sanford, WE Wood, WW AF Sanford, WE Wood, WW TI Hydrology of the coastal sabkhas of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE groundwater recharge/water budget; sabkha; United Arab Emirates; coastal aquifers; solute budget AB Water fluxes were estimated and a water budget developed for the land surface and a surficial 10-m-deep section of the coastal sabkhas that extend from the city of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, west to the border with Saudi Arabia. The fluxes were estimated on the basis of water levels and hydraulic conductivities measured in wells and evaporation rates measured with a humidity chamber. In contrast with conceptual models proposed in earlier studies, groundwater inflow is estimated to be small, whereas the largest components of the water budget are recharge from rainfall and evaporation from the water table. Estimates within a rectilinear volume of sabkha, defined as 1 m wide by 10 km long by 10 m deep, indicate that about 1 m(3)/year of water enters and exits by lateral groundwater flow; 40-50 m(3)/year enters by upward leakage; and 640 m(3)/year enters by recharge from rainfall. Based on the water and solute fluxes estimated for the upward leakage into the sabkha, 7-8 pore volumes of brine have entered the sabkha from below since the time the sabkha became saturated (7,000 years ago) as a result of the last global sea-level rise. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Sanford, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 16 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 9 IS 4 BP 358 EP 366 DI 10.1007/s100400100137 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 465TY UT WOS:000170607100005 ER PT J AU Yechieli, Y Kafri, U Goldman, M Voss, CI AF Yechieli, Y Kafri, U Goldman, M Voss, CI TI Factors controlling the configuration of the fresh-saline water interface in the Dead Sea coastal aquifers: synthesis of TDEM surveys and numerical groundwater modeling SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE salt-water/fresh-water relations; time domain electromagnetic (TDEM); Dead Sea brine; hydrological modeling; flushing ID LAKE LISAN; RIFT AB TDEM (time domain electromagnetic) traverses in the Dead Sea (DS) coastal aquifer help to delineate the configuration of the interrelated fresh-water and brine bodies and the interface in between. A good linear correlation exists between the logarithm of TDEM resistivity and the chloride concentration of groundwater, mostly in the higher salinity range, close to that of the DS brine. In this range, salinity is the most important factor controlling resistivity. The configuration of the fresh-saline water interface is dictated by the hydraulic gradient, which is controlled by a number of hydrological factors. Three types of irregularities in the configuration of fresh-water and saline-water bodies were observed in the study area: 1. Fresh-water aquifers underlying more saline ones ("Reversal") in a multi-aquifer system. 2. "Reversal" and irregular residual saline-water bodies related to historical, frequently fluctuating DS base level and respective interfaces, which have not undergone complete flushing. A rough estimate of flushing rates may be obtained based on knowledge of the above fluctuations. The occurrence of salt beds is also a factor affecting the interface configuration. 3. The interface steepens towards and adjacent to the DS Rift fault zone. Simulation analysis with a numerical, variable-density flow model, using the US Geological Survey's SUTRA code, indicates that interface steepening may result from a steep water-level gradient across the zone, possibly due to a low hydraulic conductivity in the immediate vicinity of the fault. C1 Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. Geophy Inst Israel, IL-71100 Lod, Israel. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Yechieli, Y (reprint author), Geol Survey Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 32 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 9 IS 4 BP 367 EP 377 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 465TY UT WOS:000170607100006 ER PT J AU Romanyuk, TV Mooney, WD Blakely, RJ AF Romanyuk, TV Mooney, WD Blakely, RJ TI Density model of the Cascadia subduction zone SO IZVESTIYA-PHYSICS OF THE SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID OREGON ACCRETIONARY PRISM; PLATE BENEATH WASHINGTON; WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE; UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE; OCEANIC UPPER-MANTLE; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; T-T PATHS; SEISMIC-REFRACTION; NORTH-AMERICA AB The main goal of this work is to construct self-consistent density models along two profiles crossing the northern and central Cascadia subduction zone that have been comprehensively studied on the basis of geological, geophysical, etc. data. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Schmidt United Inst Phys Earth, Moscow 123810, Russia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Romanyuk, TV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Schmidt United Inst Phys Earth, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Ul 10, Moscow 123810, Russia. RI Romanyuk, Tatiana/D-4772-2013 NR 138 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 1069-3513 J9 IZV-PHYS SOLID EART+ JI Izv.-Phys. Solid Earth PD AUG PY 2001 VL 37 IS 8 BP 617 EP 635 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 465JY UT WOS:000170586900001 ER PT J AU Yanosky, TM Hansen, BP Schening, MR AF Yanosky, TM Hansen, BP Schening, MR TI Use of tree rings to investigate the onset of contamination of a shallow aquifer by chlorinated hydrocarbons SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE tree rings; ground-water contamination; TCE; PCE; dendrochemistry; oak; Quercus ID GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION; GROWTH; SITE; OAK AB Oaks (Quercus velutina Lam.) growing over a shallow aquifer contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons were studied to determine if it was possible to estimate the approximate year that contamination began. The annual rings of some trees downgradient from the contaminant release site contained elevated concentrations of chloride possibly derived from dechlorination of contaminants, Additionally, a radial-growth decline began in these trees at approximately the same time that chloride became elevated. Growth did not decline in trees that contained smaller concentrations of chloride. The source of elevated chloride and the corresponding reductions in tree growth could not be explained by factors other than contamination. On the basis of tree-ring evidence alone, the release occurred in the late 1960s or early 1970s. Contaminant release at a second location apparently occurred in the mid- to late 1970s, suggesting that the area was used for disposal for at least 5 years and possibly longer. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. RP Yanosky, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley,MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 50 IS 3-4 BP 159 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00117-6 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 461KR UT WOS:000170363900001 PM 11523323 ER PT J AU Weckerly, FW Ricca, MA Meyer, KP AF Weckerly, FW Ricca, MA Meyer, KP TI Sexual segregation in Roosevelt elk: Cropping rates and aggression in mixed-sex groups SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE aggression; California; Cervus elaphus roosevelti; cropping rate; mixed-sex groups; Roosevelt elk; sexual segregation ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; 2 SPATIAL SCALES; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; CERVUS-ELAPHUS; BIGHORN SHEEP; NUBIAN IBEX; MULE DEER; CONSTRAINTS AB Few studies of sexual segregation in ruminants have tested widely invoked mechanisms of segregation in mixed-sex groups. In a sexually segregated population of Roosevelt elk (Cen,us elaphus roosevelti), we examined if adult males had reduced intake of forage when in mixed-sex groups and if intersexual differences in aggression caused females to avoid males. Based on a mechanistic model of forage intake, animals with lower instantaneous feed intake should have higher cropping rates. Focal animal sampling indicated that adult males and females in summer and winter had similar cropping rates in mixed-sex groups, whereas males in male-only groups, had lower rates of cropping than males in mixed-sex groups. Outside the mating season, males in male groups spent proportionally less time less than or equal to1 body length of congenders than females in female groups, and the rate of aggression less than or equal to1 body length was higher for males. Female-female aggression was higher in mixed-sex groups that contained more males than the median proportion of males in mixed-sex groups. Female and mixed-sex groups walked away when groups of males numbering >6 were less than or equal to 50 m but did not walk away when male groups less than or equal to 50 m had less than or equal to5 individuals. Sexual segregation was associated with behaviors of sexes in mixed-sex groups: reduced intake of forage by males and increased female-female aggression with more males. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Math, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, N Palm Springs, CA 92258 USA. RP Weckerly, FW (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Dept Math, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM fww1@baxe.humboldt.edu NR 53 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 11 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 82 IS 3 BP 825 EP 835 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0825:SSIREC>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 465NV UT WOS:000170597600018 ER PT J AU Ralls, K Pilgrim, KL White, PJ Paxinos, EE Schwartz, MK Fleischer, RC AF Ralls, K Pilgrim, KL White, PJ Paxinos, EE Schwartz, MK Fleischer, RC TI Kinship social relationships, and den sharing in kit foxes SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE dens; DNA; kinship; mating systems; microsatellites; relatedness; San Joaquin kit fox; social organization; Vulpes macrotis mutica ID PATTERNS; CANIDAE; POPULATION; PHILOPATRY; DISPERSAL; REPEATS; MARKERS; COYOTE; PREY; DOG AB We used 11 microsatellites, highly variable nuclear markers, to infer kinship among 35 San Joaquin kit foxes,Vulpes macrotis mutica, and combined this information with field observations to gain insight into fox social behavior. Fox social units consisted of solitary foxes, mated mate-female pairs, and trios consisting of a mated pair plus another adult. Pair-mates were not closely related. The additional adult (1 male, 1 female) in 2 trios was the offspring of at least 1 of the pair-mates. Foxes living on adjacent home ranges tended to be more closely related than foxes that did not live on adjacent home ranges, largely because females on adjacent home ranges were often closely related. F-IS values indicated a deficiency of homozygotes that was likely due to clusters of relatives living on adjacent home ranges. Foxes that shared the same den on the same day were usually members of the same social group. Contrary to expectations, however, we sometimes found foxes sharing dens with foxes from other social groups. Many cases involved unpaired individuals and appeared to be unsuccessful attempts at pair formation. Other cases involved members of 2 adjacent social groups, a pair and a trio. Both members of the pair were closely related to 1 member of the trio, indicating that kit foxes can maintain enduring social relationships with adult offspring or siblings that have dispersed to a new home range and found a mate. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Conservat & Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. Univ Montana, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Ralls, K (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Conservat & Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. RI Schwartz, Michael/C-3184-2014 OI Schwartz, Michael/0000-0003-3521-3367 NR 36 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 82 IS 3 BP 858 EP 866 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0858:KSRADS>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 465NV UT WOS:000170597600021 ER PT J AU Forys, EA Quistorff, A Allen, CR Wojcik, DP AF Forys, EA Quistorff, A Allen, CR Wojcik, DP TI The likely cause of extinction of the tree snail Orthalicus reses reses (Say) SO JOURNAL OF MOLLUSCAN STUDIES LA English DT Article ID FIRE ANTS HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; INVASION; FLORIDA AB The Stock Island tree snail, Orthalicus reses reses, went extinct in its native range in the Florida Keys in 1992. Fortunately, O. r. reses has been introduced elsewhere and further reintroductions are currently planned. Before these reintroductions are implemented, it is important to try and determine which factors were most likely to have caused the decline and extinction. While habitat destruction was probably the ultimate reason why there were so few tree snails, it is likely that an interaction of habitat fragmentation and the invasion of an exotic predator caused the final decline that lead to the extinction in 1992. We examined the last 93 O. r. reses shells to infer cause of death. In addition, using surrogate Florida tree snails, Liguus fasciatus, we conducted experiments on two previously unstudied causes of mortality: predation by red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, and mortality from falls caused by wind. We found that the majority of the last O. r. reses shells were intact, indicating that mammalian and bird predation were not the greatest causes of mortality. Mortality caused by wind knocking tree snails onto the rocky hammock substrate appeared to be a potential source of mortality, but few of the tree snails exhibited signs of breakage. Mortality from fire ants appears to be one of the most likely causes of the recent decline and extinction of O. r. reses. Experiments indicated that in a semi-natural enclosure, fire ants were capable of killing all ages of L. fasciatus, even during aestivation. Fire ants are currently found throughout the last known habitat of O. r. reses and were first discovered in this area at the time of the decline. C1 Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Forys, EA (reprint author), Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, 4200 54th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. EM forysea@eckerd.edu NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0260-1230 J9 J MOLLUS STUD JI J. Molluscan Stud. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 67 BP 369 EP 376 DI 10.1093/mollus/67.3.369 PN 3 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 473QW UT WOS:000171060200009 ER PT J AU Wawrzyniec, TF Geissman, JW Anderson, RE Harlan, SS Faulds, J AF Wawrzyniec, TF Geissman, JW Anderson, RE Harlan, SS Faulds, J TI Paleomagnetic data bearing on style of Miocene deformation in the Lake Mead area, southern Nevada SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE basin and range province; Miocene; paleomagnetism; rotation; strike-slip faults ID VALLEY SHEAR ZONE; TERTIARY ROCKS; BLOCK ROTATION; FAULT SYSTEM; ARIZONA; EXTENSION; RANGE; KINEMATICS; REGION; BASIN AB Paleomagnetic and structural data from intermediate to mafic composition lava Rows and related dikes in all major blocks of the late Miocene Hamblin-Cleopatra Volcano, which was structurally dismembered during the development of the Lake Mead Fault System (LMFS), provide limits on the magnitude and sense of tilting and vertical axis rotation of crust during extension of this part of the Basin and Range province. Sinistral separation along the fault system dissected the volcano into three major blocks. The eastern, Cleopatra Lobe of the volcano is structurally the most intact section of the volcano. Normal and reverse polarity data from paleomagnetic sites collected along traverses in the Cleopatra Lobe yield an in situ grand mean of Declination (D) = 339 degrees, Inclination (I) = +54 degrees, alpha (95) = 3.1 degrees, k = 27.2, N = 81 sites. The rocks of the central core of the volcano yield an in situ grand mean of D = 3 degrees, I = +59 degrees, alpha (95) = 6.8 degrees, k = 42.5, N = 11 sites (six normal. five reverse polarity). Sites collected within the western Hamblin Lobe of the volcano are exclusively of reverse polarity and yield an overall in situ mean of D = 168 degrees, I = -58 degrees, alpha (95) = 6.5 degrees, k = 28.9, N = 18 sites. Interpretation of the paleomagnetic data in the context of the structural history of the volcano and surrounding area, considers the possibility of two different types of structural corrections. A stratigraphic tilt correction involves restoring Rows to the horizontal using the present strike. This correction assumes no initial, possibly radial, dip of flows of the volcano and is considered invalid. A structural tilt correction to the data assumes that dikes of the radiating swarm associated with the volcano were originally vertical and results in block mean directions of D = 9 degrees, I = 53 degrees, alpha (95) = 3.1 degrees, k = 27.2, and D = 58 degrees, I = +78 degrees, alpha (95) = 6.8 degrees, k = 42.5, for the Cleopatra Lobe and the central intrusive core, respectively. The data from the Cleopatra Lobe are slightly discordant, in a clockwise sense, from expected middle- to late-Miocene field directions. The data from the volcano are not consistent with a proposed structural model of uniform, moderate magnitude, statistically significant, counter-clockwise vertical axis rotation of fault-bounded blocks during overall sinsitral displacement along the LMFS. We also analyzed dikes of the northernmost part of the Miocene Wilson Ridge hypabyssal igneous complex, strata of the Triassic Chinle Formation, and basalt Rows of the Miocene West End Wash/Callville Mesa volcanic centers. Dikes in the Wilson Ridge pluton and the Triassic strata yield magnetizations with directions suggestive of statistically significant, clockwise, vertical-axis rotations consistent with local, large-magnitude shear of crustal fragments near some of the faults of the LMFS. Late Cenozoic deformation of the Hamblin-Cleopatra volcano area appears to have been non-uniform in scale and magnitude and no single structural model, involving strictly strike-slip faulting, can account for the observed paleomagnetic data. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wawrzyniec, TF (reprint author), Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Univ Stn, Box X, Austin, TX 78713 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0191-8141 J9 J STRUCT GEOL JI J. Struct. Geol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1255 EP 1279 DI 10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00191-7 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 441VN UT WOS:000169250400007 ER PT J AU Loftin, CS Kitchens, WM Ansay, N AF Loftin, CS Kitchens, WM Ansay, N TI Development and application of a spatial hydrology model of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE wetlands; spatial modeling; GIS interface; Okefenokee Swamp; watershed management; wildland hydrology; impoundment ID SURFACE AB The model described herein was used to assess effects of the Suwannee River sill (a low earthen dam constructed to impound the Suwannee River within the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge to eliminate wildfires) on the hydrologic environment of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. Developed with Are/Info Macro Language routines in the GRID environment, the model distributes water in the swamp landscape using precipitation, inflow, evapotranspiration, outflow, and standing water. Water movement direction and rate are determined by the neighborhood topographic gradient, determined using survey grade Global Positioning Systems technology. Model data include flow rates from USGS monitored gauges, precipitation volumes and water levels measured within the swamp, and estimated evapotranspiration volumes spatially modified by vegetation type. Model output in semi-monthly time steps includes water depth, water surface elevation above mean sea level, and movement direction and volume. Model simulations indicate the sill impoundment affects 18 percent of the swamp during high water conditions when wildfires are scarce and has minimal spatial effect (increasing hydroperiods in less than 5 percent of the swamp) during low water and drought conditions when fire occurrence is high but precipitation and inflow volumes are limited. C1 USGA, BRD Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Florida, USGS, BRD Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Dungan Engn, Foxworth, MS 39483 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Geomat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Loftin, CS (reprint author), USGA, BRD Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 37 IS 4 BP 935 EP 956 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05524.x PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 478AX UT WOS:000171321700015 ER PT J AU Al-Zoubi, A ten Brink, US AF Al-Zoubi, A ten Brink, US TI Salt diapirs in the Dead Sea basin and their relationship to Quaternary extensional tectonics SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE salt tectonics; Dead Sea basin; Middle East; Dead Sea transform Fault ID THIN-SKINNED EXTENSION; PULL-APART BASIN; RIFT; ISRAEL; GRAVITY; ANATOMY; MOTION AB Regional extension of a brittle overburden and underlying salt causes differential loading that is thought to initiate the rise of reactive diapirs below and through regions of thin overburden. We present a modem example of a large salt diapir in the Dead Sea pull-apart basin, the Lisan diapir, which we believe was formed during the Quaternary due to basin transtension and subsidence. Using newly released seismic data that ire correlated to several deep wells, we determine the size of the diapir to be 13 x 10 km, its maximum depth 7.2 km, and its roof 125 m below the surface. From seismic stratigraphy, we infer that the diapir started rising during the early to middle Pleistocene as this section of the basin underwent rapid subsidence and significant extension of the overburden. During the middle to late Pleistocene, the diapir pierced through the extensionally thinned overburden, as indicated by rim synclines, which attest to rapid salt withdrawal from the surrounding regions. Slight positive topography above the diapir and shallow folded horizons indicate that it is still rising intermittently. The smaller Sedom diapir, exposed along the western bounding fault of the basin is presently rising and forms a 200 m-high ridge. Its initiation is explained by localized E-W extension due monoclinal draping over the edge of a rapidly subsiding basin during the early to middle Pleistocene, and its continued rise by lateral squeezing due to continued rotation of the Amazyahu diagonal fault. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP ten Brink, US (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008 OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001 NR 38 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 18 IS 7 BP 779 EP 797 DI 10.1016/S0264-8172(01)00031-9 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 497BT UT WOS:000172433400001 ER PT J AU Beeman, JW Maule, AG AF Beeman, JW Maule, AG TI Residence times and diel passage distributions of radio-tagged juvenile spring chinook salmon and steelhead in a gatewell and fish collection channel of a Columbia River dam SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; TRANSMITTERS AB The amount of time radio-tagged juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and juvenile steelhead O. mykiss spent within a gatewell and the juvenile collection channel at McNary Dam, Columbia River, USA, was measured to determine the diel passage behavior and residence times within these portions of the juvenile bypass system. The median gatewell residence times were 8.9 h for juvenile chinook salmon and 3.2 h for steelhead. Juvenile spring chinook salmon spent 83% of their time in the 18-m-deep gatewell at depths of 9 m or less, and juvenile steelhead spent 96% of their time in the upper I I m. Fish released during midday and those released in the evening generally exited the gatewell in the evening, indicating that fish entering the gatewell during daylight will have prolonged residence times. Median collection-channel residence times of juvenile chinook salmon were much shorter (2.3 min) than those of steelhead (28.0 min), most likely because of the greater size of the steelhead and the high water velocities within the channel (2.1 m/s). This and other studies indicate most juvenile salmonids enter gatewells of several Columbia and Snake river dams in the evening and pass into the collection channels quickly. However, this is not consistent with the natural in-river migration patterns of these species and represents a delay in dam passage. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Beeman, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501-A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM john_beeman@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 455 EP 463 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0455:RTADPD>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200004 ER PT J AU Kynard, B Horgan, M AF Kynard, B Horgan, M TI Guidance of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon using vertical bar rack and louver arrays SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID VISUAL PIGMENTS; LAKE STURGEON; ACIPENSER AB Some populations of shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum and pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus have been divided by hydroelectric dams, and migration downstream past the dams likely continues. No protection for downstream migrants is presently available, and the behavior of sturgeon to guidance structures has not been studied. We conducted experiments in a 5.4-m-long X 1.5-m-wide flume with a water depth of 37 cm to determine the guidance efficiency and behavior of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon to two guidance structures, a bar rack and a louver array. We tested one vertical bar rack configuration with slats spaced 3.9 cm apart (clear spacing). The bar rack slats were oriented directly into the approach flow, and the row of slats was oriented at a 45degrees angle to the flow. We tested two louver array configurations, one with slats spaced 3.9 cm apart and one with slats spaced 9.0 cm apart (clear spacing). Louver slats were oriented at a 90degrees angle to the flow, and the row of slats was oriented at a 20degrees angle to the approach flow. Mean approach velocity to both structures was 31-34 cm/s. Eighteen shortnose sturgeon tagged with passive integrated transponders were tested once in each configuration; 24-38 pallid Sturgeon were tested in each configuration. Shortnose sturgeon showed some behavioral differences due to experience with the bar rack, but experience did not affect the percent guided. Both sturgeon species were guided efficiently by the louver array (96-100%) but less efficiently by the bar rack (58-80%). Shortnose sturgeon were more likely to contact the bar rack at night than during the day (P = 0.01) and at night were more likely to contact the bar rack than the louver array (P = 0.006). Bar racks guided fewer individuals at night than during the day. For pallid sturgeon, the percentages guided by day and night were 80 and 58, respectively; for shortnose sturgeon, the percentages were 80 and 67. Both species used vision to avoid structures because both increased contact with structures at night. Shortnose sturgeon were superior to pallid sturgeon at swimming off the bottom and avoiding structures. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S O Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Kynard, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S O Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, POB 796, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 561 EP 570 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0561:GOYSAP>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200013 ER PT J AU Carline, RF AF Carline, RF TI Effects of high-frequency pulsed-DC electrofishing on a wild brown trout population SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID STREAM; LENGTH; FISH AB I determined the effects of annual exposure to hi.-h-frequency (>800 Hz), pulsed-DC electrofishing on the occurrence of spinal injuries, growth, size structure, and population density of wild brown trout Salmo trutta in a high-alkalinity stream in central Pennsylvania. I compared population statistics of brown trout in a section (section A) of Spruce Creek that was electrofished annually from 1985 to 1996 with those in another section (section B) that was electrofished annually from 1985 to 1991 and again in 1996. The frequency of spinal injuries of brown trout in section A (43.6%) was not significantly higher than that in section B (38.0%). The frequency of spinal injuries in angled brown trout from another section of Spruce Creek that had never been exposed to electrofishing was 15.5%. Median lengths of brown trout (ages 1-3) in section A were greater than those of brown trout in section B. Relative weights of brown trout in section B were higher than those in section A only in 1996, but these differences were small and only apparent in fish longer than 250 mm. The size structure and density of the brown trout populations in both sections were similar throughout the study. Despite the high injury rate, there was little or no effect of high-frequency, pulsed-DC electrofishing on most population statistics. C1 Penn State Univ, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Merkle Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Carline, RF (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Merkle Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 571 EP 579 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0571:EOHFPD>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200014 ER PT J AU Bray, GS Schramm, HL AF Bray, GS Schramm, HL TI Evaluation of a statewide volunteer angler diary program for use as a fishery assessment tool SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB We implemented a statewide volunteer angler diary program for the 1995 fishing season to determine whether angler diaries can provide data that are useful for the management of the principal sport fishes in waters throughout Mississippi Of 1,153 anglers volunteering to participate, 224 (19,c) returned diaries with at least one recorded fishing trip that was usable for data analysis. We found no significant (P < 0.05) correlations between angler diary catch per unit effort (CPUE fish/h) and creel survey or electrofishing CPUE for black bass Micropterus spp. and crappies Pomoxis spp. The length distributions of black bass reported by anglers were similar to those obtained from electrofishing samples at live of,even reservoirs when fish smaller than 250 mm were excluded front the comparisons, The length distributions of crappies obtained from diary report, were different from those obtained from electrofishing samples, Low, participation by anglers for catfish (Ictaluridae) and sunfish Lepomis spp. precluded similar analyses fur those,species. The participating anglers differed from the general angling public in Mississippi, possibly biasing estimates of catch rate. Although angler diaries may have value for monitoring angler catch rate trends for diverse types, of anglers and in numerous water bodies, our results show that angler diary data should not be used to replace traditional fishery assessment data. C1 US Geol Survey, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Bray, GS (reprint author), Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commiss, POB 726, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. EM gbray@gsmfc.org NR 21 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 606 EP 615 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0606:EOASVA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200017 ER PT J AU Saiki, MK Martin, BA Schwarzbach, SE May, TW AF Saiki, MK Martin, BA Schwarzbach, SE May, TW TI Effects of an agricultural drainwater bypass on fishes inhabiting the Grassland Water District and the lower San Joaquin River, California SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SELENIUM; REPRODUCTION; TRIBUTARIES; BLUEGILLS; VALLEY AB The Grassland Bypass Project, which began operation in September 1996, was conceived as a means of diverting brackish selenium-contaminated agricultural drainwater away Front canals and sloughs needed for transporting irrigation water to wetlands within the Grassland Water District (the Grasslands), Merced County, California. The seleniferous drainwater is now routed into the San Luis Drain for conveyance to North Nlud Slough and eventual disposal in the San Joaquin River. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the Grassland Bypass Project has affected Fishes in sloughs and other surface waters within and downstream from the Grasslands. During September-October 1997, 9,795 fish representing 25 species were captured at 13 sampling sites. Although several species exhibited restricted spatial distributions, association analysis and cluster analysis failed to identify more than one fish species assemblage inhabiting the various sites. However, seleniferous drainwater from the San Luis Drain has influenced selenium concentrations in whole fish within North Mud Slough and the San Joaquin River. The highest concentrations of selenium (12-23 mug/g, dry weight basis) were measured in green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus from the San Luis Drain where seleniferous drainwater is most concentrated. whereas the second highest concentrations occurred in green sunfish (7.6-17 mug/g) and bluegills Lepomis macrochirus (14-18 mug/g) from North Mud Slough immediately downstream front the drain. Although there was some variation, fish in the San Joaquin River generally contained higher body burdens of selenium when captured immediately below the mouth of North Mud Slough (3.1-4.8 mug/g for green sunfish, 3.7-5.0 mug/g for bluegills) than when Captured upstream from the mouth (0.67-3.3 mug/g forgreen sunfish, 0.59-3.7 mug/g for bluegills). Waterborne selenium was the single most important predictor of selenium concentrations in green sunfish and bluegills, as judged by results from multiple-regression analyses. Among bluegills, water temperature also contributed to the prediction of selenium body burdens. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Dixon Duty Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento Fish & Wildlife Off, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Saiki, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Dixon Duty Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 624 EP 635 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0624:EOAADB>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200019 ER PT J AU Long, JM Fisher, WL AF Long, JM Fisher, WL TI Precision and bias of largemouth, smallmouth, and spotted bass ages estimated from scales, whole otoliths, and sectioned otoliths SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB We compared the precision and bias of age estimates derived from scale,. whole otoliths and sectioned otoliths and by readers of varying experience level for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. small-mouth bass M. dolomieu. and spotted bass M. punctulatus from Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma. Precision was assessed with the coefficient of variation of age estimates for each fish. Bias was determined among readers and structures from age bias graphs derived from least squares regression. Precision was similar among species far all three structures and among structures fur any species, except for smallmouth bass its age estimates were more precise with whole otoliths. Bias between pairs of readers was found for scales and whole otolith among all three species but never for sectioned otoliths. The experience level of the reader influenced the bias between readers for scales but not for otoliths. Bias between structures was found between scales and whole otoliths for all three species and between scales and sectioned otoliths for smallmouth bass and spotted bass. Age estimates were unbiased between whole and sectioned otolith, fur all three species. Although sectioned otoliths required more preparation time, they provided the best age estimated, for the three populations in Skiatook Lake. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Long, JM (reprint author), S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, 1921 VanBoklen Rd, Eastover, SC 29044 USA. RI Long, James/C-5999-2009 NR 18 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 636 EP 645 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0636:PABOLS>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200020 ER PT J AU Dwyer, WP Shepard, BB White, RG AF Dwyer, WP Shepard, BB White, RG TI Effect of backpack electroshock on westslope cutthroat trout injury and growth 110 and 250 days posttreatment SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; AIR EXPOSURE AB Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi that were reared under captive conditions were exposed to 0.75-1.5 V/cm of continuous, 50-Hz pulsed, or variable pulsed (CPS) direct current (DC) for 5 s to determine whether their growth after 110 and 250 d was affected. Individually marked fish served as experimental units. Only one fish, which was shocked in the CPS treatment, died following treatment. After 110 d, fish that underwent CPS and 50-Hz pulsed-DC electroshock treatments had gained significantly (P < 0.05) less weight than control fish, but weight gains by fish exposed to continuous DC were not significantly different from those of control fish, After 250 d. fish exposed to any of the three treatments had gained significantly (P < 0.05) less weight than control fish. At the conclusion of the experiment (250 d), four observers examined the fish to assess whether they had suffered spinal injury. Significantly (P < 0.05) more fish that had undergone electrofishing treatments exhibited evidence of spinal injury than control fish, but no significant difference was found among observers (P = 0.841). These results Suggest that there are long-term sublethal effects from electroshock on individual westslope cutthroat trout. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Montana State Univ, Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 646 EP 650 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0646:EOBEOW>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200021 ER PT J AU Van den Avyle, MJ Wallin, JE AF Van den Avyle, MJ Wallin, JE TI Retention of internal anchor tags by juvenile striped bass SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID TERM RETENTION AB We marked hatchery-reared striped bass Morone saxatilis (145-265 mm total length) with internal anchor tags and monitored retention for 28 months after stocking in the Savannah River, Georgia and South Carolina. Anchor tags (with an 18-mm, T-shaped anchor and 42-mm streamer) were surgically implanted ventrally. and coded wire tags (1 mm long and 0.25 mm in diameter) were placed into the check muscle to help identify subsequent recaptures. The estimated probability of retention (SD) of anchor tags was 0.94 (0.05) at 4 months, 0.64 (0.13) at 16 months, and 0.33 (0.19) at 28 months. Of 10 fish recaptured with only coded wire tags, 5 showed an externally visible wound or scar near the point of anchor tag insertion. The incidence of wounds or scars, which we interpreted as evidence of tag shedding, increased to 50% in recaptures taken at 28 months (three of six fish). Our estimates for retention of anchor tags were generally lower than those in other studies of striped bass, possibly because of differences in the style of anchor or sizes of fish used. Because of its low rate of retention, the type of anchor tag we used may not be suitable for long-term assessments of stock enhancement programs that use striped bass of the sizes evaluated. C1 US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit Program, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Van den Avyle, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit Program, 1875 Century Blvd,Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. EM mike_vandenavyle@usgs.gov NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 656 EP 659 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200023 ER PT J AU Vokoun, JC Rabeni, CF Stanovick, JS AF Vokoun, JC Rabeni, CF Stanovick, JS TI Sample-size requirements for evaluating population size structure SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB A method with an accompanying computer program is described to estimate the number of individuals needed to construct a sample length-frequency with a given accuracy and precision. First, a reference length-frequency assumed to be accurate for a particular sampling gear and collection strategy was constructed. Bootstrap procedures created length-frequencies with increasing sample size that were randomly chosen from the reference data and then were compared with the reference length-frequency by calculating the mean squared difference. Outputs from two species collected with different gears and an artificial even length-frequency are used to describe the characteristics of the method. The relations between the number of individuals used to construct a length-frequency and the similarity to the reference length-frequency followed a negative exponential distribution and showed the importance of using 300-400 individuals whenever possible. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Columbia Res Ctr, Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 6 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 660 EP 665 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0660:SSRFEP>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200024 ER PT J AU Hyatt, MW Hubert, WA AF Hyatt, MW Hubert, WA TI Statistical properties of relative weight distributions of four salmonid species and their sampling implications SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID EQUATION; TROUT; POWER AB We assessed relative weight (W-r) distributions among 291 samples of stock-to-quality-length brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and cutthroat trout O. clarki from lentic and lotic habitats. Statistics describing W-r sample distributions varied slightly among species and habitat types. The average sample was leptokurtotic and slightly skewed to the right with a standard deviation of about 10, but the shapes of W-r distributions varied widely among samples. Twenty-two percent of the samples had nonnormal distributions, suggesting the need to evaluate sample distributions before applying statistical tests to determine A heftier assumptions are met. In general, our findings indicate that samples of about 100 stock-to-quality-length fish are needed to obtain confidence interval widths of four W-r units around the mean. Power analysis revealed that samples of about 50 stock-to-quality-length fish are needed to detect a 2% change in mean W-r at a relatively high level of power (beta = 0.01, alpha = 0.05). C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hubert, WA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 666 EP 670 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0666:SPORWD>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FK UT WOS:000174289200025 ER PT J AU Adams, MJ Schindler, DE Bury, RB AF Adams, MJ Schindler, DE Bury, RB TI Association of amphibians with attenuation of ultraviolet-b radiation in montane ponds SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE amphibia; dissolved organic matter; global change; ponds; transmission of ultraviolet-b radiation ID SOLAR UV-B; RANA-CASCADAE; SURVIVAL; DECLINE; CALIFORNIA; HABITAT; AMBIENT; EGGS; FROG; SALAMANDERS AB Ambient ultraviolet-b (UV-B) radiation (280320 rim) has increased at north-temperate latitudes in the last two decades. UV-B can be detrimental to amphibians. and amphibians have shown declines in some areas during this same period. We documented the distribution of amphibians and salmonids in 42 remote, subalpine and alpine ponds in Olympic National Park, Washington, United States. We inferred relative exposure of amphibian habitats to UV-13 by estimating the transmission of 305- and 320-nm radiation in pond water. We found breeding Ambystoma gracile, A. macrodacotylum and Rana cascadae at 33%, 31%, and 45% of the study sites, respectively. Most R. cascadae bred in fishless shallow ponds with relatively low transmission of UV-13. The relationship with UV-13 exposure remained marginally significant even after the presence of fish was included in the model. At 50 cm water depth, there was a 55% reduction in incident 305-nm radiation at sites where breeding populations of R. cascadae were detected compared to other sites. We did not detect associations between UV-13 transmission and A. gracile or A. macrodactylum. Our field surveys do not provide evidence for decline of R. cascadae in Olympic National Park as has been documented in Northern California, but are consistent with the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of R. cascadae breeding sites is influenced by exposure to UV-B. Substrate or pond depth could also be related to the distribution of R. cascadae in Olympic National Park. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Adams, MJ (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 40 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 2001 VL 128 IS 4 BP 519 EP 525 DI 10.1007/s004420100688 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 468LJ UT WOS:000170758900007 ER PT J AU DeAngelis, DL Petersen, JH AF DeAngelis, DL Petersen, JH TI Importance of the predator's ecological neighborhood in modeling predation on migrating prey SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS; SALMO-SALAR L; COLUMBIA RIVER; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; SMALLMOUTH BASS; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; CONSUMPTION; SATIATION AB Most mathematical descriptions of predator-prey interactions fail to take into account the spatio-temporal structures of the populations, which can lead to errors or misinterpretations. For example, a compact pulse of prey migrating through a field of quasi-stationary predators may not be well described by standard predator-prey models, because the predators and prey are unlikely to be well mixed; that is, the prey may be exposed to only a fraction of the predator population at a time. This underscores the importance of properly accounting for the ecological neighborhood, or effective feeding range, of predators in models. We illustrate this situation with a series of models of salmon smolts migrating through a reservoir arrayed with predators. The reservoir is divided into a number of longitudinal compartments or spatial cells, the length of each cell representing the upstream-downstream range over which predators can forage. In this series of models a 100-km-long reservoir is divided, successively into 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 cells, with respective cell lengths of 50, 20, 10, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 km. We used a detailed individual-based simulation model at first, but to ensure robustness of results we supplemented this with a simple analytic model. Both models showed sharp differences in the predicted mortality to a compact pulse of smolt prey moving through the reservoir, depending on the number of spatial cells in the model. In particular, models with fewer than about 10 cells vastly overpredicted the amount of mortality due to predators with activity ranges of not more than a few kilometers. These results corroborate recent theoretical and simulation studies on the importance of spatial scale and behavior in modeling predator-prey dynamics. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Div Biol Resources,US Geol Survey, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Columbia River Res Lab, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP DeAngelis, DL (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Div Biol Resources,US Geol Survey, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. EM ddeangelis@umiami.ir.miami.edu NR 45 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0030-1299 EI 1600-0706 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD AUG PY 2001 VL 94 IS 2 BP 315 EP 325 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.940212.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 475PM UT WOS:000171173200012 ER PT J AU Rowan, EL de Marsily, G AF Rowan, EL de Marsily, G TI Infiltration of Late Palaeozoic evaporative brines in the Reelfoot rift: a possible salt source for Illinois basin formation waters and MVT mineralizing fluids SO PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MVT; salinity; brine; flow model; gravity driven flow ID LEAD-ZINC DEPOSITS; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; SEDIMENTARY BASINS; GENESIS; GROUNDWATER; EVOLUTION; CONSTRAINTS; ORIGIN; USA AB Salinities and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits provide important insights into the regional hydrology of the Illinois basin/Reelfoot rift system in late Palaeozoic time. Although the thermal regime of this basin system has been plausibly explained, the origin of high salinities in the basin fluids remains enigmatic. Topographically driven flow appears to have been essential in forming these MVT districts, as well as many other districts worldwide. However, this type of flow is recharged by fresh water making it difficult to account for the high salinities of the mineralizing fluids over extended time periods. Results of numerical experiments carried out in this study provide a possible solution to the salinity problem presented by the MVT zinc-lead and fluorite districts at the margins of the basin system. Evaporative concentration of surface water and subsequent infiltration into the subsurface are proposed to account for large volumes of brine that are ultimately responsible for mineralization of these districts. This study demonstrates that under a range of geologically reasonable conditions, brine infiltration into an aquifer in the deep subsurface can coexist with topographically driven flow. Infiltration combined with regional flow and local magmatic heat sources in the Reelfoot rift explain the brine concentrations as well as the temperatures observed in the Southern Illinois and Upper Mississippi Valley districts. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Paris 06, Lab Geol Appl, F-75252 Paris 05, France. RP Rowan, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 75 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 1354-0793 J9 PETROL GEOSCI JI Petrol. Geosci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 3 BP 269 EP 279 DI 10.1144/petgeo.7.3.269 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 477JT UT WOS:000171281000005 ER PT J AU Hazler, SE Sheehan, AF McNamara, DE Walter, WR AF Hazler, SE Sheehan, AF McNamara, DE Walter, WR TI One-dimensional shear velocity structure of Northern Africa from Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE seismology; surface waves; Africa; mantle; crust; lithosphere ID UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE; EAST-AFRICA; RECEIVER FUNCTIONS; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; PHASE VELOCITIES; EARTH STRUCTURE; SURFACE-WAVES; BENEATH; TOMOGRAPHY; SUPERSWELL AB Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion measurements from 10 s to 160 s periods have been made for paths traversing Northern Africa. Data were accumulated from the IRIS DMC, GEOSCOPE, and MEDNET seismic networks covering the years 1991-1997. The group velocity measurements are made including the effects of debiasing for instantaneous period and a single-iteration, mode-isolation (phase match) filter. The curves are grouped by tectonic province and compared to tomographic model-based curves in an effort to test and validate the tomographic models. Within each tectonic category (rift, orogenic zone, or craton) group velocity curves from various provinces are similar. Between tectonic categories, however, there are marked differences. The rift related paths exhibit the lowest group velocities observed, and cratonic paths the fastest. One-dimensional shear velocity inversions are performed, and while highly nonunique, the ranges of models show significant differences in upper mantle velocities between the tectonic provinces. This work is part of a larger project to determine group velocity maps for North Africa and the Middle East. The work presented here provides important tools for the validation of tomographic group velocity models. This is accomplished by comparing group velocity curves calculated from the tomographic models with carefully selected high-quality group velocity measurements. The final group velocity models will be used in M-S measurements, which will contribute to the m(b):M-S discriminant important to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The improved shear wave velocity models provided by this study also contribute to the detection, location, and identification of seismic sources. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Earthquake Informat Ctr, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hazler, SE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Campus Box 399, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Walter, William/C-2351-2013; Sheehan, Anne/B-3954-2014 OI Walter, William/0000-0002-0331-0616; NR 47 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 158 IS 8 BP 1475 EP 1493 DI 10.1007/PL00001230 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 472UD UT WOS:000171002600008 ER PT J AU del Cura, MAG Calvo, JP Ordonez, S Jones, BF Canaveras, JC AF del Cura, MAG Calvo, JP Ordonez, S Jones, BF Canaveras, JC TI Petrographic and geochemical evidence for the formation of primary, bacterially induced lacustrine dolomite: La Roda 'white earth' (Pliocene, central Spain) SO SEDIMENTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dolomite; lacustrine deposits; petrography; Pliocene; Spain; stable isotopes ID SOUTH-AUSTRALIA; COORONG REGION; MICROBIAL MEDIATION; WESTERN VICTORIA; DOLOMITIZATION; LAKES; SEDIMENTOLOGY; PRECIPITATION; CARBONATES; HOLOCENE AB Upper Pliocene dolomites ('white earth') from La Roda, Spain, offer a good opportunity to evaluate the process of dolomite formation in lakes. The relatively young nature of the deposits could allow a link between dolomites precipitated in modern lake systems and those present in older lacustrine formations. The La Roda Mg-carbonates (dolomite unit) occur as a 3.5- to 4-m-thick package of poorly indurated, white, massive dolomite beds with interbedded thin deposits of porous carbonate displaying root and desiccation traces as well as local lenticular gypsum moulds. The massive dolomite beds consist mainly of loosely packed 1- to 2-mum-sized aggregates of dolomite crystals exhibiting poorly developed faces, which usually results in a subrounded morphology of the crystals. Minute rhombs of dolomite are sparse within the aggregates. Both knobbly textures and clumps of spherical bodies covering the crystal surfaces indicate that bacteria were involved in the formation of the dolomites. In addition, aggregates of euhedral dolomite crystals are usually present in some more clayey (sepiolite) interbeds. The thin porous carbonate (mostly dolomite) beds exhibit both euhedral and subrounded, bacterially induced dolomite crystals. The carbonate is mainly Ca-dolomite (51-54 mol% CaCO3), showing a low degree of ordering (degree of ordering ranges from 0.27 to 0.48). Calcite is present as a subordinate mineral in some samples. Sr, Mn and Fe contents show very low correlation coefficients with Mg/Ca ratios, whereas SiO2 and K contents are highly correlated. delta O-18- and delta C-13-values in dolomites range from -3.07 parts per thousand to 5.40 parts per thousand PDB (mean = 0.06, sigma = 1.75) and from -6.34 parts per thousand to -0.39 parts per thousand, PDB (mean = -3.55, sigma = 1.33) respectively. Samples containing significant amounts of both dolomite and calcite do not in general show significant enrichment or depletion in O-18 and C-13 between the two minerals. The correlation coefficient between delta O-18 and delta C-13 for dolomite is extremely low and negative (r = -0.05), whereas it is higher and positive (r = 0.47) for calcite. The lacustrine dolomite deposit from La Roda is interpreted mainly as a result of primary precipitation of dolomite in a shallow, hydrologically closed perennial lake. The lake was supplied by highly saturated HCO3-/CO32- groundwater that leached dolomitic Mesozoic formations. Precipitation of dolomite from alkaline lake waters took place under a semi-arid to and climate. However, according to our isotopic data, strong evaporative conditions were not required for the formation of the La Roda dolomite. A significant contribution by bacteria to the formation of the dolomites is assumed in view of both petrographic and geochemical evidence. C1 UCM, CSIC, Inst Geol Econ, Madrid, Spain. Univ Complutense, Fac CC Geol, Dpto Petrol & Geoquim, Madrid, Spain. Univ Alicante, Dpto Ciencias Tierra & Medio Ambiente, E-03080 Alicante, Spain. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP del Cura, MAG (reprint author), UCM, CSIC, Inst Geol Econ, Madrid, Spain. RI Calvo, Jose/A-1277-2009; Canaveras, Juan/H-6705-2015; Garcia-del-Cura, M Angeles/H-2559-2015; Ordonez, Salvador/H-2677-2015 OI Canaveras, Juan/0000-0003-0323-3400; Garcia-del-Cura, M Angeles/0000-0001-9251-3986; Ordonez, Salvador/0000-0002-4651-4563 NR 79 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0037-0746 J9 SEDIMENTOLOGY JI Sedimentology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 48 IS 4 BP 897 EP 915 PG 19 WC Geology SC Geology GA 466GH UT WOS:000170636500011 ER PT J AU Bailey, GB Lauer, DT Carneggie, DM AF Bailey, GB Lauer, DT Carneggie, DM TI International collaboration: the cornerstone of satellite land remote sensing in the 21st century SO SPACE POLICY LA English DT Article AB Satellite land remotely sensed data are used by scientists and resource managers world-wide to study similar multidisciplinary earth science problems. Most of their information requirements can be met by a small number of satellite sensor types. Moderate-resolution resource satellites and low-resolution environmental satellites are the most prominent of these, and they are the focus of this paper. Building, launching, and operating satellite systems are very expensive endeavors. Consequently, nations should change the current pattern of independently launching and operating similar, largely redundant resource and environmental satellite systems in favor of true and full collaboration in developing, launching, operating, and sharing the data from such systems of the future. The past decade has seen encouraging signs of. increasing international collaboration in earth remote sensing, but full collaboration has not yet been attempted. A general strategy to achieve such international collaboration is presented here, including discussion of potential obstacles, ideas for organizing and overseeing the, long-term process toward collaboration, and short-term objectives whereby early successes critical to accomplishing long-term-goals can be achieved. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Bailey, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 5 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-9646 J9 SPACE POLICY JI Space Policy PD AUG PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0265-9646(01)00030-3 PG 9 WC International Relations; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC International Relations; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 470AR UT WOS:000170848700002 ER PT J AU Hahn, DC Price, RD AF Hahn, DC Price, RD TI Lice as probes SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Letter C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Hahn, DC (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Caldwell_Hahn@usgs.gov NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 16 IS 8 BP 432 EP 433 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02247-9 PG 2 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 455MU UT WOS:000170031300007 ER PT J AU Yoccoz, NG Nichols, JD Boulinier, T AF Yoccoz, NG Nichols, JD Boulinier, T TI Monitoring of biological diversity in space and time SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review ID FOREST BIODIVERSITY; NATURAL-RESOURCES; MANAGEMENT; UNCERTAINTY; INDICATORS; POPULATIONS; STRATEGIES; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; SCIENCE AB Monitoring programmes are being used increasingly to assess spatial and temporal trends of biological diversity, with an emphasis on evaluating the efficiency of management policies. Recent reviews of the existing programmes, with a focus on their design in particular, have highlighted the main weaknesses: the lack of well-articulated objectives and the neglect of different sources of error in the estimation of biological diversity. We review recent developments in methods and designs that aim to integrate sources of error to provide unbiased estimates of change in biological diversity and to suggest the potential causes. C1 Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Polar Environm Ctr, Div Artic Ecol, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Paris 06, CNRS UM R7625, Ecol Lab, F-75252 Paris, France. RP Yoccoz, NG (reprint author), Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Polar Environm Ctr, Div Artic Ecol, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. EM nigel.yoccoz@ninatos.ninaniku.no RI Yoccoz, Nigel/A-1493-2008; Yoccoz, Nigel/C-8561-2014; OI Yoccoz, Nigel/0000-0003-2192-1039; Boulinier, Thierry/0000-0002-5898-7667 NR 49 TC 568 Z9 594 U1 22 U2 205 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 16 IS 8 BP 446 EP 453 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02205-4 PG 8 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 455MU UT WOS:000170031300011 ER PT J AU Nilles, MA Conley, BE AF Nilles, MA Conley, BE TI Changes in the chemistry of precipitation in the United States, 1981-1998 SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition CY DEC 10-16, 2000 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN DE acid rain; precipitation chemistry; trends; United States; wet deposition ID TRENDS; DEPOSITION; NITROGEN AB Regulatory measures in the United States, such as Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, have primarily restricted sulfur dioxide emissions as a way to control acidic deposition. These restrictions, coupled with increasing concentrations of NH4+ in wet deposition in some regions of the U.S. and continued high emissions of nitrogen oxides have generated a significant shift in the chemistry of precipitation as measured at National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network sites. Trends in precipitation chemistry at NADP/NTN sites were evaluated for statistical significance for the period 1981-1998 using a Seasonal Mann-Kendall Test, a robust non-parametric test for detection of monotonic trends. SO42- declines were detected at 100 of the 147 sites examined while no sites exhibited increasing SO42- trends. On average, SO42- declined 35% over the period 1981-1998 with downward SO42- trends being most pronounced in the northeastern United States. In contrast, no consistent trends in NO3- concentrations were observed in precipitation in any major region of the United States. Although the majority of sites did not exhibit significant trends in NH4+ concentration, 30 sites exhibited upward trends. For Ca2+ concentration in precipitation, 64 sites exhibited a significant decreasing trend and no sites exhibited an upward trend. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Nilles, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 401, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 14 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG-SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 409 EP 414 DI 10.1023/A:1013889302895 PN 2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 489UY UT WOS:000172011900039 ER PT J AU Magee, JA Haines, TA Kocik, JF Beland, KF McCormick, SD AF Magee, JA Haines, TA Kocik, JF Beland, KF McCormick, SD TI Effects of acidity and aluminum on the physiology and migratory behavior of Atlantic salmon smolts in Maine, USA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition CY DEC 10-16, 2000 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN DE acid; aluminum; Atlantic salmon; behavior; osmoregulation; survival ID MARINE SURVIVAL; CHALLENGE; SEAWATER AB Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, smolts of hatchery origin were held for 5 to 16 days in ambient (pH 6.35, labile Al = 60 mug L-1), limed (pH 6.72, labile Al = 58.4 mug L-1), or acidified (pH 5.47, labile Al=96 mug L-1) water from the Narraguagus River in Maine, USA. Wild smolts were captured in the same river in rotary traps and held for up to two days in ambient river water. Osmoregulatory ability was assessed by measuring Na+/K+ ATPase activity, hematocrit, and blood Cl concentration in freshwater, and after 24-hr exposure to seawater. Hatchery smolts exposed to acidic water and wild smolts displayed sub-lethal ionoregulatory stress both in fresh and seawater, with mortalities of wild smolts. in seawater. Using ultrasonic telemetry, hatchery-reared ambient and acid-exposed, and wild smolts were tracked as they migrated through freshwater and estuarine sections of the river. The proportion of wild smolts migrating during daylight hours was higher than for hatchery-reared smolts. Wild smolts remained in the freshwater portions of the river longer than either group of hatchery smolts, although survival during migration to seawater was similar for all three treatments. Acid-exposed hatchery-origin and wild Narraguagus River smolts were both under ionoregulatory stress that may have affected their migratory behavior, but not their survival for the time and area in which we tracked them. C1 US Geol Survey, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Maine Atlantic Salmon Commiss, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. US Geol Survey, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Haines, TA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG-SEP PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 881 EP 886 DI 10.1023/A:1013851400536 PN 2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 489UY UT WOS:000172011900117 ER PT J AU Madej, MA AF Madej, MA TI Development of channel organization and roughness following sediment pulses in single-thread, gravel bed rivers SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STEP-POOL STREAMS; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; SELF-ORGANIZATION; BAR RESISTANCE; DEBRIS FLOW; MORPHOLOGY; TRANSPORT; WAVE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; NETWORKS AB Large, episodic inputs of coarse sediment (sediment pulses) in forested, mountain streams may result in changes in the size and arrangement of bed forms and in channel roughness. A conceptual model of channel organization delineates trajectories of response to sediment pulses for many types of gravel bed channels. Channels exhibited self-organizing behavior to various degrees based on channel gradient, presence of large in-channel wood or other forcing elements, the size of the sediment pulse, and the number of bed-mobilizing flows since disturbance. Typical channel changes following a sediment pulse were initial decreases in water depth, in variability of bed elevations, and in the regularity of bed form spacing. Trajectories of change subsequently showed increased average water depth, more variable and complex bed topography, and increased uniformity of bed form spacing. Bed form spacing in streams with abundant forcing elements developed at a shorter spatial scale (two to five channel widths) than in streams without such forcing mechanisms (five to 10 channel widths). Channel roughness increased as bed forms developed. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Madej, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 1655 Heindon Rd, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 50 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 37 IS 8 BP 2259 EP 2272 DI 10.1029/2001WR000229 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 456NY UT WOS:000170090100018 ER PT J AU Marks, DK Kuletz, KJ AF Marks, DK Kuletz, KJ TI Use of treeless and forested habitat by Marbled Murrelets in south-central Alaska SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Brachyramphus marmoratus; dawn watch; Kenai Fjords National Park; Marbled Murrelet; nesting habitat AB Although the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) usually nests in mature coniferous trees throughout most of its range, in south-central Alaska Marbled Murrelet nests hate been found on the ground in unforested areas as frequently as they have been found in older-aged forests. Because ground nests are typically found serendipitously, the relative occurrence of ground nesting is unknown. Further, the importance of unforested habitat to nesting murrelets is unknown. Comparing murrelet dawn activity (related to breeding activity) in forested and unforested habitats in the Kenai Fjords National Park. Alaska in July, 1993, we found that the number of inland murrelet "detections" was appreciable and significantly higher in forested than in unforested habitat (forested stations: x = 48.1 detections per station, SE +/- 7.7: unforested stations: x = 17.4, SE +/- 4.0). Visual observations of murrelets fling close to the ground or trees are indicators of nesting, and were much more frequently observed in forested areas. Within unforested areas, murrelet land-use may be related to the amount of low vegetation and shrubs, as stations with more vegetation had higher dawn activity. These data suggest that, although Marbled Murrelets nest on unforested ground in south-central Alaska, forested habitat is much more heavily occupied than unforested habitat. We propose that habitat devoid of older-aged coniferous forest is suboptimal due to the shortage of nest sites that are as protected from predators and weather as those provided by the 3-dimensional structure of mature trees and older-aged forests. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Marks, DK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 161 EP 168 DI 10.2307/1522025 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459BF UT WOS:000170229400002 ER PT J AU Franson, JC Hansen, SP Duerr, AE Destefano, S AF Franson, JC Hansen, SP Duerr, AE Destefano, S TI Size and mass of grit in gizzards of Sandhill Cranes, Tundra Swans, and Mute Swans SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Cygnus olor; Cygnus columbianus; Grus canadensis; grit; Mute Swan; Sandhill Crane; stomach; Tundra Swan AB Because it has been suggested that waterbirds may ingest lost or discarded lead fishing weights as grit, we examined grit it) the gizzards of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis). Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus), and Mute Swans (Cygnus olor), three species where individuals have been poisoned by the ingestion of lead fishing weights. The greatest proportion (by mass) of grit in gizzards of Sandhill Cranes consisted of particles with a minimum dimension of 2.36-4.75 mm. Grit particles in swans were much smaller, with the most prevalent (by mass) being 0.6-1.18 rum. The greatest dimension of the largest grit particle found in cranes and swans was 17.4 mm and 14.0 mm, respectively. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a ban on lead fishing weights of less than or equal to 25.4 mm in am dimension. Based on the size of grit particles that we found in gizzards of Sandhill Cranes, Mute Swans, and Tundra Swans. we believe it is unlikely that individuals of those species would ingest, as grit, lead fishing weights larger than less than or equal to 25.4 mm in any dimension. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Franson, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 242 EP 244 DI 10.2307/1522036 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459BF UT WOS:000170229400013 ER PT J AU Bryan, AL Jagoe, CH Brant, HA Gariboldi, JC Masson, GR AF Bryan, AL Jagoe, CH Brant, HA Gariboldi, JC Masson, GR TI Mercury concentrations in post-fledging Wood Storks SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE feathers; mercury; molt; Mycteria americana; post-fledging; Wood Storks ID MYCTERIA-AMERICANA; SOUTHERN FLORIDA; WADING BIRDS; CONTAMINATION; FEATHERS; GEORGIA; METAL; MOLT AB Mercury concentrations were measured in blood, down and feather samples collected front 20 postfledging Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) captured in the coastal zone of Georgia to establish a reference level for free-ranging storks utilizing this region and assess if mercury is present in potentially hazardous concentrations. Blood concentrations ranged froth 0.04-1.57 mug Hg/g (wet weight) and down and feather concentrations ranged from 1.23-18.05 mug Hg/g (dry weight). Comparisons of observed concentrations with published levels of concern suggest that some free-ranging storks may be at risk of sublethal effects due to mercury contamination. Observed concentrations are generally higher than those reported for Wood Stork nestlings in this region from the same time period, possible resulting from differences in diet and patterns of down/feather growth and molt. C1 Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Brunswick, GA 31520 USA. RP Bryan, AL (reprint author), Savannah River Ecol Lab, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD AUG PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 277 EP 281 DI 10.2307/1522042 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 459BF UT WOS:000170229400019 ER PT J AU Jackson, JBC Kirby, MX Berger, WH Bjorndal, KA Botsford, LW Bourque, BJ Bradbury, RH Cooke, R Erlandson, J Estes, JA Hughes, TP Kidwell, S Lange, CB Lenihan, HS Pandolfi, JM Peterson, CH Steneck, RS Tegner, MJ Warner, RR AF Jackson, JBC Kirby, MX Berger, WH Bjorndal, KA Botsford, LW Bourque, BJ Bradbury, RH Cooke, R Erlandson, J Estes, JA Hughes, TP Kidwell, S Lange, CB Lenihan, HS Pandolfi, JM Peterson, CH Steneck, RS Tegner, MJ Warner, RR TI Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID KELP FOREST COMMUNITIES; CHELONIA-MYDAS L; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SEA OTTERS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; TROPHIC CASCADES; REEF COMMUNITY; GREEN TURTLE AB Ecological extinction caused by overfishing precedes all other pervasive human disturbance to coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degradation of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change. Historical abundances of large consumer species were fantastically large in comparison with recent observations. Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological roles of overfished species until they too were overfished or died of epidemic diseases related to overcrowding. Retrospective data not only help to clarify underlying causes and rates of ecological change, but they also demonstrate achievable goals for restoration and management of coastal ecosystems that could not even be contemplated based on the limited perspective of recent observations alone. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Ctr Trop Paleoecol & Archeol, Balboa, Panama. Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Bates Coll, Dept Anthropol, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Univ Oregon, Dept Anthropol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Marine Biol, Ctr Coral Reef Biodivers, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Sch Marine Sci, Walpole, ME 04573 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Jackson, JBC (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM jbcj@ucsd.edu RI Pandolfi, John/A-3121-2009; Hughes, Terry/L-4721-2013; Warner, Robert/M-5342-2013; OI Pandolfi, John/0000-0003-3047-6694; Hughes, Terry/0000-0002-5257-5063; Warner, Robert/0000-0002-3299-5685; Erlandson, Jon/0000-0002-4705-4319; Bjorndal, Karen/0000-0002-6286-1901 NR 113 TC 2945 Z9 3076 U1 237 U2 2133 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 27 PY 2001 VL 293 IS 5530 BP 629 EP 638 DI 10.1126/science.1059199 PG 10 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 458PW UT WOS:000170204600040 PM 11474098 ER PT J AU LaPatra, SE Corbeil, S Jones, GR Shewmaker, WD Lorenzen, N Anderson, ED Kurath, G AF LaPatra, SE Corbeil, S Jones, GR Shewmaker, WD Lorenzen, N Anderson, ED Kurath, G TI Protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific DNA vaccination SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE DNA vaccine kinetics; fish DNA vaccine specificity; infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV); viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) ID HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VIRUS; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION; NANOGRAM QUANTITIES; HIRAME RHABDOVIRUS; VACCINES; FISH; IMMUNIZATION; GLYCOPROTEIN; IMMUNITY AB A DNA vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), was shown to provide significant protection as soon as 4 d after intramuscular vaccination in 2 g rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) held at 15 degreesC. Nearly complete protection was also observed at later time points (7, 14, and 28 d) using a standardized waterborne challenge model. In a test of the specificity of this early protection, immunization of rainbow trout with a DNA vaccine against another fish rhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, provided a significant level of cross-protection against IHNV challenge for a transient period of time, whereas a rabies virus DNA vaccine was not protective. This indication of distinct early and late protective mechanisms was not dependent on DNA vaccine doses from 0.1 to 2.5 mug. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Clear Springs Foods Inc, Div Res, Buhl, ID 83316 USA. USGS Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Danish Vet Lab, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark. Univ Maine, Dept Biochem Microbiol & Mol Biol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP LaPatra, SE (reprint author), Clear Springs Foods Inc, Div Res, POB 712, Buhl, ID 83316 USA. NR 52 TC 90 Z9 96 U1 3 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUL 16 PY 2001 VL 19 IS 28-29 BP 4011 EP 4019 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00113-X PG 9 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 450WE UT WOS:000169767200027 PM 11427277 ER PT J AU Evans, WC Sorey, ML Kennedy, BM Stonestrom, DA Rogie, JD Shuster, DL AF Evans, WC Sorey, ML Kennedy, BM Stonestrom, DA Rogie, JD Shuster, DL TI High CO2 emissions through porous media: transport mechanisms and implications for flux measurement and fractionation SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY DEC 06-10, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Geophys Union DE CO2; soil gases; diffusion; advection; isotope fractionation ID ATMOSPHERE GAS-EXCHANGE; MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN; CARBON-DIOXIDE; MAGMATIC CO2; NOBLE-GASES; TREE-KILL; SOIL; CALIFORNIA; DIFFUSION; ADEQUACY AB Diffuse emissions of CO2 are known to be large around some volcanoes and hydrothermal areas. Accumulation-chamber measurements of CO2 flux art: increasingly used to estimate the total magmatic or metamorphic CO2 released from such areas. To assess the performance of accumulation chamber systems at fluxes one to three orders of magnitude higher than normally encountered in soil respiration studies, a rest system was constructed in the laboratory where known fluxes could be maintained through dry sand. Steady-state gas concentration profiles and fractionation effects observed in the 30-cm sand column nearly match those predicted by the Stefan-Maxwell equations, indicating that the test system was functioning successfully as a uniform porous medium. Eight groups of investigators tested their accumulation chamber equipment, all configured with continuous infrared gas analyzers (IRGA), in this system. Over a flux range of similar to 200-12,000 g m(-2) day(-1). 90% of their 203 flux measurements were 0-25% lower than the imposed flux with a mean difference of - 12.5%. Although this difference would seem to be within the range of acceptability for many geologic investigations, some potential sources for larger errors were discovered. A steady-state pressure gradient of - 20 Pa/m was measured in the sand column at a flux of 11.200 g m (-2) day (-1). The derived permeability (50 darcies) was used in the dusty-gas model (DGM) of transport to quantify various diffusive and viscous flux components. These calculations were used to demonstrate that accumulation chambers, in addition to reducing the underlying diffusive gradient, severely disrupt the steady-state pressure gradient. The resultant diversion of the net gas flow is probably responsible for the systematically low flux measurements. It was also shown that the fractionating effects of a viscous CO2 efflux against a diffusive influx of air will have a major impact on some important geochemical indicators, such as N-2/Ar, delta N-15-N-2, and He-4/Ne-22. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Isotope Geochem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Evans, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Shuster, David/A-4838-2011; Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011; Evans, William/J-4283-2012 OI Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385; NR 39 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 177 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 29 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00379-X PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 442WG UT WOS:000169307500003 ER PT J AU Anderson, DE Farrar, CD AF Anderson, DE Farrar, CD TI Eddy covariance measurement of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from an area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY DEC 06-10, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Geophys Union DE carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide flux; volcanic degassing; eddy covariance; Mammoth Mountain ID SURFACE-LAYER; SCALAR FLUXES; MAGMATIC CO2; TREE-KILL; OPEN-PATH; EXCHANGE; ANALYZER; TERRAIN; LAKE; HEAT AB Three pilot studies were performed to assess application of the eddy covariance micrometeorological method in the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) flux of volcanic origin. The selected study area is one of high diffuse CO2 emission on Mammoth Mountain, CA. Because terrain and source characteristics make this a complex setting for this type of measurement, added consideration was given to source area and upwind fetch. Footprint analysis suggests that the eddy covariance measurements were representative of an upwind elliptical source area (3.8 X 10(3) m(2)) which can vary with mean wind direction, surface roughness, and atmospheric stability. CO2 flux averaged 8-16 mg m(-2) s(-1) (0.7-1.4 kg m(-2) day(-1)). Eddy covariance measurements of flux were compared with surface chamber measurements made in separate studies [Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998a) 1947; EOS Trans. 79 (1998) F941.] and were found to be similar. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Carnelian Bay, CA USA. RP Anderson, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 28 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 177 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00380-6 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 442WG UT WOS:000169307500004 ER PT J AU Bergfeld, D Goff, F Janik, CJ AF Bergfeld, D Goff, F Janik, CJ TI Elevated carbon dioxide flux at the Dixie Valley geothermal field, Nevada; relations between surface phenomena and the geothermal reservoir SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY DEC 06-10, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Geophys Union DE carbon dioxide; flux; soil gas; gas geochemistry; stable isotopes; geothermal system; Dixie Valley, NV ID MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN; HYDROGEN ISOTOPES; CO2 EMISSIONS; MAGMATIC CO2; TREE-KILL; SOIL; OXYGEN; WATER; CYCLE; GASES AB In the later part of the 1990s, a large die-off of desert shrubs occurred over an approximately 1 km(2) area in the northwestern section of the Dixie Valley (DV) geothermal field. This paper reports results from accumulation-chamber measurements of soil CO2 flux from locations in the dead zone and stable isotope and chemical data on fluids from fumaroles, shallow wells, and geothermal production wells within and adjacent to the dead zone. A cumulative probability plot shows three types of flux sites within the dead zone: locations with a normal background CO2 flux (7 g m(-2) day(-1)); moderate flux sites displaying "excess" geothermal flux: and high flux sites near young vents and fumaroles. A maximum CO2 flux of 570 g m(-2) day(-1) was measured at a location adjacent to a fumarole. Using statistical methods appropriate for lognormally distributed populations of data. estimates of the geothermal flux range from 7.5 t day(-1) from a 0.14-km(2) site near the Stillwater Fault to 0.1 t day(-1) from a 0.01-km(2) location of steaming ground on the valley floor. Anomalous CO2 flux is positively correlated with shallow temperature anomalies. The anomalous flux associated with the entire dead zone area declined about 35% over a 6-month period. The decline was most notable at a hot zone located on an alluvial fan and in the SG located on the valley floor. Gas geochemistry indicates that older established fumaroles along the Stillwater Fault and a 2-year-old vent in the lower section of the dead zone discharge a mixture of geothermal gases and air or gases from air-saturated meteoric water (ASMW). Stable isotope data indicate that steam from the smaller fumaroles is produced by approximate to 100 degreesC boiling of these mixed fluids and reservoir fluid, Steam from the Senator fumarole (SF) and from shallow wells penetrating the dead zone are probably derived by 140 degreesC to 160 degreesC boiling of reservoir fluid. Carbon-13 isotope data suggest that the reservoir CO2 is produced mainly by thermal decarbonation of hydrothermal calcite in veins that cut reservoir rocks. Formation of the dead zone is linked to the reservoir pressure decline caused by continuous reservoir drawdown from 1986 to present. These reservoir changes have restricted flow and induced boiling in a subsurface hydrothermal outflow plume extending from the Stillwater Fault southeast toward the DV floor. We estimate that maximum CO2 flux in the upflow zone along the Stillwater Fault in 1998 was roughly seven to eight times greater than the pre-production flux in 1986. The eventual decline in CO2 flux reflects the drying out of the outflow plume. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bergfeld, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, EES-1,MS D462, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 53 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 177 IS 1-2 BP 43 EP 66 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00381-8 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 442WG UT WOS:000169307500005 ER PT J AU Gerlach, TM Doukas, MP McGee, KA Kessler, R AF Gerlach, TM Doukas, MP McGee, KA Kessler, R TI Soil efflux and total emission rates of magmatic CO2 at the Horseshoe Lake tree kill, Mammoth Mountain, California, 1995-1999 SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY DEC 06-10, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Geophys Union DE carbon dioxide; soil gas; flux; degassing; volcano emissions; emission rates ID CARBON-DIOXIDE AB We report the results of eight soil CO2 efflux surveys by the closed circulation chamber method at the Horseshoe Lake tree kill (HLTK) - the largest tree kill on Mammoth Mountain. The surveys were undertaken from 1995 to 1999 to constrain total HLTK CO2 emissions and to evaluate occasional efflux surveys as a surveillance tool for the tree kills. HLTK effluxes range from 1 to > 10.000 g m(-2) day(-1) (grams CO, per square meter per day): they are not normally distributed. Station efflux rates can vary by 7-35% during the course of the 8- to 16-h surveys. Disturbance of the upper 2 cm of ground surface causes effluxes to almost double. Semivariograms of efflux spatial covariance fit exponential or spherical models; they lack nugget effects. Efflux contour maps and total CO2 emission rates based on exponential, spherical, and linear kriging models of survey data are nearly identical; similar results are also obtained with triangulation models, suggesting that the kriging models are not seriously distorted by the lack of normal efflux distributions. In addition, model estimates of total CO2 emission rates are relatively insensitive to the measurement precision of the efflux rates and to the efflux value used to separate magmatic from forest soil sources of CO2. Surveys since 1997 indicate that, contrary to earlier speculations, a termination of elevated CO2 emissions at the HLTK is unlikely anytime soon. The HLTK CO2 efflux anomaly fluctuated greatly in size and intensity throughout the 1995-1999 surveys but maintained a N-S elongation, presumably reflecting fault control of CO2 transport from depth. Total CO2 emission rates also fluctuated greatly, ranging from 46 to 136 t day(-1) (metric tons CO2 per day) and averaging 93 t day(-1). The large inter-survey variations are caused primarily by external (meteorological) processes operating on time scales of hours to days. The externally caused variations can mask significant changes occurring at depth; a striking example is the masking of a degassing event generated at depth and detected by a soil gas sensor network in September 1997 while an efflux survey was in progress. Thus, occasional efflux surveys are not an altogether effective surveillance tool for the HLTK, and making them effective by greatly increasing their frequency may not be practical. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Gerlach, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Christiansen Bldg,5400 MacArthur Blvd,Room 224, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 22 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 177 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00385-5 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 442WG UT WOS:000169307500008 ER PT J AU Cook, AC Hainsworth, LJ Sorey, ML Evans, WC Southon, JR AF Cook, AC Hainsworth, LJ Sorey, ML Evans, WC Southon, JR TI Radiocarbon studies of plant leaves and tree rings from Mammoth Mountain, CA: a long-term record of magmatic CO2 release SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY DEC 06-10, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Geophys Union DE Mammoth Mountain; CO2 emission; radiocarbon; tree rings ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; CALIFORNIA; ETNA; INDICATORS; UNREST; LAKE AB Evaluation of C-14 in tree rings provides a measure of the flux of magmatic CO2 from Mammoth Mountain both before and after 1994 when copious diffuse emissions were first discovered and linked to tree kill. We analyzed the annual rings of trees with two main purposes: (1) to track changes in the magnitude of magmatic CO2 emission over time. and (2) to determine the onset of magmatic CO2 emission at numerous sites on Mammoth Mountain. The onset of CO2 emission at different areas of tree kill was determined to be in 1990, closely following the seismic events of 1989. At Horseshoe Lake (HSL), CO2 emission was found to have peaked in 1991 and to have subsequently declined by a factor of two through 1998. The tree-ring data also show that emissions of magmatic carbon from cold springs below the tree-kill areas occurred well before 1989. Trees located on the margins of the kill areas or otherwise away from zones of maximum gas discharge were found to be better integrators of magmatic CO2 emission than those located in the center of tree kills. Although quantitative extrapolations from our data to a flux history will require that a relationship be: established between C-14 depletion in tree rings and average annual magmatic CO2 flux, the pattern of C-14 depletion in tree rings is likely to be the most reliable indicator of the long-term changes in the magnitude of CO2 release from Mammoth Mountain. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 High Tech High Sch, San Diego, CA 92106 USA. Emory & Henry Coll, Dept Chem, Emory, VA 24327 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Cook, AC (reprint author), High Tech High Sch, 2861 Womble Rd, San Diego, CA 92106 USA. RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 177 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 131 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00386-7 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 442WG UT WOS:000169307500009 ER PT J AU Bindeman, IN Valley, JW Wooden, JL Persing, HM AF Bindeman, IN Valley, JW Wooden, JL Persing, HM TI Post-caldera volcanism: in situ measurement of U-Pb age and oxygen isotope ratio in Pleistocene zircons from Yellowstone caldera SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Yellowstone Hot Spot; zircon; SHRIMP data; calderas; O-18/O-16 ID RESIDENCE TIMES; RHYOLITIC MAGMA; ION MICROPROBE; FIELD; CONTAMINATION; AR-40/AR-39; COLLAPSE; BENEATH; HISTORY AB The Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, the site of some of the largest known silicic volcanic eruptions, is the present location of NE-migrating hotspot volcanic activity. Most volcanic rocks in the Yellow stone caldera (0.6 Ma), which formed in response to the climactic eruption of 1000 km(3) of Lava Creek Tuff(LCT), have unusually low oxygen isotope ratios. Ion microprobe analysis of both U-Pb age and delta O-18 in zircons from these low-delta O-18 lavas reveals evidence of complex inheritance and remelting. A majority of analyzed zircons from low-delta O-18 lavas erupted inside the Yellowstone caldera have cores that range in age from 2.4 to 0.7 Ma, significantly older than their eruption ages (0.5-0.4 Ma). These ages and the high-delta O-18 cores indicate that these lavas are largely derived from nearly total remelting of normal-delta O-18 Huckleberry Ridge Tuff (HRT) and other pre-LCT volcanic rocks. A post-HRT low-delta O-18 lava shows similar inheritance of HRT-age zircons. The recycling of volcanic rocks by shallow remelting can change the water content and eruptive potential of magma. This newly proposed mechanism of intracaldera volcanism is best studied by combining in situ analysis of oxygen and U-Pb isotope ratios of individual crystals. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94205 USA. RP Bindeman, IN (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Valley, John/B-3466-2011; Bindeman, Ilya/D-2497-2012 OI Valley, John/0000-0003-3530-2722; Bindeman, Ilya/0000-0003-2778-9083 NR 20 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 189 IS 3-4 BP 197 EP 206 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00358-2 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 453EC UT WOS:000169902700009 ER PT J AU Tebbens, SF Burroughs, SM Barton, CC Naar, DF AF Tebbens, SF Burroughs, SM Barton, CC Naar, DF TI Statistical self-similarity of hotspot seamount volumes modeled as self-similar criticality SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; PACIFIC-OCEAN; VOLCANISM; ORIGIN; RIDGE; CHAIN AB The processes responsible for hotspot seamount formation are complex, yet the cumulative frequency-volume distribution of hotspot seamounts in the Easter Island/Salas y Gomez Chain (ESC) is found to be well-described by an upper-truncated power law. We develop a model for hotspot seamount formation where uniform energy input produces events initiated on a self-similar distribution of critical cells. We call this model Self-Similar Criticality (SSC). By allowing the spatial distribution of magma migration to be self-similar, the SSC model recreates the observed ESC seamount volume distribution. The SSC model may have broad applicability to other natural systems. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM tebbens@marine.usf.edu; sburroughs@alpha.utampa.edu; barton@usgs.gov; naar@usf.edu NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 14 BP 2711 EP 2714 DI 10.1029/2000GL012748 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 452GK UT WOS:000169849500011 ER PT J AU Clark, PU Marshall, SJ Clarke, GKC Hostetler, SW Licciardi, JM Teller, JT AF Clark, PU Marshall, SJ Clarke, GKC Hostetler, SW Licciardi, JM Teller, JT TI Freshwater forcing of abrupt climate change during the last glaciation SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; YOUNGER DRYAS EVENT; ATLANTIC THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; LAKE AGASSIZ; OCEAN CIRCULATION; ISOTOPE RECORDS; DEGLACIATION; RADIOCARBON; MELTWATER AB Large millennial-scale fluctuations of the southern margin of the North American Laurentide Ice Sheet occurred during the Last deglaciation, when the margin was Located between about 43 degrees and 49 degreesN. Fluctuations of the ice margin triggered episodic increases in the flux of freshwater to the North Atlantic by rerouting continental runoff from the Mississippi River drainage to the Hudson or St. Lawrence Rivers. We found that periods of increased freshwater flow to the North Atlantic occurred at the same time as reductions in the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water, thus providing a mechanism for observed climate variability that may be generally characteristic of times of intermediate global ice volume. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Geog, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Manitoba, Dept Geol Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Clark, PU (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 47 TC 300 Z9 306 U1 7 U2 77 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 13 PY 2001 VL 293 IS 5528 BP 283 EP 287 DI 10.1126/science.1062517 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 452TK UT WOS:000169875200054 PM 11452120 ER PT J AU Carr, MH Garvin, J AF Carr, MH Garvin, J TI Mars exploration SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material AB An international flotilla of spacecraft are to be sent to Mars over the next decade in an effort to understand the planet's geology and climate history, and to determine whether some form of life ever started there. At least two spacecraft will be sent at each launch opportunity, and at times up to four spacecraft may be operating simultaneously at the planet. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Carr, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 12 PY 2001 VL 412 IS 6843 BP 250 EP 253 DI 10.1038/35084200 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 451AJ UT WOS:000169778700065 PM 11449287 ER PT J AU Bolton, H Masters, G AF Bolton, H Masters, G TI Travel times of P and S from the global digital seismic networks: Implications for the relative variation of P and S velocity in the mantle SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTH STRUCTURE; ARRIVAL TIMES; STATION CORRECTIONS; ABSORPTION-BAND; MODEL; TOMOGRAPHY; HETEROGENEITY; INVERSION; SHEAR; CONSTRAINTS AB We present new data sets of P and S arrival times which have been handpicked from long-period vertical and transverse component recordings of the various global seismic networks. Using events which occurred from 1976 to 1994 results in similar to 38,000 globally well-distributed measurements of teleseismic P and similar to 41,000 measurements of S. These data are particularly useful for looking at the relative variation of S and P velocities in the lower mantle. We describe both the measurement techniques and the gross characteristics of the data sets. The size of our data sets allows us to exploit the internal consistency of the data to identify outliers using a summary ray analysis. Since the polarity of each arrival is also known, we can construct fault plane solutions and/or compare with polarities predicted by the Harvard centroid moment tensor solutions to further diagnose phase misidentification. This analysis results in similar to5% of the data being identified as outliers. An analysis of variance indicates that the S residual travel times are dominated by the effects of three-dimensional structure but the P data have comparable contributions from noise and source mislocation effects. The summary ray analysis reveals the basic character of lower mantle structure, and there are large-scale patterns in both the S and P data sets that correlate quite well with each other. This analysis suggests that on average, d ln v(s)/d ln v(p) is an increasing function of depth in the mantle going from a value of similar to1.7 at the top of the lower mantle to an apparent value of 4 near the base of the mantle. This latter extreme value of R seems to result mainly from data which sample one region in the lowermost mantle under the central Pacific, where large positive S residuals are associated with very small P residuals. Such an anomaly cannot be thermal in origin. C1 US Geol Survey, Albuquerque Seismol Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Bolton, H (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Albuquerque Seismol Lab, 801 Univ SE,Suite 300, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. EM bolton@asl.cr.usgs.gov; gmasters@ucsd.edu NR 58 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B7 BP 13527 EP 13540 DI 10.1029/2000JB900378 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 453FP UT WOS:000169906100019 ER PT J AU Brocher, TM Parsons, T Blakely, RJ Christensen, NI Fisher, MA Wells, RE AF Brocher, TM Parsons, T Blakely, RJ Christensen, NI Fisher, MA Wells, RE CA SHIPS Working Grp TI Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CASCADIA FORE-ARC; WESTERN WASHINGTON; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; COAST RANGE; SEATTLE FAULT; TOMOGRAPHY; EARTHQUAKE; ISLAND; OREGON; COMPLEX AB A new three-dimensional (3-D) model shows seismic velocities beneath the Puget Lowland to a depth of 11 km. The model is based on a tomographic inversion of nearly one million first-arrival travel times recorded during the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS), allowing higher-resolution mapping of subsurface structures than previously possible. The model allows us to refine the subsurface geometry of previously proposed faults (e.g., Seattle, Hood Canal, southern Whidbey Island, and Devils Mountain fault zones) as well as to identify structures (Tacoma, Lofall, and Sequim fault zones) that warrant additional study. The largest and most important of these newly identified structures lies along the northern boundary of the Tacoma basin; we informally refer to this structure here as the Tacoma fault zone. Although tomography cannot provide information on the recency of motion on any structure, Holocene earthquake activity on the Tacoma fault zone is suggested by seismicity along it and paleoseismic evidence for abrupt uplift of tidal marsh deposits to its north. The tomography reveals four large, west to northwest trending low-velocity basins (Tacoma, Seattle, Everett, and Port Townsend) separated by regions of higher velocity ridges that are coincident with fault-bounded uplifts of Eocene Crescent Formation basalt and pre-Tertiary basement. The shapes of the basins and uplifts are similar to those observed in gravity data; gravity anomalies calculated from the 3-D tomography model are in close agreement with the observed anomalies. In velocity cross sections the Tacoma and Seattle basins are asymmetric: the basin floor dips gently toward a steep boundary with the adjacent high-velocity uplift, locally with a velocity "overhang" that suggests a basin vergent thrust fault boundary. Crustal fault zones grow from minor folds into much larger structures along strike. Inferred structural relief across the Tacoma fault zone increases by several kilometers westward along the fault zone to Lynch Cove, where we interpret it as a zone of south vergent faulting overthrusting Tacoma basin. In contrast, structural relief along the Seattle fault zone decreases west of Seattle, which we interpret as evidence that the N-S directed compression is being accommodated by slip transfer between the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones. Together, the Tacoma and Seattle fault zones raise the Seattle uplift, one of a series of east-west trending, pop-up structures underlying Puget Lowland from the Black Hills to the San Juan Islands. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Brocher, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,M-S 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM brocher@usgs.gov; tparsons@usgs.gov; blakely@usgs.gov; chris@geology.washington.edu; mfisher@usgs.gov; rwells@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338; Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X NR 60 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B7 BP 13541 EP 13564 DI 10.1029/2001JB000154 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 453FP UT WOS:000169906100020 ER PT J AU Almendros, J Chouet, B Dawson, P AF Almendros, J Chouet, B Dawson, P TI Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity - 1. Method SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WAVE-FIELD ANALYSIS; STROMBOLI-VOLCANO; DENSE ARRAY; LOCATION; TREMOR; EXPLOSIONS; SIGNALS AB We present a probabilistic method to locate the source of seismic events using seismic antennas. The method is based on a comparison of the event azimuths and slownesses derived from frequency-slowness analyses of array data, with a slowness vector model. Several slowness vector models are considered including both homogeneous and horizontally layered half-spaces and also a more complex medium representing the actual topography and three-dimensional velocity structure of the region under study. In this latter model the slowness vector is obtained from frequency-slowness analyses of synthetic signals. These signals are generated using the finite difference method and include the effects of topography and velocity structure to reproduce as closely as possible the behavior of the observed wave fields. A comparison of these results with those obtained with a homogeneous half-space demonstrates the importance of structural and topographic effects, which, if ignored, lead to a bias in the source location. We use synthetic seismograms to test the accuracy and stability of the method and to investigate the effect of our choice of probability distributions. We conclude that this location method can provide the source position of shallow events within a complex volcanic structure such as Kilauea Volcano with an error of +/-200 m. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Almendros, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM noba@usgs.gov RI Almendros, Javier/M-2468-2014 OI Almendros, Javier/0000-0001-5936-6160 NR 26 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B7 BP 13565 EP 13580 DI 10.1029/2001JB000310 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 453FP UT WOS:000169906100021 ER PT J AU Almendros, J Chouet, B Dawson, P AF Almendros, J Chouet, B Dawson, P TI Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity - 2. Results SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WAVE-FIELD ANALYSIS; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; REDOUBT VOLCANO; STROMBOLI-VOLCANO; DECEPTION ISLAND; MAGMATIC SYSTEM; ASH MEMBER; TREMOR; EVENTS; ERUPTIONS AB Array data from a seismic experiment carried out at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in February 1997, are analyzed by the frequency-slowness method. The slowness vectors are determined at each of three small-aperture seismic antennas for the first arrivals of 1129 long-period (LP) events and 147 samples of volcanic tremor. The source locations are determined by using a probabilistic method which compares the event azimuths and slownesses with a slowness vector model. The results show that all the LP seismicity, including both discrete LP events and tremor, was generated in the same source region along the east flank of the Halemaumau pit crater, demonstrating the strong relation that exists between the two types of activities. The dimensions of the source region are approximately 0.6 x 1.0 x 0.5 km. For LP events we are able to resolve at least three different clusters of events. The most active cluster is centered similar to 200 m northeast of Halemaumau at depths shallower than 200 m beneath the caldera floor. A second cluster is located beneath the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau at a depth of similar to 400 m. The third cluster is <200 m deep and extends southeastward from the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau. Only one source zone is resolved for tremor. This zone is coincident with the most active source zone of LP events, northeast of Halemaumau. The location, depth, and size of the source region suggest a hydrothermal origin for all the analyzed LP seismicity. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Almendros, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM noda@usgs.gov RI Almendros, Javier/M-2468-2014 OI Almendros, Javier/0000-0001-5936-6160 NR 52 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B7 BP 13581 EP 13597 DI 10.1029/2001JB000309 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 453FP UT WOS:000169906100022 ER PT J AU Wicks, CW Thatcher, W Monastero, FC Hasting, MA AF Wicks, CW Thatcher, W Monastero, FC Hasting, MA TI Steady state deformation of the Coso Range, east central California, inferred from satellite radar interferometry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GEOTHERMAL AREA; INYO-COUNTY; HALF-SPACE; SEISMICITY; VOLCANISM; FIELD; SHEAR AB Observations of deformation from 1992 to1997 in the southern Coso Range using satellite radar interferometry show deformation rates of up to 35 mm yr(-1) in an area similar to 10 km by 15 km. The deformation is most likely the result of subsidence in an area around the Coso geothermal field. The deformation signal has a short-wavelength component, related to production in the field, and a long-wavelength component, deforming at a constant rate, that may represent a source of deformation deeper than the geothermal reservoir. We have modeled the long-wavelength component of deformation and inferred a deformation source at similar to4 km depth. The source depth is near the brittle-ductile transition depth (inferred from seismicity) and similar to1.5 km above the top of the rhyolite magma body that was a source for the most recent volcanic eruption in the Coso volcanic field [Manley and Bacon, 2000]. From this evidence and results of other studies in the Coso Range, we interpret the source to be a leaking deep reservoir of magmatic fluids derived from a crystallizing rhyolite magma body. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NAWS, Geothermal Program Off, China Lake, CA 93555 USA. RP Wicks, CW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cwicks@usgs.gov; thatcher@usgs.gov; MonasteroFC@navair.navy.mil; HastingMA@navair.navy.mil NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B7 BP 13769 EP 13780 DI 10.1029/2001JB000298 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 453FP UT WOS:000169906100030 ER PT J AU Normark, WR Serra, F AF Normark, WR Serra, F TI Vertical tectonics in northern Escanaba Trough as recorded by thick late Quaternary turbidites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GLACIAL LAKE MISSOULA; JOKULHLAUPS; COLUMBIA; FLOODS AB Escanaba Trough, the southernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge, is filled by as much as 500 m of late Quaternary turbidite and hemipelagic sediment. Goring at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 35 and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1037 and 1038 together with 4.5-MIz deep-tow and 3.5-kHz surface-ship seismic reflection profiles enable a distinct pattern of reflections to be mapped throughout Escanaba Trough in the upper part of this sediment fill. The uppermost 80 m of turbidite sediment, which includes at least 11 turbidity current events, were deposited in <7 kyr. Nine of these turbidites are found throughout Escanaba Trough at water depths >3200 m. The turbidity currents were trapped upon entering Escanaba Trough, resulting in all of the sediment in suspension in the flows being deposited. The thickness of the turbidite layers reflects both the flow thickness and the vertical grain concentration within the flow that deposited the layer. Variations in the turbidite thickness with respect to water depth can be used to estimate the degree of relative vertical movement within the floor of Escanaba Trough. In the area of hydrothermal activity near ODP Site 1038, uplift of as much as 140 m has occurred over the past 8 kyr. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Coastal & Marine Geol, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Sci Terra & Geol Ambientali, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. RP Normark, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Coastal & Marine Geol, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM wnormark@usgs.gov; serra@geomin.unibo.it NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B7 BP 13793 EP 13802 DI 10.1029/2001JB000341 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 453FP UT WOS:000169906100032 ER PT J AU Jayanetti, S Mayanovic, RA Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM AF Jayanetti, S Mayanovic, RA Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM TI Analysis of radiation-induced small Cu particle cluster formation in aqueous CuCl2 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; NEAR-EDGE-STRUCTURE; TRANSITION-METALS; COPPER; REDUCTION; MODEL AB Synchrotron x-ray radiation is being used extensively as a structure probe to investigate the coordination environment and thus gain insight into the ion-water and ion-ion interactions in aqueous solutions. However, under favorable conditions, there may be instances where the incident x-ray beam can induce oxidation and/or reduction in the solution, thus altering its chemistry. Successive x-ray absorption fine structure spectra, measured in the fluorescence mode from a 55 ppm Cu in CuCl2 aqueous solution, show the formation of copper clusters and their growth as a function of time of irradiation. Initially, the clusters have a nearest neighbor distance of 2.48 +/-0.02 Angstrom which, with increase in time of irradiation, increases to 2.55 +/-0.01 Angstrom, indicating that the clusters approach the lattice dimensions of bulk copper. Similarly, the Debye-Waller factor of the copper clusters is found to increase by similar to 50%-55% over the range of time of irradiation. Analysis of spectra measured in the intermediate time period shows signal contributions from a mixture of clusters that can be represented by a mixture of a small cluster (5-10 Angstrom across) and bulk copper. The nearest neighbor coordination number is found to increase in a manner consistent with the decrease in the surface to volume ratio as the average cluster size approaches its bulk dimensions. The initiation of cluster growth occurs through agglomeration of copper atoms that possibly react to form dimers upon reaction. The copper ions in the solution are reduced to the metallic state by reacting with hydrated electrons produced as a result of radiolysis of water by the incident x-ray beam. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Mat Sci, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Geol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Mayanovic, RA (reprint author), SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Mat Sci, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 115 IS 2 BP 954 EP 962 DI 10.1063/1.1379758 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 448ZW UT WOS:000169660700045 ER PT J AU Jones, PD Giesy, JP Kannan, K Newsted, JL Tillitt, DE Williams, LL AF Jones, PD Giesy, JP Kannan, K Newsted, JL Tillitt, DE Williams, LL TI Effects of environmentally relevant dietary concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCCD on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Entrix Inc, E Lansing, MI USA. USGS, Environm Contaminat Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, E Lansing, MI USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 156 EP 157 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500498 ER PT J AU Ribic, CA Sample, DW AF Ribic, CA Sample, DW TI Associations of grassland birds with landscape factors in southern Wisconsin SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION-RESERVE-PROGRAM; BREEDING BIRDS; HABITAT; AREA; FRAGMENTATION; ABUNDANCE; PREDATION; CROPLAND; FARMLAND; ILLINOIS AB We investigated the association of grassland birds with field- and landscape level habitat variables in south-central Wisconsin during 1985-1987. Landscape-level variables were measured and digitized at 200, 400 and 800 m from the perimeter of 38 200 m X 100 m strip transects. A mixture of field and landscape variables was associated with the density of savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) and grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum). Only landscape variables were associated with the density of bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) and all birds that were grassland species of management concern. Field size was not an important predictor of bird density. Cover-type diversity of the surrounding area was commonly selected in the models for three species and all birds that were grassland species of management concern. Higher bird densities in the transects were associated with landscapes where the cover types were less diverse. Landscapes with low cover type diversity were dominated by grassland, pasture and hay Field habitat, mean patch size of cover tr pcs and distance to woody vegetation were the next most common predictors of avian density. The density of some grassland birds increased as nonlinear woody features such as woodlots and shrub carrs decreased in patch size, decreased in total amount in the landscape and increased in distance from a transect. However, density of other species was positively associated with linear woody features such as the total amount and nearness of hedgerows. The composition of the surrounding landscape, at least out to 800 m, is important in grassland bird management. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, USGS BRD Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA. RP Ribic, CA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, USGS BRD Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM caribic@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 50 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 4 U2 27 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 EI 1938-4238 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 146 IS 1 BP 105 EP 121 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0105:AOGBWL]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 442YV UT WOS:000169313300011 ER PT J AU Toomey, BH Bello, S Hahn, ME Cantrell, S Wright, P Tillitt, DE Di Giulio, RT AF Toomey, BH Bello, S Hahn, ME Cantrell, S Wright, P Tillitt, DE Di Giulio, RT TI 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces apoptotic cell death and cytochrome P4501A expression in developing Fundulus heteroclitus embryos SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; cell death; cytochrome P450; embryo; Fundulus ID STENOTOMUS-CHRYSOPS SCUP; LIFE-STAGE DEVELOPMENT; AH GENE BATTERY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; LAKE TROUT; HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; ESTUARINE FISH; RAINBOW-TROUT; TCDD AB Fundulus heteroclitus embryos were exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during early development using nanoinjection or water bath exposure. TCDD caused developmental abnormalities: that included hemorrhaging. loss of vascular integrity, edema, stunted development and death. The LC,, and LD,,, of TCDD for Fundulus embryos were similar to 19.7 +/- 9.5 pg TCDD/mul (water bath) and 0.25 +/- 0.09 ng TCDD/g embryo (nanoinjection). To identify a possible cause for these developmental abnormalities we analyzed the effects of TCDD on apoptotic cell death and cytochrome P4501A (CYPIA) expression in the embryos. TCDD exposure increased apoptotic cell death in several tissues including brain, eye, gill, kidney, tail. intestine, heart, and vascular tissue. CYPIA expression was also increased in the TCDD-exposed embryos predominantly in liver, kidney, gill, heart, intestine, and in vascular tissues throughout the embryo. There was co-occurrence of TCDD-induced apoptosis and CYPIA expression in some, but not all. cell types. In addition the dose response relationships for apoptosis and mortality were similar, while CYPIA expression appeared more sensitive to TCDD induction. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65202 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65202 USA. USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Toomey, BH (reprint author), 411 Millbrook Rd, Middletown, CT 06457 USA. OI Bello, Susan/0000-0003-4606-0597; Hahn, Mark/0000-0003-4358-2082 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07031, P42 ES07381] NR 42 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 53 IS 2 BP 127 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00161-2 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 439UN UT WOS:000169136100005 PM 11311389 ER PT J AU Milner, AM York, GS AF Milner, AM York, GS TI Factors influencing fish productivity in a newly formed watershed in Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska SO ARCHIV FUR HYDROBIOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE salmonids; colonization; Oncorhynchus kisutch; Salvelinus malma; artificial channels ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH CARCASSES; COHO SALMON; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; STREAM PRODUCTIVITY; GLACIER; COLONIZATION; USA; COMMUNITY; MACROINVERTEBRATES; VEGETATION AB Delusion Creek in McCarty Fjord, southcentral Alaska, was studied over three field seasons from 1992 to 1994 to investigate the factors influencing salmonid colonization and productivity of a new stream system formed by glacial ice recession within the last 40 years. Stream discharge was extremely variable during the summer months. Frequent spate events were a major factor in maintaining an unstable channel and in raising turbidity levels, which limit primary production and the abundance and diversity of invertebrates in the main stream channel available to rearing fish. However, in less than 40 years, coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), pink (O. gorbuscha), and sockeye (O. nerka) salmon have colonized Delusion Creek, and over 1,000 sockeye salmon were observed to spawn along the margin of the upper lake in 1993. Ninety-three percent of juvenile sockeye salmon remained in the takes for two years prior to smolting. Kettle ponds, formed after ice recession, were also found to be important rearing areas for juvenile coho salmon. In the main stream channel, Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) char were the most abundant juvenile rearing fish. Water chemistry of the lakes indicated that nitrogen was likely a limiting nutrient to primary production. Experiments with artificial channels showed that enrichment with nitrogen and phosphorus increased chlorophyll-a levels and macroinvertebrate drift was significantly reduced from enriched channels. We suggest that primary productivity and invertebrate abundance may be enhanced by the colonization of spawning anadromous salmon which may, thus, act as a positive feedback to productivity of this new stream. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Milner, AM (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 37 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0003-9136 J9 ARCH HYDROBIOL JI Arch. Hydrobiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 151 IS 4 BP 627 EP 647 PG 21 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 466QD UT WOS:000170655500006 ER PT J AU Ingersoll, CG MacDonald, DD Wang, N Crane, JL Field, LJ Haverland, PS Kemble, NE Lindskoog, RA Severn, C Smorong, DE AF Ingersoll, CG MacDonald, DD Wang, N Crane, JL Field, LJ Haverland, PS Kemble, NE Lindskoog, RA Severn, C Smorong, DE TI Predictions of sediment toxicity using consensus-based freshwater sediment quality guidelines SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRIAD APPROACH; ECOSYSTEMS; MARINE; CONTAMINATION; MIXTURES; RIVER; METAL AB The objectives of this study were to compare approaches for evaluating the combined effects of chemical mixtures on the toxicity in field-collected sediments and to evaluate the ability of consensus-based probable effect concentrations (PECs) to predict toxicity in a freshwater database on both a national and regional geographic basis. A database was developed from 92 published reports, which included a total of 1,657 samples with high-quality matching sediment toxicity and chemistry data from across North America. The database was comprised primarily of 10- to 14-day or 28- to 42-day toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca (designated as the HA10 or HA28 tests) and 10- to 14-day toxicity tests with the midges Chironomus tentans or C. riparius (designated as the CS10 test). Mean PEC quotients were calculated to provide an overall measure of chemical contamination and to support an evaluation of the combined effects of multiple contaminants in sediments. There was an overall increase in the incidence of toxicity with an increase in the mean quotients in all three tests. A consistent increase in the toxicity in all three tests occurred at a mean quotient > 0.5, however, the overall incidence of toxicity was greater in the HA28 test compared to the short term tests. The longer-term tests, in which survival and growth are measured, tend to be more sensitive than the shorter-term tests, with acute to chronic ratios on the order of six indicated for H. azteca. Different patterns were observed among the various procedures used to calculate mean quotients. For example, in the HA28 test, a relatively abrupt increase in toxicity was associated with elevated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) alone or with elevated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) alone, compared to the pattern of a gradual increase in toxicity observed with quotients calculated using a combination of metals, PAHs, and PCBs. These analyses indicate that the different patterns in toxicity may be the result of unique chemical signals associated with individual contaminants in samples. Though mean quotients can be used to classify samples as toxic or nontoxic, individual quotients might be useful in helping identify substances that may be causing or substantially contributing to the observed toxicity. An increase in the incidence of toxicity was observed with increasing mean quotients within most of the regions, basins, and areas in North America for all three toxicity tests. The results of these analyses indicate that the consensus-based PECs can be used to reliably predict toxicity of sediments on both a regional and national basis. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V9X IW5, Canada. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Premier Environm Serv, Marina Del Rey, CA 90292 USA. RP Ingersoll, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM chris_ingersoll@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 4 U2 44 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 8 EP 21 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 439VH UT WOS:000169137900002 PM 11385586 ER PT J AU Rattner, BA McGowan, PC Hatfield, JS Hong, CS Chu, SG AF Rattner, BA McGowan, PC Hatfield, JS Hong, CS Chu, SG TI Organochlorine contaminant exposure and reproductive success of black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) nesting in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; EGGS; CYTOCHROME-P450; USA; RESIDUES; EMBRYOS; PCBS AB The declining size of the Baltimore Harbor black-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) colony has been hypothesized to be linked to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure. In 1998, a "sample egg" was collected from 65 black-crowned night-heron nests (each containing greater than or equal to three eggs) for contaminant analysis, and the remaining eggs in these 65 nests, plus four two-egg nests, were monitored for hatching and hedging success. Eggs were also collected from 12 nests at Holland Island, a reference site in southern Chesapeake Bay. Samples were analyzed for 26 organochlorine pesticides and metabolities and 145 PCB congeners. Pesticide and metabolite concentrations, including p,p'-DDE, were well below thresholds associated with adverse reproductive effects at both sites. Average concentration of total PCBs, 12 Ah receptor-active PCB congeners, and toxic equivalents in eggs from Baltimore Harbor were greater (up to 35-fold) than that observed in Holland Island samples. Overall nest success at the Baltimore Harbor heronry was estimated by the Mayfield method to be 0.74, and the mean number of young fledged/hen was 2.05, which is within published productivity estimates for maintaining a stable black-crowned night-heron population. Using logistic regression, no significant relationships were found between organochlorine contaminant concentrations in sample eggs and hatching, fledging, or overall reproductive success. Processes other than poor reproduction (e.g., low postfledging survival, emigration, habitat degradation) may be responsible for the declining size of the Baltimore Harbor colony. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12201 USA. RP Rattner, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 50 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 73 EP 82 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 439VH UT WOS:000169137900008 PM 11385592 ER PT J AU Mast, MA Turk, JT Ingersoll, GP Clow, DW Kester, CL AF Mast, MA Turk, JT Ingersoll, GP Clow, DW Kester, CL TI Use of stable sulfur isotopes to identify sources of sulfate in Rocky Mountain snowpacks SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE snowpack chemistry; rocky mountains; sulfur isotopes; sulfate; acid deposition; high-elevation ecosystems ID BROOK-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; UNITED-STATES; FRONT RANGE; COLORADO; DEPOSITION; ORIGIN; AREAS; DUST AB Stable sulfur isotope ratios and major ions in bulk snowpack samples were monitored at a network of 52 high-elevation sites along and near the Continental Divide from 1993 to 1999. This information was collected to better define atmospheric deposition to remote areas of the Rocky Mountains and to help identify the major source regions of sulfate in winter deposition. Average annual delta S-34 values at individual sites ranged from + 4.0 to + 8.2 parts per thousand and standard deviations ranged from 0.4 to 1.6 parts per thousand. The chemical composition of all samples was extremely dilute and slightly acidic; average sulfate concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 12.2 mu eq 1(-1) and pH ranged From 4.82 to 5.70. The range of delta S-34 values measured in this study indicated that snowpack sulfur in the Rocky Mountains is primarily derived from anthropogenic sources. A nearly linear relation between delta S-34 and latitude was observed for sites in New Mexico, Colorado, and southern Wyoming, which indicates that snowpack sulfate in the southern part of the network was derived from two isotopically distinct source regions. Because the major point sources of SO2 in the region are coal-fired powerplants, this pattern may reflect variations in the isotopic composition of coals burned by the plants. The geographic pattern in delta S-34 for sites farther to the north in Wyoming and Montana was much less distinct, perhaps reflecting the paucity of major point sources of SO2 in the northern part of the network. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Geol Div, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Mast, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 36 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 35 IS 19 BP 3303 EP 3313 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00507-0 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 446WV UT WOS:000169537900008 ER PT J AU Suryan, RM Irons, DB AF Suryan, RM Irons, DB TI Colony and population dynamics of black-legged kittiwakes in a heterogeneous environment SO AUK LA English DT Article ID CONSPECIFIC REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BREEDING HABITAT SELECTION; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; CLIFF SWALLOWS; ALASKA; SEABIRDS; SEA; TEMPERATURE AB Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) nest at 25 distinct colonies located throughout Prince William Sound that range in size from < 20 to >7,000 pairs. Dramatic changes have occurred in the distribution of breeding birds among those colonies during the past few decades (1972-1997). Reproductive success data collected since 1985 confirm that individual colonies are habitat patches of varying quality in space and time. Even with such variation, predictability of habitat quality did occur in short- and long-term (greater than or equal to3 year) intervals as indicated by significant (P < 0.05) relationships between current (t) and previous year's (t-1, t-2, etc.) reproductive success. Those circumstances provided suitable conditions for testing hypotheses concerning dispersal and recruitment strategies of a long-lived species. Breeding birds responded to both short- and long-term cues and, in general, recruited to the most successful colonies. An apparently lower dispersal propensity and the importance of long-term cues was in contrast to a similar study of kittiwake colonies in France (Danchin et al. 1998). Differences between these studies may be attributed to primary factors controlling habitat quality in Prince William Sound operating in the long-term versus the short-term and the magnitude of scale. Colonies in our study covered a much larger geographic area and therefore, factors such as foraging-site faithfulness, mate retention, and natal philopatry may also have influenced dispersal decisions. Nonetheless, recruitment of kittiwakes in Prince William Sound supported the performance-based conspecific attraction hypothesis, which, in turn, led to an ideal free distribution of breeding birds. Those shortterm mechanisms for dispersal and recruitment manifested in a long-term redistribution of nesting kittiwakes from poor breeding conditions in southern Prince William Sound to favorable conditions in northern Prince William Sound. Favorable conditions in northern Prince William Sound were apparently supported by stable or increasing populations of juvenile herring. In contrast, reproductive failures and population declines in southern Prince William Sound were concordant with colonies in the Gulf of Alaska where diets were similar, consisting of primarily capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus). Those trends corresponded with the influence of Gulf of Alaska waters in southern Prince William Sound and may have been associated with a reported decline in the abundance of key forage species related to a late 1970s regime shift in the Gulf of Alaska. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Suryan, RM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM rob.suryan@orst.edu NR 65 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2001 VL 118 IS 3 BP 636 EP 649 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0636:CAPDOB]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474KE UT WOS:000171105000006 ER PT J AU Granfors, DA Pietz, PJ Joyal, LA AF Granfors, DA Pietz, PJ Joyal, LA TI Frequency of egg and nestling destruction by female Brown-headed Cowbirds at grassland nests SO AUK LA English DT Article ID PARASITISM; PREDATORS; BEHAVIOR AB Researchers have suggested that Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) destroy nest contents of potential hosts to induce renesting and thus enhance future opportunities for parasitism. Although cowbird destruction of passerine nests has been Witnessed and surmised, few data are available on frequency of those events. We used miniature video-cameras at nests of grassland passerines and documented partial or complete destruction of eggs or nestlings by cowbirds at 7 of 132 nests monitored with cameras. At least three of the seven cases appeared to be attempts to totally destroy the nest contents; those cowbirds did not appear to be motivated by food or an intent to parasitize the nest. Three cases probably were associated with parasitism, but two involved egg removal late in incubation and the third was unusually destructive. Cowbirds were responsible for 24% of egg losses and 5% of nestling losses caused by predators. The importance of cowbirds as an agent of egg and nestling loss undoubtedly varies among sites and years, but it should not be overlooked. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Granfors, DA (reprint author), 2517 N Lake Miltona Dr NE, Miltona, MN 56354 USA. EM diane-granfors@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 2001 VL 118 IS 3 BP 765 EP 769 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0765:FOEAND]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 474KE UT WOS:000171105000022 ER PT J AU Osburn, CL Morris, DP Thorn, KA Moeller, RE AF Osburn, CL Morris, DP Thorn, KA Moeller, RE TI Chemical and optical changes in freshwater dissolved organic matter exposed to solar radiation SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbon stable isotopes; DOM; humic acids; NMR; photooxidation ID AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; PHOTOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION; CARBON-ISOTOPE; INORGANIC CARBON; LAKE WATER; SEAWATER; LIGNIN; MARINE; CYCLE; PHOTODEGRADATION AB We studied the chemical and optical changes in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two freshwater lakes and a Sphagnum bog after exposure to solar radiation. Stable carbon isotopes and solid-state C-13-NMR spectra of DOM were used together with optical and chemical data to interpret results from experimental exposures of DOM to sunlight and from seasonal observations of two lakes in northeastern Pennsylvania. Solar photochemical oxidation of humic-rich bog DOM to smaller LMW compounds and to DIC was inferred from losses of UV absorbance, optical indices of molecular weight and changes in DOM chemistry. Experimentally, we observed a 1.2 parts per thousand enrichment in delta C-13 and a 47% loss in aromatic C functionality in bog DOM samples exposed to solar UVR. Similar results were observed in the surface waters of both lakes. In late summer hypolimnetic water in humic Lake Lacawac, we observed 3 to 4.5 parts per thousand enrichments in delta C-13 and a 30% increase in aromatic C relative to early spring values during spring mixing. These changes coincided with increases in molecular weight and UV absorbance. Anaerobic conditions of the hypolimnion in Lake Lacawac suggest that microbial metabolism may be turning over allochthonous C introduced during spring mixing, as well as autochthonous C. This metabolic activity produces HMW DOM during the summer, which is photochemically labile and isotopically distinct from allochthonous DOM or autochthonous DOM. These results suggest both photooxidation of allochthonous DOM in the epilimnion and autotrophic production of DOM by bacteria in the hypolimnion cause seasonal trends in the UV absorbance of lakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80002 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Osburn, CL (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Natl Res Council, Code 6115, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NR 62 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 6 U2 44 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 3 BP 251 EP 278 DI 10.1023/A:1010657428418 PG 28 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 452MW UT WOS:000169863000002 ER PT J AU Horvath, TG Whitman, RL Last, LL AF Horvath, TG Whitman, RL Last, LL TI Establishment of two invasive crustaceans (Copepoda : Harpacticoida) in the nearshore sands of Lake Michigan SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES; WATER AB Benthic copepods (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) in the nearshore sediments of southern Lake Michigan appear to be dominated by two new invasive species. We report the first occurrence in North America of Schizopera borutzkyi Montschenko, a native to the Danube River delta, and Heteropsyllus nr. nunni, likely a new species that is morphologically similar to the marine species Heteropsyllus nunni and represents the first occurrence of this genus in freshwater. Schizopera borutzkyi is a euryhaline species occurring in shallow sands in its native habitat and in deeper sands (6-15 m) in southern Lake Michigan. Based on the absence of these species from previous studies, we suggest that they are recent introductions. Heteropsyllus nr. nunni dominated (55-100%) the harpacticoid abundance to depths of 9 m, but S. borutzkyi comprised 75% of the harpacticoid abundance at 15 m. Native harpacticoids were always greatly outnumbered by invasive harpacticoids in our samples, which suggests that the natives are being replaced rapidly or that the invasive species are finding unused resources. The ecological implications of these introductions are not known, but these invasions may represent continued "invasional meltdown" in Lake Michigan. C1 US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Horvath, TG (reprint author), SUNY Coll Oneonta, Dept Biol, Oneonta, NY 13820 USA. NR 12 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 58 IS 7 BP 1261 EP 1264 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-7-1261 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 451AG UT WOS:000169776600001 ER PT J AU Haitzer, M Akkanen, J Steinberg, C Kukkonen, JVK AF Haitzer, M Akkanen, J Steinberg, C Kukkonen, JVK TI No enhancement in bioconcentration of organic contaminants by low levels of DOM SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE humic substances; dissolved organic matter; bioaccumulation; organic pollutants; aquatic organisms ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NATURAL-WATERS; BIOAVAILABILITY; ACCUMULATION; MATTER; SUBSTANCES; CARBON AB The aim of the present work was to systematically study the effect of low concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioconcentration of organic contaminants, in order to show whether the phenomenon of enhanced bioconcentration factors (BCFs), that has been reported in the literature, is generally found at low levels of DOM or if BCF enhancements are more likely due to a random scatter in the experimental data. The first part of the study tested the hypothesis that low levels of DOM affect the uptake kinetics of organic contaminants, leading to transient enhancements of BCFs, relative to DOM-free controls, which could have been reported as BCF enhancements in short-term studies. We found that the presence of low concentrations of two different types of DOM consistently decreased the bioconcentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in the water flea Daphnia magna at all exposure times (1-24 h), and that no transient BCF enhancements occurred. The second part of the study systematically investigated if low concentrations of DOM from a wide range of different aquatic systems can cause enhancements in the bioconcentration of organic contaminants. Water fleas were exposed to combinations of four different organic contaminants (BaP, tetrachlorobiphenyl, pentachlorophenol and naphthalene) with low concentrations of 12 different types of DOM that had been collected from various regions throughout Europe. In several of the DOM treatments, we found mean BCFs being higher than mean BCFs in the controls (especially for naphthalene). This shows that the experimental setup used in this study (and similarly in previous studies) can produce seeming BCF enhancements at low concentrations of DOM. However, statistical analyses showed that treatment means were not significantly different from control means. Thus, this systematic study suggests that the BCF enhancements that have been reported in the literature are more likely the result of random, experimental variations than the result of a systematic enhancement of bioconcentration. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Freshwater Ecol & Inland Fisheries, D-12587 Berlin, Germany. Univ Joensuu, Dept Biol, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland. Univ Munich, Inst Zool, Dept Limnol, D-80333 Munich, Germany. RP Haitzer, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM mhaitzer@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUL PY 2001 VL 44 IS 2 BP 165 EP 171 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00269-1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 446WU UT WOS:000169537800008 PM 11444297 ER PT J AU Nicholas, KR Fisher, JA Muths, E Trott, J Janssens, PA Reich, C Shaw, DC AF Nicholas, KR Fisher, JA Muths, E Trott, J Janssens, PA Reich, C Shaw, DC TI Secretion of whey acidic protein and cystatin is down regulated at mid-lactation in the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE kangaroo; lactation; cystatin; whey acidic protein; protease inhibitor ID TAMMAR WALLABY; MAMMARY-GLAND; MOLECULAR-CLONING; MILK WHEY; EUGENII; EXPRESSION; INHIBITOR; GENE; MEMBER; FAMILY AB Milk collected from the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) between day 100 and 260 of lactation showed major changes in milk composition at around day 200 of lactation, the rime at which the pouch young begins to temporarily exit the pouch and eat herbage. The carbohydrate content of milk declined abruptly at this time and although there was only a small increase in total protein content, SDS PACE analysis of milk revealed asynchrony in the secretory pattern of individual proteins. The levels of alpha -lactalbumin, beta -lactoglobulin, serum albumin and transferrin remain unchanged during lactation. In contrast, the protease inhibitor cystatin, and the putative protease inhibitor whey acidic protein (WAP) first appeared in milk at elevated concentrations after approximately 150 days of lactation and then ceased to be secreted at approximately 200 days. In addition, a major whey protein, late lactation protein, was first detected in milk around the time whey acidic protein and cystatin cease to be secreted and was present at least until day 260 of lactation. The co-ordinated, but asynchronous secretion of putative protease inhibitors in milk may have several roles during lactation including tissue remodelling in the mammary gland and protecting specific proteins in milk required ia; physiological development of the dependent young. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Prot Biochem Grp, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Victorian Inst Anim Sci, Attwood, Vic 3049, Australia. RP Nicholas, KR (reprint author), Victorian Inst Anim Sci, 475 Mickleham Rd, Attwood, Vic 3049, Australia. NR 43 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 129 IS 4 BP 851 EP 858 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00341-5 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 451EQ UT WOS:000169788500012 PM 11440871 ER PT J AU Harris, CK Wiberg, PL AF Harris, CK Wiberg, PL TI A two-dimensional, time-dependent model of suspended sediment transport and bed reworking for continental shelves SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE advection-diffusion; continental shelf bottom boundary layer; sediment transport; numerical model ID RIPPLE GEOMETRY; COMBINED WAVE; BOTTOM; CALIFORNIA; ROUGHNESS; FLOW; RESUSPENSION; ENVIRONMENT; RIVER; STORM AB A two-dimensional, time-dependent solution to the transport equation is formulated to account for advection and diffusion of sediment suspended in the bottom boundary layer of continental shelves. This model utilizes a semiimplicit, upwind-differencing scheme to solve the advection-diffusion equation across a two-dimensional transect that is configured so that one dimension is the vertical, and the other is a horizontal dimension usually aligned perpendicular to shelf bathymetry. The model calculates suspended sediment concentration and flux; and requires as input wave properties, current velocities, sediment size distributions, and hydrodynamic sediment properties. From the: calculated two-dimensional suspended sediment fluxes, we quantify the redistribution of shelf sediment, bed erosion, and deposition for several sediment sizes during resuspension events. The two-dimensional, time-dependent approach directly accounts fur cross-shelf gradients in bed shear stress and sediment properties, as well as transport that occurs before steady-state suspended sediment concentrations have been attained. By including the vertical dimension in the calculations, we avoid depth-averaging suspended sediment concentrations and fluxes, and directly account for differences in transport rates and directions for fine and coarse sediment in the bottom boundary layer. A flux condition is used as the bottom boundary condition for the transport equation in order to capture time-dependence of the suspended sediment field. Model calculations demonstrate the significance of both time-dependent and spatial terms on transport and depositional patterns on continental shelves. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Harris, CK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 45 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 27 IS 6 BP 675 EP 690 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00122-9 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 435LY UT WOS:000168884000004 ER PT J AU Foley, N Ayuso, RA Seal, R AF Foley, N Ayuso, RA Seal, R TI Remnant colloform pyrite at the Haile gold deposit, South Carolina: A textural key to genesis SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID SLATE BELT; MINERALIZATION; MINE; DEFORMATION; PIEDMONT; GEORGIA; TERRANE; ARC AB Auriferous iron sulfide-bearing deposits of the Carolina slate belt have distinctive mineralogical and textural features - traits that provide a basis to construct models of ore deposition. Our identification of paragenetically early types of pyrite, especially remnant colloform, crustiform, and layered growth textures of pyrite containing electrum and pyrrhotite, establishes unequivocally that gold mineralization was coeval with deposition of host rocks and not solely related to Paleozoic tectonic events. Ore horizons at the Haile deposit, South Carolina, contain many remnants of early pyrite: ii) fine-grained cubic pyrite disseminated along bedding; (2) fine-grained spongy, rounded masses of pyrite that may envelop or drape over pyrite cubes; (3) fragments of botry-oidally and crustiform layered pyrite, and (4) pyritic infilling of vesicles and pumice. Detailed mine;al chemistry by petrography, microprobe, SEM, and EDS analysis of replaced pumice and colloform structures containing both arsenic compositional banding and electrum points to coeval deposition of gold and the volcanic host rocks and, thus, confirms a syngenetic origin for the gold deposits. Early pyrite textures are present in other major deposits of the Carolina slate belt, such as Ridgeway and Barite Hill, and these provide strong evidence for models whereby the sulfide ores formed prior to tectonism. The role of Paleozoic metamorphism was to remobilize and concentrate gold and other minerals in structurally prepared sites. Recognizing the significance of paragenetically early pyrite and gold textures can play an important role in distinguishing sulfide ores that form in volcanic and sedimentary environments from those formed solely by metamorphic processes. Exploration strategies applied to the Carolina slate belt and correlative rocks in the eastern United States in the Avalonian basement will benefit from using syngenetic models for gold mineralization. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Foley, N (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Mail Stop 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 96 IS 4 BP 891 EP 902 DI 10.2113/96.4.891 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 453UD UT WOS:000169934100011 ER PT J AU Mora, MA Papoulias, D Nava, I Buckler, DR AF Mora, MA Papoulias, D Nava, I Buckler, DR TI A comparative assessment of contaminants in fish from four resacas of the Texas, USA-Tamaulipas, Mexico border region SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE fish; contaminants; DDE; metals; US-Mexico border ID SELENIUM; BIRDS AB A recent survey of contaminant information for the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), Texas, has shown that little is known about contaminants and their impacts on biota of resacas (oxbows) along the US-Mexico border. In 1996, fish were collected from four resacas in the Texas-Tamaulipas border region to assess contaminant loadings and their impacts on fish and birds. Tissue residue concentrations in fish were analyzed and also compared to two histopathological bioindicators of unhealthy environmental conditions. Of the organochlorine insecticides measured, DDE was the most common and was present at relatively high concentrations (10 mug/g w/w) at some sites. DDE concentrations were nearly 20 times greater in fish from resacas in Texas than from resacas in Tamaulipas, although the limited sample sizes obtained precluded statistical comparisons. DDE concentrations in fish from the two Texas resacas were also greater than those reported in fish from nearby areas during the 1980s and 1990s. Most trace element concentrations were similar among resacas from Texas and Tamaulipas. Arsenic, however, was two to six times greater in fish from a downtown resaca in Matamoros than in fish from other resacas in Tamaulipas and Texas. The bioindicators, pigment accumulation, and macrophage aggregates (MAs), in general reflected the contamination indicated by the tissue residues for each site. Overall, it appears that some resacas of the US-Mexico border region are contaminant sinks and could pose potential health or reproductive problems for fish and wildlife, and humans that consume fish from those sites. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Mora, MA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey, 2258 TAMUS, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Mora, Miguel/B-1344-2009; OI Mora, Miguel/0000-0002-8393-0216 NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 27 IS 1 BP 15 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00047-2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 455KT UT WOS:000170026600002 PM 11488385 ER PT J AU Sauter, ST Crawshaw, LI Maule, AG AF Sauter, ST Crawshaw, LI Maule, AG TI Behavioral thermoregulation by juvenile spring and fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, during smoltification SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE salmonidae; thermal preference; smolt; metabolism ID ATLANTIC SALMON; TEMPERATURE; HABITAT; RIVER; ACCLIMATION; SELECTION; GROWTH; ATPASE; SALAR AB Fall chinook salmon evolved to emigrate during the summer months. The shift in the temperature preference we observed in smolting fall chinook but not spring chinook salmon may reflect a phylogenetic adaptation to summer emigration by (1) providing directional orientation as fall chinook salmon move into the marine environment, (2) maintaining optimal gill function during emigration and seawater entry, and/or (3) resetting thermoregulatory set-points to support physiological homeostasis once smolted fish enter the marine environment. Phylogenetically determined temperature adaptations and responses to thermal stress may not protect fall chinook salmon from the recent higher summer water temperatures, altered annual thermal regimes, and degraded cold water refugia that result from hydropower regulation of the Columbia and Snake rivers. The long-term survival of fall chinook salmon will likely require restoration of normal annual thermographs and rigorous changes in land use practices to protect critical thermal refugia and control maximum summer water temperatures in reservoirs. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Portland State Univ, Dept Biol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. RP Sauter, ST (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 13 U2 71 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUL PY 2001 VL 61 IS 3 BP 295 EP 304 DI 10.1023/A:1010849019677 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 448GK UT WOS:000169618900007 ER PT J AU Corsi, SR Booth, NL Hall, DW AF Corsi, SR Booth, NL Hall, DW TI Aircraft and runway deicers at General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. 1. Biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen in receiving streams SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dissolved oxygen; ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; aircraft deicer; Kinnickinnic River ID DEICING FLUID; TOXICITY AB Aircraft and runway deicers are used during cold weather at many of the world's airports to facilitate safe air travel. Propylene glycol-, ethylene glycol-, and urea-based deicers are known to have very high biochemical oxygen demand. At General Mitchell International Airport (GMIA) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. USA, deicer application, water chemistry, and dissolved oxygen (DO) data were collected for two deicing seasons in order to evaluate and define premanagement water quality parameters prior to the implementation of a glycol management program. Calculations using stream-monitoring data during a controlled release of deicer provided an estimate of 0.8/d for the first-order decay rate constant. substantially higher than published laboratory test results. For eight precipitation events with deicing activities, between 2.4 and 99% of propylene and ethylene glycol applied to aircraft was delivered directly to receiving streams. The percentage of glycol runoff during an event increased with increasing storm-flow volume. Elevated concentrations of glycol and biochemical oxygen demand were measured downstream from the airport. However, the frequency of low DO concentrations in the receiving streams is comparable with that at an upstream reference site. This is possibly due to slowed bacteria metabolism at low water temperatures, short travel times, and dilution from downstream tributaries. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Corsi, SR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 9 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1474 EP 1482 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1474:AARDAG>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 446TC UT WOS:000169527700009 PM 11434287 ER PT J AU Corsi, SR Hall, DW Geis, SW AF Corsi, SR Hall, DW Geis, SW TI Aircraft and runway deicers at General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. 2. Toxicity of aircraft and runway deicers SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acute toxicity; chronic toxicity; glycol; aircraft deicer; runway deicer ID FLUID AB Streams receiving runoff from General Mitchell International Airport (GMIA), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, were studied to assess toxic impacts of aircraft and runway deicers. Elevated levels of constituents related to deicing (propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and ammonia) were observed in stream samples. The LC50s of type I deicer for Ceriodaphniu dubia, Pimephelas promelas, Hyalela azteca, and Chironimus tentans and the EC50 for Microtox (C) were less than 5,000 mg/L of propylene glycol. Concentrations up to 39,000 mg/L were observed at airport outfall sites in samples collected during deicing events. The IC25s of type I deicer for C, dubia and P, promelas were less than 1,500 mg/L of propylene glycol. Concentrations up to 960 mg/L were observed in low-flow samples at an airport outfall site. Measured toxicity of stream water was greatest during winter storms when deicers were applied. Chronic toxicity was observed at airport outfall samples from low-flow periods in the winter and the summer, with the greater toxic impacts from the winter sample. All forms of toxicity in stream-water samples decreased as downstream flows increased. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Madison, WI 53718 USA. RP Corsi, SR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1483 EP 1490 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1483:AARDAG>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 446TC UT WOS:000169527700010 PM 11434288 ER PT J AU Sparling, DW Fellers, GM McConnell, LL AF Sparling, DW Fellers, GM McConnell, LL TI Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; diazinon; endosulfan; declining amphibians; Hyla regilla ID SIERRA-NEVADA MOUNTAINS; CENTRAL VALLEY; FROG; RANGE; ECOTOXICOLOGY; TRANSPORT; EXPOSURE AB Several species of anuran amphibians have undergone drastic population declines in the western United States over the last 10 to 15 years. In California, the most severe declines are in the Sierra Mountains east of the: Central Valley and downwind of the intensely agricultural San Joaquin Valley. In contrast, coastal and more northern populations across from the less agrarian Sacramento Valley are stable or declining Less precipitously. In this article, we provide evidence that pesticides are instrumental in declines of these species. Using Hyla regilla as a sentinel species, we found that cholinesterase (ChE) activity in tadpoles was depressed in mountainous areas east of the Central Valley compared with sites along the coast or north of the Valley. Cholinesterase was also lower in areas where ranid population status was poor or moderate compared with areas with good ranid status. Up to 50% of the sampled population in areas with reduced ChE had detectable organophosphorus residues, with concentrations as high as 190 ppb wet weight. In addition, up to 86% of some populations had measurable endosulfan concentrations and 40% had detectable 4,4 ' -dichlorodiphrnyldichloroethylenr, 4,4 ' -DDT, and 2,4 ' -DDT residues. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Point Reyes, CA USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sparling, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr Laurel, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 37 TC 212 Z9 234 U1 8 U2 57 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1591 EP 1595 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1591:PAAPDI>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 446TC UT WOS:000169527700025 PM 11434303 ER PT J AU Elkins-Tanton, LT Grove, TL Donnelly-Nolan, J AF Elkins-Tanton, LT Grove, TL Donnelly-Nolan, J TI Hot, shallow mantle melting under the Cascades volcanic arc SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cascade Range; tholeiite; subduction zones; petrology; mantle; melting ID MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; CRATER LAVA-FIELD; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; BASALTIC ANDESITE; N-CALIFORNIA; MAGMAS; OREGON; MODELS; RANGE; H2O AB Melting occurs at progressively greater depths and higher temperatures from west to east across the Cascades volcanic are in northern California, as demonstrated by compositional variations observed in high-alumina olivine tholeiites. The lavas studied erupted from seven vents defining a 75-km-long, east-west transect across the are, from near Mount Shasta to east of Medicine Lake volcano. The increase in melting depth across the are parallels modeled isotherms in the mantle wedge and does not parallel the inferred dip of the slab, The depth of mantle melting at which the high-alumina olivine tholeiites were created is similar to 36 km at the western end of the transect and 66 km at the eastern end. The very high temperatures of dry melting so close to the crust indicate a transitory condition of the mantle. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Elkins-Tanton, LT (reprint author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM lelkins@mit.edu; tlgrove@mit.edu; jdnolan@usgs.gov RI Elkins-Tanton, Linda/C-5508-2008; Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013 OI Elkins-Tanton, Linda/0000-0003-4008-1098; Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969 NR 19 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 19 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 29 IS 7 BP 631 EP 634 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0631:HSMMUT>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 449EL UT WOS:000169671300016 ER PT J AU Spudich, P Olsen, KB AF Spudich, P Olsen, KB TI Fault zone amplified waves as a possible seismic hazard along the Calaveras fault in central California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 1984 MORGAN-HILL; GROUND MOTION; GUIDED-WAVES; SAN-ANDREAS; EARTHQUAKE; INVERSION AB The Calaveras fault lies within a lo rv velocity zone (LVZ) 1-2 km wide near Gilroy, California. Accelcro- zone (LVZ) 1-2 km wide near Gilroy, California. Accelcrographs G06, located in the LVZ 1.2 km from the Calaveras fault, and G07, 4 km from G06, recorded both the M 6.2 1984 Morgan Hill and the M 6.9 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes. Comparison of the ground motions shows that a large 0.6-1.0 Hz velocity pulse observed at G06 during the Morgan Hill event may be amplified by focussing caused by the LVZ. Such amplified waves might be a mappable seismic hazard, and the zone of increased hazard can extend as much as 1.2 km from the surface trace of the fault. Finite-difference simulations of ground motions in a simplified LVZ model show a zone of amplified motion similar to the observations. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Crustal Studies, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Spudich, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 13 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 13 BP 2533 EP 2536 DI 10.1029/2000GL011902 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 446BU UT WOS:000169493700013 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Danskin, WR AF Lu, Z Danskin, WR TI InSAR analysis of natural recharge to define structure of a ground-water basin, San Bernardino, California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; LAND SUBSIDENCE; INTERFEROMETRY AB Using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis of ERS-1 and ERS-2 images, we detect several centimeters of uplift during the first half of 1993 in two areas of the San Bernardino ground-water basin of southern California. This uplift correlates with unusually high runoff from the surrounding mountains and increased groundwater levels in nearby wells. The deformation of the land surface identifies the location of faults that restrict groundwater flow, maps the location of recharge, and suggests the areal distribution of fine-grained aquifer materials. Our preliminary results demonstrate that naturally occurring runoff and resultant recharge can be used with interferometric deformation mapping to help define the structure and important hydrogeologic features of a ground-water basin. This approach may be particularly useful in investigations of remote areas with scant ground-based hydrogeologic data. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Lu, Z (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 9 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 13 BP 2661 EP 2664 DI 10.1029/2000GL012753 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 446BU UT WOS:000169493700045 ER PT J AU Hough, SE AF Hough, SE TI Earthquakes SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 2001 VL 46 IS 7 BP 14 EP 15 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 504HW UT WOS:000172852100017 ER PT J AU Cunningham, W AF Cunningham, W TI Hydrogeology SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Off Ground Water, Denver, CO USA. RP Cunningham, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Off Ground Water, Denver, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 2001 VL 46 IS 7 BP 23 EP 25 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 504HW UT WOS:000172852100026 ER PT J AU Belitz, K AF Belitz, K TI Ground water is alive and well - It just keeps shifting SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Belitz, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 4 BP 481 EP 481 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 448NK UT WOS:000169632800001 PM 11447847 ER PT J AU Zelewski, LM Krabbenhoft, DP Armstrong, DE AF Zelewski, LM Krabbenhoft, DP Armstrong, DE TI Trace metal concentrations in shallow ground water SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; SUB-NANOGRAM; MERCURY; TRANSPORT; WISCONSIN; METHYLMERCURY; VARIABILITY; CATCHMENT; ONTARIO AB Trace metal clean sampling and analysis techniques were used to examine the temporal patterns of Hg, Cu, and Zn concentrations in shallow ground water, and the relationships between metal concentrations in ground water and in a hydrologically connected river. Hg, Cu, and Zn concentrations in ground water ranged from 0.07 to 4.6 ng L-1, 0.07 to 3.10 mug L-1, and 0.17 to 2.18 mug L-1, respectively. There was no apparent seasonal pattern in any of the metal concentrations. Filtrable Hg, Cu, and Zn concentrations in the North Branch of the Milwaukee River ranged from below the detection limit to 2.65 ng Hg L-1, 0.51 to 4.30 mug Cu L-1, and 0.34 to 2.33 mug Zn L-1. Thus, metal concentrations in ground water were sufficiently high to account for a substantial fraction of the filtrable trace metal concentration in the river. Metal concentrations in the soil ranged from 8 to 86 ng Hg g(-1), 10 to 39 mug Cu g(-1), and 15 to 84 mug Zn g(-1). Distribution coefficients, K-D in the aquifer were 7900, 22,000, and 23,000 L kg(-1) for Hg, Cu, and Zn, respectively. These values were three to 30 times smaller than KD values observed in the Milwaukee River for suspended particulate matter. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Zelewski, LM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, 660 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 4 BP 485 EP 491 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02336.x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 448NK UT WOS:000169632800004 PM 11447848 ER PT J AU Yager, RM Fountain, JC AF Yager, RM Fountain, JC TI Effect of natural gas exsolution on specific storage in a confined aquifer undergoing water level decline SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID METHANE PRODUCTION; GROUNDWATER; DEEP; HYDROCARBONS; SOLUBILITY; SYSTEMS; CARBON; OIL AB The specific storage of a porous medium, a function of the compressibility of the aquifer material and the fluid within it, is essentially constant under normal hydrologic conditions. Gases dissolved in ground water can increase the effective specific storage of a confined aquifer, however, during water level declines. This causes a reduction in pore pressure that lowers the gas solubility and results in exsolution. The exsolved gas then displaces water from storage, and the specific storage increases because gas compressibility is typically much greater than that of water or aquifer material. This work describes the effective specific storage of a confined aquifer exsolving dissolved gas as a function of hydraulic head and the dimensionless Henry's law constant for the gas. This relation is applied in a transient simulation of ground water discharge from a confined aquifer system to a collapsed salt mine in the Genesee Valley in western New York. Results indicate that exsolution of gas significantly increased the effective specific storage in the aquifer system, thereby decreasing the water level drawdown. C1 US Geol Survey, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Yager, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 30 Brown Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM ryager@usgs.gov; fountain@ascu.buffalo.edu NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 4 BP 517 EP 525 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02340.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 448NK UT WOS:000169632800008 PM 11447852 ER PT J AU Rupert, MG AF Rupert, MG TI Calibration of the DRASTIC ground water vulnerability mapping method SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Ground water vulnerability maps developed using the DRASTIC method have been produced in many parts of the world. Comparisons of those maps with actual ground water quality data have shown that the DRASTIC method is typically a poor predictor of ground water contamination, This study significantly improved the effectiveness of a modified DRASTIC ground water vulnerability map by calibrating the point rating schemes to actual ground water quality data by using nonparametric statistical techniques and a geographic information system. Calibration was performed by comparing data on nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (NO2 + NO3-N) concentrations in ground water to land-use, soils, and depth to first-encountered ground water data. These comparisons showed clear statistical differences between NO2 + NO3-N concentrations and the various categories. Ground water probability point ratings for NO2 + NO3-N contamination were developed from the results of these comparisons, and a probability map was produced. This ground water probability map was then correlated with an independent set of NO2 + NO3-N data to demonstrate its effectiveness in predicting elevated NO2 + NO3-N concentrations in ground water. This correlation demonstrated that the probability map was effective, but a vulnerability map produced with the uncalibrated DRASTIC method in the same area and using the same data layers was not effective. Considerable time and expense have been outlaid to develop ground water vulnerability maps with the DRASTIC method. This study demonstrates a cost-effective method to improve and verify the effectiveness of ground water vulnerability maps. C1 US Geol Survey, Pueblo, CO 81003 USA. RP Rupert, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 201 W 8th St,Ste 200, Pueblo, CO 81003 USA. NR 27 TC 58 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 10 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 39 IS 4 BP 625 EP 630 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02350.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 448NK UT WOS:000169632800018 PM 11447862 ER PT J AU Deacon, JR Spahr, NE Mize, SV Boulger, RW AF Deacon, JR Spahr, NE Mize, SV Boulger, RW TI Using water, bryophytes, and macroinvertebrates to assess trace element concentrations in the Upper Colorado River Basin SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE trace elements; water chemistry; aquatic bryophytes; macroinvertebrates; mining; nonmining; Colorado ID SEDIMENT QUALITY TRIAD; HEAVY-METALS; COMMUNITY RESPONSES; AQUATIC MOSSES; NEW-MEXICO; STREAMS; CONTAMINATION; ACCUMULATION; SILVER; MONTANA AB This study examined trace elements concentrations and macroinvertebrate community structure at 32 sites in 22 streams in Colorado. Sites affected by mining activities (mining sites) and sites that were minimally disturbed (nonmining sites) were selected for the assessment. Water and transplanted aquatic bryophyte samples were analyzed for trace elements. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected to assess the effects of trace elements on the aquatic community of the stream. All samples of aquatic bryophytes had detectable concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ph and Zn. Principal components analysis of chemical and physical properties classified sites into three groups. The first group represented sites that were unaffected to minimally affected by mining activities; the second group was characterized by sites with Cd, Pb and Zn predominant in the mineralogy; and the third group was characterized by sites with Cu predominant in the mineralogy. Six macroinvertebrate families were common in the study area. Median values of total abundance, taxa richness and mayfly and stonefly abundance were reduced at mining sites. Abundances of Heptageniidae, Chloroperlidae and Rhyacophila and Baetis sp. also were reduced at sites with elevated trace element concentrations. Tanytarsini chironomids were most abundant at reference and minimally-disturbed sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Pembroke, NH 03275 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70816 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. RP Deacon, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 361 Commerce Way, Pembroke, NH 03275 USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 455 BP 29 EP 39 DI 10.1023/A:1011931216906 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 511CQ UT WOS:000173247400003 ER PT J AU Kendall, C McDonnell, JJ Gu, WZ AF Kendall, C McDonnell, JJ Gu, WZ TI A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: a study at the Hydrohill catchment SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint US-Japan Seminar on Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry CY FEB 01-04, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HAWAII SP NSF, JSPS, IGBP, BACH DE isotopes; hydrograph separation; isotope hydrograph separation; chemical hydrograph separation; runoff sources; Hydrohill; water flowpaths; mass balance; water budget ID ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES; HEADWATER CATCHMENT; FORESTED HILLSLOPE; RUNOFF-PRODUCTION; EVENT WATER; FLOW; SOIL; DISCHARGE; STEEP; BASIN AB Runoff sources and dominant flowpaths are still poorly understood in most catchments; consequently, most hydrograph separations are essentially 'black box' models where only external information is used. The well-instrumented 490 m(2) Hydrohill artificial grassland catchment located near Nanjing (China) was used to examine internal catchment processes. Since groundwater levels never reach the soil surface at this site, two physically distinct flowpaths can unambiguously be defined: surface and subsurface runoff. This study combines hydrometric, isotopic and geochemical approaches to investigating the relations between the chloride, silica, and oxygen isotopic compositions of subsurface waters and rainfall. During a 120 mm storm over a 24 h period in 1989, 55% of event water input infiltrated and added to soil water storage; the remainder ran off as infiltration-excess overland flow. Only about 3-5% of the pre-event water was displaced out of the catchment by in-storm rainfall. About 80% of the total flow was quickflow, and 10% of the total flow was pre-event water, mostly derived from saturated Row from deeper soils. Rain water with high delta O-18 values from the beginning of the storm appeared to be preferentially stored in shallow soils. Groundwater at the end of the storm shows a wide range of isotopic and chemical compositions, primarily reflecting the heterogeneous distribution of the new and mixed pore waters. High chloride and silica concentrations in quickflow runoff derived from event water indicate that these species are not suitable conservative tracers of either water sources or flowpaths in this catchment. Determining the proportion of event water alone does not constrain the possible hydrologic mechanisms sufficiently to distinguish subsurface and surface flowpaths uniquely, even in this highly controlled artificial catchment. We reconcile these findings with a perceptual model of stormflow sources and flowpaths that explicitly accounts for water, isotopic, and chemical mass balance. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Minist Water Resources, Nanjing Res Inst Hydrol & Water Resources, Nanjing, Peoples R China. RP Kendall, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 434, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 45 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 29 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1877 EP 1902 DI 10.1002/hyp.245 PG 26 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 454GR UT WOS:000169965300014 ER PT J AU Burns, DA McDonnell, JJ Hooper, RP Peters, NE Freer, JE Kendall, C Beven, K AF Burns, DA McDonnell, JJ Hooper, RP Peters, NE Freer, JE Kendall, C Beven, K TI Quantifying contributions to storm runoff through end-member mixing analysis and hydrologic measurements at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (Georgia, USA) SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint US-Japan Seminar on Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry CY FEB 01-04, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HAWAII SP NSF, JSPS, IGBP, BACH DE stormflow; end-member mixing analysis; mixing model; riparian groundwater; Georgia; bedrock outcrop; hillslope runoff; runoff model ID MODELING STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY; HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION; HEADWATER CATCHMENT; SUBSURFACE FLOW; NATURAL TRACER; EVENT WATER; SOIL-WATER; COMPONENTS; GENERATION; RAINFALL AB The geographic sources and hydrologic flow paths of stormflow in small catchments are not well understood because of limitations in sampling methods and insufficient resolution of potential end members. To address these limitations, an extensive hydrologic dataset was collected at a 10 ha catchment at Panola Mountain Research Watershed near Atlanta, GA, to quantify the contribution of three geographic sources of stormflow. Samples of stream water, runoff from an outcrop, and hillslope subsurface stormflow were collected during two rainstorms in the winter of 1996, and an end-member mixing analysis model that included five solutes was developed. Runoff from the outcrop, which occupies about one-third of the catchment area, contributed 50-55% of the peak streamflow during the 2 February rainstorm, and 80-85% of the peak streamflow during the 6-7 March rainstorm; it also contributed about 50% to total streamflow during the dry winter conditions that preceded the 6-7 March storm. Riparian groundwater runoff was the largest component of stream runoff (80-100%) early during rising streamflow and throughout stream recession, and contributed about 50% to total stream runoff during the 2 February storm, which was preceded by wet winter conditions. Hillslope runoff contributed 25-30% to peak stream runoff and 15-18% to total stream runoff during both storms. The temporal response of the three runoff components showed general agreement with hydrologic measurements from the catchment during each storm. Estimates of recharge from the outcrop to the riparian aquifer that were independent of model calculations indicated that storage in the riparian aquifer could account for the volume of rain that fell on the outcrop but did not contribute to stream runoff. The results of this study generally indicate that improvements in the ability of mixing models to describe the hydrologic response accurately in forested catchments may depend on better identification, and detailed spatial and temporal characterization of the mobile waters from the principal hydrologic source areas that contribute to stream runoff. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Lancaster, Lancaster, England. RP Burns, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Freer, Jim/C-7335-2009; Beven, Keith/F-8707-2011; Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; McDonnell, Jeffrey/I-6400-2013 NR 52 TC 200 Z9 203 U1 4 U2 76 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1903 EP 1924 DI 10.1002/hyp.246 PG 22 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 454GR UT WOS:000169965300015 ER PT J AU Welsch, DL Kroll, CN McDonnell, JJ Burns, DA AF Welsch, DL Kroll, CN McDonnell, JJ Burns, DA TI Topographic controls on the chemistry of subsurface stormflow SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint US-Japan Seminar on Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry CY FEB 01-04, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HAWAII SP NSF, JSPS, IGBP, BACH DE hydrology; nitrate; hushing; Catskills ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; NITROGEN SATURATION; CATSKILL MOUNTAINS; HARDWOOD FOREST; SOIL-MOISTURE; RUNOFF; ACIDIFICATION; CATCHMENTS; WATERSHEDS; DYNAMICS AB Models are needed that describe how topography and other watershed characteristics affect the chemical composition of runoff waters, yet little spatially distributed data exist to develop such models. A topographically driven flushing mechanism for nitrate (NO3-) and dissolved organic carbon has been described in recent literature; however, this mechanism has not yet been thoroughly tested. A 24 ha catchment in the Catskill Mountains of New York was clearcut in the winter of 1996-97, resulting in elevated NO3- concentrations in soil water, groundwater and streamflow. We sampled shallow subsurface stormflow (SSSF) and streamflow six times during the spring and summer of 1998, 1 year after the harvest. We used a spatially distributed network of piezometers to investigate the relationship between topography and SSSF chemistry. Several indices of topography were computed, including the commonly employed topographic index of Beven and Kirkby (1979; Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 24: 43-69). Topographic index was positively correlated with NO3- concentrations in SSSF. The strength of the NO3--topography relationship was best explained by antecedent soil temperature and antecedent precipitation conditions. Results suggest a topographically driven flushing of high NO3- shallow soil at the site during storm events. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Welsch, DL (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, POB 400123, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; McDonnell, Jeffrey/I-6400-2013 NR 34 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1925 EP 1938 DI 10.1002/hyp.247 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 454GR UT WOS:000169965300016 ER PT J AU McKnight, DM Kimball, BA Runkel, RL AF McKnight, DM Kimball, BA Runkel, RL TI pH dependence of iron photoreduction in a rocky mountain stream affected by acid mine drainage SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint US-Japan Seminar on Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry CY FEB 01-04, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HAWAII SP NSF, JSPS, IGBP, BACH DE mountain stream; iron; hydrous metal oxides; photoreduction; reactive transport ID REACTIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT; TRANSIENT STORAGE; OXIDATION; WATERS; SIMULATION; COLORADO; SULFATE AB The redox speciation of dissolved iron and the transport of iron in acidic, metal-enriched streams is controlled by precipitation and dissolution of iron hydroxides, by photoreduction of dissolved ferric iron and hydrous iron oxides, and by oxidation of the resulting dissolved ferrous iron. We examined the pH dependence of these processes in an acidic mine-drainage stream, St Kevin Gulch, Colorado, by experimentally increasing the pH of the stream from about 4.0 to 6.5 and following the downstream changes in iron species. We used a solute transport model with variable how to evaluate biogeochemical processes controlling downstream transport. We found that at pH 6.4 there was a rapid and large initial loss of ferrous iron concurrent with the precipitation of aluminium hydroxide. Below this reach, ferrous iron was conservative during the morning but there was a net downstream loss of ferrous iron around noon and in the afternoon. Calculation of net oxidation rates shows that the noontime loss rate was generally much faster than rates for the ferrous iron oxidation at pH 6 predicted by Singer and Stumm (1970. Science 167: 1121). The maintenance of ferrous iron concentrations in the morning is explained by the photoreduction of photoreactive ferric species, which are then depleted by noon. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84104 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP McKnight, DM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 26 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1979 EP 1992 DI 10.1002/hyp.251 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 454GR UT WOS:000169965300020 ER PT J AU Hooper, RP AF Hooper, RP TI Applying the scientific method to small catchment studies: A review of the Panola Mountain experience SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint US-Japan Seminar on Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry CY FEB 01-04, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HAWAII SP NSF, JSPS, IGBP, BACH DE hydrochemical models; mixing models; streamflow generation; hillslope hydrology ID MODELING STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY; SOILWATER END-MEMBERS; CALIBRATION METHODOLOGY; ACID DEPOSITION; BIRKENES MODEL; WATER; ACIDIFICATION; UNCERTAINTY; PREDICTION; MIXTURE AB A hallmark of the scientific method is its iterative application to a problem to increase and refine the understanding of the underlying processes controlling it. A successful iterative application of the scientific method to catchment science (including the fields of hillslope hydrology and biogeochemistry) has been hindered by two factors. First, the scale at which controlled experiments can be performed is much smaller than the scale of the phenomenon of interest. Second, computer simulation models generally have not been used as hypothesis-testing tools as rigorously as they might have been. Model evaluation often has gone only so far as evaluation of goodness of fit, rather than a full structural analysis, which is more useful when treating the model as a hypothesis. An iterative application of a simple mixing model to the Panola Mountain Research Watershed is reviewed to illustrate the increase in understanding gained by this approach and to discern general principles that may be applicable to other studies. The lessons learned include the need for an explicitly stated conceptual model of the catchment, the definition of objective measures of its applicability, and a clear linkage between the scale of observations and the scale of predictions. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RP Hooper, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 29 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 15 IS 10 BP 2039 EP 2050 DI 10.1002/hyp.255 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 454GR UT WOS:000169965300024 ER PT J AU Zielinski, RA Otton, JK Johnson, CA AF Zielinski, RA Otton, JK Johnson, CA TI Sources of salinity near a coal mine spoil pile, north-central Colorado SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID STABLE ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; EVAPORITE MINERALOGY; GROUND-WATER; SULFUR; SULFATE; SOILS; SASKATCHEWAN; OXIDATION; AMERICA; ALBERTA AB A small (1 km) salt-affected stream drainage on the High Plains north of Denver, Colorado was sampled to determine the near-surface dispersion of soluble salts and metals from low-sulfur coal mining waste (spoil). Surface waters collected along the 0.8-km stream reach, and aqueous leachates of spoil and naturally saline local soil, were analyzed for chemical constituents and sulfur isotopes. In this semiarid setting with abundant carbonate-bearing surficial sediments, the limited, mildly acidic drainage from the spoil pile is quickly neutralized, restricting the mobility of many elements. However, some spoilderived constituents were clearly traceable within the upper 0.4 km of the stream reach. Spoil leachates and surface water near the spoil pile have distinctive compositions of major anions and cations, and elevated levels of dissolved nitrate compared with downstream waters. Spoil-derived sulfate was traceable because it has generally positive values of delta(34)S that contrasted with generally negative values of delta(34)S in soil leachates and evaporite salts from the surrounding area. Spatial-chemical sampling of surface water showed an abrupt increase in dissolved U, Se, B, Li, and Mn in the lower 0.4 kin of the stream reach where shallow ground water from surrounding irrigated fields contributed to surface flow. The downstream evolution of surface water chemistry and sulfur isotopic composition is consistent with mixing between spoil-affected upstream water and irrigation-return water. The methods described should be applicable at other sites in similar settings where the environmental effect of low-sulfur coal mining waste must be assessed and where access to samples of shallow ground water is limited. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Zielinski, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 54 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1237 EP 1248 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 539GW UT WOS:000174863000015 PM 11476501 ER PT J AU Zydlewski, J McCormick, SD AF Zydlewski, J McCormick, SD TI Developmental and environmental regulation of chloride cells in young American shad, Alosa sapidissima SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID K+-ATPASE ACTIVITY; FISH GILLICHTHYS-MIRABILIS; MITOCHONDRIA-RICH CELLS; GILL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; FRESH-WATER; RAINBOW-TROUT; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; CALCIUM-UPTAKE; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS AB Location, abundance, and morphology of gill chloride cells were quantified during changes in osmoregulatory physiology accompanying early development in American shad, Alosa sapidissima. During the larval-juvenile transition of shad, gill chloride cells increased 3.5-fold in abundance coincident with gill formation, increased seawater tolerance, and increased Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. Chloride cells were found on both the primary filament and secondary lamellae in pre-migratory juveniles. Chloride cells on both the primary filament and secondary lamellae increased in abundance (1.5- to 2-fold) and size (2- to 2.5-fold) in juveniles held in fresh water from August 31 to December 1 (the period of downstream migration) under declining temperature. This proliferation of chloride cells was correlated with physiological changes associated with migration (decreased hyperosmoregulatory ability and increased gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity). Increases in chloride cell size and number of fish in fresh water were delayed and of a lower magnitude when shad were maintained at constant temperature (24 degreesC). When juveniles were acclimated to seawater, chloride cell abundance on the primary filament did not (though size increased 1.5- to 2-fold), but cells on the secondary lamellae disappeared. Na+,K+-ATPase was immunolocalized to chloride cells in both fresh water and seawater acclimated fish. The disappearance of chloride cells on the secondary lamellae upon seawater acclimation is evidence that their role is confined to fresh water. The proliferation of chloride cells in fresh water during the migratory-associated loss of hyperosmoregulatory ability is likely to be a compensatory mechanism for increasing ion uptake. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Zydlewski, J (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernaty Fish Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. EM zydlew@bio.umass.edu NR 68 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0022-104X J9 J EXP ZOOL JI J. Exp. Zool. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 290 IS 2 BP 73 EP 87 DI 10.1002/jez.1037 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 448BW UT WOS:000169607800001 PM 11471137 ER PT J AU Cole, MB Arnold, DE Watten, BJ Krise, WF AF Cole, MB Arnold, DE Watten, BJ Krise, WF TI Haematological and physiological responses of brook charr, to untreated and limestone-neutralized acid mine drainage SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salvelinus fontinalis; acid mine drainage; calcium carbonate; plasma glucose; haematology; plasma sodium; neutrophilia; brook charr ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; WHOLE-BODY IONS; RAINBOW-TROUT; WATER ACIDITY; SWIM-UP; LOW PH; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM; GAIRDNERI AB Brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. exhibited depressed plasma sodium and elevated plasma glucose concentrations in untreated acid mine drainage effluent (AMD), at two dilutions. Plasma sodium and glucose concentrations remained stable in treated AMD, pulsed, fluidized beds of limestone and carbon-dioxide pre-treatment of influent. and in AMD-free water. Results indicate that effluents produced by this treatment system were nut toxic to these fish, despite still containing moderate concentrations of manganese (3-4 mg l(-1) following dilution in exposure systems), and provide justification For field deployment and further biological testing of this: treatment in the field. C1 Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. No Appalachian Res Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Cole, MB (reprint author), ABR Inc, Environm Res & Serv, POB 249, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 59 IS 1 BP 79 EP 91 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2001.1620 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 453MT UT WOS:000169920200006 ER PT J AU Yates, D Warner, TT Brandes, EA Leavesley, GH Sun, JZ Mueller, CK AF Yates, D Warner, TT Brandes, EA Leavesley, GH Sun, JZ Mueller, CK TI Evaluation of flash-flood discharge forecasts in complex terrain using precipitation SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID RADAR REFLECTIVITY; RAINFALL; RETRIEVAL; ADJOINT; PHASE AB Operational prediction of flash floods produced by thunderstorm (convective) precipitation in mountainous areas requires accurate estimates or predictions of the precipitation distribution in space and time. The details of the spatial distribution are especially critical in complex terrain because the watersheds are generally small in size, and small position errors in the forecast or observed placement of the precipitation can distribute the rain over the wrong watershed. In addition to the need for good precipitation estimates and predictions, accurate flood prediction requires a surface-hydrologic model that is capable of predicting stream or river discharge based on the precipitation-rate input data. Different techniques for the estimation and prediction of convective precipitation will be applied to the Buffalo Creek, Colorado flash flood of July 1996, where over 75 mm of rain from a thunderstorm fell on the watershed in less than I h. The hydrologic impact of the precipitation was exacerbated by the fact that a significant fraction of the watershed experienced a wildfire approximately two months prior to the rain event. Precipitation estimates from the National Weather Service's operational Weather Surveillance Radar-Doppler 1988 and the National Center for Atmospheric Research S-band, research, dual-polarization radar, colocated to the east of Denver, are compared. In addition, very short range forecasts from a convection-resolving dynamic model, which is initialized variationally using the radar reflectivity and Doppler winds, are compared with forecasts from an automated-algorithmic forecast system that also employs the radar data. The radar estimates of rain rate, and the two forecasting systems that employ the radar data, have degraded accuracy by virtue of the fact that they are applied in complex terrain. Nevertheless, the radar data and forecasts from the dynamic model and the automated algorithm could be operationally useful for input to surface-hydrologic models employed for flood warning. Precipitation data provided by these various techniques at short time scales and at fine spatial resolutions are employed as detailed input to a distributed-parameter hydrologic model for flash-flood prediction and analysis. With the radar-based precipitation estimates employed as input, the simulated flood discharge was similar to that observed. The dynamic-model precipitation forecast showed the most promise in providing a significant discharge-forecast lead time. The algorithmic system's precipitation forecast did not demonstrate as much skill, but the associated discharge forecast would still have been sufficient to have provided an alert of impending flood danger. C1 Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Yates, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 15 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 6 IS 4 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:4(265) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 479YP UT WOS:000171432100001 ER PT J AU Blum, MD Misner, TJ Collins, ES Scott, DB Morton, RA Aslan, A AF Blum, MD Misner, TJ Collins, ES Scott, DB Morton, RA Aslan, A TI Middle Holocene sea-level rise and highstand at+2 m, central Texas coast SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET; LATE PLEISTOCENE; SOUTHWEST FLORIDA; COLORADO RIVER; RECORD; HISTORY; PLAIN; RECONSTRUCTION; SEDIMENTATION AB New data suggest a revised picture of middle Holocene sealevel change for the Texas Gulf of Mexico coast, and suggest reevaluation of coastal evolution. First, brackish marsh facies with calibrated radiocarbon ages of 7.7 to 7.8 ka have been recovered from depths of -8.5 to -9 m in a core from the ancestral Colorado River delta, and are interpreted to represent a sea-level pinning point. Second, a series of ridges along the Copano Bay margin farther south consist of shelly mud and fine sand with subtidal foram assemblages, occur at elevations of 1.95 m above the modern intertidal zone, and have produced calibrated radiocarbon ages on foram tests of ca, 6.8 to 4.8 ha, These ridges are interpreted to represent relict shallow subtidal to intertidal spits that provide minimum sea-level positions for the middle Holocene, and are now emergent because of later sea-level fall, In aggregate, these data show rates of sea-level rise during this time period that are very comparable to, or even lower than, published eustatic rates, and suggest a middle Holocene sea-level highstand for this non-uplifting, non-rebounding, and very slowly subsiding part of the North American coastline. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Ctr Marine Geol, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Mesa State Coll, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Grand Junction, CO 81501 USA. RP Blum, MD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 64 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 8 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 71 IS 4 BP 581 EP 588 DI 10.1306/112100710581 PN B PG 8 WC Geology SC Geology GA 451JT UT WOS:000169799500007 ER PT J AU Meghraoui, M Crone, AJ AF Meghraoui, M Crone, AJ TI Earthquakes and their preservation in the geological record SO JOURNAL OF SEISMOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID PALEOSEISMOLOGY; GRABEN; FAULT C1 Ecole & Observ Sci Terre, Inst Phys Globe, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Meghraoui, M (reprint author), Ecole & Observ Sci Terre, Inst Phys Globe, 5 Rue Rene Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. RI Meghraoui, Mustapha/K-4206-2015 NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-4649 J9 J SEISMOL JI J. Seismol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 5 IS 3 BP 281 EP 285 DI 10.1023/A:1011413822532 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 460BP UT WOS:000170286200001 ER PT J AU Berry, KH Christopher, MM AF Berry, KH Christopher, MM TI Guidelines for the field evaluation of desert tortoise health and disease SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chelonian; desert tortoise; diagnosis; disease; field evaluations; Gopherus agassizii; health assessments ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT DISEASE; GOPHERUS-AGASSIZII; MYCOPLASMA-AGASSIZII; LENGTH RELATIONSHIPS; XEROBATES-AGASSIZII; WILDLIFE HEALTH; EGG-PRODUCTION; MOJAVE DESERT; CALIFORNIA; CONSERVATION AB Field evaluation of free-ranging wildlife requires the systematic documentation of a variety of environmental conditions and individual parameters of health and disease, particularly in th case of rare or endangered species. In addition, defined criteria are needed for the humane salvage of ill or dying animals. The purpose of this paper is to describe, in detail, the preparation, procedures, and protocols we developed and tested for the field evaluation of wild desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). These guidelines describe: preparations for the field, including developing familiarity with tortoise behavior and ecology, and preparation of standardized data sheets; journal notes to document background data on weather conditions, temperature, rainfall, locality, and historic and recent human activities; procedures to prevent the spread of disease and parasites; data sheets for live tortoises to record tortoise identification, location, sex, body measurements and activity; health profile forms for documenting and grading physical abnormalities of tortoise rt posture an movements, general condition (e.g., lethargy, cachexia), external parasites, and clinical abnormalities associated with shell and upper respiratory diseases; permanent photographic records for the retrospective analysis of progression and regression of upper respiratory and eye diseases, analysis of shell lesions and evaluation of growth and age; and indications and methods for salvaging ill or dying tortoises for necropsy evaluation. These guidelines, tested on 5,000 to 20,000 tortoises over a 10 to 27 yr period, were designed to maximize acquisition of data for demographic, ecological, health and disease research projects; to reduce handling and stress of individual animals; to avoid spread of infectious disease; to promote high quality and consistent data sets; and to reduce the duration and number of field trips. The field methods are adapted for desert tortoise life cycle, behavior, anatomy, physiology, and pertinent disease; however the model is applicable to other species of reptiles. Comprehensive databases of clinical signs of disease and health are crucial to research endeavors and essential to decisions on captive release, epidemiology of disease, translocation of wild tortoises, breeding programs, and euthanasia. C1 US Geol Survey, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Berry, KH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6221 Box Springs Blvd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 70 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 427 EP 450 PG 24 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 459AH UT WOS:000170227300002 PM 11504217 ER PT J AU O'Hara, TM Carroll, G Barboza, P Mueller, K Blake, J Woshner, V Willetto, C AF O'Hara, TM Carroll, G Barboza, P Mueller, K Blake, J Woshner, V Willetto, C TI Mineral and heavy metal status as related to a mortality event and poor recruitment in a moose population in Alaska SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Alces aloes; heavy metals; minerals; moose ID PREGNANCY-SPECIFIC PROTEIN; BLACK-TAILED DEER; COPPER DEFICIENCY; SERUM; CERULOPLASMIN; DIAGNOSIS; ASSAY AB Moose (Aloes aloes) found dead (FD) and hunter-killed (HK) in 1995 on the north slope of Alaska (USA) in the Colville River Drainage were evaluated for heavy metal and mineral status. Compared to previous reports for moose and domestic cattle, and data presented here from Alaska moose outside the Colville River area, levels of Cu were determined to be low in hoof, hair, liver, kidney, rumen contents, and muscle for these north slope moose. Iron (Fe) was low in muscle as well. These findings, in conjunction with evidence of poor calf survival and adult mortality prompted investigation of a mineral deficiency in moose (serum, blood, and hair) captured in the spring of 1996 and 1997. Captured males had higher Ca, Zn and Cu levels in hair than captured females. Female moose hair samples were determined to be low (deficient) in Cu, Ca, Fe, and Se with mean levels (ppm) of 2.77, 599.7, 37.4, and 0.30, respectively. Serum Cu level was low, and to a lesser degree Zn was deficient as well. Whole blood (1997 only) was marginally deficient in Se and all animals were deficient in Cu. Based on whole blood, sera and hair, Cu levels were considered low for moose captured in spring 1996 and 1997 in the Colville River area as compared to published data and other populations evaluated in this study. Low levels of ceruloplasmin activity support this Cu deficiency theory. Evidence indicates that these moose are deficient in Cu and other minerals; however, the remote location precluded sufficient examination of animals to associate this apparent deficiency with direct effects or lesions. Renal levels of Cd increased with age at expected levels. C1 Dept Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK 99723 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Barrow, AK 99723 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99774 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Ilasgavik Coll, Barrow, AK 99723 USA. RP O'Hara, TM (reprint author), Dept Wildlife Management, N Slope Borough, Barrow, AK 99723 USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 509 EP 522 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 459AH UT WOS:000170227300009 PM 11504224 ER PT J AU Januszewski, MC Olsen, SC McLean, RG Clark, L Rhyan, JC AF Januszewski, MC Olsen, SC McLean, RG Clark, L Rhyan, JC TI Experimental infection of nontarget species of rodents and birds with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE biosafety; Brucella abortus; brucellosis; deer mice; ground squirrels; non-targets; ravens; RB51; voles ID IMMUNE-RESPONSES; SAFETY; MUTANT; BISON; ELK AB The Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 (SRB51) is being considered for use in the management of brucellosis in wild bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus elaphus) populations in the Greater Yellowstone Area (USA). Evaluation of the vaccine's safety in non-target species was considered necessary prior to field use. Between June 1998 and December 1999, ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii, n = 21), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus, n = 14), prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster, n = 21), and ravens (Corvus corax, n = 13) were orally inoculated with SRB51 or physiologic saline. Oral and rectal swabs and blood samples were collected for bacteriologic evaluation. Rodents were necropsied at 8 to 10 wk and 12 to 21 wk post inoculation (PI), and ravens at 7 and 11 wk PI. Spleen, liver and reproductive tissues were collected for bacteriologic and histopathologic evaluation. No differences in clinical signs, appetite, weight loss or gain, or activity, were observed between saline- and SRB51-inoculated animals in all four species. Oral and rectal swabs from all species were negative throughout the study. iri tissues obtained from SRB51-inoculated animals, the organism was isolated from six of seven (86%) ground squirrels, one of six (17%) deer mice, none of seven voles, and one of five (20%) ravens necropsied at 8, 8, 10, and 7 wk PI, respectively Tissues from four of seven (57%) SRB51-inoculated ground squirrels were culture positive for the organism 12 wk PI; SRB51 was not recovered from deer mice, voles, or ravens necropsied 12, 21, or 11 wk, respectively, PL SRB51 was not recovered from saline-inoculated ground squirrels, deer mice, or voles at any time but was recovered from one saline-inoculated raven at necropsy, 7 wk PI, likely attributable to contact with SRB51-inoculated ravens in an adjacent aviary room. Spleen was the primary tissue site of colonization in ground squirrels, followed, by the liver and reproductive organs. The results indicate oral exposure to SRB51 does not produce morbidity or mortality in ravens, ground squirrels, deer mice, or prairie voles. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Welf Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Rhyan, JC (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 532 EP 537 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 459AH UT WOS:000170227300011 PM 11504226 ER PT J AU Work, TM Rameyer, RA Balazs, GH Cray, C Chang, SP AF Work, TM Rameyer, RA Balazs, GH Cray, C Chang, SP TI Immune status of free-ranging green turtles with fibropapillomatosis from Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE cell proliferation assay; Chelonia mydas; fibropapillomatosis; green turtle; hematology; immunology; protein electrophoresis ID CHELONIA-MYDAS; MARINE TURTLES; CELLS; RESPONSES; PHYLOGENY; STRESS; BLOOD AB Cell-mediated and humoral immune status of free-ranging green turtles (Chelonia,mydas) in Hawaii (USA) with and without fibropapillomatosis (FP) were assessed. Tumored and non-tumored turtles from Kaneohe Bay (KB) on the island of Oahu and from FP-free areas on the west (Kona/Kohala) coast of the island of Hawaii were sampled from April 1998 through February 1999. Turtles on Oahu were grouped (0-3) for severity of tumors with 0 for absence of tumors, 1 for light, 2 for moderate, and 3 for most severe. Turtles were weighed, straight carapace length measured and the regression slope of weight to straight carapace length compared between groups (KB0, KB1, KB2, KB3, Kona). Blood was assayed for differential white blood cell count, hematocrit, in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation in the presence of concanavalin A (Con-A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), and protein electrophoresis. On Oahu, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio increased while eosinophil/monacyte ratio decreased with increasing tumors score. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation indices for ConA and PRA were significantly lower for turtles with tumor scores 2 and 3. Tumor score 3 turtles (KB3) had significantly lower hematocrit, total protein, alpha 1, alpha 2, and gamma globulins than the other four groups. No significant differences in immune status were seen between non-tumored (or KB1.) turtles from Oahu and Hawaii. There was no significant difference between groups in regression slopes of body condition to carapace length. We conclude that turtles with severe FP are imunosuppressed. Furthermore, the lack of significant difference in immune status between non-tumored (and KB1) turtles from Oahu and Kona/Kohala indicates that immunosuppression may not be a prerequisite for development of FP. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Miami, Div Comparat Pathol, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Trop Med, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 41 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 574 EP 581 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 459AH UT WOS:000170227300017 PM 11504232 ER PT J AU Anderson, DR Link, WA Johnson, DH Burnham, KP AF Anderson, DR Link, WA Johnson, DH Burnham, KP TI Suggestions for presenting the results of data analyses SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE AIC; Bayesian statistics; frequentist methods; information-theuretic methods; likelihood; publication guidelines ID MODEL; POWER AB We give suggestions for the presentation of research results fi om frequentist, information-theoretic, and Bayesian analysis paradigms, followed by several general suggestions. The information-theoretic and Bayesian methods offer alternative approaches to data analysis and inference compared to traditionally used methods. Guidance is lacking on the presentation of results under these alternative procedures and on nontesting aspects of classical frequentist methods of statistical analysis. Null hypothesis testing has come under intense criticism. We recommend less reporting of the results of statistical tests of null hypothesis in casts where the null is surely false anyway, or where the null hypothesis is of little interest to science or management. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RI Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 NR 37 TC 268 Z9 275 U1 15 U2 113 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 373 EP 378 DI 10.2307/3803088 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 448VP UT WOS:000169650900001 ER PT J AU Garrettson, PR Rohwer, FC AF Garrettson, PR Rohwer, FC TI Effects of mammalian predator removal on production of upland-nesting ducks in North Dakota SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas; breeding pair; ducks; nest success; North Dakota; predator removal; trapping; recruitment ID SUCCESS; ALASKA; COVER AB In the Prairie Pothole Region, high predation rates often reduce duck nest success below the 15-20% deemed necessary for population stability. Lethal removal of mammalian predator,ls is I potential management option, but little reliable information exists on the efficacy of this technique. We trapped 8 41.5 km(2) blocks during April-July 1994-1996, and found higher nest success on trapped sites ((x) over bar = 42%: 37-46%, 95% CI) than on untrapped sites ((x) over bar = 23%; 19-25%, 95% CI). We found that daily survival rates increase with nest age and later nest initiation date, and we adjusted for this heterogeneity when we calculated nest success. There were no year or year X treatment effects on nest success. From 1 year to the next, pair number tended to increase more on trapped sites than on untrapped sites for all dabbling ducks combined. Removal of mammalian predators dramatically increases duck nest success, but its use as a management toc,l will also depend on its acceptance to the public. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Garrettson, PR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, 11500 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Pam_Garrettson@fws.gov NR 51 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 398 EP 405 DI 10.2307/3803091 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 448VP UT WOS:000169650900004 ER PT J AU Sherfy, MH Kirkpatrick, RL Webb, KE AF Sherfy, MH Kirkpatrick, RL Webb, KE TI Nutritional consequences of gastrolith ingestion in blue-winged teal: A test of the hard-seed-for-grit hypothesis SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE blue-winged teal; digestion; gastrolith; gizzard; grit; metabolizable energy; nutrition; regurgitation; seed diet; waterfowl ID TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY; MIMETIC SEEDS; DISPERSAL; DIET; SIZE AB One benefit attributed to retention of mineral grit in avian gizzards is enhanced digestive efficiency which may be realized through higher metabolizable energy of hard seed diets. The hard-seed-for-grit hypothesis also suggests that hard seeds can substitute for grit in the gizzard as an aid to mechanical digestion. However, neither of these presumed nutritional benefits of gastrolith ingestion have been quantified. We maintained captive blue-winged teal (Anas discors) on 4 experimental dietary supplements (none, grit, milo, and both grit and milo), and conducted true metabolizable energy (TME) feeding trials to demonstrate the nutritional consequences of gastrolith consumption. We measured TME of 3 test diets: millet (Echinochloa rrus-galli), milo, and smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum). Mean TME did not differ among treatments for ally of the test diets, suggesting that pre trial gastrolith ingestion did not appreciably increase metabolizability of these foods. There was little evidence that birds retained either pretrial seed supplements or the experimental diets in the gizzard suggesting that seed substitution did not occur. Birds frequently regurgitated the test diet. Although we corrected food intake for regurgitated food mass, a significant positive relationship between net intake and TME occurred for smartweed. However, variation in net intake and occurrence of regurgitation did not appear to alter the effects of gastroliths on TME. This study does not provide support for either presumed nutritional benefit of gastrolith ingestion. These results may reflect the lack of energetic constraints on food aquisition in captive birds. A similar study of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) showed a significant effect of grit on TME of some fi,ods, suggesting th;lt digestive responses may vary across a gradient in body size. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Sherfy, MH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 406 EP 414 DI 10.2307/3803092 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 448VP UT WOS:000169650900005 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Wilson, RR Henne-Kerr, JL Hamilton, RB AF Twedt, DJ Wilson, RR Henne-Kerr, JL Hamilton, RB TI Nest survival of forest birds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE agroforestry; avian nest survival; bottomland hardwood forest; brood parasitism; cottonwood plantation; forest birds; Mississippi Alluvial Valley; nest predation; silviculture ID CENTRAL HARDWOOD FORESTS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; FRAGMENTATION; PREDATION; POPULATION; PLACEMENT; EDGE AB In the Mississippi Alluvial Valley flood control has led to a drastic reduction in the area of forest habitat and altered the patchwork of forest cover types. Silvicultural management of the the remaining fragmented forests has changed to reflect the altered hydrology of the forests, current economic conditions of the area, and demand for forest products. Because forest type and silvicultural management impact forest birds, differences in avian productivity within these forests directly impact bird conservation. To assist in conservation planning, we evaluated daily nest survival, nest predation rates, and brood parasitism rates of forest birds in relation to different forest cover types and silvicultural management strategies within this floodplain. Within bottomland hardwood forests,, nest success of blue-gray gnatcatcher (Poliptila caerulea, 13%), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalamus, 28%), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea, 18%), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis, 22%), and yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus, 18%) did not differ from that within intensively managed cottonwood plantations. However, average daily survival of 542 open-cup nests of 19 bird species in bottomland hardwoods (0.9516 +/- 0.0028, similar to 27% nest success) was greater than that of 543 nests of 18 species in cottonwood plantations (0.9298 +/- 0.0035, similar to 15% nest success). Differences in daily nest survival rates likely resulted from a combination of differences in the predator community - particularly fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) - and a marked difference in species composition of birds breeding within these 2 forest types. At least 39% of nests in bottomland hardwood forests and 65% of nests in cottonwood plantations were depredated. Rates of parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were greater in managed cottonwoods (24%) than in bottomland hardwoods (9%). Nest success in planted cottonwood plantations for 18 species combined (similar to 14%). and for yellow-breasted chat (Iteria virens, 7%), eastern towhee (14%), indigo bunting (14%), and northern cardinal (17%) did not differ from nest success in cottonwood plantations that were coppiced from root sprouts following pulpwood harvest. Within bottomland hardwood forests, uneven-aged group-selection timber harvest reduced the combined daily nest survival of all species from 0.958 to 0.938, which reduced nest success by about 14%. Specifically, timber harvest reduced nest success of species chat nest in the forest midstory and canopy such as Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) - from 32% before harvest to 14% after harvest. Conversely, those species that nest primarily in the shrubbery understory - such as northern cardinal - were not affected by timber harvest and maintained an overall nest succcess of about 33%. Thus, birds nesting in the understory of bottomland hardwood forests are not adversely imparted by selective timber harvest, but there is a short-term reduction in nest success for birds that nest in the canopy and midstory. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Crown Vantage, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Avian Ecol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. EM dan_twedt@usgs.gov OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 450 EP 460 DI 10.2307/3803097 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 448VP UT WOS:000169650900010 ER PT J AU Papouchis, CM Singer, FJ Sloan, WB AF Papouchis, CM Singer, FJ Sloan, WB TI Responses of desert bighorn sheep to increased human recreation SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE desert bighorn sheep; national parks; Ovis canadensis nelsoni; recreation activity ID MOUNTAIN SHEEP; HUMAN DISTURBANCE; CHI-SQUARE; TABLES; TESTS AB Human recreation has been implicated in the decline of several populations of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni). Managers are concerned about the impart of increased recreation on desert bighorn sheep in Canyonlands National Park (NP), Utah, USA, where visitation increased 325% from 1979 to 1994. We compared behavioral responses of sheep to recreational activity between a low visitor use area and a high visitor use area during 1993 and 1994 by observing behavioral responses, distances moved, and duration of responses to vehicles, mountain bikers, and humans on foot. Hikers caused the most severe responses in desert bighorn sheep (animals fled in 61% of encounters), followed by vehicles (17% fled) and mountain bikers (6% fled), apparently because hikers were more likely to be in unpredictable locations and often directly approached sheep. We observed considerable individual heterogeneity in responses of bighorn sheep to the greater human use: some animals lived close to the road corridor and were apparently habituated to the human activities, but other animals avoided the road corridor. In the high-use area, we observed 3 radiocollared sheep that lived closer to the road than expected and found evidence of fewer responses to vehicles by females in spring, less response time of all sheep to vehicles in spring, and fewer responses to mountain bikers compared to the low-use area. Overall, there was an avoidance of the road corridor by most other bighorn sheep in the high-use area where all animals, on average, were found 39% farther from roads (490 +/- 19 m vs. 354 +/- 36 m) than in the low-use area. This avoidance of the road corridor by some animals represented 15% less use of potential suitable habitat in the high-use area over the low-use area. Increased sensitivity to hikers in the high-use area was suggested by a greater responsiveness by males in autumn and greater distance fled by females in spring. Responses of bighorn sheep were greater than human activity approached at the same elevation, when sheep were moving or standing, when female interactions occurred in spring and summer and male interactions occurred in autumn, and when sheep were farther from escape terrain. We recommend managers confine hikers to designated trails during spring lambing and the autumn rut in desert bighorn sheep habitat. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Canyonlands Natl Pk, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Papouchis, CM (reprint author), Anim Protect Inst, POB 22505, Sacramento, CA 95820 USA. NR 54 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 3 U2 38 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 573 EP 582 DI 10.2307/3803110 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 448VP UT WOS:000169650900023 ER PT J AU Anderson, DR Burnham, KP Lubow, BC Thomas, L Corn, PS Medica, PA Marlow, RW AF Anderson, DR Burnham, KP Lubow, BC Thomas, L Corn, PS Medica, PA Marlow, RW TI Field trials of line transect methods applied to estimation of desert tortoise abundance SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE density estimation; desert tortoise; distance sampling; field trials; line transect sampling; monitoring; observer performance ID MACROPOD DENSITY; COUNTS; ISSUES; DESIGN AB We examine the degree to which field observers can meet the assumptions underlying line transect sampling to monitor populations of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). We present the results of 2 field trials using artificial tortoise models in 3 size classes. The trials were conducted on 2 occasions on an area south of Las Vegas, Nevada, where the density of the test population was known. In the first trials, conducted largely by experienced biologists who had been involved in tortoise surveys for many years, the density of adult tortoise models was well estimated (-3.9% bias),while the bias was higher (-20%) for subadult tortoise models. The bias for combined data was -12.0%. The bias was largely attributed to the failure to detect all tortoise models on or near the that first centerline. The second trials were conducted with a group of largely inexperienced student volunteers and used somewhat different searching methods, and the results were similar to the first trials. Estimated combined density of subadult and adult tortoise models had a negative bias (-7.3%), again attributable to failure to detect some models on or near the centerline. Experience in desert tortoise biology, either comparing the first and second trials or in the second trial with 2 experienced biologists versus 16 novices, did not have an apparent effect on the quality of the data or the accuracy of the estimates. Observer training, specific to line transect sampling, and field testing are important components of a reliable survey. Line transect sampling represents a viable method for large-scale monitoring of populations of desert tortoise; however, field protocol must be improved to assure the key assumptions are met. C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ St Andrews, Math Inst, Res Unit Wildlife Populat Assessment, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland. US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas, NV 89108 USA. Univ Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89146 USA. RP Anderson, DR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Room 201 Wagar Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 33 TC 56 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 23 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 3 BP 583 EP 597 DI 10.2307/3803111 PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 448VP UT WOS:000169650900024 ER PT J AU Allen, CR Pearlstine, LG Wojcik, DP Kitchens, WM AF Allen, CR Pearlstine, LG Wojcik, DP Kitchens, WM TI The spatial distribution of diversity between disparate taxa: Spatial correspondence between mammals and ants across South Florida, USA SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ants; biodiversity; Florida; Gap Analysis; mammals; scale; spatial analysis; spatial correspondence; species richness ID SPECIES RICHNESS; ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; GUILD CONCEPT; THIEF ANTS; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; CONSERVATION; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT AB Gap Analysis takes a proactive landscape-level approach to conserving native species by identifying nodes of high biological diversity. It uses vertebrate species richness as an index of overall biological diversity. However, it remains unknown whether or not the spatial distribution of vertebrate diversity corresponds with the diversity of other taxa. We tested whether landscape-level diversity patterns corresponded between a vertebrate and an invertebrate taxon, mammals and ants, across the southern half of the Florida peninsula, USA. Composite digital maps with a 30-m spatial resolution were produced for each taxon. Spatial correspondence between the taxa was determined by normalizing and then subtracting the composite maps. There were large areas of spatial correspondence - indicating that richness between mammals and ants was similar over much of southern Florida. However, spatial correspondence occurred where the richness of both taxa was low or moderate, and areas with the highest species richness (highest 20%) for each taxon, the explicit focus of Gap Analyses, corresponded over only 8752 ha. Gap Analysis provides a much needed assessment of landscape-level diversity patterns and proactive reserve design, but it must be explicit that the results are applicable for vertebrate diversity, which does not necessarily correspond with diversity patterns of other taxa. The two taxa investigated differ by orders of magnitude in the scale that they perceive their environment, and it is likely that diversity hotspots vary as the scale of investigation - and the taxa mapped - vary. C1 Univ Florida, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Biol Resource Div, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 78 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 16 IS 5 BP 453 EP 464 DI 10.1023/A:1017998124698 PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 471WR UT WOS:000170952100006 ER PT J AU Udevitz, MS Gilbert, JR Fedoseev, GA AF Udevitz, MS Gilbert, JR Fedoseev, GA TI Comparison of methods used to estimate numbers of walruses on sea ice SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; Chukchi Sea; Odobenus rosmarus; pinniped; population estimation; seal; walrus ID PACIFIC WALRUSES AB The US and former USSR conducted joint surveys of Pacific walruses on sea ice and at land haul-outs in 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. One of the difficulties in interpreting results of these surveys has been that, except for the 1990 survey, the Americans and Soviets used different methods for estimating population size from their respective portions of the sea ice data. We used data exchanged between Soviet and American scientists to compare and evaluate the two estimation procedures and to derive a set of alternative estimates from the 1975, 1980, and 1985 surveys based on a single consistent procedure. Estimation method had only a small effect on total population estimates because most walruses were found at land haul-outs. However, the Soviet method is subject to bias that depends on the distribution of the population on the sea ice and this has important implications for interpreting the ice portions of previously reported surveys for walruses and other pinniped species. We recommend that the American method be used in future surveys. Future research on survey methods for walruses should focus on other potential sources of bias and variation. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Pacific Fisheries & Oceanog Res Inst, Magadan Sect, Magadan, Russia. RP Udevitz, MS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Udevitz, Mark/0000-0003-4659-138X NR 14 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 9 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 601 EP 616 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01007.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 443AW UT WOS:000169318000010 ER PT J AU Jay, CV Farley, SD Garner, GW AF Jay, CV Farley, SD Garner, GW TI Summer diving behavior of male walruses in Bristol Bay, Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE time-depth-recorder; TDR; walrus; Odobenus rosmarus; diving; foraging; Bristol Bay ID ODOBENUS-ROSMARUS-ROSMARUS; MALE ATLANTIC WALRUSES; FUR SEALS; GREENLAND; PATTERNS AB Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) make trips from ice or land haul-our sites to forage for benthic prey. We describe dive and trip characteristics from time-depth-recorder data collected over a one-month period during summer from four male Pacific walruses in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Dives were classified into four types. Shallow (4 m), short (2.7 min), square-shaped dives accounted for 11% of trip time, and many were probably associated with traveling. Shallow (2 m) and very short (0.5 min) dives composed only 1% of trip time. Deep (41 m), long (7.2 min), square-shaped dives accounted for 46% of trip time and were undoubtedly associated with benthic foraging. V-shaped dives ranged widely in depth, were of moderate duration (4.7 min), and composed 3% of trip time. These dives may have been associated with navigation or exploration of the seafloor for potential prey habitat. Surface intervals between dives were similar among dive types, and generally lasted 1-2 min. Total foraging time was strongly correlated with trip duration and there was no apparent diel pattern of diving in any dive type among animals. We found no correlation between dive duration and postdive surface interval within dive types, suggesting that diving occurred within aerobic dive limits. Trip duration varied considerably within and among walruses (0.3-3.4 d), and there was evidence that some of the very short trips were unrelated to foraging. Overall, walruses were in the water for 76.6% of the time, of which 60.3% was spent diving. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Jay, CV (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. NR 24 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 17 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 617 EP 631 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01008.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 443AW UT WOS:000169318000011 ER PT J AU Gorbics, CS Bodkin, JL AF Gorbics, CS Bodkin, JL TI Stock structure of sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Alaska. SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE distribution; genetics; management unit; phenotype; phylogeographic; population response; stock; sea otter; Enhydra lutris; Alaska ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; REPRODUCTION; CONSERVATION; POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA; MANAGEMENT; MOVEMENTS; PATTERNS; SURVIVAL AB Sea otters in Alaska are recognized as a single subspecies (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) and currently managed as a single, interbreeding population. However, geographic and behavioral mechanisms undoubtably constrain sea otter movements on much smaller scales. This pager applies the phylogeographic method (Dizon et al. 1992) and considers distribution, population response, phenotype and genotype data to identify stocks of sea otters within Alaska. The evidence for separate stock identity is genotypic tall stocks), phenotypic (Southcentral and Southwest stocks), and geographic distribution (Southeast stock), whereas population response data are equivocal tall stocks). Differences in genotype frequencies and the presence of unique genotypes among areas indicate restricted gene flow. Genetic exchange may be limited by little or no movement across proposed stock boundaries and discontinuities in distribution at proposed stock boundaries. Skull size differences (phenotypic) between Southwest and Southcentral Alaska populations further support stock separation. Population response information was equivocal in either supporting or refuting stock identity. On the basis of this review, we suggest the following: (1) a Southeast stock extending from Dixon Entrance to Cape Yakataga; (2) a Southcentral stock extending from Cage Yakataga to Cape Douglas including Prince William Sound and Kenai peninsula cease; and (3) a Southwest stock including Alaska Peninsula coast, the Aleutians to Attu Island, Barren, Kodiak, Pribilof Islands, and Bristol Bay. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Gorbics, CS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2730 Loker Ave W, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. NR 48 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 632 EP 647 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01009.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 443AW UT WOS:000169318000012 ER PT J AU Groves, DI Goldfarb, RJ da Silva, LC AF Groves, DI Goldfarb, RJ da Silva, LC TI Thematic issue: gold deposits of Brazil - Preface SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Western Australia, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Companhia Pesquisa & Recursos Minerais, BR-30140002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. RP Goldfarb, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 964, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 36 IS 3-4 BP 205 EP 206 DI 10.1007/s001260100169 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 461JY UT WOS:000170362200001 ER PT J AU Thorman, CH DeWitt, E Maron, MAC Ladeira, EA AF Thorman, CH DeWitt, E Maron, MAC Ladeira, EA TI Major Brazilian gold deposits - 1982 to 1999 SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article ID MINERALIZATION AB Brazil has been a major but intermittent producer of gold since its discovery in 1500. Brazil led the world in gold production during the 18th and early 19th centuries. From the late 19th century to the late 20th century} total mining company and garimpeiro production was small and relatively constant at about 5 to 8 t/year. The discovery of alluvial deposits in the Amazon by garimpeiros in the 1970s and the opening of eight mines by mining companies from 1983 to 1990 fueled a major boom in Brazil's gold production, exceeding 100 t/year in 1988 and 1989. However, garimpeiro alluvial production decreased rapidly in the 1990s, to about 10 t/year by 1999. Company production increased about tenfold from about 4 t/year in 1982 to 40 t in 1992. Production from 1992 to the present remained relatively stable, even though several mines were closed or were in the process of closing and no new major mines: were put into production during that period. Based on their production history from 1982-1999, 17 gold mines are ranked as major (> 20 t) and minor (3-8 t) mines. From 1982-1999, deposits hosted in Archean rocks produced 66% of the gold in Brazil, whereas deposits in Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic rocks accounted for 19% and 15%, respectively. Deposits in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, especially carbonate-rich rocks and carbonate iron-formation, yielded the great bulk of the gold. Deposits in igneous rocks were of much less importance. The Archean and Paleoproterozoic terranes of Brazil largely lack base-metal-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, porphyry deposits, and polymetallic veins and sedimentary exhalative deposits. An exception to this is in the Carajas Mineral Province. C1 CTGS Int Inc, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Minist Minas & Energia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. RP Thorman, CH (reprint author), CTGS Int Inc, 12464 W 2nd Dr, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA. NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 36 IS 3-4 BP 218 EP 227 DI 10.1007/s001260100170 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 461JY UT WOS:000170362200003 ER PT J AU Doan, DB Menzie, WD AF Doan, DB Menzie, WD TI International update: the globalization of mining SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 991, Int Minerals Sect, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Doan, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 991, Int Minerals Sect, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 53 IS 7 BP 33 EP 42 PG 10 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 450PQ UT WOS:000169752700026 ER PT J AU van Mantgem, P Schwartz, M Keifer, MB AF van Mantgem, P Schwartz, M Keifer, MB TI Monitoring fire effects for managed burns and wildfires: Coming to terms with pseudoreplication SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE before-after/control-impact (BACI) designs; fire effects; monitoring; pseudoreplication; species diversity ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; NATIONAL-PARK; CALIFORNIA; BACI AB Collecting unbiased monitoring data on fire effects is often problematic. Samples collected for assessing the effects of managed (prescribed) fires and wildfires are often "pseudoreplicated" because it is impossible to replicate the disturbance event. Furthermore, monitoring data for managed fires and wildfires may be confounded because it is difficult to randomize the effects of fires not under strict experimental control. It is not possible to replicate or randomize large-scale events such as wildfires and many prescribed fires, yet there are techniques that can account for some of the bias introduced by these problems. Since monitoring usually involves repeated observations; this paper discusses simple time-series analysis, along with two common modifications: impact/reference designs and before/after comparisons. While there are many possible monitoring strategies, most monitoring efforts are covered by these broad categories. In this paper we attempt to outline the assumptions, strengths, and limitations of these methods. We recommend four primary strategies to improve the confidence of findings when assessing fire effects: (1) acknowledge pseudoreplication in the data when it exists; (2) expand the use of managed fire and wildfire data for quantifying fire effects; (3) increase the use of unburned reference sites to improve the confidence of analyses of fire effects, and (3) in some instances, consider treating data taken from multiple fires as independent replicates. The concepts discussed in this paper are illustrated by examples taken from data sets for prescribed fire effects in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, USA. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. RP van Mantgem, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, 47050 Gen Highway, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. RI Schwartz, Mark/G-1066-2011 OI Schwartz, Mark/0000-0002-3739-6542 NR 29 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 32 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 266 EP 273 PG 8 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 455ML UT WOS:000170030600007 ER PT J AU Jodun, WA Millard, MJ AF Jodun, WA Millard, MJ TI Effect of iodophor concentration and duration of exposure during water hardening on survival of Atlantic salmon eggs SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL-SHOCK SENSITIVITY; FALL CHINOOK SALMON; 2 IODOPHORS; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; IODINE; TOXICITY AB Because of disease transmission concerns, field studies to evaluate the impact of water-hardening eggs at different concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (iodophor) for various times of exposure have rarely used untreated controls. Additionally, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service protocol requires a subsequent post-water-hardening surface disinfection for salmonid e.-gs transferred between stations. The cumulative impact of this second disinfection on survival has not been fully investigated for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. This study compared the percent of eye-up Atlantic salmon eggs that had been water-hardened with iodophor treatments at 50, 100, and 150 mg active ingredient/L for 30, 60, and 90 min with that of untreated controls and also examined the impact on egg survival of a second iodophor disinfection 5 h after the initial exposure. No discernable mortality resulted from the second (10-min) disinfection. Nontreated eggs had significantly greater survival than any of the iodophor-treated eggs. Contact time with the iodophor solution had the greatest impact on egg survival. When averaged over all concentrations, the decline in egg survival was significant (P < 0.05) when contact time increased from 30 to 60 min. Interaction between iodophor concentration and exposure time was most evident at the high (150 mg/L) concentration, with egg mortality increasing with contact time. Our study suggests that to optimize egg survival, contact with iodophor during water hardening should be no more than 30 min. If a greater disinfection efficacy is desired, an increase in iodophor concentration may be preferable to an increase in contact time. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. RP Jodun, WA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 63 IS 3 BP 229 EP 233 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2001)063<0229:EOICAD>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 457MB UT WOS:000170140200007 ER PT J AU Cope, RB Fabacher, DL Lieske, C Miller, CA AF Cope, RB Fabacher, DL Lieske, C Miller, CA TI Resistance of a lizard (the green anole, Anolis carolinensis; polychridae) to ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; CONTACT HYPERSENSITIVITY; INDUCED SUPPRESSION; UROCANIC ACID; B RADIATION; MICE; IRRADIATION; RESPONSES; FISH; SKIN AB The green anole (Anolis carolinensis) is the most northerly distributed of its Neotropical genus. This lizard avoids a winter hibernation phase by the use of sun basking behaviors. Inevitably, this species is exposed to high doses of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), Increases in terrestrial ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation secondary to stratospheric ozone depletion and habitat perturbation potentially place this species at risk of UVR-induced immunosuppression, Daily exposure to subinflammatory UVR (8 kJ/m(2)/day UV-B, 85 kJ/m(2)/day ultraviolet A [UV-A]), 6 days per week for 3 weeks (total cumulative doses of 192 kJ/m(2) UV-B, 2.04 x 10(3) kJ/m(2) UV-A) did not suppress the anole's acute or delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to horseshoe crab hemocyanin, In comparison with the available literature UV-B doses as low as 0.1 and 15.9 kJ/m(2) induced suppression of DTH responses in mice and humans, respectively. Exposure of anoles to UVR did not result in the inhibition of ex vivo splenocyte phagocytosis of fluorescein labeled Escherichia coli or ex vivo splenocyte nitric oxide production. Doses of UV-B ranging from 0.35 to 45 kJ/m(2) have been reported to suppress murine splenic/ peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and nitric oxide production. These preliminary studies demonstrate the resistance of green anoles to UVR-induced immunosuppression. Methanol extracts of anole skin contained two peaks in the ultraviolet wavelength range that could be indicative of photoprotective substances. However, the resistance of green anoles to UVR is probably not completely attributable to absorption by UVR photoprotective substances in the skin but more likely results from a combination of other factors including absorption by the cutis and absorption and reflectance by various components of the dermis. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. RP Cope, RB (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. NR 50 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 74 IS 1 BP 46 EP 54 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0046:ROALTG>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 449UJ UT WOS:000169705300007 PM 11460536 ER PT J AU Smit, PH AF Smit, PH TI Maximizing information content of landsat imagery for coastal zone applications SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Florida Marine Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Smit, PH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Emergent Informat Technol Inc, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 67 IS 7 BP 769 EP + PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 446CM UT WOS:000169495400001 ER PT J AU DeFalco, LA Detling, JK Tracy, CR Warren, SD AF DeFalco, LA Detling, JK Tracy, CR Warren, SD TI Physiological variation among native and exotic winter annual plants associated with microbiotic crusts in the Mojave Desert SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE cryptobiotic crusts; cryptogams; desert annuals; desert ephemerals; invasive species; microphytic crusts ID CRYPTOBIOTIC SOIL CRUSTS; EXCHANGE RESIN BAGS; NITROGENASE ACTIVITY; PINYON-JUNIPER; AVAILABILITY; GRASSLAND; INFILTRATION; DISTURBANCE; COMMUNITIES; ALLOCATION AB Microbiotic crusts are important components of many aridland soils. Research on crusts typically focuses on the increase in soil fertility due to N-fixing micro-organisms, the stabilization of soils against water and wind erosion and the impact of disturbance on N-cycling. The effect of microbiotic crusts on the associated plant community has received little attention. We quantified the influence of crusts on the production, species diversity, nutrient content and water relations of winter annual plant species associated with microbiotic soil crusts in the northeast Mojave Desert. Shoot biomass of winter annuals was 37% greater and plant density was 77% greater on crusts than were biomass and density on soils lacking crust cover (=bare soils). This greater production of annuals on crusts was likely due to enhanced soil conditions including an almost two-fold increase in soil organic matter and inorganic N compared to bare soils. Crusted soils also had 53% greater volumetric water content than bare soils during November and December, the time when winter annuals become established. As plant development progressed into spring, however, soil water availability decreased: More negative plant xylem water potentials were associated with greater plant biomass on crusted soils. Plants associated with microbiotic soil crusts had lower concentrations of N in shoots (mg N g(-1) dry mass). However, total shoot N (mg N m(-2)) was the same in plants growing on the different soil types when biomass production peaked in April. Shoots had similar patterns in their concentration and content of P. Species diversity of annuals was not statistically different between the two soil types. Yet, while native annuals comprised the greatest proportion of shoot biomass on bare soils, exotic forbs and grasses produced more biomass on crusts. Total shoot nutrient content (biomassxconcentration) of the two exotic annual species examined was dramatically greater on crusts than bare soils; only one native species had greater shoot content of N and P when growing on crusts than bare soils. Microbiotic crusts appear to increase site fertility in the northeast Mojave Desert, but nutrients and water distributed within a greater biomass of annual plants growing on microbiotic crusts likely resulted in lower concentrations of nutrients in plant tissue and lower xylem pressure potentials than plants growing on bare soils. Exotic annuals growing on crusts appear to respond to the higher N availability by growing faster, potentially outcompeting native annual species. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas Field Stn, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Nevada, Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Natl Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ctr Ecol Management Mil Lands, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP DeFalco, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas Field Stn, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RI Detling, James/I-1691-2013 NR 69 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUL PY 2001 VL 234 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1023/A:1010323001006 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 457YG UT WOS:000170165500001 ER PT J AU McNamara, DE Walter, WR AF McNamara, DE Walter, WR TI Mapping crustal heterogeneity using Lg propagation efficiency throughout the Middle East, Mediterranean, Southern Europe and Northern Africa SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Lg regional phase seismology; attenuation; CTBT; nuclear explosion ID SEISMIC-WAVE PROPAGATION; LATERAL VARIATIONS; REGIONAL DISTANCES; TIBETAN PLATEAU; UPPER-MANTLE; SHEAR-WAVES; ATTENUATION; SEA; DISCRIMINATION; LITHOSPHERE AB In this paper we describe a technique for mapping the lateral variation of Lg characteristics such as Lg blockage, efficient Lg propagation, and regions of very high attenuation in the Middle East, North Africa, Europe and the Mediterranean regions. Lg is used in a variety of seismological applications from magnitude estimation to identification of nuclear explosions for monitoring compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). These applications can give significantly biased results if the Lg phase is reduced or blocked by discontinuous structure or thin crust. Mapping these structures using quantitative techniques for determining Lg amplitude attenuation can break down when the phase is below background noise. In such cases Lg blockage and inefficient propagation zones are often mapped out by hand. With our approach, we attempt to visually simplify this information by imaging crustal structure anomalies that significantly diminish the amplitude of Lg. The visualization of such anomalies is achieved by defining a grid of cells that covers the entire region of interest. We trace Lg rays for each event/station pair, which is simply the great circle path, and attribute to each cell a value equal to the maximum value of the Lg/P-coda amplitude ratio for all paths traversing that particular cell. The resulting map, from this empirical approach, is easily interpreted in terms of crustal structure and can successfully image small blockage features often missed by analysis of raypaths alone. This map can then be used to screen out events with blocked Lg prior to performing Q tomography. and to avoid using Lg-based methods of event identification for the CTBT in regions where they cannot work. For this study we applied our technique to one of the most tectonically complex regions on the earth. Nearly 9000 earthquake/station raypaths, traversing the vast region comprised of the Middle East. Mediterranean, Southern Europe and Northern Africa, have been analyzed. We measured the amplitude of Lg relative to the P-coda and mapped the lateral variation of Lg propagation efficiency. With the relatively dense coverage provided by the numerous crossing paths we are able to map out the pattern of crustal heterogeneity that gives rise to the observed character of Lg propagation. We observe that the propagation characteristics of Lg within the region of interest are very complicated but are readily correlated with the different tectonic environments within the region. For example, clear strong Lg arrivals are observed for paths crossing the stable continental interiors of Northern Africa and the Arabian Shield. In contrast, weakened to absent Lg is observed for paths crossing much of the Middle East, and Lg is absent for paths traversing the Mediterranean. Regions that block Lg transmission within the Middle East are very localized and include the Caspian Sea, the Iranian Plateau and the Red Sea. Resolution is variable throughout the region and strongly depends on the distribution of seismicity and recording stations. Lg propagation is best resolved within the Middle East where regions of crustal heterogeneity on the order of 100 km are imaged (e.g., South Caspian Sea and Red Sea). Crustal heterogeneity is resolvable but is poorest in seismicaily quiescent Northern Africa. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP McNamara, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Walter, William/C-2351-2013 OI Walter, William/0000-0002-0331-0616 NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 158 IS 7 BP 1165 EP 1188 DI 10.1007/PL00001219 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 463LB UT WOS:000170476700004 ER PT J AU Grigg, LD Whitlock, C Dean, WE AF Grigg, LD Whitlock, C Dean, WE TI Evidence for millennial-scale climate change during marine isotope stages 2 and 3 at Little Lake, western Oregon, USA SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Pacific Northwest; pollen records; millennial-scale climate change; marine isotope stages 2 and 3; paleoecology ID LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RADIOCARBON CALIBRATION; LAST GLACIATION; UNITED-STATES; COAST RANGE; C-14 AGES; WASHINGTON; PACIFIC AB Pollen and geochemical data from Little Lake, western Oregon, suggest several patterns of millennial-scale environmental change during marine isotope stage (MIS)2 (14,100-27,600 cal yr B.P.) and the latter part of MIS 3 (27,600-42,500 cal yr B.P.). During MIS 3, a series of transitions between warm- and cold-adapted taxa indicate that temperatures oscillated by ca, 2 degrees -4 degreesC every 1000-3000 yr. Highs and lows in summer insolation during MIS 3 are generally associated with the warmest and coldest intervals. Warm periods at Little Lake correlate with warm sea-surface temperatures in the Santa Barbara Basin. Changes in the strength of the subtropical high and the jet stream may account for synchronous changes at the two sites. During MIS 2, shifts between mesic and xeric subalpine forests suggest changes in precipitation every 1000-3000 yr. Increases in Tsuga heterophylla pollen at 25,000 and 22,000 cal yr B.P. imply brief warmings, Minimum summer insolation and maximum global ice-volumes during MIS 2 correspond to cold and dry conditions. Fluctuations in precipitation at Little Lake do not correlate with changes in the Santa Barbara Basin and may be explained by variations in the strength of the glacial anticyclone and the position of the jet stream. (C) 2001 University of Washington. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Grigg, LD (reprint author), Dartmouth Coll, Dept Geog, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NR 53 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1 BP 10 EP 22 DI 10.1006/qres.2001.2245 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 452LZ UT WOS:000169861000002 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR AF Muhs, DR TI Evolution of soils on quaternary reef terraces of Barbados, West Indies SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; FLORIDA; CONSTRAINTS; MINERALOGY; PALEOSOLS; ATLANTIC; JAMAICA; RECORD; COAST; DUST AB Soils on uplifted Quaternary reef terraces of Barbados, similar to 125,000 to similar to 700,000 yr old, form a ctimo-chronosequence and show changes in physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties with terrace age. Parent materials are dust derived from the Sahara, volcanic ash from the Lesser Antilles island are, and detrital carbonate from the underlying reef limestone. Although some terrace soils are probably eroded, soils or their remnants are redder and more clay-rich with increasing terrace age. Profile-average Al2O3 and Fe2O3 content increases with terrace age, which partially reflects the increasing clay content, but dithionite-extractable Fe also increases with terrace age. Profile-average K2O/TiO2, Na2O/TiO2, and P2O5/TiO2 values decrease with terrace age, reflecting the depletion of primary minerals. Average SiO2/Al2O3 values also decrease with terrace age and reflect not only loss of primary minerals but also evolution of secondary clay minerals. Although they are not present in any of the parent materials, the youngest terrace soils are dominated by smectite and interstratified kaolinite-smectite, which gradually alter to relatively pure kaolinite over similar to 700,000 yr. Comparisons with other tropical islands, where precipitation is higher and rates of dust fall may be lower, show that Barbados soils are less weathered than soils of comparable age. It is concluded that many soil properties in tropical regions can be potentially useful relative-age indicators in Quaternary stratigraphic studies, even when soils are eroded or changes in soil morphology are not dramatic. (C) 2001 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 43 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1 BP 66 EP 78 DI 10.1006/qres.2001.2237 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 452LZ UT WOS:000169861000007 ER PT J AU Doerner, JP Carrara, PE AF Doerner, JP Carrara, PE TI Late quaternary vegetation and climatic history of the Long Valley area, west-central Idaho, USA SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Idaho; pollen analysis; deglaciation; late-Quaternary ID GLACIER PEAK TEPHRA; SNAKE RIVER PLAIN; POSTGLACIAL VEGETATION; YELLOWSTONE REGION; MOUNTAINS; MONTANA; AGE; PARK AB Paleoenvironmental data, including pollen and sediment analyses, radiocarbon ages, and tephra identifications of a core recovered from a fen, provide a ca. 16,500 C-14 yr B.P. record of late Quaternary vegetation and climate change in the Long Valley area of west-central Idaho. The fen was deglaciated prior to ca. 16,500 C-14 yr B.P., after which the pollen rain was dominated by Artemisia, suggesting that a cold, dry climate prevailed until ca. 12,200 C-14 yr B.P. From ca. 12,200 to 9750 C-14 yr B.P. temperatures gradually increased and a cool, moist climate similar to the present prevailed. During this period a closed spruce-pine forest surrounded the fen. This cool, moist climate was briefly interrupted by a dry and/or cold interval between ca. 10,800 and 10,400 C-14 yr B.P. that may be related to the Younger Dryas climatic oscillation. From ca. 9750 to 3200 C-14 yr B.P. the regional climate was significantly warmer and drier than at present and an open pine forest dominated the area around the fen. Maximum aridity occurred after the deposition of the Mazama tephra (ca. 6730 C-14 yr B.P.). After 3200 C-14 yr B.P. regional cooling brought cool, moist conditions to the area; the establishment of the modern montane forest around the fen and present-day cool and moist climate began at ca. 2000 C-14 yr B.P. (C) 2001 University of Washington. C1 Univ No Colorado, Dept Geog, Greeley, CO 80639 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Doerner, JP (reprint author), Univ No Colorado, Dept Geog, Greeley, CO 80639 USA. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1 BP 103 EP 111 DI 10.1006/qres.2001.2247 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 452LZ UT WOS:000169861000010 ER PT J AU Gore, JA Layzer, JB Mead, J AF Gore, JA Layzer, JB Mead, J TI Macroinvertebrate instream flow studies after 20 years: A role in stream management and restoration SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on the Ecology of Regulated Streams (EISORS) CY JUL 17-21, 2000 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE DE IFIM; instream flow analysis; macroinvertebrate community diversity; mussels; PHABSIM ID LOTIC MACROINVERTEBRATES; INCREMENTAL METHODOLOGY; MICROHABITAT USE; HABITAT; RIVER; MUSSELS; FAUNA; ENHANCEMENT; ECOSYSTEMS; ADAPTATION AB Over the past two decades of refinement and application of instream flow evaluations, we have examined the hydraulic habitat of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a variety of conditions, along with the role of these macroinvertebrates in sustaining ecosystem integrity. Instream flow analyses assume that predictable changes in channel flow characteristics can, in turn, be used to predict the change in the density or distribution of lotic species or, more appropriately, the availability of useable habitat for those species. Five major hydraulic conditions most affect the distribution and ecological success of lotic biota: suspended load, bedload movement, and water column effects, such as turbulence, velocity profile, and substratum interactions (near-bed hydraulics). The interactions of these hydraulic conditions upon the morphology and behavior of the individual organisms govern the distribution of aquatic biota. Historically, management decisions employing the Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) have focused upon prediction of available habitat for life stages of target fish species. Regulatory agencies have rarely included evaluation of benthos for flow reservations. Although 'taxonomic discomfort' may be cited for the reluctant use or creation of benthic criteria, we suggest that a basic misunderstanding of the links between benthic macroinvertebrate and the fish communities is still a problem. This is derived from the lack of a perceived 'value' that can be assigned to macroinvertebrate species. With the exception of endangered mussel species (for which PHABSIM analysis is probably inappropriate), this is understandable. However, it appears that there is a greater ability to predict macroinvertebrate distribution (that is, a response to the change in habitat quality or location) and diversity without complex population models. Also, habitat suitability criteria for water quality indicator taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; the so-called 'EPTs') may also provide additional management options to stream regulators. The greatest application for macroinvertebrate criteria will be in low-order streams where a more immediate link to fish communities can be established. We present an example from Queens Creek, in North Carolina, USA, in which monthly allocations required to preserve the integrity of the benthic macroinvertebrate community were significantly higher than for the target benthic fish species, Cottus bairdi. In the months when both Cottus and community diversity of macroinvertebrates were the 'bottleneck' life stages, preservation of only fish species could result in an additional 5-25% loss in macroinvertebrate habitat. We suggest that, as there becomes an increased emphasis on maintaining macroinvertebrates as monitors of stream health, there will be a concurrent emphasis on incorporating hydraulic habitat conditions as a part of bioassessment. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Columbus State Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Publ Hlth, Columbus, GA 31907 USA. Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. N Carolina Dept Environm & Nat Resources, Div Water Resources, Instream Flow Unit, Raleigh, NC 27699 USA. RP Gore, JA (reprint author), Columbus State Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Publ Hlth, Columbus, GA 31907 USA. EM gore_james@colstate.edu NR 59 TC 77 Z9 83 U1 9 U2 76 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD JUL-OCT PY 2001 VL 17 IS 4-5 BP 527 EP 542 DI 10.1002/rrr.650.abs PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 482FE UT WOS:000171564500015 ER PT J AU Safak, E AF Safak, E TI Local site effects and dynamic soil behavior SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XXIInd General Assembly of the International-Union-of-Geodesy-and-Geophysics CY JUL 19-30, 1999 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Union Geodesy & Geophys DE site amplification; earthquakes; soil dynamics; wave propagation ID NONLINEAR SEDIMENT RESPONSE; 1994 NORTHRIDGE; GROUND-MOTION; SAN-FRANCISCO; EARTHQUAKE; PROPAGATION; CALIFORNIA; AMPLIFICATION; STATION; MODELS AB Amplitudes of seismic waves increase significantly as they pass through soft soil layers near the earth's surface. This phenomenon, commonly known as site amplification, is a major factor influencing the extent of damage on structures. It is crucial that site amplification is accounted for when designing structures on soft soils. The characteristics of site amplification at a given site can be estimated by analytical models, as well as field tests. Analytical models require as inputs the geometry of all soil layers from surface to bedrock, their dynamic properties (e.g. density, wave velocity, damping), and the incident bedrock motions. Field tests involve recording and analyzing the dynamic response of sites to artificial excitations, ambient forces, and actual earthquakes. The most reliable estimates of site amplification are obtained by analyzing the recorded motions of the site during strong earthquakes. This paper presents a review of the types and the generating mechanisms of site amplification, and the models and methods that are used to characterize them from earthquake records. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Safak, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0267-7261 J9 SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG JI Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 5 BP 453 EP 458 DI 10.1016/S0267-7261(01)00021-5 PG 6 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 442UV UT WOS:000169304100009 ER PT J AU Runstrom, AL Vondracek, B Jennings, CA AF Runstrom, AL Vondracek, B Jennings, CA TI Population statistics for paddlefish in the Wisconsin River SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID POLYODON-SPATHULA; HABITAT USE; MORTALITY AB Although paddlefish Polyodon spathula are protected in Wisconsin and Minnesota, limited information exists on the status of populations in the upper Mississippi River. Paddlefish populations in the upper Mississippi River probably have never fully recovered from declines that occurred in the late 1800s and early 1900s following habitat loss and extensive fishing. In our study, we estimated population size, size and age structure, and mortality for a paddlefish population in the Wisconsin River, a tributary of the upper Mississippi River, during 1993 and 1994. We tagged 337 paddlefish and recaptured 33. Unequal probability of capture and small sample sizes violated the assumptions of published population models. To improve interpretation of results, data were adjusted for assumption violations, and estimates were generated using three widely used models (modified Jolly-Seber. adjusted Petersen, and Chapman's modified Schnabel). Based on Chapman's modified Schnabel adjusted for mortality and estimated ages of 5-23 years for all paddlefish sampled, we estimated the population to be 1.353 paddlefish. Eye-to-fork length for paddlefish ranged from 64 to 125 cm. Using catch-curve analysis, we estimated annual mortality to be 26.7%. Size structure and age structure data indicated weak year-classes for the 4-6 years preceding our sampling. Monitoring of the Wisconsin River paddlefish populations should continue because of the relatively high concentration of fish with the potential as a source population; investigations should also be implemented on other large tributaries and main stem of the upper Mississippi River. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, LaCrosse Fisheries Resources Off, Onalaska, WI 54650 USA. Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Runstrom, AL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, LaCrosse Fisheries Resources Off, 555 Lester Ave, Onalaska, WI 54650 USA. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 130 IS 4 BP 546 EP 556 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0546:PSFPIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 452HR UT WOS:000169852700002 ER PT J AU Hightower, JE Jackson, JR Pollock, KH AF Hightower, JE Jackson, JR Pollock, KH TI Use of telemetry methods to estimate natural and fishing mortality of striped bass in Lake Gaston, North Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RADIO-TAGGED ANIMALS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; RATES; MODELS AB Natural mortality can substantially affect fish population dynamics, but the rate is difficult to estimate because natural deaths are rarely observed and it is difficult to separate the effects of natural and fishing mortality on abundance. We developed a new telemetry approach for estimating natural and fishing mortality rates and applied it to the population of striped bass Morone saxatilis in Lake Gaston, North Carolina and Virginia. Our analyses were based on a sample size of 51 telemetered striped bass that were known to be alive and in Lake Gaston at least 1 month after capture and surgery. Relocations of live fish and fish that died of natural causes were used to estimate natural and fishing mortality rates and the probability of relocating telemetered fish. Fishing mortality rates varied seasonally, but few natural deaths were observed, so the best model incorporated a constant annual instantaneous natural mortality rate (M; +/- SE) of 0.14 +/- 0.02. With the uncertainty in model selection accounted for, the average annual M was 0.16 +/- 0.04 For 1997 and 0.12 +/- 0.04 for 1998. Estimated annual fishing mortality rates (F) were 0.74 +/- 0.13 for 1997 and 0.34 +/- 0.18 for 1998. This telemetry approach for estimating mortality rates does not rely on angler reporting of tagged fish. The relative standard errors for;M (24-33%) were comparable to those obtained from traditional ragging methods with large sample sizes. This approach is most applicable in closed systems, where fishing mortality estimates are not biased by emigration. A high relocation probability is critical to reliably establishing seasonal changes in mortality. C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Zool, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hightower, JE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Zool, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 27 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 130 IS 4 BP 557 EP 567 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0557:UOTMTE>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 452HR UT WOS:000169852700003 ER PT J AU Liao, HS Pierce, CL Larscheid, JG AF Liao, HS Pierce, CL Larscheid, JG TI Empirical assessment of indices of prey importance in the diets of predacious fish SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GASTRIC EVACUATION; NORTHERN PIKE; LARGEMOUTH BASS; LAKE-ONTARIO; SIZE; GROWTH; TROUT; FOOD; STRATEGIES; POPULATION AB Determining the importance of prey taxa in the die ts of predacious species is a frequent objective in fisheries research. Various indices of prey importance are in common use, and all give different results because of their emphasis on different aspects of fish diets. We explored these differences by empirically comparing four well-known indices-percent weight (%W), percent occurrence (%O), percent number (%N), and percent index of relative importance (%IRI)-as well as a modified %IRI (%MIRI), as applied to an extensive data set on the diets of six fish species in Spirit Lake, Iowa. Correlations among all indices were positive but were weaker among component indices (%W, %O, and %N) than between the two compound indices (%IRI and %MIRI); correlations among component indices were also weaker than correlations of compound with component indices. Correlation strength of %MIRI with the three component indices varied greatly (%N < %O < %W), whereas the correlation strength of %IRI with component indices was similar. Importance values based on %W, %MIRI, and %N depend more on prey size than those based on %IRI and %O. The %W and %MIRI emphasized the importance of large prey taxa, whereas %N emphasized small prey in diets; %IRI and %O were similarly unbiased with respect to prey size. The %O yielded substantially higher importance values than all other indices. Thus, for use as a general index of dietary importance, we believe %IRI provides the optimal balancing of frequency of occurrence, numerical abundance, and abundance by weight of taxa in fish diets. C1 Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Spirit Lake, IA 51360 USA. RP Pierce, CL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 38 TC 46 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 130 IS 4 BP 583 EP 591 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0583:EAOIOP>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 452HR UT WOS:000169852700005 ER PT J AU Kosa, JT Mather, ME AF Kosa, JT Mather, ME TI Processes contributing to variability in regional patterns of juvenile river herring abundance across small coastal systems SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ALEWIFE ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; STREAM CHANNEL EXPERIMENTS; RECENTLY EMERGED TROUT; SALMO-TRUTTA L; S-SALAR L; DOWNSTREAM MOVEMENT; ANADROMOUS ALEWIVES; CONNECTICUT RIVER; ACIDIC EPISODES; LAKE-MICHIGAN AB Many populations of anadromous herring, (e.g., alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring A. aestivalis, collectively referred to as river herring) are in decline. To help understand the various processes influencing their relative abundance, we studied juvenile river herring populations in ii small, coastal Massachusetts systems. We examined diel and seasonal movements, variation in patterns of abundance, and relationships between juvenile river herring numbers and seven abiotic and biotic factors (stream discharge, pond temperature, habitat availability, pond transparency, pH, food availability, and spawning stock size). Seasonally, juvenile downstream migration peaked in early summer, and most juvenile river herring emigrated between 1200 and 1600 hours. Little or no emigration occurred in late summer when stream channels were often dewatered, although several streams experienced a smaller, more variable emigration peak in the fall. In univariate regressions, stream discharge, pond volume, surface area, depth, transparency, and pH were significantly related to variation in juvenile abundance across systems. Multiple regression models that integrated discharge, volume, and transparency, as well as multivariate models that included abiotic and biotic influences, trophic effects, and system size, explained 32-82% of the variability in juvenile abundance across systems. Thus, stream discharge, pond volume, transparency, pH, trophic effects, and system size contribute to heterogeneity across systems and may influence the abundance of these fish during freshwater residence. Increased understanding of the sources of heterogeneity in movement patterns and causes of variability in abundance across systems can help to implement more effective monitoring protocols, more informed land-use decisions. and improved management of river herring. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Mather, ME (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 75 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 130 IS 4 BP 600 EP 619 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0600:PCTVIR>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 452HR UT WOS:000169852700007 ER PT J AU Paukert, CP Fisher, WL AF Paukert, CP Fisher, WL TI Characteristics of paddlefish in a southwestern US reservoir, with comparisons of lentic and lotic populations SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID POLYODON-SPATHULA; HABITAT USE; ALABAMA RIVER; ADULT; MOVEMENT; AGE AB We evaluated the population characteristics of a self-sustaining population of paddlefish Polyodon spathula on the southwestern edge of its range to determine how its mortality, condition. and growth compare with those of other lentic populations and how they may differ from those of lotic populations. Paddlefish density estimates in Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma, were similar to those in other southern self-sustaining reservoir populations. Paddlefish catch rates varied annually: higher catches occurred in the lower reservoir reaches and in the Arkansas River arm in 1997 and 1998 but in other locations in the reservoir in 1996. Annual mortality of 27-34% was primarily from natural causes. Condition (relative weight) was high, particularly for a population near the edge of its range. Annual growth increments based on back-calculation were not related to mean monthly air temperature or mean monthly minutes of daylight. The maximum age of paddlefish (14 years) was similar to that in other southern reservoirs. Growth rates were similar to those of other lentic populations and higher than that of lotic paddlefish collected in the Keystone Reservoir area before impoundment. Lentic populations. including that of Keystone Reservoir, had faster growth at age 0 than lotic populations. but growth rates were similar for ages 2-10. suggesting that initial growth differences produced the divergence between lentic and lotic populations. Although maximum age was not different between lentic and lotic populations, it was greater for northern waters, suggesting that latitudinal differences play a substantial role in paddlefish population characteristics. Lentic and lotic paddlefish populations may exhibit different life history characteristics (e.g., growth and mortality), but this lotic species has adapted well to reservoir environments, even near the southwestern edge of its range. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Paukert, CP (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, POB 2140B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 44 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 130 IS 4 BP 634 EP 643 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0634:COPIAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 452HR UT WOS:000169852700009 ER PT J AU Schreiber, JD Rebich, RA Cooper, CM AF Schreiber, JD Rebich, RA Cooper, CM TI Dynamics of diffuse pollution from US southern watersheds SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Yazoo Basin; non-point; pollution; diffuse pollution; sediment; nutrients; BMPs; stream remediaiton; ecology; total maximum daily load (TMDL) ID SEDIMENT; STRIPS AB To understand the effects of diffuse pollution information on the source of pollutants, quantities in transport, mode of transport, transient nature of the pollution event, and most importantly, a consideration of remediation efforts need to be known. For example, water quality research in the Yazoo Basin uplands in Mississippi has shown sediment loads from a conventional-till upland soybean watershed to be about 19,000 kg/ha/yr, and responsible for 77-96% of P and N in transport. In contrast, sediment loads from a comparable no-till soybean watershed were only 500 kg/ha/yr, transporting about 31% of P and N in transport. Sediment loads from a nearby forested area were low, about 200kg/ha/yr, but responsible for about 47-76% of P and N in transport. Transient pollution events are responsible for the transport of large quantities of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides; in some storm events nearly the annual load. Best management practices (BMPs) must be designed to remediate diffuse pollution and the transient nature of pollution events which can have a profound effect on the ecological health of steams and reservoirs. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. USGS, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. RP Schreiber, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 35 IS 10 BP 2534 EP 2542 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00510-8 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 436UJ UT WOS:000168954000024 PM 11394789 ER PT J AU Reinhart, DP Haroldson, MA Mattson, DJ Gunther, KA AF Reinhart, DP Haroldson, MA Mattson, DJ Gunther, KA TI Effects of exotic species on Yellowstone's grizzly bears SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE exotic species; grizzly bears; Yellowstone; Ursus arctos; white pine blister rust; brucellosis; lake trout; clover; dandelion ID NATIONAL-PARK; CUTTHROAT TROUT; URSUS-ARCTOS; MORTALITY AB Humans have affected grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) by direct mortality, competition for space and resources. and introduction of exotic species. Exotic organisms that have affected grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Area include common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), nonnative clovers (Trifolium spp.), domesticated livestock, bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus), lake trout Salvelinus namaycush), and white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola. Some bears consume substantial amounts of dandelion and clover. However, these exotic foods provide little digested energy compared to higher-quality bear foods. Domestic livestock are of,greater energetic value, but use of this food by bears often leads to conflicts with humans and subsequent increases in bear mortality. Lake trout, blister rust. and brucellosis diminish grizzly bears foods. Lake trout prey on native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in Yellowstone Lake; white pine blister rust has the potential to destroy native whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) stands; and management response to bovine brucellosis, a disease found in the Yellowstone bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus elaphus), could reduce populations of these 2 species, Exotic species will likely cause more harm than good for Yellowstone grizzly bears. Managers have few options to mitigate or contain the impacts of exotics on Yellowstone's grizzly bears. Moreover, their potential negative impacts have only begun to untold. Exotic species may lead to the loss of substantial high-quality grizzly bear foods, including touch of the bison, trout. and pine seeds that Yellowstone grizzly bears currently depend upon. C1 Natl Pk Serv, Bear Management Off, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. USGS No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Interagcy Grizzly Bear Study Team, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. No Arizona Univ, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Reinhart, DP (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Bear Management Off, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. NR 73 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 33 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUL PY 2001 VL 61 IS 3 BP 277 EP 288 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 461YP UT WOS:000170391700005 ER PT J AU Chong, GW Reich, RM Kalkhan, MA Stohlgren, TJ AF Chong, GW Reich, RM Kalkhan, MA Stohlgren, TJ TI New approaches for sampling and modeling native and exotic plant species richness SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE multi-scale sampling; multi-phase sampling; exotic invasive species; predictive spatial modeling; integrated approaches to environmental assessments; kriging ID CENTRAL GRASSLANDS; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; LANDSCAPES; VEGETATION; CLIMATE; SPREAD AB We demonstrate multi-phase, multi-scale approaches for sampling and modeling native and exotic plant species to predict the spread of invasive species and aid in control efforts. Our test site is a 54,000-ha portion of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. This work is based oil previous research wherein we developed vegetation sampling techniques to identify hot spots of diversity, important rare habitats, and locations of invasive plant species. Here we demonstrate statistical modeling tools to rapidly assess current patterns of native and exotic plant species to determine which habitats are most vulnerable to invasion by exotic species. We use stepwise multiple regression and modified residual kriging to estimate numbers of native species and exotic species, as well as probability of observing an exotic, species in 30 x 30-m cells. Final models accounted for 62% of the variability observed in number of native species, 51% of the variability observed in number of exotic species, and 47% of the variability associated with observing an exotic species. Important independent variables used in developing the models include geographical location, elevation, slope, aspect, and Landsat TM bands 1-7. These models can direct resource managers to areas in need of further inventory monitoring, and exotic species control efforts. C1 Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Chong, GW (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 33 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 16 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JUL PY 2001 VL 61 IS 3 BP 328 EP 335 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 461YP UT WOS:000170391700009 ER PT J AU Quade, J Rech, J Betancourt, J Latorre, C AF Quade, J Rech, J Betancourt, J Latorre, C TI Mid-Holocene climate in the south-central Andes: Humid or dry? Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID ATACAMA DESERT; NORTHERN C1 Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile. RP Quade, J (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RI Latorre Hidalgo, Claudio/E-6805-2012 OI Latorre Hidalgo, Claudio/0000-0003-4708-7599 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 29 PY 2001 VL 292 IS 5526 BP U1 EP U3 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 448YU UT WOS:000169658200047 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Thomas, NJ Rosypal, AC Dubey, JP AF Lindsay, DS Thomas, NJ Rosypal, AC Dubey, JP TI Dual Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii infection in a Northern sea otter from Washington state, USA SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE encephalitis; Sarcocystis neurona; Toxoplasma gondii; sea otter; Enhdyra lutris; cat; oocyst ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS NEREIS; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; TISSUE-SECTIONS; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; FALCATULA; OOCYSTS; MICE AB Dual Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii infection was observed in a Northern sea otter from Washington, USA. The animal was found stranded, convulsed, and died shortly thereafter. Encephalitis caused by both S, neurona and I gondii was demonstrated in histological sections of brain. Immunohistochemical examination of sections with S. neurona specific antisera demonstrated developmental stages that divided by endopolygeny and produced numerous merozoites. PCR of brain tissue from the sea otter using primer pairs JNB33/JNB54 resulted in amplification of a 1100 bp product. This PCR product was cut in to 884 and 216 bp products by Dra I but was not cut by Hinf I indicating that it was S. neurona [J. Parasitol. 85 (1999) 221]. No PCR product was detected in the brain of a sea otter which had no lesions of encephalitis. Examination of brain sections using T. gondii specific antisera demonstrated tachyzoites and tissue cysts of I: gondii. The lesions induced by T. gondii suggested that the sea otter was suffering from reactivated toxoplasmosis. I gondii was isolated in mice inoculated with brain tissue. A cat that was fed infected mouse brain tissue excreted I: gondii oocysts which were infective for mice. This is apparently the first report of dual S. neurona and T. gondii in a marine mammal. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. ARS, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; Rosypal, Alexa/I-7114-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; NR 17 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUN 28 PY 2001 VL 97 IS 4 BP 319 EP 327 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00411-3 PG 9 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 444UH UT WOS:000169418100008 PM 11390085 ER PT J AU Dohm, JM Anderson, RC Baker, VR Ferris, JC Rudd, LP Hare, TM Rice, JW Casavant, RR Strom, RG Zimbelman, JR Scott, DH AF Dohm, JM Anderson, RC Baker, VR Ferris, JC Rudd, LP Hare, TM Rice, JW Casavant, RR Strom, RG Zimbelman, JR Scott, DH TI Latent outflow activity for western Tharsis, Mars: Significant flood record exposed SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; MARTIAN NORTHERN PLAINS; TECTONIC HISTORY; ANCIENT OCEANS; CHANNELS; REGION; ICE; GEOLOGY; GENERATION; EVOLUTION AB Observations permitted by the newly acquired Mars Observer Laser Altimeter data have revealed a system of gigantic valleys northwest of the huge Martian shield volcano, Arsia Mons, in the western hemisphere of Mars (northwestern slope valleys (NSVs)). These features, which generally correspond spatially to gravity lows, are obscured by veneers of materials including volcanic lava flows, air fall deposits, and eolian materials. Geologic investigations of the Tharsis region suggest that the system of gigantic valleys predates the construction of Arsia Mons and its extensive associated lava flows of mainly late Hesperian and Amazonian age and coincides stratigraphically with the early development of the outflow channels that debouch into Chryse Planitia. Similar to the previously identified outflow channels, which issued tremendous volumes of water into topographic lows such as Chryse Planitia, the NSVs potentially represent flooding of immense magnitude and, as such, a source of water for a northern plains ocean. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Dohm, JM (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014; OI Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X NR 77 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JUN 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E6 BP 12301 EP 12314 DI 10.1029/2000JE001352 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 445ZJ UT WOS:000169488200002 ER PT J AU Danielson, PB Hoversten, MT Fitzpatrick, M Schreck, C Akil, H Dores, RM AF Danielson, PB Hoversten, MT Fitzpatrick, M Schreck, C Akil, H Dores, RM TI Sturgeon orphanin, a molecular "fossil" that bridges the gap between the opioids and orphanin FQ/nociceptin SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FQ PRECURSOR; GENE FAMILY; RECEPTOR; NOCICEPTIN; HYPERALGESIA; NEUROPEPTIDE; GENERATION; EVOLUTION; PEPTIDES; BINDING AB The elucidation of the cDNA sequence for sturgeon proorphanin provides a unique window for interpreting the evolutionary history of the opioid/orphanin gene family. The molecular "fossil" status of this precursor can be seen in several ancestral sequence characteristics that point to its origin as a duplication of either a prodynorphin- or proenkephalin-like gene. The sturgeon proorphanin cDNA encodes a precursor protein of 194 residues, and the orphanin heptadecapeptide itself binds not only the opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1) receptor but also the classical (mu, kappa, and delta) opioid receptors with near equal affinity. Allowing for this broad receptor specificity are several amino acid substitutions at key positions in the heptadecapeptide sequence, relative to its mammalian orthologs, that have been linked by amino acid scans and site directed mutagenic studies to the exclusion of mammalian orphanin FQ/nociceptin from classic opioid ligands (i.e. F1Y and L14W). The unique receptor binding profile of sturgeon orphanin not only provides insight into the evolutionary history of the opioid and opioid-related peptides but also provides an ideal context in which to investigate the under lying mechanisms by which novel and often divergent physiological functions arise in receptor-ligand systems. C1 Univ Denver, Dept Sci Biol, Denver, CO 80210 USA. Univ Michigan, Mental Hlth Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Danielson, PB (reprint author), Univ Denver, Dept Sci Biol, 2101 E Wesley Ave,Rm 211, Denver, CO 80210 USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [R01 DA 08920] NR 35 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUN 22 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 25 BP 22114 EP 22119 DI 10.1074/jbc.M011741200 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 444RE UT WOS:000169412700020 PM 11290742 ER PT J AU Pacala, SW Hurtt, GC Baker, D Peylin, P Houghton, RA Birdsey, RA Heath, L Sundquist, ET Stallard, RF Ciais, P Moorcroft, P Caspersen, JP Shevliakova, E Moore, B Kohlmaier, G Holland, E Gloor, M Harmon, ME Fan, SM Sarmiento, JL Goodale, CL Schimel, D Field, CB AF Pacala, SW Hurtt, GC Baker, D Peylin, P Houghton, RA Birdsey, RA Heath, L Sundquist, ET Stallard, RF Ciais, P Moorcroft, P Caspersen, JP Shevliakova, E Moore, B Kohlmaier, G Holland, E Gloor, M Harmon, ME Fan, SM Sarmiento, JL Goodale, CL Schimel, D Field, CB TI Consistent land- and atmosphere-based US carbon sink estimates SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; WOOD PRODUCTS; MODEL; CO2; DIOXIDE; STORAGE; DELTA-C-13; TRANSPORT; FORESTS; FLUXES AB For the period 1980-89, we estimate a carbon sink in the coterminous United States between 0.30 and 0.58 petagrams of carbon per year (petagrams of carbon = 10(15) grams of carbon). The net carbon flux from the atmosphere to the Land was higher, 0.37 to 0.71 petagrams of carbon per year, because a net flux of 0.07 to 0.13 petagrams of carbon per year was exported by rivers and commerce and returned to the atmosphere elsewhere. These Land-based estimates are Larger than those from previous studies (0.08 to 0.35 petagrams of carbon per year) because of the inclusion of additional processes and revised estimates of some component fluxes. Although component estimates are uncertain, about one-half of the total is outside the forest sector. We also estimated the sink using atmospheric models and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (the tracer-transport inversion method). The range of results from the atmosphere-based inversions contains the Land-based estimates. Atmosphere- and land-based estimates are thus consistent, within the Large ranges of uncertainty for both methods. Atmosphere-based results for 1980-89 are similar to those for 1985-89 and 1990-94, indicating a relatively stable U.S. sink throughout the period. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. UPMC, Biogeochim Isotop Lab, CNRS, INRA, Paris, France. US Forest Serv, USDA, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. CEA Saclay, LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Frankfurt, Zentrum Umweltforsch, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Pacala, SW (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Hurtt, George/A-8450-2012; Shevliakova, Elena/J-5770-2014; Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011 OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608; NR 25 TC 520 Z9 587 U1 7 U2 105 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 22 PY 2001 VL 292 IS 5525 BP 2316 EP 2320 DI 10.1126/science.1057320 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 445KD UT WOS:000169455900054 PM 11423659 ER PT J AU Reynolds, R Belnap, J Reheis, M Lamothe, P Luiszer, F AF Reynolds, R Belnap, J Reheis, M Lamothe, P Luiszer, F TI Aeolian dust in Colorado Plateau soils: Nutrient inputs and recent change in source SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID QUATERNARY CLIMATIC CHANGES; CIMA VOLCANIC FIELD; MOJAVE-DESERT; SOUTHERN NEVADA; PEDOGENIC PROCESSES; CALIFORNIA; USA; DEPOSITION; ISLANDS; RANGE AB Aeolian dust (windblown silt and clay) is an important component in arid-land ecosystems because it may contribute to soil formation and furnish essential nutrients. Few geologic surfaces, however, have been characterized with respect to dust-accumulation history and resultant nutrient enrichment. We have developed a combination of methods to identify the presence of aeolian dust in arid regions and to evaluate the roles of this dust in ecosystem processes. Unconsolidated sandy sediment on isolated surfaces in the Canyonlands region of the Colorado Plateau differs greatly in mineralogical and chemical composition from associated bedrock, mainly aeolian sandstone. Detrital magnetite in the surficial deposits produces moderately high values of magnetic susceptibility. but magnetite is absent in nearby bedrock. A component of the surficial deposits must be aeolian to account for the abundance of magnetite. which formed originally in far-distant igneous rocks. Particle-size analysis suggests that the aeolian dust component is typically as much as 20-30%. Dust inputs have enriched the sediments in many elements, including P, Mg, Na, K, and Mo, as well as Ca, at sites where bedrock lacks calcite cement. Soil-surface biologic crusts are effective dust traps that apparently record a change in dust sources over the past several decades. Some of the recently fallen dust may result from human disturbance of land surfaces that are far from the Canyonlands. such as the Mojave Desert. Some land-use practices in the study area have the potential to deplete soil fertility by means of wind-erosion removal of aeolian silt. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Moab, UT 84532 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Reynolds, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 50 TC 165 Z9 171 U1 3 U2 40 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 19 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 13 BP 7123 EP 7127 DI 10.1073/pnas.121094298 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 445KL UT WOS:000169456600027 PM 11390965 ER PT J AU Meinertz, JR Gaikowski, MP Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH Evered, JA AF Meinertz, JR Gaikowski, MP Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH Evered, JA TI Oxytetracycline depletion from skin-on fillet tissue of coho salmon fed oxytetracycline medicated feed in freshwater at temperatures less than 9 degrees C SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE oxytetracycline; salmonid; depletion; fillet tissue ID RAINBOW-TROUT; CHINOOK; FISH AB Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent approved in the USA for treating certain bacterial diseases in salmonids cultured in freshwater at temperatures greater than or equal to 9 degreesC. This study was conducted to provide the information necessary to expand the OTC label to include treatment of diseased salmonids cultured in freshwater at temperatures below 9 degreesC. The study was designed to treat juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with OTC-medicated feed and determine the depletion of OTC from the skin-on fillet tissue. Oxytetracycline depletion was evaluated in juvenile coho salmon (weight range, 13-62 g) fed OTC-medicated feed at a rate of 88.2 mg OTC/kg body weight/day for 10 days. Pairs of skin-on fillets were taken from individual fish on days 4 and 10 during the treatment phase and on days 1, 4, 8, 14, and 19 during the depletion phase. Water temperatures during the study period ranged from 4.1 degreesC to 8.5 degreesC. The OTC concentrations in medicated feed and skin-on fillets were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography methods. The maximum mean OTC concentration in fillet tissue was 932 ng/g, I day after the last treatment and decreased to 32 ng/g 19 days after the last treatment. The log-linear loss of OTC from the fillet tissue was biphasic with a terminal phase half-life of 4.9 days. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UMESC, US Geol Survey, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Olympia Fish Hlth Ctr, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Olympia, WA USA. RP Meinertz, JR (reprint author), UMESC, US Geol Survey, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 13 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 198 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00512-9 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 439BL UT WOS:000169090900003 ER PT J AU Schrock, RM Smith, SD Maule, AG Doulos, SK Rockowski, JJ AF Schrock, RM Smith, SD Maule, AG Doulos, SK Rockowski, JJ TI Mucous lysozyme levels in hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and spring chinook salmon (O-tshawytscha) early in the parr-smolt transformation SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Oncorhynchus kisutch; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; lysozyme activity; parr-smolt transformation; smoltification ID ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS; GENETIC-VARIATION; SALAR L; CORTISOL; SMOLTIFICATION; LOCALIZATION; PARAMETERS; TOLERANCE AB Mucous lysozyme concentrations were determined in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) to establish reference levels during the time associated with the parr-smelt transformation. The first reported naris and vent mucous lysozyme levels are provided for spring chinook salmon and coho salmon. Naris mucous lysozyme levels ranged between 300 and 700 mug ml(-1), vent mucous lysozyme from 100 to 300 mug mi, and skin mucous lysozyme levels were below 130 mug ml(-1). Lysozyme levels in the two species showed the same relationship with the highest levels in naris mucous, and the lowest in skin mucous. A seasonal decrease occurred in both species with a significant decrease in naris mucous lysozyme between February and March. Gill ATPase levels used to monitor smelt development during the same period did not reach ranges reported for smelts for either species during emigration. Identification of seasonal levels of lysozyme activity in mucous provides an alternative determination of developmental status prior to release of fish from the hatchery when salmonids are still undergoing the parr-smelt transformation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, US Geol Survey, Cook, WA 98605 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Schrock, RM (reprint author), Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, US Geol Survey, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 198 IS 1-2 BP 169 EP 177 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00585-8 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 439BL UT WOS:000169090900014 ER PT J AU Rogie, JD Kerrick, DM Sorey, ML Chiodini, G Galloway, DL AF Rogie, JD Kerrick, DM Sorey, ML Chiodini, G Galloway, DL TI Dynamics of carbon dioxide emission at Mammoth Mountain, California SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; volcanism; degassing; Sierra Nevada; trees; continuous monitoring ID GAS-TRANSPORT; CO2 EMISSION; MAGMATIC CO2; TREE-KILL; SOIL; UNREST; CYCLE; ZONE AB Mammoth Mountain, a dormant volcano in the eastern Sierra Nevada. California, has been passively degassing large quantities of cold magmatic CO2 since 1990 following a h-month-long earthquake swarm associated with a shallow magmatic intrusion in 1989. A search for any link between gas discharge and volcanic hazard at this popular recreation area led us to initiate a detailed study of the degassing process in 1997. Our continuous monitoring results elucidate some of the physical controls that influence dynamics in flank CO2 degassing at this volcano. High coherence between variations in CO2 efflux and variations in atmospheric pressure and wind speed imply that meteorological parameters account for much. if not all of the variability in CO2 efflux rates. Our results help explain differences among previously published estimates of CO2 efflux at Mammoth Mountain and indicate that the long-term (annual) CO2 degassing rate has in fact remained constant since similar to 1997. Discounting the possibility of large meteorologically driven temporal variations in gas efflux at other volcanoes may result in spurious interpretations of transients that do nut reflect actual geologic processes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Osservatorio Vesuviano, I-80123 Naples, Italy. Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Rogie, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 439, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Chiodini, Giovanni/A-2744-2013; Chiodini, Giovanni/K-3557-2014; OI Chiodini, Giovanni/0000-0002-0628-8055; Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 NR 24 TC 92 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 188 IS 3-4 BP 535 EP 541 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00344-2 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 445GH UT WOS:000169449400017 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Garrison, AW Smith, PD Foreman, WT AF Wong, CS Garrison, AW Smith, PD Foreman, WT TI Enantiomeric composition of chiral polychlorinated biphenyl atropisomers in aquatic and riparian biota SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PCBS; METABOLISM; INDUCTION; RATIOS; BIOMAGNIFICATION; CYTOCHROME-P-450; ACCUMULATION AB The enantiomeric composition of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) atropisomers was measured in river and riparian biota (fish, bivalves, crayfish, water snakes, barn swallows) from selected sites throughout the United States by using chiral gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Nonracemic enantiomeric fractions (EFs) were observed for PCBs 91, 95, 136, and 149 for aquatic and riparian biota from Lake Hartwell, SC, a reservoir heavily contaminated with PCBs, and for these congeners and PCBs 132, 174, 176, and 183 in river fish and bivalves nationwide. Fish and bivalves showed marked differences in EFs as compared to sediment found at the same sampling sites, thus suggesting that PCBs are bioprocessed in biota in a different manner from those found in sediment (e.g., reductive dechlorination). Species-dependent patterns in PCB EFs were observed, which suggest differences in the ability of different species to bioprocess PCBs enantioselectively, most likely by metabolism. The presence of nonracemic PCBs in fish and bivalves suggests greater metabolic degradation of PCBs in these organisms than indicated from previous achiral studies and underscores the powerful potential of chiral analysis as a tracer of environmental bioprocesses. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Garrison, AW (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Wong, Charles/B-4215-2012 OI Wong, Charles/0000-0002-5743-2942 NR 42 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 12 BP 2448 EP 2454 DI 10.1021/es0018872 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 443LY UT WOS:000169343700008 PM 11432547 ER PT J AU Aga, DS Thurman, EM AF Aga, DS Thurman, EM TI Formation and transport of the sulfonic acid metabolites of alachlor and metolachlor in soil SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION; TRANSFORMATION; IDENTIFICATION; PROPACHLOR; MOISTURE; WATER AB Alachlor and metolachlor are dechlorinated and transformed into their corresponding ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) metabolites in soil. In a field-disappearance study, it was shown that alachlor ESA was formed at a faster rate and at concentrations 2-4 times higher than metolachlor ESA, conforming with the observed longer disappearance half-life of metolachlor (15.5 d) in the field as compared to alachlor (8 d). Runoff data also showed higher concentrations of alachlor ESA as compared to metolachlor ESA, even though they were applied at the same levels. Data from soil cores showed transport of the ESA compounds in soil to as far down as 75-90 cm below the surface, at concentrations ranging from less than 0.5 mug/L to about 50 mug/L. In contrast, no parent herbicide was detected at these depths. This observation correlates with the higher log K-oc values for alachlor (3.33) and metolachlor (3.01) relative to their corresponding ESA metabolites, alachlor ESA (2.26), and metolachlor ESA (2.29). C1 Univ Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Aga, DS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 24 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 12 BP 2455 EP 2460 DI 10.1021/es991264s PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 443LY UT WOS:000169343700009 PM 11432548 ER PT J AU Ferrer, I Furlong, ET AF Ferrer, I Furlong, ET TI Identification of alkyl dimethylbenzylammonium surfactants in water samples by solid-phase extraction followed by ion trap LC/MS and LC/MS/MS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE; CATIONIC SURFACTANTS; PRODUCTS AB A novel methodology was developed for the determination of alkyl (C-12, C-14, and C-16) dimethylbenzylammonium chloride (benzalkonium chloride Dr BAG, Chemical Abstract Service number: 8001-54-5) in water samples. This method is based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) using polymeric cartridges, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection, equipped with an electrospray interface in positive ion mode. Chromatographic separation was achieved for three BAC homologues by using a Cis column and a gradient of acetonitrile/10 millimolar aqueous ammonium formate. Total method recoveries were higher than 71% in different water matrices. The main ions observed by LC/MS were at mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 304, 332, and 360, which correspond to the molecular ions of the C-12, C-14, and C-16 alkyl BAG, respectively. The unequivocal structural identification of these compounds in water samples was performed by LC/MS/MS after isolation and subsequent fragmentation of each molecular ion. The main fragmentation observed for the three different homologues corresponded to the loss of the toluyl group in the chemical structure, which leads to the fragment ions at m/z 212, 240, and 288 and a tropylium ion, characteristic of all homologues, at m/t 91. Detection limits for the methodology developed in this work were in the low nanogram-per-liter range. Concentration levels of BAG-ranging from 1.2 to 36.6 micrograms per liter-were found in surface-water samples collected downstream from different wastewater-treatment discharges, thus indicating its input and persistence through the wastewater-treatment process. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Furlong, ET (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 407, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 14 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 12 BP 2583 EP 2588 DI 10.1021/es001742v PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 443LY UT WOS:000169343700029 PM 11432568 ER PT J AU Calvert, AJ Fisher, MA AF Calvert, AJ Fisher, MA CA SHIPS working grp TI Imaging the Seattle fault zone with high-resolution seismic tomography SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PUGET-SOUND; WASHINGTON AB The Seattle fault, which trends east-west through the greater Seattle metropolitan area, is a thrust fault that, around 1100 years ago, produced a major earthquake believed to have had a magnitude greater than 7. We present the first high resolution image of the shallow P wave velocity variation across the fault zone obtained by tomographic inversion of first arrivals recorded on a seismic reflection profile shot through Puget Sound adjacent to Seattle. The velocity image shows that above 500 in depth the fault zone extending beneath Seattle comprises three distinct fault splays, the northernmost of which dips to the south at around 60 degrees. The degree of uplift of Tertiary rocks within the fault zone suggests that the slip-rate along the northernmost splay during the Quaternary is 0.5 mm a(-1), which is twice the average slip-rate of the Seattle fault over the last 40 Ma. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Calvert, AJ (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 12 BP 2337 EP 2340 DI 10.1029/2000GL012778 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 472WT UT WOS:000171008500011 ER PT J AU Rose, S Peters, NE AF Rose, S Peters, NE TI Effects of urbanization on streamflow in the Atlanta area (Georgia, USA): a comparative hydrological approach SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE stream runoff; urban watersheds; urban runoff; baseflow recession; piedmont province; peachtree creek ID URBAN DRAINAGE; UNITED-STATES; STORM-RUNOFF; WATERSHEDS; PIEDMONT; MODELS; RIVER AB For the period from 1958 to 1996, streamflow characteristics of a highly urbanized watershed were compared with less-urbanized and non-urbanized watersheds within a 20000 km(2) region in the vicinity of Atlanta, Georgia: in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of the southeastern USA. Water levels in several wells completed in surficial and crystalline-rock aquifers were also evaluated. Data were analysed for seven US Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauges, 17 National Weather Service rain gauges, and five USGS monitoring wells. Annual runoff coefficients (RCs; runoff as a fractional percentage of precipitation) for the urban stream (Peachtree Creek) were not significantly greater than for the less-urbanized watersheds. The RCs for some streams were similar to others and the similar streams were grouped according to location. The RCs decreased from the higher elevation and higher relief watersheds to the lower elevation and lower relief watersheds: values were 0.54 for the two Blue Ridge streams, 0.37 for the four middle Piedmont streams (near Atlanta), and 0.28 for a southern Piedmont stream. For the 25 largest stormflows, the peak flows for Peachtree Creek were 30% to 100% greater than peak flows for the other streams. The storm recession period for the urban stream was 1-2 days less than that for the other streams and the recession was characterized by a 2-day storm recession constant that was, on average, 40 to 100% greater, i.e. streamflow decreased more rapidly than for the other streams Baseflow recession constants ranged from 35 to 40% lower for Peachtree Creek than for the other streams; this is attributed to lower evapotranspiration losses, which result in a smaller change in groundwater storage than in the less-urbanized watersheds. Low how of Peachtree Creek ranged from 25 to 35% less than the other streams, possibly the result of decreased infiltration caused by the more efficient routing of stormwater and the paving of groundwater recharge areas. The timing of daily or monthly groundwater-level fluctuations was similar annually in each well, reflecting the seasonal recharge. Although water-level monitoring only began in the 1980s for the two urban wells, water levels displayed a notable decline compared with non-urban wells since then; this is attributed to decreased groundwater recharge in the urban watersheds due to increased imperviousness and related rapid storm runoff. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Georgia State Univ, Dept Geol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Rose, S (reprint author), Georgia State Univ, Dept Geol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 30 TC 183 Z9 185 U1 7 U2 87 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 8 BP 1441 EP 1457 DI 10.1002/hyp.218 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 445AE UT WOS:000169434200002 ER PT J AU Flint, AL Flint, LE Bodvarsson, GS Kwicklis, EM Fabryka-Martin, J AF Flint, AL Flint, LE Bodvarsson, GS Kwicklis, EM Fabryka-Martin, J TI Evolution of the conceptual model of unsaturated zone hydrology at Yucca Mountain, Nevada SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Review DE conceptual model; nuclear waste; unsaturated zone; Yucca Mountain; hydrology ID ROCK FRACTURES; FLOW; TUFF AB Yucca Mountain is an arid site proposed for consideration as the United States' first underground high-level radioactive waste repository. Low rainfall (approximately 170 mm/yr) and a thick unsaturated zone (500-1000 m) are important physical attributes of the site because the quantity of water likely to reach the waste and the paths and rates of movement of the water to the saturated zone under future climates would be major factors in controlling the concentrations and times of arrival of radionuclides at the surrounding accessible environment. The framework for understanding the hydrologic processes that occur at this site and that control how quickly water will penetrate through the unsaturated zone to the water table has evolved during the past 15 yr. Early conceptual models assumed that very small volumes of water infiltrated into the bedrock (0.5-4.5 mm/yr, or 2-3 percent of rainfall), that much of the infiltrated water flowed laterally within the upper nonwelded units because of capillary barrier effects, and that the remaining water flowed down faults with a small amount flowing through the matrix of the lower welded, fractured rocks. It was believed that the matrix had to be saturated for fractures to how. However, accumulating evidence indicated that infiltration rates were higher than initially estimated, such as infiltration modeling based on neutron borehole data, bomb-pulse isotopes deep in the mountain, perched water analyses and thermal analyses. Mechanisms supporting lateral diversion did not apply at these higher fluxes, and the flux calculated in the lower welded unit exceeded the conductivity of the matrix, implying vertical flow of water in the high permeability fractures of the potential repository host rock, and disequilibrium between matrix and fracture water potentials. The development of numerical modeling methods and parameter values evolved concurrently with the conceptual model in order to account for the observed field data, particularly fracture flow deep in the unsaturated zone. This paper presents the history of the evolution of conceptual models of hydrology and numerical models of unsaturated zone flow at Yucca Mountain, Nevada (Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., Kwicklis, E.M., Bodvarsson, G.S., Fabryka-Martin, J.M., 2001. Hydrology of Yucca Mountain. Reviews of Geophysics in press). This retrospective is the basis for recommendations for optimizing the efficiency with which a viable and robust conceptual model can be developed for a complex site. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Flint, AL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 87 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 247 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00358-4 PG 30 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 441MW UT WOS:000169235000001 ER PT J AU Durham, WB Stern, LA Kirby, SH AF Durham, WB Stern, LA Kirby, SH TI Rheology of ice I at low stress and elevated confining pressure SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GRAIN-GROWTH; SUPERPLASTICITY; RECRYSTALLIZATION; CAVITATION; SHEET; CREEP; WATER; SHELL; SIZE AB Triaxial compression testing of pure, polycrystalline water ice I at conditions relevant to planetary interiors and near-surface environments (differential stresses 0.45 to 10 MPa, temperatures 200 to 250 K, confining pressure 50 MPa) reveals that a complex variety of theologies and grain structures may exist for ice and that theology of ice appears to depend strongly on the grain structures. The creep of polycrystalline ice I with average grain size of 0.25 mm and larger is consistent with previously published dislocation creep laws, which are now extended to strain rates as low as 2 x 10(-8) s(-1) When ice I is reduced to very fine and uniform grain size by rapid pressure release from the ice II stability field, the theology changes dramatically. At 200 and 220 K the theology matches the grain-size-sensitive theology measured by Goldsby and Kohlstedt [1997, this issue] at 1 atm. This finding dispels concerns that the Goldsby and Kohlstedt results were influenced by mechanisms such as microfracturing and cavitation, processes not expected to operate at elevated pressures in planetary interiors. At 233 K and above, grain growth causes the fine-grained ice to become more creep resistant. Scanning electron microscopy investigation of some of these deformed samples shows that grains have markedly coarsened and the strain hardening can be modeled by normal grain growth and the Goldsby and Kohlstedt theology. Several samples also displayed very heterogeneous grain sizes and high aspect ratio grain shapes. Grain-size-sensitive creep and dislocation creep coincidentally contribute roughly equal amounts of strain rate at conditions of stress, temperature, and grain size that are typical of terrestrial and planetary settings, so modeling ice dynamics in these settings must include both mechanisms. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Durham, WB (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-201, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM durham1@llnl.gov; lstern@usgs.gov; skirby@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B6 BP 11031 EP 11042 DI 10.1029/2000JB900446 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 440DG UT WOS:000169160200008 ER PT J AU McCabe, PJ AF McCabe, PJ TI Energy resources - cornucopia or empty barrel?: Reply SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr MS939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP McCabe, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr MS939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1093 EP 1097 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 443BV UT WOS:000169320200010 ER PT J AU Buchholz, WG Miller, SJ Spearman, WJ AF Buchholz, WG Miller, SJ Spearman, WJ TI Isolation and characterization of chum salmon microsatellite loci and use across species SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Genet Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Buchholz, WG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Genet Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 1 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 32 IS 3 BP 162 EP 165 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0723b.x PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 465AQ UT WOS:000170565900008 PM 11493267 ER PT J AU Kotarba, MJ Rice, DD AF Kotarba, MJ Rice, DD TI Composition and origin of coalbed gases in the Lower Silesian basin, southwest Poland SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SAN-JUAN BASIN; NATURAL GASES; NEW-MEXICO; ACETATE FERMENTATION; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; CO2 REDUCTION; BIOGENIC GAS; METHANE; CARBON; GEOCHEMISTRY AB Coalbed gases in the Lower Silesian Coal Basin (LSCB) of Poland are highly variable in both their molecular and stable isotope compositions. Geochemical indices and stable isotope ratios vary within the following ranges: hydrocarbon (C-HC) index C-HC = CH4/(C2H6+C3H8) from 1.1 to 5825, wet gas (C2 +) index C2+ = (C2H6+ C3H8+ C4H10+ C5H12) / (CH4+ C2H6+ C3H8+ C4H10+ C5H12) 100 (%) from 0.0 to 48.3%, CO2-CH4 (CDMI) index CDMI = CO2/ (CO2+ CH4) 100 (%) from 0.1 to 99.9%, delta C-13(CH4) from -66.1 to -24.6%o, deltaD(CH4) from -266 to -117%o, delta C-13(C2H6) from -27.8 to -22.8%o, and delta C-13(CO2) from -26.6 to 16.8%o. Isotopic studies reveal the presence of 3 genetic types of natural gases: thermogenic (CH4, higher gaseous hydrocarbons, and CO2), endogenic CO2, and microbial CH4 and CO2. Thermogenic gases resulted from coalification processes, which were probably completed by Late Carboniferous and Early Permian time. Endogenic CO2 migrated along the deep-seated faults from upper mantle and/or magma chambers, Minor volumes of microbial CH4 and CO2 occur at shallow depths close to the abandoned mine workings. "Late-stage" microbial processes have commenced in the Upper Cretaceous and are probably active at present. However, depth-related isotopic fractionation which has resulted from physical and physicochemical (e.g. diffusion and adsorption/desorption) processes during gas migration cannot be neglected. The strongest rock and gas outbursts occur only in those parts of coal deposits of the LSCB which are dominated by large amounts of endogenic CO2. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Stanislaw Staszic Univ Min & Met, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Kotarba, MJ (reprint author), Stanislaw Staszic Univ Min & Met, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Al Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. NR 96 TC 35 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 16 IS 7-8 BP 895 EP 910 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00058-5 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 421ZP UT WOS:000168093700013 ER PT J AU Schreck, CB Contreras-Sanchez, W Fitzpatrick, MS AF Schreck, CB Contreras-Sanchez, W Fitzpatrick, MS TI Effects of stress on fish reproduction, gamete quality, and progeny SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Reproductive Biotechnology in Finfish Aquaculture CY OCT 04-07, 1999 CL OCEAN INST, HAWAII, HAWAII HO OCEAN INST DE stress; fish reproduction; gamete quality; progeny ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; KRAFT PULP-MILL; DORSAL AORTA CATHETERIZATION; CORAL-REEF FISH; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; PLASMA-CORTISOL; WHITE SUCKER; IN-VITRO; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM AB Different taxa of fish have different tolerances to stress. This implies that for a particular stressor, severity may vary depending on the species to which it was applied. Species may differ in the nature of their physiological response and reproductive consequences to stressors. For example, disturbance or handling may affect the timing of reproduction-accelerating or delaying it as the case may be-in species such as rainbow trout (Oncorrhynchus mykiss); however, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) respond by acceleration or complete inhibition of reproduction, depending on the maturational stage when the stressor is experienced. Strategies for coping with stress affect reproductive fitness either in terms of gamete or progeny quality. The physiology associated with maturation and spawning appears tightly coupled with stress physiology. Environmental variables, particularly nutrition, are ultimately important in affecting gamete quality and reproductive timing. The physiological response to stressors is also quite polymorphic, within and between species. For trample, the circulating concentration of the primary stress response factor cortisol varies greatly among resting and among stressed rainbow trout stocks. Immunocapacity can be influenced by stress, reducing reproductive fitness of broodfish. We propose that maternal systems have been developed to buffer eggs from deleterious consequences of stressors, including regulation of transfer of substances of maternal origin to the egg and in mechanisms controlling the timing of reproduction. Effects of nutritional stressors are moderated by effects on timing of first maturity or subsequent reproductive events and/or by maintenance of quality of some eggs via atresia of others. Deleterious overload of eggs with substances such as cortisol is likely prevented by limiting entry of these compounds into the eggs. Barriers to vertical transmission of numerous pathogens seem to exist, while maternally derived immune protection is provided to assist with disease prevention of pathogenic organisms acquired from parents or by direct post-spawning infection. Timing of reproductive events including puberty, atresia, maturation and ovulation are influenced by other physiological variables responsive to stressors. Knowledge of how a stressor might affect the physiology of a species can help in development of management tactics that lessen the impact of a stressor or even in the development of therapeutants. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Schreck, CB (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 134 TC 263 Z9 285 U1 10 U2 110 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 197 IS 1-4 BP 3 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00580-4 PG 22 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 433TC UT WOS:000168775000002 ER PT J AU Lorenzen, B Brix, H Mendelssohn, IA McKee, KL Miao, SL AF Lorenzen, B Brix, H Mendelssohn, IA McKee, KL Miao, SL TI Growth, biomass allocation and nutrient use efficiency in Cladium jamaicense and Typha domingensis as affected by phosphorus and oxygen availability SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE sawgrass; cattail; nutrient use efficiency; phosphate; macrophyte; hydroponics; relative growth rate; steady-state rhizotron; controlled environments ID CONSERVATION AREA 2A; NORTHERN EVERGLADES; MINERAL-NUTRITION; ROOT MORPHOLOGY; PLANTS; SOIL; ABSORPTION; RESPONSES; MAGNESIUM; SAWGRASS AB The effects of phosphorus (P) and oxygen availability on growth, biomass allocation and nutrient use efficiency in Cladium jamaicense Crantz and Typha domingensis Pers, were studied in a growth facility equipped with steady-state hydroponic rhizotrons. The treatments included four P concentrations (10, 40, 80 and 500 mug l(-1)) and two oxygen concentration (8.0 and < .5 mg O-2 l(-1)) in the culture solutions. In Cladium, no clear relationship was found between P availability and growth rate (19-37 mg g(-1) d(-1)), the above to below ground biomass ratio (A/B) (mean = 4.6), or nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (mean = 72 g dry weight g(-1) N), However, the ratio between root supported tissue (leaves, rhizomes and ramets) and root biomass (SIR) (5.6-8) increased with P availability. In contrast, the growth rate (48-89 mg g(-1) d(-1)) and the biomass ratios A/B (2.4-6.1) and S/R (5.4-10.3) of Typha increased with P availability, while NUE (71-30 g dry weight g(-1) N) decreased. The proportion of root laterals was similar in the two species, but Typha had thinner root laterals (diameter = 186 mum) than Cladium (diameter = 438 mum) indicating a larger root surface area in Typha. The two species had a similar P use efficiency (PUE) at 10 mu gP1(-1) (mean = 1134g dry weight g(-1) P) and at 40 and 80 mu gP1(-1) (mean = 482 dry weight g(-1) P) but the Nm ratio indicated imbalances in nutrient uptake at a higher P concentration (40 mu gP1(-1)) in Typha than in Cladium (10 mu gP1(-1)). The two species had similar root specific P accumulation rate at the two lowest P levels, whereas Typha had 3-13-fold higher P uptake rates at the two highest P levels, indicating a higher nutrient uptake capacity in Typha. The experimental oxygen concentration in the rhizosphere had only limited effect on the growth of the two species and had little effect on biomass partitioning and nutrient use efficiency. The aerenchyma in these species was probably sufficient to maintain adequate root oxygenation under partially oxygen depleted conditions. Cladium had characteristics typical for plants from nutrient poor habitats, which included slow growth rate, low capacity for P uptake and relatively inflexible biomass partitioning in response to increased P availability. In contrast, Typha demonstrated a high degree of flexibility in growth, biomass partitioning, and nutrient accumulation to P availability, similar to species from nutrient rich habitats. Although the N/P ratio indicated that Typha was more nutrient stressed at the low P levels. Typha had a higher capacity for P uptake and was more competitive than Cladium at the applied P concentrations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Aarhus, Dept Plant Ecol, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark. Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. RP Lorenzen, B (reprint author), Univ Aarhus, Dept Plant Ecol, Nordlandsvej 68, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark. RI Brix, Hans/C-5208-2008; McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI Brix, Hans/0000-0003-2771-2983; McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 36 TC 74 Z9 86 U1 4 U2 42 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 70 IS 2 BP 117 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(01)00155-3 PG 17 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 438MQ UT WOS:000169058000003 ER PT J AU Palmer, AG Nordmeyer, DL Roby, DD AF Palmer, AG Nordmeyer, DL Roby, DD TI Factors influencing nest attendance and time-activity budgets of peregrine falcons in interior Alaska SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE peregrine falcon; Falco peregrinus; time-activity budgets; nesting success; nest attendance; Interior Alaska ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; BREEDING SUCCESS; SAMPLING METHODS; TINNUNCULUS; KESTREL; SIZE; BEHAVIOR AB An essential prerequisite to examining the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on avian nesting activities is understanding the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the birds' allocation of time to breeding behaviors. We examined factors influencing nest attendance and time-activity budgets of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus anatum) breeding along the Tanana River in Alaska in 1995, 1996, and 1997. First, as is typical of most bird species with nidicolous young and biparental care, females attended the nest more than males and, as the nesting cycle progressed, female attendance decreased to levels similar to those of males. Second, nest area attendance followed a circadian rhythm; parents attended the nest area less during early morning and late evening, which are prime hunting periods, than during late morning. Finally, although females typically performed most of the incubating, the division of labor between males and females during incubation differed among pairs. Higher attendance in the nest area by females during incubation appeared to be associated with more young fledged among successful pairs. C1 Oregon State Univ, USGS Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Palmer, AG (reprint author), ABR Inc, Environm Res & Serv, POB 240268, Anchorage, AK 99524 USA. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 10 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD JUN PY 2001 VL 54 IS 2 BP 105 EP 114 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 448ME UT WOS:000169630000001 ER PT J AU Durner, GM Amstrup, SC Ambrosius, KJ AF Durner, GM Amstrup, SC Ambrosius, KJ TI Remote identification of polar bear maternal den habitat in northern Alaska SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE aerial photography; Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; den habitat; maternal den; photo interpretation; National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska; polar bear; Prudhoe Bay; Ursus maritimus ID BEAUFORT SEA AB Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) give birth in dens of ice and snow to protect their altricial young. During the snow-free season, we visited 25 den sites located previously by radiotelemetry and characterized the den site physiognomy. Seven dens occurred in habitats with minimal relief. Eighteen dens (72%) were in coastal and river banks. These "banks" were identifiable on aerial photographs. We then searched high-resolution aerial photographs (n = 3000) for habitats similar to those of the 18 dens. On aerial photos, we mapped 1782 km of bank habitats suitable for denning. Bank habitats comprised 0.18% of our study area between the Colville River and the Tamayariak River in northern Alaska. The final map, which correctly identified 88% of bank denning habitat in this region, will help minimize the potential for disruptions of maternal dens by winter petroleum exploration activities. C1 USGS, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Aeromap US, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. RP Durner, GM (reprint author), USGS, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD JUN PY 2001 VL 54 IS 2 BP 115 EP 121 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 448ME UT WOS:000169630000002 ER PT J AU Allen, CR Pearlstine, LG Kitchens, WM AF Allen, CR Pearlstine, LG Kitchens, WM TI Modeling viable mammal populations in gap analyses SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; conservation; gap analysis; spatially explicit models; species richness ID ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; SPECIES CONSERVATION; GUILD CONCEPT; HOME RANGE; MOVEMENTS; MANAGEMENT; RICHNESS; ECOLOGY; RACCOON AB Gap analysis is an approach to conserving biological diversity that maps species richness and identifies sites that ought to be protected but are not in conservation networks. Cap analyses based on species richness may have high error rates when species models are based solely on species-habitat associations, because patches too small to support populations are still considered to be potential habitat. We incorporated information on the home range and dispersal distances of the mammals of Florida to estimate minimum critical areas (MCA) to support minimum viable populations for each mammal species. Incorporating MCA decreases the area occupied by the highest levels of species richness, and alters the mapped spatial distribution of potential species richness. For example. in St. Lucic and Okeechobee counties, Florida, the total area occupied by 15 or more species was 30,448 ha under simple mammal-habitat association models, but only 7820 ha under model conditions incorporating MCA. This reflects the fragmented condition of many landscapes, where most patches are too small to support viable populations of larger species. Incorporating minimum area requirements into maps of potential species richness produces more conservative and defensible maps. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, S Carolina Coopoerat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM allencr@clemson.edu NR 73 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 99 IS 2 BP 135 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00084-7 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 436JL UT WOS:000168932700001 ER PT J AU Joly, K Myers, WL AF Joly, K Myers, WL TI Patterns of mammalian species richness and habitat associations in Pennsylvania SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; gap; analysis; habitat associations; mammalian distribution; species richness ID LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS; BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; HOME RANGES; NEW-WORLD; CONSERVATION; ECOLOGY; DENSITY; COINCIDENCE; PERSPECTIVE AB Landscape variables were employed as indices of habitat heterogeneity, fragmentation, and human influence on the environment to characterize constituent units of a 635 km(2) grid covering the state of Pennsylvania. Species richness was determined by overlaying the distributions of all 60 terrestrial mammalian species found within the state. All landscape variables investigated were correlated with species richness. Areas with high topographic variation and low road density had the highest species richness. Species sensitive to habitat fragmentation were also associated with large forest patches and low road density. These landscape variables may be useful in identifying areas that are important for the conservation of these species. Associations between species distributions and landscape variables were substantiated by published habitat associations. Species with extremely limited distributions were not associated with landscape variables and represent special cases for conservation planners. Rare species, as defined by their limited geographical distribution, were not associated with areas of high species richness (hotspots). The utility of species richness hotspots for conservation planning is disputable. Hotspots of species richness were associated with large forest patches and low load density. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Sch Forestry, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Joly, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 65 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 99 IS 2 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00223-8 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 436JL UT WOS:000168932700011 ER PT J AU Rubin, CS Warner, RE Bouzat, JL Paige, KN AF Rubin, CS Warner, RE Bouzat, JL Paige, KN TI Population genetic structure of Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in an urban landscape SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Blanding's turtle; Emydoidea blandingii; genetic variation; urban development; small population size; RAPD ID ARBITRARY PRIMERS; SEXUAL MATURITY; RAPD MARKERS; CONSERVATION; EVOLUTION; PCR; VARIABILITY; MANAGEMENT; DIVERSITY; WILDLIFE AB Recent investigations of Blanding's turtles Emydoidea blandingii in urban landscapes in the Greater Chicago metropolitan area (GCMA) indicate that populations are small and isolated. This led to the prediction that two local populations of Blanding's turtles in the GCMA would have less within-population genetic variation than larger populations in Michigan, Nova Scotia, and Wisconsin. We further predicted that Blanding's turtles in Nova Scotia would be genetically differentiated from those in the species' main range. We tested these predictions using variation in randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Levels of genetic variability as measured by percent polymorphism and mean percent band sharing were similar among populations in the GCMA, Nova Scotia, and Wisconsin, though genetic variation in Michigan was significantly higher. No unique bands were detected in GCMA, however, 16 were found in Michigan, five in Nova Scotia, and one in Wisconsin. As predicted, Blanding's turtles in Nova Scotia, which have been geographically isolated from the species' main range for 4000-8000 pears, were genetically differentiated from all other populations in the study. Although it was not clear that recent isolation and population declines resulted in a loss of genetic variation, our results indicated that Blanding's turtles in the GCMA may be genetically depauperate. The use of management interventions to prevent the loss of genetic diversity in the GCMA is discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Ecol Ethol & Evolut, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Natl Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. RP Rubin, CS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 578, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. NR 56 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 99 IS 3 BP 323 EP 330 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00198-1 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 440EH UT WOS:000169162600007 ER PT J AU Drake, DR Pratt, LW AF Drake, DR Pratt, LW TI Seedling mortality in Hawaiian rain forest: The role of small-scale physical disturbance SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE artificial seedlings; Cibotium; disturbance; Hawaii; Metrosideros polymorpha; montane rain forest; seedling; tree ferns ID LAVA FLOWS; METROSIDEROS-POLYMORPHA; PIONEER TREE; REGENERATION; CHRONOSEQUENCE; DAMAGE; IMPACT; PIPER AB Most montane rain forests on the island of Hawaii consist of a closed canopy formed by Cibotium spp. tree ferns beneath an open canopy of emergent Metrosideros polymorpha trees. We used artificial seedlings to assess the extent to which physical disturbance caused by the senescing fronds of tree ferns and the activities of feral pigs might limit tree regeneration. Artificial seedlings were established terrestrially (N = 300) or epiphytically (N = 300) on tree fern seems. Half of the seedlings on each substrate were in an exclosure lacking feral pigs and half were in forest with pigs present. After one year, the percentage of seedlings damaged was significantly greater among terrestrial seedlings (25.7%) than epiphytic seedlings (11.3%). Significantly more terrestrial seedlings were damaged in the presence of pigs (31.3%) than in the absence of pigs (20.0%). Senescing fronds of tree ferns were responsible for 60.3 percent of the damaged seedlings. Physical disturbance is potentially a major cause of seedling mortality and may reduce the expected half-life of a seedling cohort to less than two years. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USGS Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Drake, DR (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 7 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD JUN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 2 BP 319 EP 323 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00182.x PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 450YG UT WOS:000169772000010 ER PT J AU Hough, SE AF Hough, SE TI Empirical Green's function analysis of recent moderate events in California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE SOURCE SPECTRA; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; JACINTO FAULT ZONE; SOURCE PARAMETERS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; GROUND-MOTION; 1992 LANDERS; BROAD-BAND; TECTONIC STRESS; UNITED-STATES AB I use seismic data from portable digital stations and the broadband Terrascope network in southern California to investigate radiated earthquake source spectra and discuss the results in light of previous studies on both static stress drop and apparent stress. Applying the empirical Green's function (EGF) method to two sets of M 4-6.1 events, I obtain deconvolved source-spectra estimates and corner frequencies. The results are consistent with an omega (2) source model and constant Brune stress drop. However, consideration of the raw spectral shapes of the largest events provides evidence for a high-frequency decay more shallow than omega (2). The intermediate (approximate tof(-1)) slope cannot be explained plausibly with attenuation or site effects and is qualitatively consistent with a model incorporating directivity effects and a fractional stress-drop rupture process, as suggested by Haddon (1996). However, the results obtained in this study are not consistent with the model of Haddon (1996) in that the intermediate slope is not revealed with EGF analysis, This could reflect either bandwidth limitations inherent in EGF analysis or perhaps a rupture process that is not self-similar. I show that a model with an intermediate spectral decay can also reconcile the apparent discrepancy between the scaling of static stress drop and that of apparent stress drop for moderate-to-large events. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 48 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 3 BP 456 EP 467 DI 10.1785/0119970154 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 446ZB UT WOS:000169543100005 ER PT J AU Hartzell, S Carver, D Williams, RA AF Hartzell, S Carver, D Williams, RA TI Site response, shallow shear-wave velocity, and damage in Los Gatos, California, from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FRANCISCO BAY-REGION; ANGELES URBAN AREA; SANTA-CLARA VALLEY; NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS; 1994 NORTHRIDGE; GROUND MOTIONS; ANDREAS FAULT; AMPLIFICATION; VARIABILITY AB Aftershock records of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are used to calculate sire response in the frequency band of 0.5-10 Hz at 24 locations in Los Gates, California, on the edge of the Santa Clara Valley. Two different methods are used: spectral ratios relative to a reference site on rock and a source/site spectral inversion method. These two methods complement each other and give consistent results. Site amplification factors are compared with surficial geology, thickness of alluvium, shallow sheer-wave velocity measurements, and ground deformation and structural damage resulting from the Loma Prieta earthquake. Higher values of site amplification are seen on Quaternary alluvium compared with older Miocene and Cretaceous units of Monterey and Franciscan Formation. However, other more detailed correlations with surficial geology are not evident. A complex pattern of alluvial sediment thickness, caused by crosscutting thrust faults, is interpreted as contributing to the variability in site response and the presence of spectral resonance peaks between 2 and 7 Hz at some sites. Within the range of our field measurements, there is a correlation between lower average shear-wave velocity of the top 30 m and 50% higher values of site amplification. An area of residential homes thrown from their foundations correlates with high site response. This damage may also have been aggravated by local ground deformation. Severe damage to commercial buildings in the business district, however, is attributed to poor masonry construction. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hartzell, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046 MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 3 BP 468 EP 478 DI 10.1785/0120000235 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 446ZB UT WOS:000169543100006 ER PT J AU Klein, FW Frankel, AD Mueller, CS Wesson, RL Okubo, PG AF Klein, FW Frankel, AD Mueller, CS Wesson, RL Okubo, PG TI Seismic hazard in Hawaii: High rate of large earthquakes and probabilistic ground-motion maps SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1975 KALAPANA; SOUTH-FLANK; MAUNA-LOA; MODEL; MECHANISM; FREQUENCY; KILAUEA; ISLAND; ASPERITIES; TECTONICS AB The seismic hazard and earthquake occurrence rates in Hawaii are locally as high as that near the most hazardous faults elsewhere in the United States. We have generated maps of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) (at 0.2, 0.3 and 1.0 sec, 5% critical damping) at 2% and 10% exceedance probabilities in 50 years. The highest hazard is on the south side of Hawaii Island, as indicated by the M-I 7.0, M-S 7.2, and M-I 7.9 earthquakes, which occurred there since 1868. Probabilistic values of horizontal PGA (2% in 50 years) on Hawaii's south coast exceed 1.75g. Because some large earthquake aftershock zones and the geometry of flank blocks slipping on subhorizontal decollement faults are known, we use a combination of spatially uniform sources in active flank blocks and smoothed seismicity in other areas to model seismicity. Rates of earthquakes are derived from magnitude distributions of the modern (1959-1997) catalog of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory's seismic network supplemented by the historic (1868-1959) catalog. Modern magnitudes are M-L measured on a Wood-Anderson seismograph or M-S. Historic magnitudes may add M-L measured on a Milne-Shaw or Bosch-Omori seismograph or M-I derived from calibrated areas of MM intensities. Active flank areas, which by far account for the highest hazard, are characterized by distributions with b slopes of about 1.0 below M 5.0 and about 0.5 above M 5.0. The kinked distribution means that large earthquake rates would be grossly underestimated by extrapolating small earthquake rates, and that longer catalogs are essential for estimating or verifying the rates of large earthquakes. Flank earthquakes thus follow a semicharacteristic model, which is a combination of background seismicity and an excess number of large earthquakes. Flank earthquakes are geometrically confined to rupture zones on the volcano flanks by barriers such as rift zones and the seaward edge of the volcano, which may be expressed by a magnitude distribution similar to that including characteristic earthquakes. The island chain northwest of Hawaii Island is seismically and volcanically much less active. We model its seismic hazard with a combination of a linearly decaying ramp fit to the cataloged seismicity and spatially smoothed seismicity with a smoothing half-width of 10 km. We use a combination of up to four attenuation relations for each map because for either PGA or SA, there is no single relation that represents ground motion for all distance and magnitude ranges. Great slumps and landslides visible on the ocean floor correspond to catastrophes with effective energy magnitudes M-E above 8.0. A crude estimate of their frequency suggests that the probabilistic earthquake hazard is at least an order of magnitude higher for flank earthquakes than that from submarine slumps. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94024 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Klein, FW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Park, CA 94024 USA. NR 56 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 3 BP 479 EP 498 DI 10.1785/0120000060 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 446ZB UT WOS:000169543100007 ER PT J AU Miller, MR Stemler, CL Yee, JL Blankenship, DS AF Miller, MR Stemler, CL Yee, JL Blankenship, DS TI Differences in mourning dove productivity among three time periods at gray lodge wildlife area, California SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article AB We used published and unpublished data to compare mourning dove, Zenaida macroura, recruitment among the 1949-50 (early), 1979-80 (middle), and 1992-95 (late) periods in riparian habitat at Gray Lodge Wildlife Area, California, to document any differences that corresponded to the long-term decline of doves in California (as estimated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's annual Call-count Survey). Estimates of true nest success, fledglings produced per nesting attempt, and fledglings produced per active dove pair, were highest in the early period, lowest in the middle period, and low to moderate in the late period (nest success: 44-56% early, 25-29% middle, 24-35% late; fledglings/nest attempt: 1.20-1.44 early, 0.78-0.91 middle, 0.81-1.03 late; fledglings/pair: 5.93-6.58 early, 2.40-3.40 middle, 5.00-5.60 late). In the early period, high production coincided with the warmest and driest spring weather and an active predator control program, conditions thought to boost dove production. However, based on banding estimates of survival, fledgling production/pair during each period should have been more than adequate to increase breeding populations (2.5 required) (with the exception of 1980). Therefore, continued population decline in California must result from landscape-scale habitat alteration, poor survival, or both, and not recruitment; or high recruitment at Gray Lodge was not representative of California nesting doves (or riparian habitats) in general; or the three periods during which data were collected at Gray Lodge were too infrequent relative-to the 47-year time period to detect long-term change in recruitment. Initiation of a wing-collection survey to monitor harvest age ratios and an operational banding program to estimate survival would ultimately provide more predictable data sets for analyses of long-term trends in annual population status than would additional analyses of historical nesting data. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Miller, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SUM PY 2001 VL 87 IS 3 BP 93 EP 101 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 557VJ UT WOS:000175928800002 ER PT J AU Isaak, DJ Hubert, WA AF Isaak, DJ Hubert, WA TI Production of stream habitat gradients by montane watersheds: hypothesis tests based on spatially explicit path analyses SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TRANSPIRATION; GEOMORPHOLOGY; CHEMISTRY; DRAINAGE; QUALITY; BASINS; MODEL AB We studied how the features of mountain watersheds interact to cause gradients in three stream attributes: baseflow stream widths, total alkalinity, and stream slope. A priori hypotheses were developed before being tested in a series of path analyses using data from 90 stream reaches on 24 second- to fourth-order streams across a fifth-order Rocky Mountain watershed. Because most of the conventional least squares regressions initially calculated for the path analyses had spatially correlated residuals (13 of 15 regressions), spatially explicit regressions were often used to derive more accurate parameter estimates and significance tests. Our final working hypotheses accounted for most of the variation in baseflow stream width (73%), total alkalinity (74%), and stream slope (78%) and provide systemic views of watershed function by depicting interactions that occur between geomorphology, land surface features, and stream attributes. Stream gradients originated mainly from the unidirectional changes in geomorphic features that occur over the lengths of streams. Land surface features were of secondary importance and, because they change less predictably relative to the stream, appear to modify the rate at which stream gradients change. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hubert, WA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RI Isaak, Dan/C-8818-2011 NR 60 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 58 IS 6 BP 1089 EP 1103 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 435PU UT WOS:000168890500005 ER PT J AU Petrosky, CE Schaller, HA Budy, P AF Petrosky, CE Schaller, HA Budy, P TI Productivity and survival rate trends in the freshwater spawning and rearing stage of Snake River chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PATTERNS; HABITAT; FISH AB Stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in the Snake River (northwest United States) have declined dramatically since completion of the federal hydrosystem. Identifying the life stage that is limiting the survival of these stocks is crucial for evaluating the potential of management actions to recover these stocks. We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in productivity and survival rate in the freshwater spawning and rearing (FSR) life stage since completion of the hydropower system could explain the decline observed over the life cycle. The decline of chinook populations following completion of the hydrosystem was not accompanied by major survival changes in the FSR life stage. FSR productivity showed no significant decline, and the FSR survival rate decline was small relative to the overall decline. However, significant survival declines did occur in the smolt-to-adult stage coincident primarily with hydrosystem completion, combined with poorer climate conditions and possibly hatchery effects. Potential improvements in survival that occur only at the FSR life stage are unlikely to offset these impacts and increase survival to a level that ensures the recovery of Snake River stream-type chinook. C1 Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Boise, ID 83707 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia River Fisheries Program Off, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Petrosky, CE (reprint author), Idaho Dept Fish & Game, 600 S Walnut Ave,POB 25, Boise, ID 83707 USA. RI Budy, Phaedra/B-2415-2012 NR 31 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 58 IS 6 BP 1196 EP 1207 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-6-1196 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 435PU UT WOS:000168890500015 ER PT J AU Roberts, AC Groat, LA Raudsepp, M Ercit, TS Erd, RC Moffatt, EA Stirling, JAR AF Roberts, AC Groat, LA Raudsepp, M Ercit, TS Erd, RC Moffatt, EA Stirling, JAR TI Clearcreekite, a new polymorph of Hg-3(1+)(CO3)(OH)center dot 2H(2)O, from the Clear Creek claim, San Benito County, California SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE clearcreekite; new mineral species; polymorph; peterbaylissite; hydrated mercurous hydroxide-carbonate; X-ray data; electron-microprobe data; infrared-absorption data; Clear Creek claim; San Benito County; California ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; DEANESMITHITE; SZYMANSKIITE AB Clearcreekite is a newly recognized polymorph of Hg-3(1+)(CO3)(OH). 2H(2)O (along with the previously described peterbaylissite). The mineral is monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c (14), with unit-cell parameters refined from powder data: a 6.760(4), b 9.580(4), c 10.931(4) Angstrom, beta 105.53(5)degrees, V682.1(6) Angstrom (3), a:b:c = 0.7056:1:1.1410, Z = 4. The strongest six reflections in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Angstrom (I)(hkl)] are: 7.09(70)(011), 5.32(40)((1) over bar 11), 4.62(90)(012), 2.831(100)(023), 2.767(100) (211,(2) over bar 21), and 2.391(40)(040,(2) over bar 04). The mineral is an extremely rare constituent in a small prospect pit near the long-abandoned Clear Creek mercury mine, New Idria district, San Benito County, California. The mineral is found as an isolated cluster of crystals in a shallow depression, associated with cinnabar and edoylerite, on a single specimen of brecciated silica-carbonate rock. Individual crystals do not exceed 0.17 mm, in longest dimension and are subhedral, tabular, with major {001} and minor {010} forms. The mineral is transparent with a pale greenish yellow color and streak. Physical properties include: vitreous luster, uneven fracture, brittle, nonfluorescent, soft (grains punctured by an electron beam), calculated density 6.96 g/cm(3) (idealized formula). The mineral becomes dark brown-black and opaque when subjected to X-radiation, and the change is irreversible. Electron-microprobe analysis yielded 84.65 wt.% Hg2O. The empirical formula, derived from results of a crystal-structure analysis and of an electron-microprobe analysis, is Hg-2.92(1+)(C1.01O2.98)(OH)(1.04). 2H(2)O, based on O = 6. The idealized formula requires Hg2O 87.54, CO2 6.16, H2O 6.30, total 100.00 wt.%. The infrared-absorption spectrum confirms the presence of both CO3 and H2O. The mineral is named after the type locality. C1 Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Canadian Museum Nat, Div Res, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Canadian Conservat Inst, Ottawa, ON K1M 0M5, Canada. RP Roberts, AC (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada, 601 Booth St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 BP 779 EP 784 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.39.3.779 PN 3 PG 6 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 463CV UT WOS:000170460000008 ER PT J AU Lanphere, MA Baadsgaard, H AF Lanphere, MA Baadsgaard, H TI Precise K-Ar, Ar-40/Ar-39, Rb-Sr and U/Pb mineral ages from the 27.5 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff reference standard SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mineral standards; K-Ar dating; Rb-Sr dating; U-Pb method ID JUAN VOLCANIC FIELD; U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; TH-PB; ZIRCON; COLORADO; ROCKS; SYSTEMATICS; PLUTONS AB The accuracy of ages measured using the Ar-40/Ar-39 technique is affected by uncertainties in the age of radiation fluence-monitor minerals. At present, there is lack of agreement about the ages of certain minerals used as fluence monitors. The accuracy of the age of a standard may be improved if the age can be measured using different decay schemes. This has been done by measuring ages on minerals from the Oligocene Fish Canyon Tuff (FCT) using the K-Ar, Ar-40/Ar-39. Rb-Sr and U/Pb methods. K-Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 total fusion ages of sanidine, biotite and hornblende yielded a mean age of 27.57 +/- 0.36 Ma. The weighted mean Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau age of sanidine and biotite is 27.57 +/- 0.18 Ma. A biotite-feldspar Rb-Sr isochron yielded an age of 27.44 +/- 0.16 Ma. The U-Pb data for zircon are complex because of the presence of Precambrian zircons and inheritance of radiogenic Pb. Zircons with Pb-207/U-235 < 0.4 yielded a discordia line with a lower concordia intercept of 27.52 +/- 0.09 Ma. Evaluation of the combined data suggests that the best age for FCT is 27.51 Ma. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. RP Lanphere, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-937, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 47 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 175 IS 3-4 BP 653 EP 671 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00291-6 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 432GL UT WOS:000168683800028 ER PT J AU Patino, R Yoshizaki, G Thomas, P Kagawa, H AF Patino, R Yoshizaki, G Thomas, P Kagawa, H TI Gonadotropic control of ovarian follicle maturation: the two-stage concept and its mechanisms SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Fish Endocrinology CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2000 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON DE ovarian follicle; oocyte; luteinizing hormone; maturation-inducing hormone; protein kinase A; gap junction; maturation-inducing hormone receptor; teleost; amphibian ID FINAL OOCYTE MATURATION; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; KISU SILLAGO-JAPONICA; ATLANTIC CROAKER; GAP-JUNCTIONS; RED SEABREAM; STRIPED BASS; MORONE-SAXATILIS; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; PAGRUS-MAJOR AB Most research on the control of oocyte maturation by luteinizing hormone (LH) in teleosts and amphibians has focused on the production and action of maturation-inducing hormone (MIH), the follicular hormone that directly triggers the resumption of oocyte meiosis. However, current information indicates that LH regulates maturation in two stages, and that 'oocyte maturation' can be appropriately described within the broader context of 'ovarian follicle maturation'. During the first stage of maturation the follicle (somatic) cells acquire the ability to produce MIH and the oocyte to respond to MIH (i.e. oocyte maturational competence, OMC), whereas in the second stage the follicle cells produce MIH and, consequently, the oocyte is released from meiotic arrest. A number of factors such as insulin-like growth factor-I, serotonin, and others may mediate or modulate the OMC-inducing action of LH. Like the acquisition of MIM-producing ability, the acquisition of OMC requires activation of the protein kinase A pathway. Two major cellular events associated with OMC acquisition are increases in homologous and heterologous gap junction contacts and in oocyte MIH receptor activity. The increased oocyte MIH receptor activity is presumably associated with OMC acquisition, but the significance of changes in gap junction contacts is at present uncertain. To eliminate inconsistency and ambiguity associated with current terminology we propose that the term, ovarian follicle (or oocyte) maturation be used for teleosts without qualifiers such as 'final' to define the first and second stages of follicular maturation. Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Tokyo Univ Fisheries, Lab Aquaculture, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. Natl Res Inst Aquaculture, Nansei, Mie 5160193, Japan. RP Patino, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI YOSHIZAKI, Goro/O-1937-2014 NR 72 TC 106 Z9 118 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 129 IS 2-3 BP 427 EP 439 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00344-X PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 444AB UT WOS:000169374800027 PM 11399477 ER PT J AU Welsh, HH Droege, S AF Welsh, HH Droege, S TI A case for using plethodontid salamanders for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem integrity of North American forests SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID RED-BACKED SALAMANDER; BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS; AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; LUNGLESS SALAMANDERS; REDBACK SALAMANDERS; COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; GENUS PLETHODON AB Terrestrial salamanders of the family Plethodontidae have unique attributes that make them excellent indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem integrity in forested habitats. Their longevity, small territory size, site fidelity, sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic perturbations, tendency to occur in high densities, and low sampling costs mean that counts of plethodontid salamanders provide numerous advantages over counts of other North American forest organisms for indicating environmental change. Furthermore, they are tightly linked physiologically to microclimatic and successional processes that influence the distribution and abundance of numerous other hydrophilic but difficult-to-study forest dwelling plants and animals. Ecosystem process such as moisture cycling, food-wed dynamics, and succession, with their related structural and microclimatic variability, all affect forest biodiversity and have been shown to affect salamander populations as well. We determined the variability associated with sampling for plethodontid salamanders by estimating the coefficient of variation (CV) from available time-series data. The median coefficient of variation indicated that variation in counts of individuals among studies was much lower in plethodontids (27%) than in lepidoptera (93%), passerine birds (57%), small mammals (69%), or other amphibians (37-46%), which means plethodontid salamanders provide an important statistical advantage over other species for monitoring long-term forest health. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Welsh, HH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM hwelsh@fs.fed.us RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 119 TC 155 Z9 166 U1 15 U2 75 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 3 BP 558 EP 569 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015003558.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 441HY UT WOS:000169226000003 ER PT J AU Allen, CR AF Allen, CR TI Ecosystems and immune systems: Hierarchical response provides resilience against invasions SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE biological invasions; complex systems; cross-scale; ecosystem management; immune systems; institutions; resilience; scale ID PATTERNS C1 Clemson Univ, USGS BRD, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, USGS BRD, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, G27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU RESILIENCE ALLIANCE PI WOLFVILLE PA ACADIA UNIV, BIOLOGY DEPT, WOLFVILLE, NS B0P 1X0, CANADA SN 1195-5449 J9 CONSERV ECOL JI Conserv. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 1 AR 15 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458XV UT WOS:000170221500016 ER PT J AU King, TL Lubinski, BA Spidle, AP AF King, T. L. Lubinski, B. A. Spidle, A. P. TI Microsatellite DNA variation in Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) and cross-species amplification in the Acipenseridae SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE acipenseriformes; endangered species act; population genetics; sequence homology; stock identification AB Overharvest and habitat alteration have led to a collapse of most commercial Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) fisheries while pushing the species to rarity or extirpation in most of its historical range. A biologically sound conservation program for this species requires knowledge of its genetic diversity and of the evolutionary relationships among geographic populations. To address these research needs, six microsatellite loci were isolated from A. o. oxyrinchus. Pedigree analysis suggested that all are inherited in a codominant Mendelian pattern. The six loci were tested in ten additional sturgeon species from three genera and three apparent ploidy levels (4n, 8n, 16n). Approximately 70% of successful locus-species amplifications were polymorphic. Polysomy was observed most often in 8n and 16n species. Genetic diversity and population structure of A. o. oxyrinchus were assayed using three polymorphic Aox markers and four markers developed from lake sturgeon (A. fulvescens). A. o. oxyrinchus were sampled from the Altamaha River, Georgia, USA north to the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada. Gulf sturgeon, A. o. desotoi, were sampled from the Suwannee River, Florida, USA, to assess differentiation between the subspecies. Seventy-seven alleles were observed to segregate into unique multilocus genotypes for each of the 392 individuals assayed. Mean diversity was greatest in the Chesapeake Bay (9.7 alleles per locus) and Delaware River (7.4 alleles per locus) collections, and lowest in the St. Lawrence River (4.6 alleles per locus). Mean heterozygosity across seven loci ranged from 44.3% (St. Lawrence River) to 62.6% (Altamaha River). Significant allelic heterogeneity was observed in 82% of pairwise comparisons as well as a global test (p < 0.0001) for A. o. oxyrinchus collections. Genetic distance suggests the presence of at least six subpopulations in A. o. oxyrinchus: St. Lawrence River, St. John River, Hudson River, Delaware River, Albemarle Sound, and Altamaha River. Genetic and geographic distances were positively correlated (r = 0.57, p < 0.03) among A. o. oxyrinchus, suggesting isolation by distance and philopatry. Hierarchical gene diversity analysis indicated significant genetic population structure at every level. Maximum likelihood assignment tests correctly assigned individual fish to collection with a high rate of success (mean = 87.5%); this and other lines of evidence indicated that the Chesapeake Bay collection represents a mixed population of sub-adult sturgeon from northern and southern Atlantic coast populations. Population structure was correlated with that suggested by earlier mitochondrial (mt) DNA analyses. Significant diversity was observed between two Canadian populations from which only a single mtDNA haplotype has been reported. C1 [King, T. L.; Lubinski, B. A.; Spidle, A. P.] US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Aquat Ecol Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Spidle, A. P.] Johnson Control World Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP King, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Aquat Ecol Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM tim_king@usgs.gov FU Habitat and Protected Resources Division; National Marine Fisheries Service, Gloucester,MA; Northeast Fishery Center; North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries; U.S. Geological Survey-Biological Resources Division's Species; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX We are indebted to Mike Eackles, Roseanna Coleman, and Mike Dorschner for laboratory assistance. The following individuals and agencies provided sturgeon samples or assisted with funding: Mary Colligan, The Habitat and Protected Resources Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Gloucester, MA; Bill Fletcher, Jerre Mohler, and Mike Hendrix, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA; Vadim Birstein; Mario Lepage; Mike Mangold; Bernie May; North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries; Craig Shirey; Jorgen Skjeveland; Albert Spells; Greg Tranah; Guy Verreault; and Ike Wirgin. We thank Moira Ferguson, Arne Ludwig, Bane Schill, and Ike Wirgin for constructive comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. We are particularly grateful for the contributions made by the two anonymous referees and Robin Waples, the corresponding editor. This research was partially funded by the U.S. Geological Survey-Biological Resources Division's Species at Risk and Quick Response programs, aimed at providing timely research on species of concern identified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 55 TC 113 Z9 120 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 2 IS 2 BP 103 EP 119 DI 10.1023/A:1011895429669 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA V22NO UT WOS:000208282100002 ER PT J AU Mastin, LG Ghiorso, MS AF Mastin, LG Ghiorso, MS TI Adiabatic temperature changes of magma-gas mixtures during ascent and eruption SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; SILICATE MELTS; SYSTEM NAALSI3O8-H2O; THERMODYNAMIC MODEL; 10 KILOBARS; ST-HELENS; AD 79; WATER; LIQUIDS; H2O AB Most quantitative studies of flow dynamics in eruptive conduits during volcanic eruptions use a simplified energy equation that ignores either temperature changes, or the thermal effects of gas exsolution. In this paper we assess the effects of those simplifications by analyzing the influence of equilibrium gas exsolution and expansion on final temperatures, velocities, and liquid viscosities of magma-gas mixtures during adiabatic decompression. For a given initial pressure (p(1)), temperature (T-1) and melt composition, the final temperature (T-f) and velocity (mu (max)) will vary depending on the degree to which friction and other irreversible processes reduce mechanical energy within the conduit. The final conditions range between two thermodynamic end members: (1) constant enthalpy (dh = 0), in which T-f is maximal and no energy goes into lifting or acceleration; and (2) constant entropy (ds = 0), in which T-f is minimal and maximum energy goes into lifting and acceleration. For ds = 0, T-1 = 900 degreesC and p(1) = 200 MPa, a water-saturated albitic melt cools by similar to 200 degreesC during decompression, but only about 250 degreesC of this temperature decrease can be attributed to the energy of gas exsolution per se: the remainder results from expansion of gas that has already exsolved, For the same T-1 and p(1), and dh = 0, T-f is 10-15 degreesC hotter than T-1 but is about 10-25 degreesC cooler than T-f in similar calculations that ignore the energy of gas exsolution. For ds = 0, p(1) = 200 MPa and T-1 = 9,000 degreesC. assuming that all the enthalpy change of decompression goes into kinetic energy, a water-saturated albitic mixture can theoretically accelerate to similar to 800 m/s. Similar calculations that ignore gas exsolution (but take into account gas expansion) give velocities about 10-15% higher. For the same T-1, p(1) = 200 MPa, and dh = 0, the cooling associated with gas expansion and exsolution increases final melt viscosity more than 2.5 orders of magnitude. For dh = 0, isenthalpic heating decreases final melt viscosity by about 0.7 orders of magnitude. Thermal effects of gas exsolution are responsible for less than 10% of these viscosity changes. Isenthalpic heating could significantly reduce flow resistance in eruptive conduits if heat generation were concentrated along conduit walls, where shearing is greatest. Isentropic cooling could enhance clast fragmentation in near-surface vents in cases where extremely rapid pressure drops reduce gas temperatures and chill the margins of expanding pyroclasts. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Mastin, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 56 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 141 IS 3 BP 307 EP 321 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 446WW UT WOS:000169538000005 ER PT J AU Valdez, RA Hoffnagle, TL McIvor, CC McKinney, T Leibfried, WC AF Valdez, RA Hoffnagle, TL McIvor, CC McKinney, T Leibfried, WC TI Effects of a test flood on fishes of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Catostomus latipinnis; Colorado River; endangered species; fathead minnow; flannelmouth sucker; Gila cypha; Glen Canyon Dam; humpback chub; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Pimephales promelas; rainbow trout; test flood ID HUMPBACK CHUB; INVERTEBRATE DRIFT; RAINBOW-TROUT; STREAM; ASSEMBLAGES; RECOVERY; ECOLOGY AB A beach/habitat-building flow (i.e., test flood) of 1274 m(3)/s, released from Glen Canyon Dam down the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, had little effect on distribution, abundance, or movement of native fishes, and only short-term effects on densities of some nonnative species. Shoreline and backwater catch rates of native fishes, including juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha), flannelmouth suckers (Catostomus latipinnis), and bluehead suckers (C. discobolus), and all ages of speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), were not significantly different before and after the flood. Annual spring spawning migrations of flannelmouth suckers into the Paria River and endangered humpback chub into the Little Colorado River (LCR) took place during and after the flood, indicating no impediment to fish migrations. Pre-spawning adults staged in large slack water pools formed at the mouths of these tributaries during the flood. Net movement and habitat used by nine radio-tagged adult humpback chub during the flood were not significantly different from prior observations. Diet composition of adult humpback chub varied, but total biomass did not differ significantly before, during, and after the flood, indicating opportunistic feeding for a larger array of available food items; displaced by the flood. Numbers of nonnative rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) < 152 mm total length decreased by similar to8% in electrofishing samples from the dam tailwaters (0-25 km downstream of the dam) during the flood. Increased catch rates in the vicinity of the LCR (125 km downstream of the dam) and Hell's Hollow (314 km downstream of the dam) suggest that these young trout were displaced downstream by the flood, although displacement distance was unknown since some fish could have originated from local populations associated with intervening tributaries. Abundance, catch rate, body condition, and diet of adult rainbow trout in the dam tailwaters were not significantly affected by the flood, and the flood did not detrimentally affect spawning success; catch of young-of-year increased by 20% in summer following the flood. Post-flood catch rates of nonnative fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in shorelines and backwaters, and plains killifish (Fundulus zebrinus) in backwaters decreased in the vicinity of the LCR; and fathead minnows increased near Hell's Hollow, suggesting that the flood displaced this nonnative species. Densities of rainbow trout and fathead minnows recovered to pre-flood levels eight months after the flood by reinvasion from tributaries and reproduction in backwaters. We concluded that the flood was of insufficient magnitude to substantially reduce populations of nonnative fishes, but that similar managed floods can disadvantage alien predators and competitors and enhance survival of native fishes. C1 SWCA Inc, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. SWCA Inc, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Valdez, RA (reprint author), SWCA Inc, 172 West 1275 South, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 55 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 23 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 686 EP 700 DI 10.2307/3061110 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 445KP UT WOS:000169456900006 ER PT J AU Stevens, LE Ayers, TJ Bennett, JB Christensen, K Kearsley, MJC Meretsky, VJ Phillips, AM Parnell, RA Spence, J Sogge, MK Springer, AE Wegner, DL AF Stevens, LE Ayers, TJ Bennett, JB Christensen, K Kearsley, MJC Meretsky, VJ Phillips, AM Parnell, RA Spence, J Sogge, MK Springer, AE Wegner, DL TI Planned flooding and Colorado River riparian trade-offs downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Colorado River; endangered species; Glen Canyon Dam; Grand Canyon; Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis); planned flooding; regulated river; restoration; riparian ecology; river ecosystem; saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima); Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax; traillii extimus) ID GRAND-CANYON; GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES; MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEM; USA; RESTORATION; DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; BIRDS AB Regulated river restoration through planned flooding involves trade-offs between aquatic and terrestrial components, between relict pre-dam and novel post-dam resources and processes, and between management of individual resources and ecosystem characteristics. We review the terrestrial;(wetland and riparian) impacts of a 1274 m(3)/s test flood conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in March/April 1996, which was designed to improve understanding of sediment transport and management downstream from Glen Canyon Dam in the Colorado River ecosystem. The test flood successfully restored sandbars throughout the river corridor and was timed to prevent direct impacts to species of concern. A total of 1275 endangered Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) were translocated above the flood zone at Vaseys Paradise spring, and an estimated 10.7% of the total snail habitat and 7.7% of the total snail population were lost to the flood. The test flood scoured channel margin wetlands, including potential foraging habitats of endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus). It also buried ground-covering riparian vegetation under >1 m of fine sand but only slightly altered woody sandbar vegetation and some return-current channel marshes. Pre-flood control efforts and appropriate flood timing limited recruitment of four common nonnative perennial plant species. Slight impacts on ethnobotanical resources were detected > 430 km downstream, but those plant assemblages recovered rapidly. Careful design of planned flood hydrograph shape and seasonal timing is required to mitigate terrestrial impacts during efforts to restore essential fluvial geomorphic and aquatic habitats in regulated river ecosystems. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Hualapai Dept Nat Resources, Peach Springs, AZ 86434 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Glen Canyon Natl Recreat Area, Page, AZ 86040 USA. No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Ecosyst Management Int Inc, Durango, CO 81301 USA. RP Stevens, LE (reprint author), POB 1315, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. NR 85 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 5 U2 29 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 701 EP 710 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0701:PFACRR]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 445KP UT WOS:000169456900007 ER PT J AU Donovan, TM Thompson, FR AF Donovan, TM Thompson, FR TI Modeling the ecological trap hypothesis: A habitat and demographic analysis for migrant songbirds SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ecological trap; habitat quality; landscape management; neotropical migrant songbirds; population demography; population dynamics; source-sink ID MIGRATORY BIRDS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SINK POPULATIONS; NEST PREDATION; FOREST; DENSITY; FRAGMENTATION; LANDSCAPES; DYNAMICS; HETEROGENEITY AB Most species occupy both high- and low-quality habitats throughout their ranges. As habitats become modified through anthropogenic change, low-quality habitat may become a more dominant component of the landscape for some species. To conserve species, information on how to assess habitat quality and guidelines for maintaining or eliminating low-quality habitats are needed. We developed a source-sink population model that depicted the annual cycle of a generalized migratory Songbird to address these questions. We determined how demographic factors, landscape composition (the percentage of high-and low-quality habitat), and habitat selection interacted to promote population persistence or extirpation. Demographic parameters, including adult and juvenile survival, nesting success (probability of a nest successfully fledging one or more young), number of nesting attempts, and number of young fledged per nest, interacted to affect population growth. In general, population growth was more sensitive to adult and juvenile survival than to fecundity. Nevertheless, within typically observed survival values, nest success was important in determining whether the population increased, decreased, or was stable. Moreover, the number of nest attempts by females and the number of young fledged per nesting attempt influenced population stability. This highlights the need to obtain more complete demographic data on species than simple nest success to assess habitat quality. When individuals selected high- and low-quality habitats in proportion to habitat availability, populations persisted as long as low-quality habitat did not make up > 40% of the landscapes. However, when individuals preferred low-quality habitats over high-quality habitats, populations were extirpated in landscapes with > 30% low-quality habitat because low-quality habitat functioned as an ecological trap, displacing individuals from high-quality to low-quality habitat. For long-term conservation; we emphasize the need for basic information on habitat selection and life-history characteristics of species throughout their range. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Donovan, TM (reprint author), BRD, USGS, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 311 Aiken Ctr, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM tdonovan@nature.snr.uvm.edu NR 46 TC 132 Z9 132 U1 5 U2 64 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 11 IS 3 BP 871 EP 882 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 445KP UT WOS:000169456900018 ER PT J AU Knapp, RA Corn, PS Schindler, DE AF Knapp, RA Corn, PS Schindler, DE TI The introduction of nonnative fish into wilderness lakes: Good intentions, conflicting mandates, and unintended consequences SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ELEVATION LAKES; MOUNTAIN LAKES; SIERRA-NEVADA; ALPINE LAKES; POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA; TROUT; MANAGEMENT; FROG C1 Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Knapp, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Star Route 1,Box 198, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. RI Knapp, Roland/B-1337-2009 OI Knapp, Roland/0000-0002-1954-2745 NR 24 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 21 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUN PY 2001 VL 4 IS 4 BP 275 EP 278 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0009-0 PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 444RP UT WOS:000169413600001 ER PT J AU Landres, P Meyer, S Matthews, S AF Landres, P Meyer, S Matthews, S TI The Wilderness Act and fish stocking: An overview of legislation, judicial interpretation, and agency implementation SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE wilderness; fish stocking; federal agencies; amphibians; federal policies; case law ID MANAGEMENT AB Many high-elevation lakes in designated wilderness are stocked with native and nonnative fish by state fish and Same agencies to provide recreational fishing opportunities. In several areas, this practice has become controversial with state wildlife managers who support historical recreational use of wilderness, federal wilderness managers who assert that stocking compromises some of the ecological and social values of wilderness, and different public groups that support one or the other position. Herein we examine this controversy from the perspective of the 1964 Wilderness Act, its judicial interpretation, the policies of the federal agencies, and formal agreements between federal and state agencies. Although some state stocking programs restore native fish populations, other programs may compromise some of the ecological and social values of wilderness areas. Further, although current federal regulations recognize state authority for fish stocking, judicial interpretation gives federal agencies the authority for direct involvement in decisions regarding fish stocking in wilderness. Where there are differences of opinion between state and federal managers, this judicial interpretation strongly points to the need for improved cooperation, communication, and coordination between state wildlife managers and federal wilderness managers to balance recreational fishing opportunities and other wildlife management activities with wilderness values. C1 USDA ARS, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. US Dept Interior, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arthur Carhart Natl Wilderness Training Ctr, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Landres, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUN PY 2001 VL 4 IS 4 BP 287 EP 295 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0011-6 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 444RP UT WOS:000169413600003 ER PT J AU Pace, MN Rosentreter, JJ Bartholomay, RC AF Pace, MN Rosentreter, JJ Bartholomay, RC TI Determination of variables in the prediction of strontium distribution coefficients for selected sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory; multiple linear ID SURFICIAL-SEDIMENT; IDAHO AB Idaho State University and the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the US Department of Energy, conducted a study to determine and evaluate strontium distribution coefficients (K(d)s) of subsurface materials at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The K(d)s were determined to aid in assessing the variability of strontium K(d)s and their effects on chemical transport of strontium-90 in the Snake River Plain aquifer system. Data from batch experiments done to determine strontium K(d)s of five sediment-infill samples and six standard reference material samples were analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis and the stepwise variable-selection method in the statistical program, Statistical Product and Service Solutions, to derive an :ion of variables that can be used to predict factors that affect transport efficiency of groundwater strontium K(d)s of sediment-infill samples. The sediment-infill samples were from basalt vesicles and fractures from a selected core at the INEEL; strontium K(d)s ranged from similar to 201 to 356 ml g(-1). The standard material samples consisted of day minerals The US Geological Survey and Idaho State University, in and calcite. The statistical analyses of the batch experiment results showed that the amount of strontium in the initial solution, the amount of manganese oxide in the sample material, and the amount of potassium in the initial solution are the mental Laboratory (INEEL), Idaho. The purpose of the most important variables in predicting strontium K(d)s of sediment-infill samples. C1 US Geol Survey, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Idaho State Univ, Dept Chem, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. RP Bartholomay, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 8023, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 40 IS 8 BP 993 EP 1002 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 453YV UT WOS:000169946500007 ER PT J AU La Peyre, MK Mendelssohn, IA Reams, MA Templet, PH Grace, JB AF La Peyre, MK Mendelssohn, IA Reams, MA Templet, PH Grace, JB TI Identifying determinants of nations' wetland management programs using structural equation modeling: An exploratory analysis SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE wetland management; wetland protection; economic-environment relationship; social capital-environment relationship; structural equation modeling; Ramsar Convention ID INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE; ECONOMIC-GROWTH; INEQUALITY; POLLUTION; QUALITY AB Integrated management and policy models suggest that solutions to environmental issues may be linked to the socioeconomic and political characteristics of a nation. In this study, we empirically explore these suggestions by applying them to the wetland management activities of nations. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate a model of national wetland management effort and one of national wetland protection. Using five predictor variables of social capital, economic capital, environmental and political characteristics, and land-use pressure, the multivariate models were able to explain 60% of the variation in nations' wetland protection efforts based on data from 90 nations, as defined by level of participation in the international wetland convention. Social capital had the largest direct effect on wetland protection efforts, suggesting that increased social development may eventually lead to better wetland protection. In contrast, increasing economic development had a negative linear relationship with wetland protection efforts, suggesting the need for explicit wetland protection programs as nations continue to focus on economic development. Government, environmental characteristics, and land-use pressure also had a positive direct effect on wetland protection, and mediated the effect of social capital on wetland protection. Explicit wetland protection policies, combined with a focus on social development, would lead to better wetland protection at the national level. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Coastal Energy & Environm Resources, Inst Environm Studies, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USGS, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP La Peyre, MK (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 60 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 18 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 27 IS 6 BP 859 EP 868 DI 10.1007/s002670010194 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 433ML UT WOS:000168763300008 PM 11393320 ER PT J AU Austin, JE Buhl, TK Guntenspergen, GR Norling, W Sklebar, HT AF Austin, JE Buhl, TK Guntenspergen, GR Norling, W Sklebar, HT TI Duck populations as indicators of landscape condition in the Prairie Pothole Region SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE dabbling duck population; indicator; landscapecondition; North Dakota; prairie pothole region; wetlands ID CANVASBACKS; SUCCESS AB The Prairie Pothole Region of the northern Great Plains is an important region for waterfowl production because of the abundance of shallow wetlands. The ecological significance of the region and impacts from intensive agriculture prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to select it as one of the first areas for developing and evaluating ecological indicators of wetland condition. We examined hypothesized relations between indicators of landscape and wetland conditions and waterfowl abundance on 45 40 km(2) study sites in North Dakota for 1995-1996. Landscape condition was defined a priori as the ratio of cropland area to total upland area surrounding wetlands. Measures of waterfowl abundance included estimated numbers of breeding pairs (by species and total numbers) and gamma, a species-specific correction factor which effectively adjusts breeding pair estimates for annual or area-related differences in pond size. Landscape indicators and waterfowl measures varied among regions. Results indicated that most areas in the Coteau region are of much higher quality for ducks than those in the Drift Plain, and areas in the Red River Valley are of the poorest quality for ducks. Regression models demonstrated the impact of agricultural development on breeding duck populations in the Prairie Pothole Region. The most consistent landscape indicators of waterfowl abundance were percent of cropland and grassland. Models were inconsistent among years and species. The potential biotic indicators of landscape and wetland condition examined here would be appropriate for temporal trend analyses, but because of inherent geographic variability would not be appropriate for single-year geographic trend analyses without more extensive evaluations to improve explanatory models. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Austin, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. OI Austin, Jane/0000-0001-8775-2210 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 69 IS 1 BP 29 EP 47 DI 10.1023/A:1010748527667 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 423VT UT WOS:000168199000003 PM 11393543 ER PT J AU Custer, TW Custer, CM Hines, RK Gutreuter, S Stromborg, KL Allen, PD Melancon, MJ AF Custer, TW Custer, CM Hines, RK Gutreuter, S Stromborg, KL Allen, PD Melancon, MJ TI Do polychlorinated biphenyls contribute to reproduction effects in fish-eating birds? Reply SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID POLYHALOGENATED AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TERN STERNA-HIRUNDO; PHALACROCORAX-CARBO; CONTAMINANTS; NETHERLANDS; CORMORANTS; SUCCESS; PCDDS; PCDFS; PCBS C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay, WI USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. RP Custer, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1149 EP 1151 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YL UT WOS:000170166000002 ER PT J AU Pinkney, AE Harshbarger, JC May, EB Melancon, MJ AF Pinkney, AE Harshbarger, JC May, EB Melancon, MJ TI Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of exposure in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from the tidal Potomac River, USA, watershed SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE tumors; biomarkers; brown bullheads; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ID SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; LAKE ERIE TRIBUTARIES; GREAT-LAKES; ICTALURUS-NEBULOSUS; HEPATIC-LESIONS; LIVER-TUMORS; PUGET SOUND; SEDIMENT; CONTAMINANTS; NEOPLASMS AB Associations between contaminant exposure and liver and skin tumor prevalence were evaluated in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from the tidal Potomac River, USA, watershed. Thirty bullheads ( greater than or equal to age 3) were collected from Quantico embayment, near a Superfund site that released organochlorine contaminants; Neabsco Creek, a tributary with petroleum inputs from runoff and marinas; and Anacostia River (spring and fall), an urban tributary designated as a Chesapeake Bay region of concern, that was contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorine pesticides. Fish were collected from the Tuckahoe River, as a reference. Cytochrome P450 activity, bile PAH metabolites, and muscle organochlorine pesticide and PCB concentrations were measured in randomly selected individuals and sediment contaminants were analyzed. We found statistically significant differences in liver tumor prevalences: Anacostia (spring), 50%; Anacostia (fall), 60%; Neabsco, 17%; Quantico, 7%; and Tuckahoe, 10%. Skin tumor prevalences were significantly different: Anacostia (spring), 37%; Anacostia (fall), 10%; Neabbco, 3%; Quantico, 3% and Tuckahoe, 0%. Tumor prevalence in Anacostia bullheads warrants concern and was similar to those at highly contaminated sited, in the Great Lakes, Evidence was found of higher PAH exposure in Anacostia fish but a cause-effect linkage could not be established. Fish tumor surveys, with histopathologic examination of internal and external organs, are recommended for monitoring the status of regions of concern. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Registry Tumors Lower Anim, Washington, DC 20037 USA. Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Maryland Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Unit, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Pinkney, AE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 40 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 10 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1196 EP 1205 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1196:TPABOE>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YL UT WOS:000170166000008 PM 11392129 ER PT J AU Henry, TB Irwin, ER Grizzle, JM Brumbaugh, WG Wildhaber, ML AF Henry, TB Irwin, ER Grizzle, JM Brumbaugh, WG Wildhaber, ML TI Gill lesions and death of bluegill in an acid mine drainage mixing zone SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fish; aluminum; metal precipitation; histopathology ID SALMO-TRUTTA L; LOW PH; ALUMINUM; WATERS; STREAMS; TROUT; RIVER; MORTALITY; CHEMISTRY; TOXICITY AB The toxicity of an acid mine drainage (AMD) mixing zone was investigated by placing bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) at the confluence of a stream contaminated by AMD and a stream having neutral pH. A mixing channel receiving water from both streams was assembled in the field, during July and October 1996, to determine the toxicity of freshly mixed and aged water (2.9-7.5 min). The AMD stream had elevated concentrations of Al and Fe, which precipitated upon mixing, and of Mn, which did not precipitate in the mixing zone. Fish exposed to freshly mixed water had higher mortality than fish exposed to water after aging. Precipitating Al, but not Fe, accumulated on the gills of bluegill, and accumulation was more rapid early during the mixing process than after aging. Fish exposed for 3.5 h to freshly mixed water had hypertrophy and hyperplasia of gill filament and lamellar epithelial cells. Similar lesions were observed after 6.0 h in fish exposed to water aged after mixing. Results demonstrated that Al was the predominant metal accumulating on the gills of fish in this AMD mixing zone, and that mixing zones can be more toxic than AMD streams in equilibrium. C1 Auburn Univ, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Henry, TB (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. OI Henry, Theodore/0000-0002-9675-9454 NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1304 EP 1311 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1304:GLADOB>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YL UT WOS:000170166000019 PM 11392140 ER PT J AU Drexler, JZ Ewel, KC AF Drexler, JZ Ewel, KC TI Effect of the 1997-1998 ENSO-related drought on hydrology and salinity in a Micronesian wetland complex SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; EL-NINO; NORTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA; MANGROVE FORESTS; CLIMATE; ECOLOGY; IMPACTS; WATER AB The potential effects of global climate change on coastal ecosystems have attracted considerable attention, but the impacts of shorter-term climate perturbations such as ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) are lesser known. In this study, we determined the effects of the 1997-1998 ENSO-related drought on the hydrology and salinity of a Micronesian mangrove ecosystem and an adjacent freshwater swamp. A network of 9 piezometer clusters installed at the study site served as sampling points for continuous and manual measurements of salinity and water level. During the drought period from January through April 1998, mean water table levels in the mangroves and freshwater swamp were approximately 12 and 54 cm lower, respectively, than during May through December when precipitation returned to near normal levels. At the peak of the drought (February 1998), the most dramatic result was a reversal in groundwater flow that sent groundwater from the mangroves upstream toward the freshwater swamp. Flow nets constructed for this period and immediately after illustrate the strong hydrological linkage between the two systems. This linkage was also illustrated by measurements of groundwater salinity in the piezometer network. Ninety-six percent of the salinity measurements taken in the mangroves during the study were at least 10 parts per thousand less than the salinity of sea water, indicating that the mangroves were consistently receiving freshwater flows. An analysis of variance of groundwater salinity measurements during and after the drought showed that salinity levels in the 0.5 and 1.0 m depth piezometers were greater during than after the drought. In a comparison of salinity values in 0.5-m wells during low tide, mean salinity was approximately twice as high during the drought than after (14.7 parts per thousand versus 6.2 parts per thousand, respectively). This study demonstrates that short-term climate perturbations such as ENSO can disrupt important coastal processes. Over repeated drought cycles, such perturbations have the potential to affect the structure and function of mangrove forests and upstream ecosystems. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Drexler, JZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 45 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 15 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 347 EP 356 DI 10.2307/1353237 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 457AV UT WOS:000170115700004 ER PT J AU Bergamaschi, BA Kuivila, KM Fram, MS AF Bergamaschi, BA Kuivila, KM Fram, MS TI Pesticides associated with suspended sediments entering San Francisco Bay following the-first major storm of water year 1996 SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTIONAL PARAMETERS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; JOAQUIN RIVER; QUALITY DATA; CALIFORNIA; CHEMICALS; ADSORPTION AB Estuaries receive large quantities of suspended sediments following the first major storm of the water year. The first-flush events transport the majority of suspended sediments in any given yearn and because of their relative freshness in the hydrologic system, these sediments may carry a significant amount of the sediment-associated pesticide load transported into estuaries. To characterize sediment-associated pesticides during a first-flush event, water and suspended sediment samples were collected at the head of the San Francisco Bay during the peak in suspended sediment concentration that followed the first major storm of the 1996 hydrologic year. Samples were analyzed for a variety of parameters as well as 19 pesticides and degradation products that span a wide range of hydrophobicity. Tidal mixing at the head of the estuary mixed relatively fresh suspended sediment transported down the rivers with suspended sediments in estuary waters. Segregation of the samples into groups with similar degrees of mixing between river and estuary water revealed that transport of suspended sediments from the Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage basin strongly influenced the concentration and distribution of sediment-associated pesticides entering the San Francisco Bay. The less-mixed suspended sediment contained a different distribution of pesticides than the sediments exposed to greater mixing. Temporal trends were evident in pesticide content after samples were segregated according to mixing history. These results indicate sampling strategies that collect at a low frequency or do not compare samples with similar mixing histories will not elucidate basin processes. Despite the considerable influence of mixing, a large number of pesticides were found associated with the suspended sediments. Few pesticides were found in the concurrent water samples and in concentrations much lower than predicted from equilibrium partitioning between the aqueous and sedimentary phases. The observed sediment-associated pesticide concentrations may reflect disequilibria between sedimentary and aqueous phases resulting from long equilibration times at locations where pesticides were applied, and relatively short transit times over which re-equilibration may occur. C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Bergamaschi, BA (reprint author), Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. OI Bergamaschi, Brian/0000-0002-9610-5581 NR 41 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 368 EP 380 DI 10.2307/1353239 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 457AV UT WOS:000170115700006 ER PT J AU Rybicki, NB McFarland, DG Ruhl, HA Reel, JT Barko, JW AF Rybicki, NB McFarland, DG Ruhl, HA Reel, JT Barko, JW TI Investigations of the availability and survival of submersed aquatic vegetation propagules in the tidal Potomac River SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER MACROPHYTES; MYRIOPHYLLUM-SPICATUM L; HYDRILLA-VERTICILLATA; VALLISNERIA-AMERICANA; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; GROWTH; SEDIMENTS; LIGHT; GERMINATION; MORPHOLOGY AB The establishment of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) at unvegetated sites in the freshwater tidal Potomac River was limited primarily by factors other than propagule availability. For two years, traps were used to quantify the amount of plant material reaching three unvegetated sites over the growing season. The calculated flux values provided a gross estimate of the flux of propagules that could potentially survive if other site factors were suitable. The mean flux of Hydrilla verticillata and all other species (greater than or equal to0.01 gdw m(-2) d(-1)) appeared sufficient to favor the establishment of vegetation, particularly considering the high viability (70-100%) of whole plants and fragments under controlled conditions. However, median water clarity values (i.e., for light attenuation, Secchi depth, total suspended solids, and chlorophyll a) were below SAV restoration goals at all unvegetated sites. Additionally, sediments from unvegetated sites showed a potential for nitrogen limitation of the growth of H. verticillata. Our findings support the hypothesis that in the tidal Potomac River, water clarity and nutrient (especially nitrogen) levels in sediment are key to plant community establishment. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. USA, Waterways Expt Stn, Engineers Res & Dev Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Rummel Klepper & Kahl Consulting Engineers, Baltimore, MD 21217 USA. RP Rybicki, NB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 68 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 407 EP 424 DI 10.2307/1353242 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 457AV UT WOS:000170115700009 ER PT J AU Allen, CR Forys, EA Rice, KG Wojcik, DP AF Allen, CR Forys, EA Rice, KG Wojcik, DP TI Effects of fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) on hatching turtles and prevalence of fire ants on sea turtle nesting beaches in Florida SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Caretta caretta; endangered species; fire ant; invasive species; Pseudemys nelsoni; Solenopsis invicta; turtles ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA; BEHAVIOR AB Red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren) have increasingly been observed in loggerhead (Caretta caretta; L.) and green (Chelonia mydas L.) sea turtle nests in Florida, and in the nests of freshwater turtles. They may be attracted to the disturbance, mucous and moisture associated with turtle nesting and establish foraging tunnels into turtle nests shortly after egg-laying thus increasing the vulnerability of hatchlings to fire ant predation. We conducted experiments on a freshwater turtle (Pseudemys nelsoni Carr) to determine the potential impacts of S. invicta on turtle hatchlings. Over 70% of hatchlings were killed by S. invicta during pipping or shortly after hatching. To determine the extent of S. invicta infestation of sea turtle nesting beaches, we sampled known nesting beaches throughout the state of Florida. Beach surveys indicated that S. invicta are present and often abundant on most beaches and dunes along the Florida coast. C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Eckerd Coll, Dept Environm Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Restorat Ecol Branch, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 13 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 6 U2 29 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 2 BP 250 EP 253 DI 10.2307/3496175 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 451HD UT WOS:000169794700013 ER PT J AU Forys, EA Quistorff, A Allen, CR AF Forys, EA Quistorff, A Allen, CR TI Potential fire ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) impact on the endangered Schaus swallowtail (Lepidoptera : Papilionidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Florida; habitat loss; invasive species; non-indigenous species; Papilio aristodemus; Solenopsis invicta ID INVASION; FLORIDA AB The Schaus smallowtail, Papilio aristodemus ponceanus, historically occurred in tropical hardwood hammocks from South Miami to the upper Florida Keys and is currently listed as federally endangered. Much of the remaining hardwood hammock habitat is fragmented by roads and human development that may alter the microhabitat within the hammocks and increase the probability of invasion by non-native predators and competitors. One non-indigenous species that has recently invaded the Florida Keys, and that may impact the Schaus swallowtail is the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta: Buren). We estimated abundance of red imported fire ants in Schaus swallowtail habitat on Key Large, and the decrease in red imported fire ants resulting From the application of chemical ant, baits. In addition, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine how vulnerable swallowtail Life stages are to red imported fire ant predation. We found red imported fire ants at 50% of transects in the hardwood hammock, up to 40 m from hammock edge. Chemical treatments were only partially effective in decreasing red imported fire ant abundance, and the effect was short-lived. All immature swallowtail Life stages were vulnerable to predation by red imported fire ants. Habitat restoration that decreases red imported fire ant abundance may be the most cost-effective and long-term method of decreasing impacts from red imported we ante. C1 Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Forys, EA (reprint author), Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 2 BP 254 EP 258 DI 10.2307/3496176 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 451HD UT WOS:000169794700014 ER PT J AU Brand, WA Coplen, TB AF Brand, WA Coplen, TB TI An interlaboratory study to test instrument performance of hydrogen dual-inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometers SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NORMALIZATION AB An interlaboratory comparison of forty isotope-ratio mass spectrometers of different ages from several vendors has been performed to test H-2/H-1 performance with hydrogen gases of three different isotopic compositions. The isotope-ratio results (unsufficiently corrected for H-3(+) contribution to the m/z = 3 collector, uncorrected for valve leakage in the change-over valves, etc.) expressed relative to one of these three gases covered a wide range of values: -630 parts per thousand to -79o parts per thousand for the second gas and -368 parts per thousand to -462 parts per thousand for the third gas. After normalizing the isotopic abundances of these test gases (linearly adjusting the delta values so that the gases with the lowest and highest H-2 content were identical for all laboratories), the standard deviation of the 40 measurements of the intermediate gas was a remarkably low 0.85 parts per thousand. It is concluded that the use of scaling factors is mandatory for providing accurate internationally comparable isotope-abundance values. Linear scaling for the isotope-ratio scales of gaseous hydrogen mass spectrometers is completely adequate. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Brand, Willi/D-2043-2009 NR 13 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 370 IS 4 BP 358 EP 362 DI 10.1007/s002160100814 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 457AN UT WOS:000170115100006 PM 11495055 ER PT J AU Kimbrough, DL Smith, DP Mahoney, JB Moore, TE Grove, M Gastil, RG Ortega-Rivera, A Fanning, CM AF Kimbrough, DL Smith, DP Mahoney, JB Moore, TE Grove, M Gastil, RG Ortega-Rivera, A Fanning, CM TI Forearc-basin sedimentary response to rapid Late Cretaceous batholith emplacement in the Peninsular Ranges of southern and Baja California SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE forearc basin; batholith; Peninsular Ranges; geochronology ID SIERRA-NEVADA; MEXICO; EXHUMATION; PLUTON; ZONE; AGES AB The eastern Peninsular Ranges batholith is dominated by voluminous La Posta-type tonalite-granodiorite intrusions that compose half of the magmatic are at present erosion level. Zircon U-Pb and hornblende Ar-40/Ar-39 results from these intrusions indicate that they were emplaced in a remarkably narrow interval (99-92 Ma) that closely followed cessation of west-directed compression of the are system. Emplacement of the La Posta suite coincided with a major pulse of coarse-grained sediment into the adjacent forearc basin in early Cenomanian to middle Turonian time. Paleontologic control, and plutonic age and detrital zircon U-Pb data demonstrate the virtual absence of a time lag between magma emplacement and sedimentary response. The tight Linkage between magmatism, are exhumation, and sediment delivery to the forearc indicates that development of major erosional topography in the are was driven by thermal and mechanical effects associated with large-volume batholith emplacement. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, Earth Syst Sci & Policy Inst, Seaside, CA 93955 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol, Eau Claire, WI 54702 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Inst Geol, Juriquilla 76000, Queretaro, Mexico. Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Kimbrough, DL (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RI Ortega-Rivera, Amabel /J-3712-2015; Fanning, C. Mark/I-6449-2016 OI Ortega-Rivera, Amabel /0000-0003-3792-9457; Fanning, C. Mark/0000-0003-3331-3145 NR 26 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 6 BP 491 EP 494 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0491:FBSRTR>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 438KK UT WOS:000169052100005 ER PT J AU Mayer, L Lu, Z AF Mayer, L Lu, Z TI Elastic rebound following the Kocaeli earthquake, Turkey, recorded using synthetic aperture radar interferometry SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 17 AUGUST 1999; IZMIT; FAULT AB A basic model incorporating satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry of the fault;rupture zone that formed during the Kocaeli earthquake of August 17, 1999, documents the elastic rebound that resulted from the concomitant elastic strain release along the North Anatolian fault, For pure strike-slip faults, the elastic rebound function derived from SAR interferometry is directly invertible from the distribution of elastic strain on the fault at criticality, just before the critical shear stress was exceeded and the Fault ruptured, The Kocaeli earthquake, which was accompanied by as much as similar to5 m of surface displacement, distributed strain similar to 110 km around the fault prior to faulting, although most of it was concentrated in a narrower and asymmetric 10-km-wide zone on either side of the fault. The use of SAR interferometry to document the distribution of elastic strain at the critical condition for faulting is clearly a valuable tool, both for scientific investigation and for the effective management of earthquake hazard. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Raytheon STX, Eros Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Mayer, L (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 6 BP 495 EP 498 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0495:ERFTKE>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 438KK UT WOS:000169052100006 ER PT J AU Brantley, SL Liermann, L Bullen, TD AF Brantley, SL Liermann, L Bullen, TD TI Fractionation of Fe isotopes by soil microbes and organic acids SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IRON; SIDEROPHORES; DISSOLUTION; HORNBLENDE; REDUCTION; SYSTEM AB Small natural variations in Fe isotopes have been attributed to biological cycling. However, without understanding the mechanisms of fractionation, it is impossible to interpret such variations. Here we show that the delta Fe-56 of Fe dissolved from a silicate soil mineral by siderophore-producing bacteria is as much as 0.8 parts per thousand lighter than bulk Fe in the mineral. A smaller isotopic shift is observed for Fe released abiotically by two chelates, and the magnitude of the shift increases with affinity of the ligand for Fe, consistent with a kinetic isotope effect during hydrolysis of Fe at the mineral surface. Fe dissolved abiotically without chelates shows no isotopic shift. The delta Fe-56 of the exchange fraction on soil grains is also lighter by similar to0.6 parts per thousand -1 parts per thousand than Fe from both hornblende and iron oxyhydroxides, The kinetic isotope effect is therefore preserved in open systems such as soils. When recorded in the rock record, Fe isotopic fractionation could document Fe transport by organic molecules or by microbes where such entities were present in the geologic past. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Brantley, SL (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 23 TC 133 Z9 144 U1 6 U2 53 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 6 BP 535 EP 538 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0535:FOFIBS>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 438KK UT WOS:000169052100016 ER PT J AU Goldfarb, RJ Groves, DI Gardoll, S AF Goldfarb, RJ Groves, DI Gardoll, S TI Rotund versus skinny orogens: Well-nourished or malnourished gold? SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gold; geologic time; continental accretion; orogenesis; plate tectonics; ore deposits ID MANTLE PLUMES; DEPOSITS; MINERALIZATION; GROWTH; TECTONICS; AUSTRALIA; LAURENTIA; COLLISION; MARGINS; ALASKA AB Orogenic gold vein deposits require a particular conjunction of processes to form and be preserved, and their global distribution can be related to broad-scale, evolving tectonic processes throughout Earth history. A heterogeneous distribution of formation ages for these mineral deposits is marked by two major Precambrian peaks (2800-2555 Ma and 2100-1800 Ma), a singular lack of deposits for 1200 m.y. (1800-600 Ma), and relatively continuous formation since then (after 600 Ma), The older parts of the distribution relate to major episodes of continental growth, perhaps controlled by plume-influenced mantle overturn events, in the hotter early Earth (ca, 1800 Ma or earlier). This worldwide process allowed preservation of gold deposits in cratons, roughly equidimensional, large masses of buoyant continental crust, Evolution to a less episodic, more continuous, modern-style plate tectonic regime led to the accretion of volcano-sedimentary complexes as progressively younger linear orogenic belts surrounding the margins of the more buoyant cratons, The susceptibility of these linear belts to uplift and erosion can explain the overall lack of orogenic gold deposits at 1800-600 Ma, their exposure in 600-50 Ma orogens, the increasing importance of placer deposits back through the Phanerozoic since ca, 100 Ma, and the absence of gold deposits in orogenic belts younger than ca. 50 Ma. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Western Australia, Ctr Global Met, Dept Geol & Geophys, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Goldfarb, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 6 BP 539 EP 542 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0539:RVSOWN>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 438KK UT WOS:000169052100017 ER PT J AU Zaprowski, BJ Evenson, EB Pazzaglia, FJ Epstein, JB AF Zaprowski, BJ Evenson, EB Pazzaglia, FJ Epstein, JB TI Knickzone propagation in the Black Hills and northern High Plains: A different perspective on the late Cenozoic exhumation of the Laramide Rocky Mountains SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Black Hills; landscape evolution; terraces; stream gradients; fluvial erosion ID AUSTRALIA; KNICKPOINT; EVOLUTION; RANGES; CREEK AB Geomorphic research in the Black Hills and northern High Plains poses an intriguing hypothesis for the Cenozoic evolution of this salient of the Laramide Rockies. Most recently, geologists have appealed to late Cenozoic epeirogenic uplift or climate change to explain the post-laramide unroofing of the Rockies. On the basis of field mapping and the interpretation of long-valley profiles, we conclude that the propagation of knickzones is the primary mechanism for exhumation in the Black Hills. Long profiles of major drainages show discrete breaks in the slope of the channel gradient that are not coincident with changes in rock type. We use the term knickzones to describe these features because their profiles are broadly convex over tens of kilometers. At and below the knickzone, the channel is incising into bedrock, abandoning a flood plain, and forming a terrace. Above the knickzone, the channel is much less incised, resulting in a broad valley bottom. Numerous examples of stream piracy are documented, and in each case, the capture is recorded in the same terrace level. These observations are consistent with migrating knickzones that have swept through Black Wills streams, rearranging drainages in their wake. We demonstrate there are two knickzone fronts associated with mapped terraces. Preliminary field evidence of soil development shows that these terraces are time transgressive in nature. Our data strongly suggest that knickzone propagation must be considered a viable mechanism driving late Cenozoic fluvial incision and exhumation of the northern High Plains and adjacent northern Rocky Mountains. C1 Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Zaprowski, BJ (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. NR 25 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 6 BP 547 EP 550 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0547:KPITBH>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 438KK UT WOS:000169052100019 ER PT J AU Lienkaemper, JJ Galehouse, JS Simpson, RW AF Lienkaemper, JJ Galehouse, JS Simpson, RW TI Long-term monitoring of creep rate along the Hayward fault and evidence for a lasting creep response to 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; SLIP AB We present results from over 30 yr of precise surveys of creep along the Hayward fault. Along most of the fault, spatial variability in long-term creep rates is well determined by these data and can help constrain 3D-models of the depth of the creeping zone. However. creep at the south end of the fault stopped completely for more than 6 years after the M7 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake (LPEQ), perhaps delayed by stress drop imposed by this event. With a decade of detailed data before LPEQ and a decade after it, we report that creep response to that event does indeed indicate the expected deficit in creep. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Dept Geosci, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. RP Lienkaemper, JJ (reprint author), USGS 977, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 14 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 11 BP 2265 EP 2268 DI 10.1029/2000GL012776 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 434TB UT WOS:000168831000032 ER PT J AU Simpson, RW Lienkaemper, JJ Galehouse, JS AF Simpson, RW Lienkaemper, JJ Galehouse, JS TI Variations in creep rate along the Hayward Fault, California, interpreted as changes in depth of creep SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FRANCISCO BAY AREA; LOWER CRUST; SLIP; EARTHQUAKE; ZONE AB Variations in surface creep rate along the Hayward fault are modeled as changes in locking depth using 3D boundary elements. Model creep is driven by screw dislocations at 12 km depth under the Hayward and other regional faults. Inferred depth to locking varies along strike from 4-12 km. (12 km implies no locking.) Our models require locked patches under the central Hayward fault, consistent with a M6.8 earthquake in 1868, but the geometry and extent of locking under the north and south ends depend critically on assumptions regarding continuity and creep behavior of the fault at its ends. For the northern onshore part of the fault, our models contain 1.4-1.7 times more stored moment than the model of Burgmann et al. [2000]; 45-57% of this stored moment resides in creeping areas. It is important for seismic hazard estimation to know how much of this moment is released coseismically or as aseismic afterslip. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Dept Geosci, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Simpson, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 11 BP 2269 EP 2272 DI 10.1029/2001GL012979 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 434TB UT WOS:000168831000033 ER PT J AU Wickland, KP Striegl, RG Mast, MA Clow, DW AF Wickland, KP Striegl, RG Mast, MA Clow, DW TI Carbon gas exchange at a southern Rocky Mountain wetland, 1996-1998 SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; CO2 FLUX; ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY; PHOSPHATE ABSORPTION; METHANE EMISSIONS; NORTHERN WETLANDS; SOIL RESPIRATION; DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; BOREAL PEATLAND; CAREX-AQUATILIS AB Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) exchange between the atmosphere and a subalpine wetland located in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, at 3200 m elevation were measured during 1996-1998. Respiration, net CO2 flux, and CH4 flux were measured using the closed chamber method during snow-free periods and using gas diffusion calculations during snow-covered periods. The ranges of measured flux were 1.2-526 mmol CO2 m(-2) d(-1) (respiration), -1056-100 mmol CO2 m(-2) d(-1) (net CO2 exchange), and 0.1-36.8 mmol CH4 m(-2) d(-1) (a positive value represents efflux to the atmosphere). Respiration and CH4 emission were significantly correlated with 5 cm soil temperature. Annual respiration and CH4 emission were modeled by applying the flux-temperature relationships to a continuous soil temperature record during 1996-1998. Gross photosynthesis was modeled using a hyperbolic equation relating gross photosynthesis, photon flux density, and soil temperature. Modeled annual flux estimates indicate that the wetland was a net source of carbon gas to the atmosphere each of the three years: 8.9 mol C m(-2) yr(-1) in 1996, 9.5 mol C m(-2) yr(-1) in 1997, and 9.6 mol C m(-2) yr(-1) in 1998. This contrasts with the long-term carbon accumulation of similar to0.7 mol m(-2) yr(-1) determined from C analyses of a peat core collected from the wetland. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wickland, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI Wickland, Kimberly/0000-0002-6400-0590; Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 61 TC 59 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 2 BP 321 EP 335 DI 10.1029/2000GB001325 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 441MB UT WOS:000169233200005 ER PT J AU El-Kadi, AI Torikai, JD AF El-Kadi, AI Torikai, JD TI Identifying variably saturated water-flow patterns in a steep hillslope under intermittent heavy rainfall SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE variably saturated flow; continuum-flow modeling; stochastic modeling; numerical modeling; Hawaii ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; POROUS-MEDIA; MODEL; PARAMETERS; FIELD AB The objective of this paper is to identify water-flow patterns in part of an active landslide, through the use of numerical simulations and data obtained during a field study. The approaches adopted include measuring rainfall events and pore-pressure responses in both saturated and unsaturated soils at the site. To account for soil variability, the Richards equation is solved within deterministic and stochastic frameworks. The deterministic simulations considered average water-retention data, adjusted retention data to account for stones or cobbles, retention functions for a heterogeneous port: structure, and continuous retention functions for preferential flow. The stochastic simulations applied the Monte Carlo approach which considers statistical distribution and autocorrelation of the saturated conductivity and its cross correlation with the retention function. Although none of the models is capable of accurately predicting field measurements, appreciable improvement in accuracy was attained using stochastic, preferential flow, and heterogeneous pore-structure models. For the current study, continuum-flow models provide reasonable accuracy for practical purposes, although they are expected to be less accurate than multi-domain preferential flow models. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Geol & Geophys, Water Resources Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP El-Kadi, AI (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Geol & Geophys, Water Resources Res Ctr, 1680 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 9 IS 3 BP 231 EP 242 DI 10.1007/s100400100129 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 448VD UT WOS:000169649900003 ER PT J AU Aydiner, AA Chew, WC Cui, TJ Wright, DL Smith, DV Abraham, JD AF Aydiner, AA Chew, WC Cui, TJ Wright, DL Smith, DV Abraham, JD TI 3-D imaging of large scale buried structure by 1-D inversion of very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE 1-D multifrequency inversion; 3-D subsurface imaging; buried object detection; inhomogeneous half-space; limited-angle inverse scattering; loop antennas; magnetic dipoles; on-site geophysical exploration; superresolution ID BORN ITERATIVE METHOD; SCATTERING PROBLEM; RECONSTRUCTION; OBJECTS; SYSTEM; RADAR AB A simple and efficient method for large scale three-dimensional (3-D) subsurface imaging of inhomogeneous background is presented. One-dimensional (1-D) multifrequency distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) is employed in the inversion. Simulation results utilizing synthetic scattering data are given. Calibration of the very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) experimental waveforms is detailed along with major problems encountered in practice and their solutions. This discussion is followed by the results of a large scale application of the method to the experimental data provided by the VETEM: system of the U,S, Geological Survey. The method is shown to have a computational complexity that is promising for on-site inversion. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Aydiner, AA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Chew, Weng Cho/C-1792-2009 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1307 EP 1315 DI 10.1109/36.927454 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 441QE UT WOS:000169240400024 ER PT J AU McDonald, TL Amstrup, SC AF McDonald, TL Amstrup, SC TI Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Statistics in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring CY DEC 06-10, 1999 CL DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND DE Jolly-Seber; mark; radio telemetry; resight; tag; trap ID SURVIVAL; TIME AB One of the most important needs for wildlife managers is an accurate estimate of population size. Yet, for many species, including most marine species and large mammals, accurate and precise estimation of numbers is one of the most difficult of all research challenges. Open-population capture-recapture models have proven useful in many situations to estimate survival probabilities but typically have not been used to estimate Population size. We show that open-population models can be used to estimate population size by developing a Horvitz-Thompson-type estimate of population size and an estimator of its variance. Our population size estimate keys on the probability of capture at each trap occasion and therefore is quite general and can be made a function of external covariates measured during the study. Here we define the estimator and investigate its bias, variance, and variance estimator via computer simulation. Computer simulations make extensive use of real data taken from a study of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Beaufort Sea. The population size estimator is shown to be useful because it was negligibly biased in all situations studied. The variance estimator is shown to be useful in all situations, but caution is warranted in cases of extreme capture heterogeneity. C1 Western EcoSyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP McDonald, TL (reprint author), Western EcoSyst Technol Inc, 2003 Cent Ave, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RI McDonald, Trent/F-2885-2014 OI McDonald, Trent/0000-0001-7608-6988 NR 17 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 6 IS 2 BP 206 EP 220 DI 10.1198/108571101750524553 PG 15 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 496RE UT WOS:000172409100008 ER PT J AU Amstrup, SC McDonald, TL Stirling, I AF Amstrup, SC McDonald, TL Stirling, I TI Polar bears in the Beaufort Sea: A 30-year mark-recapture case history SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Statistics in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring CY DEC 06-10, 1999 CL DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND DE capture-recapture; covariates; logistic modeling; population estimation ID ALASKA AB Knowledge of population size and trend is necessary to manage anthropogenic risks to polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Despite capturing over 1,025 females between 1967 and 1998, previously calculated estimates of the size of the southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) population have been unreliable. We improved estimates of numbers of polar bears by modeling heterogeneity in capture probability with covariates. Important covariates referred to the year of the study, age of the bear, capture effort, and geographic location. Our choice of best approximating model was based on the inverse relationship between variance in parameter estimates and likelihood of the fit and suggested a growth from similar to 500 to over 1,000 females during this study. The mean coefficient of variation on estimates for the last decade of the study was 0.16- the smallest yet derived. A similar model selection approach is recommended for other projects where a best model is not identified by likelihood criteria alone. C1 US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. Western Ecosyst Technol Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Amstrup, SC (reprint author), US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI McDonald, Trent/F-2885-2014 OI McDonald, Trent/0000-0001-7608-6988 NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 7 U2 21 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 6 IS 2 BP 221 EP 234 DI 10.1198/108571101750524562 PG 14 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 496RE UT WOS:000172409100009 ER PT J AU Kocan, RM Hershberger, PK Elder, NE Winton, JR AF Kocan, RM Hershberger, PK Elder, NE Winton, JR TI Epidemiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia among juvenile pacific herring and Pacific sand lances in Puget Sound, Washington SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; INFECTIOUS HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS; VIRUS; ALASKA; USA; PALLASI AB Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) and the associated virus (VHSV) were identified in newly metamorphosed Pacific herring Clupea pallasi and Pacific sand lances Ammodytes hexapterus captured from Puget Sound, Washington, between 1995 and 1998. During that 4-year period, virus was detected in less than 1% of free-ranging, age-0 Pacific herring; however, when groups of these fish were confined in the laboratory, they experienced severe mortality, occasionally exceeding 50%, with the prevalence of VHSV leaching 100% by 14 d postcapture. At 7-21 d postcapture, VHSV titers peaked in excess of 10(8) plaque-forming units/g of tissue; by 30 d postcapture, however, the virus could no longer be isolated. Fish surviving beyond 30 d eliminated the virus from their tissues, but some remained lethargic and continued to show signs of hemorrhage around the mouth, skin, and fins until about 6 weeks postcapture. No cutaneous ulcers were observed during either the acute or the recovery phases of infection. Eighteen-month-old Pacific herring captured from the same area were also negative for VHSV but developed active infections after confinement for 7 d. Unlike younger fish, only 8.4% of these older fish died of VHS, and 7.7% of survivors were positive for VHSV at 7-10 d postcapture, which suggests that a higher proportion of the older fish had developed resistance to VHSV from prior exposure to it. Three months after fatalities ceased in the laboratory-held fish, the surviving fish were challenged with 5 X 10(3) plaque-forming units/mL of VHSV for 1 h. No mortality was observed during the next 30 d, and virus was recoverable at very low titers in fewer than 5% of the challenged fish, indicating the development of an active immunity to VHSV. laboratory cohabitation of infected wild Pacific herring with laboratory-reared, specific-pathogen-free Pacific herring resulted in transmission of VHSV to the nonimmune fish, with the resulting course of disease resembling that seen in wild Pacific herring confined in the laboratory. The possible effects of VHS on stocks of Pacific herring are discussed. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Marrowstone Marine Stn, Biol Resources Div, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kocan, RM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 19 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 2 BP 77 EP 85 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0077:EOVHSA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 444HL UT WOS:000169394000001 ER PT J AU Chittick, B Stoskopf, M Heil, N Levine, J Law, M AF Chittick, B Stoskopf, M Heil, N Levine, J Law, M TI Evaluation of sandbar shiner as a surrogate for assessing health risks to the endangered Cape Fear shiner SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER FISHES; UNITED-STATES; CONSERVATION; NORTHEAST; MINNOW; USA AB The health status of the endangered Cape Fear shiner Notropis mekistocholas and the suitability of using the sympatric sandbar shiner N scepticus as an investigative surrogate were evaluated. Forty Cape Fear shiners from three sites and 50 sandbar shiners from five sites were examined. Findings on gill biopsies, fin biopsies, and skin scrapings were limited to low levels of parasitism and gill aneurysms. Eighty-three bacterial isolates representing 13 aerobic species were cultured from the gastrointestinal tracts. A picornavirus was isolated from one pooled sample of sandbar shiners at one site. Forty-three percent of shiners (12 Cape Fear shiners, 27 sandbar shiners) had granulomas in various tissues of the body, 26% (6 Cape Fear, 17 sandbar) had encysted trematodes, 16% (2 Cape Fear, 12 sandbar) had protozoal aggregates in muscle or connective tissue, and 26% (22 Cape Fear shiners, 1 sandbar shiner) had mild, moderate, or moderately severe hepatic vacuolization. Other microscopic lesions included mild parasitism and degrees of inflammation in various tissues. Sandbar shiners appeared to be suitable surrogates for the Cape Fear shiner in bacteriological sampling; however, parasitic, viral, and nonhepatic histological lesions were more common in sandbar shiners. Findings from this study warrant further investigation of sandbar shiners as a conservative bioindicator species for the presence of potential health risks to Cape Fear shiners. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Warm Springs Fish Hlth Ctr, Warm Springs, GA 31830 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Farm Anim Hlth & Resource Management, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Chittick, B (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 2 BP 86 EP 95 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0086:EOSSAA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 444HL UT WOS:000169394000002 ER PT J AU Cipriano, RC Bullock, GL AF Cipriano, RC Bullock, GL TI Evaluation of commercially prepared transport systems for nonlethal detection of Aeromonas salmonicida in salmonid fish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SALMON; FURUNCULOSIS; POPULATIONS AB In vitro studies indicated that commercially prepared transport systems containing Amies, Stuart's, and Cary-Blair media worked equally well in sustaining the viability of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida, which causes furunculosis. The bacterium remained viable without significant increase or decrease in cell numbers for as long as 48 h of incubation at 18-20 degreesC in Stuart's transport medium; consequently, obtaining mucus samples in such tubes were comparable to on-site detection of A. salmonicida by dilution plate counts on Coomassie Brilliant Blue agar. In three different assays of 100 samples of mucus from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar infected subclinically with A. salmonicida, dilution counts conducted on-site proved more reliable for detecting the pathogen than obtaining the samples in the transport system. In the on-site assays, dilution counts detected the pathogen in 34, 41, and 22 samples, whereas this was accomplished in only 15, 15, and 3 of the respective samples when the transport system was used. In an additional experiment, Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus sustaining a frank epizootic of furunculosis were sampled similarly. Here, too, dilution counts were more predictive of the prevalence of A. salmonicida and detected the pathogen in 46 mucus samples; in comparison, only 6 samples collected by using the transport system were positive. We also observed that the transport system supported the growth of the normal mucus bacterial flora. Particularly predominant among these were motile aeromonads and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In studies of mixed culture growth, two representatives of both of the latter genera of bacteria outgrew A. salmonicida-in some cases, to the total exclusion of the pathogen itself. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Biol Resources Div, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Conservat Fund, Inst Freshwater, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. RP Cipriano, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Biol Resources Div, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 2 BP 96 EP 104 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0096:EOCPTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 444HL UT WOS:000169394000003 ER PT J AU Fitzsimons, JD Ketola, G Wooster, GW Brown, SB AF Fitzsimons, JD Ketola, G Wooster, GW Brown, SB TI Use of a thiamine antagonist to induce Cayuga-Syndrome-like mortalities in larval Atlantic salmon SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DEFICIENCY; SALAR; TROUT AB A thiamine deficiency has been associated with the development of naturally occurring thiamine-responsive mortality syndromes in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from the Finger Lakes of New York (Cayuga syndrome) and the Baltic Sea (M74). There is, however, a large range in symptomology and mortality both within and between the individual syndromes, leading to uncertainty as to the exact role of thiamine. We evaluated the dose-response relationship of oxy thiamine, a thiamine antagonist, administered to sac fry of an Atlantic salmon with thiamine levels slightly above the reported threshold for development of Cayuga syndrome. We compared the effects of oxythiamine with those of the naturally occurring mortality syndromes. Oxythiamine produced dose-dependent increases in mortality (LD50 = 4.39 nmol/g) and clinical signs that were similar to those reported for Cayuga syndrome and M74. increasing oxythiamine resulted in dose-dependent increases in lethargy, generalized and branchial vascular pallor, yolk sac opacities, yolk sac edema, hemorrhaging, vascular congestion, exophthalmia, and hydrocephalus that preceded mortality. These data provide experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that a thiamine deficiency in the natural environment is the cause of Cayuga syndrome. C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bayfield Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Aquat Anim Hlth Program, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RP Fitzsimons, JD (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bayfield Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. EM fitzsimonsj@dfo-mpo.gc.ca NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 2 BP 151 EP 157 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0151:UOATAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 444HL UT WOS:000169394000009 ER PT J AU Congleton, JL LaVoie, WJ AF Congleton, JL LaVoie, WJ TI Comparison of blood chemistry values for samples collected from juvenile Chinook salmon by three methods SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SERUM CHEMISTRY; GAIRDNERI RICH; RAINBOW-TROUT; ENZYMES; FISH AB Thirteen blood chemistry indices were compared for samples collected by three commonly used methods: caudal transection, heart puncture, and caudal vessel puncture. Apparent biases in blood chemistry values for samples obtained by caudal transection were consistent with dilution with tissue fluids: alanine aminotransferase (ALT). aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK). triglyceride, and K+ were increased and Na+ and Cl were decreased relative to values for samples obtained by caudal vessel puncture. Some enzyme activities (ALT, AST, LDH) and K+ concentrations were also greater in samples taken by heart puncture than in samples taken by caudal vessel puncture. Of the methods tested. caudal vessel puncture had the least effect on blood chemistry values and should be preferred for blood chemistry studies on juvenile salmonids. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Congleton, JL (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 2 BP 168 EP 172 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0168:COBCVF>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 444HL UT WOS:000169394000012 ER PT J AU Olsen, GH AF Olsen, GH TI Of cranes and men: Reintroduction of cranes to a migratory pathway - Part I SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY LA English DT Article C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Olsen, GH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC AVIAN VETERINARIANS PI BOCA RATON PA PO BOX 811720, BOCA RATON, FL 33481 USA SN 1082-6742 J9 J AVIAN MED SURG JI J. Avian Med. Surg. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 2 BP 133 EP 137 DI 10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0133:OCAMRO]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 462DN UT WOS:000170405600011 ER PT J AU Fenster, MS Dolan, R Morton, RA AF Fenster, MS Dolan, R Morton, RA TI Coastal storms and shoreline change: Signal or noise? SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coastal storms; shoreline rate-of-change; shoreline movement; statistical analysis; outliers ID SEDIMENTATION; RECESSION; ACCRETION; EXAMPLES AB A linear regression (studentized) residual analysis was used to identify potential shoreline position outliers and to investigate the effect of the outliers on shoreline rate-of-change values for transects along the Outer Banks, North Carolina. Results from this analysis showed that, over a 134 year period, storm-influenced data contribute statistically significant information to the long-term signal. Consequently, storm-influenced data points do not appear to be temporal outliers and thus, do not need to be excluded from a long-term analysis of shoreline changes. Furthermore, projections of the upper and lower confidence intervals (CIs) for the regression line to the year 2010 (24 year extrapolation) showed that including or excluding outliers had minimal effects on shoreline position predictions. C1 Randolph Macon Coll, Environm Studies Program, Ashland, VA 23005 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Fenster, MS (reprint author), Randolph Macon Coll, Environm Studies Program, Ashland, VA 23005 USA. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 17 IS 3 BP 714 EP 720 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 479BD UT WOS:000171383300019 ER PT J AU VanderWerf, EA AF VanderWerf, EA TI Rodent control decreases predation on artificial nests in O'ahu 'Elepaio habitat SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID QUAIL EGGS; FOREST; BIRD; DEPREDATION; CHIPMUNKS; SUCCESS; ISLANDS; REMOVAL; RATES AB The O'ahu 'Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis) is an endangered monarch flycatcher endemic to the Hawaiian Island of O'ahu. One of the main causes of the decline of this forest bird is low nest success. This study investigated whether introduced rodents might be important nest predators in 'Elepaio habitat by conducting artificial nest experiments before and during a rodent control program. In each experiment, 20 artificial nests with two quail eggs each were placed on the ground and in trees, then checked at 5, 10, and 15 day intervals. The size, appearance, location, and odor of artificial nests were considered in order to make the experiment more realistic. Rodent control decreased predation on artificial tree and ground nests by 45% and 55%, respectively. Predation on ground nests was higher than predation on tree nests before rodent control, but afterwards predation was low on both ground and tree nests and did not differ between them. Survival of artificial tree nests after rodent control (80%, 0.985 daily) was similar to survival through incubation of 'Elepaio nests (82%, 0.989 daily), indicating the artificial nests provided a realistic measure of predation on 'Elapaio nests. Automatic cameras wired to nests documented the identity of the predator in 10 events; in every case it was a black rat (Rattus rattus). Black rats appear to be the primary nest predator in O'ahu 'Elepaio habitat, and rodent control is a valuable management technique that can he used to increase the reproductive success of 'Elepaio. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP VanderWerf, EA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Off, 300 Ala Mona Blvd,Room 3-122,Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 7 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 72 IS 3 BP 448 EP 457 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 455VP UT WOS:000170048700014 ER PT J AU Monello, RJ Wright, RG AF Monello, RJ Wright, RG TI Predation by goldfish (Carassius auratus) on eggs and larvae of the eastern long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum) SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; INTRODUCED FISHES; FORAGING GOLDFISH; CALIFORNIA; FROG; PERSISTENCE; BULLFROGS; PONDS C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Resource Unit, USGS Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Monello, RJ (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Rocky Mt Natl Pk, Estes Pk, CO 80517 USA. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 18 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 35 IS 2 BP 350 EP 353 DI 10.2307/1566132 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 440XU UT WOS:000169202600027 ER PT J AU Choudhury, A de Leon, GPP AF Choudhury, A de Leon, GPP TI Spinitectus osorioi n. sp (Nematoda : Cystidicolidae) from Chirostoma spp. (Osteichthyes : Atherinidae) in Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATTENUATUM OSTEICHTHYES; FISHES AB Spinitectus osorioi (Nematoda: Cystidicolidae) is described from the freshwater atherinids Chirostoma estor and Chirostoma attenuatum from Lake Patzcuaro in the Mesa Central, Michoacan State, Mexico. This nematode is characterized by a conspicuous protuberance on the ventral surface of the distal end of the long spicule that distinguishes it from its congeners in North America and in the neotropics. In addition, the species can be readily distinguished from 4 of the 5 nominal species of North American freshwater Spinitectus by the absence of either a terminal barb or heel on the short spicule and from Spinitectus mexicanus by the spination. Previous records of Spinitectus carolini from Chirostoma spp, in Mexico (Lakes Patzcuaro and Zirahuen) refer to S. osorioi, and the species appears to be specific to Chirostoma spp. The geological history of the Mesa Central drainages and the historical biogeography of freshwater atherinids in this region suggest that the origin of S, osorioi may be associated with either the marine history of their hosts or with host-switching from more distantly related freshwater hosts after colonization of freshwater environments by atherinids. C1 USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Choudhury, A (reprint author), USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 87 IS 3 BP 648 EP 655 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0648:SONSNC]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 444GP UT WOS:000169392000024 PM 11426730 ER PT J AU Passy, SI AF Passy, SI TI Spatial paradigms of lotic diatom distribution: A landscape ecology perspective SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE current velocity; diatom; fractal dimension; geostatistics; heterogeneity; patch; periphyton; spatial autocorrelation; stream ID PERIPHYTON COMMUNITIES; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ALGAL COLONIZATION; CURRENT VELOCITY; PATCH DYNAMICS; STREAM; HETEROGENEITY; PATTERN; DISTURBANCE; GRAZER AB Spatial distributional patterns of benthic diatoms and their relation to current velocity were investigated in an unshaded cobble-bottom reach of White Creek (Washington County, NY). On 27 August 1999, diatoms were sampled and current velocity and depth were measured on a regular square sampling grid with a grain size of 0.01 m(2), interval of 0.5 m, and extent of 16 m(2). The relative abundance of the 18 common diatom species enumerated in the 81 samples was subjected to detrended correspondence analysis (P)CIA). The first axis (DCA1) explained 51% of the variance in diatom data and separated the samples according to current regimes. The spa tial autocorrelation of DCA1 sample scores in deposition and erosion regions of White Creek was determined by Moran's I statistic to indicate patch size. In White Creek the patch length of all diatom communities was more than 3.1 m, whereas the patch width was 1m in the deposition region and 0.5 m in the erosion region. There were 5 dominant diatom taxa, Achnanthes minutissima Kutz. et vars, Fragilaria capucina Dezmazieres et vars, F. crotonensis Kitt., Diatoma vulgaris Bory, and Synedra ulna (Nitz.) Ehr. ef vars. The patch length of the dominant species varied from 1 to more than 4.1 m, whereas the patch width, if defined, was 0.5 m. Achnanthes minutissima and F. capucina, the two diatom species with the highest relative abundance, displayed spatially structured patches of low abundance and comparatively random patches of high abundance, suggesting broad scale abiotic control of species performance in low abundance regions and finer scale biotic control of high abundance areas. Another objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that higher current velocities, which generally impede immigration, would increase randomness and complexity (i.e. homogeneity of diatom distributional patterns). The spatial complexity in low versus high velocity transects was determined by calculating the respective fractal dimension (D) of DCA1 scores. D of DCA1 was higher in the higher current velocity transects, suggesting that spatial complexity and homogeneity of diatom communities increased in faster currents. Partial canonical correspondence analysis was conducted on diatom, environmental, and spatial data to assess how much of the variance in species distribution could be attributed to environmental (current velocity and depth) versus spatial factors. The variance of species data, explained by the environment (exclusively current velocity), was 38%; whereas space alone contributed only 10%, indicating that 1) current velocity was the major factor that controlled diatom distribution in streams and 2) there were other spatially dependent variables, most likely biotic, but their role in shaping diatom communities was minor. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Passy, SI (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Biol, Box 19498, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. NR 39 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 370 EP 378 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037003370.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 442MM UT WOS:000169289600003 ER PT J AU Bak, JM Boykin, KG Thompson, BC Daniel, DL AF Bak, JM Boykin, KG Thompson, BC Daniel, DL TI Distribution of wintering Ferruginous Hawks (Buteo regalis) in relation to black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in southern New Mexico and northern Chihuahua SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Ferruginous Hawk; Buteo regalis; black-tailed prairie dog; Cynomys ludovicianus; wintering habitat ID MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; DIVERSITY AB We studied winter habitat use of Ferruginous Hawks (Buteo regalis) from November 1999-February 2000 in southern New Mexico and northern Mexico by comparing vegetation in New Mexico among three potential hawk habitat types; occupied black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies (N = 13), areas without prairie dogs that had historical records of occurrence (N = 7), and general grassland areas (N = 8). In Mexico, we recorded habitat use of hawks observed during driving surveys. Overall, 20 of 22 Ferruginous Hawks observed throughout the study were associated with occupied black-tailed prairie dog colonies. In New Mexico, we found the three site types were similar in vegetation composition and structure and differed only in the presence or absence of black-tailed prairie dogs; however, there were differences in the vegetation between haw use areas in Mexico. Mexico sites had intensive grazing and less vegetation cover and overall shorter vegetation. Vegetation composition and structure did not seem to influence winter habitat selection in Ferruginous Hawks; instead, it was directly correlated with occupied black-tailed prairie dog colonies. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Sci, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Bak, JM (reprint author), USA, Ctr Environm, SFIM, AEC,EQN, Bldg 4435, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RI Boykin, Kenneth/D-2863-2009 OI Boykin, Kenneth/0000-0001-6381-0463 NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 35 IS 2 BP 124 EP 129 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 453MJ UT WOS:000169919400006 ER PT J AU Lane, WH Andersen, DE Nicholls, TH AF Lane, WH Andersen, DE Nicholls, TH TI Distribution, abundance, and habitat use of singing male Boreal Owls in northeast Minnesota SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Boreal Owl; Aegolius funereus; nocturnal surveys; distribution; nesting habitat ID POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS; AEGOLIUS-FUNEREUS; AVAILABILITY DATA; TENGMALMS OWLS AB Compared to other portions of their breeding range, little is known regarding distribution, abundance, and habitat use of Boreal Owls (Aegolius funereus) at the southern extent of the boreal forest in eastern North America. To locate Boreal Owls and evaluate abundance and habitat use, we conducted nocturnal surveys for singing male owls in northeast Minnesota from 1987-92. Vocalizing owls were detected on 234 occasions in almost 5000 km of surveys, with 172 (73.5%) of the detections categorized as unique (i.e., individual owls) and 62 (26.5%) detections categorized as owls previously detected (heard during greater than or equal to1 previous survey effort). The rate of encounter of singing owls ranged from a low of 0.030 owls/km surveyed in 1987 and 1991 to a high of 0.089 owls/km surveyed in 1989. Indices of abundance based on unique detections ranged from 0.060 owls/km of survey route in 1987 to 0.219 owls/km of survey route in 1989, and minimum density estimates ranged from 0.014 (1987) to 0.051 (1989) singing male Boreal Owls per km(2). No trends in abundance, except an apparent peak in abundance in 1989, were evident across years, although high spatial variation constrained our ability to detect trends. Singing male Boreal Owls used older, upland-mixed-forest stands greater than expected based on availability along survey routes and open/brush/regenerative stands significantly less than expected for courtship activities. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Lane, WH (reprint author), 456 Royal Rd, N Yarmouth, ME 04097 USA. NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 11 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 35 IS 2 BP 130 EP 140 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 453MJ UT WOS:000169919400007 ER PT J AU Forsman, ED Otto, IA Sovern, SC Taylor, M Hays, DW Allen, H Roberts, SL Seaman, DE AF Forsman, ED Otto, IA Sovern, SC Taylor, M Hays, DW Allen, H Roberts, SL Seaman, DE TI Spatial and temporal variation in diets of Spotted Owls in Washington SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Northern Spotted Owl; Strix occidentalis caurina; diet; predation; prey selection; Washington ID NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL; PREY SELECTION; FOOD-HABITS; WESTERN OREGON; NINOX-STRENUA; STRIX-RUFIPES; POWERFUL OWL; POPULATIONS; FOREST; CONSEQUENCES AB We studied diets of Northern Sported Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in three different regions of Washington State during 1983-96. Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) were the most important prey in most areas, comprising 29-54% of prey numbers and 45-99% of prey biomass. Other important prey included snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea), boreal red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi, and mice Peromyscus maniculatus, P. oreas). Nonmammalian prey generally comprised less than 15% of prey numbers and biomass. Mean prey mass was 111.4 +/- 1.5 g on the Olympic Peninsula, 74.8 +/- 2.9 g in the Western Cascades, and 91.3 +/- 1.7 g in the Eastern Cascades. Diets varied among territories, years, and seasons. Annual variation in diet was characterized by small changes in relative occurrence of different prey types rather than a complete restructuring of the diet. Predation on snowshoe hares was primarily restricted to small juveniles captured during spring and summer. Mean prey mass did nor differ between nesting and nonnesting owls in 19 of 21 territories examined. However, the direction of the difference was positive in 15 of the 21 cases (larger mean fur nesting owls), suggesting a trend toward larger prey in samples collected from nesting owls. We suggest that differences in diet among years, seasons, and territories are probably due primarily to differences in prey abundance. However, there are other factors that could cause such differences, including individual variation in prey selection, variation in the timing of pellet collections, and variation in prey accessibility in different cover types. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. USDI Natl Pk Serv, Olymp Natl Pk, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. USGS, BRD Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. RP Forsman, ED (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 51 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 10 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 35 IS 2 BP 141 EP 150 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 453MJ UT WOS:000169919400008 ER PT J AU Benson, AJ Marelli, DC Frischer, ME Danforth, JM Williams, JD AF Benson, AJ Marelli, DC Frischer, ME Danforth, JM Williams, JD TI Establishment of the green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus 1758) (Mollusca : Mytilidae) on the west coast of Florida SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Perna viridis; introductions; green mussel; Florida; Gulf of Mexico ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; LAKE-ERIE; PROBE AB In 1999, the green mussel, Perna viridis, was first observed in Tampa Bay, Florida. This was the first reported occurrence of this Indo-Pacific marine bivalve in North America. The mussels found in Tampa Bay were confirmed to be P. viridis based on both morphological and genetic characteristics. Since the initial discovery, surveys in Tampa Bay and on the west coast of Florida have documented the growth, recruitment, and range expansion of P. viridis. From November 1999 to July 2000, the mean shell length of a Tampa Bay population increased from 49.0 min to 94.1 mm, an increase of 97%. Populations of P. viridis are successfully reproducing in Tampa Bay. Recruitment was observed on sampling plates in May and continued through July 2000. The full extent of mussel colonization is not clear, but mussels were found outside Tampa Bay in St. Petersburg, Florida, south to Venice. Based on these studies it is evident that P. viridis has successfully invaded Tampa Bay and the west coast of Florida, The long-term impact of P. viridis on native communities off the west coast of Florida cannot be predicted at this time. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Florida State Univ, Acad Diving Program, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. RP Benson, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. OI Benson, Amy/0000-0002-4517-1466 NR 45 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 21 EP 29 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 473KN UT WOS:000171043000003 ER PT J AU Nichols, SJ Allen, J Walker, G Yokoyama, M Garling, D AF Nichols, SJ Allen, J Walker, G Yokoyama, M Garling, D TI Lack of surface-associated microorganisms in a mixed species community of freshwater unionidae SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gut microflora; endemic microbes; Unionidae ID DIGESTIVE-TRACT; BACTERIA; CONSERVATION; BIVALVES; GROWTH; FLORA AB To determine whether unionids contain surface-attached endosymbiotic bacteria, ciliates, or fungi, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the epithelial surface of various organs within the digestive system and mantle cavity of temperate river and lake unionids on a seasonal basis. We also cultured material removed from the lumen of these same organs and from the mantle cavity to detect cellobiose-, cellulose- and chitin- degrading microbes. No true endosymbiotic fauna were observed attached to the surface of the digestive or mantle tissues of any species of unionid. Microbial growth on cellulose or chitin bacteriological media varied by season and habitat, but not by unionid species or source of the isolate. Lake unionids did not contain microbes capable of digesting cellulose or chitin, whereas unionids from the river site did in March and August, but not in December. Since these cultured cellulose and chitin-degrading bacteria were never found attached to any unionid tissues, they appeared to be transient forms, not true endosymbionts. Microbes capable of digesting cellobiose were found in every unionid collected in all seasons and habitats, but again, no microbes were directly observed attached to unionid tissues. If unionids, like most other invertebrates, lack digestive enzymes required to initiate primary bond breakage, then the lack of cellulolytic and chitinolytic endosymbionts would affect the ability to utilize cellulose or chitin foods. Thus, in captivity dry feeds based on corn, soybeans, or nauplii should be pre-digested to ensure maximum absorption of nutrients by unionids, The lack of cellulolytic or chitinolytic endosymbionts should not affect relocation success, though the seasonal role of transient microbes in unionid nutrition requires further investigation. C1 US Geol Survey, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Eastern Michigan Univ, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM S_Jerrine_Nichols@USGS.gov NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 329 EP 335 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 473KN UT WOS:000171043000042 ER PT J AU Dettmers, JM Wahl, DH Soluk, DA Gutreuter, S AF Dettmers, JM Wahl, DH Soluk, DA Gutreuter, S TI Life in the fast lane: fish and foodweb structure in the main channel of large rivers SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE foodweb structure; large rivers; main channel; fish community ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; PRODUCTION DYNAMICS; FLOODPLAIN RIVERS; BLACKWATER RIVER; LOWLAND RIVER; GIZZARD SHAD; HABITAT USE; PO RIVER; ZOOPLANKTON; GROWTH AB We studied the main channel of the lower Illinois River and of the Mississippi River just upstream and downstream of its confluence with the Illinois River to describe the abundance, composition, and/or seasonal appearance of components of the main-channel community. Abundance of fishes in the main channel was high, especially adults. Most adult fishes were present in the main channel for either 3 or 4 seasons/y, indicating that fishes regularly reside in the main channel. We documented abundant zooplankton and benthic invertebrates in the main channel, and the presence of these food types in the diets of channel catfish and freshwater drum. All trophic levels were well represented in the main channel, indicating that the main channel supports a unique food web. The main channel also serves as an important energetic link with other riverine habitats (e.g., floodplains, secondary channels, backwater lakes) because of the mobility of resident fishes and because of the varied energy sources supplying this food web. It may be more realistic to view energy flow in large-river systems as a combination of 3 existing concepts, the river continuum concept (downstream transport), the flood pulse concept (lateral transport to the floodplain), and the riverine productivity model (autochthonous production). We urge additional research to quantify the links between the main channel and other habitat types in large rivers because of the apparent importance of main-channel processes in the overall structure and function of large-river ecosystems. C1 Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Lake Michigan Biol Stn, Zion, IL 60099 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Kaskaskia Biol Stn, Sullivan, IL 61951 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Ctr Aquat Ecol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Dettmers, JM (reprint author), Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Lake Michigan Biol Stn, 400 17th St, Zion, IL 60099 USA. RI Soluk, Daniel/F-1797-2011 NR 50 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 26 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 255 EP 265 DI 10.2307/1468320 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 433JN UT WOS:000168756400008 ER PT J AU Galat, DL Zweimuller, I AF Galat, DL Zweimuller, I TI Conserving large-river fishes: is the highway analogy an appropriate paradigm? SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE large river; riverine fishes; floodplain; main channel; habitat use classification; flood pulse concept; highway analogy; introduced fishes; imperiled fishes; ecological concepts ID FRESH-WATER FISHES; FLOODPLAIN RIVERS; ECOLOGY; RESTORATION; FAUNA; CONSERVATION; PERSPECTIVE; MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEMS; ASSEMBLAGE AB A tenet of the flood pulse concept, the highway analogy, states that the main channel of large floodplain rivers is used by fishes mainly as a route for gaining access to floodplain habitats. We examined this proposition by analyzing habitat use for freshwater fishes in 4 large rivers in the United States (Colorado, Columbia, Mississippi, Missouri) and 4 in Europe (Danube, Rhine,Rhone, Volga). Fish species from floodplain segments of each river were classified as fluvial specialist, fluvial dependent, and macrohabitat generalist based on literature and expert opinion. We also summarized the proportion of imperiled and introduced fishes present in each of these categories. The high proportion (mean +/- 1 SD = 29 +/- 17.5%) of fluvial specialist fishes inhabiting north-temperate large rivers was inconsistent with the highway analogy. Most members of the families Petromyzontidae, Acipenseridae, Hiodontidae, Osmeridae, Salmonidae, and Gobiidae require flowing water during some life stage. Between 29 and 100% of the native fish assemblage was of conservation concern, and from 50 to 85% of these fishes required riverine habitats to complete their life cycles. Macrohabitat generalists are adapted to capitalize on floodplain habitats and composed from 44 to 96% of introduced fishes in the rivers studied. Habitat diversity inherent in main-channel complexes of unaltered large rivers and reestablished in regulated large rivers is essential to meet life-history needs of native fluvial fishes while discouraging expansion of introduced species. Restoration of north-temperate large rivers and their native fish fauna should incorporate the dynamic interplay among main channel, floodplain, and tributary habitats and processes. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Vienna, Inst Zool, Dept Limnol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. RP Galat, DL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 84 TC 83 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 18 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 266 EP 279 DI 10.2307/1468321 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 433JN UT WOS:000168756400009 ER PT J AU Ginsberg, HS AF Ginsberg, HS TI Integrated pest management and allocation of control efforts for vector-borne diseases SO JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IPM; vector-borne diseases; pest management; ticks; mosquitoes ID LYME-DISEASE; IXODES-DAMMINI; ACARICIDE AB Applications of various control methods were evaluated to determine how to integrate methods so as to minimize the number of human cases of vector-borne diseases. These diseases can be controlled by lowering the number of vector-human contacts (e.g., by pesticide applications or use of repellents), or by lowering the proportion of vectors infected with pathogens (e.g., by lowering or vaccinating reservoir host populations). Control methods should be combined in such a way as to most efficiently lower the probability of human encounter with an infected vector, Simulations using a simple probabilistic model of pathogen transmission suggest that the most efficient way to integrate different control methods is to combine methods that have the same effect (e.g., combine treatments that lower the vector population; or combine treatments that lower pathogen prevalence in vectors). Combining techniques that have different effects (e.g., a technique that lowers vector populations with a technique that lowers pathogen prevalence in vectors) will be less efficient than combining two techniques that both lower vector populations or combining two techniques that both lower pathogen prevalence, costs being the same. Costs of alternative control methods generally differ, so the efficiency of various combinations at lowering human contact with infected vectors should be estimated at available funding levels. Data should be collected from initial trials to improve the effects of subsequent interventions on the number of human cases. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Ginsberg, HS (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Woodward Hall,PLS, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC VECTOR ECOLOGY PI SANTA ANA PA PO BOX 87, SANTA ANA, CA 92702 USA SN 1081-1710 J9 J VECTOR ECOL JI J. Vector Ecol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 26 IS 1 BP 32 EP 38 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 451FU UT WOS:000169791100005 PM 11469182 ER PT J AU Monson, DH McCormick, C Ballachey, BE AF Monson, DH McCormick, C Ballachey, BE TI Chemical anesthesia of northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris): Results of past field studies SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE anesthesia; diazepam; sea otter; Enhydra lutris; fentanyl; naltrexone ID BISON BISON-BISON; CARFENTANIL IMMOBILIZATION; NALTREXONE; ANTAGONISM; NALMEFENE; NALOXONE; ALASKA AB Between 1987 and 1997, we chemically immobilized 597 wild sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in Alaska for the collection of biological samples or for surgical instrumentation. One drug-related sea otter fatality occurred during this time. Fentanyl in combination with diazepam produced consistent, smooth inductions with minimal need for supplemental anesthetics during procedures lasting 30-40 min. Antagonism with naltrexone or naloxone was rapid and complete, although we observed narcotic recycling in sea otters treated with naloxone. For surgical procedures, we recommend a fentanyl target dose of 0.33 mg/kg of body mass and diazepam at 0.11 mg/kg. For nonsurgical biological sample collection procedures. we recommend fentanyl at 0.22 mg/kg and diazepam at 0.07 mg/kg. We advise the use of the opioid antagonist naltrexone at a ratio of 2:1 to the total fentanyl administered during processing. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Sci Off, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Monson, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Sci Off, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Monson, Daniel/N-4469-2013 OI Monson, Daniel/0000-0002-4593-5673 NR 29 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 32 IS 2 BP 181 EP 189 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 533FG UT WOS:000174518300004 PM 12790418 ER PT J AU Striegl, RG Kortelainen, P Chanton, JP Wickland, KP Bugna, GC Rantakari, M AF Striegl, RG Kortelainen, P Chanton, JP Wickland, KP Bugna, GC Rantakari, M TI Carbon dioxide partial pressure and C-13 content of north temperate and boreal lakes at spring ice melt SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MINNESOTA LAKES; ORGANIC-CARBON; ATMOSPHERE; EXCHANGE; FLUX; CO2; INTERFACE; SEDIMENTS; BUDGETS; METHANE AB Carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulates under lake ice in winter and degasses to the atmosphere after ice melt. This large springtime CO2 pulse is not typically considered in surface-atmosphere flux estimates, because most field studies have not sampled through ice during late winter. Measured CO2 partial pressure (pCO(2)) of lake surface water ranged from 8.6 to 4,290 Pa (85-4,230 mu atm) in 234 north temperate and boreal lakes prior to ice melt during 1998 and 1999. Only four lakes had surface pCO, less than or equal to atmospheric pCO(2), whereas 75% had pCO(2) > 5 times atmospheric. The delta C-13(DIC) (DIC = Sigma CO2) of 142 of the lakes ranged from -26.28 parts per thousand to +0.95 parts per thousand. Lakes with the greatest pCO(2) also had the lightest delta C-13(DIC), which indicates respiration as their primary CO2 source. Finnish lakes that received large amounts of dissolved organic carbon from surrounding peatlands had the greatest pCO(2). Lakes set in noncarbonate till and bedrock in Minnesota and Wisconsin had the smallest pCO(2), and the heaviest delta C-13(DIC), which indicates atmospheric and/or mineral sources of C for those lakes. Potential emissions for the period after ice melt were 2.36 +/- 1.44 mol CO2 m(-2) for lakes with average pCO(2) values and were as large as 13.7 +/- 8.4 mol CO2 m(-2) for lakes with high pCO(2) values. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Finnish Environm Inst, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Striegl, RG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Wickland, Kimberly/0000-0002-6400-0590 NR 28 TC 105 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 31 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 46 IS 4 BP 941 EP 945 PG 5 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 441CZ UT WOS:000169214600019 ER PT J AU Barsotti, AF Morse, DE AF Barsotti, AF Morse, DE TI Industrial minerals in the United States SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 983, IMS, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Barsotti, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 983, IMS, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 17 EP 20 PG 4 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400015 ER PT J AU Plunkert, PA AF Plunkert, PA TI Bauxite and alumina SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Plunkert, PA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 22 EP 22 PG 1 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400018 ER PT J AU Virta, RL AF Virta, RL TI Common clay and shale SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Virta, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 29 EP 29 PG 1 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400024 ER PT J AU Bolen, WP Tepordei, VV AF Bolen, WP Tepordei, VV TI Construction aggregates SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bolen, WP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 30 EP 31 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400025 ER PT J AU Dolley, TP AF Dolley, TP TI Dimension stone SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Dolley, TP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 31 EP 32 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400027 ER PT J AU Potter, MJ Rogers, WZ AF Potter, MJ Rogers, WZ TI Feldspar and nepheline syenite SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Potter, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 32 EP 32 PG 1 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400028 ER PT J AU Virta, RL AF Virta, RL TI Fire clay SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Virta, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 32 EP 33 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400029 ER PT J AU Miller, M AF Miller, M TI Fluorspar SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Miller, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 33 EP 34 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400030 ER PT J AU Olson, DW AF Olson, DW TI Gemstones SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Olson, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 36 EP 37 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400032 ER PT J AU Olson, DW AF Olson, DW TI Industrial diamond SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Olson, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 40 EP 41 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400035 ER PT J AU Olson, DW AF Olson, DW TI Industrial garnet SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA USA. RP Olson, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 41 EP 42 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400036 ER PT J AU Virta, RL AF Virta, RL TI Kaolin SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Virta, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 42 EP 43 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400037 ER PT J AU Miller, M AF Miller, M TI Lime SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Miller, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 43 EP 44 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400038 ER PT J AU Kramer, DA AF Kramer, DA TI Magnesium compounds SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kramer, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 46 EP 47 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400040 ER PT J AU Kramer, DA AF Kramer, DA TI Nitrogen SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kramer, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 48 EP 49 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400042 ER PT J AU Jasinski, SM AF Jasinski, SM TI Peat SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Jasinski, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 49 EP 50 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400044 ER PT J AU Kramer, DA AF Kramer, DA TI Olivine SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kramer, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 49 EP 49 PG 1 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400043 ER PT J AU Hedrick, JB AF Hedrick, JB TI Rare earths, lanthanides, yttrium and scandium SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Hedrick, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 54 EP 55 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400049 ER PT J AU Kostick, DS AF Kostick, DS TI Soda ash SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kostick, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 59 EP 60 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400053 ER PT J AU Ober, JA AF Ober, JA TI Strontium SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Ober, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 60 EP 61 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 443CY UT WOS:000169323400054 ER PT J AU Connor, WP Bjornn, TC Burge, HL Marshall, AR Blankenship, HL Steinhorst, RK Tiffan, KF AF Connor, WP Bjornn, TC Burge, HL Marshall, AR Blankenship, HL Steinhorst, RK Tiffan, KF TI Early life history attributes and run composition of PIT-tagged wild subyearling Chinook salmon recaptured after migrating downstream past lower granite dam SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID 2 IDAHO STREAMS; TROUT; RIVER AB Seaward migration timing of Snake River fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts is indexed using subyearling chinook salmon passage data collected at Lower Granite Dam. However, not all of the subyearlings are fall chinook salmon. For six years, we recaptured wild subyearling chinook salmon smolts, which had been previously PIT tagged in the Snake River, to genetically determine if the fish were offspring of spring and summer (hereafter, spring/summer), or fall chinook salmon. Springfall chinook salmon comprised over 10% of the samples of recaptured smolts in five of six years. For these five years, we used discriminant analysis to determine run membership of PIT-tagged smolts that were not recaptured (i.e., not sampled for genetic identification). Accuracy of the discriminant analysis models, based on genetically identified smolts, varied between 75 and 85%. After using discriminant analysis to classify run membership for each PIT-tagged smolt that was not genetically identified, we compared early life history attributes between fall and spring/summer chinook salmon and calculated annual run composition. The life history attributes we studied overlapped, but spring/summer chinook salmon reared along the shoreline of the free-flowing Snake River earlier, were larger, and began seaward migration earlier than fall chinook salmon. Spring/summer chinook salmon made up from 15.1 to 44.4% of the tagged subyearling smolts that were detected passing Lower Granite Dam. As a result, the presence of spring/summer chinook salmon makes migration timing for the fall chinook salmon seem earlier and more protracted than is the case. If wild subyearling spring/summer chinook salmon smolts are not considered, fall chinook salmon abundance at Lower Granite Dam will be overestimated. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. RP Connor, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 18, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. OI Tiffan, Kenneth/0000-0002-5831-2846 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 75 IS 3 BP 254 EP 261 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 462UU UT WOS:000170438800007 ER PT J AU Peterson, DL Hammer, RD AF Peterson, DL Hammer, RD TI From open to closed canopy: A century of change in a Douglas-fir forest, Orcas Island, Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OLYMPIC-NATIONAL-PARK; UNGULATE AB During the past century, forest structure on south-facing slopes of Mount Constitution, Orcas Island, Washington, has changed from open-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mixed with prairie to primarily closed canopy forest. Density of open-grown Douglas-fir was approximately 7 stems/ha in the 19th century, while current density of trees in closed-canopy mature forest is 426 stems/ha. Trees occur at intermediate densities in areas of transition from savanna-like stands to closed canopy. Analysis of fire scars indicates that at least seven fires have occurred on Mount Constitution since 1736, but only one fire has occurred since 1893, which suggests that the recent increase in stem density has been caused primarily by fire exclusion. The high stem densities currently found in this landscape put the relict (120-350+ years old) Douglas-fir at risk from contemporary fires, which would likely be high-intensity crown fires. Given the transition of forests on Orcas Island during the 20th century to closed canopy structure, undisturbed open-grown coniferous forest is now extremely rare in the San Juan Islands. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Peterson, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM wild@u.washington.edu NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 75 IS 3 BP 262 EP 269 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 462UU UT WOS:000170438800008 ER PT J AU Knapp, EE Goedde, MA Rice, KJ AF Knapp, EE Goedde, MA Rice, KJ TI Pollen-limited reproduction in blue oak: implications for wind pollination in fragmented populations SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE density-dependent reproduction; habitat fragmentation; pollen limitation; wind pollination; Quercus douglasii ID CENTRAL COASTAL CALIFORNIA; TAXUS-CANADENSIS; ACORN PRODUCTION; SEED PRODUCTION; MATING SYSTEM; GENE FLOW; BUR OAK; DENSITY; TREE; CONSEQUENCES AB Human activities are fragmenting forests and woodlands worldwide, but the impact of reduced tree population densities on pollen transfer in wind-pollinated trees is poorly understood. In a 4-year study, we evaluated relationships among stand density, pollen availability, and seed production in a thinned and fragmented population of blue oak (Quercus douglasii). Geographic coordinates were established and flowering interval determined for 100 contiguous trees. The number of neighboring trees within 60 m that released pollen during each tree's flowering period was calculated and relationships with acorn production explored using multiple regression. We evaluated the effects of female flower produc tion, average temperature, and relative humidity during the pollination period, and number of pollen-producing neighbors on individual trees' acorn production. All factors except temperature were significant in at least one of the years of our study, but the combination of factors influencing acorn production varied among years. In 1996, a year of large acorn crop size, acorn production was significantly positively associated with number of neighboring pollen producers and density of female flowers. In 1997, 1998, and 1999, many trees produced few or no acorns, and significant associations between number of pollen-producing neighbors and acorn production were only apparent among moderately to highly reproductive trees. Acorn production by these reproductive trees in 1997 was significantly positively associated with number of neighboring pollen producers and significantly negatively associated with average relative humidity during the pollination period. In 1998, no analysis was possible, because too few trees produced a moderate to large acorn crop. Only density of female flowers was significantly associated with acorn production of moderately to highly reproductive trees in 1999. The effect of spatial scale was also investigated by conducting analyses with pollen producers counted in radii ranging from 30 tn to 80 m. The association between number of pollen-producing neighbors and acorn production was strongest when neighborhood sizes of 60 m or larger were considered. Our results suggest that fragmentation and thinning of blue oak woodlands may reduce pollen availability and limit reproduction in this wind-pollinated species. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Knapp, EE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, 47050 Gen Highway, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 51 TC 104 Z9 107 U1 4 U2 36 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUN PY 2001 VL 128 IS 1 BP 48 EP 55 DI 10.1007/s004420000623 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 447VE UT WOS:000169592500006 ER PT J AU Walls, SC Williams, MG AF Walls, SC Williams, MG TI The effect of community composition on persistence of prey with their predators in an assemblage of pond-breeding amphibians SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE larval amphibians; community ecology; intraguild predation; mesocosms; species richness ID INTRAGUILD PREDATION; AMBYSTOMA-MACULATUM; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; SALAMANDER LARVAE; TROPHIC CASCADES; RANA-SYLVATICA; ANURAN LARVAE; BOTTOM-UP; TOP-DOWN; FOOD-WEB AB We examined whether the species composition of a community influences the persistence of larval Ambystoma maculatum in assemblages composed of two larger intraguild predators (A. opacum and A. jeffersonianum) and an alternative prey species (tadpoles of Rana sylvatica). We predicted a priori that A. maculatum would have higher survival in more diverse communities containing alternative species of prey and top predators (A. opacum), the latter of which may lower the abundance of intermediate predators (A. jeffersonianum) via intraguild predation. In a factorial experiment, we manipulated the presence of larval A. opacum, A. jeffersonianum, and R. sq sylvatica in replicated artificial ponds containing larval A. maculatum. The presence of all three species significantly depressed biomass production in A. maculatum: biomass was highest in ponds lacking the other species and was zero in ponds initially containing all four species. Tadpoles severely reduced the growth of filamentous algae in the ponds. This, in turn, may have affected the abundance of some herbivorous prey of larval salamanders, although this possibility was not tested. The presence of congeneric predators severely restricted the presence in the water column of larval A. maculatum, which otherwise exhibited significant diel patterns of activity in the absence of predators. Together, the presence of tadpoles and a predator-mediated reduction in activity patterns may have limited foraging opportunities for A. maculatum, thus exacerbating the direct impact of predation on survival in this species. These results suggest that diverse assemblages consisting of these particular species may actually inhibit, rather than promote, inclusion of A. maculatum in some communities of pond-breeding amphibians. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. CUNY, Grad Sch, New York, NY 10036 USA. CUNY, Univ Ctr, New York, NY 10036 USA. RP Walls, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. OI Walls, Susan/0000-0001-7391-9155 NR 49 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUN PY 2001 VL 128 IS 1 BP 134 EP 141 DI 10.1007/s004420100636 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 447VE UT WOS:000169592500017 ER PT J AU Vogelmann, JE Howard, SM Yang, LM Larson, CR Wylie, BK Van Driel, N AF Vogelmann, JE Howard, SM Yang, LM Larson, CR Wylie, BK Van Driel, N TI Completion of the 1990s National Land Cover Data set for the conterminous United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and Ancillary data sources SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material ID ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; CLASSIFICATION C1 Raytheon ITSS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Vogelmann, JE (reprint author), Raytheon ITSS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Wylie, Bruce/H-3182-2014; OI Wylie, Bruce/0000-0002-7374-1083; Vogelmann, James/0000-0002-0804-5823 NR 28 TC 685 Z9 706 U1 0 U2 36 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 67 IS 6 BP 650 EP + PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 436XL UT WOS:000168961100001 ER PT J AU Circone, S Kirby, SH Pinkston, JC Stern, LA AF Circone, S Kirby, SH Pinkston, JC Stern, LA TI Measurement of gas yields and flow rates using a custom flowmeter SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID HYDRATE AB A simple gas collection apparatus based on the principles of a Torricelli tube has been designed and built to measure gas volume yields and flow rates. This instrument is routinely used to monitor and collect methane gas released during methane hydrate dissociation experiments. It is easily and inexpensively built, operates at ambient pressures and temperatures, and measures gas volumes of up to 7 L to a precision of about 15 ml (about 0.0025 mol). It is capable of measuring gas flow rates varying from more than 10(3) to less than 10(-1) ml/min during gas evolution events that span minutes to several days. We have obtained a highly reproducible hydrate number of n=5.891 with a propagated uncertainty of +/-0.020 for synthetic methane hydrate. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Circone, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM scircone@usgs.gov NR 8 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 72 IS 6 BP 2709 EP 2716 DI 10.1063/1.1372173 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 435EJ UT WOS:000168864200029 ER PT J AU Kretzer, JE Cully, JF AF Kretzer, JE Cully, JF TI Effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on reptiles and amphibians in Kansas shortgrass prairie SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; WESTERN SOUTH-DAKOTA; TEXAS HORNED LIZARDS; VEGETATION; POPULATIONS; RESPONSES; DIVERSITY; COLONIES; HABITAT AB Species diversity and abundance of reptiles and amphibians were measured on and off black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies to determine the extent to which herpetological species composition in a shortgrass prairie ecosystem is affected by presence of black-tailed prairie dog colonies. Ten species of reptiles and 3 species of amphibians were captured. Total amphibian and reptile abundance did not differ between prairie dog colonies and noncolonized shortgrass prairie sites, but species composition did. Mean species richness, evenness, and diversity for reptiles and amphibians were not different between treatments; however, diversity of both treatments combined was considerably higher than diversity on shortgrass prairie without prairie dogs. The mosaic pattern of prairie dog colonies enhances landscape heterogeneity and contributes to greater reptile and amphibian diversity in the shortgrass prairie biome of western Kansas. C1 Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit,Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Cully, JF (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit,Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 48 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 46 IS 2 BP 171 EP 177 DI 10.2307/3672525 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 449AX UT WOS:000169663100004 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, J Zebker, HA Galloway, DL Amelung, F AF Hoffmann, J Zebker, HA Galloway, DL Amelung, F TI Seasonal subsidence and rebound in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, observed by synthetic aperture radar interferometry SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LAND SUBSIDENCE; SAR INTERFEROMETRY; SYSTEM; CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE; FIELD; ETNA AB Analyses of areal variations in the subsidence and rebound occurring over stressed aquifer systems, in conjunction with measurements of the hydraulic head fluctuations causing these displacements, can yield valuable information about the compressibility and storage properties of the aquifer system. Historically, stress-strain relationships have been derived from paired extensometer/piezometer installations, which provide only point source data. Because of the general unavailability of spatially detailed deformation data, areal stress-strain relations and their variability are not commonly considered in constraining conceptual and numerical models of aquifer systems. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques can map ground displacements at a spatial scale of tens of meters over 100 km wide swaths. InSAR has been used previously to characterize larger magnitude, generally permanent aquifer system compaction and land subsidence at yearly and longer timescales, caused by sustained drawdown of groundwater levels that produces intergranular stresses consistently greater than the maximum historical stress. We present InSAR measurements of the typically small-magnitude, generally recoverable deformations of the Las Vegas Valley aquifer system occurring at seasonal timescales. From these we derive estimates of the elastic storage coefficient for the aquifer system at several locations in Las Vegas Valley. These high-resolution measurements offer great potential for future investigations into the mechanics of aquifer systems and the spatial heterogeneity of aquifer system structure and material properties as well as for monitoring ongoing aquifer system compaction and land subsidence. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Hoffmann, J (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Mitchell Bldg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Amelung, Falk/J-9042-2012; OI Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 NR 37 TC 142 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1551 EP 1566 DI 10.1029/2000WR900404 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 434ZF UT WOS:000168845200002 ER PT J AU Cohn, TA Lane, WL Stedinger, JR AF Cohn, TA Lane, WL Stedinger, JR TI Confidence intervals for Expected Moments Algorithm flood quantile estimates SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PROBABILITY WEIGHTED MOMENTS; PEARSON TYPE-3 DISTRIBUTION; FREQUENCY-ANALYSIS; HISTORICAL INFORMATION; PALEOFLOOD INFORMATION; CENSORED-DATA; HYDROLOGY; SAMPLES; ERROR AB Historical and paleoflood information can substantially improve flood frequency estimates if appropriate statistical procedures are properly applied. However, the Federal guidelines for flood frequency analysis, set forth in Bulletin 17B, rely on an inefficient "weighting" procedure that fails to rake advantage of historical and paleoflood information. This has led researchers to propose several more efficient alternatives including the Expected Moments Algorithm (EMA), which is attractive because it retains Bulletin 17B's statistical structure (method of moments with the Log Pearson Type 3 distribution) and thus can be easily integrated into flood analyses employing the rest of the Bulletin 17B approach. The practical utility of EMA, however, has been limited because no closed-form method has been available for quantifying the uncertainty of EMA-based flood quantile estimates. This paper addresses that concern by providing analytical expressions for the asymptotic variance of EMA flood-quantile estimators and confidence intervals for flood quantile estimates. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the properties of such confidence intervals for sites where a 25- to 100-year streamgage record is augmented by 50 to 150 years of historical information. The experiments show that the confidence intervals, though nut exact, should be acceptable for most purposes. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22090 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Cohn, TA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22090 USA. NR 53 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1695 EP 1706 DI 10.1029/2001WR900016 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 434ZF UT WOS:000168845200013 ER PT J AU Euliss, NH Mushet, DM Johnson, DH AF Euliss, NH Mushet, DM Johnson, DH TI Use of macroinvertebrates to identify cultivated wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE aquatic invertebrate signatures; delineation; macroinvertebrates; prairie potholes; wetland identification ID NORTH-DAKOTA; COMMUNITIES; PONDS AB We evaluated the use of macroinvertebrates as a potential tool to identify dry and intensively farmed temporary and seasonal wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region. The techniques we designed and evaluated used the dried remains of invertebrates or their egg banks in soils as indicators of wetlands. For both the dried remains of invertebrates and their egg banks, we weighted each taxon according to its affinity for wetlands or uplands. Our study clearly demonstrated that shells, exoskeletons, head capsules, eggs, and other remains of macroinvertebrates can be used to identify wetlands, even when they are dry, intensively farmed, and difficult to identify as wetlands using standard criteria (i.e., hydrology, hydrophytic vegetation, and hydric soils). Although both dried remains and egg banks identified wetlands, the combination was more useful, especially for identifying drained or filled wetlands. We also evaluated the use of coarse taxonomic groupings to stimulate use of the technique by nonspecialists and obtained satisfactory results in most situations. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Euliss, NH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37 St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 223 EP 231 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0223:UOMTIC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 444RG UT WOS:000169412900006 ER PT J AU Haukos, DA Smith, LM AF Haukos, DA Smith, LM TI Temporal emergence patterns of seedlings from Playa wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE playas; seed bank; seedling emergence; Southern High Plains; wetlands ID SEED-BANK COMPOSITION; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; MARSH; SEDIMENTS; DORMANCY AB Playas undergo dynamic environmental changes throughout the growing season, resulting in the need for a persistent seed bank for plants to respond to these changes. Therefore, we investigated seasonal germination patterns of species found in seed banks of playa wetlands. We used the seedling-emergence technique to determine recruitment patterns from seed banks of eight playas. In the greenhouse, seed-bank samples were subjected to two treatments, drawdown or flooded, over a 210-day duration divided into seven 30-day time periods. In both treatments, seedling emergence differed among time periods and species hut was similar among playas. Approximately 52% of drawdown seedlings and 44% of seedlings occurring in the flooded treatment germinated in the first 30 days. Plants occurring in playa seed hanks had variable germination strategies. Three patterns for common (>5% occurrence) species were identified in the drawdown treatment: (1) early germinators (those species that germinated rapidly after exposure to treatments with low germination during the remainder of time periods), (2) late germinators (those that germinate after specific environmental conditions have existed for some time), and (3) continuous germinators (those with even germination rates throughout submersion). Two patterns were found for common species in the flooded treatment: (1) early germinators and (2) continuous germinators. Germination throughout the period of suitable environmental conditions was the dominant strategy for persistence in the unpredictable playa environment. With only a few exceptions, species persisting in seed banks of playas do not show germination for all available seeds upon creation of suitable environmental conditions but rather use viable dornmant seeds as a hedge against the unpredictable environment. C1 Texas Tech Univ, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Haukos, DA (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 8 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 274 EP 280 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0274:TEPOSF]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 444RG UT WOS:000169412900012 ER PT J AU Darby, PC Valentine-Darby, PL Percival, FF Kitchens, WM AF Darby, PC Valentine-Darby, PL Percival, FF Kitchens, WM TI Collecting Florida applesnails (Pomacea paludosa) from wetland habitats using funnel traps SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Florida applesnail; snail; Pomacea paludosa; funnel trap; wetlands; Florida ID EVERGLADES AB Traditional methods for sampling aquatic macro-invertebrates are very labor-intensive and largely ineffective when attempting to collect Florida applesnails (Pomacea paludosa) from their natural wetland habitats. We found the use of funnel traps an effective alternative that decreased collection time ten-fold and required considerably less labor than throw traps. The funnel traps described herein can be used effectively for collecting applesnails in a variety of wetland habitat types and plant densities, and they may also be effective in catching other wetland organisms (e.g., Kinosternid turtles). C1 Univ Florida, US Geol Survey, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Darby, PC (reprint author), Univ W Florida, Dept Biol, 11000 Univ Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 308 EP 311 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0308:CFAPPF]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 444RG UT WOS:000169412900016 ER PT J AU Hupp, JW Zacheis, AB Anthony, RM Robertson, DG Erickson, WP Palacios, KC AF Hupp, JW Zacheis, AB Anthony, RM Robertson, DG Erickson, WP Palacios, KC TI Snow cover and snow goose Anser caerulescens caerulescens distribution during spring migration SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Anser caerulescens caerulescens; forage nutritional quality; lesser snow geese; migration; resource selection; snow cover ID GEESE BRANTA-BERNICLA; CANADA GEESE; BODY RESERVES; ANNUAL CYCLE; FOOD; DIGESTIBILITY; AVAILABILITY; QUALITY; AREAS AB Arctic geese often use spring migration stopover areas when feeding habitats are partially snow covered. Melting of snow during the stopover period causes spatial and temporal variability in distribution and abundance of feeding habitat. We recorded changes in snow cover and lesser snow goose Anser caerulescens caerulescens distribution on a spring migration stopover area in south-central Alaska during aerial surveys in 1993-1994. Our objectives were to determine whether geese selected among areas with different amounts of snow cover and to assess how temporal changes in snow cover affected goose distribution. We also measured temporal changes in chemical composition of forage species after snow melt. We divided an Arc/Info coverage of the approximately 210 km(2) coastal stopover area into 2-km(2) cells, and measured snow cover and snow goose use of cells. Cells that had 10-49.9% snow cover were selected by snow geese, whereas cells that lacked snow cover were avoided. In both years, snow cover diminished along the coast between mid-April and early May. Flock; distribution changed as snow geese abandoned snow-free areas in favour of cells where snow patches were interspersed with bare ground. Snow-free areas may have been less attractive to geese because available forage had been quickly exploited as bare ground was exposed. and because soils became drier making extraction of underground forage more difficult. Fiber content of two forage species increased whereas non-structural carbohydrate concentrations of forage plants appeared to diminish after snow melt, but changes in nutrient concentrations likely occurred too slowly to account for abandonment of snow-free areas by snow geese. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. WEST Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Hupp, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 57 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 7 IS 2 BP 65 EP 76 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 443CE UT WOS:000169321200001 ER PT J AU Hunter, WC Buehler, DA Canterbury, RA Confer, JL Hamel, PB AF Hunter, WC Buehler, DA Canterbury, RA Confer, JL Hamel, PB TI Conservation of disturbance-dependent birds in eastern North America SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE birds; disturbance; early succession; fire; grasslands; prairies; savanna; shrub-scrub ID CENTRAL HARDWOOD FORESTS; HABITAT USE; WOOD THRUSHES; UNITED-STATES; BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS; HENSLOWS SPARROWS; AREA SENSITIVITY; NESTING SUCCESS; BREEDING BIRDS; MANAGEMENT AB Populations of most bird species associated with grassland, shrub-scrub habitats, and disturbed areas in forested habitats (hereafter all referred to as disturbance-dependent species) have declined steeply. However, a widespread perception exists that disturbance-dependent species are merely returning to population levels likely found by the first European explorers and settlers. The fact that many disturbance-dependent bird species and subspecies are now extinct, globally rare, threatened, or endangered challenges that perception and raises the question of balance between conservation efforts for birds dependent upon disturbances and birds more closely associated with mature forests. An overall understanding of the status and trends for these disturbance-dependent species requires reconstruction of at least thousands of years of Native American land use followed by 500 years of post-European settlement. Interpretations herein on how to manage for these disturbance-dependent species should support efforts to conserve all landbirds in eastern North America. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Concord Coll, Dept Biol, Athens, WV 24712 USA. Ithaca Coll, Dept Biol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Hunter, WC (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1875 Century Blvd, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. EM chuck_hunter@fws.gov NR 89 TC 160 Z9 164 U1 6 U2 36 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 440 EP 455 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 452LA UT WOS:000169858100005 ER PT J AU Dessecker, DR McAuley, DG AF Dessecker, DR McAuley, DG TI Importance of early successional habitat to ruffed grouse and American woodcock SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE American woodcock; aspen; Bonasa umbellus; early successional habitat; even-age management; ruffed grouse; Scolopax minor ID FOREST; SELECTION AB Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and American woodcock (Scolopax minor) provide millions of days of recreation each year for people in the eastern United States (U.S). These popular game birds depend on early successional forest habitats throughout much of the year. Ruffed grouse and woodcock populations are declining in the eastern United States as an abundance of shrub-dominated and young forest habitats decrease in most of the region. Continued decreases in early successional forest habitats are likely on nonindustrial private forest lands as ownership fragmentation increases and tract size decreases and on public forest lands due to societal attitudes toward proactive forest management, especially even-age treatments. C1 Ruffed Grouse Soc, Rice Lake, WI 54868 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Dessecker, DR (reprint author), Ruffed Grouse Soc, POB 2, Rice Lake, WI 54868 USA. NR 89 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 6 U2 33 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 456 EP 465 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 452LA UT WOS:000169858100006 ER PT J AU Germano, DJ Rathbun, GB Saslaw, LR AF Germano, DJ Rathbun, GB Saslaw, LR TI Managing exotic grasses and conserving declining species SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE conservation; endangered species; exotic plants; livestock grazing ID LEOPARD LIZARDS; MANAGEMENT; MICROHABITAT; CALIFORNIA; RANGELANDS; RECOVERY; DESERT; COSTS; FIRE AB California's southern San Joaquin Valley, as with much of western North America, has been invaded by exotic plant species during the past 100-200 years. The herbaceous cover of these introduced grasses and forbs often creates an impenetrable thicket for small ground-dwelling vertebrates. Contrary to some earlier descriptions of upland habitat of the southern and western San Joaquin Valley as perennial grasslands, recent evidence suggests that most of this area was a desert vegetated by saltbush scrub with sparse cover of native annual grasses and forbs. Many of the small vertebrates that evolved in these habitats, some of which are listed as threatened or endangered, are desert-adapted. These species evolved in sparsely vegetated habitats and rely on open ground to forage and avoid predation. Preliminary research indicates that populations of giant kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens), San Joaquin kangaroo rats (D. nitratoides), San Joaquin antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus nelsoni), and blunt-nosed leopard lizards (Gambelia sila), all listed as threatened or endangered, are affected negatively by thick herbaceous cover. This cover also may adversely affect several listed plant species. Removing anthropogenic disturbances does not reduce or eliminate these exotic plants. Fire is effective in reducing herbaceous cover but kills native saltbush and often is costly to implement or control. Although livestock may have contributed originally to habitat destruction and introduction of exotic plants, we believe that in some years, moderate to heavy grazing by livestock is the best way to decrease the dense cover created by these exotics. Recent decisions to decrease or eliminate livestock grazing on conservation lands without definitive studies of grazing in these habitats may lead to further declines of native species and possible local extinction of some listed plants and animals. C1 Calif State Univ, Dept Biol, Bakersfield, CA 93311 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. US Bur Land Management, Bakersfield, CA 93308 USA. RP Germano, DJ (reprint author), Calif State Univ, Dept Biol, Bakersfield, CA 93311 USA. NR 60 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 39 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 551 EP 559 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 452LA UT WOS:000169858100017 ER PT J AU Laubhan, MK Gammonley, JH AF Laubhan, MK Gammonley, JH TI Agricultural producers' perceptions of sandhill cranes in the San Luis Valley of Colorado SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE attitudes; cropland; farmer; questionnaire; sandhill cranes; San Luis Valley ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; WILDLIFE AB Management for migratory birds at an ecosystem scale requires forming cooperative partnerships with the private sector. To be effective, however, wildlife managers must understand the economic and social attitudes of private landowners to ensure that strategies involving stakeholders are viable and can be implemented. We documented attitudes of farmers in the San Luis Valley (SLV) of Colorado toward Rocky Mountain Population greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) using a self-administered, mail-back survey. Overall response rate was 46.7%. Viewing sandhill cranes in the SLV was considered somewhat important or important by 78.6% of respondents. In contrast, only 62.1% of respondents indicated that viewing sandhill cranes was somewhat important or important on their own land. Farmers' attitudes toward viewing sandhill cranes on their own property were related (P=0.02) to perceived conflicts with crop production. The extent of crane use (P=0.04) was the only variable we tested that predicted whether conflicts were reported. Our results suggest that partnerships between farmers and natural resource agencies concerned with management of sandhill cranes may be viable. However, the role of farmers in ally proposed management strategy must be examined carefully because there may be an upper limit of crane use on private land that farmers will tolerate. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Laubhan, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 639 EP 645 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 452LA UT WOS:000169858100027 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Henne-Kerr, JL AF Twedt, DJ Henne-Kerr, JL TI Artificial cavities enhance breeding bird densities in managed cottonwood forests SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE agroforestry; artificial cavity; cottonwood; eastern bluebird; Mississippi; nest box; plantation; Populus deltoides; prothonotary warbler; Protonotaria citrea; Sialia sialis ID MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL VALLEY; PROTHONOTARY WARBLERS; MAYFIELD METHOD; NEST SUCCESS; BOXES AB The paucity of natural cavities within short-rotation hardwood agroforests restricts occupancy by cavity-nesting birds. However, providing 1.6 artificial nesting cavities (nest boxes)/ha within 3- to 10-year-old managed cottonwood forests in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley increased territory density of cavity-nesting birds. Differences in territory densities between forests with and without nest boxes increased as stands aged. Seven bird species initiated 38 nests in 173 boxes during 1997 and 39 nests in 172 boxes during 1998. Prothonotary warblers (Protonotaria citrea) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) accounted for 67% of nests; nearly all warbler nests were in 1.8-L, plastic-coated card board (paper) boxes, whereas bluebird nests were divided between paper boxes and 3.5-L wooden boxes. Larger-volume (16.5-L) wooden nest boxes were used by eastern screech owls (Otus asio) and great crested flycatchers (Myiarchus crinitus), but this box type often was usurped by honey bees (Apis mellifera). To enhance territory densities of cavity-nesting birds in cottonwood agroforests, we recommend placement of plastic-coated paper nest boxes, at a density of 0.5/ha, after trees are >4 years old but at least 2 years before anticipated timber harvest. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Crown Vantage, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 680 EP 687 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 452LA UT WOS:000169858100032 ER PT J AU Ludders, JW Schmidt, RH Dein, FJ Klein, PN AF Ludders, JW Schmidt, RH Dein, FJ Klein, PN TI Drowning can no longer be considered euthanasia: reply to Bluett SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID CARBON-DIOXIDE C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USGS BRD Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Humane Soc United States, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. RP Ludders, JW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jwll@cornell.edu NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 748 EP 750 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 452LA UT WOS:000169858100043 ER PT J AU Caplan-Auerbach, J Duennebier, F AF Caplan-Auerbach, J Duennebier, F TI Seismic and acoustic signals detected at Lo'ihi Seamount by the Hawai'i Undersea Geo-Observatory SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Lo'ihi seamount; Hawai'i; submarine observatory; hydroacoustic monitoring; marine instrumentation; earthquake location ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; EARTHQUAKE SWARM; KILAUEA VOLCANO; SEA; OCEAN; LAVA AB The Hawaii Undersea Geo-Observatory (HUGO) is an ocean bottom observatory located on the summit of Loihi seamount, Hawaii. An electro-optical cable connects the HUGO junction box to a shore station on the Big Island of Hawaii, thereby enabling the first real-time monitoring of a submarine volcano. HUGO was active for 3 months in 1998, collecting nearly continuous, real-time data on a high-rate hydrophone. Signals detected during that time include local as well as teleseismic earthquakes, T phases from Pacific-wide earthquakes, landslides on the submarine flank of Kilauea, and eruption sounds from the current Kilauea eruption. The data do not indicate a Loihi eruption during the time that HUGO was active. The variety and quality of signals detected by the HUGO hydrophone confirms that a real-time observatory can serve a valuable role in studies of oceanic acoustics, local and teleseismic earthquakes, and submarine eruption mechanics. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Volcano Observ, 903 Koyukuk Dr,POB 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM jackie@giseis.alaska.edu; fred@soest.hawaii.edu NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD MAY 25 PY 2001 VL 2 AR 2000GC000113 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 458NP UT WOS:000170200700001 ER PT J AU Chapman, MG Tanaka, KL AF Chapman, MG Tanaka, KL TI Interior trough deposits on Mars: Subice volcanoes? SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID VALLES-MARINERIS; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; LAYERED DEPOSITS; ICE; EVOLUTION; ICELAND; TOPOGRAPHY; ANTARCTICA AB Widespread, several-kilometer-thick successions of layered deposits occur as mounds that partly fill the troughs or chasmata that compose the Valles Marineris on Mars. Like terrestrial subice volcanoes, the layered deposits occur in a volcano-tectonic setting within basins that may have held ponded water or ice. On the basis of their dimensions, morphologies, and associated catastrophic floods and other geologic events as shown in Viking and new Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) data sets, we suggest that the interior deposits are volcanic in origin and possibly generated by subice eruptions. A tuya origin for the mounds can explain the lack of external sediment, mound heights that can rival the plateau, local flat-topped mesas, morphologically distinct mounds of different ages, horizontal to steep dips, fine-grained materials, indications of rare volcanic vents and lava flows, and spectral composition. The extremely diverse layering of west Candor Chasma and possible volcanic cones in Melas may have formed by related subaerial eruptions. Consistent with the suggestion that interior deposits are eroding out of the wall rock, some deposits could have been erupted from sites along the walls. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Chapman, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 61 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAY 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E5 BP 10087 EP 10100 DI 10.1029/2000JE001303 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 433PT UT WOS:000168769500003 ER PT J AU Albers, PH Hoffman, DJ Brisbin, IL AF Albers, PH Hoffman, DJ Brisbin, IL TI Unusual leg malformations in screech owls from a South Carolina Superfund site SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID WOOD DUCKS; RESERVOIR; RADIOCESIUM; EGGS AB In 1995, the discovery of leg malformations in several screech owl (Otis asio) nestlings and in their female parent at a Department of Energy (DOE) Superfund site in South Carolina prompted an investigation into the nature of the observed abnormalities. Surviving nestlings and the female parent were transferred to a captive screech owl breeding colony at the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. The malformed female parent and her offspring were each mated with normal owls from the colony for 3 yr. Matings of the malformed female produced five malformed and six normal owls, all owls produced by matings of normal offspring were normal. Malformed offspring were euthanized when it became apparent that their physical distress precluded survival under normal conditions of colony care. Euthanized owls were necropsied and examined for skeletal development. Detailed descriptions of eight malformed owls are presented. Results of the matings indicated that the leg malformations were caused by a genetic trait in the female parent that was heterozygous dominant. The characteristic was lethal except in occasional mild manifestations and resembled an extreme form of a dominant abnormality previously described for domestic fowl called duplicate polydactyly. Other reports of skeletal abnormalities in wild birds and potential environmental causes of genetic mutations at the DOE Superfund site are presented, Other studies performed at the DOE Superfund site do not implicate elevated (above background) ionizing radiation from Cs-137, the dominant radionuclide where the owls were captured, as the cause of the mutation. The cause of this generic abnormality remains unknown. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC USA. RP Albers, PH (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD MAY 25 PY 2001 VL 63 IS 2 BP 89 EP 99 DI 10.1080/15287390151126405 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 434HL UT WOS:000168809000002 PM 11393802 ER PT J AU Thatcher, W AF Thatcher, W TI Geophysics - Silent slip on the Cascadia subduction interface SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID EARTHQUAKE; FAULT C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Thatcher, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 25 PY 2001 VL 292 IS 5521 BP 1495 EP 1496 DI 10.1126/science.1061770 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 436YQ UT WOS:000168963800028 PM 11379629 ER PT J AU Gomberg, J Reasenberg, PA Bodin, P Harris, RA AF Gomberg, J Reasenberg, PA Bodin, P Harris, RA TI Earthquake triggering by seismic waves following the Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID STRESS-STRAIN CHANGES; DYNAMIC STRAINS; 1992 LANDERS; CALIFORNIA; AFTERSHOCKS AB The proximity and similarity of the 1992, magnitude 7.3 Landers and 1999, magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes in California permit testing of earthquake triggering hypotheses not previously possible. The Hector Mine earthquake confirmed inferences that transient, oscillatory 'dynamic' deformations radiated as seismic waves can trigger seismicity rate increases, as proposed for the Landers earthquake(1-6). Here we quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of the seismicity rate changes(7). The seismicity rate increase was to the north for the Landers earthquake and primarily to the south for the Hector Mine earthquake. We suggest that rupture directivity results in elevated dynamic deformations north and south of the Landers and Hector Mine faults, respectively, as evident in the asymmetry of the recorded seismic velocity fields. Both dynamic and static stress changes seem important for triggering in the near field with dynamic stress changes dominating at greater distances. Peak seismic velocities recorded for each earthquake suggest the existence of, and place bounds on, dynamic triggering thresholds. These thresholds vary from a few tenths to a few MPa in most places, depend on local conditions, and exceed inferred static thresholds by more than an order of magnitude. At some sites, the onset of triggering was delayed until after the dynamic deformations subsided. Physical mechanisms consistent with all these observations may be similar to those that give rise to liquefaction or cyclic fatigue. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Gomberg, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, 3876 Cent Ave Suite 2, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 28 TC 173 Z9 187 U1 2 U2 25 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 24 PY 2001 VL 411 IS 6836 BP 462 EP 466 DI 10.1038/35078053 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 435CB UT WOS:000168858700044 PM 11373675 ER PT J AU Chou, IM Sharma, A Burruss, RC Hemley, RJ Goncharov, AF Stern, LA Kirby, SH AF Chou, IM Sharma, A Burruss, RC Hemley, RJ Goncharov, AF Stern, LA Kirby, SH TI Diamond-anvil cell observations of a new methane hydrate phase in the 100-MPa pressure range SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID ICE; BEHAVIOR AB A new high-pressure phase of methane hydrate has been identified based on its high optical relief, distinct pressure-temperature phase relations, and Raman spectra. In-situ optical observations were made in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell at temperatures between -40 degrees and 60 degreesC and at pressures up to 900 MPa, Two new invariant points were located at -8.7 degreesC and 99 MPa for the assemblage consisting of the new phase, structure I methane hydrate, ice Ih, and water, and at 35.3 degreesC and 137 MPa for the new phase-structure I methane hydrate-water-methane vapor. Existence of the new phase is critical for understanding the phase relations among the hydrates at low to moderate pressures, and may also have important implications for understanding the hydrogen bonding in H2O and the behavior of water in the planetary bodies, such as Europa, of the outer solar system. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Ctr High Pressure Res, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Chou, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 20 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAY 17 PY 2001 VL 105 IS 19 BP 4664 EP 4668 DI 10.1021/jp002735w PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 434FC UT WOS:000168803600012 ER PT J AU Bell, TA AF Bell, TA TI Antimicrobial susceptibility data and new animal drug approval in the United States: a historical overview SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Review DE US animal drug approvals; NCCLS; aquatic bacterial isolates; antimicrobial resistance; antimicrobial susceptibility testing; aquaculture ID PERSPECTIVE AB The requirements and procedures necessary to gain approval for a new animal drug in the United States are briefly reviewed with respect to the requirement and applicability of antimicrobial susceptibility testing data, in particular, as these relate to what is referred to as Professional Flexible Labeled (PFL) animal drugs. The history and process by which the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) has established internationally recognized and utilized antimicrobial susceptibility testing procedures is reviewed in the context of standardization of procedures used in the clinical veterinary setting. Both the NCCLS and the PFL topics are discussed relative to their applicability to antimicrobial resistance in aquatic species' isolates and their nexus to efforts to begin the process of developing and using standard procedures for aquatic isolates. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Natl Fish Hatchery Syst, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Bell, TA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Natl Fish Hatchery Syst, 4401 N Fairfax Dr, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 196 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00536-1 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 427HK UT WOS:000168398600003 ER PT J AU Richter, CA Tillitt, DE Hannink, M AF Richter, CA Tillitt, DE Hannink, M TI Regulation of subcellular localization of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE aryl hydrocarbon receptor; dioxin; nuclear import; nuclear export; leptomycin B ID CYTOCHROME-P1-450 GENE-EXPRESSION; ACTIVATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MEDIATED SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; X-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-2; HEPA 1C1C7 CELLS; NUCLEAR EXPORT; DNA-BINDING; FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS; DIOXIN RECEPTOR; COMPLEX AB The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the toxicity of dioxin and other xenobiotics. In the absence of exogenous ligand, AhR is cytosolic. We investigated how AhR is retained in the cytosol and how dioxin induces AhR to move to the nucleus. Disruption of nuclear export of AhR by the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) or by mutation of the AhR nuclear export signal resulted in nuclear accumulation of AhR in the absence of exogenous ligand, Mutation of the AhR nuclear localization signal resulted in defects in nuclear import of AhR in both the presence and the absence of exogenous ligand. Dioxin treatment caused a more rapid accumulation of AhR in the nucleus than LMB treatment. In the presence of both dioxin and LMB, nuclear accumulation of AhR was more rapid than in the presence of dioxin alone. Our results show that AhR shuttles between the nucleus and the cytosol in the absence of exogenous ligand. Binding of ligand induces an increase in the rate of nuclear import of AhR but does not eliminate nuclear export of AhR, (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65212 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP Hannink, M (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65212 USA. OI Richter, Catherine/0000-0001-7322-4206 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM59213] NR 56 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 389 IS 2 BP 207 EP 217 DI 10.1006/abbi.2001.2339 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 436AH UT WOS:000168914000008 PM 11339810 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Grundy, WM AF Johnson, JR Grundy, WM TI Visible/near-infrared spectra and two-layer modeling of palagonite-coated basalts SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; MARS PATHFINDER; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; DUST; SURFACE; REFLECTANCE; PARTICLES; DEPOSITS; HISTORY; VIKING AB Fine-grained dust coatings on Martian rocks and soils obscure underlying surfaces and hinder mineralogic interpretations of both remote sensing and in-situ observations. We investigate laboratory visible/near-infrared spectra of various thicknesses of palagonite coatings on basalt substrates. We develop a two-layer Hapke scattering model incorporating porosity, grain size, and derived absorption coefficients of palagonite acid basalt that reproduces the observed spectra only when the single scattering particle phase function is varied with wavelength. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 45 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 10 BP 2101 EP 2104 DI 10.1029/2000GL012669 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 431EB UT WOS:000168617900052 ER PT J AU Gartner, JW Cheng, RT Wang, PF Richter, K AF Gartner, JW Cheng, RT Wang, PF Richter, K TI Laboratory and field evaluations of the LISST-100 instrument for suspended particle size determinations SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE laser in-situ scattering and transmissometry; particle size distribution; suspended solids concentration; San Francisco Bay; California ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; NATURAL SEDIMENTS; SOLIDS SENSORS; MINERAL FLOCS; CALIFORNIA; SCATTERING; BREAKAGE; MATTER AB Advances in technology have resulted in a new instrument that is designed for in-situ determination of particle size spectra. Such an instrument that can measure undisturbed particle size distributions is much needed for sediment transport studies. The LISST-100 (Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissometry) uses the principle of laser diffraction to obtain the size distribution and volume concentration of suspended material in 32 size classes logarithmically spaced between 1.25 and 250 mum This paper describes a laboratory evaluation of the ability of LISST-100 to determine particle sizes using suspensions of single size, artificial particles. Findings show the instrument is able to determine particle size to within about 10% with increasing error as particle size increases. The instrument determines volume (or mass) concentration using a volume conversion factor C-v. This volume conversion factor is theoretically a constant. In the laboratory evaluation C,is found to vary by a factor of about three over the particle size range between 5 and 200 mum. Results from field studies in South San Francisco Bay show that values of mass concentration of suspended marine sediments estimated by LISST-100 agree favorably with estimates from optical backscatterance sensors if an appropriate value of C-v, according to mean size, is used and the assumed average particle (aggregate) density is carefully chosen. Analyses of size distribution of suspended materials in South San Francisco Bay over multiple tide cycles suggest the likelihood of different sources of sediment because of different size characteristics during flood and ebb cycles. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr, Marine Environm Qual Branch, San Diego, CA USA. RP Gartner, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 175 IS 1-4 BP 199 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00137-2 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 443BZ UT WOS:000169320600010 ER PT J AU Graves, RW Wald, DJ AF Graves, RW Wald, DJ TI Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 1. Strong motions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID STRONG-GROUND MOTION; LOS-ANGELES BASIN; HYOGO-KEN-NANBU; 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; PERIOD STRONG MOTIONS; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; GREAT 1923 KANTO; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; RUPTURE HISTORY AB We develop a methodology to perform finite fault source inversions from strong motion data using Green's functions (GFs) calculated for a three-dimensional (3-D) velocity structure. The 3-D GFs are calculated numerically by inserting body forces at each of the strong motion sites and then recording the resulting strains along the target fault surface. Using reciprocity, these GFs can be recombined to represent the ground motion at each site for any (heterogeneous) slip distribution on the fault. The reciprocal formulation significantly reduces the required number of 3-D finite difference computations to at most 3N(S), where N-S is the number of strong motion sites used in the inversion. Using controlled numerical resolution tests, we have examined the relative importance of accurate GFs for finite fault source inversions which rely on near-source ground motions. These experiments use both 1-D and 3-D GFs in inversions for hypothetical rupture models in order (1) to analyze the ability of the 3-D methodology to resolve trade-offs between complex source phenomena and 3-D path effects, (2) to address the sensitivity of the inversion results to uncertainties in the 3-D velocity structure, and (3) to test the adequacy of the 1-D GF method when propagation effects are known to be three-dimensional. We find that given "data" from a prescribed 3-D Earth structure, the use of well-calibrated 3-D GFs in the inversion provides very good resolution of the assumed slip distribution, thus adequately separating source and 3-D propagation effects. In contrast, using a set of inexact 3-D GFs or a set of hybrid 1-D GFs allows only partial recovery of the slip distribution. These findings suggest that in regions of complex geology the use of well-calibrated 3-D GFs has the potential for increased resolution of the rupture process relative to 1-D GFs. However, realizing this full potential requires that the 3-D velocity model and associated GFs should be carefully validated against the true 3-D Earth structure before performing the inverse problem with actual data. C1 URS Corp, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Graves, RW (reprint author), URS Corp, 566 El Dorado St, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM robert_graves@urscorp.com; wald@usgs.gov RI Graves, Robert/B-2401-2013; OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 42 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B5 BP 8745 EP 8766 DI 10.1029/2000JB900436 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 430UE UT WOS:000168593200016 ER PT J AU Wald, DJ Graves, RW AF Wald, DJ Graves, RW TI Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; 1994 NORTHRIDGE; WAVE-FORM; RUPTURE PROCESS; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; SLIP; FIELD; JAPAN AB Using numerical tests for a prescribed heterogeneous earthquake slip distribution, we examine the importance of accurate Green's functions (GF) for finite fault source inversions which rely on coseismic GPS displacements and leveling line uplift alone and in combination with near-source strong ground motions. The static displacements, while sensitive to the three-dimensional (3-D) structure, are less so than seismic waveforms and thus are an important contribution, particularly when used in conjunction with waveform inversions. For numerical tests of an earthquake source and data distribution modeled after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, a joint geodetic and seismic inversion allows for reasonable recovery of the heterogeneous slip distribution on the fault. In contrast, inaccurate 3-D GFs or multiple 1-D GFs allow only partial recovery of the slip distribution given strong motion data alone. Likewise, using just the GPS and leveling line data requires significant smoothing for inversion stability, and hence, only a blurred vision of the prescribed slip is recovered. Although the half-space approximation for computing the surface static deformation field is no longer justifiable based on the high level of accuracy for current GPS data acquisition and the computed differences between 3-D and half-space surface displacements, a layered 1-D approximation to 3-D Earth structure provides adequate representation of the surface displacement field. However, even with the half-space approximation, geodetic data can provide additional slip resolution in the joint seismic and geodetic inversion provided a priori fault location and geometry are correct. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the static displacements to the Earth structure begs caution for interpretation of surface displacements, particularly those recorded at monuments located in or near basin environments. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. URS Corp, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Wald, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM wald@usgs.gov; robert-graves@urscorp.com RI Graves, Robert/B-2401-2013; OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 35 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B5 BP 8767 EP 8788 DI 10.1029/2000JB900435 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 430UE UT WOS:000168593200017 ER PT J AU Paerl, HW Bales, JD Ausley, LW Buzzelli, CP Crowder, LB Eby, LA Fear, JM Go, M Peierls, BL Richardson, TL Ramus, JS AF Paerl, HW Bales, JD Ausley, LW Buzzelli, CP Crowder, LB Eby, LA Fear, JM Go, M Peierls, BL Richardson, TL Ramus, JS TI Ecosystem impacts of three sequential hurricanes (Dennis, Floyd, and Irene) on the United States' largest lagoonal estuary, Pamlico Sound, NC SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY; NORTH-CAROLINA; COASTAL WATERS; HYPOXIA; PHYTOPLANKTON; RESPONSES AB Three sequential hurricanes, Dennis, Floyd, and Irene, affected coastal North Carolina in September and October 1999. These hurricanes inundated the region with up to 1 m of rainfall, causing 50- to 500-year flooding in the watershed of the Pamlico Sound, the largest lagoonal estuary in the united States and a key West Atlantic fisheries nursery. We investigated the ecosystem-level impacts on and responses of the Sound to the floodwater discharge. Floodwaters displaced three-fourths of the volume of the Sound, depressed salinity by a similar amount, and delivered at least half of the typical annual nitrogen load to this nitrogen-sensitive ecosystem. Organic carbon concentrations in floodwaters entering Pamlico Sound via a major tributary (the Neuse River Estuary) were at least 2-fold higher than concentrations under prefloodwater conditions. A cascading set of physical, chemical, and ecological impacts followed, including strong vertical stratification, bottom water hypoxia, a sustained increase in algal biomass, displacement of many marine organisms, and a rise in fish disease. Because of the Sound's long residence time (approximate to1 year), we hypothesize that the effects of the short-term nutrient enrichment could prove to be multiannual. A predicted increase in the frequency of hurricane activity over the next few decades may cause longer-term biogeochemical and trophic changes in this and other estuarine and coastal habitats. C1 Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. N Carolina Dept Environm & Nat Resources, Div Water Qual, Raleigh, NC 27699 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Paerl, HW (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NR 36 TC 152 Z9 155 U1 2 U2 24 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 8 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 10 BP 5655 EP 5660 DI 10.1073/pnas.101097398 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 431GK UT WOS:000168623300052 PM 11344306 ER PT J AU Miller, LG Kalin, RM McCauley, SE Hamilton, JTG Harper, DB Millet, DB Oremland, RS Goldstein, AH AF Miller, LG Kalin, RM McCauley, SE Hamilton, JTG Harper, DB Millet, DB Oremland, RS Goldstein, AH TI Large carbon isotope fractionation associated with oxidation of methyl halides by methylotrophic bacteria SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FUMIGATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS; NATURAL-WATERS; STRAIN IMB-1; BROMIDE; CHLOROMETHANE; DIBROMOMETHANE; BIOSYNTHESIS; BUDGETS; METHANE; RATES AB The largest biological fractionations of stable carbon isotopes observed in nature occur during production of methane by methanogenic archaea. These fractionations result in substantial (as much as approximate to 70 parts per thousand) shifts in delta C-13 relative to the initial substrate. We now report that a stable carbon isotopic fractionation of comparable magnitude (up to 70 parts per thousand) occurs during oxidation of methyl halides by methylotrophic bacteria. We have demonstrated biological fractionation with whole cells of three methylotrophs (strain IMB-1, strain CC495, and strain MB2) and, to a lesser extent, with the purified cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase enzyme obtained from strain CC495. Thus, the genetic similarities recently reported between methylotrophs, and methanogens with respect to their pathways for C-1-unit metabolism are also reflected in the carbon isotopic fractionations achieved by these organisms. We found that only part of the observed fractionation of carbon isotopes could be accounted for by the activity of the corrinoid methyltransferase enzyme, suggesting fractionation by enzymes further along the degradation pathway. These observations are of potential biogeochemical significance in the application of stable carbon isotope ratios to constrain the tropospheric budgets for the ozone-depleting halocarbons, methyl bromide and methyl chloride. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Queens Univ Belfast, QUESTOR Ctr, Belfast BT9 5AG, Antrim, North Ireland. Queens Univ Belfast, EERC Ctr, Belfast BT9 5AG, Antrim, North Ireland. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Dept Agr No Ireland, Belfast BT9 5PX, Antrim, North Ireland. Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Agr & Food Sci, Belfast BT9 5PX, Antrim, North Ireland. RP Miller, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Kalin, Robert/E-8620-2011; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012 OI Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; NR 34 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 17 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 8 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 10 BP 5833 EP 5837 DI 10.1073/pnas.101129798 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 431GK UT WOS:000168623300083 PM 11344313 ER PT J AU Ditchkoff, SS Lochmiller, RL Masters, RE Starry, WR Leslie, DM AF Ditchkoff, SS Lochmiller, RL Masters, RE Starry, WR Leslie, DM TI Does fluctuating asymmetry of antlers in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fellow patterns predicted for sexually selected traits? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE antlers; fluctuating asymmetry; handicap hypothesis; Odocoileus virginianus; sexual selection; white-tailed deer ID MALE QUALITY; SIZE; POPULATION; MORTALITY; ORNAMENTS; FITNESS; STRESS; SIGNAL; MOOSE AB Secondary sexual characters have been hypothesized to signal male quality and should demonstrate a negative relationship between the size of the trait and degree of fluctuating asymmetry because the); are costly to produce. We collected morphometric and antler data from 439 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Oklahoma? USA, in order to determine whether measures of antler asymmetry follow the patterns predicted for sexually selected characters. Relative fluctuating asymmetry was negatively related to antler size for all deer and within age groups up to five and a half years of age. We did not detect an association between asymmetry and antler size among deer that were six and a half years or older. When categorizing deer by antler size, we found that deer with small antlers (less than or equal to 33rd percentile) had greater levels of relative asymmetry than deer with large antlers (less than or equal to 67th percentile). The relative asymmetry of antlers was negatively related to age and was greatest in deer, that were one and a half years old. Relative asymmetry was also negatively related to carcass mass, inside spread, skull length and body length. These data suggest that asymmetry in the antlers of white-tailed deer may he a reliable signal of quality and, as such, may be important in maintaining honesty in intrasexual advertisements during the breeding season. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. McAlester Army Ammunit Plant, Mcalester, OK USA. RP Ditchkoff, SS (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM ditchss@auburn.edu NR 53 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD MAY 7 PY 2001 VL 268 IS 1470 BP 891 EP 898 PG 8 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 429JD UT WOS:000168512700002 PM 11370961 ER PT J AU Carpenter, DW Jung, RE Sites, JW AF Carpenter, DW Jung, RE Sites, JW TI Conservation genetics of the endangered Shenandoah salamander (Plethodon shenandoah, Plethodontidae) SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID FACTOR INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTIONS; EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; DNA-SEQUENCE DATA; TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; STATISTICAL TESTS; SUBSTITUTION; COMPETITION; EXTINCTION AB The Shenandoah salamander (Plethodon shenandoah) is restricted to three isolated talus outcrops in Shenandoah National Park, VA, USA and has one of the smallest ranges of any tetrapod vertebrate. This species was listed as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act in 1989 over concern that direct competition with the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus), successional habitat changes, and human impacts may cause its decline and possible extinction. We address two issues herein: (1) whether extensive introgression (through long-ten hybridization) is present between the two species and threatens the survival of P. shenandoah, and (2) the level of population structure within P. shenandoah. We provide evidence from mtDNA haplotypes that shows no genetic differentiation among the three isolates of P, shenandoah, suggesting that their fragmentation is a geologically recent event, and/or that the isolates are still connected by occasional gene flow. Then is also no evidence for extensive introgression of alleles in either direction between P. cinereus and P. shenandoah which suggests that P. shenandoah may not be in danger of being genetically swamped out through hybridization with P. cinereus. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Zool, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Monte L Beam Museum, Provo, UT 84602 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Carpenter, DW (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Zool, 574 Widtsoe Bldg, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 4 BP 111 EP 119 DI 10.1017/S1367943001001147 PN 2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 435ZZ UT WOS:000168913200003 ER PT J AU Bart, AN Kindschi, GA Ahmed, H Clark, J Young, J Zohar, Y AF Bart, AN Kindschi, GA Ahmed, H Clark, J Young, J Zohar, Y TI Enhanced transport of calcein into rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, larvae using cavitation level ultrasound SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE transport; calcein; cavitation; ultrasound; marking; fluorescence; rainbow trout ID DELIVERY AB Enhanced diffusion of calcein into rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, larvae was examined using cavitation level ultrasound for the purpose of mass-marking. Three variables, consisting of two voltage amplitudes (90 and 120 mV), two calcein concentrations (600 and 900 mg/l) and two duration of treatments (5 and 15 min) were examined. Thirty-day-old yolk sac fry (n = 640) were treated with calcein and/or ultrasound. Overall mean diffusion of calcein ranged from 3.8 to 36.2 ng/fish. The highest absorption level was observed with highest amplitude applied for 15 min in 900 mg/l of calcein solution. Significantly higher diffusion resulted with 120 mV when compared against 90 mV (P < 0,05). A high level of background autofluorescence (7.8 ng/fish) was also measured. Results from these experiments demonstrate: that a several-fold increase in the rate of diffusion of calcein into fish can be achieved when treated with cavitation level, low frequency ultrasound (40 kHz and 90 or 120 mV). The technique has potential for use in delivery of compounds for marking fish as well as for delivery of therapeutants such as vaccines and antibiotics. <(c)> 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. USN, Carderock Div, Ctr Surface Warfare, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. RP Bart, AN (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, 600 E Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 196 IS 1-2 BP 189 EP 197 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00579-2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 417NT UT WOS:000167841600015 ER PT J AU Clark, DR AF Clark, DR TI DDT and the decline of free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) at Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESIDUES; DIELDRIN; OKLAHOMA; TEXAS AB DDT is believed to have caused the population of Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) at Carlsbad Cavern to decline severely after 1936. Nevertheless, previous data supporting this hypothesis are limited to a single study from 1974, which indicated that 20% of young free-tails from the cavern may have died of DDE poisoning during their first southward migration. In this study I compared organochlorine residues among samples of free-tails collected in Carlsbad Cavern in 1930, 1956, 1965, 1973, and 1988. Samples of skin cut from dry museum specimens were chemically analyzed, except for the 1973 data, which were derived from analyses of whole bats minus gastrointestinal tracts. Accumulated residue levels of DDT compounds in bats from 1965 and 1956 exceeded those in 1973 bats by approximate to 4.8 times and approximate to 2.7 times, respectively. This suggests that lethal effects of DDT compounds were substantially greater in the 1950s and 1960s than in the 1970s. Residues in 1988 bats resembled those for 1973 bats. It is concluded that DDT played a major role in this severe population decline. These results can be applied by management personnel in evaluating the present and future status of this population regarding persisting organochlorine insecticides as well as other agricultural chemicals now in use. The case of the Carlsbad colony is discussed relative to the general issue of other bat population declines. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Clark, DR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 17 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 40 IS 4 BP 537 EP 543 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 426PL UT WOS:000168357500012 PM 11525497 ER PT J AU Condit, R Robinson, WD Ibanez, R Aguilar, S Sanjur, A Martinez, R Stallard, RF Garcia, T Angehr, GR Petit, L Wright, SJ Robinson, TR Heckadon, S AF Condit, R Robinson, WD Ibanez, R Aguilar, S Sanjur, A Martinez, R Stallard, RF Garcia, T Angehr, GR Petit, L Wright, SJ Robinson, TR Heckadon, S TI The status of the Panama Canal watershed and its biodiversity at the beginning of the 21st century SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BARRO-COLORADO ISLAND; POPULATION DECLINES; PUERTO-RICO; FOREST; CONSERVATION; LANDSLIDES; MORTALITY C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, APO, AA 34002 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Autoridad Nacl Ambiente, Ancon, Panama. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Ancon, Panama. Univ Panama, Dept Geog, Panama City, Panama. Panama Canal Author, Miami, FL 33102 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. RP Condit, R (reprint author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, APO, AA 34002 USA. RI Wright, Stuart/M-3311-2013; Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Wright, Stuart/0000-0003-4260-5676; Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 NR 46 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAY PY 2001 VL 51 IS 5 BP 389 EP 398 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0389:TSOTPC]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 442PJ UT WOS:000169293900011 ER PT J AU Dettmers, JM Gutreuter, S Wahl, DH Soluk, DA AF Dettmers, JM Gutreuter, S Wahl, DH Soluk, DA TI Patterns in abundance of fishes in main channels of the upper Mississippi River system SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SHOVELNOSE STURGEON AB Abundance of fishes of the main channels of the upper Mississippi River system and of other large North American rivers is largely unknown because historic sampling methods have been inadequate. We used a bottom trawl to estimate spatial and temporal patterns in abundance in the navigation channels of Pool 26 of the Mississippi River and the lower Illinois River. Total biomass density averaged 21 and 29 kgha(1) in the navigation channels of Pool 26 and the lower Illinois River, respectively. We identified spatial and temporal patterns in catches of key species using a generalized linear model based on the negative binomial distribution. Some species, including shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus), are persistent residents of the main channel. Multiple-season residents, including freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), rely heavily on the main channel during most of the year but leave it briefly, for example to seek thermal refugia in backwaters during winters. We suggest revision of the prevailing notion that main channels of large temperate rivers serve mainly as corridors for movement among other habitat types. C1 Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Great Rivers Field Stn, Brighton, IL 62012 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Kaskaskia Biol Stn, Sullivan, IL 61951 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Ctr Aquat Ecol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Dettmers, JM (reprint author), Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Lake Michigan Biol Stn, 400 17th St, Zion, IL 60099 USA. RI Soluk, Daniel/F-1797-2011 NR 30 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 58 IS 5 BP 933 EP 942 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-5-933 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 429QH UT WOS:000168528100010 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ AF Mattson, DJ TI Myrmecophagy by Yellowstone grizzly bears SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID BLACK BEARS; NATIONAL-PARK; URSUS-ARCTOS; FOOD-HABITS; BROWN; ANTS; TEMPERATURE; SCANDINAVIA; FORMICIDAE; ECOSYSTEMS AB I used data collected during a study of radio-marked grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Yellowstone region from 1977 to 1992 to investigate myrmecophagy by this population. Although generally not an important source of energy for the bears (averaging <5% of fecal volume at peak consumption), ants may have been an important source of protein during midsummer and were heavily consumed during some years. Myrmecophagy was most common annually when known high-quality foods were scarce, as well as during the warmest months of the study, when regional average temperatures exceeded 12-15 degreesC. Bears tended to select large ants (>8 mm long) nested in logs over small ants (less than or equal to 6 mm long) nested under stones. Optimal conditions for consumption of ants occurred on the warmest sites with ample substrate suitable for ant nests. For ants in mounds, this occurred at low elevations at non-forested sites. For ants in logs, this occurred at low elevations or on southerly aspects where there was abundant, large-diameter, well-decomposed woody debris under an open forest canopy. Grizzly bears selected moderately decomposed logs 4-5 dm in diameter at midpoint. Ants will likely become a more important food for Yellowstone's grizzly bears as currently important foods decline, owing to disease and warming of the regional climate. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, POB 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 62 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 79 IS 5 BP 779 EP 793 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-5-779 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 430QY UT WOS:000168588100005 ER PT J AU DiLauro, MN Walsh, RA Peiffer, M Bennett, RM AF DiLauro, MN Walsh, RA Peiffer, M Bennett, RM TI Sperm-cell ultrastructure of north american sturgeons. IV. The pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus Forbes and Richardson, 1905) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID ACIPENSER; SPERMATOZOON AB Sperm-cell morphology and ultrastructure in the pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) were examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Metrics and structure were compared with similar metrics obtained from other published descriptions of sturgeon sperm cells. General morphology was found to be similar to that of sperm cells of the white (Acipenser transmontanus), lake (A. fulvescens), stellate (A. stellatus), Chinese (A. sinensis), Russian (A. gueldenstaedti colchicus), and shortnose (A. brevirostrum) sturgeons, which all shared a gradual tapering of the nuclear diameter from posterior to anterior, unlike that of the Atlantic sturgeon (A. oxyrhynchus). The sperm cell of the pallid sturgeon was similar in size to that of the Atlantic sturgeon, being only slightly larger. The sperm cell of the pallid sturgeon differed from those of other sturgeons chiefly in the acrosomal region, where the posterolateral projections (PLP) have the shape of an acute triangle and are arranged in a spiral about the longitudinal axis of the cell. The PLP were longer than those of other sturgeons, being twice the length of those of the Atlantic sturgeon and 58% longer than those of the lake sturgeon. Also, in cross section the acrosome had the shape of a hollow cone rather than the cap of an oak tree acorn, as was found in ultrastructural studies of other sturgeons. In addition, we were able to confirm that the structural arrangement of the distal centriole of the midpiece is identical with that of the proximal centriole: nine sets of microtubular triplets around the periphery of the centriole. This information is of potential use to fishery biologists, forensic biologists, zoologists, reproductive physiologists, taxonomists, evolutionary biologists, and aquaculturists. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. Penn State Univ, Biotechnol Inst Life Sci, Electron Microscope Facil, S Frear Lab 1, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP DiLauro, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Rural Delivery 4,Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 28 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 79 IS 5 BP 802 EP 808 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-5-802 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 430QY UT WOS:000168588100007 ER PT J AU Rabon, DR Sawrey, DK Webster, WD AF Rabon, DR Sawrey, DK Webster, WD TI Infant ultrasonic vocalizations and parental responses in two species of voles (Microtus) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID PRAIRIE VOLES; SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; MATING SYSTEM; AFFILIATIVE BEHAVIOR; RATTUS-NORVEGICUS; PATERNAL BEHAVIOR; 2-WEEK-OLD RATS; MONTANE VOLE; MEADOW VOLES; OCHROGASTER AB When separated from conspecifics, the young of many rodent species produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) that may facilitate parental approach. Ultrasounds were recorded from infants (0-14 days post partum) of two closely related species that exhibit different social systems, the montane vole (Microtus montanus) and the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). Infant prairie voles emitted a greater number of USVs when isolated from conspecifics than did infant montane voles. Infant prairie voles also emitted a greater number of USVs in the presence of a parent than did infant montane voles. For both species, parental responses to individual infants were most rapid when pups were at those ages when they emitted the greatest numbers of USVs. Prairie vole parents approached pups most rapidly on days 6-8, whereas montane vole parents approached pups most rapidly on days 12-14. There were no differences between sires and dams of either species in their latencies to approach and contact pups. In general, however, infants of both species were retrieved more rapidly by dams than by sires. We suggest that differences in ultrasound production among vole species may correlate with differences in their species-specific social systems. It appears that the number of USVs produced by pups may vary with the amount of parent-pup contact typical of each species. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP Rabon, DR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 33726, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. NR 66 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 79 IS 5 BP 830 EP 837 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-5-830 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 430QY UT WOS:000168588100011 ER PT J AU Atkinson, CT Lease, JK Drake, BM Shema, NP AF Atkinson, CT Lease, JK Drake, BM Shema, NP TI Pathogenicity, serological responses, and diagnosis of experimental and natural malarial infections in native Hawaiian thrushes SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Hawaii; malaria; Myadestes obscurus; Myadestes palmeri; Paroreomyza montana; Plasmodium relictum; serology ID AVIAN MALARIA; RESISTANCE; BIRDS AB Omao (Myadestes obscurus) from the Hawaiian Islands typically have very low prevalences of infection with avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) and it is not clear whether they share the same high susceptibility to this parasite that has been documented in native Hawaiian honeycreepers. We exposed four captive Omao to single infective mosquito bites and measured parasitemia, serological responses, and mortality over time. All four birds experienced transient infections with low parasitemias and were immune when rechallenged with multiple infective mosquito bites. By contrast, three of four honeycreepers (Maui Alauahio. Paroreomyza montana) that were exposed to the same dose and parasite isolate succumbed to infection. All four Omao developed antibodies to a common suite of malarial antigens that were detectable on immunoblots of a crude red blood cell extract of P. relictum. We used this technique to screen plasma samples from wild Omao and endangered Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri) that were captured at elevations between 900 and 1300 m on the islands of Hawaii and Kauai. We found that the true prevalence of infection at elevations where active malaria transmission occurs is much higher than estimates based on blood smears alone. Hawaiian thrushes appear to have a high tolerance for malaria, with most individuals developing chronic, low-level infections after exposure that cannot be diagnosed accurately by blood smears. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Atkinson, CT (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 218, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM carter_atkinson@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 11 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2001 VL 103 IS 2 BP 209 EP 218 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0209:PSRADO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 430HZ UT WOS:000168569600001 ER PT J AU Pavlacky, DC Anderson, SH AF Pavlacky, DC Anderson, SH TI Habitat preferences of pinyon-juniper specialists near the limit of their geographic range SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE geographic range; habitat structure; pinyon-juniper birds; pinyon pine; Utah juniper ID SELECTION; COMMUNITIES; WOODLANDS; BIRDS AB We investigated habitat preferences for five pinyon-juniper specialists during the 1998 and 1999 breeding seasons in Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) woodlands of southwestern Wyoming. We compared avian use and availability of vegetation features using univariate and multivariate analysis to detect selection for vegetative features of pinyon-juniper specialists near the northeastern range boundary of pinyon-juniper habitat on the Colorado Plateau. Gray Flycatchers (Empidonax wrightii), Juniper Titmice (Baeolophus griseus), and Bewick's Wrens (Thryomanes bewickii) preferred woodlands with high overstory juniper cover. The Juniper Titmouse was associated with senescent trees, Blue-frap Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) with rock outcrops and shrubs in the family Rosaceae, and Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens) with pinyon pine (Pinus edulis). We suggest the geographic distribution of four of five pinyon-juniper specialists is limited by the occurrence of pinyon pine in semiarid woodlands on the northeastern Colorado Plateau. The geographic limit for Blue-gray Gnatcatchers in this region may correspond to the presence of mountain mahogany in the woodland understory. The conservation of pinyon-juniper specialists in southwestern Wyoming will benefit from the maintenance of successional processes, particularly those that perpetuate mature woodlands with a pinyon pine component. C1 Univ Wyoming, USGS, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Anderson, SH (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, USGS, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 46 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 5 U2 14 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2001 VL 103 IS 2 BP 322 EP 331 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0322:HPOPJS]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 430HZ UT WOS:000168569600011 ER PT J AU Rivera-Milan, FF AF Rivera-Milan, FF TI Transect surveys of columbid nests on Puerto Rico, Vieques, and Culebra Islands SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE columbids; food; nest density; nest detection probability; predators; rainfall; transect surveys ID WHITE-CROWNED PIGEONS; POPULATION-DENSITY; ZENAIDA DOVES; DRY FOREST; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; RAINFALL; SUCCESS; TRENDS; BIRDS AB I conducted transect surveys of pigeon and dove (Columbidae) nests on Puerto Rico, Vieques, and Culebra islands. Nest detection probability and density differed between study areas in January-August 1991 and 1992. Nest detection probability and density did not differ between years or among species, so I used transect data from a larger study (1986-1999) to assess the relationships between nest density and rainfall, food abundance, food diversity, and predator abundance along transects. Food abundance was the most important predictor of annual changes in nest density on the surveyed transects in mesic and xeric habitats during May-June 1986-1999. Positive correlations of annual nest density estimates suggested parallel responses among columbid species to similar or covarying resources in mesic and xeric habitats. C1 Dept Nat & Environm Resources, San Juan, PR 00906 USA. RP Rivera-Milan, FF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Int Conservat, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Suite 730,ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 53 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2001 VL 103 IS 2 BP 332 EP 342 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0332:TSOCNO]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 430HZ UT WOS:000168569600012 ER PT J AU Doherty, PF Williams, JB Grubb, TC AF Doherty, PF Williams, JB Grubb, TC TI Field metabolism and water flux of Carolina Chickadees during breeding and nonbreeding seasons: A test of the "peak-demand" and "reallocation" hypotheses SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Carolina Chickadee; doubly labeled water; energetics; Poecile carolinensis ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; TIT PARUS-MAJOR; SAVANNAH SPARROWS; GREAT TITS; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; CLUTCH SIZE; ENERGETICS; WINTER; TEMPERATURE; INCUBATION AB We tested the "peak-demand" and "reallocation" hypotheses of seasonal energy expenditure which predict, respectively, that energy expenditure is greatest during the breeding season or varies little seasonally. We rested these predictions by utilizing the doubly labeled water technique to estimate energy expenditure and water Bur of Carolina Chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) in both the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Similar to Weathers et al. (1999), we did not find support for either of these hypotheses, finding instead that energy expenditure was greater during the nonbreeding season. The fact that our study site was at the northern edge of the species' range, where winters are severe, may have influenced this result. Comparisons with other parid studies were equivocal because body size was an important factor in explaining seasonal energetics, and only the larger species have been examined during the breeding season. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Doherty, PF (reprint author), US Dept Interior, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2001 VL 103 IS 2 BP 370 EP 375 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0370:FMAWFO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 430HZ UT WOS:000168569600016 ER PT J AU Piper, DZ AF Piper, DZ TI Marine chemistry of the Permian phosphoria formation and basin, southeast Idaho SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; PACIFIC-OCEAN; BLACK SHALES; SUSPENDED PARTICLES; PARTICULATE MATTER; FORAMINIFERA TESTS; SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS; ORGANIC-MATTER; PERU MARGIN AB Major components in the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation are apatite, dolomite, calcite, organic matter, and biogenic silica-a marine fraction; and aluminosilicate quartz debris-a terrigenous fraction. Samples from Enoch Valley, in southeast Idaho, have major element oxide abundances of Al(2)O(3), Fe(2)O(3), K(2)O, and TiO(2) that closely approach the composition of the world shale average, Factor analysis further identifies the partitioning of several trace elements-Ba, Ca, Li, Sc, and Th and, at other sites in southeast Idaho and western Wyoming, B, Co, Cs, Hf Rb, and Ta-totally into this fraction. Trace elements that fail to show such correlations or factor loadings include Ag, hs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Se, the rare earth elements (REE), U, V, and Zn. Their terrigenous contribution is determined from minimum values of trace elements versus the terrigenous fraction. These minima too define trace element concentrations in the terrigenous fraction that ap proximately equal their concentrations in the world shale average. The marine fraction of trace elements represents the difference between the bulk trace element content of a sample and the terrigenous contribution. Of the trace elements enriched above a terrigenous contribution, Ag, Cr, Cu, Mo, and Se show strong loadings on the factor with an organic matter loading and U and the REE on the factor with a strong apatite loading, Cd, Ni, V, and Zn do not show a strong correlation with any of the marine components but are, nonetheless, strongly enriched above a terrigenous contribution. Interelement relationships between the trace elements identify two seawater sources-planktonic debris and basinal bottotn water. Relationships between Cd, Cu, Mo, Zn, and possibly Ni and Se suggest a solely biogenic source. Their accumulation rates, and that of PO(4)(3-), further identify the level of primary productivity as having been moderate and the residence time of water in the basin at 4.5 yr. Enrichments of Cr, U, V, and the REE, above both terrigenous and biogenic contributions, define bottom-water redox conditions as having been oxygen depleted, that is, denitrifying but not sulfate reducing. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Piper, DZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 902, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dzpiper@usgs.gov NR 96 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 96 IS 3 BP 599 EP 620 DI 10.2113/96.3.599 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 434WF UT WOS:000168838300009 ER PT J AU Beauvais, SL Jones, SB Parris, JT Brewer, SK Little, EE AF Beauvais, SL Jones, SB Parris, JT Brewer, SK Little, EE TI Cholinergic and behavioral neurotoxicity of carbaryl and cadmium to larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE cadmium; carbaryl; cholinesterase; muscarinic receptor; Oncorhynchus mykiss; swimming speed ID RAT-BRAIN; FISH; INHIBITION; MALATHION; RECEPTORS; CHLORPYRIFOS; COLORADO; TOXICITY; INVITRO; BINDING AB Pesticides and heavy metals are common environmental contaminants that can cause neurotoxicity to aquatic organisms, impairing reproduction and survival. Neurotoxic effects of cadmium and carbaryl exposures were estimated in larval rainbow trout (RBT; Oncorhynchus mykiss) using changes in physiological endpoints and correlations with behavioral responses. Following exposures, RBT were videotaped to assess swimming speed. Brain tissue was used to measure cholinesterase (ChE) activity, muscarinic cholinergic receptor (MChR) number, and MChR affinity, ChE activity decreased with increasing concentrations of carbaryl but not of cadmium, MChR were not affected by exposure to either carbaryl or cadmium, Swimming speed correlated with ChE activity in carbaryl-exposed RBT, but no correlation occurred in cadmium-exposed fish, Thus, carbaryl exposure resulted in neurotoxicity reflected by changes in physiological and behavioral parameters measured, while cadmium exposure did not, Correlations between behavior and physiology provide a useful assessment of neurotoxicity. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USGS, BRD, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65202 USA. RP Jones, SB (reprint author), USGS, BRD, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65202 USA. NR 38 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 84 EP 90 DI 10.1006/eesa.2000.2032 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 435PN UT WOS:000168890000009 PM 11386719 ER PT J AU Griffith, JA Price, KP Martinko, EA AF Griffith, JA Price, KP Martinko, EA TI A multivariate analysis of biophysical parameters of tallgrass prairie among land management practices and years SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE environmental monitoring; grassland management; NDVI; remote sensing; tall grass prairie ID FESCUE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; TOPOGRAPHIC POSITION; SPECIES COMPOSITION; GRAZING IMPACTS; PLANT-RESPONSES; MIXED PRAIRIE; FIRE; WATER; VEGETATION AB Six treatments of eastern Kansas tallgrass prairie - native prairie, hayed, mowed, grazed, burned and untreated - were studied to examine the biophysical effects of land management practices on grasslands. On each treatment, measurements of plant biomass, leaf area index, plant cover, leaf moisture and soil moisture were collected. In addition, measurements were taken of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is derived from spectral reflectance measurements. Measurements were taken in mid-June, mid-July and late summer of 1990 and 1991. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were differences in the set of variables among treatments and years. Follow-up tests included univariate t-tests to determine which variables were contributing to any significant difference. Results showed a significant difference (p < 0.0005) among treatments in the composite of parameters during each of the months sampled. In most treatment types, there was a significant difference between years within each month. The univariate tests showed, however, that only some variables, primarily soil moisture, were contributing to this difference. We conclude that biomass and % plant cover show the best potential to serve as long-term indicators of grassland condition as they generally were sensitive to effects of different land management practices but not to yearly change in weather conditions. NDVI was insensitive to precipitation differences between years in July for most treatments, but was not in the native prairie. Choice of sampling time is important for these parameters to serve effectively as indicators. C1 Univ Kansas, Kansas Appl Remote Sensing Program, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Griffith, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Griffith, Jerry/C-1119-2009 NR 71 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 68 IS 3 BP 249 EP 271 DI 10.1023/A:1010703725172 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 423VH UT WOS:000168198100003 PM 11393427 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Capel, PD Nowell, LH AF Wong, CS Capel, PD Nowell, LH TI National-scale, field-based evaluation of the biota-sediment accumulation factor model SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; PREDICTING BIOACCUMULATION; FOOD-WEB; CHEMICALS; LAKE; PCB; BIOAVAILABILITY; DIOXINS; WATER AB The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) model has been suggested as a simple tool to predict bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in fish and other aquatic biota from measured concentrations in sediment based on equilibrium partitioning between the sediment organic carbon and biotic lipid pools. Currently, evaluation of this model as a predictive tool has been limited to laboratory studies and small-scale field studies, using a limited number of biotic species. This study evaluates the model, from field data, for a suite of organochlorine HOCs from paired fluvial sediment and biota (fish and bivalves) samples throughout the United States and over a large range of biotic species. These data represent a real-world, worst-case scenario of the model because environmental variables are not controlled. Median BSAF values for fish (3.3) and bivalves (2.8) were not statistically different but are higher than theoretically predicted values (1-2). BSAF values varied significantly in a few species. Differences in chemical-specific BSAF values were not observed in bivalves but were statistically significant in fish. The HOCs with differing BSAF values were those known to be biotransformed. Sediment organic carbon content and biota lipid content had no effect on BSAF values in fish and only a weak effect in bivalves. This study suggests that the BSAF model could be useful under in situ riverine conditions as a first-level screening tool for predicting bioaccumulation; however, variability in BSAF values may impose limits on its utility. C1 US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Capel, PD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RI Wong, Charles/B-4215-2012 OI Wong, Charles/0000-0002-5743-2942 NR 39 TC 64 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 9 BP 1709 EP 1715 DI 10.1021/es0016452 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 429HD UT WOS:000168509600019 PM 11355183 ER PT J AU Van Metre, PC Mahler, BJ Furlong, ET AF Van Metre, PC Mahler, BJ Furlong, ET TI Response to comment on "Urban sprawl leaves its PAH signature" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DESORPTION; SEDIMENT C1 US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Van Metre, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8027 Exchange Dr, Austin, TX 78754 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 9 BP 1890 EP 1891 DI 10.1021/es010658s PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 429HD UT WOS:000168509600045 ER PT J AU Haefner, RJ AF Haefner, RJ TI A sulfur-isotope mixing model to trace leachate from pressurized fluidized bed combustion byproducts in an abandoned-coal-mine setting SO FUEL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Ash Utilization Symposium CY OCT 18-20, 1999 CL LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY SP Univ Kentuckey, Ctr Appl Energy Res, US DOE DE pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) byproduct; sulfur-isotopes; environmental tracers; ground water AB Approximately 125 tons per acre of dry pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) byproducts were applied during reclamation to a 7-acre abandoned coal mine in eastern Ohio, USA. The purpose of the application was to raise the pH of the soil and allow for re-establishment of vegetation. To trace leachate derived from the PFBC byproduct, sulfur-isotope ratios (delta S-34) were measured from solid-phase materials and water samples. The delta S-34 value for the PFBC byproduct ranged from +4.6 to +4.87%. Spoil and aquifer-material samples had delta S-14 values less than +3.2%. Unsaturated-zone waters within the PFBC byproduct application area had isotope signatures representative of the byproduct, whereas similar waters from outside the application area had signatures representative of the spoil. A sulfur-isotope-mixing model indicated that as much as 75% of the sulfate in the unsaturated-zone waters in the application area was derived from PFBC byproduct leachate. Sulfate concentrations in ground water increased after reclamation (from 1,110 to 2,100 mg/l in upgradient wells and from 1,770 to 1,880 mg/l in downgradient wells); however, the sulfur-isotope data indicate that sulfate in ground water was derived from oxidation of pyrite in the mine spoil, not by the leaching of PFBC byproduct. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Haefner, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 6480 Doubletree Ave, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD MAY PY 2001 VL 80 IS 6 SI SI BP 829 EP 836 DI 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00161-7 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 407ZT UT WOS:000167302600008 ER PT J AU Nelson, ST Karlsson, HR Paces, JB Tingey, DG Ward, S Peters, MT AF Nelson, ST Karlsson, HR Paces, JB Tingey, DG Ward, S Peters, MT TI Paleohydrologic record of spring deposits in and around Pleistocene pluvial Lake Tecopa, southeastern California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE hydrology; isotope geochemistry; nuclear waste; paleoclimate; paleohydrology ID DEATH-VALLEY; DEVILS-HOLE; NEVADA; CARBONATES; CALCITE; AGES AB Tufa (spring) deposits in the Tecopa basin, California, reflect the response of arid groundwater regimes to wet climate episodes. Two types of tufa are represented, informally defined as (1) an easily disaggregated, fine-grained mixture of calcite and quartz (friable tufa) in the southwest Tecopa Valley, and (2) hard, vuggy micrite, laminated carbonate, and carbonate-cemented sands and gravels (indurated tufa) along the eastern margin of Lake Tecopa, High delta O-18(VSMOW) (Vienna standard mean ocean water) water values, field relations, and the texture of friable tufa suggest rapid nucleation of calcite as subaqueous, fault-controlled groundwater discharge mixed with high-pa, hypersaline lake water. Variations between delta O-18(VSMOW) and delta C-13(PDB) (Peedee belemnite) values relative to other closed basin lakes such as the Great Salt Lake and Lake Lahontan suggest similarities in climatic and hydrologic settings. Indurated tufa, also fault controlled, formed mounds and associated feeder systems as well as stratabound carbonate-cemented ledges, Both deposits represent discharge of deeply circulated, high total dissolved solids, and high pCO(2) regional groundwater with kinetic enrichments of as much as several per mil for delta O-18(VSMOW) values. Field relations show that indurated tufa represents episodic discharge, and U-series ages imply that discharge was correlated with cold, wet climate episodes. In response to both the breaching of the Tecopa basin and a modern arid climate, most discharge has changed from fault-controlled locations near basin margins to topographic lows of the Amargosa River drainage at elevations 30-130 m lower, Because of episodic climate change, spring flows may have relocated from basin margin to basin center multiple times. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Geol, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89134 USA. RP Nelson, ST (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Geol, S389 ESC, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 10 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 113 IS 5 BP 659 EP 670 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0659:PROSDI>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 428DV UT WOS:000168446800012 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL Banerdt, WB Kargel, JS Hoffman, N AF Tanaka, KL Banerdt, WB Kargel, JS Hoffman, N TI Huge, CO(2)-charged debris-flow deposit and tectonic sagging in the northern plains of Mars SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mars; debris flows; sedimentation rates; erosion rates; CO(2) ID TOPOGRAPHY; METEORITE; ALH84001; HISTORY; OCEANS; MODEL; CO2 AB The northern plains of R lars contain a vast deposit, covering one-sixth of the planet, that apparently resulted in extensive lithospheric deformation. The center of the deposit may be as much as 2-3 km thick. The deposit has lobate margins consistent with the how of fluidized debris for hundreds to thousands of kilometers derived from highland and high-plains sources. The deposit surface lowers inward by similar to 900 m in places and is locally bordered by a bulge similar to 300 m high. Similar deformation accompanied development of Pleistocene ire sheets on Earth. The lack of burial of a large inlier of older terrain and the response time of the mantle to the loading require that the deposit was emplaced in < 1000 yr, assuming that the deposit was originally flat. We account for what may have been the largest catastrophic erosional and/or depositional event in solar system history by invoking pore-filling subsurface CO(2) as an active agent in the processes of source-rock collapse and debris flow. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. La Trobe Univ, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 28 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-8505 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 2001 VL 29 IS 5 BP 427 EP 430 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0427:HCCDFD>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 428DJ UT WOS:000168445700013 ER PT J AU Henry, B Rouvier, H le Goff, M Leach, D Macquar, JC Thibieroz, J Lewchuk, MT AF Henry, B Rouvier, H le Goff, M Leach, D Macquar, JC Thibieroz, J Lewchuk, MT TI Palaeomagnetic dating of widespread remagnetization on the southeastern border of the French Massif Central and implications for fluid flow and Mississippi Valley-type mineralization SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE fluid migration; Massif Central; mineralization; palaeomagnetism ID LATE PALEOZOIC REMAGNETIZATION; STRATABOUND ORE-DEPOSITS; RB-SR; GPF PROGRAM; CHEMICAL REMAGNETIZATION; MAGNETITE AUTHIGENESIS; THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; BURIAL DIAGENESIS; GROUNDWATER-FLOW AB Palaeomagnetic dating techniques have been applied to determine the age of fluid migration that produced the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn-Ba-F deposits in the Cevennes region of southern France. 15 sampling sites in two gently deformed areas around the Largentiere and Croix-de-Pallieres mines on the Cevennes bolder were selected for palaeomagnetic study. They yielded a very well-defined direction of remagnetization corresponding to an Early-Middle Eocene age. This remagnetization cannot be related to the formation of magnetite as a result of the transformation of smectite to illite because the tatter has been well elated as a Mesozoic event. The magnetic overprint in this area is related to a chemical phenomenon during fluid migration. The age of remagnetization corresponds to a major uplift in the Pyrenees mountains, located to the south of the Cevennes. This implies that fluid migration occurred from the south to the north as a result of hydraulic head established in the Pyrenees orogenic belt during orogenesis and suggests that the MVT deposits in the Cevennes region formed from a gravity-driven fluid system as described by Garven & Freeze (1984a,b). C1 IPGP, Geomagnetisme & Paleomagnetisme, F-94107 St Maur, France. CNRS, F-94107 St Maur, France. Univ Paris 06, Lab Geol Appl, F-75252 Paris, France. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Henry, B (reprint author), IPGP, Geomagnetisme & Paleomagnetisme, 4 Ave Neptune, F-94107 St Maur, France. NR 79 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 145 IS 2 BP 368 EP 380 DI 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01382.x PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 429LC UT WOS:000168517600004 ER PT J AU Caplan-Auerbach, J Fox, CG Duennebier, FK AF Caplan-Auerbach, J Fox, CG Duennebier, FK TI Hydroacoustic detection of submarine landslides on Kilauea volcano SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE; MECHANISM AB Landslides produced at the site where lava flows into the ocean at Kilauea volcano have been detected hydroacoustically;. Up to 10 landslides per day were detected by a hydrophone on the Hawaii Undersea Gee-Observatory (HUGO), located 50 km south of the entry site. The largest of these landslides, partly subaerial events known as bench collapses! were detected by a network of hydrophones in the eastern Pacific, 5000-7000 km away from the source. The landslides display a characteristic spectra signature easily recognizable among other signals such as earthquake T-phases and anthropogenic noises. The fact that signals are detected at great distances suggests that hydroacoustic detection of landslides could he a powerful tool in tsunami monitoring and modeling efforts. C1 Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Caplan-Auerbach, J (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NR 15 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 9 BP 1811 EP 1813 DI 10.1029/2000GL012545 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 424QN UT WOS:000168243100036 ER PT J AU Grauch, VJS Hudson, MR Minor, SA AF Grauch, VJS Hudson, MR Minor, SA TI Aeromagnetic expression of faults that offset basin fill, Albuquerque basin, New Mexico SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY AB High-resolution aeromagnetic data acquired over the Albuquerque basin show widespread expression of faults that offset basin fill and demonstrate that the aeromagnetic method can be an important hydrogeologic and surficial mapping tool in sediment-filled basins. Aeromagnetic expression of faults is recognized by the common correspondence of linear anomalies to surficial evidence of faulting across the area. In map view, linear anomalies show patterns typical of extensional faulting, such as anastomosing and en echelon segments. Depths to the tops of faulted magnetic layers showing the most prominent aeromagnetic expression range from 0 to 100 m. Sources related to subtler fault expressions range in depths from 200 to 500 m. We estimate that sources of the magnetic expressions of the near-surface faults likely reside within the upper 509-600 m of the subsurface. The linear anomalies in profile form show a range of shapes, but all of them can be explained by the juxtaposition of layers having different magnetic properties. One typical anomaly differs from the expected symmetric fault anomaly by exhibiting an apparent low over the fault zone and more than one inflection point. Although the apparent low could easily be misinterpreted as representing multiple faults or an anomalous fault zone, geophysical analysis, magnetic-property measurements, and geologic considerations lead instead to a "thin-thick model" in which magnetic layers of different thickness are juxtaposed. The general geometry of this model is a thin magnetic layer on the upthrown block and a thick magnetic layer on the downthrown block. The thin-thick model can be represented geologically by growth faulting and syntectonic sedimentation, where relatively coarse-grained sediment (which is more magnetic than fine-grained material) has accumulated in the hanging wall. This implies that the aeromagnetic data have potential for mapping growth faults and locating concentrations of coarse-grained material that may have high hydraulic transmissivity. Although cementation along fault zones is common in portions of the area. we found no evidence that this secondary process results in measurable aeromagnetic anomalies. This observation differs from the findings in other sedimentary basins suggesting that magnetic anomalies arise from secondary magnetization along fault planes. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Grauch, VJS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 42 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 66 IS 3 BP 707 EP 720 DI 10.1190/1.1444961 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 441LH UT WOS:000169231500001 ER PT J AU Lee, MW Collett, TS AF Lee, MW Collett, TS TI Elastic properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WAVE VELOCITIES; METHANE HYDRATE; SANDSTONES; POROSITY; ROCKS; BASE; ZONE AB Downhole-measured compressional- and shear-wave velocities acquired in the Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well, northwestern Canada, reveal that the dominant effect of gas hydrate on the elastic properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments is as a pore-filling constituent. As opposed to high elastic velocities predicted from a cementation theory, whereby a small amount of gas hydrate in the pore space significantly increases the elastic velocities, the velocity increase from gas hydrate saturation in the sediment pore space is small. Both the effective medium theory and a weighted equation predict a slight increase of velocities from gas hydrate concentration, similar to the field-observed velocities; however, the weighted equation more accurately describes the compressional- and shear-wave velocities of gas hydrate-bearing sediments. A decrease of Poisson's ratio with an increase in the gas hydrate concentration is similar to a decrease of Poisson's ratio with a decrease in the sediment porosity Poisson's ratios greater than 0.33 for gas hydrate-bearing sediments imply the unconsolidated nature of gas hydrate-bearing sediments at this well site. The seismic characteristics of gas hydrate-bearing sediments at this site can be used to compare and evaluate other gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the Arctic. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lee, MW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 32 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 6 U2 17 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 66 IS 3 BP 763 EP 771 DI 10.1190/1.1444966 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 441LH UT WOS:000169231500006 ER PT J AU Manies, KL Harden, JW Kramer, L Parton, WJ AF Manies, KL Harden, JW Kramer, L Parton, WJ TI Carbon dynamics within agricultural and native sites in the loess region of western Iowa SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon; Century model; cropland; erosion; prairie; sink; soil; source ID ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS; LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS; LAND-USE; GRASSLAND; CROPLAND; EROSION; DAKOTA; SOILS AB In order to quantify the historical changes in carbon storage that result from agricultural conversion, this study compared the carbon dynamics of two sites in the loess region of Iowa: a native prairie and a cropland. Field data were obtained to determine present-day carbon storage and its variability within a landscape (a stable ridgetop vs. eroding upper-midslope vs. depositional lower slope). Models were used to recreate the historical carbon budget of these sites and determine the cropland's potential to be a net CO2 source or sink, relative to the atmosphere. Regardless of slope position, the cropland site contains approximately half the amount of carbon as prairie. Variability in soil carbon storage within a site as a consequence of slope position is as large or larger (variations of 200-300%) than temporal variation (similar to 200% at all slope positions). The most extreme difference in soil carbon storage between the cropland and prairie sites is found in the soil at the upper-midslope, which is the area of greatest erosion. The models estimate that 93-172% of the carbon in the original topsoil has been lost from the cropland's eroding midslope. Much of this carbon is derived from deeper soil horizons. Either a small sink or strong source of carbon to the atmosphere is created, depending on the fate of the eroded sediment and its associated carbon. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. USDA, Natl Soils Tilth Lab, Deep Loess Res Stn, Agr Res Stn, Council Bluffs, IA 51503 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Manies, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 962, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 545 EP 555 DI 10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00427.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 465AC UT WOS:000170564700004 ER PT J AU Warner, KL AF Warner, KL TI Arsenic in glacial drift aquifers and the implication for drinking water - Lower Illinois River Basin SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; GROUNDWATER AB The lower Illinois River Basin (LIRB) covers 47,000 km(2) of central and western Illinois. In the LIRE, 90% of the ground water supplies are from the deep and shallow glacial drift aquifers, The deep glacial drift aquifer (DGDA) is below 152 m altitude, a sand and gravel deposit that fills the Mahomet Buried Bedrock Valley, and overlain by more than 30.5 m of clayey till. The LIRE is part of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment program, which has an objective to describe the status and trends of surface and ground water quality. In the DGDA, 55% of the wells used for public drinking-water supply and 43% of the wells used for domestic drinking water supply have arsenic concentrations above 10 mug/L (a new U.S. EPA drinking water standard). Arsenic concentrations greater than 25 mug/L in ground water are mostly in the form of arsenite (AsIII). The Proportion of arsenate (AsV) to arsenite does not change along the flowpath of the DGDA. Because of the limited number of arsenic species analyses, no clear relations between species and other trace elements, major ions, or physical parameters could be established. Arsenic and barium concentrations increase from east to west in the DGDA and are positively correlated. Chloride and arsenic are positively correlated and provide evidence that arsenic may be derived locally from underlying bedrock. Solid phase geochemical analysis of the till, sand and gravel, and bedrock show the highest presence of arsenic in the underlying organic-rich carbonate bedrock. The black shale or coal within the organic-rich carbonate bedrock is a potential source of arsenic. Most high arsenic concentrations found in the DGDA are west and downgradient of the bedrock structural features. Geologic structures in the bedrock are potential pathways for recharge to the DGDA from surrounding bedrock. C1 US Geol Survey, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Warner, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 221 N Broadway, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 36 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 10 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 3 BP 433 EP 442 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02327.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 428DR UT WOS:000168446500015 PM 11341009 ER PT J AU Landa, ER Miller, KL AF Landa, ER Miller, KL TI A unique find (an interesting story as told to Ken Miller by Ed Landa) SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM erlanda@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 80 IS 5 SU S BP S49 EP S50 DI 10.1097/00004032-200105001-00004 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 423HE UT WOS:000168169200002 PM 11316082 ER PT J AU Hirsch, RM AF Hirsch, RM TI Preface - Water quality of large US rivers: results from the US Geological Survey's National Stream Quality Accounting Network SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, MS Natl Ctr 409, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Hirsch, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS Natl Ctr 409, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1085 EP 1086 DI 10.1002/hyp.204 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500001 ER PT J AU Hooper, RP Aulenbach, BT Kelly, VJ AF Hooper, RP Aulenbach, BT Kelly, VJ TI The National Stream Quality Accounting Network: a flux-based approach to monitoring the water quality of large rivers SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE water quality; flux; NASQAN; network; nutrients; sediment; pesticides; rivers ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; MODELS AB Estimating the annual mass flux at a network of fixed stations is one approach to characterizing water quality of large rivers. The interpretive context provided by annual flux includes identifying source and sink areas for constituents and estimating the loadings to receiving waters, such as reservoirs or the ocean. Since 1995, the US Geological Survey's National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) has employed this approach at a network of 39 stations in four of the largest river basins of the USA: the Mississippi, the Columbia, the Colorado and the Rio Grande. In this paper, the design of NASQAN is described and its effectiveness at characterizing the water quality of these rivers is evaluated using data from the first 3 years of operation. A broad range of constituents was measured by NASQAN, including trace organic and inorganic chemicals, major ions, sediment and nutrients. Where possible, a regression model relating concentration to discharge and season was used to interpolate between chemical observations for flux estimation, For water-quality network design, the most important finding from NASQAN was the importance of having a specific objective (that is, estimating annual mass flux) and, from that, an explicitly stated data analysis strategy, namely the use of regression models to interpolate between observations. The use of such models aided in the design of sampling strategy and provided a context for data review. The regression models essentially form null hypotheses for concentration variation that can be evaluated by the observed data. The feedback between network operation and data collection established by the hypothesis tests places the water-quality network on a firm scientific footing. C1 US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Hooper, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RI Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008 OI Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288 NR 34 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1089 EP 1106 DI 10.1002/hyp.205 PG 18 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500002 ER PT J AU Horowitz, AJ Elrick, KA Smith, JJ AF Horowitz, AJ Elrick, KA Smith, JJ TI Estimating suspended sediment and trace element fluxes in large river basins: methodological considerations as applied to the NASQAN programme SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE sediment chemistry; flux estimation; trace elements; suspended sediment ID LOADS AB In 1994, the NASQAN (National Stream Quality Accounting Network) programme was redesigned as a flux-based water-quality monitoring network for the Mississippi, Columbia, Colorado, and Rio Grande Basins. As the new programme represented a departure from the original, new sampling, processing, analytical, and data handling procedures had to be selected/developed to provide data on discharge, suspended sediment concentration, and the concentrations of suspended sediment and dissolved trace elements. Annual suspended sediment fluxes were estimated by summing daily instantaneous fluxes based on predicted suspended sediment concentrations derived from discharge-based log-log regression (rating-curve) models. The models were developed using both historical and current site-specific discharge and suspended sediment concentrations. Errors using this approach typically are less than +/- 10% for the 3-year reporting period however, the magnitude of the errors increases substantially for temporal spans shorter than 1 year. Total, rather than total-recoverable, suspended sediment-associated trace element concentrations were determined by direct analysis of material dewatered from large-volume whole-water samples. Site-specific intra- and inter-annual suspended sediment-associated chemical variations were less (typically by no more than a factor of two) than those for either discharge or suspended sediment concentrations (usually more than 10-fold). The concentrations, hence the annual fluxes, for suspended sediment-associated phosphorus and organic carbon, determined by direct analyses, were higher than those determined using a more traditional paired, whole-water/filtered-water approach (by factors ranging from 15- to 10-fold). This may be important for such issues as eutrophication and coastal productivity. Filtered water-associated (dissolved) trace element concentrations were markedly lower than those determined during the historical NASQAN programme; many were below their respective detection limits. This resulted from the use of clean sampling, processing, and analytical protocols. Hence, the fluxes for filtered water-associated (dissolved) Ag, Pb, Co, V, Be, Sb, and Se, as well as the total (filtered water plus suspended sediment-associated) fluxes for these constituents, could not be estimated. C1 US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Horowitz, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Suite 130,3039 Amwiler Rd, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 33 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 5 U2 28 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1107 EP 1132 DI 10.1002/hyp.206 PG 26 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500003 ER PT J AU Holtschlag, DJ AF Holtschlag, DJ TI Optimal estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations in streams SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE suspended sediments; optimal estimation; Kalman filtering; computation; flux; loads ID LOADS AB Optimal estimators are developed for computation of suspended-sediment concentrations in streams. The estimators are a function of parameters, computed by use of generalized least squares, which simultaneously account for effects of streamflow, seasonal variations in average sediment concentrations, a dynamic error component, and the uncertainty in concentration measurements. The parameters are used in a Kalman filter for on-line estimation and an associated smoother for off-line estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations. The accuracies of the optimal estimators are compared with alternative time-averaging interpolators and flow-weighting regression estimators by use of long-term daily-mean suspended-sediment concentration and streamflow data from 10 sites within the United States. For sampling intervals from 3 to 48 days, the standard errors of on-line and off-line optimal estimators ranged from 52.7 to 107%, and from 39.5 to 93.0%, respectively. The corresponding standard errors of linear and cubic-spline interpolators ranged from 48.8 to 158%, and from 50.6 to 176%, respectively. The standard errors of simple and multiple regression estimators, which did not vary with the sampling interval, were 124 and 105%, respectively. Thus, the optimal off-line estimator (Kalman smoother) had the lowest error characteristics of those evaluated. Because suspended-sediment concentrations are typically measured at less than 3-day intervals, use of optimal estimators will likely result in significant improvements in the accuracy of continuous suspended-sediment concentration records. Additional research on the integration of direct suspended-sediment concentration measurements and optimal estimators applied at hourly or shorter intervals is needed. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. RP Holtschlag, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 6520 Mercantile Way,Suite 5, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1133 EP 1155 DI 10.1002/hyp.207 PG 23 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500004 ER PT J AU Broshears, RE Clark, GM Jobson, HE AF Broshears, RE Clark, GM Jobson, HE TI Simulation of stream discharge and transport of nitrate and selected herbicides in the Mississippi River Basin SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE river hydraulic modelling; water quality; transport; nitrate; herbicides; Mississippi River AB Stream discharge and the transport of nitrate, atrazine, and metolachlor in the Mississippi River Basin were simulated using the DAFLOW/BLTM hydrologic model. The simulated domain for stream discharge included river reaches downstream from the following stations in the National Stream Quality Accounting Network: Mississippi River at Clinton, IA; Missouri River at Hermann, MO; Ohio River at Grand Chain, IL; and Arkansas River at Little Rock, AR. Coefficients of hydraulic geometry were calibrated using data from water year 1996; the model was validated by favourable simulation of observed discharges in water years 1992-1994. The transport of nitrate, atrazine, and metolachlor was simulated downstream from the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL, and the Ohio River at Grand Chain. Simulated concentrations compared favourably with observed concentrations at Baton Rouge, LA. Development of this model is a preliminary step in gaining a more quantitative understanding of the sources and fate of nutrients and pesticides delivered from the Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Boise, ID USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Broshears, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1157 EP 1167 DI 10.1002/hyp.208 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500005 ER PT J AU Horowitz, AJ Elrick, KA Smith, JJ AF Horowitz, AJ Elrick, KA Smith, JJ TI Annual suspended sediment and trace element fluxes in the Mississippi, Columbia, Colorado, and Rio Grande drainage basins SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE sediment chemistry; flux; trace elements; suspended sediment ID VARIABILITY; RIVER AB Suspended sediment, sediment-associated, total trace element, phosphorus (P), and total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes were determined for the Mississippi, Columbia, Rio Grande, and Colorado Basins for the study period (the 1996, 1997, and 1998 water years) as part of the US Geological Survey's redesigned National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) programme. The majority (greater than or equal to 70%) of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Ba, P, As, Fe, Mn, and Al are transported in association with suspended sediment; Sr transport seems dominated by the dissolved phase, whereas the transport of Li and TOC seems to be divided equally between both phases. Average dissolved trace element levels are markedly lower than reported during the original NASQAN programme; this seems due to the use of 'clean' sampling, processing, and analytical techniques rather than to improvements in water quality. Partitioning between sediment and water for Ag, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, V, Be, As, Sb, Hg and Ti could not be estimated due to a lack of detectable dissolved concentrations in most samples. Elevated suspended sediment-associated Zn levels were detected in the Ohio River Basin and elevated Hg levels were detected in the Tennessee River, the former may affect the mainstem Mississippi River, whereas the latter probably do not. Sediment-associated concentrations of Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, Ba, Mo, Sb, Hg, and Fe are markedly elevated in the upper Columbia Basin, and appear to be detectable (Zn, Cd) as far downstream as the middle of the basin. These elevated concentrations seem to result from mining and/or mining-related activities. Consistently detectable concentrations of dissolved Se were found only in the Colorado River Basin. Calculated average annual suspended sediment fluxes at the mouths of the Mississippi and Rio Grande Basins were below, whereas those for the Columbia and Colorado Basins were above previously published annual values. Downstream suspended sediment-associated and total trace element fluxes increase in the Mississippi and Columbia Basins, whereas fluxes markedly decrease in the Colorado Basin. No consistent pattern in trace element fluxes was detected in the Rio Grande Basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Horowitz, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Suite 130,3039 Amwiler Rd, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 25 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 17 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1169 EP 1207 DI 10.1002/hyp.209 PG 39 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500006 ER PT J AU Goolsby, DA Battaglin, WA AF Goolsby, DA Battaglin, WA TI Long-term changes in concentrations and flux of nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin, USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE water quality; nonpoint source; nutrients; nitrogen loads; hypoxia; eutrophication ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; TILE DRAINAGE; NITRATE AB Current and historical data show that nitrogen concentrations and flux in the Mississippi River Basin have increased significantly during the past 100 years. Most of the increase observed in the lower Mississippi River has occurred since the early 1970s and is due almost entirely to an increase in nitrate. The current (1980-99) average annual nitrogen (N) flux from the Mississippi Basin to the Gulf of Mexico is about 1 555 500 t year(-1), of which about 62% is nitrate-N. The remaining 38% is organic nitrogen and a small amount of ammonium. The current (1980-99) average nitrate flux to the Gulf is almost three times larger than it was during 1955-70. This increased supply of nitrogen to the Gulf is believed to be partly responsible for the increasing size of a large hypoxic zone that develops along the Louisiana-Texas shelf each summer. This zone of oxygen-depleted water has doubled in areal extent since it was first measured in 1985. The increase in annual nitrate flux to the Gulf can be largely explained by three factors: increased fertilizer use, annual variability in precipitation and increased streamflow, and the year-to-year variability in the amount of nitrogen available in the soil-ground water system for leaching to streams. The predominant source areas for the nitrogen transported to the Gulf of Mexico are basins draining southern Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Basins in this region yield 1801 to 3050 kg N km(-2) year(-1) to streams, several times the N yield of basins outside this region. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Goolsby, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 406, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 30 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 7 U2 53 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1209 EP 1226 DI 10.1002/hyp.210 PG 18 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500007 ER PT J AU Kelly, VJ AF Kelly, VJ TI Influence of reservoirs on solute transport: a regional-scale approach SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE reservoirs; transport; regulated rivers; salinity; nutrients; connectivity AB Regional transport of water and dissolved constituents through heavily regulated river systems is influenced by the presence of reservoirs. Analysis of seasonal patterns in solute fluxes for salinity and nutrients indicates that in-reservoir processes within large storage reservoirs in the Rio Grande and Colorado basins (southwestern USA) are superimposed over the underlying watershed processes that predominate in relatively unregulated stream reaches. Connectivity of the aquatic system with the landscape is apparently disrupted by processes within the reservoir systems; these processes result in large changes in characteristics for solute transport that persist downstream in the absence of significant inputs. Additionally, reservoir processes may be linked for upstream/downstream reservoirs that are located relatively close in a series. In contrast, the regional effect of in-reservoir processes is negligible for solute transport through run-of-river reservoirs in the lower Columbia River (northwestern USA). C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Kelly, VJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. EM vjkelly@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 46 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1227 EP 1249 DI 10.1002/hyp.211 PG 23 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500008 ER PT J AU Capel, PD Larson, SJ Winterstein, TA AF Capel, PD Larson, SJ Winterstein, TA TI The behaviour of 39 pesticides in surface waters as a function of scale SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE pesticides; insecticides; herbicides; runoff; stream; load; modelling; surface water ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER; RUNOFF AB A portion of applied pesticides runs off agricultural fields and is transported through surface waters. In this study, the behaviour of 39 pesticides is examined as a function of scale across 14 orders of magnitude from the field to the ocean. Data on pesticide loads in streams from two US Geological Survey programs were combined with literature data from field and watershed studies. The annual load as percent of use (LAPU) was quantified for each of the fields and watersheds and was used as the normalization factor across watersheds and compounds. The in-stream losses of each pesticide were estimated for a model stream with a 15 day travel time (similar in characteristics to the upper Mississippi River). These estimated in-stream losses agreed well with the observed changes in apparent LAPU values as a function of watershed area. In general, herbicides applied to the soil surface had the greatest LAPU values and minimal in-stream losses. Soil-incorporated herbicides had smaller LAPU values and substantial in-stream losses. Insecticides generally had LAPU values similar to the incorporated herbicides, but had more variation in their in-stream losses. On the basis of the LAPU values of the 39 pesticides as a function of watershed area, a generalized conceptual model of the movement of pesticides from the field to the ocean is suggested. The importance of considering both field runoff and in-stream losses is discussed in relation to interpreting monitoring data and making regulatory decisions. C1 Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RP Capel, PD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 24 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1251 EP 1269 DI 10.1002/hyp.212 PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500009 ER PT J AU McCarthy, KA Gale, RW AF McCarthy, KA Gale, RW TI Evaluation of persistent hydrophobic organic compounds in the Columbia River Basin using semipermeable-membrane devices SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE SPMDs; semipermeable-membrane devices; PCDDs; PCDFs; PCBs; organochlorine pesticides; PAHs; hydrophobic; hyporheic ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS; MOUNTAIN STREAM; FISH TISSUE; CONTAMINANTS; SEDIMENT; SORPTION; FRACTIONATION; PATTERNS AB Persistent hydrophobic organic compounds are of concern in the Columbia River because they have been correlated with adverse effects on wildlife. We analysed samples from nine main-stem and six tributary sites throughout the Columbia River Basin (Washington and Oregon) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and priority-pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Because these compounds may have important biological consequences at aqueous concentrations well below the detection limits associated with conventional sampling methods, we used semipermeable-membrane devices to sample water and achieved parts-per quintillion detection limits. All of these compound classes were prevalent within the basin, but concentrations of many analytes were highest in the vicinity of Portland-Vancouver, indicating that the Willamette subbasin - and perhaps the urban area in particular - is an important source of these compounds. Data collected during basin low-flow conditions in 1997 and again during basin high-flow conditions in 1998 indicate that in-stream processes such as dilution by relatively clean inflows, and flow through island hyporheic zones may be important mechanisms for attenuating dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic compounds. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP McCarthy, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1271 EP 1283 DI 10.1002/hyp.213 PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500010 ER PT J AU Battaglin, WA Kendall, C Chang, CCY Silva, SR Campbell, DH AF Battaglin, WA Kendall, C Chang, CCY Silva, SR Campbell, DH TI Chemical and isotopic evidence of nitrogen transformation in the Mississippi River, 1997-98 SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE nitrate; nitrogen; Mississippi River; hypoxia; Gulf of Mexico; stable isotopes ID NITRATE; WATER; DENITRIFICATION; COLLECTION; OXYGEN AB Nitrate (NO3) and other nutrients discharged by the Mississippi River are suspected of causing a zone of depleted dissolved oxygen (hypoxic zone) in the Gulf of Mexico each summer. The hypoxic zone may have an adverse affect on aquatic life and commercial fisheries. The amount of NO3 delivered by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico is well documented, but the relative contributions of different sources of NO3, and the magnitude of subsequent in-stream transformations of NO3, are not well understood. Forty-two water samples collected in 1997 and 1998 at eight stations located either on the Mississippi River or its major tributaries were analysed for NO3, total nitrogen (N), atrazine, chloride concentrations and NO3 stable isotopes (delta N-15, delta O-18). These data are used to assess the magnitude and nature of in-stream N transformation and to determine if the delta N-15 and delta O-18 of NO3 provide information about NO3 sources and transformation processes in a large river system (drainage area similar to2 900 000 km(2)) that would otherwise be unavailable using concentration and discharge data alone. Results from 42 samples indicate that the delta N-15 and delta O-18 ratios between sites on the Mississippi River and its tributaries are somewhat distinctive, and vary with season and discharge rate. Of particular interest are two nearly Lagrangian sample sets, in which samples from the Mississippi River at St Francisville, LA, are compared with samples collected from the Ohio River at Grand Chain, II, and the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL. In both Lagrangian sets, mass-balance calculations indicate only a small amount of in-stream N loss. The stable isotope data from the samples suggest that in-stream N assimilation and not denitrification accounts for most of the N loss in the lower Mississippi River during the spring and early summer months. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Battaglin, WA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Box 25046,MS 415, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 36 TC 57 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 31 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1285 EP 1300 DI 10.1002/hyp.214 PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500011 ER PT J AU Kendall, C Silva, SR Kelly, VJ AF Kendall, C Silva, SR Kelly, VJ TI Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of particulate organic matter in four large river systems across the United States SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE POM; particulate organic matter; seston; stable isotopes; C : N ratios; rivers ID STABLE CARBON; SEASONAL-VARIATION; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; LAKE-MICHIGAN; AMAZON RIVER; SEDIMENTS; ORIGIN; RATIOS; WATER; DELTA-C-13 AB Riverine particulate organic matter (POM) samples were collected bi-weekly to monthly from 40 sites in the Mississippi, Colorado, Rio Grande, and Columbia River Basins (USA) in 1996-97 and analysed for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic compositions. These isotopic compositions and C:N ratios were used to identify four endmember sources of POM: plankton, fresh terrestrial plant material, aquatic plants, and soil organic material. This large-scale study also incorporated ancillary chemical and hydrologic data to refine and extend the interpretations of POM sources beyond the source characterizations that could be done solely with isotopic and elemental ratios. The ancillary data were especially useful for differentiating between seasonal changes in POM source materials and the effects of local nutrient sources and in-stream biogeochemical processes. Average values of delta C-13 and C:N for all four river systems suggested that plankton is the dominant source of POM in these rivers, with higher percentages of plankton downstream of reservoirs. Although the temporal patterns in some rivers are complex, the low delta C-13 and C:N values in spring and summer probably indicate plankton blooms, whereas relatively elevated values in fall and winter are consistent with greater proportions of decaying aquatic vegetation and/or terrestrial material. Seasonal shifts in the delta C-31 of POM when the C:N remains relatively constant probably indicate changes in the relative rates of photosynthesis and respiration. Periodic inputs of plant detritus are suggested by C:N ratios > 15, principally on the Columbia and Ohio Rivers. The delta N-15, delta C-13 also reflect the importance of internal and external sources of dissolved carbon and nitrogen, and the degree of in-stream processing. Elevated delta N-13 values at some sites probably reflect inputs from sewage and/or animal waste. This information on the spatial and temporal variation in sources of POM in four major river systems should prove useful in future food web and nutrient transport studies. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Kendall, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 434, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 81 TC 231 Z9 267 U1 15 U2 120 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1301 EP 1346 DI 10.1002/hyp.216 PG 46 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500012 ER PT J AU Blevins, D Fairchild, J AF Blevins, D Fairchild, J TI Applicability of NASQAN data for ecosystem assessments on the Missouri River SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE Missouri River; NASQAN; water-quality networks; ecological monitoring; water quality; aquatic ecology; large rivers; ecotoxicity AB The effectiveness of ecological restoration efforts on large developed rivers is often unknown because comprehensive ecological monitoring programs are often absent. Although Eulerian water-quality monitoring programs, such as the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) program, are more common, they are usually not designed for ecological assessment. Therefore, this paper addresses the value of NASQAN for ecological assessments on the Missouri River and identifies potential program additions and modifications to assess certain ecological changes in physical habitat, biological structure and function, and ecotoxicity. Five additional sites; the analysis of chlorophyll, mercury, ATP, potential endocrine disrupters, total trace elements, and selected total hydrophobic organics; and the hourly measurement of dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and temperature are recommended. Hourly measurements would require an entirely new operational aspect to NASQAN. However, the presence of data loggers and satellite transmitters in the gauging stations at all NASQAN sites substantially improves the feasibility of continuous water-quality monitoring. The use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to monitor dissolved bioaccumulating organics and trace elements, identification and enumeration of zooplankton, and characterization of the bioavailability of organic matter are also recommended. The effect of biological processes on the conservative assumptions that are used in flux and source determinations of NASQAN constituents are also evaluated. Organic carbon, organic nitrogen, dissolved phosphate, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen are the NASQAN constituents most vulnerable to biological processes and thus violation of conservative assumptions. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Independence, MO 64050 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Blevins, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Room 221,301 W Lexington, Independence, MO 64050 USA. NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1347 EP 1362 DI 10.1002/hyp.215 PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500013 ER PT J AU Kendall, C Coplen, TB AF Kendall, C Coplen, TB TI Distribution of oxygen-18 and deuterium in river waters across the United States SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE rivers; USA; stable isotope; oxygen-18; deuterium; deuterium excess ID STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION; SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA; MODERN PRECIPITATION; RESIDENCE TIMES; NORTH-AMERICA; GREAT-LAKES; NEVADA; TRANSPORT; HYDROGEN; FRACTIONATION AB Reconstruction of continental palaeoclimate and palaeohydrology is currently hampered by limited information about isotopic patterns in the modern hydrologic cycle. To remedy this situation and to provide baseline data for other isotope hydrology studies, more than 4800, depth- and width-integrated, stream samples from 391 selected sites within the USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) and Hydrologic Benchmark Network (HBN) were analysed for delta O-18 and delta H-2 (http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/ofr/ofr00-160/pdf/ofr00-160.pdf). Each site was sampled bimonthly or quarterly for 2.5 to 3 years between 1984 and 1987. The ability of this dataset to serve as a proxy for the isotopic composition of modem precipitation in the USA is supported by the excellent agreement between the river dataset and the isotopic compositions of adjacent precipitation monitoring sites, the strong spatial coherence of the distributions of delta O-18 and delta H-2, the good correlations of the isotopic compositions with climatic parameters, and the good agreement between the 'national' meteoric water line (MWL) generated from unweighted analyses of samples from the 48 contiguous states of delta H-2 = 8.11 delta O-18 + 8.99 (r(2) = 0.98) and the unweighted global MWL of sites from the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) of delta H-2 = 8.17 delta O-18 + 10.35. The national MWL is composed of water samples that arise in diverse local conditions where the local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) usually have much lower slopes. Adjacent sites often have similar LMWLs, allowing the datasets to be combined into regional MWLs. The slopes of regional MWLs probably reflect the humidity of the local air mass, which imparts a distinctive evaporative isotopic signature to rainfall and hence to stream samples. Deuterium excess values range from 6 to 15% in the eastern half of the USA, along the northwest coast and on the Colorado Plateau. In the rest of the USA, these values range from -2 to 6%, with strong spatial correlations with regional aridity. The river samples have successfully integrated the spatial variability in the meteorological cycle and provide the best available dataset on the spatial distributions of delta O-18 and delta H-2 values of meteoric waters in the USA. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Kendall, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 434, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 78 TC 337 Z9 353 U1 11 U2 139 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1363 EP 1393 DI 10.1002/hyp.217 PG 31 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 444VJ UT WOS:000169420500014 ER PT J AU Guptill, SC AF Guptill, SC TI Disease aftershocks - The health effects of natural disasters SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Science CY FEB 15-20, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Assoc Adv Sci AB While the initial activity of a natural disaster event may directly injure or kill a number of people, it is possible that a significant number of individuals will be affected by disease outbreaks that occur after the first effects of the disaster have passed. Coupling the epidemiologist's knowledge of disease outbreaks with geographic information systems and remote sensing technology could help natural disaster relief workers to prevent additional victims from disease aftershocks. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 521, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Guptill, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 521, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 43 IS 5 BP 419 EP 423 PG 5 WC Geology SC Geology GA 482RM UT WOS:000171589100006 ER PT J AU Bernknopf, RL Dinitz, LB Rabinovich, SJM Evans, AM AF Bernknopf, RL Dinitz, LB Rabinovich, SJM Evans, AM TI A portfolio approach to evaluating natural hazard mitigation policies: An application to lateral-spread ground failure in coastal California SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Science CY FEB 15-20, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Assoc Adv Sci AB In the past efforts to prevent catastrophic losses from natural hazards have largely been undertaken by individual property owners based on site-specific evaluations of risks to particular buildings. Public efforts to assess community vulnerability and encourage mitigation have focused on either aggregating site-specific estimates or adopting standards based upon broad assumptions about regional risks. This paper develops an alternative, intermediate-scale approach to regional risk assessment and the evaluation of community mitigation policies. Properties are grouped into types with similar land uses and levels of hazard, and hypothetical community mitigation strategies for protecting these. properties are modeled like investment portfolios. The portfolios consist of investments in mitigation against the risk to a community posed by a specific natural hazard and are defined by a community's mitigation budget and the proportion of the budget invested in locations, of each type. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated through an integrated assessment of earthquake-induced lateral-spread ground failure risk in the Watsonville, California area. Data from the magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 are used to model lateral-spread ground failure susceptibility. Earth science and economic data are combined and analyzed in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The portfolio model is then used to evaluate the benefits of mitigating the risk in different locations. Two mitigation policies one that prioritizes mitigation by land use type and the other by hazard zone, are. compared with a status quo policy of doing no further mitigation beyond that which already exists. The portfolio representing the hazard zone role yields a higher expected return than the land use portfolio does; however. the hazard zone portfolio experiences a higher standard deviation. Therefore, neither portfolio is clearly preferred. The two mitigation policies both reduce expected losses and increase overall expected community wealth compared to the status quo policy. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Geog Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Bernknopf, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Geog Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 43 IS 5 BP 424 EP 440 PG 17 WC Geology SC Geology GA 482RM UT WOS:000171589100007 ER PT J AU Alados, CL Navarro, T Escos, J Cabezudo, B Emlen, JM AF Alados, CL Navarro, T Escos, J Cabezudo, B Emlen, JM TI Translational and fluctuating asymmetry as tools to detect stress in stress-adapted and nonadapted plants SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE developmental instability; translational asymmetry; fluctuating asymmetry; water deficit; Anthyllis cytisoides L. ID DEVELOPMENTAL INSTABILITY; SEXUAL SELECTION; FRACTAL ARCHITECTURE; NECTAR SECRETION; STABILITY; FITNESS; INDICATOR; EVOLUTION; SYMMETRY; PATTERNS AB Plants having experienced previous exposure to a stress are expected to be more resistant to further stress than those not having been exposed. While the assessment of stress in plants is a difficult task, particularly for stress-adapted plants, developmental instability has proven a useful tool for assessing stress in organisms. We examined the effect of water availability on developmental instability (translational asymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry) and growth of Anthyllis cytisoides L. under a precipitation gradient. We compared A. cytisoides in very xeric (Almeria, 256 mm of average rainfall) and subhumid (Malaga, 613 mm of average rainfall) areas, from north- and south-facing slopes, after both a period of extreme drought (1995) and a humid period (1997). Translational symmetry varied between north- and south-exposed plants but differently for the Almeria and Malaga populations. We observed that developmental stability was enhanced in south-exposed plants in the population from the more xeric habitat (Almeria) after both dry and humid periods. In contrast, A. cytisoides living in a subhumid habitat did not alter their developmental stability in response to exposure after a humid period but exhibited a decline in stability in south-exposed slopes after a dry period. That is interpreted as a consequence of the adaptation of A. cytisoides to aridity. Growth patterns were also investigated. By reducing growth, plants can mitigate stress through a reduction of water and nutrient demands, allowing the maintenance of a steady supply of nutrients for developmental stability. This strategy was followed by plants acclimated to drought. But in mild weather, such as that of Montes de Malaga, a high growth rate cannot be supported when water is scarce. We also observed that floral fluctuating asymmetry was greatest on north- facing slopes at both the Almeria and Malaga sites. That is, southern exposure enhanced floral homeostasis during development. Additionally, comparisons between translational and fluctuating asymmetry showed that translational asymmetry is more sensitive to environmental change than fluctuating asymmetry. C1 CSIC, Inst Pirenaico Ecol, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain. Univ Malaga, Dept Biol Vegetal, Malaga 29080, Spain. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Alados, CL (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Pirenaico Ecol, Ave Montanana 177,Apartmento 202, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain. RI Alados, Concepcion/K-8085-2014; Escos, Juan/L-4207-2014 OI Alados, Concepcion/0000-0002-6227-861X; Escos, Juan/0000-0003-2852-2911 NR 72 TC 26 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 162 IS 3 BP 607 EP 616 DI 10.1086/320130 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 439CX UT WOS:000169094200012 ER PT J AU Cordell, LS Durand, SR Antweiler, RC Taylor, HE AF Cordell, LS Durand, SR Antweiler, RC Taylor, HE TI Toward linking maize chemistry to archaeological agricultural sites in the North American Southwest SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Southwest USA; Chaco Canyon; ICP-MS; maize; corn; elemental analysis; chemistry ID ELEMENTS AB Maize (Zea mays L.) was the staple domestic food crop for Ancestral Pueblo people throughout the northern American Southwest. It is thought to have been the basic food of the inhabitants of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, a location that was a major centre of Ancestral Pueblo building and population during the 11th and early 12th centuries AD. Modern heirloom varieties of Native American corn have been difficult to grow in experimental fields in Chaco Canyon. Given an abundance of apparent storage structures in Chacoan buildings, it is possible that some corn recovered from archaeological contexts, was imported form surrounding areas. The ultimate goal of this research is to determine whether the corn in Chao Canyon was grown locally or imported. This paper establishes the feasibility of a method to accomplish this goal. This study reports the results of using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) instrumentation to determine chemical constituents of experimental fields and modern heirloom varieties of Native American corn. Analysis of 19 elements is adequate to differentiate soil and corn from three field areas. These results are promising: however, a number of problems, including post-depositional alterations in maize, remain to be solved. C1 Univ Colorado, Univ Mus, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. E New Mexico Univ, Dept Anthr & Applied Archaeol, Portales, NM USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cordell, LS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Univ Mus, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 49 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 28 IS 5 BP 501 EP 513 DI 10.1006/jasc.2001.0598 PG 13 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA 443AA UT WOS:000169316100007 ER PT J AU Barbash, JE Thelin, GP Kolpin, DW Gilliom, RJ AF Barbash, JE Thelin, GP Kolpin, DW Gilliom, RJ TI Major herbicides in ground water: Results from the National Water-Quality Assessment SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM; PESTICIDES; ACETOCHLOR; NITRATE AB To improve understanding of the factors affecting pesticide occurrence in ground water, patterns of detection were examined for selected herbicides, based primarily on results from the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The NAWQA data were derived from 2227 sites (wells and springs) sampled in 20 major hydrologic basins across the USA from 1993 to 1995. Results are presented for six high use herbicides-atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s triazine), cyanazine (2-[4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile), simazine (2-chloro-4,6 bis[ethylamino]-s-triazine), acetochlor (2-chloro-N-[2,6-diethylphenyl]-N-[methoxymethyl]acetamide), acetochlor (2-chloro-N-[ethoxymethyl]-[2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl]-N- [2-methoxy-1-methylethyl]acetamide)-as well as for prometon (2,4-bis[isopropylamino]-6-methoxy-s-triazine), a nonagricultural herbicide detected frequently during the study. Concentrations,were <1 mug L-1 at 98% of the sites with detections, but exceeded drinking-water criteria (for atrazine) at two sites. In urban areas, frequencies of detection (at or above 0.01 mug L-1) of atrazine, cyanazine, simazine, alachlor, and metolachlor in shallow ground water were positively correlated with their nonagricultural use nationwide (P < 0.05). Among different agricultural areas, fre quencies of detection were positively correlated with nearby agricultural use for atrazine, cyanazine, alachlor, and metolachlor, but not simazine. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that for these five herbi cides, frequencies of detection beneath agricultural areas were positively correlated,vith their agricultural use and persistence in aerobic soil. Acetochlor, an agricultural herbicide first registered in 1994 for use in the USA, was detected in shallow ground water by 1995, consistent with previous held-scale studies indicating that some pesticides may be detected in ground water within 1 yr following application. The NAWQA results agreed closely,vith those from other multistate studies with similar designs. C1 US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. USGS, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. USGS, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RP Barbash, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. NR 69 TC 168 Z9 175 U1 2 U2 35 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 3 BP 831 EP 845 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 445KA UT WOS:000169455600015 PM 11401272 ER PT J AU Zydlewski, GB Haro, A Whalen, KG McCormick, SD AF Zydlewski, GB Haro, A Whalen, KG McCormick, SD TI Performance of stationary and portable passive transponder detection systems for monitoring of fish movements SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT); detection systems; migration; fish movement; TIRIS ID ATLANTIC SALMON PARR; PIT; SALAR AB A stationary system for long-range detection of PIT tags in fish was efficient under high water conditions in streams. A portable system was particularly effective for detecting habitat use by fish without recapture. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Zydlewski, GB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. OI Haro, Alexander/0000-0002-7188-9172 NR 12 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 30 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 58 IS 5 BP 1471 EP 1475 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2000.1540 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 433CC UT WOS:000168736900024 ER PT J AU Wildhaber, ML AF Wildhaber, ML TI The trade-off between food and temperature in the habitat choice of bluegill sunfish SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE foraging; temperature; bioenergetics; trade-off; patch choice; matching; bluegill ID PREDATION; BEHAVIOR; RISK AB A model is presented to describe the trade-off between food and temperature in bluegills Lepomis macrochirus, where temperature was the primary factor used in determining the patch in which to reside. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Wildhaber, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 58 IS 5 BP 1476 EP 1478 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2000.1542 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 433CC UT WOS:000168736900025 ER PT J AU Stottlemyer, R Troendle, CA AF Stottlemyer, R Troendle, CA TI Effect of canopy removal on snowpack quantity and quality, Fraser experimental forest, Colorado SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE snowpack; interception; dissolved load; clearcut; subalpine; Colorado ID TIMBER HARVEST; CHEMISTRY; INTERCEPTION; SNOWFALL; WATER; FLUX AB Snowpack peak water equivalent (PWE), ion concentration, content, and spatial distribution of ion load data from spring 1987-1996 in a 1 ha clearcut and adjacent forested plots vegetated by mature Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa in the Fraser experimental forest (FEF), Colorado are presented. Our objectives were: (1) to see if a forest opening might redistribute snowfall, snowpack moisture, and snowpack chemical content, and (2) to examine the importance of canopy interception on snowpack quantity and chemistry. On an average, the canopy intercepted 36% of snowfall. Interception was correlated with snowfall amount, snowpack PWE beneath the canopy, and air temperature. Canopy removal increased snowpack PWE to >90% cumulative snowfall inputs. Snowpack K+, H+, and NH4+ concentrations on the clearcut were lower and NO3- higher than in the snowpack beneath the forested plots. Cumulative snowfall K+ input was less than in the clearcut snowpack; H+ inputs were greater in snowfall than in the snowpack of any plot; and inorganic N (NO3- and NH4+) inputs from snowfall to the clearcut were greater than to the forested plots. Processes accounting for the differences between snowfall inputs and snowpack ion content were leaching of organic debris in the snowpack, differential elution of the snowpack, and canopy retention. There were significant trends by year in snowpack ion content at PWE without similar trends in snowfall inputs. This finding coupled with snowpack ion elution bring into question the use of snowpack chemistry as an indicator of winter atmospheric inputs in short-term studies. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Stottlemyer, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 245 IS 1-4 BP 165 EP 176 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00351-1 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 427CK UT WOS:000168387100012 ER PT J AU Stottlemyer, R AF Stottlemyer, R TI Processes regulating watershed chemical export during snowmelt, Fraser experimental forest, Colorado SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE snowpack; snowmelt; dissolved load; watershed; subalpine; Colorado ID ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; FRONT RANGE; SNOWPACK; ALPINE; CHEMISTRY; NITROGEN; STREAM; FLUX; PRECIPITATION; CATCHMENTS AB In the Central Rocky Mountains, snowfall dominates precipitation. Airborne contaminants retained in the snowpack can affect high elevation surface water chemistry during snowmelt. At the Fraser Experimental Forest (FEF), located west of the Continental Divide in Central Colorado, snowmelt dominates the annual hydrograph, and accounts for >95% of annual stream water discharge. During the winters of 1989-1993, we measured precipitation inputs, snowpack water equivalent (SWE) and ion content, and stream water chemistry every 7-10 days along a 3150-3500 m elevation gradient in the subalpine and alpine Lexen Creek watershed. The study objectives were to (1) quantify the distribution of SWE and snowpack chemical content with elevation and aspect, (2) quantify snowmelt rates, temperature of soil, snowpack, and air with elevation and aspect, and (3) use change in upstream-downstream water chemistry during snowmelt to better define alpine and subalpine flowpaths. The SWE increased with elevation (P < 0.001) and was greater on NE aspects (P < 0.05). Subalpine soils were unfrozen. Snowmelt occurred throughout winter at low elevation (3150 m), SE aspect stations. By snowpack peak water equivalent (PWE), the snowpack lost about a third (0.24 m) of its moisture. The subalpine snowpack had warm (> - 3 degreesC) temperatures throughout winter which resulted in significant snowpack ion loss. By snowpack PWE in mid May, the snowpack had lost almost half the cumulative precipitation H+, NH4+, and SO42- inputs and a third of the NO3- input. Windborne soil particulate inputs late in winter increased snowpack base cation content. Variation in subalpine SWE and snowpack ion content with elevation and aspect, and wind redistribution of snowfall in the alpine resulted in large year-to-year differences in the timing and magnitude of SWE, PWE, and snowpack ion content. The alpine stream water ion concentrations changed little during snowmelt indicating meltwater passed quickly through surface porous soils and was well mixed before entering the stream. Conversely, subalpine stream water chemistry was diluted during snowmelt suggesting much melt water moved to the stream as shallow subsurface lateral flow. published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Stottlemyer, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 245 IS 1-4 BP 177 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00352-3 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 427CK UT WOS:000168387100013 ER PT J AU Richardson, MS Goff, ML AF Richardson, MS Goff, ML TI Effects of temperature and intraspecific interaction on the development of Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera : Dermestidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coleoptera; Dermestes maculatus; development ID ARTHROPOD SUCCESSION PATTERNS; EXPOSED CARRION; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; OAHU AB Studies were conducted to determine development rates of of Dermestes maculatus DeGeer at temperatures of 15, 20. 25, 30, and 35 degreesC. No individuals completed development to the adult stage at 15 degreesC. For the other temperatures, survivorship ranged from 9.3% at 20 degreesC to 36% at 35 degreesC. Time required for development varied inversely with temperature from a mean of 89.7 d at 20 degreesC to 36.4 d at 35 degreesC. For specimens held individually, survivorship was higher at 25 and 30 degreesC, i.e., 83.2 and 60.2%, respectively. No specimens held individually at 35 degreesC survived past the first larval instar. Mortality during the egg stage at 25 and 30 degreesC was 4.52-5.23%, whereas mortality during the first instar was significantly higher for the individuals held at 30 degreesC and 100% for those at 35 degreesC. There was an inverse relation observed between larval density and both survivorship and mean adult weights. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Plant & Environm Protect Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Richardson, MS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 300 Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 38 IS 3 BP 347 EP 351 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-38.3.347 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 430RG UT WOS:000168588900001 PM 11372957 ER PT J AU Bomblies, A McKnight, DM Andrews, ED AF Bomblies, A McKnight, DM Andrews, ED TI Retrospective simulation of lake-level rise in Lake Bonney based on recent 21-year record: indication of recent climate change in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Monte Carlo simulation; climate change; hydrology; Antarctica; McMurdo Dry Valleys ID ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE AB The physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Bonney, a permanently ice-covered closed basin lake in Taylor Valley, Antarctica are influenced significantly by local climate. The rising lake-levels of the past thirty years indicate a recent change in the local climate. We explored the significance of twentieth century changes in lake-level as a climate-change indicator by using a hydrologic model for the basin and a Monte Carlo simulation based on the variability in the available 30 yrs of hydrologic record. We compared the lake-level in the retrospective simulations with a measurement surveyed by Robert Scott's party in 1903. All the retrospective simulations based on the observed inflows yielded estimates that the lake was dry in 1903. It was necessary to remove 6 yrs from the observed 21-yr record for the retrospective simulation to match the measured 1903 lake-level for 50% of the simulations. From these analyses, we conclude that the period from 1969 to the present has had greater availability of solar radiation for meltwater generation, possibly brought about by changing cloud-cover patterns and coupled with a gradual warming trend. A third simulation indicated that an annual increase in inflow of about 3% between 1903 and 1973 would be required to match the 1903 measurement. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Bomblies, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 18 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 25 IS 4 BP 477 EP 492 DI 10.1023/A:1011131419261 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 429VG UT WOS:000168538000006 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB AF Coplen, TB TI Atomic weights of the elements 1999 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE atomic weight; critcal evaluation; elements; isotopic composition ID EARLY SOLAR-SYSTEM; ABSOLUTE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MOLAR-MASS; HALF-LIVES; METEORITE; URANIUM; VALUES; STANDARD; NUCLIDES AB The biennial review of atomic-weight, A(r)(E), determinations and other cognate data have resulted in changes for the standard atomic weights of the following elements: [GRAPHICS] Presented are updated tables of the standard atomic weights and their uncertainties estimated by combining experimental uncertainties and terrestrial variabilities. In addition, this report again contains an updated table of relative atomic mass values and half-lives of selected radioisotopes. Changes in the evaluated isotopic abundance values from those published in 1997 are so minor that an updated list will not be published for the year 1999. Many elements have a different isotopic composition in some nonterrestrial materials. Some recent data on parent nuclides that might affect isotopic abundances or atomic-weight values are included in this report for the information of the interested scientific community. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 52 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 3 BP 701 EP 712 DI 10.1063/1.1395055 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 475AG UT WOS:000171139000001 ER PT J AU Rosenstock, SS Van Riper, C AF Rosenstock, SS Van Riper, C TI Breeding bird responses to juniper woodland expansion SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Juniperus monosperma; grassland; pinyon-juniper; Arizona; southwestern US; avian communities; succession ID HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS; COMMUNITY; GRASSLAND; ARIZONA AB In recent times, pinyon (Pinus spp.)-juniper (Juniperus spp,) woodlands have expanded into large portions of the Southwest historically occupied by grassland vegetation. From 1997-1998, we studied responses of breeding birds to one-seed juniper (J. monosperma) woodland expansion at 2 grassland study areas in northern Arizona, We sampled breeding birds in 3 successional stages along a grassland-woodland gradient: un-invaded grassland, grassland undergoing early stages of juniper establishment, and developing woodland, Species composition varied greatly among successional stages and was most different between endpoints of the gradient, Ground-nesting grassland species predominated in uninvaded grassland but declined dramatically as tree density increased. Tree- and cavity-nesting species increased with tree density and were most abundant in developing woodland. Restoration of juniper-invaded grasslands will benefit grassland-obligate birds and other wildlife. C1 Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. No Arizona Univ, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Rosenstock, SS (reprint author), Arizona Game & Fish Dept, 2221 W Greenway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 14 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 54 IS 3 BP 226 EP 232 DI 10.2307/4003238 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 431MA UT WOS:000168634000003 ER PT J AU Townsend, DE Masters, RE Lochmiller, RL Leslie, DM Demaso, SJ Peoples, AD AF Townsend, DE Masters, RE Lochmiller, RL Leslie, DM Demaso, SJ Peoples, AD TI Characteristics of nest sites of northern bobwhites in western Oklahoma SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bobwhite; Colinus virginianus; gallinaceous; habitat; northern; quail; upland game ID WILD TURKEYS; PREDATION; SELECTION; HABITAT; SUCCESS; CONCEALMENT; VEGETATION; PATTERNS AB Previous authors have described nesting habitat of the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) throughout its range, but few have compared structural or compositional differences of vegetation between nest sites and random non-use sites, and successful and non-successful nests. From 1996-1998, we compared cover and structure of 85 plant species from 80 nest sites of northern bobwhite in western Oklahoma. Nest sites were consistently associated with greater structural complexity than what was available at random. Bobwhites selected nest sites with a greater coverage of grass (ca, 50%) and woody (ca, 20-30%) vegetation with a relatively low percentage of bare ground, presumably because these attributes maximize their chance for successful reproduction by providing protection against weather and predators. Successful nests were more concealed during 1996 and 1997 (12.37 and 10.74% visibility, respectively) than non-successful nest sites (21.6 and 27.65% visibility), but levels of concealment did not differ during 1998. We found no significant differences in vegetation composition or structure between successful and non-successful nest sites. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, USGS Biol Resources Div, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Wildlife Div, Austin, TX 78744 USA. Dept Wildlife Conservat, Oklahoma City, OK 73152 USA. RP Townsend, DE (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 46 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 54 IS 3 BP 260 EP 264 DI 10.2307/4003244 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 431MA UT WOS:000168634000009 ER PT J AU Kempema, EW Reimnitz, E Barnes, PW AF Kempema, EW Reimnitz, E Barnes, PW TI Anchor-ice formation and ice rafting in southwestern Lake Michigan, USA SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ILLINOIS; EROSION; SHORES AB Anchor ice, i,e,l ice attached to the bed in a lake, stream, or ocean, is common in the nearshore zone of southwestern Lake Michigan during winter. Lacustrine anchor ice has at least four distinct morphologies and was observed on sand, pebble, and boulder substrates in water depths to 4 m, the limit of diving traverses. The maximum depth of anchor ice formation may he much greater. Anchor ice is released from the lake bed on mornings following formation events. Released, floating anchor ice carries sediment to the water surface. This sediment is ice-rafted along shore and offshore under the influence of prevailing winds. We estimate that similar to 0.85 m(3) of sand per meter of beach is being removed from the nearshore zone of southwestern Lake Michigan hy anchor ice annually, Melting ice drops this sand in deep water far from shore. This is a significant loss of sand from the sediment-starved nearshore zone of southwestern Lake Michigan. C1 Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. GEOMAR, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kempema, EW (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 52 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 71 IS 3 BP 346 EP 354 DI 10.1306/2DC40948-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D PN A PG 9 WC Geology SC Geology GA 428JN UT WOS:000168458700002 ER PT J AU Urbach, E Vergin, KL Young, L Morse, A Larson, GL Giovannoni, SJ AF Urbach, E Vergin, KL Young, L Morse, A Larson, GL Giovannoni, SJ TI Unusual bacterioplankton community structure in ultra-oligotrophic Crater Lake SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; BACTERIAL DIVERSITY; PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY; ARCHAEAL ASSEMBLAGES; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; ADIRONDACK LAKES; SAR11 CLUSTER; MARINE; PICOPLANKTON; OCEAN AB The bacterioplankton assemblage in Crater Lake, Oregon (U.S.A.), is different from communities found in other oxygenated lakes, as demonstrated by four small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rRNA) gene clone libraries and oligonucleotide probe hybridization to RNA from lake water. Populations in the euphotic zone of this deep (589 m), oligotrophic caldera lake are dominated by two phylogenetic clusters of currently uncultivated bacteria: CL120-10, a newly identified cluster in the verrucomicrobiales, and ACK4 actinomycetes, known as a minor constituent of bacterioplankton in other lakes. Deep-water populations at 300 and 500 m are dominated by a different pair of uncultivated taxa: CL500-11, a novel cluster in the green nonsulfur bacteria, and group I marine crenarchaeota. beta -Proteobacteria, dominant in most other freshwater environments, are relatively rare in Crater Lake (less than or equal to 16% of nonchloroplast bacterial rRNA at all depths). Other taxa identified in Crater Lake libraries include a newly identified candidate bacterial division, ABY1, and a newly identified subcluster, CL0-1, within candidate division OP10. Probe analyses confirmed vertical stratification of several microbial groups, similar to patterns observed in open-ocean systems. Additional similarities between Crater Lake and ocean microbial populations include aphotic zone dominance of group I marine crenarchaeota and green nonsulfur bacteria. Comparison of Crater Lake to other lakes studied by rRNA methods suggests that selective factors structuring Crater Lake bacterioplankton populations may include low concentrations of available trace metals and dissolved organic matter, chemistry of infiltrating hydrothermal waters, and irradiation by high levels of ultraviolet light. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Forest Sci Lab, USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Urbach, E (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Microbiol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 58 TC 119 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 557 EP 572 PG 16 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 429HV UT WOS:000168511500009 ER PT J AU Tobias, CR Harvey, JW Anderson, IC AF Tobias, CR Harvey, JW Anderson, IC TI Quantifying groundwater discharge through fringing wetlands to estuaries: Seasonal variability, methods comparison, and implications for wetland-estuary exchange SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; SALT-MARSH; BARRIER-ISLAND; WATER-BALANCE; MASS-BALANCE; NUTRIENT; SEDIMENT; NITRATE; SEEPAGE; FLUXES AB Because groundwater discharge along coastal shorelines is often concentrated in zones inhabited by fringing wetlands, accurately estimating discharge is essential for understanding its effect on the function and maintenance of these ecosystems. Most previous estimates of groundwater discharge to coastal wetlands have been temporally limited and have used only a single approach to estimate discharge. Furthermore, groundwater input has not been considered as a major mechanism controlling pore-water flushing. We estimated seasonally varying groundwater discharge into a fringing estuarine wetland using three independent methods (Darcy's Law, salt balance, and Br- tracer). Seasonal patterns of discharge predicted by both Darcy's Law and the salt balance yielded similar seasonal patterns with discharge maxima and minima in spring and early fall, respectively. They differed, however, in the estimated magnitude of discharge by two- to fourfold in spring and by 10-fold in fall. Darcy estimates of mean discharge ranged between -8.0 and 80 L m(-2) d(-1), whereas the salt balance predicted groundwater discharge of 0.6 to 22 L m(-2) d(-1). Results from the Br- tracer experiment estimated discharge at 16 L m(-2) d(-1), or nearly equal to the salt balance estimate at that time. Based upon the tracer test, pore-water conductivity profiles, and error estimates for the Darcy and salt balance approaches, we concluded that the salt balance provided a more certain estimate of groundwater discharge at high flow (spring). In contrast, the Darcy method provided a more reliable estimate during low flow (fall). Groundwater flushing of pore water in the spring exported solutes to the estuary at rates similar to tidally driven surface exchange seen in previous studies. Based on pore water turnover times, the groundwater-driven fur of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and NK; to the estuary was 11.9, 1.6, and 1.3 g C or g N m(-2) wetland for the 90 d encompassing peak spring discharge. Groundwater-induced flushing of the wetland subsurface therefore represents an important mechanism by which narrow fringing marshes may seasonally relieve salt stress and export material to adjacent water masses. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Tobias, CR (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 46 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 604 EP 615 PG 12 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 429HV UT WOS:000168511500013 ER PT J AU McGee, BL Spencer, M AF McGee, BL Spencer, M TI A field-based population model for the sediment toxicity test organism Leptocheirus plumulosus: II. Model application SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE amphipod; sediment bioassay; estuarine; matrix-based model; population effects; sensitivity analysis; temporal variability; ecological risk ID ESTUARINE AMPHIPOD; DEMOGRAPHIC-MODELS; FISH POPULATIONS; LIFE-HISTORY; CONTAMINATION; SENSITIVITY; VIABILITY; DYNAMICS; GROWTH AB A stage-structured population model has been developed for the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumululos to provide interpretive guidance for sediment toxicity tests with this species. This time-varying, field-based model includes several matrices to reflect seasonal changes in demographics. In this paper, we conduct sensitivity analysis of the model to identify which life history parameters have the greatest potential impact on population growth rate (lambda). Results indicate seasonal variability in the relative demographic importance of vital rates. Over winter, annual population growth is most sensitive to the persistence of juveniles and adults and growth from the juvenile to the adult stage. In spring and fall, changes in fecundity are likely to have large effects on population dynamics. In addition, we demonstrate the applicability or the model by using it to interpret toxicological data from an assessment of sediment contamination in Baltimore Harbor, MD. The model was parameterized with survival data from acute toxicity tests with L. plumulosus to project effects on population growth rate (lambda). Results of these model simulations indicate that relatively small changes in survival can result in large changes in lambda, indicating high risk to benthic populations. Furthermore, population projections mirror observed abundances of L. plumulosus at the test sites. These analyses provide a first indication of the usefulness of the Leptocheirus population model as a tool for exploring ecological effects of sediment contamination. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Wye Res & Educ Ctr, Queenstown, MD 21658 USA. Appl Biomath, Setauket, NY 11733 USA. RP McGee, BL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 38 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 51 IS 4 BP 347 EP 363 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00133-1 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 410FR UT WOS:000167430300004 PM 11495494 ER PT J AU Nichols, JM Nichols, JD AF Nichols, JM Nichols, JD TI Attractor reconstruction for non-linear systems: a methodological note SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE chaos; mutual information; false nearest neighbors; correlation dimension; Lyapunov spectrum; attractor reconstruction; non-linear systems ID TIME-SERIES; INTERMEDIATE-SCALE; COMPLEX DYNAMICS; CHAOS; DETERMINISM; EXPONENTS; DIMENSION; MODEL AB Attractor reconstruction is an important step in the process of making predictions for non-linear time-series and in the computation of certain invariant quantities used to characterize the dynamics of such series. The utility of computed predictions and invariant quantities is dependent on the accuracy of attractor reconstruction, which in turn is determined by the methods used in the reconstruction process. This paper suggests methods by which the delay and embedding dimension may be selected for a typical delay coordinate reconstruction. A comparison is drawn between the use of the autocorrelation function and mutual information in quantifying the delay. In addition, a false nearest neighbor (FNN) approach is used in minimizing the number of delay vectors needed. Results highlight the need for an accurate reconstruction in the computation of the Lyapunov spectrum and in prediction algorithms. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Duke Univ, Sch Engn, Dept Mech Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Nichols, JM (reprint author), Duke Univ, Sch Engn, Dept Mech Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NR 32 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-5564 J9 MATH BIOSCI JI Math. Biosci. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 171 IS 1 BP 21 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S0025-5564(01)00053-0 PG 12 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 429FF UT WOS:000168504800002 PM 11325382 ER PT J AU Nowak, RS DeFalco, LA Wilcox, CS Jordan, DN Coleman, JS Seemann, JR Smith, SD AF Nowak, RS DeFalco, LA Wilcox, CS Jordan, DN Coleman, JS Seemann, JR Smith, SD TI Leaf conductance decreased under free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) for three perennials in the Nevada desert SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE leaf conductance; leaf temperature; elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration; Larrea tridentata (creosotebush); Achnatherum hymenoides (indian ricegrass); Pleuraphis rigida (big galleta grass) ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ELEVATED CO2; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; RESPONSES; PRODUCTIVITY; FACILITY; PLANTS; GROWTH; WHEAT; FORM AB A common response of plants to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (CO2) is decreased leaf conductance. Consequently, leaf temperature is predicted to increase under elevated CO2. Diurnal patterns of leaf conductance and temperature were measured for three desert perennials, the C-3 shrub Larrea tridentata, C-3 tussock grass Achnatherum hymenoides and C-4 tussock grass Pleuraphis rigida, at the Nevada Desert FACE facility. Measurements were made on ambient and c. 550 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 plots through both a wet and dry year. Reductions in conductance were 35%, 20% and 13% for Pleuraphis, Achnatherum and Larrea, respectively Decreased conductance occurred through out the day only for Pleuraphis. Both C-3 species had smaller CO2 effects during dry periods than wet. Leaf temperature did not differ significantly between elevated and ambient CO2 for any species. Comparisons of blower-control and nonring plots indicated that the FACE apparatus did not confound our results. All three species exhibited decreased leaf conductance under elevated CO2, although reductions were not uniform during the day or among years. Nonetheless, leaf energy balance was only minimally changed for these microphyllous desert perennials. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Las Vegas Field Stn, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Desert Res Inst, Div Earth & Ecosyst Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biochem, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Nowak, RS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-4930 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 150 IS 2 BP 449 EP 458 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00102.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 426RE UT WOS:000168361500022 ER PT J AU Tranah, GJ Kincaid, HL Krueger, CC Campton, DE May, B AF Tranah, GJ Kincaid, HL Krueger, CC Campton, DE May, B TI Reproductive isolation in sympatric populations of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SCAPHIRHYNCHUS-ALBUS; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; GENETIC-VARIATION AB Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus are recognized morphologically as separate species. A previous genetic study with allozymes was unable to distinguish between the two species or demonstrate their reproductive isolation in regions of sympatry. Our main objective was to measure the genetic variability within and among populations of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon at the northern and southern extremes of their sympatric ranges to determine if genetic variation within the two species exhibits patterns consistent with reproductive isolation. Additionally, we examined a sample of individuals identified morphologically as hybrids of the two species to determine their genetic relationship to fish identified morphologically as pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. Data from five nuclear DNA microsatellite loci indicated that pallid and shovelnose sturgeon were genetically distinct at three sympatric localities. Pallid sturgeon from two northern populations in the upper Missouri River were genetically distinct from the southern Atchafalaya River population, suggesting that northern and southern populations are reproductively isolated. Shovelnose sturgeon from three populations were genetically indistinguishable and showed no population structure. Sturgeon identified morphologically as hybrids from the Atchafalaya River were genetically distinct from pallid sturgeon but were indistinguishable from shovelnose sturgeon. Those latter results are the converse of companion results with mitochondrial DNA published elsewhere. Pallid sturgeon were federally listed as endangered in 1990, and information about their population structure and potential for introgression with shovelnose sturgeon is critical for management and recovery programs for pallid sturgeon. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Natl Fishery Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Tranah, GJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 367 EP 373 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0367:RIISPO>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FJ UT WOS:000174289100011 ER PT J AU Gaikowski, MP Gingerich, WH Gutreuter, S AF Gaikowski, MP Gingerich, WH Gutreuter, S TI Short-duration electrical immobilization of lake trout SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; ELECTRONARCOSIS; ANESTHETICS; CURRENTS; JUVENILE AB Chemical anesthetics induce stress responses, and most leave residues in fish tissues that require a certain withdrawal time before the animal can be released into the environment. Therefore, alternatives are needed in cases when fish must be released immediately, for example, during egg-collecting operations or after implanting elastomer tags. To evaluate pulsed direct current as an alternative method of immobilization, individual take trout Salvelinus namaycush were electrically immobilized using various pulsed-DC voltage gradients and shock durations. Duration of opercular recovery and narcosis were measured for individual fish. Fish were euthanized 24 h after electrical immobilization and processed for lateral radiograph analysis and assessment of perivertebral hemorrhaging by dissection. Survival of lake trout after electrical immobilization at 0.6 V/cm for 30 or 40 s or 0.8 V/cm for 5 or 15 s was monitored for 81 or 84 d after immobilization. Mean narcosis duration increased with voltage gradient and shock duration. Larger fish had longer periods of narcosis at the same combination of voltage gradient and shock duration. Radiological evaluation indicated that 9 of 28 fish in the oldest age-class tested had detectable injuries of the vertebral column, but all but one were in the lowest injury category. Although vertebral column injuries were observed in most small fish, the majority of vertebral column injuries were minor compressions involving two to seven vertebrae. Of the 82 lake trout electrically immobilized to assess long-term survival, only 5 died (6%). Our data suggest that lake trout could be electrically immobilized for a sufficient period to allow field workers to collect length and weight data and implant visible implant tags or colored elastomer tags. The technique we used, however, is probably not appropriate for procedures that require immobilization for more than 2-3 min. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Gaikowski, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 34 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 381 EP 392 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0381:SDEIOL>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FJ UT WOS:000174289100013 ER PT J AU Isely, JJ Stockett, PE AF Isely, JJ Stockett, PE TI Tag retention, growth, and survival of red swamp crayfish marked with a visible implant tag SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Eighty juvenile (means: 42.4 mm total length, 1.6 g) red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii were implanted with sequentially numbered visible implant tags and held in the laboratory. Tags were injected transversely into the musculature just beneath the exoskeleton of the third abdominal segment from the cephalothorax; tags were visible upon inspection. An additional 20 crayfish were left untagged and served as controls. After 150 d, tag retention was 80% and all tags were readable. No tagged crayfish died during the study, and no differences in total length or weight were detected between tagged and control crayfish. All individuals molted at least three times during the 150-d study, and some individuals molted up to six times, suggesting that most tags would be permanently retained. The readability in the field without specialized equipment makes, the visible implant tag ideal for studies of crayfish ecology, management, and culture. C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Isely, JJ (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 422 EP 424 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0422:TRGASO>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FJ UT WOS:000174289100017 ER PT J AU Bettoli, PW Miranda, LE AF Bettoli, PW Miranda, LE TI Cautionary note about estimating mean length at age with subsampled data SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Subsampling fixed or random numbers of fish per length category to estimate mean length at age is commonplace. However, biologists often ignore the fact that those data are collected in a stratified manner and do not represent a simple random sample of the population. We demonstrate that failure to consider the stratified nature of data and use the correct formulae to calculate means and standard errors will usually result in biased estimates of mean length at age and will always inflate standard error estimates. If the distribution of lengths within a particular age is highly skewed, estimates will be severely biased if the data are not treated in a stratified manner. Subsampling in proportion to the number of fish in each length category may be superior from a statistical standpoint; however, the more commonplace sampling of a fixed number of fish per length category is superior from the standpoints of logistics and the frequent need to accurately estimate age proportions in the largest length categories. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Mississippi State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Bettoli, PW (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. NR 10 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 425 EP 428 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0425:CNAEML>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 529FJ UT WOS:000174289100018 ER PT J AU Franklin, SB Kupfer, JA Pezeshki, SR Hanson, RA Scheff, TL Gentry, RW AF Franklin, SB Kupfer, JA Pezeshki, SR Hanson, RA Scheff, TL Gentry, RW TI A comparison of hydrology and vegetation between a channelized stream and a nonchannelized stream in western Tennessee SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE channelization; western Tennessee; bottomland hardwoods; hydrology ID COASTAL-PLAIN; PATTERNS; FLOODPLAIN; DISCHARGE; RESPONSES; MIGRATION; RIVER AB The purpose of this study was to provide baseline data on floodplain forest structure, composition, and function that would be needed to predict and monitor the consequences of a proposed stream restoration project. This project would involve the "dechannelization" of Stokes Creek, a stream in western Tennessee that was channelized and leveed in the first half of the 1900s. To this end, we collected data on surface hydrology, soil redox potential (Eh), and the structure and composition of the floodplain vegetation of Stokes Creek. To place our findings into a regional context, we also collected comparable vegetation data from plots located along a nonchannelized stream reach of the Wolf River near Moscow, Tennessee. While hydrologic fluctuations of floodplain sites were synchronous with river dynamics for the Wolf River, the hydrology of floodplain sites at Stokes Creek was constrained by the influence of beaver dams, backflooding, and ponding of overland flow behind levees. Consequently, composition of the forest overstory understory, and herbaceous strata was significantly different between the two sites. For example, Stokes Creek had a noticeable lack of cypress and tupelo sites, and a greater abundance of red maple. Analyses of size-class structure and woody debris quantity reinforced the existing differences between the more natural and human-impacted systems. While the current hydrology apparently has a negative affect on bottomland hardwoods, scattered regeneration stems and soil redox measurements indicate that a dechannelization effort that yielded lower water tables in the Stokes Creek floodplain potentially could increase bottomland hardwood establishment. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38120 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geog & Reg Dev, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Towson State Univ, Dept Biol, Towson, MD 21252 USA. Univ Memphis, Ground Water Inst, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Franklin, SB (reprint author), Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RI Kupfer, John/H-4066-2011; Gentry, Randall/J-8177-2012 OI Gentry, Randall/0000-0003-2477-8127 NR 43 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 13 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 22 IS 3 BP 254 EP 274 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 526CN UT WOS:000174111000005 ER PT J AU Hollmen, T Franson, JC Hario, M Sankari, S Kilpi, M Lindstrom, K AF Hollmen, T Franson, JC Hario, M Sankari, S Kilpi, M Lindstrom, K TI Use of serum biochemistry to evaluate nutritional status and health of incubating common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in Finland SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERM FASTING GEESE; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; EMPEROR PENGUINS; URIC-ACID; PLASMA; DUCKS; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN; BLOOD AB During 1997-1999, we collected serum samples from 156 common eider (Somateria mollissima) females incubating eggs in the Finnish archipelago of the Baltic Sea. We used serum chemistry profiles to evaluate metabolic changes in eiders during incubation and to compare the health and nutritional status of birds nesting at a breeding area where the eider population has declined by over 50% during the past decade, with birds nesting at two areas with stable populations. Several changes in serum chemistries were observed during incubation, including (1) decreases in serum glucose, total protein, albumin, beta -globulin, and gamma -globulin concentrations and (2) increases in serum uric acid, creatine kinase, and beta -hydroxybutyrate concentrations. However, these changes were not consistent throughout the 3-yr period, suggesting differences among years in the rate of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein utilization during incubation. The mean serum concentrations of free fatty acids, glycerol, and albumin were lowest and the serum alpha - and gamma -globulin levels were highest in the area where the eider population has declined, suggesting a role for nutrition and diseases in the population dynamics of Baltic eiders. C1 Univ Helsinki, Fac Vet Med, Dept Vet Basic Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, Helsinki 00721, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Cent Lab, Fac Vet Med, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Systemat & Ecol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP Hollmen, T (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Fac Vet Med, Dept Vet Basic Sci, POB 57, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RI Lindstrom, Kai/B-5479-2008; OI Lindstrom, Kai/0000-0002-8356-5538; Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 48 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 19 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 74 IS 3 BP 333 EP 342 DI 10.1086/320421 PG 10 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 437VV UT WOS:000169015000003 PM 11331505 ER PT J AU Pike, RJ AF Pike, RJ TI Digital terrain modeling and industrial surface metrology: Converging realms SO PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER LA English DT Article DE digital terrain modeling; industrial surface metrology; morphometry; surface quantification ID MORPHOLOGY; LANDSCAPES; ROUGHNESS; SCIENCE AB Digital terrain modeling has a micro- and nanoscale counterpart in surface metrology the numerical characterization of industrial surfaces. instrumentation in semiconductor manufacturing and other high-technology fields can now contour surface irregularities down to the atomic scale. Surface metrology has been revolutionized by its ability to manipulate square-grid height matrices that are analogous to the digital elevation models (DEMs) used in physical geography. Because the shaping of industrial surfaces is a spatial process, the same concepts of analytical cartography that represent ground-surface form in geography evolved independently in metrology. The surface topography of manufactured components, exemplified here by automobile-engine cylinders, is routinely modeled by variogram analysis, relief shading, and most other techniques of parameterization and visualization familiar to geography. This article introduces industrial surface metrology examines the field in the context of terrain modeling and geomorphology and notes their similarities and differences, and raises theoretical issues to be addressed in progressing toward a unified practice of surface morphometry. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Pike, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 67 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0033-0124 J9 PROF GEOGR JI Prof. Geogr. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 53 IS 2 BP 263 EP 274 DI 10.1111/0033-0124.00284 PG 12 WC Geography SC Geography GA 428ZE UT WOS:000168490900009 ER PT J AU Collis, K Roby, DD Craig, DP Ryan, BA Ledgerwood, RD AF Collis, K Roby, DD Craig, DP Ryan, BA Ledgerwood, RD TI Colonial waterbird predation on juvenile salmonids tagged with passive integrated transponders in the Columbia river estuary: Vulnerability of different salmonid species, stocks, and rearing types SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STEELHEAD TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; HATCHERY; WILD; EXPERIENCE; BEHAVIOR; SURVIVAL; STRESS; GROWTH; SALAR AB Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags implanted in Columbia River basin juvenile salmonids Oncorhyncus spp. were recovered from breeding. colonies of Caspian terns Sterna caspia and double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus on Rice Island, a dredge spoil island in the Columbia River estuary. Tags were recovered to assess the relative vulnerability of different salmonid species, stocks, and rearing types to avian predators. We detected 50,221 PIT tags at the two bird colonies, mostly from juvenile chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss raised in hatcheries; 72% of the total tags were from the tern colony and 28% from the cormorant colony. Tagged steelhead smolts were more vulnerable to predation by both bird species than were yearling chinook salmon. More than 15% of PIT tags from steelhead smolts that were available in the estuary in 1998 were detected at the bird colonies compared with 2% of PIT tags from yearling chinook salmon. The greater vulnerability of steelhead may reflect size-dependent selection by avian predators. Salmonids listed under the Endangered Species Act and unlisted salmonids were equally vulnerable to predation by both terns and cormorants. Hatchery-raised yearling chinook salmon were more vulnerable than their wild counterparts to predation by terns, a surface-feeding species; however, hatchery-raised and wild yearling chinook salmon were equally vulnerable to predation by cormorants, a diving species. These results suggest that hatchery-raised yearling chinook salmon, and hatchery-raised steelhead in some years, are more vulnerable to tern predation than wild fish because they have a greater tendency to reside near the water surface where terns forage. C1 Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commiss, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Point Adams Biol Field Stn, Hammond, OR 97121 USA. RP Collis, K (reprint author), Real Time Res, 201 Yellowtail Hawk Ave, Bend, OR 97701 USA. NR 61 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 4 U2 20 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 130 IS 3 BP 385 EP 396 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0385:CWPOJS>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 439EJ UT WOS:000169097600005 ER PT J AU VanderKooi, SP Maule, AG Schreck, CB AF VanderKooi, SP Maule, AG Schreck, CB TI The effects of electroshock on immune function and disease progression in juvenile spring Chinook salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; SALAR L; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; SMOLT TRANSFORMATION; PLASMA LYSOZYME; STRESS AB Although much is known about the effects of electroshock on fish physiology, consequences to the immune system and disease progression have not received attention. Our objectives were to determine the effects of electroshock on selected immune function in juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, the mechanism of any observed alteration, and the effects of electroshock on disease progression. We found that the ability of anterior kidney leukocytes to generate antibody-producing cells (APC) was suppressed 3 h after a pulsed-DC electroshock (300 V, 50 Hz, 8 ms pulse width) but recovered within 24 h. This response was similar in timing and magnitude to that of fish subjected to an acute handling stress. The mechanism of suppression is hypothesized to be via an elevation of plasma cortisol concentrations in response to stress. Other monitored immune functions, skin mucous lysozyme levels, and respiratory burst activity were not affected by exposure to electroshock. The progression of a Renibacterium salmoninarum (RS) infection may have been altered after exposure to an electroshock. The electroshock did not affect infection severity or the number of mortalities, but may have accelerated the time to death. The limited duration of APC suppression and lack of effects on lysozyme and respiratory burst, as well as infection severity and mortality levels in RS-infected fish, led us to conclude that electrofishing under the conditions we tested is a safe procedure in regards to immunity and disease. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP VanderKooi, SP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Klamath Falls Duty Stn, 6937 Washburn Way, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA. NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 130 IS 3 BP 397 EP 408 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0397:TEOEOI>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 439EJ UT WOS:000169097600006 ER PT J AU Palmisano, AN Elder, NE AF Palmisano, AN Elder, NE TI Standardized seawater rearing of chinook salmon smolts to evaluate hatchery practices showed low statistical power SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY-WIDE PATTERNS; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; DENSITY AB We examined, under standardized conditions, seawater survival of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at the smolt stage to evaluate the experimental hatchery practices applied to their rearing. The experimental rearing practices included rearing fish at different densities; attempting to control bacterial kidney disease with broodstock segregation, erythromycin injection, and an experimental diet; rearing fish on different water sources; and freeze branding the fish. After application of experimental rearing practices in hatcheries, smolts were transported to a rearing facility for about 2-3 months of seawater rearing. Of 16 experiments, 4 yielded statistically significant differences in seawater survival. In general we found that high variability among replicates, plus the low numbers of replicates available, resulted in low statistical power. We recommend including four or five replicates and using alpha = 0.10 in 1-tailed tests of hatchery experiments to try to increase the statistical power to 0.80. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Palmisano, AN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 130 IS 3 BP 409 EP 416 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0409:SSROCS>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 439EJ UT WOS:000169097600007 ER PT J AU Sammons, SM Bettoli, PW Greear, VA AF Sammons, SM Bettoli, PW Greear, VA TI Early life history characteristics of age-0 white crappies in response to hydrology and zooplankton densities in Normandy Reservoir, Tennessee SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DAILY GROWTH INCREMENTS; SOUTH-DAKOTA WATERS; LARGEMOUTH BASS; POMOXIS-NIGROMACULATUS; GIZZARD SHAD; OTOLITHS; DEPOSITION; PONDS AB Age-0 white crappies Pomoxis annularis were collected in 1994 and 1996-1998 in cove samples from Normandy Reservoir, a 1,307-ha flood control impoundment on the upper Duck River in southcentral Tennessee. Age-0 crappies were measured (TL, mm) and weighed (g); otoliths were removed and hatch dates and daily growth rates determined for the aged fish. Across years, crappies hatched as early as 13 April and as late as 6 June. Hatch date and length-frequency distributions were unimodal in all years. The first hatch date and mean hatch date of white crappies were positively correlated with the first day the reservoir achieved full pool. Growth ranged from 0.41 to 0.90 mm/d; it did not appear to be affected by the density of white crappie larvae but may have been affected by that of crustacean zooplankton. Within each year, earlier-hatched fish grew at slower rates than later-hatched fish, probably owing to the warmer water temperatures experienced by later-hatched fish. However, year-classes that hatched earlier grew faster on average, perhaps due to reduced competition from fish species that spawned later than white crappies. The growth of age-0 white crappies appeared to be little affected by spring or summer water level events, but it may have been influenced by hatch date and zooplankton density. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, US Geol Survey, Tennessee Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. RP Sammons, SM (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 130 IS 3 BP 442 EP 449 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0442:ELHCOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 439EJ UT WOS:000169097600010 ER PT J AU Jepsen, N Davis, LE Schreck, CB Siddens, B AF Jepsen, N Davis, LE Schreck, CB Siddens, B TI The physiological response of chinook salmon smolts to two methods of radio-tagging SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID IMPLANTED DUMMY TRANSMITTERS; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; CHANNEL CATFISH; HEART-RATE; SALAR L; EXPULSION; CORTISOL; PLASMA; GROWTH AB Smolts of hatchery-reared chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were radio-tagged by gastric insertion or surgical implant, and their physiological response was measured and compared to that of control insertion or surgical implant, and their physiological response was measured and compared to that of control fish. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, and lactate were measured before tagging and at 3 h, 24 h, 7 d, and 14 d after tagging. Significant increases in concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and lactate occurred at 3 h after tagging in both treatment groups. After 24 h cortisol levels were still elevated in both groups of tagged fish, whereas the levels of glucose and lactate had returned to normal for the surgically implanted fish but still remained higher than those of the controls for gastrically implanted fish. After 7 and 14 d, differences between treatment and control fish were not significant. Body size and physiological response to tagging among fish 14-26 cm showed no correlation. The results show that radio-tagging is indeed stressful for chinook salmon smolts but that the presence of the tags is not chronically stressful because levels of cortisol, glucose, and lactate return to normal (control) levels after few days. C1 Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, USGS CBS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jepsen, N (reprint author), Danish Inst Fisheries Res, Dept Inland Fisheries, Vejlsovej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. EM nj@dfu.min.dk RI Jepsen, Niels/D-4225-2009 NR 36 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 130 IS 3 BP 495 EP 500 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0495:TPROCS>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 439EJ UT WOS:000169097600015 ER PT J AU Westbrooks, RG Gregg, WP Eplee, RE AF Westbrooks, RG Gregg, WP Eplee, RE TI My view SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Whiteville, NC 28472 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. USDA, Whiteville, NC 28472 USA. RP Westbrooks, RG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Whiteville, NC 28472 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 49 IS 3 BP 303 EP 304 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0303:MV]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WY UT WOS:000175241600001 ER PT J AU Smith, RD Landis, GP Maroff, I Olson, DL Wildeman, TR AF Smith, RD Landis, GP Maroff, I Olson, DL Wildeman, TR TI The determination of hydrogen distribution in high-strength steel weldments Part 1: Laser ablation methods SO WELDING JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; IRON-ORE AB The development of advanced analytical methods for hydrogen distribution measurement across the weld is reported. The methods also distinguish between total and diffusible hydrogen. The project consisted of two phases: first, various types of instrumentation were evaluated for their use on welded steel. In the second phase, a suitable method was selected and investigated in more detail. The results suggest methods using laser ablation are capable of distinguishing qualitative differences in hydrogen concentrations in different areas of the weld. Deuterium addition to the shielding gas serves as a tracer, allowing a better understanding of hydrogen sources, i.e., surface contamination. This research also led to the development of a diffusible hydrogen sensor suitable for field use, described in Part 2. C1 DCH Technol, Valencia, CA USA. USGS, Isotope Geol Lab, Denver, CO USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Ctr Welding Joining & Coatings Res, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Smith, RD (reprint author), DCH Technol, Valencia, CA USA. NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WELDING SOC PI MIAMI PA 550 N W LEJEUNE RD, MIAMI, FL 33126 USA SN 0043-2296 J9 WELD J JI Weld. J. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 80 IS 5 BP 115S EP 121S PG 7 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 746KU UT WOS:000186746200016 ER PT J AU Stoker, CR Cabrol, NA Roush, TR Moersch, J Aubele, J Barlow, N Bettis, EA Bishop, J Chapman, M Clifford, S Cockell, CS Crumpler, L Craddock, R De Hon, R Foster, T Gulick, V Grin, E Horton, K Hovde, G Johnson, JR Lee, PC Lemmon, MT Marshall, J Newsom, HE Ori, GG Reagan, M Rice, JW Ruff, SW Schreiner, J Sims, M Smith, PH Tanaka, K Thomas, HJ Thomas, G Yingst, RA AF Stoker, CR Cabrol, NA Roush, TR Moersch, J Aubele, J Barlow, N Bettis, EA Bishop, J Chapman, M Clifford, S Cockell, CS Crumpler, L Craddock, R De Hon, R Foster, T Gulick, V Grin, E Horton, K Hovde, G Johnson, JR Lee, PC Lemmon, MT Marshall, J Newsom, HE Ori, GG Reagan, M Rice, JW Ruff, SW Schreiner, J Sims, M Smith, PH Tanaka, K Thomas, HJ Thomas, G Yingst, RA TI The 1999 Marsokhod rover mission simulation at Silver Lake, California: Mission overview, data sets, and summary of results SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; INFRARED MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER; NATURAL SURFACES; DEATH-VALLEY; MARS; FIELD; ROCKS; VOLCANISM; GEOLOGY; CLIMATE AB We report on a field experiment held near Silver Lake playa in the Mojave Desert in February 1999 with the Marsokhod rover. The payload (Descent Imager, PanCam, Mini-TES, and Robotic Arm Camera), data volumes, and data transmission/receipt windows simulated those planned for the Mars Surveyor mission selected for 2001. A central mast with a pan and tilt platform at 150 cm height carried a high-resolution color stereo imager to simulate the PanCam and a visible/near-infrared fiberoptic spectrometer (operating range 0.35-2.5 mum). Monochrome stereo navigation cameras were mounted on the mast and the front and rear of the rover near the wheels. A field portable infrared spectroradiometer (operating range 8-14 mum) simulated the Mini-TES. A Robotic Arm Camera, capable of close-up color imaging at 23 mum/pixel resolution, was used in conjunction with the excavation of a trench into the subsurface. The science team was also provided with simulated images from the Mars Descent Imager and orbital panchromatic and multispectral imaging of the site obtained with the French SPOT, airborne Thermal Infrared Mapping Spectrometer, and Landsat Thematic Mapper instruments. Commands sequences were programmed and sent daily to the rover, and data returned were limited to 40 Mbits per communication cycle. During the simulated mission, 12 commands were uplinked to the rover, it traversed similar to 90 m, six sites were analyzed, 11 samples were collected for laboratory analysis, and over 5 Gbits of data were collected. Twenty-two scientists, unfamiliar with the location of the field site, participated in the science mission from a variety of locations, accessing data via the World Wide Web. Remote science interpretations were compared with ground truth from the field and laboratory analysis of collected samples. Using this payload and mission approach, the science team synergistically interpreted orbital imaging and infrared spectroscopy, descent imaging, rover-based imaging, infrared spectroscopy, and microscopic imaging to deduce a consistent and largely correct interpretation of the geology, mineralogy, stratigraphy, and exobiology of the site. Use of imaging combined with infrared spectroscopy allowed source outcrops to be identified for local rocks on an alluvial fan. Different lithologies were distinguished both near the rover and at distances of hundreds of meters or more. Subtle differences such as a contact between dolomite and calcite were identified at a distance of 0.5 km. A biomarker for endolithic microbiota, a plausible life form to be found on Mars, was successfully identified. Microscopic imaging of soils extracted from the surface and subsurface allowed the mineralogy and fluvial history of the trench site to be deduced. The scientific productivity of this simulation shows that this payload and mission approach has high science value and would contribute substantially to achieving the goals of Mars exploration. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. New Mexico Museum Nat Hist & Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NE Louisiana Univ, Dept Geosci, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Annunzio, Dipartimento Sci, I-65127 Pescara, Italy. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Ind Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Stoker, CR (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Moersch, Jeffrey/F-7189-2010; Craddock, Robert/B-3884-2013; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; ORI, Gian Gabriele/0000-0002-6460-1476 NR 54 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E4 BP 7639 EP 7663 DI 10.1029/1999JE001178 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 425JW UT WOS:000168288300008 ER PT J AU De Hon, RA Barlow, NG Reagan, MK Bettis, EA Foster, CT Gulick, VC Crumpler, LS Aubele, JC Chapman, MG Tanaka, KL AF De Hon, RA Barlow, NG Reagan, MK Bettis, EA Foster, CT Gulick, VC Crumpler, LS Aubele, JC Chapman, MG Tanaka, KL TI Observation of the geology and geomorphology of the 1999 Marsokhod test site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article AB The Marsokhod rover returned data from six stations that were used to decipher the geomorphology and geology of a region not previously visited by members of the geomorphology field team. Satellite images and simulated descent images provided information about the regional setting. The landing zone was on an alluvial apron flanking a mountain block to the west and a playa surface to the east. Rover color images, infrared spectra analysis of the mountains, and the apron surface provided insight into the rock composition of the nearby mountains. From the return data the geomorphology team interpreted the region to consist of compressionally deformed, ancient marine sediments and igneous rocks exposed by more recent extensional tectonics. Unconsolidated alluvial materials blanket the lower flanks of the mountains. Bn ancient shoreline cut into alluvial material marks a high stand of water during a past, wetter climate period. Playa sediments floor a present-day, seasonally, dry lake. Observations made by the rover using panoramic and close-up (hand specimens-scale) image data and color scene data confirmed the presence of boulders, cobbles, and fines of various provinces. Rover traverses to sites identified as geologically distinct, such as fan, channel, shoreline, and playa, provided useful clues to the geologic interpretations. Analysis of local rocks was given concert only through comparison with distant geologic features. These results demonstrated the importance of a multifaceted approach to site interpretation through comparison of interpretations derived by differing geologic techniques. C1 NE Louisiana Univ, Dept Geosci, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. New Mexico Museum Nat Hist, Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP De Hon, RA (reprint author), NE Louisiana Univ, Dept Geosci, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E4 BP 7665 EP 7682 DI 10.1029/1999JE001167 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 425JW UT WOS:000168288300009 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Ruff, SW Moersch, J Roush, T Horton, K Bishop, J Cabrol, NA Cockell, CS Gazis, P Newsom, HE Stoker, C AF Johnson, JR Ruff, SW Moersch, J Roush, T Horton, K Bishop, J Cabrol, NA Cockell, CS Gazis, P Newsom, HE Stoker, C TI Geological characterization of remote field sites using visible and infrared spectroscopy: Results from the 1999 Marsokhod field test SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID DEATH-VALLEY; EMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY; MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; CARBONATE MINERALS; NATURAL SURFACES; DESERT VARNISH; CALIFORNIA; ROCKS; SOILS AB Upcoming Mars Surveyor lander missions will include extensive spectroscopic capabilities designed to improve interpretations of the mineralogy and geology of landing sites on Mars. The 1999 Marsokhod Field Experiment (MFE) was a Mars rover simulation designed in part to investigate the utility of visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared field spectrometers to contribute to the remote geological exploration of a Mars analog field site in the California Mojave Desert. The experiment simultaneously investigated the abilities of an off-site science: team to effectively analyze and acquire useful imaging and spectroscopic data and to communicate efficiently with rover engineers and an on-site field team to provide meaningful input to rover operations and traverse planning. Experiences gained during the MFE regarding effective communication between different mission operation teams will be useful to upcoming Mars mission teams. Field spectra acquired during the MFE mission exhibited features interpreted at the time as indicative of carbonates (both dolomitic and calcitic), mafic rocks and associated weathering products, and silicic rocks with desert varnish-like coatings. The visible/near-infrared spectra also suggested the presence of organic compounds, including chlorophyll in one rock. Postmission laboratory petrologic and spectral analyses of returned samples confirmed that all rocks identified as carbonates using field measurements alone were cafe-silicates and that chlorophyll associated with endolithic organisms was present in the one rock for which it was predicted. Rocks classified from field spectra as silicics and weathered mafics were recognized in the laboratory as metamorphosed monzonites and diorite schists. This discrepancy was likely due to rock coatings sampled by the field spectrometers compared to fresh rock interiors analyzed petrographically, in addition to somewhat different surfaces analyzed by laboratory thermal spectroscopy compared to field spectra. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Moersch, Jeffrey/F-7189-2010; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E4 BP 7683 EP 7711 DI 10.1029/1999JE001149 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 425JW UT WOS:000168288300010 ER PT J AU Newsom, HE Bishop, JL Cockell, CS Roush, TL Johnson, JR AF Newsom, HE Bishop, JL Cockell, CS Roush, TL Johnson, JR TI Search for life on Mars in surface samples: Lessons from the 1999 Marsokhod rover field experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; CRYPTOENDOLITHIC LICHENS; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; VICTORIA-LAND; MARTIAN LIFE; ANTARCTICA; MINERALS; VALLEYS; EARTH AB The Marsokhod 1999 field experiment in the Mojave Desert included a simulation of a rover-based sample selection mission. As part of this mission, a test was made of strategies and analytical techniques for identifying past or present life in environments expected to be present on Mars. A combination of visual clues from high-resolution images and the detection of an important biomolecule (chlorophyll) with visible/near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy led to the successful identification of a rock with evidence of cryptoendolithic organisms. The sample was identified in high-resolution images (3 times the resolution of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder camera) on the basis of a green tinge and textural information suggesting the presence of a thin, partially missing exfoliating layer revealing the organisms. The presence of chlorophyll bands in similar samples was observed in visible/NIR spectra of samples in the field and later confirmed in the laboratory using the same spectrometer. Raman spectroscopy in the laboratory, simulating a remote measurement technique, also detected evidence of carotenoids in samples from the same area. Laboratory analysis confirmed that the subsurface layer of the rock is inhabited by a community of coccoid Chroococcidioposis cyanobacteria. The identification of minerals in the held, including carbonates and serpentine, that are associated with aqueous processes was also demonstrated using the visible/NIR spectrometer. Other lessons learned that are applicable to future rover missions include the benefits of web-based programs for target selection and for daily mission planning and the need for involvement of the science team in optimizing image compression schemes based on the retention of visual signature characteristics. C1 Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Newsom, HE (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Room 306D,Northrop Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E4 BP 7713 EP 7720 DI 10.1029/1999JE001159 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 425JW UT WOS:000168288300011 ER PT J AU Cabrol, NA Chong-Diaz, G Stoker, CR Gulick, VC Landheim, R Lee, P Roush, TL Zent, AP Lameli, CH Iglesia, AJ Arrerondo, MP Dohm, JM Keaten, R Wettergreen, D Sims, MH Schwher, K Bualat, MG Thomas, HJ Zbinden, E Christian, D Pedersen, L Bettis, A Thomas, G Witzke, B AF Cabrol, NA Chong-Diaz, G Stoker, CR Gulick, VC Landheim, R Lee, P Roush, TL Zent, AP Lameli, CH Iglesia, AJ Arrerondo, MP Dohm, JM Keaten, R Wettergreen, D Sims, MH Schwher, K Bualat, MG Thomas, HJ Zbinden, E Christian, D Pedersen, L Bettis, A Thomas, G Witzke, B TI Nomad Rover Field Experiment, Atacama Desert, Chile 1. Science results overview SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN CHILE AB Nomad was deployed for a 45 day traverse in the Atacama Desert, Chile, during the summer of 1997. During this traverse, I week was devoted to science experiments. The goal of the science experiments was to test different planetary surface exploration strategies that included(l) a Mars mission simulation, (2) a science on the fly experiment, where the rover was kept moving 75% of the operation time. (The goal of this operation was to determine whether or not successful interpretation of the environment is related to the time spent on a target. The role of mobility in helping the interpretation was also assessed.) (3) a meteorite search using visual and instrumental methods to remotely identify meteorites in extreme environments, and (4) a time-delay experiment with and without using the panospheric camera. The results were as follow: the remote science team positively identified the main characteristics of the test site geological environment. The science on the fly experiment showed that the selection of appropriate targets might be even more critical than the time spent on a study area to reconstruct the history of a site. During the same operation the science team members identified and sampled a rock from a Jurassic outcrop that they proposed to be a fossil. The presence of paleolife indicators in this rock was confirmed later by laboratory analysis. Both visual and instrumental modes demonstrated the feasibility, in at least some conditions, of carrying out a field search for meteorites by using remote-controlled vehicles. Finally, metrics collected from the observation of the science team operations, and the use team members made of mission data, provided critical information on what operation sequences could be automated on board revers in future planetary surface explorations. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Geol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Catolica Norte, Dept Ciencias Geol, Antofagasta 1280, Chile. Netscape Commun Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Robot, Field Robot Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Iowa, Seamans Ctr Engn Arts & Sci 4316, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. LightLog Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. RP Cabrol, NA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ncabrol@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 2001 VL 106 IS E4 BP 7785 EP 7806 DI 10.1029/1999JE001166 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 425JW UT WOS:000168288300017 ER PT J AU Hinkle, SR Duff, JH Triska, FJ Laenen, A Gates, EB Bencala, KE Wentz, DA Silva, SR AF Hinkle, SR Duff, JH Triska, FJ Laenen, A Gates, EB Bencala, KE Wentz, DA Silva, SR TI Linking hyporheic flow and nitrogen cycling near the Willamette River - a large river in Oregon, USA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hyporheic zone; ground water/surface water interactionsn; nitrogen cycling; isotope hydrology; Willamette Basin; river reach ID SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; SURFACE-WATER; TRANSIENT STORAGE; OXIDE REDUCTION; FORESTED STREAM; MOUNTAIN STREAM; AQUIFER SYSTEM; CHALK AQUIFER; DENITRIFICATION; ZONE AB Several approaches were used to characterize ground water/surface water interactions near the Willamette River - a large (ninth order) river in Oregon, USA. 4 series of potentiometric surface maps demonstrated the presence of highly dynamic hydraulic gradients between rivers and the adjacent aquifer. Hyporheic zone gradients extended on the order of hundreds of meters. River gains and losses at the river stretch scale (tens of kilometers) were consistent with fluxes implied by the potentiometric surface maps, and apparently reflect regional ground water/surface water interactions. Gains and losses of up to 5-10% of streamflow were observed at this scale. On the river reach scale (1-2 km), gains and losses on the order of 5% of streamflow were interpreted as representing primarily local hyporheic exchange. Isotopic and chemical data collected from shallow hyporheic zone wells demonstrated interaction between regional ground water and river water. The origin of sampled hyporheic zone water ranged from a mixture dominated by regional ground water to water containing 100% river water. The common assumption that ground and river water mix primarily in the river channel is not applicable in this system. Isotopic and chemical data also indicated that significant (nearly complete) vegetative nitrate uptake and/or nitrate reduction occurred in water from 4 of 12 hyporheic zone sites. Ln these cases, it was primarily nitrate transported to the hyporheic zone in regional ground water that was removed from solution. Isotopes of water and nitrate indicated that hyporheic zone water sampled at two sites was composed of water originating as river water and demonstrated that significant vegetative nitrate uptake and nitrate reduction occurred along these hyporheic zone flowpaths. Thus, the hyporheic zone may, in some instances, serve to remove nitrate from river water. Additional investigations with chemical tools and microbial enzyme assays were conducted at one hyporheic site. A strong vertical redox gradient was observed, with nitrate-limited denitrification potential in deeper sediment and both nitrification and denitrification potential in shallower sediment. Since nitrogen cycling is strongly affected by redox conditions, nitrogen cycling in the hyporheic zone of this large-river system likely is affected by dynamics of ground water/surface water interactions that control fluxes of nitrogen and other redox species to hyporheic zone sediment. Published by Elsevier Science B. V. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Oregon Water Resources Dept, Bend, OR 97701 USA. RP Hinkle, SR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010 NR 72 TC 89 Z9 93 U1 3 U2 52 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD APR 20 PY 2001 VL 244 IS 3-4 BP 157 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00335-3 PG 24 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 423CD UT WOS:000168157100004 ER PT J AU Veverka, J Thomas, PC Robinson, M Murchie, S Chapman, C Bell, M Harch, A Merline, WJ Bell, JF Bussey, B Carcich, B Cheng, A Clark, B Domingue, D Dunham, D Farquhar, R Gaffey, MJ Hawkins, E Izenberg, N Joseph, J Kirk, R Li, H Lucey, P Malin, M McFadden, L Miller, JK Owen, WM Peterson, C Prockter, L Warren, J Wellnitz, D Williams, BG Yeomans, DK AF Veverka, J Thomas, PC Robinson, M Murchie, S Chapman, C Bell, M Harch, A Merline, WJ Bell, JF Bussey, B Carcich, B Cheng, A Clark, B Domingue, D Dunham, D Farquhar, R Gaffey, MJ Hawkins, E Izenberg, N Joseph, J Kirk, R Li, H Lucey, P Malin, M McFadden, L Miller, JK Owen, WM Peterson, C Prockter, L Warren, J Wellnitz, D Williams, BG Yeomans, DK TI Imaging of small-scale features on 433 Eros from NEAR: Evidence for a complex regolith SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MULTISPECTRAL IMAGER; EJECTA BLOCKS; ASTEROIDS; 243-IDA AB On 25 October 2000, the Near Earth Asteroid Rendevous (NEAR)-Shoemaker spacecraft executed a low-altitude flyover of asteroid 433 Eros, making it possible to image the surface at a resolution of about 1 meter per pixel. The Images reveal an evolved surface distinguished by an abundance of ejecta blocks, a dearth of small craters, and smooth material infilling some topographic lows. The subdued appearance of craters of different diameters and the variety of blocks and different degrees of their burial suggest that ejecta from several impact events blanketed the region imaged at closest approach and led to the building up of a substantial and complex regolith consisting of fine materials and abundant meter-sized blocks. C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Ctr Sci, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Veverka, J (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Wellnitz, Dennis/B-4080-2012; McFadden, Lucy-Ann/I-4902-2013; Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Izenberg, Noam/F-3952-2015 OI McFadden, Lucy-Ann/0000-0002-0537-9975; Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; Izenberg, Noam/0000-0003-1629-6478 NR 23 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 20 PY 2001 VL 292 IS 5516 BP 484 EP 488 DI 10.1126/science.1058651 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 423QB UT WOS:000168187300041 PM 11313490 ER PT J AU Ghalambor, CK Martin, TE AF Ghalambor, CK Martin, TE TI Fecundity-survival trade-offs and parental risk-taking in birds SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; NEST PREDATION; RATES; POPULATIONS; DEMOGRAPHY; NORTH AB Life history theory predicts that parents should value their own survival over that of their offspring in species with a higher probability of adult survival and fewer offspring. We report that Southern Hemisphere birds have higher adult survival and smaller clutch sizes than Northern Hemisphere birds. We subsequently manipulated predation risk to adults versus offspring in 10 species that were paired between North and South America on the basis of phylogeny and ecology. As predicted, southern parents responded more strongly to reduce mortality risk to themselves oven at a cost to their offspring, whereas northern parents responded more strongly to reduce risk to their offspring even at greater risk to themselves. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Avian Studies Program, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Ghalambor, CK (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 22 TC 258 Z9 265 U1 11 U2 121 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 20 PY 2001 VL 292 IS 5516 BP 494 EP 497 DI 10.1126/science.1059379 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 423QB UT WOS:000168187300044 PM 11313493 ER PT J AU Holloway, JM Dahlgren, RA Casey, WH AF Holloway, JM Dahlgren, RA Casey, WH TI Nitrogen release from rock and soil under simulated field conditions SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE weathering; non-point source pollution; biogeochemistry; soils; nitrogen; Sierra Nevada ID METAMORPHIC ROCKS; CATALINA SCHIST; ORGANIC-MATTER; AMMONIUM; NITRATE; CALIFORNIA; DIAGENESIS; CHEMISTRY; ILLITE AB A laboratory study was performed to simulate field weathering and nitrogen release from bedrock in a setting where geologic nitrogen has been suspected to be a large local source of nitrate. Two rack types containing nitrogen, slate (1370 mg N kg(-1)) and greenstone (480 mg N kg(-1)), were used along with saprolite and BC horizon sand from soils derived from these rock types. The fresh rock and weathered material were used in batch reactors that were leached every 30 days over 6 months to simulate a single wet season. Nitrogen was released from rock and soil materials at rates between 10(-20) and 10(-19) mol N cm(-2) s(-1). Results from the laboratory dissolution experiments were compared to in situ soil solutions and available mineral nitrogen pools from the BC horizon of both soils. Concentrations of mineral nitrogen (NO3- + NH4+) in soil solutions reached the highest levels at the beginning of the rainy season and progressively decreased with increased leaching. This seasonal pattern was repeated for the available mineral nitrogen pool that was extracted using a KCI solution. Estimates based on these laboratory release rates bracket stream water NO3-N fluxes and changes in the available mineral nitrogen pool over the active leaching period. These results confirm that geologic nitrogen, when present, may be a large and reactive pool that may contribute as a non-point source of nitrate contamination to surface and ground waters. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Holloway, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Suite E127,3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Holloway, JoAnn/A-2089-2012 OI Holloway, JoAnn/0000-0003-3603-7668 NR 36 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD APR 15 PY 2001 VL 174 IS 4 BP 403 EP 414 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00290-4 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 411FZ UT WOS:000167488600003 ER PT J AU Grosbois, CA Horowitz, AJ Smith, JJ Elrick, KA AF Grosbois, CA Horowitz, AJ Smith, JJ Elrick, KA TI The effect of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA. Part III. Downstream effects: the Spokane River Basin SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE surface sediments; subsurface sediments; trace elements; environmental effects of mining/ore processing activities ID LEAD AB During 1998/1999, surface and subsurface sediment samples were collected along the entire length of the Spokane River from its outlet at the northern end of Lake Coeur d'Alene (CDA), Idaho, to Lake Roosevelt on the Columbia River, Washington. The study was conducted to determine if the trace element enrichments observed in Lake CDA acid on the floodplain and in the CDA River extend through the Spokane River Basin (SRB). As in Lake CDA, surface sediments in the SRB are enriched in Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Sb and Hg relative to local background levels. Pb, Cd and Zn are the most elevated, with maximum enrichment occurring in the upper Spokane River in close proximity to Lake CDA. On average, enrichment decreases downstream, apparently reflecting both increased distance from the inferred source (the CDA River Basin), as well as increased dilution by locally derived but unenriched materials. Only Cd and Zn display marked enrichment throughout the SRB. Pb, Zn and Cd seem to be associated mainly with an operationally defined iron oxide phase, whereas the majority of the As and Sb seem to be matrix-held. Subsurface sediments also are enriched in Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Sb and HE: relative to background levels. Based on Cs-137 and excess Pb-210 dating, trace clement enrichment began in the middle part of the SRB (Long Lake) between 1900 and 1920. This is contemporaneous with similar enrichments observed in Lake CDA, as well as the completion of Long Lake Dam (1913). In the most downstream part of the basin (Spokane River Arm of Lake Roosevelt), enrichment began substantially later, between 1930 and 1940. The temporal difference in enrichment between Long Lake and the River Arm may reflect the latter's greater distance from the presumed source of the enrichment (the CDA River Basin); however, the difference is more likely the result of the completion of Grand Coulee Dam (1934-1941), which formed Lake Roosevelt, backed up the Spokane River, and increased water levels in the River Arm by about 30 m. C1 US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. BRGM, Direct Rech, F-45065 Orleans 02, France. RP Horowitz, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Peachtree Business Ctr, Suite 130,3039 Amwiler Rd, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 42 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 17 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 15 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 855 EP 875 DI 10.1002/hyp.192 PG 21 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 418VK UT WOS:000167914700009 ER PT J AU Thatcher, W AF Thatcher, W TI Pop-up disaster SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Thatcher, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 12 PY 2001 VL 410 IS 6830 BP 757 EP 758 DI 10.1038/35071199 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 420TT UT WOS:000168021900032 PM 11298423 ER PT J AU Stauffer, P Bekins, BA AF Stauffer, P Bekins, BA TI Modeling consolidation and dewatering near the toe of the northern Barbados accretionary complex SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FAULT-ZONE DILATION; DECOLLEMENT ZONE; RIDGE DECOLLEMENT; THRUST BELTS; FLUID-FLOW; HEAT-FLOW; PERMEABILITY; SEDIMENTS; WEDGES; PRISM AB At the toe of the northern Barbados accretionary complex, temperature and pore water chemistry data indicate that fluid flow is channeled along the decollement and other shallow thrust faults. We examine mechanisms that may prevent consolidation and maintain high permeability over large sections of the decollement. High-resolution bulk density data from five boreholes show that the decollement is well consolidated at some sites while other sites remain underconsolidated. Underconsolidated decollement behavior is associated with kilometer-scale negative-polarity seismic reflections from the decollement plane that have been interpreted to be fluid conduits. We use a coupled fluid flow/consolidation model to simulate the loading response of a 10-km-long by 680-m-thick slice of sediment as it enters the accretionary complex. The simulations capture 185 ka (5 km) of subduction, with a load function representing the estimated effective stress of the overriding accretionary prism (3.8 degrees taper angle). Simulation results of bulk density in the decollement 3.2 km arcward of the deformation front are compared with observations. The results show that persistent high pore pressures at the arcward edge of the simulation domain can explain underconsolidated behavior. The scenario is consistent with previous modeling results showing that high pore pressures can propagate intermittently along the decollement from deeper in the complex. Simulated seaward fluxes in the decollement (1-14 cm yr(-1)) lie between previous estimates from modeling studies of steady state (<1 cm yr(-1)) and transient (>1 m yr(-1)) flow. Maximum simulated instantaneous fluid sources (2.5 x 10 s(-1)) are comparable to previous estimates. The simulations show minor swelling of incoming sediments (fluid sources similar to -3 x 10(15) s(-1)) up to 3 km before subduction that may help to explain small-scale shearing and normal faulting proximal to the protodecollement. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Stauffer, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, TA-3 SM31 MS-C306, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM stauffer@vega.lanl.gov; babekins@usgs.gov OI Stauffer, Philip/0000-0002-6976-221X NR 49 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B4 BP 6369 EP 6383 DI 10.1029/2000JB900368 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 418XU UT WOS:000167920500003 ER PT J AU Lane, SJ Chouet, BA Phillips, JC Dawson, P Ryan, GA Hurst, E AF Lane, SJ Chouet, BA Phillips, JC Dawson, P Ryan, GA Hurst, E TI Experimental observations of pressure oscillations and flow regimes in an analogue volcanic system SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; LONG-PERIOD EVENTS; PAVLOF VOLCANO; MAGMA FRAGMENTATION; EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS; STROMBOLI-VOLCANO; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; REDOUBT-VOLCANO; HARMONIC TREMOR; ARENAL VOLCANO AB Gas-liquid flows, designed to be analogous to those in volcanic conduits, are generated in the laboratory using organic gas-gum rosin mixtures expanding in a vertically mounted tube. The expanding fluid shows a range of both flow and pressure oscillation behaviors. Weakly supersaturated source liquids produce a low Reynolds number flow with foam expanding from the top surface of a liquid that exhibits zero fluid velocity at the tube wall; i,e,, the conventional "no-slip" boundary condition. Pressure oscillations, often with strong long-period characteristics and consistent with longitudinal and radial resonant oscillation modes, are detected in these fluids. Strongly supersaturated source liquids generate more energetic flows that display a number of flow regimes. These regimes include a static liquid source, viscous flow, detached flow (comprising gas-pockets-at-wall and foam-in-gas annular flow, therefore demonstrating strong radial heterogeneity), and a fully turbulent transonic fragmented or mist flow. Each of these flow regimes displays characteristic pressure oscillations that can be related to resonance of flow features or wall impact phenomena. The pressure oscillations are produced by the degassing processes without the need of elastic coupling to the confining medium or flow restrictors and valvelike features. The oscillatory behavior of the experimental flows is compared to seismoacoustic data from a range of volcanoes where resonant oscillation of the fluid within the conduit is also often invoked as controlling the observed oscillation frequencies. On the basis of the experimental data we postulate on the nature of seismic signals that may be measured during large-scale explosive activity. C1 Univ Lancaster, Dept Environm Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Bristol, Sch Math, Ctr Environm & Geophys Flows, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England. RP Lane, SJ (reprint author), Univ Lancaster, Dept Environm Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. EM s.lane@lancaster.ac.uk; chouet@chouet.wr.usgs.gov; j.c.phillips@bristol.ac.uk; datvson@pinatubo.wr.usgs.gov; g.ryan@lancaster.ac.uk; e_j_hurst@hotmail.com RI Lane, Stephen/C-6809-2008 OI Lane, Stephen/0000-0001-7330-621X NR 65 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B4 BP 6461 EP 6476 DI 10.1029/2000JB900376 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 418XU UT WOS:000167920500009 ER PT J AU Fuis, GS Ryberg, T Lutter, WJ Ehlig, PL AF Fuis, GS Ryberg, T Lutter, WJ Ehlig, PL TI Seismic mapping of shallow fault zones in the San Gabriel Mountains from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment, southern California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article AB During the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE), a reflection/refraction survey was conducted along a profile (line 1) extending from Seal Beach, California, northeastward to the Mojave Desert and crossing the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley basins and San Gabriel Mountains. In most shot gathers from the southern and central San Gabriel Mountains, clear secondary arrivals are seen that merge, or appear to merge, with first arrivals at three locations, including the location of the Vincent thrust fault, an exposed late Mesozoic/early Cenozoic megathrust. These secondary arrivals are interpretable as reflections in the shallow crust (<5 km depth) from a concave-upward interface that projects to the surface in the north near the Vincent thrust fault, is offset in its central part at the San Gabriel fault tan old branch of the San Andreas fault), and terminates in the south at 1 to 2 km depth at the southern mountain front. The velocity structure above and below this interface strongly suggests it is the Vincent thrust fault: intermediate velocities (6.2 km/s), consistent with mylonites overlying the Vincent thrust fault, are observed above it; lower velocities (5.8 km/s), consistent with the Pelona Schist underlying the Vincent thrust fault, are observed below it. Problems arise, however, in attempting to match this reflector to the exposed Vincent thrust fault, which is seen in outcrops east of line 1. The Vincent thrust fault is shallower than the reflector in most places. An unmapped structure (steep fault, monocline, or thrust fault) is required between line 1 and the outcrops that either drops the Vincent thrust fault down to the depths of the reflector or repeats the Vincent thrust fault beneath line 1 in the footwall of another thrust fault. An alternative interpretation of the reflector is a deep greenstone horizon within the Pelona Schist, although this alternative is not favored by the velocity structure. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Geophys & Polar Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Geol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. RP Fuis, GS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM fuis@usgs.gov; trond@gfz-potsdam.de; wlutter@geology.wisc.edu RI Ryberg, Trond/H-4329-2013; OI Ryberg, Trond/0000-0001-7129-5596; Fuis, Gary/0000-0002-3078-1544 NR 20 TC 11 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B4 BP 6549 EP 6568 DI 10.1029/2000JB900189 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 418XU UT WOS:000167920500015 ER PT J AU Prescott, WH Savage, JC Svarc, JL Manaker, D AF Prescott, WH Savage, JC Svarc, JL Manaker, D TI Deformation across the Pacific-North America plate boundary near San francisco, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; RANGE PROVINCE; BAY-REGION; MOTION; BASIN; KINEMATICS; VELOCITIES; MODEL; SPACE AB We have detected a narrow zone of compression between the Coast Ranges and the Great Valley, and we have estimated slip rates for the San Andreas, Rodgers Creek, and Green Valley faults just north of San Francisco. These results are based on an analysis of campaign and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) data collected between 1992 and 2000 in central California. The zone of compression between the Coast Ranges and the Great Valley is 25 km wide. The observations clearly show 3.8 +/-1.5 mm yr(-1) of shortening over this narrow zone. The strike slip components are best fit by a model with 20.8 +/-1.9 mm yr(-1) slip on the San Andreas fault, 10.3 +/-2.6 mm yr(-1) on the Rodgers Creek fault, and 8.1 +/-2.1 mm yr(-1) on the Green Valley fault. The Pacific-Sierra Nevada-Great Valley motion totals 39.2 +/-3.8 mm yr(-1) across a zone that is 120 km wide (at the latitude of San Francisco). Standard deviations are one sigma. The geodetic results suggest a higher than geologic rate for the Green Valley fault. The geodetic results also suggest an inconsistency between geologic estimates of the San Andreas rate and seismologic estimates of the depth of locking on the San Andreas fault. The only convergence observed is in the narrow zone along the border between the Great Valley and the Coast Ranges. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Prescott, WH (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, 174 Phys Geol Bldg,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM wprescott@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2001 VL 106 IS B4 BP 6673 EP 6682 DI 10.1029/2000JB900397 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 418XU UT WOS:000167920500023 ER PT J AU Bakal, RS Stoskopf, MK AF Bakal, RS Stoskopf, MK TI In vitro studies of the fate of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in the aquatic environment SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE sulfadimethoxine; ormetoprim; sediments; marine pollution; therapeutic drugs ID ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; FISH FARMS; OXOLINIC ACID; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PERSISTENCE; RESIDUES; AQUACULTURE; RESISTANCE; SEAWATER AB These studies showed sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim to be stable at salinities of 0 and 30 ppt and at pHs of 2, 7, and 12 for a period of 1 year. Sulfadimethoxine was stable at 25 degreesC and 37 degreesC, but showed a marked decrease in concentration at 4 degreesC. Warming of the 4 degreesC sample resulted in a return to original drug levels indicating that the drug had redistributed out of the aquatic phase at the lower temperature, Ormetoprim concentrations were stable at all temperatures evaluated. The concentrations of both sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim were unaffected by the presence of silica sand, high density poly-ethylene, or poly-vinyl chloride. The presence of bentonite clay caused a reduction in ormetoprim concentrations while sulfadimethoxine was unchanged by this substrate. Acidification of the sample containing the bentonite clay resulted in a return of ormetoprim concentration to original levels. From these studies, it is apparent that the potential environmental half-lives for these drugs must exceed 1 year and are likely to be several years in duration. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Compan Anim & Special Species Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Bakal, RS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Warm Springs Reg Fish Hlth Ctr, 5308 Spring St, Warm Springs, GA 31830 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 2 PY 2001 VL 195 IS 1-2 BP 95 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00539-1 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 412TZ UT WOS:000167571600009 ER PT J AU Aiken, G Reddy, M Ravichandran, M Ryan, J AF Aiken, G Reddy, M Ravichandran, M Ryan, J TI Interactions between dissolved organic matter and mercury. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM graiken@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 42-ENVR BP U451 EP U451 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703061 ER PT J AU Aiken, G AF Aiken, G TI Factors controlling the nature and reactivity of aquatic humic substances. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM graiken@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 52-GEOC BP U523 EP U523 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703466 ER PT J AU Bassett, WA Anderson, AJ Mayanovic, RA Chou, IM AF Bassett, WA Anderson, AJ Mayanovic, RA Chou, IM TI XAFS analyses of solutions at subcritical and supercritical conditions in the hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Springfield, MO USA. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Geol, Antigonish, NS B2G 1C0, Canada. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. EM bassett@geology.cornell.edu NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 119-GEOC BP U535 EP U535 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703532 ER PT J AU Bednar, AJ Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR Garbarino, JR Lamothe, PJ Smith, KS AF Bednar, AJ Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR Garbarino, JR Lamothe, PJ Smith, KS TI Remediation approaches using photooxidation of inorganic and organic arsenic species. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. EM abednar@mines.edu RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 225-ENVR BP U480 EP U480 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703242 ER PT J AU Bednar, AJ Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR Garbarino, JR Lamothe, PJ Smith, KS McCleskey, BR Ball, JW Nordstrom, DK AF Bednar, AJ Ranville, JF Wildeman, TR Garbarino, JR Lamothe, PJ Smith, KS McCleskey, BR Ball, JW Nordstrom, DK TI Analytical speciation methods for dissolved inorganic and organic arsenic species. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. EM abednar@mines.edu RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 224-ENVR BP U480 EP U480 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703241 ER PT J AU Bergamaschi, BA Fujii, R Fram, MS AF Bergamaschi, BA Fujii, R Fram, MS TI Understanding the sources of dissolved organic carbon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California, USA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento, USGS, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM bbergama@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 70-GEOC BP U526 EP U527 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703483 ER PT J AU Chou, IM Bischoff, JL AF Chou, IM Bischoff, JL TI Determination of critical temperatures of BaCl2-saturated aqueous solution by visual method in a diamond-anvil cell. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM imchou@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 122-GEOC BP U535 EP U535 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703535 ER PT J AU Davis, JA Curtis, GP Kohler, M Meece, DE AF Davis, JA Curtis, GP Kohler, M Meece, DE TI Metal-surface interaction modeling related to nuclear waste disposal and environmental transport. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 97-NUCL BP U78 EP U78 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PJ UT WOS:000168824800457 ER PT J AU Huff, TB Foster, GD Miller, GV Lauer, K AF Huff, TB Foster, GD Miller, GV Lauer, K TI Sterol compounds in agricultural runoff into Chesapeake Bay tributaries. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 George Mason Univ, Shared Res Instrumentat Facil, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Chem, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM thuff@gmu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 83-AGRO BP U59 EP U59 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700221 ER PT J AU Jayanetti, S Mayanovic, RA Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM AF Jayanetti, S Mayanovic, RA Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM TI XAFS analysis of radiation-induced small Cu particle cluster formation in aqueous CuCl2. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Mat Sci, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Geol, Antigonish, NS B2G 1C0, Canada. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jsj819f@smsu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 121-GEOC BP U535 EP U535 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703534 ER PT J AU Kokaly, R Root, R Brown, K Anderson, GL Hager, S AF Kokaly, R Root, R Brown, K Anderson, GL Hager, S TI Calibration of Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data to surface reflectance at Theodore Roosevelt National Park. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Spect Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Biol Informat, Denver, CO 80225 USA. USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM rkokaly@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 39-AGRO BP U51 EP U52 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700177 ER PT J AU Kokaly, R Root, R Brown, K Hager, S Anderson, GL AF Kokaly, R Root, R Brown, K Hager, S Anderson, GL TI Discriminating leafy spurge spectral signature from native vegetation using field reflectance measurments from Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Spect Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM rkokaly@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 37-AGRO BP U51 EP U51 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700175 ER PT J AU Leenheer, JA AF Leenheer, JA TI Design of a comprehensive isolation and characterization scheme for organic matter in water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM leenheer@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 271-ENVR BP U488 EP U488 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703288 ER PT J AU Lindsey, ME Thurman, EM AF Lindsey, ME Thurman, EM TI Solid phase extraction of sub-microgram-per-liter concentrations of sulfonamides and tetracyclines from water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. EM mlindsey@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 331-IEC BP U619 EP U619 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703944 ER PT J AU Mayanovic, RA Jayanetti, S Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM AF Mayanovic, RA Jayanetti, S Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM TI Solvation of inorganic metal ion complexes under hydrothermal conditions: Novel results from x-ray absorption analyses. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Mat Sci, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Geol, Antigonish, NS B2G 1C0, Canada. Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. EM ram051f@smsu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 120-GEOC BP U535 EP U535 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703533 ER PT J AU Orem, WH Lerch, HE Bates, AL AF Orem, WH Lerch, HE Bates, AL TI Accumulation and recycling of carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur in sediments from contaminated and pristine sites in the Florida Everglades. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM borem@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 68-GEOC BP U526 EP U526 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703481 ER PT J AU Petty, J Alvarez, D Huckins, J McGee, BL Rastall, A AF Petty, J Alvarez, D Huckins, J McGee, BL Rastall, A TI An integrative sampler for sequestering waterborne polar organic chemicals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM jim-petty@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 87-ENVR BP U458 EP U458 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703105 ER PT J AU Root, R Kokaly, R Brown, K Anderson, GL AF Root, R Kokaly, R Brown, K Anderson, GL TI Future directions in remote sensing for detection of invasive plants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Biol Informat, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Spect Lab, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM ralph_root@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 36-AGRO BP U51 EP U51 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700174 ER PT J AU Root, R Kokaly, R Brown, K Anderson, GL Hager, S AF Root, R Kokaly, R Brown, K Anderson, GL Hager, S TI Detection of leafy spurge infestations via imaging spectroscopy using the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager(CASI). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Biol Informat, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Spect Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. USDA ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM ralph_root@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 23-AGRO BP U48 EP U49 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700161 ER PT J AU Sandstrom, MW Stroppel, ME Foreman, WT Schroeder, MP AF Sandstrom, MW Stroppel, ME Foreman, WT Schroeder, MP TI Determination of multiple classes of pesticides and pesticide degradates in surface- and ground-water samples by solid-phase extraction GC/MS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Sandstrom, Mark/D-5969-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 333-IEC BP U619 EP U619 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703946 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA Pennington, JC Hayes, CA AF Thorn, KA Pennington, JC Hayes, CA TI Transformation of TNT in an aerobic compost: Structure and reactivity effects in the covalent binding of aromatic amines to organic matter. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Washington, DC USA. EM kathorn@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 38-ENVR BP U450 EP U450 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703057 ER PT J AU Thurman, EM Lindsey, ME AF Thurman, EM Lindsey, ME TI Using reverse-phase solid-phase extraction for isolation of pesticide degradates. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. EM ethurman@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 306-IEC BP U614 EP U615 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703919 ER PT J AU Warren, E Bekins, BA Godsy, EM Smith, VK AF Warren, E Bekins, BA Godsy, EM Smith, VK TI Toxic inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated aquifers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. EM ewarren@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 7-GEOC BP U516 EP U516 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703421 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, LR Bhullar, BS Thurman, EM AF Zimmerman, LR Bhullar, BS Thurman, EM TI Detection of glyphosate in water using an affinity-enhanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. EM zimmerman.lisa@usgs.gov RI Zimmerman, Lisa/K-6674-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 62-AGRO BP U55 EP U55 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700200 ER PT J AU Thogmartin, WE AF Thogmartin, WE TI Home-range size and habitat selection of female wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Arkansas SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI; PREFERENCE AB Eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in the Ouachita Highland Province of westcentral Arkansas have some of the largest reported home ranges for this subspecies. Previous research on wild turkeys has generally attributed large home-range size to forage abundance or quality. However, limitations in reproduction by wild turkeys in the Ouachitas may influence home-range size and habitat selection. To discern factors governing home-range size, I examined habitat use by 54 female wild turkeys from 1993 to 1996. Short leaf pine (Pinus echinata) and mixed pine-hardwood sawtimber were selected or er other overstory cover types, whereas blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), red maple (Acer rubrum) and white oak (Quercus alba) were favored in the understory. Mean fixed kernel home-range size during the breeding season was 18.9 km(2), the largest reproductive period home range reported for the eastern subspecies. Home-range size varied as a function of age, body mass, reproductive status and the structure of selected habitats. Subadult females occupied larger home ranges ((x) over bar = 32.0 km(2), se = 7.0) than adult females (16.3 +/- 1.7 km(2)) and moved greater distances between nest sites in subsequent years (8.9 +/- 1.8 km vs. 2.4 +/- 1.1 km, respectively). After removing effects of age, heavier females occupied smaller home ranges than lighter females. Nesting individuals occupied less area than non-nesters, and female turkeys that occupied smaller areas avoided stands of seedlings and saplings in favor of mature poletimber. Taken together, effects of physiological condition and experience influenced home-range size in female wild turkeys in westcentral Arkansas. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Thogmartin, WE (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Cooperat Wildlife Res Lab, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM wthogma@siu.edu RI Thogmartin, Wayne/A-4461-2008 OI Thogmartin, Wayne/0000-0002-2384-4279 NR 49 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 25 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 EI 1938-4238 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2001 VL 145 IS 2 BP 247 EP 260 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0247:HRSAHS]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 420VK UT WOS:000168025800003 ER PT J AU Woodward, AJW Fuhlendorf, SD Leslie, DM Shackford, J AF Woodward, AJW Fuhlendorf, SD Leslie, DM Shackford, J TI Influence of landscape composition and change on lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) populations SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION; ECOLOGY; HABITAT; MANAGEMENT AB Home ranges of lesser prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) include up to several thousand ha of several habitat types that are concentrated around leks (traditional display grounds), A geographic information system (GIS) was used to relate changes in vegetation and land use to population trends of lesser prairie-chickens in Oklahoma, Texas and New Mexico. We quantified changes in vegetation within 4.8 km of lesser prairie-chicken leks and examined relationships among those changes and long-term population trends based on the number of displaying males per lek. Five of 13 populations declined between 1959 and 1996. Landscapes in which populations of lesser prairie-chickens declined were characterized by greater rates of landscape change and greater loss of shrubland cover types than landscapes in which populations did not decline. Changes of specific cover types were not as important as the total amount of change occurring on landscapes. Conservation of lesser prairie-chickens should focus on stability of vegetation and land use and specifically attempt to maintain continuity of shrublands within 4.8 km of existing leks. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Fuhlendorf, SD (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, 368 N Agr Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 46 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2001 VL 145 IS 2 BP 261 EP 274 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0261:IOLCAC]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 420VK UT WOS:000168025800004 ER PT J AU Leenheer, JA Rostad, CE Gates, PM Furlong, ET Ferrer, I AF Leenheer, JA Rostad, CE Gates, PM Furlong, ET Ferrer, I TI Molecular resolution and fragmentation of fulvic acid by electrospray ionization/multistage tandem mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES AB Molecular weight distributions of fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia, were investigated by electrospray ionization/quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI/ QMS), and fragmentation pathways of specific fulvic acid masses were investigated by electrospray ionization/ion trap multistage tandem mass spectrometry (EST/MST/ MS). ESI/QMS studies of the free acid form of low molecular weight poly(carboxylic acid) standards in 75% methanol/25% water mobile phase found that negative ion detection gave the optimum generation of parent ions that can be used for molecular weight determinations. However, experiments with poly(acrylic acid) mixtures and specific high molecular weight standards found multiply charged negative ions that gave a low bias to molecular mass distributions. The number of negative charges on a molecule is dependent on the distance between charges. ESI/MST/MS of model compounds found characteristic water loss from alcohol dehydration and anhydride formation, as well as CO2 loss from decarboxylation, and CO loss from ester structures. Application of these fragmentation pathways to specific masses of fulvic acid isolated and fragmented by ESI/MST/MS is indicative of specific structures that can serve as a basis for future structural confirmation after these hypothesized structures are synthesized. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Leenheer, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 27 TC 145 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 38 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 7 BP 1461 EP 1471 DI 10.1021/ac0012593 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 417NW UT WOS:000167841900022 PM 11321295 ER PT J AU Woodall, CA Warner, KL Oremland, RS Murrell, JC McDonald, IR AF Woodall, CA Warner, KL Oremland, RS Murrell, JC McDonald, IR TI Identification of methyl halide-utilizing genes in the methyl bromide-utilizing bacterial strain IMB-1 suggests a high degree of conservation of methyl halide-specific genes in gram-negative bacteria SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COENZYME-M METHYLTRANSFERASE; FUMIGATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS; METHANOSARCINA-BARKERI; CATABOLIC PATHWAY; ATMOSPHERIC CH3BR; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ENCODING GENES; CHLOROMETHANE; OXIDATION AB Strain IMB-1, an aerobic methylotrophic member of the alpha subgroup of the Proteobacteria, can grow with methyl bromide as a sole carbon and energy source. A single cmu gene cluster was identified in IMB-I that contained six open reading frames: cmuC, cmuA, orf146, paaE, hutI and partial metF. CmuA from IMB-1 has high sequence homology to the methyltransferase CmuA from Methylobacterium chloromethanicum and Hyphomicrobium chloromethanicum and contains a C-terminal corrinoid-binding motif and an N-terminal methyltransferase motif. However, cmuB, identified in M. chloromethanicum and H. chloromethanicum, was not detected in IMB-1. C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP McDonald, IR (reprint author), Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. RI McDonald, Ian/A-4851-2008; Murrell, John/B-1443-2012 OI McDonald, Ian/0000-0002-4847-6492; NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1959 EP 1963 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.4.1959-1963.2001 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 417ZN UT WOS:000167865500076 PM 11282657 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Landmeyer, JE AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Landmeyer, JE TI Methyl t-butyl ether mineralization in surface-water sediment microcosms under denitrifying conditions SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; GASOLINE-CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; UNITED-STATES; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; MTBE; ATMOSPHERE; OXYGENATE; STREAM; FATE AB Mineralization of [U-C-14]methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) to (CO2)-C-14 without accumulation of t-butyl alcohol (TBA) was observed in surface-water sediment microcosms under denitrifying conditions. Methanogenic activity and limited transformation of MTBE to TEA were observed in the absence of denitrification. Results indicate that bed sediment microorganisms can effectively degrade MTBE to nontoxic products under denitrifying conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 28 TC 56 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1975 EP 1978 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.4.1975-1978.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 417ZN UT WOS:000167865500079 PM 11282660 ER PT J AU Friend, M McLean, RG Dein, FJ AF Friend, M McLean, RG Dein, FJ TI Disease emergence in birds: Challenges for the twenty-first century SO AUK LA English DT Review ID CANINE-DISTEMPER VIRUS; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; DEER ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS; ROCKY-MOUNTAIN ELK; WHITE-TAILED DEER; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; NEWCASTLE-DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; AVIAN CHOLERA C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Geol Survey, Salton Sea Sci Off, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Dein, FJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 132 TC 76 Z9 86 U1 5 U2 42 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2001 VL 118 IS 2 BP 290 EP 303 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0290:DEIBCF]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 445PP UT WOS:000169466700002 ER PT J AU Flint, PL Rockwell, RF Sedinger, JS AF Flint, PL Rockwell, RF Sedinger, JS TI Estimating repeatability of egg size SO AUK LA English DT Article ID COMMON EIDER; GEESE AB Measures of repeatability have long been used to assess patterns of variation in egg size within and among females. We compared different analytical approaches for estimating repeatability of egg size of Black Brant. Separate estimates of repeatability for eggs of each clutch size and laying sequence number varied from 0.49 to 0.64. We suggest that using the averaging egg size within clutches results in underestimation of variation within females and thereby overestimates repeatability. We recommend a nested design that partitions egg-size variation within clutches, among clutches within females, and among females. We demonstrate little variation in estimates of repeatability resulting from a nested model controlling for egg laying sequence and a nested model in which we assumed laying sequence was unknown. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Flint, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 19 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2001 VL 118 IS 2 BP 500 EP 503 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0500:EROES]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 445PP UT WOS:000169466700020 ER PT J AU Bryan, AL Snodgrass, JW Robinette, JR Daly, JL Brisbin, IL AF Bryan, AL Snodgrass, JW Robinette, JR Daly, JL Brisbin, IL TI Nocturnal activities of post-breeding wood storks SO AUK LA English DT Article ID STRATEGIES AB Postbreeding season activities of Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) were examined during 24 h long observation periods at inland impoundments and a coastal roost site. Storks were present at inland impoundments and foraged more at night there than at other times of the day. Wood Stork attendance at the coastal roost site was significantly reduced during nocturnal low tides than during daytime low tides or at either period of higher tide levels. Presumably, storks were leaving the roost to forage on fish concentrated in tidal creeks by dropping tides. Nocturnal foraging in freshwater and estuarine systems may be an advantageous strategy for the tactile-feeding storks by reducing the likelihood of their being observed by their prey and possibly by reducing competition with other wading birds. Also, some prey species in both freshwater and saltwater environments are more active nocturnally than diurnally, this increasing their likelihood of capture by nocturnal-foraging Wood Storks. In the coastal setting, low tide events (two per similar to 24 h) typically provide at least: one "pulse" of stork prey in draining tidal creeks during the nocturnal period. C1 Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. Towson State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Towson, MD 21252 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Savannah Coastal Refuges, Savannah, GA 31405 USA. RP Bryan, AL (reprint author), Savannah River Ecol Lab, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RI Snodgrass, Joel/C-5288-2016; OI Snodgrass, Joel/0000-0002-4436-8750 NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2001 VL 118 IS 2 BP 508 EP 513 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0508:NAOPBW]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 445PP UT WOS:000169466700022 ER PT J AU Prejean, SG Ellsworth, WL AF Prejean, SG Ellsworth, WL TI Observations of earthquake source parameters at 2 km depth in the Long Valley caldera, eastern California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC SHEAR-WAVES; STRESS DROP; BOREHOLE RECORDINGS; APPARENT STRESS; ENERGY-RELEASE; ATTENUATION; SPECTRA; FAULT; PARKFIELD; SEQUENCE AB To investigate seismic source parameter scaling and seismic efficiency in the Long Valley caldera, California, we measured source parameters for 41 earthquakes (M 0.5 to M 5) recorded at 2 km depth in the Long Valley Exploratory Well. Borehole recordings provide a wide frequency bandwidth, typically 1 to 200-300 Hz, and greatly reduce seismic noise and path effects compared to surface recordings. We calculated source parameters in both the time and frequency domains for P and S waves. At frequencies above the corner frequency, spectra decay faster than omega (3) indicating that attenuation plays an important role in shaping the spectra (path averaged Q(p) = 100-400, Q(s) = 200-800). Source parameters are corrected for attenuation and radiation pattern. Both static stress drops and apparent stresses range from approximately 0.01 to 30 MPa. Although static stress drops do not vary with seismic moment for these data, our analyses are consistent with apparent stress increasing with increasing moment. To estimate tectonic driving stress and seismic efficiencies in the region, we combined source parameter measurements with knowledge of the stress field and a Coulomb failure criterion to infer a driving stress of 40-70 MPa. Subsequent seismic efficiencies are consistent with McGarr's (1999) hypothesis of a maximum seismic efficiency of 6%. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Prejean, SG (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 43 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 2001 VL 91 IS 2 BP 165 EP 177 DI 10.1785/0120000079 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 429LY UT WOS:000168519700001 ER PT J AU Marzocchi, W Vilardo, G Hill, DP Ricciardi, GP Ricco, C AF Marzocchi, W Vilardo, G Hill, DP Ricciardi, GP Ricco, C TI Common features and peculiarities of the seismic activity at Phlegraean Fields, Long Valley, and Vesuvius SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOW-DIMENSIONAL CHAOS; SOLID EARTH TIDE; TIME-SERIES; EARTHQUAKES; VOLCANO; ERUPTIONS; SWARMS AB We analyzed and compared the seismic activity that has occurred in the last two to three decades in three distinct volcanic areas: Phlegraean Fields, Italy; Vesuvius, Italy; and Long Valley, California. Our main goal is to identify and discuss common features and peculiarities in the temporal evolution of earthquake sequences that may reflect similarities and differences in the generating processes between these volcanic systems. In particular, we tried to characterize the time series of the number of events and of the seismic energy release in terms of stochastic, deterministic, and chaotic components. The time sequences from each area consist of thousands of earthquakes that allow a detailed quantitative analysis and comparison. The results obtained show no evidence for either deterministic or chaotic components in the earthquake sequences in Long Valley caldera, which appears to be dominated by stochastic behavior. In contrast, earthquake sequences at Phlegraean Fields and Mount Vesuvius show a deterministic signal mainly consisting of a 24-hour periodicity. Our analysis suggests that the modulation in seismicity is in some way related to thermal diurnal processes, rather than luni-solar tidal effects. Independently from the process that generates these periodicities on the seismicity, it is suggested that the lack (or presence) of diurnal cycles in seismic swarms of volcanic areas could be closely linked to the presence (or lack) of magma motion. C1 INGV, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Marzocchi, W (reprint author), INGV, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy. RI Marzocchi, Warner/J-9299-2012; Vilardo, Giuseppe/I-7833-2014 OI Marzocchi, Warner/0000-0002-9114-1516; Vilardo, Giuseppe/0000-0001-7240-4467 NR 35 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 2001 VL 91 IS 2 BP 191 EP 205 DI 10.1785/0120000045 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 429LY UT WOS:000168519700003 ER PT J AU Frankel, A Carver, D Cranswick, E Meremonte, M Bice, T Overturf, D AF Frankel, A Carver, D Cranswick, E Meremonte, M Bice, T Overturf, D TI Site response for Seattle and source parameters of earthquakes in the Puget Sound region (vol 89, pg 468, 1999) SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Frankel, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 2001 VL 91 IS 2 BP 404 EP 404 DI 10.1785/0120000302 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 429LY UT WOS:000168519700019 ER PT J AU Knetter, JM Murphy, RK Lutz, RS AF Knetter, JM Murphy, RK Lutz, RS TI Initial movements of juvenile Piping Plovers, Charadrius melodus, from natal sites in northwestern North Dakota SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Piping Plover; Charadrius melodus; endangered species; behavior; fledging; migration; radio telemetry; North Dakota; Great Plains AB Post-fledging movements may influence the survival of juvenile Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) in North America's northern Great Plains. During July 1998, four juvenile plovers fitted with radio-transmitters departed their natal areas, on alkali lakes, in northwestern North Dakota when 24-25 days old. Two of the plovers were not found again. The other two moved about 50 km southeast and south, respectively. They moved again by the following day and could not be relocated. Juvenile Piping Plovers reared on alkali lakes in the northern Great plains may migrate significant distances from natal areas within only 3-4 days of attaining flight. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. RP Knetter, JM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 2001 VL 115 IS 2 BP 352 EP 353 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505LD UT WOS:000172913500025 ER PT J AU Griffith, JA Egbert, SL AF Griffith, JA Egbert, SL TI Remote sensing education and Internet/World Wide Web technology SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION; UNITED-STATES; INFORMATION; RESOURCES; GEOGRAPHY; COMPUTERS; FUTURE AB Remote sensing education is increasingly in demand across academic and professional disciplines. Meanwhile, Internet technology and the World Wide Web (WWW) are being more frequently employed as teaching tools in remote sensing and other disciplines. The current wealth of information on the Internet and World Ride Web must be distilled, nonetheless, to be useful in remote sensing education. An extensive literature base is developing on the WWW as a tool in education and in teaching remote sensing. This literature reveals benefits and limitations of the WWW and can guide its implementation. Among the most beneficial aspects of the Web are increased access to remote sensing expertise regardless of geographic location, increased access to current material, and access to extensive archives of satellite imagery and aerial photography. As with other teaching innovations, using the WWW/Internet may well mean more work, not less, for teachers, at least at the stage of early adoption. Also, information posted on Web sites is not always accurate. Development stages of this technology range from on-line posting of syllabi and lecture notes to on-line laboratory exercises and animated landscape flyovers and on-line image processing, The advantages of WWW/Internet technology may likely outweigh the costs of implementing it as a teaching tool. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Kansas, Kansas Appl Remote Sensing Program, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Griffith, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Griffith, Jerry/C-1119-2009; Egbert, Stephen/B-3542-2013 NR 70 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 159 EP 168 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 502XK UT WOS:000172767900006 ER PT J AU Thornber, CR AF Thornber, CR TI Olivine-liquid relations of lava erupted by Kilauea volcano from 1994 to 1998: Implications for shallow magmatic processes associated with the ongoing east-rift-zone eruption SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE Hawai'i; Kilauea; olivine tholeiite; rift zone; lava tube; glass thermometry ID PUU-OO ERUPTION; KUPAIANAHA ERUPTION; BASALTIC LIQUIDS; HAWAII; PETROLOGY; CONSTRAINTS; DIFFUSION; FLOWS; TUBES AB From 1994 through 1998, the eruption of Kilauea, in Hawai 'i, was dominated by steady-state effusion at Pu 'u '(O) over bar '(o) over bar that was briefly disrupted by an eruption 4 km uprift at Napau Crater on January 30, 1997. In this paper, I describe the systematic relations of whole-rock, glass, olivine, and olivine-inclusion compositions of lava samples collected throughout this interval. This suite comprises vent samples and tube-contained flows collected at variable distances from the vent. The glass composition of tube lava varies systematically with distance and allows for the "vent-correction" of glass thermometry and olivine-liquid K-D as a function of tube-transport distance. Combined olivine-liquid data for vent samples and "vent-corrected" lava-tube samples are used to document pre-eruptive magmatic conditions. K-D values determined for matrix glasses and forsterite cores define three types of olivine phenocrysts: type A tin equilibrium with host glass), type B (Mg-rich relative to host glass) and type C (Mg-poor relative to host glass). All three types of olivine have a cognate association with melts that are present within the shallow magmatic plumbing system during this interval. During steady-state eruptive activity, the compositions of whole-rock, glass and most olivine phenocrysts (type A) all vary sympathetically over time and as influenced by changes of magmatic pressure within the summit-rift-zone plumbing system. Type-A olivine is interpreted as having grown during passage from the summit magma-chamber along the east-rift-zone conduit. Type-B olivine thigh Fo) is consistent with equilibrium crystallization from bulk-rock compositions and is likely to have grown within the summit magma-chamber. Lower-temperature. fractionated lava was erupted during non-steady-state activity of the Napau Crater eruption. Type-A and type-B olivine-liquid relations indicate that this lava is a mixture of rift-stored and summit-derived magmas. Post-Napau lava (at Pu 'u '(O) over bar '(o) over bar) gradually increases in temperature and MgO content, and contains type-C olivine with complex zoning, indicating magma hybridization associated with the flushing of rift-stored components through the eruption conduit. RP Thornber, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. OI Thornber, Carl/0000-0002-6382-4408 NR 47 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD APR PY 2001 VL 39 BP 239 EP 266 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.39.2.239 PN 2 PG 28 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 453FZ UT WOS:000169907000002 ER PT J AU Angermeier, PL AF Angermeier, PL TI Reply to Povilitis: Another conservation conundrum SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID BIODIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEMS C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Angermeier, PL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 2 BP 536 EP 538 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002536.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 420MH UT WOS:000168008400030 ER PT J AU Davidson, C Shaffer, HB Jennings, MR AF Davidson, C Shaffer, HB Jennings, MR TI Declines of the California red-legged frog: Climate, UV-B, habitat, and pesticides hypotheses SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE amphibian decline; California red-legged frog; climate change; declining amphibians; geographic information system (GIS); habitat alteration; pesticides; Rana aurora draytonii; spatial analysis; upwind agricultural land use; UV-B wind-borne agrochemicals ID SIERRA-NEVADA MOUNTAINS; WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; RANA-AURORA; POPULATION DECLINES; AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; FISH INTRODUCTIONS; EARTHS SURFACE; CENTRAL VALLEY; NATIVE FROGS AB The federally threatened California red legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii) has disappeared from much of its range for unknown reasons. We mapped 237 historic locations for the species and determined their current population status. Using a geographic information system (GIS), we determined latitude, elevation, and land use attributes for all sites and analyzed the spatial pattern of declines. We then compared the observed patterns of decline to those predicted by the climate change, UV-B radiation, pesticides, and habitat alteration hypotheses for amphibian decline. Declines were not consistent with the climate change hypothesis but showed a strong positive association with elevation, percentage upwind agricultural land use, and local urbanization. These results apply to patterns of decline across the entire range of R. a. draytonii in California, as well as within geographic subregions. The elevational gradient in declines is consistent with the UV-B hypothesis, although the UV-B hypothesis also predicts a north-to-south gradient in declines, which we did not observe. The association of declines with the amount of upwind agricultural land use strongly suggests that wind-borne agrochemicals may be an important factor in declines. This association was most pronounced within the Central Valley-Sierra region, where other studies have documented both transport and deposition of pesticides to the Sierra Nevada and the presence of pesticide residues in the bodies of congeneric (Rana muscosa) and more distantly related (Hyla regilla) frog species. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. Calif Acad Sci, Dept Herpetol, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. RP Davidson, C (reprint author), Calif State Univ Sacramento, Dept Environm Studies, 6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM cdavidson@csus.edu NR 94 TC 149 Z9 159 U1 2 U2 52 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2001 VL 11 IS 2 BP 464 EP 479 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0464:DOTCRL]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 418EA UT WOS:000167876900012 ER PT J AU Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Flather, CH Pollock, KH AF Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Flather, CH Pollock, KH TI Forest fragmentation and bird community dynamics: Inference at regional scales SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; capture-recapture; community dynamics; detectability; forest bird communities; habitat fragmentation; landscape ecology; local extinction rate; species richness; turnover rate ID BREEDING BIRDS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; SPECIES RICHNESS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; EXTINCTION; TURNOVER; POPULATIONS; AREA; COLONIZATION AB With increasing fragmentation of natural areas and a dramatic reduction of forest cover in several parts of the world, quantifying the impact of such changes on species richness and community dynamics has been a subject of much concern. Here, we tested whether in more fragmented landscapes there was a lower number of area-sensitive species and higher local extinction and turnover rates, which could explain higher temporal variability in species richness. To investigate such potential landscape effects at a regional scale, we merged two independent, large-scale monitoring efforts: the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and the Land Use and Land Cover Classification data from the U.S. Geological Survey. We used methods that accounted for heterogeneity in the probability of detecting species to estimate species richness and temporal changes in the bird communities for BBS routes in three mid-Atlantic U.S. states. Forest breeding bird species were grouped prior to the analyses into area-sensitive and non-area-sensitive species according to previous studies. We tested predictions relating measures of forest structure at one point in time (1974) to species richness at that time and to parameters of forest bird community change over the following 22-yr-period (1975-1996). We used the mean size of forest patches to characterize landscape structure, as high correlations among landscape Variables did not allow us to disentangle the relative roles of habitat fragmentation per se and habitat loss. As predicted, together with lower species richness for area-sensitive species on routes surrounded by landscapes with lower mean forest-patch size, we found higher mean year-to-year rates of local extinction. Moreover, the mean year-to-year rates of local turnover (proportion of locally new species) for area-sensitive species were also higher in landscapes with lower mean forest-patch size. These associations were not observed for the non-area-sensitive species group. These results suggest that landscape structure may influence forest bird communities at regional scales through its effects on the total number of species but also on the temporal rates of change in community composition. Evidence for higher rates of local extinction and turnover in more fragmented landscapes suggests that bird communities function as metapopulations at a regional scale, and points out the importance of colonizations and recolonizations from surrounding landscapes to local community dynamics. Further, our results illustrate that the methods used to estimate the community parameters can be a powerful statistical tool in addressing questions relative to the dynamics of communities. C1 Univ Paris 06, Ecol Lab, CNRS, UMR 7625, F-75252 Paris, France. N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Inst Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Boulinier, T (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, Ecol Lab, CNRS, UMR 7625, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75252 Paris, France. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012; OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126; Boulinier, Thierry/0000-0002-5898-7667 NR 57 TC 126 Z9 134 U1 6 U2 68 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2001 VL 82 IS 4 BP 1159 EP 1169 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1159:FFABCD]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 422TJ UT WOS:000168135100021 ER PT J AU Donovan, TM Lamberson, RH AF Donovan, TM Lamberson, RH TI Area-sensitive distributions counteract negative effects of habitat fragmentation on breeding birds SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE area sensitivity; breeding birds; ecological trap; fecundity; habitat fragmentation; habitat selection; island biogeography; landscape scale; metapopulation; population dynamics; population modeling; source-sink ID MIGRATORY BIRDS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; WOOD THRUSHES; SONGBIRDS; CONSERVATION; DISPERSAL; SCALE; SINKS; LANDSCAPES AB We used a modeling approach to determine the conditions under which fragmentation of breeding habitat can cause landscape-scale population declines in songbirds. The simulated species resided in a system of forest patches (a landscape) and could potentially disperse among patches between breeding seasons. The model combined: (I) the frequency distribution of patch sizes in the landscape, (2) the distribution of individuals across the range of patches in the landscape, and (3) the fecundity of individuals as a function of patch size in the landscape. Simulated landscapes varied in patch size distribution while holding total forest area constant. Three distribution patterns were modeled: the classic "area-sensitive" pattern in which density increased as patch size increased, an area-insensitive pattern in which density was independent of patch size, and an "inverse-area-sensitive" pattern in which density increased as patch size decreased. We used this model to examine population growth under various landscape, distribution, fecundity, and survival scenarios. In the "fragmentation hypothesis" simulations, in which fecundity decreased as patch size decreased within the landscape, population growth rates were highly sensitive to distribution patterns and to landscape composition. When landscapes consisted of both large and small patches for breeding, populations were either above or below replacement, depending on how individuals were distributed among patches: Classic area-sensitive distributions produced growth rates above replacement levels, whereas inverse-area-sensitive distributions produced growth rates below replacement levels. The results of the model suggest that reduced fecundity associated with habitat fragmentation could lead to population declines when (1) landscapes are highly fragmented, or (2) landscapes offer both large and small patches for breeding, but distribution patterns place a high proportion of the breeding population on small patches that are less favorable for breeding. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Math, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Donovan, TM (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Vermont Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey BRD, 311 Aiken Ctr, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM tdonovan@nature.snr.uvm.edu NR 59 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 15 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2001 VL 82 IS 4 BP 1170 EP 1179 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1170:ASDCNE]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 422TJ UT WOS:000168135100022 ER PT J AU Shafer, SL Bartlein, PJ Thompson, RS AF Shafer, SL Bartlein, PJ Thompson, RS TI Potential changes in the distributions of western North America tree and shrub taxa under future climate scenarios SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE future climate change; response surface models; western North America; trees ID VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION; RESPONSE SURFACES; GLOBAL CLIMATE; MODEL; SIMULATION; DYNAMICS; FORESTS; BALANCE; PAST AB Increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases are driving significant changes in global climate. To project potential vegetation response to future climate change, this study uses response surfaces to describe the relationship between bioclimatic variables and the distribution of tree and shrub taxa in western North America. The response surfaces illustrate the probability of the occurrence of a taxon at particular points in climate space. Climate space was defined using three bioclimatic variables: mean temperature of the coldest month, growing degree days, and a moisture index. Species distributions were simulated under present climate using observed data (1951-80, 30-year mean) and under future climate (2090-99, 10-year mean) using scenarios generated by three general circulation models-HADCM2, CGCM1, and CSIRO. The scenarios assume a 1% per year compound increase in greenhouse gases and changes in sulfate (SO4) aerosols based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IS92a scenario. The results indicate that under future climate conditions, potential range changes could be large for many tree and shrub taxa. Shifts in the potential ranges of species are simulated to occur not only northward but in all directions, including southward of the existing ranges of certain species. The simulated potential distributions of some species become increasingly fragmented under the future climate scenarios, while the simulated potential distributions of other species expand. The magnitudes of the simulated range changes imply significant impacts to ecosystems and shifts in patterns of species diversity in western North America. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Earth Surface Proc Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Shafer, SL (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RI Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011 OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685 NR 61 TC 114 Z9 126 U1 6 U2 36 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD APR PY 2001 VL 4 IS 3 BP 200 EP 215 DI 10.1007/s10021-001-0004-5 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 438KJ UT WOS:000169052000004 ER PT J AU Pittendrigh, BR Laskowski, H O'Shea, G Larsen, A Wolfe, R AF Pittendrigh, BR Laskowski, H O'Shea, G Larsen, A Wolfe, R TI Carbohydrate-based mosquito control: A field test of the concept SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aedes sollicitans; mosquito; control; xanthan gum; starch ID THURINGIENSIS VAR ISRAELENSIS; XANTHAN GUM; DIPTERA; CHIRONOMIDAE; IMPACT; FORMULATIONS; LARVICIDES; SIMULIIDAE; CULICIDAE; EFFICACY AB We tested the concept of using a carbohydrate-based mosquito control method on saltmarsh mosquitoes. In laboratory trials, xanthan gum, a type of carbohydrate gum thickener, killed both fourth-in;tar and pupae of Aedes sollicitans (Walker). The lethal time 50 was shorter for the pupae than the fourth instars, 35.8 and 61.2 min, respectively, In a screen of commercially available carbohudrate gum thickeners slid starches we did not find anl compounds that had properties, other than xanthan gum, useful for testing the concept of carbohydrate-based mosquito control. Therefore, in the field study, we tested xanthan gum at the maximum rates used previously, 22 g/m(2). This allowed us to test the concept of using such a control strategy in field conditions. Under these conditions, xanthan gum increased the Ae. sollicitans mortality rate to 67% (+/-3.9% SE), a level not significantly different from the Abate treatment, 73% mortality (+/-7.7% SE). We also examined the effect of xanthan gum and a commercially available starch, National 5370, on the biological oxygen demand (BOD) in the marsh environment. This allowed us to determine at what rate a practically applicable carbohydrate would have to be delivered to the marsh environment such that the BOD is not affected. Our initial findings suggest a practically applicable carbohydrate-based mosquito central agent would have to be delivered at or below 2.2 g/m(2). C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Prime Hook Natl Wildlife Refuge, Milton, DE 19968 USA. RP Pittendrigh, BR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Prime Hook Natl Wildlife Refuge, RD 3,Box 195, Milton, DE 19968 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 30 IS 2 BP 388 EP 393 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-30.2.388 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 428AA UT WOS:000168437900030 ER PT J AU Bartholow, J Hanna, RB Saito, L Lieberman, D Horn, M AF Bartholow, J Hanna, RB Saito, L Lieberman, D Horn, M TI Simulated limnological effects of the Shasta Lake temperature control device SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Shasta Lake; temperature control device; selective withdrawal; reservoir water quality simulation; CE-QUAL-W2; design of experiment ID WATER-QUALITY MANAGEMENT; RESERVOIR; RIVER; PHYTOPLANKTON; PHOSPHORUS; MODELS; IMPOUNDMENTS; RESTORATION; WITHDRAWAL; OPERATIONS AB We estimated the effects of a temperature control device (TCD) on a suite of thermodynamic and limnological attributes for a large storage reservoir. Shasta Lake, in northern California. Shasta Dam was constructed in 1945 with a fixed-elevation penstock. The TCD was installed in 1997 to improve downstream temperatures for endangered salmonids by releasing epilimnetic waters in the winter/spring and hypolimnetic waters in the summer/fall. We calibrated a two-dimensional hydrodynamic reservoir water quality model. CEQUAL-W2, and applied a structured design-of-experiment simulation procedure to predict the principal limnological effects of the TCD under a variety of environmental scenarios. Calibration goodness-of-fit ranged from good to poor depending on the constituent simulated, with an R-2 of 0.9 for water temperature but 0.3 for phytoplankton. Although the chemical and thermal characteristics of the discharge changed markedly, the reservoir's characteristics remained relatively unchanged. Simulations showed the TCD causing an earlier onset and shorter duration of summer stratification, but no dramatic affect on Shasta's nutrient composition. Peak in-reservoir phytoplankton production may begin earlier and be stronger in the fall with the TCD, while outfall phytoplankton concentrations may be much greater in the spring. Many model predictions differed from our a priori expectations that had been shaped by an intensive, but limited-duration, data collection effort. Hydrologic and meteorological variables, most notably reservoir carryover storage at the beginning of the calendar year, influenced model predictions much more strongly than the TCD. Model results indicate that greater control over reservoir limnology and release quality may be gained by carefully managing reservoir volume through the year than with the TCD alone. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Bartholow, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RI Saito, Laurel/E-3096-2010 OI Saito, Laurel/0000-0003-3617-3133 NR 63 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 24 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 2001 VL 27 IS 4 BP 609 EP 626 DI 10.1007/s0026702324 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 403VW UT WOS:000167064000011 PM 11289458 ER PT J AU Chiou, CT Sheng, GY Manes, M AF Chiou, CT Sheng, GY Manes, M TI A partition-limited model for the plant uptake of organic contaminants from soil and water SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NON-IONIZED CHEMICALS; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; SOYBEAN PLANTS; SORPTION; TRANSLOCATION; MATTER; EQUILIBRIA; POLLUTANTS; MOVEMENT; BARLEY AB In dealing with the passive transport of organic contaminants from soils to plants (including crops), a partition-limited model is proposed in which (i) the maximum (equilibrium) concentration of a contaminant in any location in the plant is determined by partition equilibrium with its concentration in the soil interstitial water, which in turn is determined essentially by the concentration in the soil organic matter (SOM) and (ii) the extent of approach to partition equilibrium, as measured by the ratio of the contaminant concentrations in plant water and soil interstitial water, alpha (pt) (less than or equal to 1), depends on the transport rate of the contaminant in soil water into the plant and the volume of soil water solution that is required for the plant contaminant level to reach equilibrium with the external soil-water phase. Through reasonable estimates of plant organic-water compositions and of contaminant partition coefficients with various plant components, the model accounts for calculated values of alpha (pt) in several published crop-contamination studies, including near-equilibrium values (i.e., alpha (pt) similar or equal to 1) for relatively water-soluble contaminants and lower values for much less soluble contaminants; the differences are attributed to the much higher partition coefficients of the less soluble compounds between plant lipids and plant water, which necessitates much larger volumes of the plant water transport for achieving the equilibrium capacities. The model analysis indicates that for plants with high water contents the plant-water phase acts as the major reservoir for highly water-soluble contaminants. By contrast, the lipid in a plant, even at small amounts, is usually the major reservoir for highly water-insoluble contaminants. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. RP Chiou, CT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 408, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 47 TC 154 Z9 187 U1 12 U2 96 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1437 EP 1444 DI 10.1021/es0017561 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 417CC UT WOS:000167817000035 PM 11348082 ER PT J AU Anderson, RT Chapelle, FH Lovley, DR AF Anderson, RT Chapelle, FH Lovley, DR TI Comment on "Abiotic controls on H-2 production from basalt-water reactions and implications for aquifer biogeochemistry" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS; DEEP; GEOCHEMISTRY C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Lovley, DR (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1556 EP 1557 DI 10.1021/es0015996 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 417CC UT WOS:000167817000052 PM 11348102 ER PT J AU Lopes, TJ Furlong, ET AF Lopes, TJ Furlong, ET TI Occurrence and potential adverse effects of semivolatile organic compounds in streambed sediment, United States, 1992-1995 SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; streams; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; phthalate; urban ID GUIDELINES; TOXICITY AB The occurrence and potential adverse effects of select semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in streambed sediment were assessed at 536 sites in 20 major river basins across the United States from 1992 to 1995. Fifty-six SVOCs were detected at one or more sites, and one or more SVOCs were detected at 71% of sites. The northeastern and Great Lakes regions and large metropolitan areas have the highest SVOC concentrations. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected most frequently and at the highest concentrations. Concentrations of PAHs and phthalates were about 10 times higher at sites influenced by urban activities than at sites in other land-use areas. Semivolatile organic compounds were significantly (alpha = 0.05) correlated with land use and population density, and PAHs also correlated with physical/chemical properties. On the basis of sediment-quality guidelines, adverse effects are probable at 7.5% and possible at 16.2% of the sites. Most of the potential for adverse effects is due to PAHs. The median percentage of urban land use was 8% at sites with possible adverse effects and 16% at sites with probable adverse effects. Urbanization profoundly affects sediment quality, even though it comprised a small percentage of most drainage basins. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lopes, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 32 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 727 EP 737 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0727:OAPAEO>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YJ UT WOS:000170165700006 PM 11345447 ER PT J AU Stackelberg, PE Kauffman, LJ Ayers, MA Baehr, AL AF Stackelberg, PE Kauffman, LJ Ayers, MA Baehr, AL TI Frequently co-occurring pesticides and volatile organic compounds in public supply and monitoring wells, southern New Jersey, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE co-occurrence; pesticides; volatile organic compounds; public supply wells; monitoring wells ID UNITED-STATES; MIXTURES; SORPTION; SOIL AB One or more pesticides were detected with one or more volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in more than 95% of samples collected from 30 public supply and 95 monitoring wells screened in the unconsolidated surficial aquifer system of southern New Jersey, USA. Overall, more than 140,000 and more than 3,000 unique combinations of pesticides with VOCs were detected in two or more samples from the supply and monitoring wells, respectively. More than 400 of these combinations were detected in 20% or more of the samples from the supply wells, whereas only 17 were detected in 20% or more of the samples from the monitoring wells. Although many constituent combinations detected in water from the supply and monitoring wells are similar, differences in constituent combinations also were found and can be attributed, in part, to differences in the characteristics of these two well types. The monitoring wells sampled during this study yield water that typically was recharged beneath a single land-use setting during a recent, discrete time interval and that flowed along relatively short paths to the wells. Public supply wells, in contrast, yield large volumes of water and typically have contributing areas that are orders of magnitude larger than those of the monitoring wells. These large contributing areas generally encompass multiple land uses; moreover, because flow paths that originate in these areas vary in length, these wells typically yield water that was recharged over a large temporal interval. Water withdrawn from public supply wells, therefore, contains a mixture of waters of different ages that were recharged beneath various land-use settings. Because public supply wells intercept water flowing along longer paths with longer residence times and integrate waters from a larger source area than those associated with monitoring wells, they are more likely to yield water that contains constituents that were used in greater quantities in the past, that were introduced from point sources, and/or that are derived from the degradation of parent compounds along extended flow paths. C1 US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Stackelberg, PE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 810 Bear Tavern Rd, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 853 EP 865 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0853:FCOPAV>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YJ UT WOS:000170165700022 PM 11345463 ER PT J AU Elliott, JE Wilson, LK Henny, CJ Trudeau, SF Leighton, FA Kennedy, SW Cheng, KM AF Elliott, JE Wilson, LK Henny, CJ Trudeau, SF Leighton, FA Kennedy, SW Cheng, KM TI Assessment of biological effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons in osprey chicks SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE osprey; dioxin; toxic equivalents; CYP1A; vitamin A ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; HERRING GULL EMBRYOS; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; TERN STERNA-HIRUNDO; GREAT-LAKES; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST AB Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs were collected during 1995 and 1996 at seven sites along the Fraser and Columbia River systems of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington and Oregon, USA. Fifty-four eggs were, placed into a laboratory incubator. Thirty-eight of the hatched chicks were sacrificed within 24 h. Hatching success did not differ among sites and therefore between treatment and reference areas. Residual yolk sacs of eggs collected downstream of the large bleached-kraft pulp mill at Castle.-ar contained greater mean concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 2,930 ng/kg lipid) compared with reference sites such as the Nechako River, an upper tributary of the Fraser system (33.7 ng/kg). Total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in yolk sacs were also higher at Castlegar and in samples from the Columbia River downstream of Portland, Oregon, compared with those from the Nechako River. Concentrations of measured chemicals, including TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs), total PCBs, p,p ' -dichlorodiphenylethylene (p,p ' -DDE), and other organochlorines were not different in eggs that failed to hatch compared with calculated whole-egg values for hatched eggs. There were significant biochemical responses; a hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) cross-reactive protein was detected in all samples tested and correlated positively with ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (EROD) activity and yolk sac concentrations of TEQs and total PCBs. Tissue concentrations of vitamin A compounds varied among sites and correlated positively with yolk sac concentrations of TEQs and PCBs. Morphological, histological, and other physiological parameters, including chick growth, edema, deformities, and hepatic and renal porphyrin concentrations, neither varied among sites nor showed concentration-related effects. C1 Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, Agroecol Grp, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. NR 48 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 10 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 866 EP 879 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0866:AOBEOC>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YJ UT WOS:000170165700023 PM 11345464 ER PT J AU Bjorndal, KA Bolten, AB Koike, B Schroeder, BA Shaver, DJ Teas, WG Witzell, WN AF Bjorndal, KA Bolten, AB Koike, B Schroeder, BA Shaver, DJ Teas, WG Witzell, WN TI Somatic growth function for immature loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, in southeastern US waters SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LENGTH-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; CHELONIA-MYDAS; POLYPHASIC GROWTH; GREEN TURTLES; RATES; AGE; MULTIFAN; MODEL; POPULATIONS AB The Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage Network, coordinated by the National Marine Fisheries Service through a network of state coordinators. archives data on sea turtles that strand along the U.S. coast. We conducted length-frequency analyses, using MUL-TIFAN software, to generate somatic growth functions for loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, that stranded along the Atlantic coast of Florida (n=1234) and along the U.S. coast of the Gulf of Mexico (n=570) between 1988 and 1995. In both legions, the size range of loggerhead sea turtles between the size at which they begin to recruit in substantial numbers from pelagic to neritic habitats (46 fm curved carapace length [CCL]) and minimum size at sexual maturity (87 cm CCL) was composed of 20 year classes and had similar von Bertalanffy growth functions. Our estimates of 20 ear classes fall within the range of estimates calculated from previous studies (9 to 29 years) for this life stage. Because sun survivorship in this size range has been identified as critical for population recovery an accurate estimate of life stage is essential far developing effective management plans. C1 Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Aquarium Americas, New Orleans, LA 70130 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. US Geol Survey, Padre Isl Natl Seashore, Biol Resources Div, Corpus Christi, TX 78480 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Bjorndal, KA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Dept Zool, POB 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Bjorndal, Karen/0000-0002-6286-1901 NR 34 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2001 VL 99 IS 2 BP 240 EP 246 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 429ET UT WOS:000168503600002 ER PT J AU Bent, GC AF Bent, GC TI Effects of forest-management activities on runoff components and ground-water recharge to Quabbin Reservoir, central Massachusetts SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on the Science of Managing Forests to Sustain Water Resources CY NOV 08-11, 1998 CL STURBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS SP Soc Amer Foresters, Water Resources Working Grp, Massachusetts Metropolita District Commiss, Div Watershed Management, US Forest Serv, NE Area State & Private Forestry, Univ Massachusetts Extens DE forest hydrology; wildland hydrology; watershed management; streamflow changes AB The effects of forest-management activities (timber cutting and herbicide application) on runoff components (total streamflow, direct runoff, and base flow) and on ground-water recharge per unit area were evaluated for two separate paired drainage basins of Quabbin Reservoir in central Massachusetts. The Cadwell Creek study area, studied from 1962-1973, included an experimental basin (Upper Cadwell Creek) and a control basin (Lower Cadwell Creek). In the experimental basin, herbicide was applied to mixed oaks, northern hardwoods, and understory vegetation in different riparian zones during the summers of 1967 and 1968, and some pine plantations were thinned or clear-cut during the winter of 1967-1968. These forest-management activities decreased the total basal area by about 34%. The decrease in total basal area resulted in an increase in total streamflow, direct runoff (total streamflow minus base flow), and ground-water recharge for six dormant seasons (October-April) and six growing seasons (May-September) during 1968-1973. Base flow increased for three dormant seasons and two growing seasons during 1968-1970 and the dormant seasons of 1971 and 1973. Base flow accounted for 34% and direct runoff accounted for 66% of the 94 mm (15%) increase in total streamflow during water years 1968-1973. Sixty-one percent of this increase in total streamflow occurred in the dormant seasons. The Dickey Brook study area, studied from 1985-1989, included an experimental basin (Dickey Brook) and a control basin (Dickey Brook Tributary). Some pine plantations were thinned or clear-cut in the headwaters of the experimental basin from October 1986 to March 1987 and October to December 1988. These forest-management activities decreased the total basal area by 24% during 1986-1987 and an additional 8% during 1988. The decrease in total basal area resulted in an increase in total streamflow, base flow, and ground-water recharge for only one dormant season and one growing season in 1987. Direct runoff only increased slightly during the 1987 dormant season. Base flow accounted for 91% and direct runoff accounted for 9% of the 92 mm (21%) increase in total streamflow during water year 1987. Seventy-seven percent of this increase in total streamflow occurred in the dormant season. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RP Bent, GC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 21 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 143 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 115 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00511-9 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 412WP UT WOS:000167577600013 ER PT J AU Pyatskowit, JD Krueger, CC Kincaid, HL May, B AF Pyatskowit, JD Krueger, CC Kincaid, HL May, B TI Inheritance of microsatellite loci in the polyploid lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE diploid; tetraploid; octoploid; meiotic drive ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; GENETIC-VARIATION; DNA; ACIPENSERIFORMES; SCAPHIRHYNCHUS; MARKERS AB Inheritance in the expression of amplicons for four microsatellite primer pairs was determined using 10 families created from gametes of wild lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Loci Afu34 and Afu68 expressed a maximum of two even-intensity bands per individual and had progeny genotype ratios that fit disomic inheritance (P > 0.05). Some variation exhibited at Afu34 and Afu68 was attributable to a null allele. Genotype expression at both loci also indicated that one female parent had transmitted unreduced gametes. Primer Afu39 amplified products that exhibited four gene doses, where genotype counts fit expected ratios for disomic inheritance (P > 0.05) indicating amplification of products from two disomic loci that share alleles. Meiotic drive was evident at the Afu39 loci based on a test for random segregation (P < 0.05). Only the expression of Afu19 gave evidence of tetrasomic inheritance based on a single progeny potentially produced by a double reduction gamete. No evidence for proposed octoploid inheritance was observed. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fishery Res & Dev Lab, Div Biol Resources, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Krueger, CC (reprint author), Great Lakes Fishery Commiss, 2100 Commonwealth Blvd,Suite 209, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM ckrueger@glfc.org NR 25 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 EI 1480-3321 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD APR PY 2001 VL 44 IS 2 BP 185 EP 191 DI 10.1139/gen-44-2-185 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 418TQ UT WOS:000167907800006 ER PT J AU Aiello, IW Hagstrum, JT AF Aiello, IW Hagstrum, JT TI Paleomagnetism and paleogeography of Jurassic radiolarian cherts from the northern Apennines of Italy SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Jurassic; northern Apennines; paleogeography; paleomagnetism; radiolarite; western Tethys ID FRANCISCAN COMPLEX; CALCAREOUS ALPS; GENETIC MODEL; CALIFORNIA; OPHIOLITE; MARGIN; STRATIGRAPHY; DEPOSITION; DIAGENESIS; TECTONICS AB Oriented samples of Jurassic radiolarian chert were collected from the Tuscan domain (continental margin) and the Ligurid domain (oceanic) of the northern Apennines for paleomagnetic study to determine the paleogeographic origins of these rocks. The oceanic rocks are all thermochemically overprinted by a mostly reversed-polarity component of magnetization (B) that was likely acquired during late Miocene regional uplift of the northern Apennines, This component also dominates the lower brittle chert of the Tuscan Cherts, but disappears upsection in the more clay-rich and ductile siliceous marlstones, In addition, the Tuscan Cherts retain an inferred primary magnetization (C), isolated at temperatures between 560 and 660 degreesC, which passes a fold test and shows a polarity stratigraphy. This component indicates a paleolatitude of 11 degrees +/- 4 degreesN, and a counterclockwise vertical-axis rotation of 29 degrees +/- 9 degrees with respect to the southern Alps of Italy, of 49 degrees +/- 8 degrees with respect to Africa, and of 91 degrees +/- 8 degrees with respect to Eurasia, Our results suggest that the Tuscan domain was farther south than other deep-water continental margin sections of Adria, and that transcurrent faulting might have played a significant role in the orogenic evolution of the northern Apennines. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CNR, Ctr Studio Appennino & Catene Perimediterranee, I-50121 Florence, Italy. RP Hagstrum, JT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 70 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 2001 VL 113 IS 4 BP 469 EP 481 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0469:PAPOJR>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 414YM UT WOS:000167693800004 ER PT J AU Bourgeois, J Johnson, SY AF Bourgeois, J Johnson, SY TI Geologic evidence of earthquakes at the Snohomish delta, Washington, in the past 1200 yr SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; paleoseismicity; Puget Lowland; sedimentology; stratigraphy ID PUGET-SOUND; LAKE-WASHINGTON; AGE CALIBRATION; SEATTLE FAULT; VANCOUVER; SEDIMENTS; TSUNAMI; LOWLAND; PROGRAM; UPLIFT AB Exposed channel banks along distributaries of the lower Snohomish delta in the Puget Lowland of Washington reveal evidence of at least three episodes of liquefaction, at least one event of abrupt subsidence, and at least one tsunami since ca. A.D. 800. The 45 measured stratigraphic sections consist mostly of 2-4 m of olive-gray, intertidal mud containing abundant marsh plant rhizomes. The most distinctive stratigraphic unit is a couplet comprising a 0.5-3-cm-thick, laminated, fining-upward, tsunami-laid sand bed overlain by 2-10 cm of gray clay. We correlated the couplet, which is generally similar to2 m below the modern marsh surface, across an similar to 20 km(2) area. Sand dikes and sand-filled cracks to 1 m wide, which terminate upward at the couplet, and sand volcanoes preserved at the level of the sand bed record liquefaction at the same time as couplet deposition. Differences in the type and abundance of marsh plant rhizomes across the couplet horizon, as well as the gray clay layer, suggest that compaction during this liquefaction led to abrupt, local lowering of the marsh surface by as much as 50-75 cm. Radiocarbon ages show that the tsunami and liquefaction date from ca. A.D. 800 to 980, similar to the age of a large earthquake on the Seattle fault, 50 km to the south. We have found evidence for at least two, and possibly as many as five, other earthquakes in the measured sections. At two or more stratigraphic levels above the couplet, sand dikes locally feed sand volcanoes. Radiocarbon ages and stratigraphic position suggest that one set of these dikes formed ca. A.D. 910-990; radiocarbon ages on a younger set indicate a limiting maximum age of A.D. 1400-1640. We also interpret a sharp lithologic change, from olive-gray, rhizome-rich mud to grayer, rhizome-poor mud, similar to1 m above the couplet, to indicate a second abrupt lowering of the marsh surface during an earthquake ca. A.D. 1040-1400, but no conclusive liquefaction structures have been identified at this horizon. Two distinctive coarse-sand laminae, 30-80 cm below the couplet, may record tsunamis older than A.D. 800. Thus, study shows that in the past similar to 1200 yr, this part of Washington's Puget Lowland has been subjected to stronger ground shaking than in historic times, since ca. 1870. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Johnson, SY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 40 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 2001 VL 113 IS 4 BP 482 EP 494 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0482:GEOEAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 414YM UT WOS:000167693800005 ER PT J AU Anderson, RE AF Anderson, RE TI Discussion and reply: Variation in displacement along strike of the South Virgin-White Hills detachment fault: Perspective from the northern White Hills, northwestern Arizona - Discussion SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE Arizona; detachment fault; fault; footwall; normal fault; structure C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Anderson, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 2001 VL 113 IS 4 BP 532 EP 533 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0532:DARVID>2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 414YM UT WOS:000167693800009 ER PT J AU Grauch, VJS AF Grauch, VJS TI High-resolution aeromagnetic data, a new tool for mapping intrabasinal faults: Example from the Albuquerque basin, New Mexico SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aeromagnetic survey; faults; basins; mapping; surficial geology; hydrogeology AB High-resolution aeromagnetic surveys flown over the Albuquerque basin, New Mexico, demonstrate that aeromagnetic methods can successfully map concealed and poorly exposed faults in sediment-filled basins. This is the first known use of aeromagnetic data as an aid to surficial mapping and hydrogeologic studies in a basin. Aeromagnetic maps show detailed fault patterns within the basin fill that revise the structural view of the basin. Concealed faults are more numerous and more closely spaced than expected. The Hubbell Springs fault is the central splay of three generally north striking fault splays that can be traced for nearly 50 km, The splays converge on the north and may represent the southern extension of the Tijeras fault, contradicting the proposed southwest extension of the Tijeras fault across the basin. In profile view, the linear aeromagnetic anomalies associated with faults show a variety of signatures. One signature has potential for mapping fault-controlled sedimentation in the subsurface because it identifies increases in magnetic, likely coarse-grained, material in the hanging walls of faults. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Grauch, VJS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 367 EP 370 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0367:HRADAN>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 414YP UT WOS:000167694000020 ER PT J AU Phillips, EJ Landa, ER Kraemer, T Zielinski, R AF Phillips, EJ Landa, ER Kraemer, T Zielinski, R TI Sulfate-reducing bacteria release barium and radium from naturally occurring radioactive material in oil-field barite SO GEOMICROBIOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE barite dissolution; barium; Desulfovibrio; NORM; oil field; radium; sulfate-reducing bacteria ID DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; REDUCTION; URANIUM; DISSOLUTION; SLUDGES; SCALE; IRON AB Scale and sludge deposits formed during oil production can contain elevated levels of Ra, often coprecipitated with barium sulfate (barite). The potential for sulfate-reducing bacteria to release Ra-226 and Ba (a Ra analog) from oil-field barite was evaluated. The concentration of dissolved Ba increased when samples containing pipe scale, tank sludge, or oil-field brine pond sediment were incubated with sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio sp., Str LZK1, isolated from an oil-field brine pond. However, Ba release was not stoichiometric with sulfide production in oil-field samples, and <0.1% of the Ba was released. Potential for the release of Ra-226 was demonstrated, and the Ra-226 release associated with sulfate-reducing activity was predictable from the amount of Ba released. As with Ba, only a fraction of the Ra-226 expected from the amount of sulfide produced was released, and most of the Ra remained associated with the solid material. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Geol, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Phillips, EJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 23 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0451 J9 GEOMICROBIOL J JI Geomicrobiol. J. PD APR-JUN PY 2001 VL 18 IS 2 BP 167 EP 182 DI 10.1080/01490450151143453 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 435UK UT WOS:000168899500003 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Dunne, KA AF Milly, PCD Dunne, KA TI Trends in evaporation and surface cooling in the Mississippi River basin SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN WINTER; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATE AB A synthesis of available data for the Mississippi River basin (area 3x10(6) km(2)) reveals an upward trend in evaporation during recent decades, driven primarily by increases in precipitation and secondarily by human water use. A cloud-related decrease in surface net radiation appears to have accompanied the precipitation trend. Resultant evaporative and radiative cooling of the land and lower atmosphere quantitatively explains downward trends in observed pan evaporation. These cooling tendencies also reconcile the observed regional atmospheric cooling with the anticipated regional "greenhouse warming." If recent high levels of precipitation (which correlate with the North Atlantic Oscillation) are mainly caused by an internal climatic fluctuation, an eventual return to normal precipitation could reveal heretofore-unrealized warming in the basin. If, instead, they are caused by some unidentified forcing that will continue to grow in the future, then continued intensification of water cycling and suppression of warming in the basin could result. C1 NOAA, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 25 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1219 EP 1222 DI 10.1029/2000GL012321 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 415GZ UT WOS:000167714000013 ER PT J AU Geist, EL Bilek, SL AF Geist, EL Bilek, SL TI Effect of depth-dependent shear modulus on tsunami generation along subduction zones SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NICARAGUA SLOW EARTHQUAKE; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; SLIP DISTRIBUTION; HALF-SPACE; JAPAN; INVERSION; MECHANICS; FAULTS; ROCKS AB Estimates of the initial size of tsunamis generated by subduction zone earthquakes are significantly affected by the choice of shear modulus at shallow depths. Analysis of over 360 circum-Pacific subduction zone earthquakes indicates that for a given seismic moment, source duration increases significantly with decreasing depth (Bilek and Lay, 1998; 1999). Under the assumption that stress drop is constant, the increase of source duration is explained by a 5-fold reduction of shear modulus from depths of 20 km to 5 km. This much lower value of shear modulus at shallow depths in comparison to standard earth models has the effect of increasing the amount of slip estimated from seismic moment determinations, thereby increasing tsunami amplitude. The effect of using depth dependent shear modulus values is tested by modeling the tsunami from the 1992 Nicaraguan tsunami earthquake using a previously determined moment distribution (Ihmle, 1996a). We find that the tide gauge record of this tsunami is well matched by synthetics created using the depth dependent shear modulus and moment distribution. Because excitation of seismic waves also depends on elastic heterogeneity, it is important, particularly for the inversion of short period waves, that a consistent seismic/tsunami shear modulus model be used for calculating slip distributions. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Tecton, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Geist, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1315 EP 1318 DI 10.1029/2000GL012385 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 415GZ UT WOS:000167714000037 ER PT J AU Bergfeld, D Goff, F Janik, CJ AF Bergfeld, D Goff, F Janik, CJ TI Carbon isotope systematics and CO2 sources in The Geysers-Clear Lake region, northern California, USA SO GEOTHERMICS LA English DT Article DE geothermal; The Geysers; Clear Lake; carbon isotopes; CO2; CH4; USA ID HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; STABLE-ISOTOPE; GEOTHERMAL-FIELD; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; NATURAL GASES; GEOCHEMISTRY; METHANE; WATERS; ORIGIN; HYDROCARBONS AB Carbon isotope analyses of calcite veins, organic carbon. CO2 and CH4 from 96 rock and 46 gas samples show that metamorphic calcite veins and disseminated, organically-deriv ed carbon from Franciscan Complex and Great Valley Sequence rocks have provided a primary carbon source for geothermal fluids during past and present hydrothermal activity across The Geysers-Clear Lake region. The stable isotope compositions of calcite veins vary widely on a regional scale, but overall they document the presence of C-13-poor fluids in early subduction-related vein-precipitating events. delta C-13 values of calcite veins from the SB-15-D corehole within The Geysers steam held indicate that carbon-bearing fluids in the recent geothermal system have caused the original diverse delta C-13 values of the veins to be reset across The Geysers-Clear Lake region the carbon isotope composition of CO gas associated with individual geothermal reservoirs shows a general increasing trend in delta C-13 values from west to east. In contrast, delta C-13 values of CH4 do not exhibit any spatial trends. The results from this study indicate that regional variations in delta C-13-CO2 values result from differences in the underlying lithologies. Regional CO2 contains significant amounts of carbon related to degradation of organic carbon and dissolution of calcite veins and is not related to equilibrium reactions involving CH4. CO from degassing of underlying magma chambers is not recognizable in this region. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of CNR. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bergfeld, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, EES-1,MS D462, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 73 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0375-6505 J9 GEOTHERMICS JI Geothermics PD APR-JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 2-3 BP 303 EP 331 DI 10.1016/S0375-6505(00)00051-1 PG 29 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 412BK UT WOS:000167534000008 ER PT J AU Kotra, RK Girardi, BJ Leahy, PP AF Kotra, RK Girardi, BJ Leahy, PP TI Bringing young scientists to the USGS SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Kotra, RK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 2001 VL 46 IS 4 BP 13 EP 13 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 504HT UT WOS:000172851800016 ER PT J AU Doebrich, JL Hayes, TS Siddiqui, AA Saleh, Y Johnson, PR Kattan, FH Mackay, CH Shaikan, B Basahal, M Zahran, H AF Doebrich, JL Hayes, TS Siddiqui, AA Saleh, Y Johnson, PR Kattan, FH Mackay, CH Shaikan, B Basahal, M Zahran, H TI The Ar Rayn Terrane: Geotectonic implications of unique metallogeny in the Arabian shield SO GONDWANA RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SAUDI-ARABIA; KINGDOM C1 US Geol Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Geol Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. RP Doebrich, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC GONDWANA RESEARCH PI OSAKA PA OSAKA CITY UNIV, DEPT GEOSCIENCES, FACULTY SCIENCE, OSAKA, 558, JAPAN SN 1342-937X J9 GONDWANA RES JI Gondwana Res. PD APR PY 2001 VL 4 IS 2 SI SI BP 162 EP 163 DI 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70676-6 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 414EQ UT WOS:000167653400015 ER PT J AU Johnson, PR Kattan, FH Wooden, JL AF Johnson, PR Kattan, FH Wooden, JL TI Implications of SHRIMP and microstructural data on the age and kinematics of shearing in the Asir Terrane, southern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia SO GONDWANA RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Saudi Geol Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Johnson, PR (reprint author), Saudi Geol Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. NR 5 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC GONDWANA RESEARCH PI OSAKA PA OSAKA CITY UNIV, DEPT GEOSCIENCES, FACULTY SCIENCE, OSAKA, 558, JAPAN SN 1342-937X J9 GONDWANA RES JI Gondwana Res. PD APR PY 2001 VL 4 IS 2 SI SI BP 172 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70683-3 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 414EQ UT WOS:000167653400022 ER PT J AU Stoeser, DB Whitehouse, MJ Stacey, JS AF Stoeser, DB Whitehouse, MJ Stacey, JS TI The Khida terrane - Geology of Paleoproterozoic rocks in the Muhayil area, eastern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia SO GONDWANA RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr MS905, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Stoeser, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr MS905, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Whitehouse, Martin/E-1425-2013 OI Whitehouse, Martin/0000-0003-2227-577X NR 6 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GONDWANA RESEARCH PI OSAKA PA OSAKA CITY UNIV, DEPT GEOSCIENCES, FACULTY SCIENCE, OSAKA, 558, JAPAN SN 1342-937X J9 GONDWANA RES JI Gondwana Res. PD APR PY 2001 VL 4 IS 2 SI SI BP 192 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70691-2 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 414EQ UT WOS:000167653400030 ER PT J AU Whitehouse, MJ Stoeser, DB Stacey, JS AF Whitehouse, MJ Stoeser, DB Stacey, JS TI The Khida terrane - Geochronological and isotopic evidence for Paleoproterozoic and Archean crust in the eastern Arabian Shield of Saudi Arabia SO GONDWANA RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACCRETION; YEMEN C1 Swedish Museum Nat Hist, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr MS905, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Whitehouse, MJ (reprint author), Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RI Whitehouse, Martin/E-1425-2013 OI Whitehouse, Martin/0000-0003-2227-577X NR 8 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC GONDWANA RESEARCH PI OSAKA PA OSAKA CITY UNIV, DEPT GEOSCIENCES, FACULTY SCIENCE, OSAKA, 558, JAPAN SN 1342-937X J9 GONDWANA RES JI Gondwana Res. PD APR PY 2001 VL 4 IS 2 SI SI BP 200 EP 202 DI 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70695-X PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 414EQ UT WOS:000167653400034 ER PT J AU Windley, BF Whitehouse, MJ Stoeser, DB Al-Khirbash, S Ba-Bttat, MAO Al-Ghotbah, A AF Windley, BF Whitehouse, MJ Stoeser, DB Al-Khirbash, S Ba-Bttat, MAO Al-Ghotbah, A TI The Precambrian terranes of Yemen and their correlation with those of Saudi Arabia and Somalia: Implications for the accretion of Gondwana SO GONDWANA RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SHIELD; CONSTRAINTS; EVOLUTION C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Geol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Swedish Museum Nat Hist, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr MS905, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Sanaa Univ, Sanaa, Yemen. Kuwait Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Safa 13060, Kuwait. RP Windley, BF (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Geol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. RI Windley, Brian/F-4837-2010; Whitehouse, Martin/E-1425-2013 OI Whitehouse, Martin/0000-0003-2227-577X NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC GONDWANA RESEARCH PI OSAKA PA OSAKA CITY UNIV, DEPT GEOSCIENCES, FACULTY SCIENCE, OSAKA, 558, JAPAN SN 1342-937X J9 GONDWANA RES JI Gondwana Res. PD APR PY 2001 VL 4 IS 2 SI SI BP 206 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70697-3 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 414EQ UT WOS:000167653400036 ER PT J AU Plummer, LN Sprinkle, CL AF Plummer, LN Sprinkle, CL TI Radiocarbon dating of dissolved inorganic carbon in groundwater from confined parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer, Florida, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the Hydrogeology Division of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 22, 1997 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Geol Soc Amer, Hydrogeol Div DE groundwater age; Floridan aquifer; hydrochemical modeling; USA; carbonate rocks ID COASTAL MIXING ZONE; AGE CALIBRATION; MASS-TRANSFER; ISOTOPE DATA; C-14 DATA; YR BP; WATER; SYSTEMS; MODELS; CEMENTATION AB Geochemical reaction models were evaluated to improve radiocarbon dating of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater from confined parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer in central and northeastern Florida, USA. The predominant geochemical reactions affecting the C-14 activity of DIC include (1) dissolution of dolomite and anhydrite with calcite precipitation (dedolomitization), (2) sulfate reduction accompanying microbial degradation of organic carbon, (3) recrystallization of calcite (isotopic exchange), and (4) mixing of fresh water with as much as 7% saline water in some coastal areas. The calculated cumulative net mineral transfers are negligibly small in upgradient parts of the aquifer and increase significantly in downgradient parts of the aquifer, reflecting, at least in part, upward leakage from the Lower Floridan aquifer and circulation that contacted middle confining units in the Floridan aquifer system. The adjusted radiocarbon ages are independent of flow path and represent travel times of water from the recharge area to the sample point in the aquifer. Downgradient from Polk City (adjusted age 1.7 ka) and Keystone Heights (adjusted age 0.4 ka), 14 of the 22 waters have adjusted C-14 ages of 20-30 ka, indicating that most of the fresh-water resource in the Upper Floridan aquifer today was recharged during the last glacial period. All of the paleowaters are enriched in O-18 and H-2 relative to modern infiltration, with maximum enrichment in delta O-18 Of approximately 2.0 parts per thousand. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Plummer, LN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 432 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 70 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD APR PY 2001 VL 9 IS 2 BP 127 EP 150 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 427GD UT WOS:000168395700002 ER PT J AU Harris, AJL Pilger, E Flynn, LP Garbeil, H Mouginis-Mark, PJ Kauahikaua, J Thornber, C AF Harris, AJL Pilger, E Flynn, LP Garbeil, H Mouginis-Mark, PJ Kauahikaua, J Thornber, C TI Automated, high temporal resolution, thermal analysis of Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i, using GOES satellite data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID LASCAR VOLCANO; AVHRR DATA; ERUPTION; CHILE; ANOMALIES; KRAFLA; SPACE AB Thermal data are directly available from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) every 15 minutes at existing or inexpensively installed receiving stations. This data stream is ideal for monitoring high temperature features such as active lava flows and fires. To provide a near-real-time hot spot monitoring tool, we have developed, tested and installed software to analyse GOES data on-reception and then make results available in a timely fashion via the web. Our software automatically: (1) produces hot spot images and movies; (2) uses a thresholding procedure to generate a hot spot map; (3) updates hot spot radiance and cloud index time series; and (4) issues a threshold-based e-mail alert. Results are added to http://volcano1.pgd.hawaii.edu/goes/ within similar to 12 minutes of image acquisition and are updated every 15 minutes. Analysis of GOES data acquired for effusive activity at Kilauea volcano ( Hawai'i) during 1997-98 show that short (<1 hour long) events producing 100 m long ( 10(2) to 10(3) m(2)) lava flows are detectable. This means that time constraints can be placed on sudden, rapidly evolving effusive events with an accuracy of 7.5 minutes. Changes in activity style and extent can also be documented using hot spot size, intensity and shape. From radiance time series we distinguish ( 1) tube-fed activity ( low radiance, <10 MW m(2) m(-1)); (2) activity pauses (no radiance); ( 3) lava lake activity ( low radiance, <5 MW m(2) m(-1)); ( 4) short (<3 km long) flow extension (moderate radiance, 10-20 MW m(2) m(-1)); and (5) 12 km long flow extension ( high radiance, 15-30 MW m(2) m(-1)). The ability of GOES to detect short-lived effusive events, coupled with the speed with which GOES-based hot spot information can be processed and disseminated, means that GOES offers a valuable additional volcano monitoring tool. C1 Univ Hawaii, HIGP SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. RP Harris, AJL (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, HIGP SOEST, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. OI Thornber, Carl/0000-0002-6382-4408 NR 31 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2001 VL 22 IS 6 BP 945 EP 967 DI 10.1080/014311601300074487 PG 23 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 423QX UT WOS:000168189200004 ER PT J AU Petersen, JH AF Petersen, JH TI Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE predation; juvenile salmon; patchy prey; Ptychocheilus oregonensis; feeding bouts; Columbia River ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS; LOWER SNAKE RIVER; COLUMBIA RIVER; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; SMALLMOUTH BASS; CHINOOK SALMON; PREDATION; FISH; SATIATION AB Predation by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis on juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. occurred probably during brief feeding bouts since diets were either dominated by salmonids (>80% by weight), or contained other prey types and few salmonids (<5%). In samples where salmonids had been consumed, large rather than small predators were more likely to have captured salmonids, Transects with higher catch-per-unit of effort of predators also had higher incidences of salmonids in predator guts. Predators in two ol three reservoir areas were distributed more contagiously if they had preyed recently on salmonids, Spatial and temporal patchiness of salmonid prey may be generating differences in local density, aggregation, and body size of their predators in this large river. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Petersen, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 47 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1137 EP 1148 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2000.1524 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 419ZE UT WOS:000167978800019 ER PT J AU Hubbard, EF Schwarz, GE Thibodeaux, KG Turcios, LM AF Hubbard, EF Schwarz, GE Thibodeaux, KG Turcios, LM TI Price current-meter standard rating development by the US Geological Survey SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The U.S. Geological Survey has developed new standard rating tables for use with Price type AA and pygmy current meters, which are employed to measure streamflow velocity. Current-meter calibration data, consisting of the rates of rotation of meters at several different constant water velocities, have shown that the original rating tables are no longer representative of the average responsiveness of newly purchased meters or meters in the field. The new rating tables are based on linear regression equations that are weighted to reflect the population mix of current meters in the field and weighted inversely to the variability of the data at each calibration velocity. For calibration velocities of 0.3 m/s and faster, at which most streamflow measurements are made, the new AA-rating predicts the true velocities within 1.5% and the new pygmy-meter rating within 2.0% For more than 95% of the meters. At calibration velocities, the new AA-meter rating is up to 1.4% different from the original rating, and the new pygmy-meter rating is up to 1.6% different. C1 US Geol Survey, Off Surface Water, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Nat Water Qual Assessment, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Off Surface Water Hydr Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Hubbard, EF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Off Surface Water, 415 Natl Ctr,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 2001 VL 127 IS 4 BP 250 EP 257 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:4(250) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 416TM UT WOS:000167796300001 ER PT J AU Kempton, PD Downes, H Neymark, LA Wartho, JA Zartman, RE Sharkov, EV AF Kempton, PD Downes, H Neymark, LA Wartho, JA Zartman, RE Sharkov, EV TI Garnet granulite xenoliths from the Northern Baltic Shield - the underplated lower crust of a palaeoproterozoic large igneous province SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE granulite xenoliths; metasomatism; migmatization; Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes; geochronology ID LOWER CONTINENTAL-CRUST; U-PB ZIRCON; ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS; SM-ND; LAYERED INTRUSIONS; KOLA-PENINSULA; FENNOSCANDIAN SHIELD; FACIES XENOLITHS; OCEANIC PLATEAU; MAFIC MAGMATISM AB Garnet granulite facies xenoliths hosted in Devonian lamprophyres from the Kola Peninsula are interpreted to represent the high-grade metamorphic equivalents of continental flood tholeiites, emplaced into the Baltic Shield Archaean lower crust in early Proterozoic time. Geochronological data and similarities in major and trace element geochemistry suggest that the xenoliths formed during the same plume-related magmatic event that created a widespread Palaeoproterozoic large igneous province (LIP) at 2.4-2.5 Ga. They are, thus, the first samples of the lower crust of a Palaeoproterozoic LIP to be studied in petrological detail. The suite included mafic granulites (gar + cpx + rutile +/- opx +/- phlog +/- amph), felsic granulites (plag + gar + opx + rutile +/- qtz +/- Kspar +/- phlog +/- amph) and pyroxenites (+/- phlog +/- amph), but mafic garnet granulites predominate. Although some samples are restites, there is no evidence for a predominance of magmatic cumulates, as is common for Phanerozoic lower-crustal xenolith suites. Metasediments are also absent. Phlogopite and/or amphibole occur in xenoliths of all types and are interpreted to be metasomatic in origin. The K-rich metasomatic event occurred at similar to 2.0 Ga, and led to substantial enrichment in Rb, K, LREE/HREE, Th/U, Th/Pb and, to a lesser extent, Nb and Ti. The fluids responsible for this metasomatism were probably derived from a second plume that arrived beneath the region at this time. Evidence for partial melting of mafic crust exists in the presence of migmatitic granulites. The timing of migmatization overlaps that of metasomatism, and it is suggested that migmatization was facilitated by the metasomatism. The metamorphism, metasomatism and migmatization recorded in the Kola granulite xenoliths may be representative of the processes responsible for converting Archaean LIP-generated proto-continents into continental crust. C1 NERC, Kingsley Dunham Ctr, Isotope Geosci Lab, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Res Sch Geol & Geophys Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England. US Geol Survey, DFC, Denver, CO USA. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Cape Town, Dept Geol Sci, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. IGEM, Moscow 109017, Russia. RP Kempton, PD (reprint author), NERC, Kingsley Dunham Ctr, Isotope Geosci Lab, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. RI Wartho, Jo-Anne/B-5169-2016 NR 85 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 42 IS 4 BP 731 EP 763 DI 10.1093/petrology/42.4.731 PG 33 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 425TE UT WOS:000168307100005 ER PT J AU Winter, TC AF Winter, TC TI The concept of hydrologic landscapes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water resources geography; ground water hydrology; surface water hydrology; watershed management; geographical analysis; watershed systems ID LAKES; WETLANDS; WATER AB Hydrologic landscapes are multiples or variations of fundamental hydrologic landscape units. A fundamental hydrologic landscape unit is defined on the basis of land-surface form, geology, and climate. The basic land-surface form of a fundamental hydrologic landscape unit is an upland separated from a lowland by an intervening steeper slope. Fundamental hydrologic landscape units have a complete hydrologic system consisting of surface runoff, ground-water flow, and interaction with atmospheric water. By describing actual landscapes in terms of land-surface slope, hydraulic properties of soils and geologic framework, and the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, the hydrologic system of actual landscapes can be conceptualized in a uniform way. This conceptual framework can then be the foundation for design of studies and data networks, syntheses of information on local to national scales, and comparison of process research across small study units in a variety of settings. The Crow Wing River watershed in central Minnesota is used as an example of evaluating stream discharge in the context of hydrologic landscapes. Lake-research watersheds in Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Nebraska are used as an example of using the hydrologic-landscapes concept to evaluate the effect of ground water on the degree of mineralization and major-ion chemistry of lakes that lie within ground-water flow systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Winter, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 22 TC 172 Z9 182 U1 12 U2 67 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 335 EP 349 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00973.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 480KE UT WOS:000171459900008 ER PT J AU Isaak, DJ Hubert, WA AF Isaak, DJ Hubert, WA TI A hypothesis about factors that affect maximum summer stream temperatures across montane landscapes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE wildland and forest hydrology; path analysis; geomorphology; GIS; stream temperature; montane landscape ID PATH-ANALYSIS; OREGON; SIMULATION; PARAMETERS; BEHAVIOR; HABITAT; FISHES; SALMON; AREAS; CREEK AB Temperature is an important variable structuring lotic biotas, but little is known about how montane landscapes function to determine stream temperatures. We developed an a priori hypothesis that was used to predict how watershed elements would interact to affect stream temperatures. The hypothesis was tested in a series of path analyses using temperature data from 26 sites on second-order to fourth-order streams across a fifth-order Rocky Mountain watershed. Based on the performance of the first hypothesis, two revised versions of the hypothesis were developed and tested that proved to be more accurate than the original hypothesis. The most plausible of the revised hypotheses accounted for 82 percent of the variation in maximum stream temperature, had a predicted data structure that did not deviate from the empirical data structure, and was the most parsimonious. The final working hypothesis suggested that stream temperature maxima were directly controlled by a large negative effect from mean basin elevation (direct effect = -0.57, p < 0.01) and smaller effects from riparian tree abundance (direct effect = -0.28, p = 0.03), and cattle density (direct effect = 0.24, p = 0.05). Watershed slope, valley constraint, and the abundance of grass across a watershed also affected temperature maxima, but these effects were indirect and mediated through cattle density and riparian trees. Three variables included in the a priori hypothesis - watershed aspect, stream width, and watershed size - had negligible effects on maximum stream temperatures and were omitted from the final working hypothesis. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Isaak, DJ (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RI Isaak, Dan/C-8818-2011 NR 57 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 351 EP 366 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00974.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 480KE UT WOS:000171459900009 ER PT J AU Laenen, A Bencala, KE AF Laenen, A Bencala, KE TI Transient storage assessments of dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; RHODAMINE-WT DYE; MOUNTAIN STREAM; HYPORHEIC ZONE; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; CHANNEL; NITRATE; MODEL AB Rhodamine WT dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin yield concentration-time curves with characteristically long recession times suggestive of active transient storage processes. The scale of drainage areas contributing to the stream reaches studied in the Willamette Basin ranges from 10 to 12,000 km(2). A transient storage assessment of the tracer studies has been completed using the U.S. Geological Survey's One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model, which incorporates storage exchange and decay functions along with the traditional dispersion and advection transport equation. The analysis estimates solute transport of the dye. It identifies first-order decay coefficients to be on the order of 10(-5)/sed for the nonconservative Rhodamine WT. On an individual subreach basis, the first-order decay is slower (typically by an order of magnitude) than the transient storage process, indicating that nonconservative tracers may be used to evaluate transient storage in rivers. In the transient storage analysis, a dimensionless parameter (A(S)/A) expresses the spatial extent of storage zone area relative to stream cross section. In certain reaches of Willamette Basin pool-and-riffle, gravel-bed rivers, this parameter was as large as 0.5. A measure of the storage exchange flux was calculated for each stream subreach in the simulation analysis. This storage exchange is shown subjectively to be higher at higher stream discharges. Hyporheic linkage between streams and subsurface flows is the probable physical mechanism contributing to a significant part of this inferred active transient storage. Hyporheic linkages are further suggested by detailed measurements of river discharge with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler system delineating zones in two large rivers where water alternately enters and leaves the surface channels through gravel-and-cobble riverbeds. Measurements show patterns of hyporheic exchange that are highly variable in time and space. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97220 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Laenen, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 120 NE Billingher Dr, Portland, OR 97220 USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010 NR 35 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 367 EP 377 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00975.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 480KE UT WOS:000171459900010 ER PT J AU Embrey, SS AF Embrey, SS TI Microbiological quality of Puget Sound Basin streams and identification of contaminant sources SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE bacteria; bacteriophages; coliphages; fecal indicators; coprostanol; fecal sterols; wastewater; virus; water quality ID CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS; RNA BACTERIOPHAGES; ENTERIC VIRUSES; DRINKING-WATER; FECAL STEROLS; INDICATORS; COLIPHAGES; SEWAGE; COPROSTANOL; RIVER AB Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli,, enterococci, and somatic coliphages were detected in samples from 31 sites on streams draining urban and agricultural regions of the Puget Sound Basin Lowlands. Densities of bacteria in 48 and 71 percent of the samples exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's freshwater recreation criteria for Escherichia coli and enterococci, respectively, and 81 percent exceeded Washington State fecal coliform standards. Male-specific coliphages were detected in samples from 15 sites. Male-specific F(+)RNA coliphages isolated from samples taken at South Fork Thornton and Longfellow Creeks were serotyped as Group II, implicating humans as potential contaminant sources. These two sites are located in residential, urban areas. F(+)RNA coliphages in samples from 10 other sites, mostly in agricultural or rural areas, were serotyped as Group I, implicating non-human animals as likely sources. Chemicals common to wastewater, including fecal sterols, were detected in samples from several urban streams, and also implicate humans, at least in part, as possible sources of fecal bacteria and viruses to the streams. C1 US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Embrey, SS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. NR 46 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 407 EP 421 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00978.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 480KE UT WOS:000171459900013 ER PT J AU Bowers, JE Turner, RM AF Bowers, JE Turner, RM TI Dieback and episodic mortality of Cercidium microphyllum (foothill paloverde), a dominant Sonoran Desert tree SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Cercidium microphyllum; demography; drought; mortality; senescence; Sonoran Desert ID CARNEGIEA-GIGANTEA; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION CHANGE; NURSE PLANTS; GROWTH; COMPETITION; DEMOGRAPHY; PATTERNS; CACTI AB BOWERS, J. E. AND R. M. TURNER. (U. S. Geological Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745). Dieback and episodic mortality of Cercidium microphyllum (foothill paloverde), a dominant Sonoran Desert tree. J. Torrey Bet, Sec. 128:000-000. 2001. - Past and current dieback of Cercidium microphyllum a dominant, drought-deciduous tree in the Sonoran Desert, was investigated at Tumamoc Hill. Tucson, Arizona, USA. Logistic regression predicted that the odds of a Ceracidium plant being alive should decrease with increasing circumference, association with the columnar cactus Carnegiea gigantea, and occurrence on steep slopes. Slope azimuth. parasitization by Phoradendron californicum, and distance to nearest Ceracidium within 5 m did not significantly affect the odds of survival. Ceracidium was a source of background mortality rather than a primary cause of dieback. Of the >1,000 living and dead plants sampled, 7.7% had died within the past 5 to 7 years. An additional 12.8% died in the more distant past. Diebacks tended to occur during severe deficits in annual, especially summer, min. More than half of the dead plants in the sample were greater than or equal to 50 cm in girth. In current and past diebacks on Tumamoc Hill, it seems likely that severe drought interacted with natural senescence of an aging population. weakening large, old trees and hastening their deaths. C1 US Geol Survey, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bowers, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 61 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 12 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0040-9618 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD APR-JUN PY 2001 VL 128 IS 2 BP 128 EP 140 DI 10.2307/3088735 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 448AP UT WOS:000169604900004 ER PT J AU Wyss, M Klein, F Nagamine, K Wiemer, S AF Wyss, M Klein, F Nagamine, K Wiemer, S TI Anomalously high b-values in the South Flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: evidence for the distribution of magma below Kilauea's East rift zone SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE magma; b-value; frequency-magnitude; volcanic seismicity ID FREQUENCY-MAGNITUDE DISTRIBUTION; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; BENEATH; DEFORMATION; SEISMICITY; SYSTEMS; DEPTH; LOCATIONS; GEOMETRY AB The pattern of b-value of the frequency-magnitude relation, or mean magnitude, varies little in the Kaoiki-Hilea area of Hawaii, and the b-values are normal, with b = 0.8 in the top 10 km and somewhat lower values below that depth. We interpret the Kaoiki-Hilea area as relatively stable, normal Hawaiian crust. In contrast, the b-values beneath Kilauea's South Flank are anomalously high (b = 1.3-1.7) at depths between 4 and 8 km, with the highest values near the East Rift zone, but extending 5-8 km away from the rift. Also, the anomalously high b-values vary along strike, parallel to the rift zone. The highest b-values are observed near Hiiaka and Pauahi craters at the bend in the rift, the next highest are near Makaopuhi and also near Puu Kaliu. The mildest anomalies occur adjacent to the central section of the rift. The locations of the three major and two minor b-value anomalies correspond to places where shallow magma reservoirs have been proposed based on analyses of seismicity, geodetic data and differentiated lava chemistry. The existence of the magma reservoirs is also supported by magnetic anomalies, which may be areas of dike concentration, and self-potential anomalies, which are areas of thermal upwelling above a hot source. The simplest explanation of these anomalously high b-values is that they are due to the presence of active magma bodies beneath the East Rift zone at depths down to 8 km. In other volcanoes, anomalously high b-values correlate with volumes adjacent to active magma chambers. This supports a model of a magma body beneath the East Rift zone, which may widen and thin along strike, and which may reach 8 km depth and extend from Kilauea's summit to a distance of at least 40 km down rift. The anomalously high b-values at the center of the South Flank, several kilometers away from the rift, may be explained by unusually high pore pressure throughout the South Rank, or by anomalously strong heterogeneity due to extensive cracking, or by both phenomena. The major b-value anomalies are located SSE of their parent reservoirs, in the direction of motion of the flank, suggesting that magma reservoirs leave an imprint in the mobile flank. We hypothesize that the extensive cracking may have been acquired when the anomalous parts of the South Flank, now several kilometers distant from the rift zone, were generated at the rift zone near persistent reservoirs. Since their generation, these volumes may have moved seaward, away from the rift, but earthquakes occurring in them still use the preexisting complex crack distribution. Along the decollement plane at 10 km depth, the b-values are exceptionally low (b = 0.5), suggesting faulting in a more homogeneous medium. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Human Informat, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. ETH Honggerberg, Inst Geophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Wyss, M (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM max@giseis.alaska.edu; klein@usgs.gov; nagamine@info.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp; stefan@seismo.ifg.ethz.ch RI Wiemer, Stefan/E-5033-2015 NR 60 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR PY 2001 VL 106 IS 1-2 BP 23 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00263-8 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 420JX UT WOS:000168002800002 ER PT J AU Calisher, CH Mills, JN Sweeney, WP Choate, JR Sharp, DE Canestorp, KM Beaty, BJ AF Calisher, CH Mills, JN Sweeney, WP Choate, JR Sharp, DE Canestorp, KM Beaty, BJ TI Do unusual site-specific population dynamics of rodent reservoirs provide clues to the natural history of hantaviruses? SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE El Moro Canyon virus; habitat; hantaviruses; Peromyscus maniculatus; Reithrodontomys megalotis; rodents; shortgrass prairie; Sin Nombre virus; virus ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICAN HANTAVIRUS; CREEK CANAL VIRUS; LONG-TERM; SIGMODON HISPIDUS; INFECTION; IDENTIFICATION AB Between January 1995 and November 1997, longitudinal mark-recapture studies of rodent hosts of hantaviruses in a disturbed microhabitat within a shortgrass prairie ecosystem in southeastern Colorado (USA) were conducted. The site was distinguished by edaphic and floristic characteristics unique to this area and associated with historical land rise patterns, as well as the year-around availability of water from a functioning windmill. Populations of two common rodent species that are hosts for hantaviruses, Peromyscus maniculatus and Reithrodontomys megalotis, had unusually rapid turnover, a younger age structure, and a much lower prevalence of antibody to Sin Nombre virus than did populations at nearby sites in more typical shortgrass prairie and canyon habitats. Based on these findings, we suggest that a stable resident population of the reservoir is critical to the maintenance of hantaviruses at a given site, and we hypothesize that long-lived, persistently infected rodents are the principal transseasonal reservoir of hantaviruses. C1 Colorado State Univ, Arthroposborne & Infect Dis Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Sternberg Museum Nat Hist, Hays, KS 67601 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Colorado Fish & Wildlife Assistance Off, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. RP Calisher, CH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Arthroposborne & Infect Dis Lab, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU809862-03] NR 25 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 280 EP 288 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 421RP UT WOS:000168077600008 PM 11310878 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JS Henry, PFR Olsen, GH Paul, MM Hammerschlag, RS AF Hatfield, JS Henry, PFR Olsen, GH Paul, MM Hammerschlag, RS TI Failure of tetracycline as a biomarker in batch-marking juvenile frogs SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE anuran; biomarker; green frog; pickerel frog; Rana clamitans; Rana palustris; tetracycline ID STRIPED BASS; IMMERSION; LARVAE AB Recent widespread amphibian declines call for better techniques to assess population dynamics. Tetracycline as a biomarker in capture-recapture studies is one technique used successfully in fish, reptiles, and mammals. A two-phase experimental study was conducted to evaluate tetracycline as a biomarker in green frogs (Rana clamitans) and pickerel frogs (Rana palustris). In the first experimental phase tadpoles were exposed to water containing either 250 mg/l or 500 mg/l tetracycline for a period of 24 hr. During the second phase, juvenile frogs were exposed to tetracycline in water at 500 mg/l or given injections of tetracycline at the dose rate of 100 mg/kg body weight. At selected times several weeks later, under tricaine methanesulfonate anesthesia, a toe was surgically excised from each animal, sectioned and viewed under an ultraviolet microscope. No significant differences were found between the various treatments and control animals (untreated). Therefore, the use of tetracycline as a biomarker in anurans using these techniques is not recommended. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Olsen, GH (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 318 EP 323 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 421RP UT WOS:000168077600013 PM 11310883 ER PT J AU Converse, KA Kidd, GA AF Converse, KA Kidd, GA TI Duck plague epizootics in the United States, 1967-1995 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE anseriformes; duck plague; duck virus enteritis; enzootic; epizootic; migratory waterfowl; virus ID VIRUS ENTERITIS; PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA; AVIAN CHOLERA; WATERFOWL; OUTBREAK AB In 1967, the first confirmed diagnosis of duck: plague (DP) in the USA was made from pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) on commercial duck farms on Long Island, New York. Within 10 mo, DP was confirmed as the cause of death ill migratory waterfowl on a Long Island bay. This paper reviews 120 DP epizooties reported from 1967 to 1995 that involved waterfowl species native to North America or were reported in areas with free-flying waterfowl at risk. Duck plague epizootics occurred in 21 states with the greatest number reported in Maryland (29), New York (18), California (16), and Pennsylvania (13). The greatest frequency of epizootics (86%) was detected during the months of March to June. At least 40 waterfowl species were affected with the highest frequency of epizootics reported in captive or captive-reared ducks including muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) (68%), mallard ducks (A. platyrhynchos) (18%) and black ducks (A. rubripes) (14%). The greatest number of waterfowl died in three epizootics that involved primarily migratory birds in 1967 and 1994 in New York (USA) and 1973 ire South Dakota (USA). The greatest number of DP epizootics reported since 1967 appear to have involved Becks of non-migratory rather than migratory waterfowl: therefore, in our opinion it remains unknown if DP is enzootic in either non-migratory or migratory waterfowl. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Madison, WI 53718 USA. RP Kidd, GA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 347 EP 357 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 421RP UT WOS:000168077600017 PM 11310887 ER PT J AU Densmore, CL Blazer, VS Waldrop, TB Pooler, PS AF Densmore, CL Blazer, VS Waldrop, TB Pooler, PS TI Effects of whirling disease on selected hematological parameters in rainbow trout SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE lymphocytes; lymphopenia; Myxobolus cerebralis; Oncorhynchus mykiss; rainbow trout; salmonid; whirling disease ID SALMO-TRUTTA; BROWN TROUT; CORTISOL AB Hematological responses to whirling disease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Two-mo-old fingerling rainbow trout were exposed to cultured triactinomyxon spores of Myxoboluss cerebralis at 9,000 spores/fish in December, 1997. Twenty-four wks post-exposure, fish were taken from infected and uninfected groups for peripheral blood and cranial tissue sampling. Histological observations on cranial tissues confirmed M. cerebralis infection in all exposed fish. Differences in hematological parameters between the two groups included significantly lower total leukocyte and small lymphocyte counts for the infected fish. No effects on hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, or other differential leukocyte counts were noted. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Freshwater Inst Shepherdstown, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Densmore, CL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 375 EP 378 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 421RP UT WOS:000168077600022 PM 11310892 ER PT J AU Laakkonen, J Fisher, RN Case, TJ AF Laakkonen, J Fisher, RN Case, TJ TI Pneumocystosis in wild small mammals from California SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE lung parasites; pneumocystosis; rodents; shrews ID SOREX-ARANEUS; COMMON SHREW; CARINII; FINLAND; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; RODENTS; SHOWS; DNA AB Cyst forms of the opportunistic fungal parasite Pneumocystis carinii were found in the lungs of 34% of the desert shrew, Notiosorex crawfordi (n = 59), 13% of the ornate shrew, Sorer ornatus (n = 55), 6% of the dusky-footed wood rat, Neotoma fuscipes (n = 16), 2.5% of the California meadow vole, Microtus californicus (n = 40), and 50% of the California pocket mouse, Chaetodipus californicus (n = 2) caught from southern California between February 1998 and February 2000. Cysts were not found in any of the han est mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis (n = 21), California mouse, Peromyscus californicus (n = 20), brush mouse, Peromyscus boylii (n = 7) or deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus (n = 4) examined. All infections were mild; extrapulmonary infections were not observed. Other lung parasites detected were Hepatozoon sp./ spp. from M. californicus and Notiosorex crawfordi, Chrysosporium sp. (Emmonsia) from M. californicus, and a nematode from S. ornatus. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, USGS Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Laakkonen, J (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. OI Laakkonen, Juha/0000-0002-4040-6588 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 408 EP 412 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 421RP UT WOS:000168077600030 PM 11310900 ER PT J AU Malecki, RA Batt, BDJ Sheaffer, SE AF Malecki, RA Batt, BDJ Sheaffer, SE TI Spatial and temporal distribution of Atlantic population Canada geese SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Atlantic Population; Branta canadensis; Canada geese; distribution; movement; satellite telemetry ID TRANSMITTERS; PERFORMANCE; HARNESS AB Declining numbers or Atlantic Population (AP) Canada geese (Brania canadensis) resulted in the closure of the regular Canada goose hunting season in 1995 in the provinces of Quebec and southeastern Ontario, Canada, and all Atlantic Flvway states except West Virginia and northwestern Pennsylvania. We attached satellite-tracked radiotransmitters to 34 adult females in 1996 and 1997 to refine our understanding of movements to and from the breeding ground in northern Quebec, Geese breeding near the: coasts of Hudson Bay and northern Ungava Bay migrated through western Quebec, southeastern Ontario, and central New York to wintering areas in the Chesapeake-Delaware Bay region of the Atlantic Coast. Geese nesting in the southern Ungava Bay region migrated through central Quebec to the Lake Champlain-Hudson River drainage area of eastern New York and the western section of the New England states. Their winter terminus was primarily north of 40 degrees latitude. Both fall and spring migrations were highly synchronized. Geese left the breeding range in late September and were not available for sport harvest in Canada and the United States until October. All birds were on their winter range by mid- to late October Spring migration began in late February from the Chesapeake-Delaware Bay region, with birds staving in central New York and southeastern Ontario during March and April. A major movement north occurred in early May 1997 and 1998, with birds arriving on their breeding grounds within 1-2 weeks. Limited opportunity for subsistence harvest was detected during spring and fall migration periods. Our data support the use of experimental hunting seasons in September and late winter to reduce numbers of resident Canada geese while minimizing the incidental harvest of AP geese. C1 Cornell Univ, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ducks Unltd Inc, Inst Wetland & Waterfowl Res, Memphis, TN 38120 USA. RP Malecki, RA (reprint author), Cornell Univ, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 8 U2 36 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2001 VL 65 IS 2 BP 242 EP 247 DI 10.2307/3802903 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 421LV UT WOS:000168066600008 ER PT J AU Schmutz, JA Manly, BFJ Dau, CP AF Schmutz, JA Manly, BFJ Dau, CP TI Effects of gull predation and weather on survival of emperor goose goslings SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE brood loss; Chen canagica; climate; emperor geese; glaucous gull; Larus hyperboreus; predation; predator control; survival; weather ID YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; LESSER SNOW GEESE; WESTERN ALASKA; BLACK BRANT; BODY-SIZE; GROWTH; LEUCOPSIS; LEAD; REPRODUCTION; DUCKLINGS AB Numbers of emperor geese (Chen canagica) have remained depressed since the mid-1980s. Despite increases in glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus), a primary predator of goslings, little information existed to assess whether recent patterns of gosling survival have been a major factor affecting population dynamics. We used observations of known Families of emperor geese to estimate rates of gosling survival during 1993-96 on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Alaska. Survival of goslings to 30 days of age varied among years from 0.332 during 1994 to 0.708 during 1995. Survival was lowest during 1993-94, which corresponded with the years of highest frequency of disturbance of goose broods by glaucous gulls. Rainfall during early brood rearing was much higher in 1994 than other years. and this corresponded to low survival among goslings less than or equal to5 days of age. Numbers of juveniles in families during fall staging were negatively related to rainfall during early brood rearing (n = 23 yr). Although there are no data to assess whether gosling survival in emperor geese has declined from some previous level, current survival rates of emperor goose goslings are as high as or higher than those observed in other goose species that are rapidly increasing. A proposed reduction of glaucous gull numbers by managers may not be the most effective means for increasing population growth in emperor geese. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Otago, Dept Math & Stat, Dunedin, New Zealand. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Izembek Natl Wildlife Reguge, Cold Bay, AK 99571 USA. RP Schmutz, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 60 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2001 VL 65 IS 2 BP 248 EP 257 DI 10.2307/3802904 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 421LV UT WOS:000168066600009 ER PT J AU Manly, BFJ Schmutz, JA AF Manly, BFJ Schmutz, JA TI Estimation of brood and nest survival: Comparative methods in the presence of heterogeneity SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bootstrapping; Chen canagica; emperor goose; heterogeneity; juvenile survival; Mayfield method; nest survival; overdispersion; simulation; survival analysis ID MAYFIELD METHOD; SUCCESS; RATES; SELECTION; TELEMETRY; MODELS AB The Mayfield method has been widely used for estimating survival of nests and young animals, especially when data are collected at irregular observation intervals. However, this method assumes survival is constant throughout the study period, which often ignores biologically relevant variation and may lead to biased survival estimates. We examined the bias and accuracy of I modification to the Mayfield method;hat allows for temporal variation in survival, and we developed and similarly tested 2 additional methods. One of these 2 new methods is simply an iterative extension of Klett and Johnson's method, which we refer to as the Iterative Mayfield method and bears similarity to Kaplan-Meier methods. The other method uses maximum likelihood techniques for estimation and is best applied to survival of animals in groups or families, rather than as independent individuals. We also examined how robust these estimators are to heterogeneity in the data, which can arise from such sources as dependent survival probabilities among siblings, inherent differences among families, and adoption. Testing of estimator performance with respect to bias, accuracy, and heterogeneity was done using simulations that mimicked a study of survival of emperor goose (Chen canagica) goslings. Assuming constant survival for inappropriately long periods of time or use of Klett and Johnson's methods resulted in large bias or poor accuracy (often >5% bias or root mean square error) compared to our Iterative Mayfield or maximum likelihood methods. Overall, estimator performance was slightly better with our Iterative Mayfield than our maximum likelihood method, but the maximum likelihood method provides a more rigorous framework for testing covariates and explicitly models a heterogeneity factor. We demonstrated use of all estimators with data from emperor goose goslings. We advocate that future studies use the new methods outlined here rather than the traditional Mayfield method or its previous modifications. C1 Univ Otago, Dept Math & Stat, Dunedin, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Manly, BFJ (reprint author), WEST Inc, 2003 Cent Ave, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2001 VL 65 IS 2 BP 258 EP 270 DI 10.2307/3802905 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 421LV UT WOS:000168066600010 ER PT J AU Miller, MR Stemler, CL Blankenship, DS AF Miller, MR Stemler, CL Blankenship, DS TI Mourning dove productivity in California during 1992-95: Was it sufficient to balance mortality? SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE blue oak; brood success; California; incubation success; Mayfield; mourning doves; nesting ecology; nest success; orchards; productivity; riparian; Zenaida macroura ID NESTING SUCCESS; SELECTION; WILDLIFE; HABITAT AB Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) populations have declined steadily in the western United States since 1966. We investigated the role of recruitment in this long-term problem by studying nesting ecology of mourning doves fi om March to September 1992-95, in the northern Central Valley, California, USA. We studied nesting doves in blue oak woodlands ((Quercus douglasii), willow-cottonwood riparian habitats (Salix spp., Populus fremontii), and commercial walnut, prune, pistachio, and cherry orchards. We used 3,047 nests for our analyses. Doves initiated nests from 14 March to 28 August: nesting season lengths ranged from 105 to 158 days. Only 2-5% of nests remained active after 1 September each year, and latest dates that young fledged ranged from 28 August to 21 September: Mayfield estimates of nest success rates varied inconsistently among study areas: annual success rates ranged from 35-59% fur incubation, 49-79% for brooding, and 22-45% for total. Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) analysis showed that total nest success was higher during years with relatively warm-dry springs (March-May, 1992 and 1994 [35-45% success]) than years with relatively cool-wet springs (1993 and 1995 (22-37% success]). Additionally, AIC analysis showed that fledglings produced/pair and fledglings/nesting attempt were highest during the warm-dry years. Likewise, we recorded more total pairs, nests, and total fledglings, and longer nesting seasons during the warm-dry years. The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for fledglings produced/pair for all years exceeded the value of 2.5 previously estimated with banding data from 1967-74 as the value required to maintain breeding populations in California. Thus, if our productivity estimates reflected the general population, and annual survival rates had not changed, recruitment should have been adequate to produce an increasing population. Since this was not occurring, managers should complement population surveys with annual banding and harvest surveys to enable thorough examination of the relationships among survival, productivity and abundance. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Miller, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 70 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2001 VL 65 IS 2 BP 300 EP 311 DI 10.2307/3802909 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 421LV UT WOS:000168066600014 ER PT J AU Huber, HR Jeffries, SJ Brown, RF DeLong, RL VanBlaricom, G AF Huber, HR Jeffries, SJ Brown, RF DeLong, RL VanBlaricom, G TI Correcting aerial survey counts of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in Washington and Oregon SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE harbor seal; Phoca vitulina richardsi; census methods; population estimate; aerial survey; radio-tagging; correction factor ID SAN-MIGUEL-ISLAND; COMMON SEAL; CALIFORNIA; MOVEMENTS; PATTERNS AB Aerial surveys of harbor seals on land produce only a minimum assessment of the population; a correction factor to account for the missing animals is necessary to estimate total abundance. In 1991 and 1992, VHF radio tags were deployed on harbor seals (n = 124) at six sites in Washington and Oregon. During aerial surveys a correction factor to account for seals in the water was determined from the proportion of radio-tagged seals on shore during the pupping season. This proportion ranged from 0.54 to 0.74. Among the six sites there was no significant difference in the proportion of animals on shore nor was there a difference in age/sex categories of seals on shore between sites. The pooled correction factor for determining total population abundance was 1.53. An additional 32 seals were radio tagged in 1993 at one of the sites used in 1991. Comparing data from the two years we found no interannual variation. Aerial surveys of all known harbor haul-out sites in Washington (n = 319) and Oregon (n = 68) were flown during the peak of the pupping season, 1991-1993. The Washington and Oregon harbor seal population was divided into two stocks based on pupping phenology, morphometics, and genetics. Mean counts for the Washington inland stock were 8,710 in 1991, 9,018 in 1992, and 10,092 in 1993 Oregon and Washington coastal stock mean counts were 18,363 in 1991, 18,556 in 1992, and 17,762 in 1993. Multiplying the annual count by the correction factor yielded estimates of harbor seal abundance in the Washington inland stock of 13,326 (95% CI = 11,637-15,259) for 1991, 13,798 (95% CI = 11,980-15,890) for 1992, and 15,440 (95% CI = 13,382-17,814) for 1993. In the Oregon and Washington coastal stock the corrected estimate of harbor seal abundance was 28,094 (95% CI = 24,697-31,960) in 1991, 28,391 (95% CI = 24,847-32,440) for 1992, and 27,175 (95% CI = 23,879-30,926) for 1993. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Tacoma, WA 98498 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Wildlife Divers Program, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Washington Cooperat Fis & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Huber, HR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way,NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 41 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 12 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2001 VL 17 IS 2 BP 276 EP 293 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01271.x PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 415JT UT WOS:000167718700004 ER PT J AU Laidre, KL Jameson, RJ DeMaster, DP AF Laidre, KL Jameson, RJ DeMaster, DP TI An estimation of carrying capacity for sea otters along the California coast SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE southern sea otter; Enhydra lutris nereis; carrying capacity; GIS; California ID PATTERNS AB Carrying capacity (K) for the California sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) was estimated as a product of the density of sea otters at equilibrium within a portion of their existing range and the total area of available habitat. Equilibrium densities were determined using the number of sea otters observed during spring surveys in 1994, 1995, and 1996 in each of three habitat types where sea otters currently exist. Potential sea otter habitat was defined as from the California coastline to the 40-m isobath and classified as rocky, sandy, or mixed habitat according to the amount of kelp and rocky substrate in the area. The amount of habitat available to sea otters in California was estimated using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program. The estimated mean number of sea otters that could be supported by the marine environment to a depth of 40 m in California was 15,941 (95% CI 13,538-18,577). The GIS-based approach incorporated detailed bathymetric contours, produced repeatable and accurate estimates, and served as an innovative method of measuring sea otter habitat. We believe the approach described in this paper represents the best available information on how a sea otter population at equilibrium would be distributed along the California coast. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Laidre, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 18 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2001 VL 17 IS 2 BP 294 EP 309 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01272.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 415JT UT WOS:000167718700005 ER PT J AU Lance, BK Irons, DB Kendall, SJ McDonald, LL AF Lance, BK Irons, DB Kendall, SJ McDonald, LL TI An evaluation of marine bird population trends following the Exxon valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE oil spill; marine birds; long-term; population trends; Prince William Sound; Alaska ID BLACK OYSTERCATCHERS; REGIME SHIFT; PERSISTENCE; SEABIRDS; RECRUITMENT; GUILLEMOTS; DECLINES; SURVIVAL; BEACHES; PACIFIC AB We examined post-spill trends (1989-1998) of marine bird populations in Prince William Sound (PWS) following the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) to evaluate recovery of injured taxa. Two criteria were employed. First, we examined population trends of injured tars only in the oiled area of PWS using regression models, Second, we examined population trends of injured taxa in the oiled area relative to the unoiled area using homogeneity of the slopes tests. We considered a population recovering if there was a positive trend using either criteria, we considered a population not recovering if there was no trend using either criteria or a negative trend in the oiled area. A significant negative trend in the oiled area relative to the unoiled area was considered a continuing and increasing effect. Most taxa for which injury was previously demonstrated were not recovering and some taxa showed evidence of increasing effects nine years after the oil spill, Four taxa (loons Gavia spp, Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus, Bufflehead Bucephala spp, and North-western Crow Corvus caurinus) showed weak to very weak evidence of recovery, None of these taxa showed positive trends in both winter and summer, Nine taxa (grebes Podiceps spp, cormorants Phalacrocorax spp, Black Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani, Mew Gull Larus canus, Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens, terns Sterna spp, murres Uvia spp, Pigeon Guillemot Cepplus columba, and murrelets Brachyramphus spp) showed no evidence of recover) during summer or winter. Four taxa (scoters Melanitta spp, mergansers Mergus spp, golden-eyes Bucephala spp, and Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla) showed evidence of continuing, increasing effects. We showed evidence of slow recovery, lack of recovery, and divergent population trends in many taxa which utilize shoreline and nearshore habitats where oil is likely to persist. Potential lingering spill effects and natural variability appeal to be acting in concert in delaying recovery of many PWS bird populations, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. West Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 66 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 2001 VL 42 IS 4 BP 298 EP 309 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00155-7 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 430JT UT WOS:000168571300018 PM 11381751 ER PT J AU King, TL Kalinowski, ST Schill, WB Spidle, AP Lubinski, BA AF King, TL Kalinowski, ST Schill, WB Spidle, AP Lubinski, BA TI Population structure of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): a range-wide perspective from microsatellite DNA variation SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogeography; fisheries management; microsatellite; phylogeography; population genetics; Salmonidae ID GENETIC-VARIATION; NORTH-AMERICAN; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; PHYLOGENETIC TREES; PROTEIN VARIATION; HATCHERY STOCKS; RIVER; DIVERSITY; IRELAND AB Atlantic salmon (n = 1682) from 27 anadromous river populations and two nonanadromous strains ranging from south-central Maine, USA to northern Spain were genotyped at 12 microsatellite DNA loci. This suite of moderate to highly polymorphic loci revealed 266 alleles (5-37/locus) range-wide. Statistically significant allelic and genotypic heterogeneity was observed across loci between all but one pairwise comparison. Significant isolation by distance was found within and between North American and European populations, indicating reduced gene flow at all geographical scales examined. North American Atlantic salmon populations had fewer alleles, fewer unique alleles (though at a higher frequency) and a shallower phylogenetic structure than European Atlantic salmon populations. We believe these characteristics result from the differing glacial histories of the two continents, as the North American range of Atlantic salmon was glaciated more recently and more uniformly than the European range. Genotypic assignment tests based on maximum-likelihood provided 100% correct classification to continent of origin and averaged nearly 83% correct classification to province of origin across continents. This multilocus method, which may be enhanced with. additional polymorphic loci, provides fishery managers the highest degree of correct assignment to management unit of any technique currently available. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Johnson Control World Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP King, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RI Kalinowski, Steven/A-7607-2008; OI Schill, William/0000-0002-9217-984X NR 64 TC 160 Z9 166 U1 3 U2 28 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 807 EP 821 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01231.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 428RH UT WOS:000168455500001 PM 11348491 ER PT J AU Young, WP Ostberg, CO Keim, P Thorgaard, GH AF Young, WP Ostberg, CO Keim, P Thorgaard, GH TI Genetic characterization of hybridization and introgression between anadromous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) and coastal cutthroat trout (O-clarki clarki) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFLP; genetic markers; interspecific hybridization; Oncorhynchus clarki clarki; Oncorhynchus mykiss; salmonids ID AFLP MARKERS; HYBRIDS; SALMO; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA; DIVERGENCE; WASHINGTON; DIVERSITY AB Interspecific hybridization represents a dynamic evolutionary phenomenon and major conservation problem in salmonid fishes. In this study we used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers to describe the extent and characterize the pattern of hybridization and introgression between coastal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchals mykiss irideus) and coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki). Hybrid individuals were initially identified using principle coordinate analysis of 133 polymorphic AFLP markers. Subsequent analysis using 23 diagnostic AFLP markers revealed the presence of F-1, rainbow trout backcross, cutthroat trout backcross and later-generation hybrids. mtDNA analysis demonstrated equal numbers of F-1 hybrids with rainbow and cutthroat trout mtDNA indicating reciprocal mating of the parental types. In contrast, rainbow and cutthroat trout backcross hybrids always exhibited the mtDNA from the recurrent parent, indicating a male hybrid mating with a pure female. This study illustrates the usefulness of the AFLP technique for generating large numbers of species diagnostic markers. The pattern of hybridization raises many questions concerning the existence and action of reproductive isolating mechanisms between these two species. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that introgression between anadromous populations of coastal rainbow and coastal cutthroat trout is limited by an environment-dependent reduction in hybrid fitness. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Geol Survey, NW Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Young, WP (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RI Keim, Paul/A-2269-2010 NR 43 TC 79 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 921 EP 930 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01247.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 428RH UT WOS:000168455500011 PM 11348501 ER PT J AU Chen, LY AF Chen, LY TI Cost savings from properly managing endangered species habitats SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE deferred management costs; endangered species; habitat management; invasive exotic species; prescribed burns ID UNITED-STATES AB Needed active habitat management for many endangered species in the United States has often been deferred or neglected, specifically for species threatened by invasive exotic species and fire suppression. For endangered species to recover, the accrued debt of deferred management must be addressed, first by restoring critical habitat and then by continued habitat maintenance. I conducted a survey of management costs for federally listed species endangered by exotic species and fire suppression and compared the cost differences between initial "restoration" control and subsequent maintenance after the threat has been "controlled." Cost estimate analysis (45 cases obtained from contacting over 270 scientists and wildlife managers) indicated that initial control costs are approximately 1.8 to 350 times greater than maintenance costs. Without continued maintenance, these costs may triple in one or more years, depending on the specific threat. In many cases, after initial restoration, continued control is more cost-effective than neglect followed by renewed habitat restoration. In some cases, neglect followed by renewed restoration may be cost-effective, but during this period of neglect, the endangered species may be extirpated. Continued active management on both public and private lands will lead to minimized maintenance costs and the realization of further cost savings. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP Chen, LY (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Endangered Species, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Room 420, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 197 EP 203 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 422VN UT WOS:000168140100010 ER PT J AU Henley, WF Zimmerman, LL Neves, RJ AF Henley, WF Zimmerman, LL Neves, RJ TI Design and evaluation of recirculating water systems for maintenance and propagation of freshwater mussels SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID UNIONIDAE AB A complete system for culturing, rearing, and holding juvenile and adult freshwater mussels (Unionidae) was designed and evaluated for use at hatcheries and research facilities. The system includes air delivery. water conditioning and delivery, algal culturing and automated algal feed delivery, and air-driven water-recirculating units. These systems are appropriate for holding and conditioning adult mussels for spawning, as well as for the grow-out phase of juvenile rearing. In a 41-d trial without water changes in 350-L water-recirculating units, we used 200 adult eastern elliptios Elliptio complanata (average biomass = 1.36 g dry weight/ L): mean values (mg/L) during the trial were 0.02 for NH3, 0.01 for NO2, and 2.7 for NO3. An 8-L mini-recirculating water unit (MRU) also was designed and evaluated for initial culturing of newly metamorphosed juvenile mussels. Survival of juvenile wavy-rayed lamp-mussels Lampsilis fasciola cultured in the MRU was 27.2% at 2 weeks, but this survival was negatively affected by the presence of a predacious flatworm Macrostomum tuba. Survival of the juvenile lamp-mussels through II weeks grow our in the 350-L trough recirculating water unit was 58.8%. We recommend this overall system of holding and rearing adult and juvenile freshwater mussels for use at hatcheries and research facilities because it is effective. low in cost, and easily maintained. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Viriginia Tech Aquaculture Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Henley, WF (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2001 VL 63 IS 2 BP 144 EP 155 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2001)063<0144:DAEORW>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 419JE UT WOS:000167944900009 ER PT J AU Coffman, CJ Nichols, JD Pollock, KH AF Coffman, CJ Nichols, JD Pollock, KH TI Population dynamics of Microtus pennsylvanicus in corridor-linked patches SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID SMALL MAMMAL POPULATIONS; DISPERSING MEADOW VOLES; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; FLUCTUATING POPULATIONS; STATISTICAL-INFERENCE; MOVEMENT CORRIDORS; WILDLIFE CORRIDORS; MODELING SURVIVAL; CONSERVATION AB Corridors have become a key issue in the discussion of conservation planning: however, few empirical data exist on the use of corridors and their effects on population dynamics. The objective of this replicated, population level, capture-re capture experiment on meadow voles was to estimate and compare population characteristics of voles between (1) corridor-linked fragments, (2) isolated or nonlinked fragments, and (3) unfragmented areas. We conducted two field experiments involving 22600 captures of 5700 individuals. In the first, the maintained corridor study, corridors were maintained at the time of fragmentation, and in the second, the constructed corridor study, we constructed corridors between patches that had been fragmented for some period of time. We applied multistate capture-recapture models with the robust design to estimate adult movement and survival rates, population size, temporal variation in population size, recruitment, and juvenile survival rates. Movement rates increased to a greater extent on constructed corridor-linked grids than on the unfragmented or non-linked fragmented grids between the pre- and post-treatment periods. We found significant differences in local survival on the treated (corridor-linked) grids compared to survival on the fragmented and unfragmented grids between the pre- and post-treatment periods. We found no clear pattern of treatment effects on population size or recruitment in either study. However, in both studies, we found that unfragmented grids were more stable than the fragmented grids based on lower temporal variability in population size. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental study demonstrating that corridors constructed between existing fragmented populations can indeed cause increases in movement and associated changes in demography, supporting the use of constructed corridors for this purpose in conservation biology. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Biomath Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Coffman, CJ (reprint author), Vet Adm Med Ctr, HSR&D 152, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC 27705 USA. EM coffman@hsrdaxil2.mc.duke.edu NR 90 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0030-1299 EI 1600-0706 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD APR PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 3 EP 21 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930101.x PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 435UZ UT WOS:000168901700001 ER PT J AU Goldfarb, RJ Groves, DI Gardoll, S AF Goldfarb, RJ Groves, DI Gardoll, S TI Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE orogenic gold; geochronology; Precambrian; Phanerozoic; tectonics ID PILGRIMS-REST GOLDFIELD; BEARING QUARTZ VEINS; ARCHEAN CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; BARBERTON GREENSTONE-BELT; STABLE-ISOTOPE EVIDENCE; EASTERN DHARWAR CRATON; LACHLAN FOLD BELT; U-PB ZIRCON; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; SOUTH-AFRICA AB Orogenic Sold deposits have formed over more than 3 billion years of Earth's history, episodically during the Middle Archean to younger Precambrian, and continuously throughout the Phanerozoic. This class of gold deposit is characteristically associated with deformed and metamorphosed mid-crustal blocks, particularly in spatial association with major crustal structures. A consistent spatial and temporal association with granitoids of a variety of compositions indicates that melts and fluids were both inherent products of thermal events during orogenesis. including placer accumulations, which are commonly intimately associated with this mineral deposit type, recognized production and resources from economic Phanerozoic orogenic-gold deposits are estimated at just over one billion ounces gold. Exclusive of the still-controversial Witwatersrand ores, known Precambrian gold concentrations are about half this amount. The recent increased applicability of global paleo-reconstructions, coupled with improved geochronology from most of the world's major gold camps, allows for an improved understanding of the distribution pattern of orogenic gold in space and time. There are few well-preserved blocks of Middle Archean mid-crustal rocks with gold-favorable, high-strain shear zones in generally low-strain belts. The exception is the Kaapvaal craton where a number of orogenic gold deposits are scattered through the Barberton greenstone belt. A few > 3.0 Ga crustal fragments also contain smaller gold systems in the Ukrainian shield and the Pilbara craton. If the placer model is correct for the Witwatersrand goldfields, then it is possible that an exceptional Middle Archean orogenic-gold lode-system existed in the Kaapvaal craton at one time. The latter half of the Late Archean (ca, 2.8-2.55 Ga) was an extremely favorable period for orogenic gold-vein formation, and resulting ores preserved in mid-crustal rocks contain a high percentage of the world's gold resource. Preserved major goldfields occur in greenstone belts of the Yilgarn craton (e.g., Kalgoorlie), Superior province (e.g., Timmins). Dharwar craton (e.g., Kolar), Zimbabwe craton (e.g., Kwekwe), Slave craton (e.g., Yellowknife), Sao Francisco craton (e.g., Quadrilatero Ferrifero), and Tanzania craton (e.g., Bulyanhulu), with smaller deposits exposed in the Wyoming craton and Fennoscandian shield. Some workers also suggest that the Witwatersrand ores were formed from hydrothermal fluids in this period. The third global episode of orogenic gold-vein formation occurred at ca. 2.1-1.8 Ga, as supracrustal sedimentary rock sequences became as significant hosts as greenstones for the gold ores. Greenstone-sedimentary rock sequences now exposed in interior Australia, northwestern Africa/northern South America, Svecofennia, and the Canadian shield were the focus of Sold veining prior to final Paleoproterozoic cratonization. Many of these areas also contain passive margin sequences in which BIFs provided favorable chemical traps for later gold ores. Widespread gold-forming events included those of the Eburnean orogen in West Africa (e.g., Ashanti); Ubendian orogen in southwest Tanzania; Transamazonian orogen in the Rio Itapicuru greenstone belt of the Sao Francisco craton, west Congo craton, and Guyana shield (e.g., Las Cristinas); Tapajos-Parima orogen on the western side of the Amazonian shield; Trans-Hudson orogen in North America (e.g.. Homestake); Ketalidian orogen in Greenland; and Svecofennian orogen on the southwestern side of the Karelian craton. Where Paleoproterozoic tectonism included deformation of older, intracratonic basins, the resulting ore fluids were anomalously saline and orogenic lodes an notably, in some cases, base metal-rich. Examples include ore-hosting strata of the Transvaal basin in the Kaapvaal craton and the Arunta, Tennant Creek, and Pine Creek inliers of northern Australia. The Mesoproterozoic through Neoproterozoic (1.6 Ga-570 Ma) records almost 1 b.y. of Earth history that lacks unequivocal evidence of significant gold-vein formation. To a large extent, the preserved geological record of this time indicates that this was a period of worldwide major extension, intracontinental rifting, and associated anorogenic magmatism. Some juvenile crust was, nevertheless, added to cratonic margins in this period, particularly during the growth of the Rodinian supercontinent at ca. 1.3-1.0 Ga. Some early Neoproterozoic dates are reported for important orogenic gold ores within the older mobile belts around the southern Siberian platform (e.g., Sukhoi Log), but it is uncertain whether these Sates are correct or, in many cases, are ages of country rocks to the main lodes that may have formed later. Late Neoproterozoic collisions, which define the initial phases of Gondwana formation, mark the onset of the relatively continuous, orogenic gold-vein formation in accretionary terranes that has continued to the Tertiary and probably to the present day. Ore formation first occurred during Pan-African events in the Arabian-Nubian shield, within the Trans-Saharan orogen of western Africa and extending into Brazil's Atlantic shield, within the Brasilia fold belt on the western side of the Sao Francisco craton, and within the Paterson orogen of northwestern Australia. Paleozoic gold formation, accompanying the evolution of Pangea, occurred along the margins of Gondwana and of the continental masses around the closing Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Tn the former trample, orogenic Iodes extend from the Tasman orogenic system of Australia (e.g., Bendigo-Ballarat), to Westland in New Zealand, through Victoria Land in Antarctica, and into southern South America. Early Paleozoic gold-forming Caledonian events in the latter example include those associated with amalgamation of the Kazakstania microcontinent (e.g., Vasil'kovsk) and closure of the Iapetus Ocean between Baltica, Laurentia and Avalonia (e.g., Meguma). Variscan orogenic gold-forming events in the middle to late Paleozoic correlate with subduction-related tectonics along the western length of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Resulting gold ores extend from southern Europe (e.g., in the Iberian Massif, Massif Central, Bohemian Massif), through central Asia (e.g., Muruntau, Kumtor), and into northwest China (e.g., Wulashan). The simultaneous Kazakstania-Euamerica collision led to gold vein emplacement within the Uralian orogen (e.g., Berezosk). Mesozaic break-up of Pangea and development of the Pacific Ocean basin included the establishment of a vast series of circum-Pacific subduction systems. Within terranes on the eastern side of the basin, the subsequent Cordilleran orogen comprised a series of Middle Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous orogenic gold systems extending along the length of the continent (e.g., Mother Lode belt, Bridge River, Klondike, Fairbanks, Nome). A similar convergent tectonic regime across the basin was responsible for immense gold resources in the orogens of the Russian Far East, mainly during the Early Cretaceous (e.g., Natalka, Nezhdaninskoe). Simultaneously, important orogenic gold systems developed within uplifted basement blocks of the northern (e.g., Dongping deposit), eastern (e.g., Jiaodong Peninsula), and southern (e.g., Qinling belt) margins of the Precambrian North China craton. Orogenic gold veining continued in the Alaskan part of the Cordilleran orogen (e.g., Juneau gold belt) through the early Tertiary, and was also associated with Alpine uplift in southern Europe, and strike-slip events during Indo-Asian collision in southeastern Asia, through the middle, and into the late, Tertiary. The important periods of Precambrian orogenic gold-deposit formation, at ca. 2.8-2.55 and 2.1-1.8 Ga, correlate well with episodes of growth of juvenile continental crust. Similar characteristics of the Precambrian orogenic gold ores to those of Phanerozoic age have led to arguments that "Cordilleran-style" plate tectonics were also ultimately responsible for the older lodes. However, the episodic nature of ore formation prior to ca. 650 Ma also su,suggests significant differences in overall tectonic controls. The two broad episodes of Precambrian continental growth, and associated orogenic gold-veining, are presently most commonly explained by major mantle overturning in the hotter early Earth, with associated plumes causing extreme heating at the base of the crust. This subsequently led to massive melting, granitoid emplacement, depleted lower crust and resultant extensive buoyant continental crust. The resulting Late Archean and Paleoproterozoic crustal blocks an large and relatively equi-dimensional stable continental masses. Importantly for mineral resources, such blocks are thermally and geometrically most suitable for the long-term preservation of auriferous mid-crustal orogens, particularly distal to their margins. More than 50% of the exposed Precambrian crust formed between 1.8 and 0.6 Ga, yet these rocks contain few orogenic gold deposits, therefore indicating that mon than volume of preserved crust controls the distribution of these ores. Despite much of this appearing to have been a time of worldwide extension and anorogenic magmatism in cratonic interiors, significant continental growth was still occurring along cratonic margins (e.g., Albany-Fraser and Musgravian orogens in Australia, growth of North America on southern side of Hudsonian craton, collisions on southwestern margin of Amazonian craton. etc.), culminating with the formation of Rodinia by ca. 1.0 Ga. Beginning at the end of the Paleoproterozoic, however, then was a change in crustal growth patterns, such that juvenile crust began to be added as long narrow microcontinents and accretionary complexes around the margins of older cratons. This probably reflects the gradual change from strongly plume-influenced plate tectonics to a less-episodic, more-continuous present-day style of slab subduction and plate tectonics as a more homogeneous, less layered mantle convection evolved. The long and narrow strips of juvenile crust younger than 1.8 Ga would have been relatively susceptible to continual reactivation and reworking during Mesoproterozoic through Phanerozoic collisions, and the high metamorphic-grade of most 1.8-0.6 Ga crustal sequences indicates unroofing of core zones to the orogens. These schist and gneiss sequences would have been beneath the levels of most-productive orogenic gold-vein formation within most orogens. The distribution of orogenic gold ores formed during the last 650 m.y. of Earth history is well-correlated with exposures of the greenschist-facies mobile belts surrounding 1.8 Ga cratonic masses. Reworking of cratonic margins has eroded away most indications of orogenic gold older than ca. 650 Ma in these crustal belts, whereas younger lode systems are especially well preserved from the last 450 m.y. The immense circum-Pacific placer goldfields collectively suggest a short lifespan for many of the lode systems; veins are apparently recycled into the sedimentary rock reservoir within less than or equal to 100-150 m.y. of their initial emplacement if continental margins remain active. Where continent-continent collisions preserved Phanerozoic orogens in a "craton-like" stable continental block (e.g., central Asia) during supercontinent growth, gold lodes (e.g., Muruntau) could be better preserved. The lack of any exposed, large orogenic gold-systems younger than about 55 Ma indicates that, typically, at least 50 m.y, are required before these mid-crustal ores are unroofed and exposed at the Earth's surface. Crown Copyright (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Western Australia, Ctr Global Metallogeny, Dept Geol & Geophys, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. RP US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM goldfarb@usgs.gov NR 388 TC 612 Z9 712 U1 60 U2 311 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 EI 1872-7360 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD APR PY 2001 VL 18 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0169-1368(01)00016-6 PG 75 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 426KJ UT WOS:000168348100001 ER PT J AU Andersen, M Lie, E Derocher, AE Belikov, SE Bernhoft, A Boltunov, AN Garner, GW Skaare, JU Wiig, O AF Andersen, M Lie, E Derocher, AE Belikov, SE Bernhoft, A Boltunov, AN Garner, GW Skaare, JU Wiig, O TI Geographic variation of PCB congeners in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard east to the Chukchi Sea SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLORINATED-HYDROCARBON CONTAMINANTS; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PHOCA-VITULINA; PREDATION; BLUBBER; PATTERNS; BELUGAS; HISPIDA; FOOD AB We present data on geographic variation in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard eastward to the Chukchi Sea. Blood samples from 90 free-living polar bears were collected in 1987-1995. Six PCB congeners, penta to octa chlorinated (PCB-99, -118, -153, -156, -180, -194), were selected for this study. Differences between areas were found in PCB levels and congener patterns. Bears from Franz Josef Land (11,194 ng/g lipid weight) and the Kara Sea (9,412 ng/g 1w) had similar Sigma PCB levels and were higher than all other populations (Svalbard 5,043 ng/g 1w, East Siberian Sea 3,564 ng/g 1w, Chukchi Sea 2,465 ng/g 1w). Svalbard PCB levels were higher than those from the Chukchi Sea. Our results, combined with earlier findings, indicate that polar bears from Franz Josef Land and the Kara Sea have the highest PCB levels in the Arctic. Decreasing trends were seen eastwards and westwards from this region. Of the congeners investigated in the present study, the lower chlorinated PCBs are increasing and the high chlorinated PCBs are decreasing from Svalbard eastward to the Chukchi Sea. Different pollution sources, compound transport patterns and regional prey differences could explain the variation in PCB congener levels and patterns between regions. C1 Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. Natl Vet Inst, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. All Russian Res Inst Nat Conservat, Moscow 113628, Russia. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Norwegian Sch Vet Sci, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Zool Museum, N-0562 Oslo, Norway. RP Andersen, M (reprint author), Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. RI Wiig, Oystein/J-8383-2012; Derocher, Andrew/J-4469-2012 OI Wiig, Oystein/0000-0003-0395-5251; Derocher, Andrew/0000-0002-1104-7774 NR 42 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 24 IS 4 BP 231 EP 238 DI 10.1007/s003000000201 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 466UB UT WOS:000170663600003 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB AF Coplen, TB TI Atomic weights of the elements 1999 SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID EARLY SOLAR-SYSTEM; ABSOLUTE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MOLAR-MASS; HALF-LIVES; METEORITE; URANIUM; VALUES; STANDARD; NUCLIDES AB The biennial review of atomic-weight, A(r)(E), determinations and other cognate data have resulted in changes for the standard atomic weights of the following elements. [GRAPHICS] Presented are updated tables of the standard atomic weights and their uncertainties estimated by combining experimental uncertainties and terrestrial variabilities. In addition, this report again contains an updated table of relative atomic-mass values and half-lives of selected radioisotopes. Changes in the evaluated isotopic abundance values from those published in 1997 are so minor that an updated list will not be published for the year 1999. Many elements have a different isotopic composition in some nonterrestrial materials. Some recent data on parent nuclides that might affect isotopic abundances or atomic-weight values are included in this report for the information of the interested scientific community. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 51 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD APR PY 2001 VL 73 IS 4 BP 667 EP 683 DI 10.1351/pac200173040667 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 447WR UT WOS:000169595900003 ER PT J AU Head, JW Greeley, R Golombek, MP Hartmann, WK Hauber, E Jaumann, R Masson, P Neukum, G Nyquist, LE Carr, MH AF Head, JW Greeley, R Golombek, MP Hartmann, WK Hauber, E Jaumann, R Masson, P Neukum, G Nyquist, LE Carr, MH TI Geological processes and evolution SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR; MARTIAN NORTHERN PLAINS; PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; THARSIS REGION; VALLES MARINERIS; MOLA DATA; TERRESTRIAL ANALOGS; CRATER OBLITERATION; TECTONIC HISTORY AB Geological mapping and establishment of stratigraphic relationships provides an overview of geological processes operating on Mars and how they have varied in time and space. Impact craters and basins shaped the crust in earliest history and as their importance declined, evidence of extensive regional volcanism emerged during the Late Noachian. Regional volcanism characterized the Early Hesperian and subsequent to that time, volcanism was largely centered at Tharsis and Elysium, continuing until the recent geological past. The Tharsis region appears to have been largely constructed by the Late Noachian, and represents a series of tectonic and volcanic centers. Globally distributed structural features representing contraction characterize the middle Hesperian. Water-related processes involve the formation of valley networks in the Late Noachian and into the Hesperian, an ice sheet at the south pole in the middle Hesperian, and outflow channels and possible standing bodies of water in the northern lowlands in the Late Hesperian and into the Amazonian. A significant part of the present water budget occurs in the present geologically young polar layered terrains. In order to establish more firmly rates of processes, we stress the need to improve the calibration of the absolute timescale, which today is based on crater count systems with substantial uncertainties, along with a sampling of rocks of unknown provenance. Sample return from carefully chosen stratigraphic units could calibrate the existing timescale and vastly improve our knowledge of Martian evolution. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. DLR Inst Space Sensor Technol & Planetary Explora, D-12484 Berlin, Germany. Univ Paris 11, F-91405 Orsay, France. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol Studies, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. EM james_head_iii@brown.edu NR 155 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD APR PY 2001 VL 96 IS 1-4 BP 263 EP 292 DI 10.1023/A:1011953424736 PG 30 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 475FC UT WOS:000171150700009 ER PT J AU Masson, P Carr, MH Costard, F Greeley, R Hauber, E Jaumann, R AF Masson, P Carr, MH Costard, F Greeley, R Hauber, E Jaumann, R TI Geomorphologic evidence for liquid water SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID MARTIAN OUTFLOW CHANNELS; ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; GROUND ICE INTERACTIONS; COLD-CLIMATE FEATURES; IMPACT CRATERS; NORTHERN PLAINS; SUBGLACIAL VOLCANISM; EJECTA EMPLACEMENT; ELYSIUM PLANITIA; VALLEY NETWORKS AB Besides Earth, Mars is the only planet with a record of resurfacing processes and environmental circumstances that indicate the past operation of a hydrologic cycle. However the present-day conditions on Mars are far apart of supporting liquid water on the surface. Although the large-scale morphology of the Martian channels and valleys show remarkable similarities with fluid-eroded features on Earth, there are major differences in their size, small-scale morphology, inner channel structure and source regions indicating that the erosion on Mars has its own characteristic genesis and evolution. The different landforms related to fluvial, glacial and periglacial activities, their relations with volcanism, and the chronology of water-related processes, are presented. C1 Univ Paris 11, Equipe Planetol, CRNS, UMR 8616, F-91405 Orsay, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. DLR Inst Space Sensor Technol & Planetary Explora, D-12484 Berlin, Germany. RP Univ Paris 11, Equipe Planetol, CRNS, UMR 8616, Bat 509, F-91405 Orsay, France. EM masson@geol.u-psud.fr NR 220 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD APR PY 2001 VL 96 IS 1-4 BP 333 EP 364 DI 10.1023/A:1011913809715 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 475FC UT WOS:000171150700012 ER PT J AU Langenheim, VE Grow, JA Jachens, RC Dixon, GL Miller, JJ AF Langenheim, VE Grow, JA Jachens, RC Dixon, GL Miller, JJ TI Geophysical constraints on the location and geometry of the Las Vegas Valley Shear Zone, Nevada SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC-REFLECTION DATA; SOUTHERN NEVADA; STRIKE-SLIP; SOUTHEASTERN NEVADA; CLARK-COUNTY; TERTIARY EXTENSION; EASTERN BASIN; RANGE; DESERT; CALIFORNIA AB We model the basin configuration beneath Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, on the basis of gravity, drillhole, and seismic reflection data. We locate and characterize the various strands of the Las Vegas Valley Shear Zone (LVVSZ) by variations in basin thickness beneath the valley. The pre Tertiary bedrock surface is complex, with subbasins buried beneath the flat alluvial surface of the valley. We suggest that these basins are formed from transtensional strain. Subbasins elongated N70(0)W and N50(0)W are interpreted as strike-slip basins. The deepest subbasin is 5 km west of Frenchman Mountain and strikes N40(0)E. This basin probably formed by combined movement on nonparallel strands of the LVVSZ and an earlier episode of normal faulting. The basin thickness map constrains the minimum depth of the inferred detachment fault beneath Las Vegas Valley to at least 4 km. Seismic reflection data do not image a detachment fault in the upper 10 km beneath Las Vegas Valley. Our results also illustrate the utility of gravity in determining basinal structures and providing a three-dimensional perspective in areas with limited seismic reflection control. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Langenheim, VE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 989,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 61 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD APR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 189 EP 209 DI 10.1029/1999TC001159 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 418MM UT WOS:000167896000003 ER PT J AU Cheng, AHD Konikow, LF Ouazar, D AF Cheng, AHD Konikow, LF Ouazar, D TI Special issue of transport in porous media on 'seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers' SO TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Ecole Mohammadia Ingenieurs, Rabat, Morocco. RP Cheng, AHD (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Cheng, Alexander/A-2765-2008 OI Cheng, Alexander/0000-0001-5137-000X NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-3913 J9 TRANSPORT POROUS MED JI Transp. Porous Media PD APR PY 2001 VL 43 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1023/A:1010649105983 PG 2 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 417UZ UT WOS:000167853700001 ER EF