FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Tian, H Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW McGuire, AD Helfrich, J Moore, B Vorosmarty, CJ AF Tian, H Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW McGuire, AD Helfrich, J Moore, B Vorosmarty, CJ TI Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Amazonia; carbon cycle; carbon sink; climate variability; CO2 fertilization; ENSO; seasonality; Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM); tropics ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; SOIL CARBON; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSES; EDDY COVARIANCE; BIOSPHERE MODEL AB 1 The role of undisturbed tropical land ecosystems in the global carbon budget is not well understood. It has been suggested that interannual climate variability can affect the capacity of these ecosystems to store carbon in the short term. In this paper, we use a transient version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to estimate annual carbon storage in undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems during the period 1980-94, and to understand the underlying causes of the year-to-year variations in net carbon storage for this region. 2 We estimate that the total carbon storage in the undisturbed ecosystems of the Amazon Basin in 1980 was 127.6 Pg C, with about 94.3 Pg C in vegetation and 33.3 Pg C in the reactive pool of soil organic carbon. About 83% of the total carbon storage occurred in tropical evergreen forests. Based on our model's results, we estimate that, over the past 15 years, the total carbon storage has increased by 3.1 Pg C (+ 2%), with a 1.9-Pg C (+2%) increase in vegetation carbon and a 1.2-Pg C (+4%) increase in reactive soil organic carbon. The modelled results indicate that the largest relative changes in net carbon storage have occurred in tropical deciduous forests, but that the largest absolute changes in net carbon storage have occurred in the moist and wet forests of the Basin. 3 Our results show that the strength of interannual variations in net carbon storage of undisturbed ecosystems in the Amazon Basin varies from a carbon source of 0.2 Pg C/year to a carbon sink of 0.7 Pg C/year. Precipitation, especially the amount received during the drier months, appears to be a major controller of annual net carbon storage in the Amazon Basin. Our analysis indicates further that changes in precipitation combine with changes in temperature to affect net carbon storage through influencing soil moisture and nutrient availability. 4 On average, our results suggest that the undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems accumulated 0.2 Pg C/year as a result of climate variability and increasing atmospheric CO2 over the study period. This amount is large enough to have compensated for most of the carbon losses associated with tropical deforestation in the Amazon during the same period. 5 Comparisons with empirical data indicate that climate variability and CO2 fertilization explain most of the variation in net carbon storage for the undisturbed ecosystems. Our analyses suggest that assessment of the regional carbon budget in the tropics should be made over at least one cycle of El Nino-Southern Oscillation because of interannual climate variability. Our analyses also suggest that proper scaling of the site-specific and subannual measurements of carbon fluxes to produce Basin-wide flux estimates must take into account seasonal and spatial variations in net carbon storage. C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Tian, H (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Tian, Hanqin/A-6484-2012 OI Tian, Hanqin/0000-0002-1806-4091 NR 75 TC 65 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 25 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4 BP 315 EP 335 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x PG 21 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 349PT UT WOS:000089055400005 ER PT J AU Welch, A AF Welch, A TI Risk-based drinking water standards: A challenge for the hydrologic community SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89701 USA. RP Welch, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 705 N Plaza St,Rm 224,Fed Bldg, Carson City, NV 89701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 481 EP 481 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00234.x PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 356RQ UT WOS:000089456900001 ER PT J AU Paillet, FL AF Paillet, FL TI A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID PERMEABILITY AB A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that systematically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Paillet, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 403, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 10 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 9 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 510 EP 521 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00243.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 356RQ UT WOS:000089456900010 ER PT J AU Gibs, J Szabo, Z Ivahnenko, T Wilde, FD AF Gibs, J Szabo, Z Ivahnenko, T Wilde, FD TI Change in field turbidity and trace element concentrations during well purging SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY SAMPLES; GROUND-WATER; TRANSPORT; SYSTEMS; METALS AB Various physical and chemical properties were monitored sequentially in the field during well purging as indicators of stabilization of the composition of the water in the well. Turbidity was monitored on site during purging of oxic water from three wells with screened intervals open to an unconfined aquifer system in the Coastal Plain of southern New Jersey to determine if stabilization of turbidity is a reliable indicator of the optimum purge time required to collect unbiased trace element samples. Concurrent split (one filtered, one unfiltered) samples collected during purging of the wells were analyzed for concentrations of trace elements so that the relationships between trace element concentrations and turbidity could be compared. Turbidity correlated with the whole water recoverable (WWR) concentration of trace element species, such as iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) in the oxic ground water. Turbidity appeared to be independent of other field-measured characteristics of water such as conductivity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. The WWR concentrations of lead and copper, considered to be hydrophobic, correlated significantly with the sum of the WWR concentration of Fe, Al, and Mn. High values of field-measured turbidity were a key indicator of an overestimate of ambient hydrophobic trace element WWR concentrations. Stabilization of turbidity was a better indicator of stable, unfiltered trace element concentrations than were the other commonly measured field characteristics. At one well, turbidity was a better indicator of stable, filtered trace element concentrations than the other commonly measured field characteristics. As analytical methods for trace elements improve resulting in smaller MRLs (method reporting levels) and better precision, turbidity of ground water at values of less than 10 NTU (nepheiometric turbidity units) will become important in interpreting the significance of both unfiltered and filtered sample results. C1 US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Gibs, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 810 Bear Tavern Rd,Ste 206, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 577 EP 588 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00250.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 356RQ UT WOS:000089456900017 ER PT J AU Welch, AH Westjohn, DB Helsel, DR Wanty, RB AF Welch, AH Westjohn, DB Helsel, DR Wanty, RB TI Arsenic in ground water of the United States: Occurrence and geochemistry SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Review ID CLARK-FORK-RIVER; THIOBACILLUS-FERROOXIDANS; PYRITE OXIDATION; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; DRINKING-WATER; GEOTHERMAL WATERS; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; LEAD ARSENATE; TRACE-METALS; FERRIHYDRITE AB Concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic in ground water vary regionally due to a combination of climate and geology. Although slightly less than half of 30,000 arsenic analyses of ground water in the United States were less than or equal to 1 mu g/L, about 10% exceeded 10 mu g/L. At a broad regional scale, arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 mu g/L appear to be more frequently observed in the western United States than in the eastern half. Arsenic concentrations in ground water of the Appalachian Highlands and the Atlantic Plain generally are very low (less than or equal to 1 mu g/L), Concentrations are somewhat greater in the Interior Plains and the Rocky Mountain System. Investigations of ground water in New England, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin within the last decade suggest that arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 mu g/L are more widespread and common than previously recognized. Arsenic release from iron oxide appears to he the most common cause of widespread arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 mu g/L in ground water. This can occur in response to different geochemical conditions, including release of arsenic to ground water through reaction of iron oxide with either natural or anthropogenic (i.e., petroleum products) organic carbon. Iron oxide also can release arsenic to alkaline ground water, such as that found in some felsic volcanic rocks and alkaline aquifers of the western United States. Sulfide minerals are both a source and sink for arsenic. Geothermal water and high evaporation rates also are associated,vith arsenic concentrations greater than or equal to 10g/L in ground and surface water, particularly in the west. C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. US Geol Survey, WRD, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, WRD, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Welch, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, 333 W Nye Ln, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RI 张, 楠/B-1010-2010 NR 218 TC 422 Z9 435 U1 19 U2 147 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 589 EP 604 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00251.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 356RQ UT WOS:000089456900018 ER PT J AU Thomas, JM McKay, WA Cole, E Landmeyer, JE Bradley, PM AF Thomas, JM McKay, WA Cole, E Landmeyer, JE Bradley, PM TI The fate of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in an aquifer storage and recovery program, Las Vegas, Nevada SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE; CLARK COUNTY; TRANSFORMATIONS; 1-CARBON; VALLEY AB The fate of disinfection byproducts during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is evaluated for aquifers in southern Nevada, Rapid declines of haloacetic acid (HAA) concentrations during ASR, with associated little change in Cl concentration, indicate that HAAs decline primarily by in situ microbial oxidation, Dilution is only a minor contributor to HAA concentration declines during ASR. Trihalomethane (THM) concentrations generally increased during storage of artificial recharge (AR) water and then declined during recovery. The decline of THM concentrations during recovery was primarily from dilution of current season AR water with residual AR water remaining in the aquifer from previous ASR seasons and native ground water. In more recent ASR seasons, for wells with the longest history of ASR, brominated THMs declined during storage and recovery by processes in addition to dilution. These conclusions about THMs are indicated by THM/Cl values and supported by a comparison of measured and model predicted THM concentrations, Geochemical mixing models were constructed using major-ion chemistry of the three end-member waters to calculate predicted THM concentrations. The decline in brominated THM concentrations in addition to that from dilution may result from biotransformation processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. So Nevada Water Author, Las Vegas, NV 89153 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Thomas, JM (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 13 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 605 EP 614 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00252.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 356RQ UT WOS:000089456900019 ER PT J AU Buratti, BJ McConnochie, TH Calkins, SB Hillier, JK Herkenhoff, KE AF Buratti, BJ McConnochie, TH Calkins, SB Hillier, JK Herkenhoff, KE TI Lunar transient phenomena: What do the clementine images reveal? SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE moon, surface; volcanism ID MOON AB Lunar Transient Phenomena (LTP) have been reported for at least 450 years. The events range from bright flashes, to reddish or bluish glows, to obscurations. Gaseous spectra and photometric measurements of the events have been obtained. Several theories have been offered as explanations for LTP, including residual volcanic activity or outgassing, bombardment by energetic particles, and piezoelectric effects. As the first set of digital multispectral images of the entire Moon, the Clementine data offer a unique opportunity to couple inferences of compositional relationships with lunar geomorphology in the regions of LTP. We have selected 11 regions from which numerous reliable historical reports of LTP exist. Our analysis of the Clementine multispectral images shows that many events occur in regions of bright, spectrally reddish deposits, which may be characteristic of volcanic ejecta. The events may be associated with outgassing of volatiles collected in or beneath mare basalt flows, We find that LTP tend to occur near the edges of maria, in agreement with a suggestion originally made by Cameron (1972, Icarus 16, 339-387), and in other regions of crustal weakness. We also find that some of the reported events tend to be in craters with rims of distinctly different (bluer) composition. This compositional difference may result from recent slumping of the rim, accompanied by the appearance of fresher underlying material. In some cases, slumping may be triggered by the release of pockets of volatiles; in turn the slumping events may cause additional pockets of trapped material to be released. There are four instances in which Clementine multispectral images were acquired both before and after an event that was reported by a terrestrial team of amateur astronomers mobilized to observe the Moon during the mapping phase of Clementine. None of these four sets of images shows clear changes that could be attributed to the reported LTP. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Buratti, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 183-501, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JUL PY 2000 VL 146 IS 1 BP 98 EP 117 DI 10.1006/icar.2000.6373 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 329UU UT WOS:000087927500008 ER PT J AU Jester, LL Bozek, MA Helsel, DR Sheldon, SP AF Jester, LL Bozek, MA Helsel, DR Sheldon, SP TI Euhrychiopsis lecontei distribution, abundance, and experimental augmentations for Eurasian watermilfoil control in Wisconsin lakes SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Aquatic-Plant-Management-Society CY JUL 12-15, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE SP Aquat Plant Management Soc DE Myriophyllum spicatum; milfoil weevil; weevil augmentation; biological control ID MYRIOPHYLLUM-SPICATUM; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; WEEVILS; COLEOPTERA; DECLINE; INSECT; AGENT AB The specialist aquatic herbivore Euhrychiopsis lecontei (Dietz) is currently being researched as a potential biological control agent for Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), Our research in Wisconsin focused on 1) determining milfoil weevil distribution across lakes, 2) assessing limnological characteristics associated with their abundance, and 3) evaluating milfoil weevil augmentation as a practical management tool for controlling Eurasian watermilfoil, The geographic distribution of the milfoil weevil is widespread with 49 new records of the weevil among Wisconsin lakes containing Eurasian watermilfoil. Among 31 of the Wisconsin lakes that contained the milfoil weevil, their abundance varied from non-detectable to 2.5 weevils per stem of Eurasian watermilfoil. No whole-lake characteristics and only some milfoil bed characteristics such as the percentage of natural shoreline, the depth and distance of the Eurasian watermilfoil bed from shore, the number of apical tips and the percentage of broken epical tips per stem of Eurasian watermilfoil, were significantly correlated with milfoil weevil abundance. Twelve Wisconsin lakes augmented with one of three different treatment levels of weevils (1, 2 or 1 weevils per Eurasian watermilfoil stem) showed some significant damage to the Eurasian watermilfoil in small study plots at the end of the first treatment season, Additional sampling to assess longterm effects of this augmentation is ongoing. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Wisconsin Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. Wisconson Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53703 USA. Middlebury Coll, Dept Biol, Middlebury, VT 05753 USA. US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI USA. RP Jester, LL (reprint author), Dakota Cty Soil & Water Conservat Dist, 4100 220th St W Suite 102, Farmington, MN 55024 USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 8 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 38 SI SI BP 88 EP 97 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 444TH UT WOS:000169415800004 ER PT J AU Bowers, JE AF Bowers, JE TI Does Ferocactus wislizeni (Cactaceae) have a between-year seed bank? SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE climate; Ferocactus wislizeni; seed banks; germination; seed longevity; Arizona; USA; Sonoran Desert ID GERMINATION; DORMANCY; ECOLOGY; RODENTS; ANTS AB Field and laboratory experiments at Tumamoc Hill, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A., demonstrated that Ferocactus wislizeni, a common perennial cactus in the northern Sonoran Desert, has a between-year seed bank. In laboratory studies, F. wislizeni seeds lost dormancy during storage at room temperature and had a light requirement for germination. Field experiments suggested that as much as 2% of the annual seed crop might escape post-dispersal predation even when unprotected; where suitable safe sites exist, a higher percentage might escape. Germination of seed recovered monthly from above- and below-ground components of an artificial seed bank showed that seeds can survive at least 18 months in and on the soil. Seed banks enable F. wislizeni to take advantage of favorable rains and temperatures throughout the growing season, thus increasing the number of opportunities for germination. Moreover, seed banks enable F. wislizeni to respond hugely when the climate seems especially favorable, thus producing the large cohorts necessary to compensate for high seedling mortality. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Bowers, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1675 W Anklam Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. NR 22 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 197 EP 205 DI 10.1006/jare.2000.0642 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 343PH UT WOS:000088710400002 ER PT J AU Choudhury, A Dick, TA AF Choudhury, A Dick, TA TI Richness and diversity of helminth communities in tropical freshwater fishes: empirical evidence SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE parasites; helminths; communities; richness; diversity; tropics; freshwater fish ID CHIROSTOMA-ATTENUATUM OSTEICHTHYES; METAZOAN PARASITES; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; YUCATAN PENINSULA; LAKE STURGEON; BROOK TROUT; WATER FISH; RIVER AB Aim Published information on the richness and diversity of helminth parasite communities in tropical freshwater fishes is reviewed in response to expectations of species-rich parasite communities in tropical regions. Location Areas covered include the tropics and some subtropical areas. In addition, the north temperate area of the nearctic zone is included for comparison. Methods Data from 159 communities in 118 species of tropical freshwater fish, summarized from 46 published studies, were used for this review. Parasite community descriptors used in the analyses included component community richness and calculated mean species richness. Data from 130 communities in 47 species of nearctic north temperate freshwater fish were summarized from 31 studies and used for comparison. Results The component helminth communities of many tropical freshwater fish are species-poor, and considerable proportions of fish from certain parts of the tropics, e.g. West African drainages, are uninfected or lightly infected. Mean helminth species richness was low and equaled or exceeded 2.0 in only 22 of 114 communities. No single group of helminths was identified as a dominant component of the fauna and species composition was variable among and within broader geographical areas. The richest enteric helminth assemblages were found in mochokid and clariid catfish with a mixed carnivorous diet, whereas algal feeders, herbivores and detritivores generally had species-poor gut helminth communities. Comparisons indicated that certain areas in the north temperate region had higher helminth species richness in fishes than areas in the tropics. Main conclusions Expectations of high species richness in helminth communities of tropical freshwater fishes are not fulfilled by the data. Direct comparisons of infracommunities and component communities in host species across widely separated phylogenetic and geographical lines are inappropriate. Examination of latitudinal differences in richness of monophyletic parasite groups or of compound communities may uncover patterns different from those found in this study. Richness of helminth communities may be ultimately determined not by the number of host species present but by the degree of divergence of host lineages and by their diversification modes. A phylogenetic framework for hosts and parasites will reveal ii increased host species richness within host clades, when host speciation is accompanied by habitat or diet specialization, or both, leads to lower helminth diversity in host species by fragmentation of a core helminth fauna characteristic or specific of the larger host clade. This pattern may be analysed in the context of cospeciation and acquisition from other unrelated hosts (host-sharing or host-switching). C1 USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Manitoba, Dept Zool, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. RP Choudhury, A (reprint author), USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 134 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 27 IS 4 BP 935 EP 956 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00450.x PG 22 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 392EW UT WOS:000166398800012 ER PT J AU He, HS Mladenoff, DJ Sickley, TA Guntenspergen, GG AF He, HS Mladenoff, DJ Sickley, TA Guntenspergen, GG TI GIS interpolations of witness tree records (1839-1866) for northern Wisconsin at multiple scales SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE presettlement; witness tree; GLO record; GIS interpolation; spatial resolution; forest landscape; Wisconsin ID PRE-EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; VEGETATION PATTERNS; PRESETTLEMENT; SITE AB To construct forest landscape of pre-European settlement periods, we developed a GIS interpolation approach to convert witness tree records of the U.S. General Land Office (GLO) survey from point to polygon data, which better described continuously distributed vegetation. The witness tree records (1839-1866) were processed for a 3-million ha landscape in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A. at different scales. We provided implications of processing results at each scale. Compared with traditional GLO mapping that has fixed mapping scales and generalized classifications, our approach allows presettlement forest landscapes to be analysed at the individual species level and reconstructed under various classifications. We calculated vegetation indices including relative density, dominance, and importance value for each species, and quantitatively described the possible outcomes when GLO records are analysed at three different scales (resolution). The 1 x 1-section resolution preserved spatial information but derived the most conservative estimates of species distributions measured in percentage area, which increased at coarser resolutions. Such increases under the 2 x 2-section resolution were in the order of three to four times for the least common species, two to three times for the medium to most common species, and one to two times for the most common or highly contagious species. We marred the distributions of hemlock and sugar maple from the pre-European settlement period based on their witness tree locations and reconstructed presettlement forest landscapes based on species importance values derived for all species. The results provide a unique basis to further study land cover changes occurring after European settlement. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP He, HS (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, 203 ABNR Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. OI He, Hong S./0000-0002-3983-2512 NR 35 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1031 EP 1042 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00444.x PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 392EW UT WOS:000166398800019 ER PT J AU Gao, S Tanji, KK Peters, DW Herbel, MJ AF Gao, S Tanji, KK Peters, DW Herbel, MJ TI Water selenium speciation and sediment fractionation in a California flow-through wetland system SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; KESTERSON RESERVOIR; CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS; IRRIGATION; TRANSFORMATIONS; CONTAMINATION; ABSORPTION; EXTRACTS; DRAINAGE; REMOVAL AB A now-through wetland system was established in the Tulare Lake Drainage District (TLDD) in California to determine if selenium (Se) from saline irrigation drainage can be removed prior to impoundment in evaporation basins to reduce potential toxicity to waterbirds. The objective of this research was to evaluate Se speciation, accumulation, and fractionation in the waters and sediments of the newly developed wetland system. The inlet,vater was dominated by selenate [Se(VI), 92%], with smaller percentages of selenite [Se(IV), 5%] and organic Se [org-Se(-II), 3%]. For the outflow water, the average percentage of Se(VI) was 72% in November 1997 and 59% in February 1999. This change may be due to an increase in either residence time and/or accumulation of organic detrital matter, which may enhance Se(VI) reduction processes. Selenium accumulation, transformation, and incorporation with the solid phase were all intensified in the surface sediment (<20 cm). The highest total Se concentrations in the sediments were found in the top 5 cm and concentrations dramatically decreased with depth. Elemental Se [Se(0)], as extracted by Na2SO3 was the largest fraction (average of 46%) of the total sediment Se, followed by organic matter-associated Se (OR I-Se) extracted by NaOH (average of 34%). Soluble, adsorbed, and carbonate-associated Se, as extracted by KCI, K2HPO4 (pH 8.0), and NaOAc (pH 5.0), were about 3, 10, and 3% of the total sediment Se, respectively. After establishing the wetland for 2 yr, significant Se removal from the flowing water was observed. The major sink mechanisms in the sediment are reduction to Se(0) and immobilization into the organic phase. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. UC Hansen Agr Learning Ctr, Santa Paula, CA 93060 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Gao, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Schneider, Larissa/C-9863-2012 NR 41 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1275 EP 1283 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WY UT WOS:000089412600032 ER PT J AU Dutro, JT AF Dutro, JT TI Presentation of the paleontological Society Medal to Arthur J. Boucot SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Dutro, JT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 74 IS 4 BP 754 EP 755 PG 2 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 328HH UT WOS:000087844300016 ER PT J AU Plant, J Smith, D Smith, B Williams, L AF Plant, J Smith, D Smith, B Williams, L TI Environmental geochemistry at the global scale SO JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE environmental geology; geochemistry; development; medical geology; databases ID GEOLOGICAL-SURVEYS; BIOAVAILABILITY; ALUMINUM; LEAD AB Land degradation and pollution caused by population pressure and economic development pose a threat to the sustainability of the Earth's surface, especially in tropical regions where a long history of chemical weathering has made the surface environment particularly fragile. Systematic baseline geochemical data provide a means of monitoring the state of the environment and identifying problem areas. Regional surveys have already been carried out in some countries, and with increased national and international funding they can be extended to cover the rest of the land surface of the globe. Preparations have been made, under the auspices of the IUGS, for the establishment of just such an integrated global database. C1 British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GR, Notts, England. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Plant, J (reprint author), British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GR, Notts, England. NR 66 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH, AVON, ENGLAND BA1 3JN SN 0016-7649 J9 J GEOL SOC LONDON JI J. Geol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 157 BP 837 EP 849 PN 4 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 328GW UT WOS:000087842900014 ER PT J AU O'Connor, PJ Covich, AP Scatena, FN Loope, LL AF O'Connor, PJ Covich, AP Scatena, FN Loope, LL TI Non-indigenous bamboo along headwater streams of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: leaf fall, aquatic leaf decay and patterns of invasion SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bamboo; Bambusa spp.; biological invasion; leaf decay; leaf fall; non-indigenous; Puerto Rico; riparian; Syzygium jambos; tropical headwater streams ID MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; LITTER DYNAMICS; HURRICANE HUGO; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; MATTER DYNAMICS; SUBTROPICAL WET; NET PRODUCTION; FOREST STREAM; RAIN-FORESTS; DRY TROPICS AB The introduction of bamboo to montane rain forests of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico in the 1930s and 1940s has led to present-day bamboo monocultures in numerous riparian areas. When a non-native species invades a riparian ecosystem, in-stream detritivores can be affected. Bamboo dynamics expected to influence stream communities in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) were examined. Based on current distributions, bamboo has spread downstream at a rate of 8 m y(-1). Mean growth rate of bamboo culms was 15.3 cm d(-1) Leaf fall from bamboo stands exceeded that of native mixed-species forest by c. 30% over a 10-mo study. Bamboo leaves (k = -0.021), and leaves from another abundant riparian exotic, Syzygium jambos (Myrtaceae) (k = -0.018), decayed at relatively slow rates when submerged in streams in fine-mesh bags which excluded macro-invertebrate leaf processors. In a second study, with leaf processors present, bamboo decay rates remained unchanged (k = -0.021), while decay rates of S. jambos increased (k = -0.037). Elemental losses from bamboo leaves in streams were rapid, further suggesting a change in riparian zone / stream dynamics following bamboo invasion. As non-indigenous bamboos spread along Puerto Rico streams, they are likely to alter aquatic communities dependent on leaf input. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, IITF, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Haleakala Field Stn, Makawao, HI 96768 USA. RP O'Connor, PJ (reprint author), Natl Pk Amer Samoa, Pago Pago, AS 96799 USA. NR 54 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0266-4674 J9 J TROP ECOL JI J. Trop. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 16 BP 499 EP 516 DI 10.1017/S0266467400001541 PN 4 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 349KB UT WOS:000089043300002 ER PT J AU Voight, B Sukhyar, R Wirakusumah, AD AF Voight, B Sukhyar, R Wirakusumah, AD TI Introduction to the special issue on Merapi Volcano SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. Secretary Directorate Gen Geol & Mineral Resource, Jakarta, Indonesia. Volcanol Survey Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia. RP Voight, B (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00131-1 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 336QY UT WOS:000088315500005 ER PT J AU Newhall, CG Bronto, S Alloway, B Banks, NG Bahar, I del Marmol, MA Hadisantono, RD Holcomb, RT McGeehin, J Miksic, JN Rubin, M Sayudi, SD Sukhyar, R Andreastuti, S Tilling, RI Torley, R Trimble, D Wirakusumah, AD AF Newhall, CG Bronto, S Alloway, B Banks, NG Bahar, I del Marmol, MA Hadisantono, RD Holcomb, RT McGeehin, J Miksic, JN Rubin, M Sayudi, SD Sukhyar, R Andreastuti, S Tilling, RI Torley, R Trimble, D Wirakusumah, AD TI 10,000 Years of explosive eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java: archaeological and modern implications SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Merapi Volcano; radiocarbon dating; eruptions; archaeology ID INDONESIA AB Stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating of pyroclastic deposits at Merapi Volcano, Central Java, reveals similar to 10,000 years of explosive eruptions, Highlights include: (1) Construction of an Old Merapi stratovolcano to the height of the present cone or slightly higher. Our oldest age for an explosive eruption is 9630 +/- 60 C-14 y B.P.; construction of Old Merapi certainly began earlier. (2) Collapse(s) of Old Merapi that left a somma rim high on its eastern slope and sent one or more debris avalanche(s) down its southern and western flanks. Impoundment of Kali Progo to form an early Lake Borobudur at similar to 3400 C-14 y B.P. hints at a possible early collapse of Merapi. The latest somma-forming collapse occurred similar to 1900 C-14 Y B.P. The current cone, New Merapi, began to grow soon thereafter. (3) Several large and many small Buddhist and Hindu temples were constructed in Central Java between 732 and similar to 900 A.D. (roughly, 1400-1000 C-14 y B.P.). Explosive Merapi eruptions occurred before, during and after temple construction. Some temples were destroyed and (or) buried soon after their construction, and we suspect that this destruction contributed to an abrupt shift of power and organized society to East Java in 928 A.D. Other temples sites, though, were occupied by "caretakers" for several centuries longer. (4) A partial collapse of New Merapi occurred <1130 +/- 50 C-14 y B.P. Eruptions similar to 700-800 C-14 y B.P. (12-14th century A.D,) deposited ash on the floors of (still-occupied?) Candi Sambisari and Candi Kedulan. We speculate but cannot prove that these eruptions were triggered by (the same?) partial collapse of New Merapi, and that the eruptions, in turn, ended "caretaker" occupation at Candi Sambisari and Candi Kedulan, A new or raised Lake Borobudur also existed during part or all of the 12-14th centuries, probably impounded by deposits from Merapi. (5) Relatively benign lava-dome extrusion and dome-collapse pyroclastic hows have dominated activity of the 20th century, but explosive eruptions much larger than any of this century have occurred many times during Merapi's history, most recently during the 19th century. Are the relatively small eruptions of the 20th century a new style of open-vent, less hazardous activity that will persist for thp foreseeable future? Or, alternatively, are they merely low-level "background" activity that could be interrupted upon relatively short notice by much larger explosive eruptions? The geologic record suggests the latter, which would place several hundred thousand people at risk. We know of no reliable method to forecast when an explosive eruption will interrupt the present interval of low-level activity. This conclusion has important implications for hazard evaluation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Volcanol Survey Indonesia, Bandung, W Java, Indonesia. Univ Auckland, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Gadjah Mada Univ, Yogyakarta, India. RP Newhall, CG (reprint author), Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Dept Geol Sci, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 75 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1-4 BP 9 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00132-3 PG 42 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 336QY UT WOS:000088315500006 ER PT J AU Casadevall, TJ AF Casadevall, TJ TI Special issue - Merapi Volcano - Foreword SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1-4 BP XIII EP XIV DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00130-X PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 336QY UT WOS:000088315500004 ER PT J AU Voight, B Constantine, EK Siswowidjoyo, S Torley, R AF Voight, B Constantine, EK Siswowidjoyo, S Torley, R TI Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE Merapi Volcano; Java; lava dome eruption; nuees ardentes; pyroclastic flows; dome-collapse; fountain-collapse; volcanic earthquakes; eruption precursors; hazard mitigation ID TRANSPORT; SULFUR AB Information on Merapi eruptive activity is scattered and much is remotely located. A concise and well-documented summary of this activity has been long needed to assist researchers and hazard-mitigation efforts, and the aim of this paper is to synthesize information fi om the mid-1700s to the present. A descriptive chronology is given, with an abbreviated chronology in a table that summarizes events by year, assigns preliminary Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ratings and Hartmann classifications, and provides key references. The history of volcano monitoring is also outlined. The study reveals that a major difference in eruption style exists between the twentieth and nineteenth centuries, although the periodicity between larger events seems about the same. During the twentieth century, activity has comprised mainly the effusive growth of viscous lava domes and lava tongues, with occasional gravitational collapses of parts of oversteepened domes to produce the nuees ardentes-commonly defined as "Merapi-type". In the 1800s, however, explosive eruptions of relatively large size occurred (to VEl 4), and some associated "fountain-collapse'' nuees ardentes were larger and farther reaching than any produced in the twentieth century. These events may also be regarded as typical eruptions for Merapi. The nineteenth century activity is consistent with the long-term pattern of one relatively large event every one or two centuries, based on the long-term eruptive record deduced by others from volcanic stratigraphy. It is uncertain whether or not a "recurrence-time'' model continues to apply to Merapi, but if so, Merapi could soon be due for another large event and its occurrence with only modest (or inadequately appreciated) precursors could lead to a disaster unprecedented in Merapi's history because the area around the volcano is now much more densely populated. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. Volcanol Survey Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia. Univ Oregon, Dept Geol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Voight, B (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 111 TC 127 Z9 128 U1 4 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1-4 BP 69 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00134-7 PG 70 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 336QY UT WOS:000088315500008 ER PT J AU Young, KD Voight, B Subandriyo Sajiman Miswanto Casadevall, TJ AF Young, KD Voight, B Subandriyo Sajiman Miswanto Casadevall, TJ TI Ground deformation at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: distance changes, June 1988-October 1995 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Merapi volcano; ground deformation; electronic distance measurements AB Edifice deformations are reported here for the period 1988-1995 at Merapi volcano, one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes in Indonesia. The study period includes a major resumption in lava effusion in January 1992 and a major dome collapse in November 1994. The data comprise electronic distance measurements (EDM) on a summit trilateration network, slope distance changes measured to the upper flanks, and other data collected from 1988 to 1995. A major consequence of this study is the documentation of a significant 4-year period of deformation precursory to the 1992 eruption. Cross-crater strain rates accelerated from less than 3 x 10(-6)/day between 1988 and 1990 to more than 11 x 10(-6)/day just prior to the January 1992 activity, representing a general, asymmetric extension of the summit during high-level conduit pressurization. After the vent opened and effusion of lava resumed, strain occurred at a much-reduced rate of less than 2 x 10(-6)/day. EDM measurements between lower flank benchmarks and the upper edifice indicate displacements as great as 1 tn per year over the four years before the 1992 eruption. The Gendol breach, a pronounced depression formed by the juxtaposition of old lava coulees on the southeast Rank, functioned as a major displacement discontinuity. Since 1993, movements have generally not exceeded the 95% confidence limits of the summit network. Exceptions to this include 12 cm outward movement for the northwest crater rim in 1992-1993, probably from loading by newly erupted dome lava, and movements as much as 7 cm on the south flank between November 1994 and September 1995. No short-term precursors were noted before the November 1994 lava dome collapse, but long-term adjustments of crater geometry accompanied lava dome growth in 1994. Short-term 2-cm deflation of the edifice occurred following the November 1994 dome collapse. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Balai Penyelidikan Dan Pengembangan Teknol Kegunu, Direktorat Vulkanol, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia. USA, Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Young, KD (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 40 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1-4 BP 233 EP 259 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00139-6 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 336QY UT WOS:000088315500013 ER PT J AU Voight, B Young, KD Hidayat, D Subandrio Purbawinata, MA Ratdomopurbo, A Suharna Panut Sayudi, DS LaHusen, R Marso, J Murray, TL Dejean, M Iguchi, M Ishihara, K AF Voight, B Young, KD Hidayat, D Subandrio Purbawinata, MA Ratdomopurbo, A Suharna Panut Sayudi, DS LaHusen, R Marso, J Murray, TL Dejean, M Iguchi, M Ishihara, K TI Deformation and seismic precursors to dome-collapse and fountain-collapse nuees ardentes at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia, 1994-1998 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Merapi; lava dome eruption; nuees ardentes; pyroclastic flows; dome-collapse; fountain-collapse; volcanic earthquakes; eruption precursors; eruption forecasting; hazard mitigation AB Following the eruption of January 1992, episodes of lava dome growth accompanied by generation of dome-collapse nuees ardentes occurred in 1991-1998. In addition, nuees ardentes were generated by fountain-collapse in January 1997, and the 1998 events also suggest an explosive component. Significant tilt and seismic precursors on varying time scales preceded these events. Deformation about the summit has been detected by electronic tiltmeters since November 1992, with inflation corresponding generally to lava dome growth, and deflation (or decreased inflation) corresponding to loss of dome mass. Strong short-term (days to weeks) accelerations in tilt rate and seismicity occurred prior to the major nuees ardentes episodes, apart from those of 22 November 1993 which were preceded by steadily increasing tilt fur over 200 days but lacked short-term precursors. Because of the combination of populated hazardous areas and the lack of an issued warning, about 100 casualties occurred in 1994. In contrast, the strong precursors in 1997 and 1998 provided advance warning to observatory scientists, enabled the stepped raising of alert levels, and aided hazard management. As a result of these factors, but also the fortunate fact that the large nuees ardentes did not quite descend into populated areas, no casualties occurred. The nuee ardente episode of 1993 is interpreted as purely due to gravitational collapse, whereas those of 1997 and 1998 were influenced by gas-pressurization of the lava dome. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Balai Penyelidikan Dan Pengembangan Teknol Kegunu, Direktorat Vulkanol, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Kyoto Univ, Sakurajima Volcanol Observ, Kyoto, Japan. RP Voight, B (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 24 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1-4 BP 261 EP 287 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00140-2 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 336QY UT WOS:000088315500014 ER PT J AU Brodscholl, A Kirbani, SB Voight, B AF Brodscholl, A Kirbani, SB Voight, B TI Sequential dome-collapse nuees ardentes analyzed from broadband seismic data, Merapi Volcano, Indonesia SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Merapi volcano; sequential dome-collapse; broadband seismic data AB During the sequential dome collapse of Merapi Volcano on 22 November 1994, a broadband seismic station on the western slope was the only operational seismic equipment that provided continuous on-scale recording of the event. According to visual and seismic observations, the collapse activity lasted about 10 h. We divide the activity into two phases: (I) a period with fluctuating but generally increasing seismic activity associated with 24 moderate to large dome-collapse nuees ardentes, lasting about 40 min and culminating with the largest event at 10:54 tall times reported as local time): and (II) activity from 11.42 until 20:00 described by scattered clusters of individual rockfalls and 20 nuees ardentes. The broadband data were evaluated using the assumption that avalanches with the same source areas and descent paths exhibit a linear relation between source volume and recorded seismic-amplitude envelope area. A result of the analysis is the determination of the volume of selected individual events. From the field surveys, the total volume of the collapsed dome lava is 2.6 Mm(3). Discounting the volumetric influence of rockfalls, the average size of the 44 nuees ardentes is therefore about 60,000 m(3). The largest collapse event at 10:54 is estimated to involve 260,000 m3, based on an analysis of the seismicity. The remaining 23 phase I events averaged 60,000 m(3), with the total volume of all phase I events accounting for 63% of the unstable dome. The 20 phase II events comprised 37% of the total volume and averaged 47,000 m(3). The methods described here can be gut to practical use in real-time monitoring situations. Broadband data were essential in this study primarily because of the wide dynamic range. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Gadjah Mada Univ, Geophys Lab, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascade Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. RP Brodscholl, A (reprint author), Gadjah Mada Univ, Geophys Lab, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1-4 BP 363 EP 369 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00145-1 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 336QY UT WOS:000088315500019 ER PT J AU Voight, B Davis, MJ AF Voight, B Davis, MJ TI Emplacement temperatures of the November 22, 1994 nuee ardente deposits, Merapi Volcano, Java SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE emplacement temperature; Merapi volcano; nuee ardente AB A study of emplacement temperatures was carried out fur the largest of the 22 November 1993 nuee ardente deposits at Merapi Volcano. based mainly on the response of plastic and woody materials subjected to the hot pyroclastic current and the deposits, and to some extent on eyewitness observations. The study emphasizes the Turgo-Kaliurang area in the distal part of the area affected by the nuee ardente, where nearly 100 casualties occurred. The term nuee ardente as used here includes channeled block-and-ash Rows, and associated ash-clouds of surge and fallout origins. The emplacement temperature of the 8 m thick channeled block-and-ash deposit was relatively high, similar to 550 degrees C, based mainly on eyewitness reports of visual thermal radiance. Emplacement temperatures for ash-cloud deposits a few cm thick were deduced from polymer objects collected at Turgo and Kaliurang. Most polymers do not display a sharp melting range, but polyethylene terephthalate used in water bottles melts between 245 and 265 degrees C, and parts of the bottles that had been deformed during fabrication molding turn a milky color at 200 degrees C. The experimental evidence suggests that deposits in the Turgo area briefly achieved a maximum temperature near 300 degrees C, whereas those near Kaliurang were <200 degrees C. Maximum ash deposit temperatures occurred in fallout with a local source in the channeled block-and-ash Row of the Boyong river valley; the surge deposit was cooler (similar to 180 degrees C) due to entrainment of cool air and soils, and tree singe-zone temperatures were around 100 degrees C. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Sandia Corp, Albuquerque, NM USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volvano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Voight, B (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1-4 BP 371 EP 377 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00146-3 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 336QY UT WOS:000088315500020 ER PT J AU Lavigne, F Thouret, JC Voight, B Young, K LaHusen, R Marso, J Suwa, H Sumaryono, A Sayudi, DS Dejean, M AF Lavigne, F Thouret, JC Voight, B Young, K LaHusen, R Marso, J Suwa, H Sumaryono, A Sayudi, DS Dejean, M TI Instrumental lahar monitoring at Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lahar; Merapi Vulcano; instrumental monitoring; warning system ID SEISMOLOGICAL ASPECTS; REDOUBT VOLCANO; ALASKA; RSAM AB More than 50 volcanic debris flows or lahars were generated around Mt Merapi during the first rainy season following the nuees ardentes of 22 November 1991. The rainfalls that triggered the lahars were analyzed, using such instruments as weather radar and telemetered rain gauges. Lahar dynamics were also monitored, using new non-contact detection instrumentation installed on the slopes, of the volcano. These devices include real-time seismic amplitude measurement (RSAM), seismic spectral amplitude measurement (SSAM) and acoustic flow monitoring (AFM) systems. Calibration of the various systems was accomplished by field measurements of flow velocities and discharge, contemporaneously with instrumental monitoring. The 1994-1995 lahars were relatively short events, their duration in the Boyong river commonly ranging between 30 min and 1 h 30 min. The great majority (90%) of the lahars was recognized at Kaliurang village between 13:00 and 17:30 h, due to the predominance of afternoon rainfalls. The observed mean velocity of lahar fronts ranged between 1.1 and 3.4 mis, whereas the peak velocity of the Flows varied from 11 to 15 m/s, under the Gardu Pandang Viewpoint location at Kaliurang, to 8-10 m/s at a section 500 m downstream from this site. River slopes vary from 28 to 22 m/km at the two sites. Peak discharges recorded in various events ranged from 33 to 360 m(3)/s, with the maximum value of peal; discharge 360 m(3)/s, on 20 May 1995. To improve the lahar warning system along Boyong river, some instrumental thresholds were proposed: large and potentially hazardous lahars may be detected by RSAM units exceeding 400, SSAM units exceeding 80 on the highest frequency band, or AFM values greater than 1500 mV on the low-gain, broad-band setting. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CNRS, UMR 8591, Lab Geog Phys, F-92190 Meudon, France. Univ Blaise Pascal, UMR 6524, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Kyoto Univ, Disaster Prevent Res Inst, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan. Minist Publ Works, Sabo Tech Ctr, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Merapi Volcano Observ, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. RP Lavigne, F (reprint author), CNRS, UMR 8591, Lab Geog Phys, 1 Pl Aristide Briand, F-92190 Meudon, France. NR 33 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 100 IS 1-4 BP 457 EP 478 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00151-7 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 336QY UT WOS:000088315500025 ER PT J AU Rocke, TE Samuel, MD Swift, PK Yarris, GS AF Rocke, TE Samuel, MD Swift, PK Yarris, GS TI Efficacy of a type C botulism vaccine in green-winged teal SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Anas crecca; avian botulism; Clostridium botulinum type C; green-winged teal; vaccination AB We tested the efficacy of a single dose of Botumink(R) toroid for protecting wild green-winged teal (Anas crecca) during botulism epizootics caused by Clostridium botulinum type C. We challenged control and immunized ducks with four different doses of type C botulinum toxin to determine the LD50 for this species and to evaluate vaccine protection. Fewer immunized ducks were affected with botulism than control ducks, indicating that a single dose of Botumink(R) toroid could increase the survival of ducks during epizootics. However, the frequency of immunized ducks with signs of botulism increased with the challenge dose of botulinum toxin. Even at doses of botulinum toxin approximately 2 to 4 green-winged teal LD50, about 50% of the immunized ducks were affected. We believe an improved vaccine or a better delivery system is required to justify immunization of wild birds for experimental survival studies. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Wildlife Invest Lab, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 USA. Calif Waterfowl Assoc, Sacramento, CA 95834 USA. RP Rocke, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 36 IS 3 BP 489 EP 493 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 340XA UT WOS:000088560500010 PM 10941734 ER PT J AU Gipson, PS Ballard, WB Nowak, RM Mech, LD AF Gipson, PS Ballard, WB Nowak, RM Mech, LD TI Accuracy and precision of estimating age of gray wolves by tooth wear SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE age estimation; Canis lupus; tooth wear; wolf ID NORTH-AMERICAN WOLVES; CEMENTUM AB We evaluated the accuracy and precision of tooth wear for aging gray wolves (Canis lupus) from Alaska, Minnesota, and Ontario based on 47 known-age or known-minimum-age skulls. Estimates of age using tooth wear and a commercial cementum annuli-aging service were useful for wolves up to 14 years old. The precision of estimates from cementum annuli was greater than estimates from tooth wear, but tooth wear estimates are more applicable in the field. We tended to overestimate age by 1-2 years and occasionally by 3 or 4 years. The commercial service aged young wolves with cementum annuli to within +/- 1 year of actual age, but under estimated ages of wolves greater than or equal to 9 years old by 1-3 years. No differences were detected in tooth wear patterns for wild wolves from Alaska, Minnesota, and Ontario, nor between captive and wild wolves. Tooth wear was not appropriate for aging wolves with an underbite that prevented normal wear or severely broken and missing teeth. C1 Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Gipson, PS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Biol, Leisure Hall,Room 205, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 16 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 752 EP 758 DI 10.2307/3802745 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 333WL UT WOS:000088153700014 ER PT J AU Baker, BW Stanley, TR Plumb, GE AF Baker, BW Stanley, TR Plumb, GE TI Nest predation on black-tailed prairie dog colonies SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE artificial nest; avian fitness; experimental nest; Cynomys leucurus; Cynomys ludovicianus; ground-nesting birds; habitat fragmentation; mixed-grass prairie; shrub-steppe; South Dakota; white-tailed prairie dog; Wyoming ID MESOPREDATOR RELEASE; ARTIFICIAL NEST; FRAGMENTATION; CONSEQUENCES; VEGETATION; PATTERNS; SUCCESS; SITES AB Nest predation is the principal cause of mortality for many grassland birds. Predation rates may be higher on prairie dog colonies because they may have less available nesting cover and may increase predator abundance. We compared 14-day nest predation rates for 1,764 artificial nests on 102 black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies and their paired off-colony sites (similar habitat lacking prairie dogs) from 14 May to 26 June 1998 in South Dakota and Wyoming. Predation rates on colonies (66.2 +/- 2.2%; (x) over bar +/- SE) were 29.5% higher than at off-colony sites (51.1 +/- 2.7%). Nesting cover on colonies was less dense and more uniform in structure and regression analysis showed differences in nest predation rates were correlated with estimates of mean nesting cover. Avian species associated with prairie dog colonies had smaller clutches and more broods/year than species associated with off-colony sites, suggesting a mechanism that may help compensate for increased risk of nest failure. Factors that influence predator-prey dynamics (e-g., habitat fragmentation) or foraging success (e.g., insect availability) also may help explain higher risk of nest predation on prairie dog colonies. Our conclusions support others in recommending protection of large, intact prairie dog ecosystems. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Badlands Natl Pk, Interior, SD 57750 USA. RP Baker, BW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 776 EP 784 DI 10.2307/3802748 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 333WL UT WOS:000088153700017 ER PT J AU Laubhan, MK Gammonley, JH AF Laubhan, MK Gammonley, JH TI Density and foraging habitat selection of waterbirds breeding in the San Luis Valley of Colorado SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE American avocet; cinnamon teal; foraging; gadwall; habitat selection; killdeer; mallard; redhead; San Luis Valley; white-faced ibis; Wilson's phalarope ID PREFERENCE; POPULATIONS; VEGETATION; PATTERN AB We determined density and foraging habitat selection of American avocet (Recurvirostra americana), killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), Wilson's phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor), cinnamon teal (Anas cyanoptera), gadwall (A. strepera), mallard (A. platyrhynchos), redhead (Aythya americana), and white-faced ibis (Plegadis chihi) during prenesting and nesting on a wetland complex in the San Luis Valley, Colorado from 15 April to 4 July 1995 and 1996. Selection patterns differed among species and between the prenesting and nesting periods for cinnamon teal and redheads. Most species preferred seasonally flooded basins with no emergent vegetation and wetlands with short (<40 cm) emergent vegetation compared to other available habitats. The results suggest that, for each of these species, biologically meaningful differences occur among foraging habitats at the spatial resolution we measured. Because we used water depth to control for differences in habitat availability for individual species, we speculate that differences in food abundance. vegetation structure and composition, and behavioral strategies during the breeding season collectively influence selection of foraging habitats. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Laubhan, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 58 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 808 EP 819 DI 10.2307/3802751 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 333WL UT WOS:000088153700020 ER PT J AU Sovada, MA Zicus, MC Greenwood, RJ Rave, DP Newton, WE Woodward, RO Beiser, JA AF Sovada, MA Zicus, MC Greenwood, RJ Rave, DP Newton, WE Woodward, RO Beiser, JA TI Relationships of habitat patch size to predator community and survival of duck nests SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Conservation Reserve Program; habitat patch size; mammalian predators; nest success; Prairie Pothole Region; upland-nesting ducks ID PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; CONSERVATION-RESERVE-PROGRAM; NORTH-DAKOTA; RED FOXES; SUCCESS; WATERFOWL; COYOTES AB We studied duck nest success and predator community composition in relation to size of discrete patches of nesting cover in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of die United Slates in 1993-95. We focused on nests in uplands that were seeded to perennial grasses and forbs and enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. We estimated daily survival rates (DSRs) of upland duck nests and indices of activity for red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans), American badgers (Taxidea taxus), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and Franklin's ground squirrels (Spermophilus franklinii), and related these variables to habitat patch size, The effect of patch size (small vs. large) on estimated annual mean DSR was dependent on date of nest initiation (early vs. late) and year. Examination of within-year comparisons for early and late nests suggested that DSR was generally greater in larger habitat patches. Activity indices for the 5 mammalian nest predators were influenced differently by year, location, and patch size. Activity indices of the red fox were greatest in small patches. Coyote indices were the most inconsistent, demonstrating a year x location x patch size interaction. Activity indices of the striped skunk and American badger varied only among years. Franklin's ground squirrel indices were affected by study area location, with higher indices in the southeast than the northwest. Red fox activity was weakly correlated with that of the striped skunk and coyote. Although a positive relationship between habitat patch size and nest success probably exists, we believe the experiment to fully test this hypothesis will continue to be elusive. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Wetland Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, Bemidji, MN 56601 USA. RP Sovada, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM Marsha_Sovada@usgs.gov NR 54 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 820 EP 831 DI 10.2307/3802752 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 333WL UT WOS:000088153700021 ER PT J AU Petrie, MJ Drobney, RD Sears, DT AF Petrie, MJ Drobney, RD Sears, DT TI Mallard and black duck breeding parameters in New Brunswick: A test of the reproductive rate hypothesis SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas rubripes; Anas platyrhynchos; black duck; clutch size; duckling survival; female survival; hen success; mallard; recruitment; reproductive success ID SYMPATRIC FEMALE MALLARDS; FORESTED ENVIRONMENT; INCREASING MALLARDS; NEST SUCCESS; HABITAT USE; SURVIVAL; MANAGEMENT; BROODS AB Divergent population trends of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and black ducks (Anus rubripes) in eastern North America have been attributed to differences in reproductive rates. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared breeding parameters of radiomarked mallards and black ducks in an agricultural environment in midwestern New Brunswick. No differences in clutch size, nest success, hen success, duckling survival, or hen survival were detected during the breeding season. Reproductive success of both species appeared to be at or above the level needed to maintain population size. These results support a growing body of evidence that mallards are not more productive than black ducks in agricultural or forested environments. Moreover, earlier studies indicate no difference in annual survival rates between the 2 species. Given the failure of this and other studies to detect differences in vital rates of the 2 species, divergent population trends of mallards and black ducks present somewhat of a paradox. We hypothesize that differences in the population status of mallards and black ducks are the result of differences in breeding propensity that may arise from competition for breeding resources. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Petrie, MJ (reprint author), Inst Wetland & Waterfowl Res, Ducks Unltd, 1 Waterfowl Way, Memphis, TN 38120 USA. NR 41 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 832 EP 838 DI 10.2307/3802753 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 333WL UT WOS:000088153700022 ER PT J AU Esler, D Schmutz, JA Jarvis, RL Mulcahy, DM AF Esler, D Schmutz, JA Jarvis, RL Mulcahy, DM TI Winter survival of adult female harlequin ducks in relation to history of contamination by the Exxon valdez oil spill SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; ecotoxicity; Exxon Valdez; harlequin duck; Histrionicus histrionicus; oil contamination; population; recovery; survival; telemetry ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; RADIO TRANSMITTERS; RADIOTELEMETRY; CANVASBACKS; ASSUMPTIONS; POLLUTION; PETROLEUM; ALASKA AB Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) life-history characteristics make their populations particularly vulnerable to perturbations during nonbreeding periods. The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill was a major perturbation to nonbreeding habitats of harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska, which resulted in population injury. To assess the status of population recovery from the oil spill and to evaluate factors potentially constraining full recovery, we used radiotelemetry to examine survival of adult female harlequin ducks during winters of 1995-96, 1996-97, and 1997-98. We implanted 294 harlequin ducks (154 and 140 in oiled and unoiled areas, respectively) with transmitters and tracked their signals from aircraft during October through March. We examined variation in survival rates relative to area and season (early, mid, and late winter) through comparisons of models using Akaike's information criterion (AIC(c)) values. The 3 models best supported by the data indicated that survival of birds in oiled areas was lower than in unoiled areas. Inclusion of standardized body mass during wing molt in the 3 best models did not improve their fit, indicating that body mass during wing molt did not affect subsequent wister survival. In the model that best fit our data, survival was high in early winter for both areas, lower during mid and late winter seasons, and lowest in oiled areas during mid winter. Cumulative winter survival estimated from this model was 78.0% (SE = 3.3%) in oiled areas and 83.7% (SE = 2.9%) in unoiled areas. We determined that area differences in survival were more likely related to oiling history than intrinsic geographic differences. Based on a demographic model, area differences in survival offer a likely mechanism for observed declines in populations on oiled areas. Concurrent studies indicated that harlequin ducks continued to be exposed to residual Exxon Valdez oil as much as 9 years after the spill. We suggest that oil exposure, mortality, and population dynamics were linked and conclude that continued effects of the oil spill likely restricted recovery of harlequin duck populations through at least 1998. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Esler, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 45 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 26 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 839 EP 847 DI 10.2307/3802754 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 333WL UT WOS:000088153700023 ER PT J AU Pearce, JM Pierson, BJ Talbot, SL Derksen, DV Kraege, D Scribner, KT AF Pearce, JM Pierson, BJ Talbot, SL Derksen, DV Kraege, D Scribner, KT TI A genetic evaluation of morphology used to identify harvested Canada geese SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Branta canadensis; dusky Canada goose; genetic stock identification; morphological discrimination; harvest management ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; BRANTA-CANADENSIS; BLACK BRANT; POPULATIONS; DIFFERENTIATION; GROWTH; GOOSE; EVOLUTION; SEX AB Using maximum likelihood estimators (in genetic stock identification), we used genetic markers to evaluate the utility of 2 morphological measures (culmen length and plumage color) to correctly identify groups of hunter-harvested dusky (Branta canadensis occidentalis) and dusky-like Canada geese on the wintering grounds within the Pacific Flyway. Significant levels of genetic differentiation were observed across all sampled breeding sites for both nuclear microsatellite loci and mtDNA when analyzed at the sequence level. The ability to discriminate among geese from these sites using genetic markers was further demonstrated using computer simulations. We estimated contributions from the Copper River Delta, the primary breeding area of dusky Canada geese, to groups of hunter-harvested geese classified as dusky Canada geese on the basis of morphology as 50.6 +/- 10.1(SE)% for females and 50.3 +/- 13.0% for males. We also estimated that 16 +/- 8.1% of females classified as dusky Canada geese on the basis of morphology originated from Middleton Island, Alaska; a locale currently managed as a subpopulation of dusky Canada geese, even though the majority of geese from this area possess a unique mtDNA haplotype not found on the Copper River Delta. The use of culmen length and plumage color to identify the origin of breeding populations in the harvest provides conservative criteria for management of dusky Canada geese as individuals of other breeding populations are misassigned as dusky Canada geese and birds of the lighter-plumaged dusky-like group did not appear to originate from breeding sites of the dusky Canada goose. Our analyses demonstrate that genetic markers can accurately estimate the proportion of genetically differentiated areas that comprise an admired group, but they also raise questions about the management scale of Pacific Flyway Canada geese (e.g., at the subspecies or breeding population level) and the use of morphological and genetic characteristics to monitor the harvest of different populations within admired wintering Rocks. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Washington Dept Fis & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Pearce, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 46 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 863 EP 874 DI 10.2307/3802757 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 333WL UT WOS:000088153700026 ER PT J AU Palmisano, AN Winton, JR Dickhoff, WW AF Palmisano, AN Winton, JR Dickhoff, WW TI Tissue-specific induction of Hsp90 mRNA and plasma cortisol response in Chinook salmon following heat shock, seawater challenge, and handling challenge SO MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chinook salmon; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; heat shock; Hsp90 mRNA; cortisol; handling stress ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; COHO SALMON; PROTEIN; STRESS; TSHAWYTSCHA; EXPRESSION; VERTEBRATE; XENOPUS AB In studying the whole-body response of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to various stressors, we found that 5-hour exposure to elevated temperature (mean 21.6 degrees C; + 10.6 degrees C over ambient) induced a marked increase in Hsp90 messenger RNA accumulation in heart, brain, gill, muscle, liver, kidney, and tail fin tissues. The most vital tissues (heart, brain, gill, and muscle) showed the greatest Hsp90-mRNA response, with heart tissue increasing approximately 35-fold. Heat shock induced no increase in plasma cortisol. In contrast, a standard handling challenge induced high plasma cortisol levels, but no elevation in Hsp90 mRNA in any tissue, clearly separating the physiological and cellular stress responses. We saw no increase either in tissue Hsp90 mRNA levels or in plasma cortisol concentrations after exposing the fish to seawater overnight. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Palmisano, AN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 38 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1436-2228 J9 MAR BIOTECHNOL JI Mar. Biotechnol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 2 IS 4 BP 329 EP 338 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 346AW UT WOS:000088848800004 ER PT J AU Papoulias, DM Noltie, DB Tillitt, DE AF Papoulias, DM Noltie, DB Tillitt, DE TI Effects of methyl testosterone exposure on sexual differentiation in medaka, Oryzias latipes SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th international Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 10) CY APR 25-29, 1999 CL COLL WILLIAM & MARY, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA HO COLL WILLIAM & MARY DE methyl testosterone; medaka; sex-reversal; sexual differentiation AB Studies were conducted to characterize effects of a known androgen on sexual differentiation and development of medaka, Oryzias latipes (d-rR strain), at two life stages. Embryos were injected with graded doses of methyl testosterone (MT) prior to epiboly. The occurrence of sex-reversal, and the gonadosomatic index (GSI) were evaluated in adults. Primary germ cells were counted and gonad Volumes calculated for larvae to determine if sex-reversal could be detected at an early life stage. Sex-reversal of genetic females to phenotypic males was observed at both life stages. The GSI for phenotypic females was greater than for phenotypic males, while the GSI in XX males was similar to XY males. MT appeared to reduce the GSI of XX females exposed to MT but not sex-reversed. Our results indicate that embryonic exposure to androgens influences sexual development in medaka. Utilizing the d-rR strain of medaka allows detection of an effect as early as 2 weeks after chemical exposure making this a useful tool to screen chemicals for effects on sexual differentiation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Papoulias, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 5 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUL-DEC PY 2000 VL 50 IS 1-5 BP 181 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00076-3 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 376ZG UT WOS:000165486700031 PM 11460688 ER PT J AU Harshbarger, JC Coffey, MJ Young, MY AF Harshbarger, JC Coffey, MJ Young, MY TI Intersexes in Mississippi River shovelnose sturgeon sampled below Saint Louis, Missouri, USA SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th international Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 10) CY APR 25-29, 1999 CL COLL WILLIAM & MARY, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA HO COLL WILLIAM & MARY DE sturgeon; intersex; hermaphroditism; organochlorines; Mississippi River AB The Missouri Department of Conservation detected high organochlorine levels in tissues of fish from the Mississippi River south of Saint Louis. Chlordane, which is both a carcinogen and an endocrine disrupter, reached 2960 mug/kg in fillets of shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platyorynchus, and 1926 mug/kg in their roe, wet weight basis. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in roe have reached 5810 and 780 mug/kg, respectively. The purpose of this study was to determine if endocrine disrupters and carcinogens are a potential cause of the significantly diminished reproduction capacity and population declines in the endangered pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus. Twenty-four surrogate shovelnose sturgeons were sampled north of Saint Louis where contaminant levels were lower compared with 17 sampled south of Saint Louis where contaminant levels were high. Liver and gonad tissues were formalin-fixed, histologically processed and examined. Neoplasms were not found. The principal finding was that the testes of two of the seven downstream male fish contained ovigerous lamellae, in addition to mature sperm. Since sturgeons are gonochoristic and intersexes are rare and unusual, the occurrence of intersex in 29% of the male Mississippi River shovelnose sturgeon examined from a population contaminated with chlordane and other chemicals raise concern for human health, species biodiversity and preservation of waterway quality. These findings, however, need to be corroborated by expanded studies with a higher sample size. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Registry Tumors Lower Anim, Washington, DC 20037 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, Rock Island, IL 61201 USA. RP Harshbarger, JC (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Registry Tumors Lower Anim, Washington, DC 20037 USA. OI Goforth, Reuben/0000-0001-6891-3146 NR 7 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUL-DEC PY 2000 VL 50 IS 1-5 BP 247 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00055-6 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 376ZG UT WOS:000165486700040 PM 11460698 ER PT J AU Schuenemeyer, JH Power, HC AF Schuenemeyer, JH Power, HC TI Uncertainty estimation for resource assessment - An application to coal SO MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coal bed; spatial statistics; variogram; semivariogram; geological assurance ID VARIOGRAM ESTIMATION AB The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a national assessment of coal resources. As part of that assessment, a geostatistical procedure has been developed to estimate the uncertainty of coal resources for the historical categories of geological assurance: measured, indicated, inferred, and hypothetical coal. Data consist of spatially clustered coal thickness measurements from coal beds and/or zones that cover in some cases, several thousand square kilometers. Our procedure involved trend removal, an examination of spatial correlation, computation of a sample semivariogram, and fitting a semivariogram model. This model provided standard deviations for the uncertainty estimates. The number of sample points (drill holes) in each historical category also aas estimated. Measurement error in the thickness of the coal bed/zone was obtained from the fitted model or supplied exogenously. From this information approximate estimates of uncertainty on the historical categories were completed. We illustrate the methodology using drill hole data from the Harmon coal bed located in southwestern North Dakota. The methodology will be applied to approximately 50 coal data sets. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Geog, US Geol Survey, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Schuenemeyer, JH (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Geog, US Geol Survey, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0882-8121 J9 MATH GEOL JI Math. Geol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 32 IS 5 BP 521 EP 541 DI 10.1023/A:1007519703684 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA 314WY UT WOS:000087081600001 ER PT J AU Alexander, CMO Grossman, JN Wang, J Zanda, B Bourot-Denise, M Hewins, RH AF Alexander, CMO Grossman, JN Wang, J Zanda, B Bourot-Denise, M Hewins, RH TI The lack of potassium-isotopic fractionation in Bishunpur chondrules SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ELEMENT DEPLETION; ORDINARY CHONDRITES; GENETIC-IMPLICATIONS; METAMORPHISM; HISTORY; ORIGIN; COSMOCHEMISTRY; CLASSIFICATION; PRECURSORS; FORSTERITE AB In a search for evidence of evaporation during chondrule formation, the mesostases of 11 Bishunpur chondrules and melt inclusions in olivine phenocrysts in 7 of them have been analyzed for their alkali element abundances and K-isotopic compositions. Except for six points, all areas of the chondrules that were analyzed had delta(41)K compositions that were normal within error (typically +/-3 parts per thousand, 2 sigma). The six "anomalous" points are probably all artifacts. Experiments have shown that free evaporation of K leads to large K-41 enrichments in the evaporation residues, consistent with Rayleigh fractionation. Under Rayleigh conditions, a 3 parts per thousand enrichment in delta(41)K is produced by similar to 12% loss of K. The range of L-chondrite-normalized K/Al ratios (a measure of the K-elemental fractionation) in the areas analyzed vary by almost three orders of magnitude. If all chondrules started out with L-chondrite-like K abundances and the K loss occurred via Rayleigh fractionation, the most K-depleted chondrules would have had compositions of up to delta(41)K approximate to 200 parts per thousand. Clearly, K fractionation did not occur by evaporation under Rayleigh conditions. Yet experiments and modeling indicate that K should have been lost during chondrule formation under currently accepted formation conditions (peak temperature, cooling rate, etc.). Invoking precursors with variable alkali abundances to produce the range of K/Al fractionation in chondrules does not explain the K-isotopic data because any K that was present should still have experienced sufficient loss during melting for there to have been a measurable isotopic fractionation. If K loss and isotopic fractionation was inevitable during chondrule formation, the absence of K-isotopic fractionation in Bishunpur chondrules requires that they exchanged K with an isotopically normal reservoir during or after formation. There is evidence for alkali exchange between chondrules and rim-matrix in all unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. However, melt inclusions can have alkali abundances that are much lower than the mesostases of the host chondrules, which suggests that they at least remained closed since formation. If it is correct that some or all melt inclusions remained closed since formation, the absence of K-isotopic fractionation in them requires that the K-isotopic exchange took place during chondrule formation, which would probably require gas-chondrule exchange. Potassium evaporated from fine-grained dust and chondrules during chondrule formation may have produced sufficient K-vapor pressure for gas-chondrule isotopic exchange to be complete on the timescales of chondrule formation. Alternatively, our understanding of chondrule formation conditions based on synthesis experiments needs some reevaluation. C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Museum Natl Hist Nat, F-7500 Paris, France. RP Alexander, CMO (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RI Alexander, Conel/N-7533-2013; Wang, Jianhua/D-6500-2011 OI Alexander, Conel/0000-0002-8558-1427; Wang, Jianhua/0000-0002-7671-2413 NR 50 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 4 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 35 IS 4 BP 859 EP 868 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 341YC UT WOS:000088617700024 ER PT J AU Pickart, AJ Eicher, AL Bivin, MM Hayler, KF AF Pickart, AJ Eicher, AL Bivin, MM Hayler, KF TI Changes in a metapopulation of the endangered Humboldt Bay wallflower (Erysimum menziesii [Hook.] Wettst. ssp eurekense RA Price) in relation to disease incidence and management SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE coastal dune management; disease; endangered species; Erysimum menziesii ssp eurekense; population sampling AB The Humboldt Bay wallflower (Erysimum menziesii [Hook.] Wettst. ssp. eurekense R.A. Price) is an endangered mustard endemic to the dunes of Humboldt Bay, California, USA. The North Spit Humboldt Bay metapopulation was surveyed in 1988 to obtain estimates of plant stage and population size, reproductive rate, and percentage of individuals expressing symptoms of white crucifer rust (Albugo candida [Pers.] O. Kuntze), a key mortality factor for the species. Separate estimates were also made for geographically disjunct subpopulations. We repeated this sampling program in 1997 to measure changes in these estimates over a nine-year period. The metapopulation increased in number of plants by 42% overall, but the increase was not uniform among subpopulations. A subpopulation within the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's Endangered Plant Protection Area declined by 32%, while the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Lanphere Dunes South Hollow subpopulation increased by over 1000%. The decrease in population size at BLM site was due to a decline in plant density rather than a range contraction, and was accompanied by unusual reproductive rates (high in 1988 and low in 1997). The increase in size at the Fish and Wildlife Service site was due to the expansion of the population into previously unoccupied habitat, rather than an increase in density. Mean plant size is to some degree a function of reproductive rate of the population, and the 1997 reproductive rate for the overall population was similar to the 1988 rate. Overall, incidence of white crucifer rust disease declined from 16% to 6%. Expression of disease symptoms was directional, increasing from south to north, while changes in population size were not. The data suggest that population health, as indicated by changes in the total number of plants between 1988 and 1997, was influenced by the initial condition of the habitat in 1988 and by management over the period of the study. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Humboldt Cty Dept Publ Works, Nat Resources Div, Eureka, CA 95501 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Pickart, AJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 6800 Lanphere Rd, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 234 EP 242 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 334RC UT WOS:000088198600004 ER PT J AU Mohler, JW King, MK Farrell, PR AF Mohler, JW King, MK Farrell, PR TI Growth and survival of first-feeding and fingerling Atlantic sturgeon under culture conditions SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID TRIALS AB We performed rearing studies with first-feeding fry and fingerling Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus produced from streamside spawning of wild Hudson River adults. In all, 20,000 larvae were reared in 54-L circular tanks at initial densities of 3.7-29.6 fish/L (0.06-0.52 g/L). At the onset of exogenous feeding, diet treatments included live brine shrimp Artemia sp., frozen brine shrimp, or commercially formulated Biokyowa B-250. At the end of the 26-d study, all treatments but two had survival greater than 93%. Mean specific growth rate (SGR) was inversely proportional to fish density. Fish fed frozen brine shrimp were smaller but had equivalent survival to those fed live brine shrimp. Atlantic sturgeon converted to formulated feed with less than 25% mortality at mean total length and weight of 34.5 mm and 0.18 g in 20-26 d at initial stocking densities of 7.4 fish/L or less. A subsequent study was performed with fingerlings at densities of 0.37-2.22 g/L. These fingerlings were offered Zeigler sturgeon diet at 3% body weight daily. After 28 d, mortality ranged from 4.7% to 13.0%. Atlantic sturgeon from all treatments were similar in weight and total length. Our study showed that first-feeding Atlantic sturgeon under conditions of artificial rearing require low initial stocking densities and 20-26 d of a continuous supply of live brine shrimp to achieve a minimum size necessary for successful conversion to formulated feed. Fingerling Atlantic sturgeon that convert to formulated feed can be stocked at initial densities up to 2.22 g/L and reared for 28 d with resulting feed conversion ratios of 0.50 or better and at least 90% survival. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. RP Mohler, JW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, POB 75, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 62 IS 3 BP 174 EP 183 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2000)062<0174:GASOFF>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 340QU UT WOS:000088546700003 ER PT J AU Gibson, TG Bybell, LM Mason, DB AF Gibson, TG Bybell, LM Mason, DB TI Stratigraphic and climatic implications of clay mineral changes around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary of the northeastern US margin SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 26-29, 1998 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Geol Soc Amer DE kaolinite; Paleocene; Eocene ID BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL EXTINCTION; EOCENE BOUNDARY; OCEANIC SEDIMENTS; COASTAL-PLAIN; BIGHORN BASIN; EVOLUTION; PALEOGENE; RECORDS; EVENTS; MARINE AB Kaolinite usually is present in relatively small amounts in most upper Paleocene and lower Eocene neritic deposits of the northern US Atlantic Coastal Plain. However, there is a short period (less than 200,000 k.y.) in the latest Paleocene (upper part of calcareous nannoplankton Zone NP 9) when kaolinite-dominated clay mineral suites replaced the usual illite/smectite-dominated suites. During this time of global biotic and lithologic changes, kaolinite increased from less than 5% of the clay mineral suite to peak proportions of 50-60% of the suite and then returned to less than 5% in uppermost Paleocene/lowermost Eocene strata. This kaolinite pulse is present at numerous localities from southern Virginia to New Jersey. These sites represent both inner and middle neritic depositional environments and reflect input from several river drainage systems. Thus, it is inferred that kaolinite-rich source areas were widespread in the northeastern US during the latest Paleocene. Erosion of these source areas contributed the kaolinite that was transported and widely dispersed into shelf environments of the Salisbury embayment. The kaolinite increase, which occurred during a time of relatively high sea level, probably is the result of intensified weathering due to increased temperature and precipitation. The southern extent of the kaolinite pulse is uncertain in that uppermost Paleocene beds have not been identified in the southern Atlantic Coastal Plain. The late Paleocene kaolinite pulse that consists of an increase to peak kaolinite levels followed by a decrease can be used for detailed correlation between more upbasin and more downbasin sections in the Salisbury embayment. Correlations show that more upbasin Paleocene/ Eocene boundary sections are erosionally truncated. They have varying portions of the kaolinite increase and, if present at all, discontinuous portions of the subsequent kaolinite decrease. As these truncated sections are disconformably overlain by lower Eocene strata, rapid erosional removal of large parts of the most kaolinite-rich PIE boundary clay deposits occurred by early Eocene time. Erosion of the kaolinite-rich P/E boundary beds was enhanced during times of sea-level fall when kaolinite-rich sediments were redeposited to produce kaolinite spikes in basal beds of lower and middle Eocene sequences that have little or no kaolinite elsewhere in the sequence. In contrast, more downbasin sites document only the upper, decreasing part of the kaolinite pulse. The absence of strata documenting the earlier kaolinite increase is attributed to slow sedimentation (condensed interval) as a result of a significant sea level rise that ponded most sediments in shallower waters, combined with the probable subsequent erosional removal of these thin downbasin deposits by oceanic currents. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Gibson, TG (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 93 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 134 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00014-2 PG 28 WC Geology SC Geology GA 341YG UT WOS:000088618100007 ER PT J AU Namjesnik-Dejanovic, K Maurice, PA Aiken, GR Cabaniss, S Chin, YP Pullin, MJ AF Namjesnik-Dejanovic, K Maurice, PA Aiken, GR Cabaniss, S Chin, YP Pullin, MJ TI Adsorption and fractionation of a muck fulvic acid on kaolinite and goethite at pH 3.7, 6, and 8 SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fulvic acid; kaolinite; goethite; adsorption ID AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; POLYACRYLIC-ACID; WATER INTERFACE; SURFACE-CHARGE; NATURAL-WATERS; IRON-OXIDES AB Molecular weight (MW) of humic materials is a key factor controlling proton and metal binding and organic pollutant partitioning. Several studies have suggested preferential adsorption of higher MLW, more aromatic moieties to mineral surfaces; quantification of such processes is fundamental to development of predictive models, We used high pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) to quantify MW changes upon adsorption of a muck fulvic acid (MFA) extracted from a peat deposit to kaolinite and goethite, at pH 3.7, 6, and 8 at 22 degrees C, I = 0.01 (NaCl), 24-h reaction time. MFA adsorption affinity was greater for goethite than for kaolinite, At concentrations less than the adsorption maximum (A(max)) for both adsorbents, the weight-average MW (M(w)) of MFA remaining in solution decreased by as much as several hundred Daltons relative to control samples, indicating preferential adsorption of the higher MW components, At concentrations more than A(max), M(w) of MFA in solution did not change appreciably, Although total adsorption decreased significantly as pH increased, fractionation as measured by change in M(w) remained similar, perhaps indicating greater selectivity for higher MW components at higher pH, Absorptivities at lambda = 280 nm normalized to mg C L(-1) (epsilon) suggested preferential adsorption of more aromatic moieties to kaolinite, epsilon could not be used for goethite-reacted samples because high Fe concentrations in the aqueous phase brought about by goethite dissolution interfered with the spectroscopic analysis, Preliminary kinetic experiments suggested that smaller molecules adsorbed first and were replaced by larger molecules whose adsorption was thermodynamically favored. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. US Geol Survey, WRD, Boulder, CO USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Maurice, PA (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM pmau-rice@nd.edu NR 69 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 28 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 165 IS 7 BP 545 EP 559 DI 10.1097/00010694-200007000-00003 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 341CZ UT WOS:000088574600003 ER PT J AU Congleton, JL LaVoie, WJ Schreck, CB Davis, LE AF Congleton, JL LaVoie, WJ Schreck, CB Davis, LE TI Stress indices in migrating juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead of wild and hatchery origin before and after barge transportation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COHO ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; RAINBOW-TROUT; ACID-BASE; ADENOSINE-TRIPHOSPHATASE; EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; THYROID-HORMONES; PLASMA-CORTISOL; IMMUNE FUNCTION; COLUMBIA RIVER AB Migrating wild (W) and hatchery-reared (H) chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss juveniles were sampled after loading into fish-transport barges at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River, Washington, and after barge transportation downstream to Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Stress indices (increased plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations and decreased plasma chloride concentrations) were higher (P < 0.001) for chinook salmon sampled during midseason (early to mid-May), when fish loading densities in barges were at seasonal maximums, than were stress indices for those sampled earlier or later. Cortisol concentrations in chinook salmon were correlated with steelhead densities after loading of barges (P < 0.0001, R-2 = 0.41) and after arrival of barges at Bonneville Dam (P < 0.0001, R-2 = 0.65). Cortisol concentrations were not correlated with gill Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase activities, which were higher in W than in H fish of both species. Cortisol concentrations were higher (P < 0.0001 in 1994, P = 0.02 in 1995) in W than in H chinook salmon, and concentrations declined in both groups during barge transportation early and late in the migration season but not during midseason. In contrast, cortisol concentrations were lower (P < 0.001) in W than in H steelhead, were not correlated with steelhead loading densities, and declined in both W and H fish during barge transportation on all sampling dates. Electrolyte disturbances were greater in chinook salmon than in steelhead, but disturbances were similar for W and H fish of both species. Stress-related water gain was, however, greater (or was compensated more slowly) in W than in H fish. These results indicate that chinook salmon are more stressed by barge transportation than are steelhead. If the viability of juvenile chinook salmon is reduced by adverse physiological, immunological, or behavioral responses to transportation stress, reductions in survival rates should be largest for fish transported during midseason, when densities of juvenile steelhead in the fish-transport barges are highest. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Congleton, JL (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 47 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 129 IS 4 BP 946 EP 961 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0946:SIIMJC>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 342NW UT WOS:000088652700005 ER PT J AU Angermeier, PL Smogor, RA Stauffer, JR AF Angermeier, PL Smogor, RA Stauffer, JR TI Regional frameworks and candidate metrics for assessing biotic integrity in mid-Atlantic highland streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FISH ASSEMBLAGES; WATER-QUALITY; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; AQUATIC ECOREGIONS; INDEX; VIRGINIA; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; INDICATORS; CRITERIA AB Regionally stratified biological criteria are being used increasingly to assess stream quality. We used multivariate analysis of variance and canonical analysis to examine the utility of two regional frameworks (basins and ecoregions) and 14 candidate metrics of local fish assemblages for assessing the biotic integrity of streams in the mid-Atlantic highlands (montane areas from Pennsylvania to Virginia). In particular, we determined (1) how metrics varied naturally among basins and ecoregions and (2) which metrics varied most consistently with site quality. We also examined the ability of preliminary multimetric indices (MMIs) to distinguish site quality. Metrics varied meaningfully among both basins and ecoregions, but most metrics differed more among basins. The basin effect was especially strong for taxonomic metrics (e.g., number of species [TOTSP]), which reflected the influence of zoogeography on fish community composition. Few metrics differed strongly among both basins and ecoregions. Collectively, metrics distinguished among high, medium-, and low-quality sites within most regions, but the discriminative ability of individual metrics differed by region. The number of darter or sculpin species (DOSSP) was the only metric related to site quality both in most basins and most ecoregions. Metric differences among site-quality classes were more consistent with a priori expectations within basins than within ecoregions. In each of five regions, we built an MMI from the most discriminative metrics. Only DOSSP and the proportional abundance of tolerants were included in all five MMIs. All MMIs included taxonomic and reproductive (e.g., proportional abundance of simple lithophils, excluding tolerants) metrics, but not all included trophic metrics (e.g., proportional abundance of invertivores). Multimetric indices distinguished between high- and low-quality sites in each region tested, but they usually did not do so to a greater degree than did taxonomic metrics alone. Among the metrics included in MMIs, TOTSP was most consistently related to site quality. Our findings indicate that both basins and ecoregions provide useful frameworks for regionalizing biotic assessments based on fishes and that metric utility may vary considerably among regions even when regions are environmentally similar. To enhance MMI performance, we encourage an increased reliance on region-specific empirical relations in the development of metrics and scoring criteria. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forestry, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Angermeier, PL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 61 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 129 IS 4 BP 962 EP 981 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0962:RFACMF>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 342NW UT WOS:000088652700006 ER PT J AU Woody, CA Olsen, J Reynolds, J Bentzen, P AF Woody, CA Olsen, J Reynolds, J Bentzen, P TI Temporal variation in phenotypic and genotypic traits in two sockeye salmon populations, Tustumena Lake, Alaska SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; GENETIC-VARIATION; ATLANTIC SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; DIFFERENTIATION; AGE; MICROSATELLITES; MORPHOLOGY; SELECTION; MATURITY AB Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in two tributary streams (about 20 km apart) of the same lake were compared for temporal variation in phenotypic (length, depth adjusted for length) and genotypic (six microsatellite loci) traits. Peak run time (July 16 versus 11 August) and run duration (43 versus 26 d) differed between streams. Populations were sampled twice, including an overlapping point in time. Divergence at microsatellite loci followed a temporal dine: population sample groups collected at the same time were not different (F-ST = 0), whereas those most separated in time were different (F-ST = 0.011, P = 0.001). Although contemporaneous sample groups did not differ significantly in microsatellite genotypes (F-ST = 0), phenotypic traits did differ significantly (MANOVA, P < 0.001). Fish from the larger stream were larger; fish from the smaller stream were smaller, suggesting differential fitness related to size. Results indicate run time differences among and within sockeye salmon populations may strongly influence levels of gene flow. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Univ Washington, Marine Mol Biotechnol Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Woody, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Reynolds, Joel/E-1445-2011 OI Reynolds, Joel/0000-0003-4506-0501 NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 129 IS 4 BP 1031 EP 1043 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1031:TVIPAG>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 342NW UT WOS:000088652700011 ER PT J AU Francy, DS Darner, RA AF Francy, DS Darner, RA TI Comparison of methods for determining Escherichia coli concentrations in recreational waters SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE E. coli; water quality; detection; methods; recreation ID TOTAL COLIFORMS; ENUMERATION; ENTEROCOCCI; ENTEROLERT; DRINKING AB Seventy water samples were collected from three Lake Erie beaches to compare recoveries of Escherichia coli (E. coli) using the USEPA-recommended method for recreational waters (mTEC) to recoveries using three alternative methods (MI, modified mTEC, and Colilert). Statistical tests showed no differences in recoveries of E. coli between hi I and mTEC: however, statistically-significant differences were found between modified mTEC or Colilert and mTEC. The MI agar method provided the most similar assessment of recreational water quality to mTEC among the three alternative methods tested. The range of differences between Colilert and mTEC was widest among the three alternative methods. In a sample group with a range of values near the single-sample bathing-water standard, recoveries of E. coli were statistically lower using modified mTEC than mTEC; however, MI and Colilert compared well to mTEC in this range. Because samples were collected in a small geographic area, more work is necessary to test within-method variability of the modified mTEC, MI and Colilert methods and to evaluate these methods as substitutes for the mTEC method in a variety of recreational waters. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Francy, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, 6480 Doubletree Ave, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 34 IS 10 BP 2770 EP 2778 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00031-2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 321CD UT WOS:000087436600018 ER PT J AU Becker, MW Shapiro, AM AF Becker, MW Shapiro, AM TI Tracer transport in fractured crystalline rock: Evidence of nondiffusive breakthrough tailing SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CONVERGENT RADIAL DISPERSION; BUOYANCY-INDUCED FLOW; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SINGLE FRACTURE; FISSURED ROCKS; GRANITIC ROCK; MASS-TRANSFER; POROUS-MEDIA; TESTS; DIFFUSION AB Extended tailing of tracer breakthrough is often observed in pulse injection tracer tests conducted in fractured geologic media. This behavior has been attributed to diffusive exchange of tracer between mobile fluids traveling through channels in fractures and relatively stagnant fluid between fluid channels, along fracture walls, or within the bulk matrix. We present a field example where tracer breakthrough tailing apparently results from nondiffusive transport. Tracer tests were conducted in a fractured crystalline rock using both a convergent and weak dipole injection and pumping scheme. Deuterated water, bromide, and pentafluorobenzoic acid were selected as tracers for their wide range in molecular diffusivity. The late time behavior of the normalized breakthrough curves were consistent for all tracers, even when the pumping rate was changed. The lack of separation between tracers of varying diffusivity indicates that strong breakthrough tailing in fractured geologic media may be caused by advective transport processes. This finding has implications for the interpretation of tracer tests designed to measure matrix diffusion in situ and the prediction of contaminant transport in fractured rock. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Becker, MW (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, 876 Nat Sci Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RI Becker, Matthew/J-2711-2012 NR 58 TC 139 Z9 141 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1677 EP 1686 DI 10.1029/2000WR900080 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 329VH UT WOS:000087928800006 ER PT J AU Day-Lewis, FD Hsieh, PA Gorelick, SM AF Day-Lewis, FD Hsieh, PA Gorelick, SM TI Identifying fracture-zone geometry using simulated annealing and hydraulic-connection data SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EXAMPLE; MODELS; CONDUCTIVITY; TRANSPORT; HEAD AB A new approach is presented to condition geostatistical simulation of high-permeability zones in fractured rock to hydraulic-connection data. A simulated-annealing algorithm generates three-dimensional (3-D) realizations conditioned to borehole data, inferred hydraulic connections between packer-isolated borehole intervals, and an indicator (fracture zone or background-K bedrock) variogram model of spatial variability. We apply the method to data from the U.S. Geological Survey Mirror Lake Site in New Hampshire, where connected high-permeability fracture zones exert a strong control on fluid flow at the hundred-meter scale. Single-well hydraulic-packer tests indicate where permeable fracture zones intersect boreholes, and multiple-well pumping tests indicate the degree of hydraulic connection between boreholes. Borehole intervals connected by a fracture zone exhibit similar hydraulic responses, whereas intervals not connected by a fracture zone exhibit different responses. Our approach yields valuable insights into the 3-D geometry of fracture zones at Mirror Lake. Statistical analysis of the realizations yields maps of the probabilities of intersecting specific fracture zones with additional wells. Inverse flow modeling based on the assumption of equivalent porous media is used to estimate hydraulic conductivity and specific storage and to identify those fracture-zone geometries that are consistent with hydraulic test data. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Day-Lewis, FD (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. OI Day-Lewis, Frederick/0000-0003-3526-886X NR 34 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1707 EP 1721 DI 10.1029/2000WR900073 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 329VH UT WOS:000087928800009 ER PT J AU Nuttle, WK Fourqurean, JW Cosby, BJ Zieman, JC Robblee, MB AF Nuttle, WK Fourqurean, JW Cosby, BJ Zieman, JC Robblee, MB TI Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; SALT BALANCE; USA; LAGOON; EVAPORATION; PHOSPHORUS; MORTALITY; ESTUARIES; PATTERNS; TRENDS AB An annual water budget for Florida Bay, the large, seasonally hypersaline estuary in the Everglades National Park, was constructed using physically based models and long-term (31 years) data on salinity, hydrology, and climate. Effects of seasonal and interannual variations of the net freshwater supply (runoff plus rainfall minus evaporation) on salinity variation within the bay were also examined. Particular attention was paid to the effects of runoff, which are the focus of ambitious plans to restore and conserve the Florida Bay ecosystem. From 1965 to 1995 the annual runoff from the Everglades into the bay was less than one tenth of the annual direct rainfall onto the bay, while estimated annual evaporation slightly exceeded annual rainfall. The average net freshwater supply to the bay over a year was thus approximately zero, and interannual variations in salinity appeared to be affected primarily by interannual fluctuations in rainfall. At the annual scale, runoff apparently had little effect on the bay as a whole during this period. On a seasonal basis, variations in rainfall, evaporation, and runoff were not in phase, and the net freshwater supply to the bay varied between positive and negative values, contributing to a strong seasonal pattern in salinity, especially in regions of the bay relatively isolated from exchanges with the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Changes in runoff could have a greater effect on salinity in the bay if the seasonal patterns of rainfall and evaporation and the timing of the runoff are considered. One model was also used to simulate spatial and temporal patterns of salinity responses expected to result from changes in net freshwater supply. Simulations in which runoff was increased by a factor of 2 (but with no change in spatial pattern) indicated that increased runoff will lower salinity values in eastern Florida Bay, increase the variability of salinity in the South Region, but have little effect on salinity in the Central and West Regions. C1 Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Florida Int Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Nuttle, WK (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, OE Bldg,Room 237, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RI Fourqurean, James/B-4606-2008; Cosby, Bernard/B-5653-2012 OI Fourqurean, James/0000-0002-0811-8500; NR 97 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1805 EP 1822 DI 10.1029/1999WR900352 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 329VH UT WOS:000087928800017 ER PT J AU Iverson, RM AF Iverson, RM TI Landslide triggering by rain infiltration SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; SLOPE STABILITY; DEBRIS FLOWS; MODEL; STEEP AB Landsliding in response to rainfall involves physical processes that operate on disparate timescales. Relationships between these timescales guide development of a mathematical model that uses reduced forms of Richards equation to evaluate effects of rainfall infiltration on landslide occurrence, timing, depth, and acceleration in diverse situations. The longest pertinent timescale is A/D-0, where D-0, is the maximum hydraulic diffusivity of the soil and A is the catchment area that potentially affects groundwater pressures at a prospective landslide slip surface location with areal coordinates x, y and depth H. Times greater than A/D-0 are necessary for establishment of steady background water pressures that develop at (x, y, H) in response to rainfall averaged over periods that commonly range from days to many decades. These steady groundwater pressures influence the propensity for landsliding at (x, y, H), but they do not trigger slope failure. Failure results from rainfall over a typically shorter timescale H-2/D-0 associated with transient pore pressure transmission during and following storms. Commonly, this timescale ranges from minutes to months. The shortest timescale affecting landslide responses to rainfall is root H/g, where g is the magnitude of gravitational acceleration. Postfailure landslide motion occurs on this timescale, which indicates that the thinnest landslides accelerate most quickly if all other factors are constant. Effects of hydrologic processes on landslide processes across these diverse timescales are encapsulated by a response function, R(t*) = root t*/pi exp (-1/t*) - erfc (1/root t*), which depends only on normalized time, t*. Use of R(t*) in conjunction with topographic data, rainfall intensity and duration information, an infinite-slope failure criterion, and Newton's second law predicts the timing, depth, and acceleration of rainfall-triggered landslides. Data from contrasting landslides that exhibit rapid, shallow motion and slow, deep-seated motion corroborate these predictions. C1 US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Iverson, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 45 TC 510 Z9 553 U1 26 U2 467 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1897 EP 1910 DI 10.1029/2000WR900090 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 329VH UT WOS:000087928800024 ER PT J AU Rehmann, LLC Welty, C Harvey, RW AF Rehmann, LLC Welty, C Harvey, RW TI Comment on "Stochastic analysis of virus transport in aquifers," by Linda L. Campbell Rehmann, Claire Welty, and Ronald W. Harvey - Reply SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Drexel Univ, Sch Environm Sci Engn & Policy, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Rehmann, LLC (reprint author), 875 Cent Ave, Hammonton, NJ 08037 USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 36 IS 7 BP 1983 EP 1984 DI 10.1029/2000WR900083 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 329VH UT WOS:000087928800033 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL AF Tanaka, KL TI Planetary science - Fountains of youth SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID MARS; EVOLUTION C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 30 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5475 BP 2325 EP 2325 DI 10.1126/science.288.5475.2325 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 329NP UT WOS:000087913400024 PM 17769840 ER PT J AU Cayol, V Dieterich, JH Okamura, AT Miklius, A AF Cayol, V Dieterich, JH Okamura, AT Miklius, A TI High magma storage rates before the 1983 eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-FLANK; RIFT ZONES; VOLCANO; DEFORMATION; BENEATH; EARTHQUAKE; ISLAND AB After a magnitude 7.2 earthquake in 1975 and before the start of the ongoing eruption in 1983, deformation of Kilauea volcano was the most rapid ever recorded. Three-dimensional numerical modeling shows that this deformation is consistent with the dilation of a dike within Kilauea's rift zones coupled with creep over a narrow area of a Low-angle fault beneath the south flank. Magma supply is estimated to be 0.18 cubic kilometers per year, twice that of previous estimates. The 1983 eruption may be a direct consequence of the high rates of magma storage within the rift zone that followed the 1975 earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Cayol, V (reprint author), Lab Magmas & Volcans, UMR 6524, 5 Rue Kessler, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France. NR 28 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 30 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5475 BP 2343 EP 2346 DI 10.1126/science.288.5475.2343 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 329NP UT WOS:000087913400032 ER PT J AU O'Shea, TJ AF O'Shea, TJ TI PCBs not to blame SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA; HARBOR SEALS; DISTEMPER VIRUS C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP O'Shea, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 16 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5473 BP 1965 EP 1966 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 325QC UT WOS:000087687000018 PM 10877712 ER PT J AU Hornberger, MI Luoma, SN Cain, DJ Parchaso, F Brown, CL Bouse, RM Wellise, C Thompson, JK AF Hornberger, MI Luoma, SN Cain, DJ Parchaso, F Brown, CL Bouse, RM Wellise, C Thompson, JK TI Linkage of bioaccumulation and biological effects to changes in pollutant loads in south San Francisco Bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACE-METAL CONTAMINATION; BIVALVE MACOMA-BALTHICA; CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS; TEMPORAL FLUCTUATIONS; SEDIMENT CORES; COPPER; SILVER; CALIFORNIA; MARINE; TOXICITY AB The developed world has invested billions of dollars in waste treatment since the 1970s; however, changes in ecological or biological responses are rarely associated with reductions in metal pollutants. Here we present a novel, 23-yr time series of environmental change from a San Francisco Bay mudflat located 1 km from the discharge of a suburban domestic sewage treatment plant. Samples of surface sediment, the bioindicator Macoma balthica, and metals loading data were used to establish links between discharge, bioaccumulation, and effects. Mean annual Ag concentrations in M. balthica were 106 mu g/g in 1978 and 3.67 mu g/g in 1998. Concentrations of Cu declined from 287 mu g/g in 1980 to a minimum of 24 mu g/g in 1991. Declining; Cu bioaccumulation was strongly correlated with decreasing Cu loads from the plant between 1977 and 1998. Relationships with bioaccumulation and total annual precipitation suggested that inputs from nonpoint sources were most important in controlling Zn bioavailability during the same period. Ecoepidemiological criteria were used to associate failed gamete production in M balthica to a metals-enriched environment. Reproduction persistently failed between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s; it recovered after metal contamination declined. Other potential environmental causes such as food availability, sediment chemistry, or seasonal salinity fluctuations were not related to the timing of the change in reproductive capability. The results establish an associative link, suggesting that it is important to further investigate the chemical interference of Cu and/or Ag with invertebrate reproduction at relatively moderate levels of environmental contamination. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Hornberger, MI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 465, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Cain, Daniel/0000-0002-3443-0493 NR 44 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2401 EP 2409 DI 10.1021/es991185g PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 325MA UT WOS:000087678300005 ER PT J AU Fend, SV Brinkhurst, RO AF Fend, SV Brinkhurst, RO TI New species of Rhynchelmis (Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with observations on the Nearctic species SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Clitellata; Oligochaeta; Lumbriculidae; Rhynchelmis; taxonomy ID OLIGOCHAETA AB The Nearctic species of Rhynchelmis (Lumbriculidae) are distinguished from the Palearctic group Rhynchelmis s. str. by longitudinal muscle bands that do not curl inwards. Six new species from western North America support the existence of two major groupings within the Nearctic fauna. Species in Group 1 are distinguished from other Rhynchelmis by large penial bulbs and multiple spermathecal diverticula. Within Group 1, Rhynchelmis yakimorum n. sp., Rhynchelmis monsserratus n. sp., Rhynchelmis gustafsoni n. sp. and Rhynchelmis utahensis n. sp. differ from the related Rhynchelmis (=Sutroa) rostrata in having shea penes and spermathecae with 2 short, lobed diverticula. R. monsseratus is distinguished by a single, median spermatheca, R. gustafsoni has closely appressed, median spermathecae and atria, and R. utahensis differs in structural details of spermathecae and male pores. Rhynchelmis gilensis n. sp. has a single, median spermatheca with unbranched diverticula and distinctive nephridia. Redescription of material from the type localities of both Sutroa alpestris and R. rostrata supports their combination. Group 2, corresponding in part to Rhynchelmoides, is distinguished from Group 1 mostly by characters that are inconsistent or appear plesiomorphic. Within Group 2, Rhynchelmis saxosa n. sp. closely resembles Rhynchelmis alaskana, except for the absence of lateral blood vessels in posterior segments and distribution of prostates. Rhynchelmis elrodi and Rhynchelmis glandula consistently differ in presence of ventral glands and have different distributions, so their supposed synonymy is rejected. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Aquat Resources Ctr, Franklin, TN USA. RP Fend, SV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 428 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 59 DI 10.1023/A:1003919312142 PG 59 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 341FK UT WOS:000088580200001 ER PT J AU Sherwood, CR AF Sherwood, CR TI Numerical model of frazil ice and suspended sediment concentrations and formation of sediment laden ice in the Kara Sea SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Review ID BOTTOM BOUNDARY-LAYER; TURBULENT EKMAN LAYER; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; LAPTEV SEA; MELLOR-YAMADA; BEAUFORT SEA; ARCTIC-OCEAN; ANCHOR ICE; TRANSPORT; DYNAMICS AB A one-dimensional (vertical) numerical model of currents, mixing, frazil ice concentration, and suspended sediment concentration has been developed and applied in the shallow southeastern Kara Sea. The objective of the calculations is to determine whether conditions suitable for turbid ice formation can occur during times of rapid cooling and wind- and wave-induced sediment resuspension. Although the model uses a simplistic approach to ice particles and neglects ice-sediment interactions, the results for low-stratification, shallow (similar to 20-m) freeze-up conditions indicate that the coconcentrations of frazil ice and suspended sediment in the water column are similar to observed concentrations of sediment in turbid ice. This suggests that wave-induced sediment resuspension is a viable mechanism for turbid ice formation, and enrichment mechanisms proposed to explain the high concentrations of sediment in turbid ice relative to sediment concentrations in underlying water may not be necessary in energetic conditions. However, salinity stratification found near the Ob' and Yenisey Rivers damps mixing between ice-laden surface water and sediment-laden bottom water and probably limits incorporation of resuspended sediment into turbid ice until prolonged or repeated wind events mix away the stratification. Sensitivity analyses indicate that shallow (less than or equal to 20 m), unstratified waters with fine bottom sediment (settling speeds of similar to 1 mm s(-1) or less) and long open water fetches (>25 km) are ideal conditions for resuspension. C1 CSIRO, Hobart, Tas, Australia. RP Sherwood, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 107 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 105 IS C6 BP 14061 EP 14080 DI 10.1029/2000JC900037 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 324NB UT WOS:000087627300009 ER PT J AU Clitheroe, G Gudmundsson, O Kennett, BLN AF Clitheroe, G Gudmundsson, O Kennett, BLN TI The crustal thickness of Australia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GENETIC ALGORITHM INVERSION; BENEATH EASTERN AUSTRALIA; MANTLE BOUNDARY COINCIDE; TELESEISMIC BODY WAVES; SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; SEISMIC EVIDENCE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; RECEIVER FUNCTIONS; VELOCITY AB We investigate the crustal structure of the Australian continent using the temporary broadband stations of the Skippy and Kimba projects and permanent broadband stations. We isolate near-receiver information, in the form of crustal P-to-S conversions, using the receiver function technique. Stacked receiver functions are inverted for S velocity structure using a Genetic Algorithm approach to Receiver Function Inversion (GARFI). From the resulting velocity models we are able to determine the Moho depth and to classify the width of the crust-mantle transition for 65 broadband stations. Using these results and 51 independent estimates of crustal thickness from refraction and reflection profiles, we present a new, improved, map of Moho depth for the Australian continent. The thinnest crust (25 km) occurs in the Archean Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia; the thickest crust (61 km) occurs in Proterozoic central Australia. The average crustal thickness is 38.8 km (standard deviation 6.2 km). Interpolation error estimates are made using kriging and fall into the range 2.5-7.0 km. We find generally good agreement between the depth to the seismologically defined Moho and xenolith-derived estimates of crustal thickness beneath northeastern Australia. However, beneath the Lachlan Fold Belt the estimates are not in agreement, and it is possible that the two techniques are mapping differing parts of a broad Moho transition zone. The Archean cratons of Western Australia appear to have remained largely stable since cratonization, reflected in only slight variation of Moho depth. The largely Proterozoic center of Australia shows relatively thicker crust overall as well as major Moho offsets. We see evidence of the margin of the contact between the Precambrian craton and the Tasman Orogen, referred to as the Tasman Line. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Clitheroe, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM geoffc@redoak.wr.usgs.gov; og@dlc.ku.dk; brian@rses.anu.edu.au OI Kennett, Brian/0000-0003-2206-5350 NR 81 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B6 BP 13697 EP 13713 DI 10.1029/1999JB900317 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 324NJ UT WOS:000087628000035 ER PT J AU Hole, JA Brocher, TM Klemperer, SL Parsons, T Benz, HM Furlong, KP AF Hole, JA Brocher, TM Klemperer, SL Parsons, T Benz, HM Furlong, KP TI Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LOCAL EARTHQUAKE TOMOGRAPHY; TRAVEL-TIME TOMOGRAPHY; LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; PLATE BOUNDARY; COAST RANGES; BENEATH; GEYSERS; MODELS AB Seismic travel times from the northern California earthquake catalogue and from the 1991 Bay Area Seismic Imaging Experiment (BASIX) refraction survey were used to obtain a three-dimensional model of the seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area. Nonlinear tomography was used to simultaneously invert for both velocity and hypocenters. The new hypocenter inversion algorithm uses finite difference travel times and is an extension of an existing velocity tomography algorithm. Numerous inversions were performed with different parameters to test the reliability of the resulting velocity model. Most hypocenters were relocated <2 km from their catalogue locations. Large lateral velocity variations at shallow (<4 km) depth correlate with known surface geology, including low-velocity Cenozoic sedimentary basins, high-velocity Cenozoic volcanic rocks, and outcrop patterns of the major Mesozoic geologic terranes. Salinian are rocks have higher velocities than the Franciscan melange, which in turn are faster than Great Valley Sequence forearc rocks. The thickess of low-velocity sediment is defined, including >12 km under the Sacramento River Delta, 6 km beneath Livermore Valley, 5 km beneath the Santa Clara Valley, and 4 km beneath eastern San Pablo Bay. The Great Valley Sequence east of San Francisco Bay is 4-6 km thick. A relatively high velocity body exists in the upper 10 km beneath the Sonoma volcanic field, but no evidence for a large intrusion or magma chamber exists in the crust under The Geysers or the Clear Lake volcanic center. Lateral velocity contrasts indicate that the major strike-slip faults extend subvertically beneath their surface locations through most of the crust. Strong lateral velocity contrasts of 0.3-0.6 km/s are observed across the San Andreas Fault in the middle crust and across the Hayward, Rogers Creek, Calaveras, and Greenville Faults at shallow depth. Weaker velocity contrasts (0.1-0.3 km/s) exist across the San Andreas, Hayward, and Rogers Creek Faults at all other depths. Low spatial resolution evidence in the lower crust suggests that the top of high-velocity mafic rocks gets deeper from west to east and may be offset under the major faults. The data suggest that the major strike-slip faults extend subvertically through the middle and perhaps the lower crust and juxtapose differing lithology due to accumulated strike-slip motion. The extent and physical properties of the major geologic units as constrained by the model should be used to improve studies of seismicity, strong ground motion, and regional stress. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Hole, JA (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, 4044 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM hole@vt.edu; brocher@usgs.gov; sklemp@pangea.stanford.edu; tparsons@usgs.gov; benz@usgs.gov; kevin@geosc.psu.edu RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; Klemperer, Simon/A-5919-2012; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338; Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X; Klemperer, Simon/0000-0001-7050-1829; Hole, John/0000-0002-5349-9111 NR 43 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B6 BP 13859 EP 13873 DI 10.1029/2000JB900083 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 324NJ UT WOS:000087628000043 ER PT J AU Monson, DH Doak, DF Ballachey, BE Johnson, A Bodkin, JL AF Monson, DH Doak, DF Ballachey, BE Johnson, A Bodkin, JL TI Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; CONTAMINATION; PERSISTENCE; CARCASSES; BEACHES; ALASKA AB We use age distributions of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) found dead on beaches of western Prince William Sound, Alaska, between 1976 and 1998 in conjunction with time-varying demographic models to test for lingering effects from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Our results show that sea otters in this area had decreased survival rates in the years following the spill and that the effects of the spill on annual survival increased rather than dissipated for older animals. Otters born after the 1989 spill were affected less than those alive in March 1989, but do show continuing negative effects through 1998. Population-wide effects of the spill appear to have slowly dissipated through time, due largely to the loss of cohorts alive during the spill. Our results demonstrate that the difficult-to-detect long-term impacts of environmental disasters may still be highly significant and can be rigorously analyzed by using a combination of population data, modeling techniques, and statistical analyses. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Monson, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Monson, Daniel/N-4469-2013 OI Monson, Daniel/0000-0002-4593-5673 NR 48 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 5 U2 41 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 6 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 12 BP 6562 EP 6567 DI 10.1073/pnas.120163397 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 322UA UT WOS:000087526300060 PM 10823920 ER PT J AU Bassett, WA Anderson, AJ Mayanovic, RA Chou, IM AF Bassett, WA Anderson, AJ Mayanovic, RA Chou, IM TI Hydrothermal diamond anvil cell for XAFS studies of first-row transition elements in aqueous solution up to supercritical conditions SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Direct Observation and Measurement of Hydrothermal Reactions held at the 8th VM Goldschmidt Conference CY AUG 30-SEP 03, 1998 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP Geochem Soc, European Assoc Geochem DE X-ray absorption; high pressure; zinc chloride; diamond anvil cell; structure of solutions; metal-chloride complexes; supercritical aqueous solutions ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; FINE-STRUCTURE; FLUID INCLUSIONS; HIGH-PRESSURE; TEMPERATURES; LIQUID; WATER AB A hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) has been modified by drilling holes with a laser to within 150 mu m of the anvil face to minimize the loss of X-rays due to absorption and scatter by diamond. This modification enables acquisition of K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra from first-row transition metal ions in aqueous solutions at temperatures ranging from 25 degrees C to 660 degrees C and pressures up to 800 MPa. These pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions are more than sufficient for carrying out experimental measurements that can provide data valuable in the interpretation of fluid inclusions in minerals found in ore-forming hydrothermal systems as well as other important lithospheric processes involving water. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Geol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Bassett, WA (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM bassett@geology.cornell.edu NR 32 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUN 5 PY 2000 VL 167 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00196-5 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 311HY UT WOS:000086879700002 ER PT J AU Bohlke, JK Horan, M AF Bohlke, JK Horan, M TI Strontium isotope geochemistry of groundwaters and streams affected by agriculture, Locust Grove, MD SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; WEATHERING RATES; SOIL CHRONOSEQUENCE; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; SR-87/SR-86 RATIOS; SR ISOTOPES; TRACERS; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; AQUIFER; WATERS AB The effects of agriculture on the isotope geochemistry of Sr were investigated in two small watersheds in the Atlantic coastal plain of Maryland. Stratified shallow oxic groundwaters in both watersheds contained a retrievable record of increasing recharge rates of chemicals including NO3-, Cl, Mg, Ca and Sr that were correlated with increasing fertilizer use between about 1940 and 1990. The component of Sr associated with recent agricultural recharge was relatively radiogenic (Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.715) and it was overwhelming with respect to Sr acquired naturally by water-rock interactions in the oxidized, non-calcareous portion of the saturated zone. Agricultural groundwaters that penetrated relatively unoxidized calcareous glauconitic sediments at depth acquired an additional component of Sr from dissolution of early Tertiary marine CaCO3 (Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.708) while undergoing O-2 reduction and denitrification. Ground-water discharge contained mixtures of waters of various ages and redox states. Two streams draining the area are considered to have higher Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios and NO3- concentrations than they would in the absence of agriculture; however, the streams have consistently different Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios and NO3- concentrations because the average depth to calcareous reducing (denitrifying) sediments in the local groundwater flow system was different in the two watersheds. The results of this study indicate that agriculture can alter significantly the isotope geochemistry of Sr in aquifers and streams and that the effects could vary depending on the types, sources and amounts of fertilizers added, the history of fertilizer use and groundwater residence times. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, Isotope Geochem Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bohlke, JK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 34 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 15 IS 5 BP 599 EP 609 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00075-X PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 291TP UT WOS:000085752400004 ER PT J AU Plummer, LN Busenberg, E Riggs, AC AF Plummer, LN Busenberg, E Riggs, AC TI In-situ growth of calcite at Devils Hole, Nevada: Comparison of field and laboratory rates to a 500,000 year record of near-equilibrium calcite growth SO AQUATIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE calcite growth; calcite precipitation; carbonate groundwater; Devils Hole; near-equilibrium rates ID PRECIPITATION KINETICS; DISSOLUTION KINETICS; CARBONATE MINERALS; CO2-WATER SYSTEMS; VEIN CALCITE; GREAT-BASIN; INHIBITION; MODEL; CO2; AQUIFER AB Calcite grew continuously for 500,000 years on the submerged walls of an open fault plane (Devils Hole) in southern Nevada, U.S.A. at rates of 0.3 to 1.3 mm/ka, but ceased growing approximately 60,000 years ago, even though the fault plane remained open and was continuously submerged. The maximum initial in-situ growth rate on pre-weighed crystals of Iceland spar placed in Devils Hole (calcite saturation index, SI, is 0.16 to 0.21 at 33.7 degrees C) for growth periods of 0.75 to 4.5 years was 0.22 mm/ka. Calcite growth on seed crystals slowed or ceased following initial contact with Devils Hole groundwater. Growth rates measured in synthetic Ca-HCO3 solutions at 34 degrees C, CO2 partial pressures of 0.101, 0.0156 (similar to Devils Hole groundwater) and 0.00102 atm, and SI values of 0.2 to 1.9 were nearly independent of P-CO2, decreased with decreasing saturation state, and extrapolated through the historical Devils Hole rate. The results show that calcite growth rate is highly sensitive to saturation state near equilibrium. A calcite crystal retrieved from Devils Hole, and used without further treatment of its surface, grew in synthetic Devils Hole groundwater when the saturation index was raised nearly 10-fold that of Devils Hole water, but the rate was only 1/4 that of fresh laboratory crystals that had not contacted Devils Hole water. Apparently, inhibiting processes that halted calcite growth in Devils Hole 60,000 years ago continue today. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Plummer, LN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 22092 USA. OI Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-6165 J9 AQUAT GEOCHEM JI Aquat. Geochem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 6 IS 2 BP 257 EP 274 DI 10.1023/A:1009627710476 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 314FN UT WOS:000087045900009 ER PT J AU Carr, MH AF Carr, MH TI Martian oceans, valleys and climate SO ASTRONOMY & GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EARLY MARS; ANCIENT OCEANS; ATMOSPHERE; WATER; ICE; EVOLUTION; IMPACT; CO2; MARINERIS; RELEASE AB The new Mars Global Surveyor altimetry shows that the heavily cratered southern hemisphere of Mars is 5 km higher than the sparely cratered plains of the northern hemisphere. Previous suggestions that oceans formerly occupied the northern plains as evidenced by shorelines are partly supported by the new data. A previously identified outer boundary has a wide range of elevations and is unlikely to be a shoreline but an inner contact with a narrow range of elevations is a more likely candidate. No shorelines are visible in the newly acquired, 1.5 metre/pixel imaging. Newly imaged valleys provide strong support for sustained or episodic flow of water across the Martian surface. A major surprise however, is the near absence of valleys less than 100 m across. Martian valleys seemingly do not divide into ever smaller valleys as terrestrial valleys commonly do. This could be due to lack of precipitation or lack of surface runoff because of high infiltration rates. High erosion rates and formation of valley networks supports warm climates and presence of large bodies of water during heavy bombardment. The climate history and fate of the water after heavy bombardment remain controversial. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Carr, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1366-8781 J9 ASTRON GEOPHYS JI Astron. Geophys. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 41 IS 3 BP 20 EP 26 DI 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.00320.x PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 322WM UT WOS:000087532300013 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Kaye, MW McCrumb, AD Otsuki, Y Pfister, B Villa, CA AF Stohlgren, TJ Kaye, MW McCrumb, AD Otsuki, Y Pfister, B Villa, CA TI Using new video mapping technology in landscape ecology SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT DIVERSITY; NATIONAL-PARK; SOIL CRUSTS; ASPEN; RANGE; ELK C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Red Hen Syst Inc, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUN PY 2000 VL 50 IS 6 BP 529 EP 536 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0529:UNVMTI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 321YM UT WOS:000087483000011 ER PT J AU Brouwers, EM Cronin, TM Horne, DJ Lord, AR AF Brouwers, EM Cronin, TM Horne, DJ Lord, AR TI Recent shallow marine ostracods from high latitudes: implications for late Pliocene and Quaternary palaeoclimatology SO BOREAS LA English DT Article ID OCEAN AB information about modem high-latitude marine ostracod faunas and about their occurrence in late Pliocene and Quaternary sequences promotes the application of these microfossils to palaeoenvironmental, palaeobiogeographical and palaeoclimatological problems. Five poorly known species (Cluthia cluthne, Finmarchinella logani, Roundstonia globulifera, Roundstonia macchesneyi and Semicytherura complanata) from North Atlantic, North Pacific and Arctic areas are confirmed as extant and are used to demonstrate the potential of marine ostracods as tools for palaeoclimate studies. The genus Bonnyannella Athersuch, 1982 is shown to be a junior synonym of Roundstonia Neale, 1973. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Greenwich, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England. UCL, Dept Geol Sci, Postgrad Unit Micropalaeontol, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Brouwers, EM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 911,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM d.j.horne@greenwich.ac.uk NR 51 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0300-9483 J9 BOREAS JI Boreas PD JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 127 EP 143 PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 330FF UT WOS:000087951600004 ER PT J AU Talbot, SS Talbot, SL Thomson, JW Schofield, WB AF Talbot, SS Talbot, SL Thomson, JW Schofield, WB TI Lichens of Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, westernmost Alaska Peninsula SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID CANADA; ISLAND AB One hundred eighty-two taxa of lichens including two lichen parasites are reported from Izmbek National Wildlife Refuge on the tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Metasphaeria tartarina is new to North America; Scoliciosporum umbrinum is new to Alaska. Wide-ranging, arctic-alpine, and boreal species dominate the lichen flora; a coastal element is moderately represented, while amphi-Beringian species form a minor element. Epigeic lichen abundance is described along a lowland to alpine mesotopographic gradient selected to represent major landscape variation in the refuge. Of six major community types identified, three had significant lichen components. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Talbot, SS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC PI FAIRFAX PA C/O JAMES D LAWREY, GEORGE MASON UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY MSN 3E1, FAIRFAX, VA 22030 USA SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD SUM PY 2000 VL 103 IS 2 BP 379 EP 389 DI 10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0379:LOINWR]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 326BZ UT WOS:000087713200014 ER PT J AU Stephenson, WJ Williams, RA Odum, JK Worley, DM AF Stephenson, WJ Williams, RA Odum, JK Worley, DM TI High-resolution seismic reflection surveys and modeling across an area of high damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Sherman Oaks, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID AFTERSHOCKS AB Approximately 3.6 km of P-wave seismic-reflection data were acquired along two orthogonal profiles in Sherman Oaks, California to determine whether shallow (less than l-km depth) geologic structures contributed to the dramatic localized damage resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Both lines, one along Matilija Avenue and one along Milbank Street, crossed areas of both high and low damage. We believe these data reveal a geologic structure in the upper 600 m that contributed to the increased earthquake ground shaking in the high-damage areas south of and along the Los Angeles River. Of interest in these data is a reflection interpreted to be from bedrock that can be traced to the north along the Matilija Avenue profile. This reflecting interface, dipping northward at 15 degrees-22 degrees, may be an important impedance boundary because it is the lower boundary of a wedge of overlying low-velocity sediments. The wedge thins and terminates in the area where we interpret down-warped reflections as evidence of a shallow subbasin. The low-velocity subbasin sediments (V-s of 200 m/sec V-p of 500 m/sec) may be up to 150 m thick beneath the channelized Los Angeles River. The area across the subbasin experienced greater earthquake damage from possible geometric focusing effects. Three-dimensional basin effects may be responsible for the variable damage pattern, but from these seismic profiles it is not possible to determine the regional structural trends. Two-dimensional elastic and SH-mode finite-difference modeling of the imaged structural geometry along Matilija Avenue suggests that a peak horizontal-velocity amplification factor of two-and-over can be explained in the high-damage area above the shallow subbasin and sediment wedge. Amplification factors up to 5 were previously observed in aftershock data, at frequencies of 2 to 6 Hz. Amplification in the elastic simulation at the Santa Monica Mountains range-front on the southern end of the Matilija profile, with the geologic layering and geometry interpreted from the seismic data, is also consistent with aftershock observations. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Stephenson, WJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 90 IS 3 BP 643 EP 654 DI 10.1785/0119990112 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 334DN UT WOS:000088170600007 ER PT J AU Liu, HP Boore, DM Joyner, WB Oppenheimer, DH Warrick, RE Zhang, WB Hamilton, JC Brown, LT AF Liu, HP Boore, DM Joyner, WB Oppenheimer, DH Warrick, RE Zhang, WB Hamilton, JC Brown, LT TI Comparison of phase velocities from array measurements of Rayleigh waves associated with microtremor and results calculated from borehole shear-wave velocity profiles SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID INVERSION; SITE AB Shear-wave velocities (V-S) are widely used for earthquake groundmotion site characterization. V-S data are now largely obtained using borehole methods. Drilling holes, however, is expensive. Nonintrusive surface methods are inexpensive for obtaining V-S information, but not many comparisons with direct borehole measurements have been published. Because different assumptions are used in data interpretation of each surface method and public safety is involved in site characterization for engineering structures, it is important to validate the surface methods by additional comparisons with borehole measurements. We compare results obtained from a particular surface method (array measurement of surface waves associated with microtremor) with results obtained from borchole methods. Using a 10-element nested-triangular array of 100-m aperture, we measured surface-wave phase velocities at two California sites, Garner Valley near Hemet and Hollister Municipal Airport. The Garner Valley site is located at an ancient lake bed where water-saturated sediment overlies decomposed granite on top of granite bedrock. Our array was deployed at a location where seismic velocities had been determined to a depth of 500 m by borehole methods. At Hollister, where the near-surface sediment consists of clay, sand, and gravel, we determined phase velocities using an array located close to a 60-m deep borehole where downhole velocity logs already exist. Because we want to assess the measurements uncomplicated by uncertainties introduced by the inversion process, we compare our phase-velocity results with the borehole V-S depth profile by calculating fundamental-mode Rayleigh-wave phase velocities from an earth model constructed from the borehole data. For wavelengths less than similar to 2 times of the array aperture at Garner Valley, phase-velocity results from array measurements agree with the calculated Rayleigh-wave velocities to better than 11%. Measurement errors become larger for wavelengths 2 times greater than the array aperture. At Hollister, the measured phase velocity at 3.9 Hz (near the upper edge of the microtremor frequency band) is within 20% of the calculated Rayleigh-wave velocity. Because shear-wave velocity is the predominant factor controlling Rayleigh-wave phase velocities, the comparisons suggest that this nonintrusive method can provide V-S information adequate for ground-motion estimation. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Liu, HP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Oppenheimer, David/0000-0002-6569-3640 NR 28 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 90 IS 3 BP 666 EP 678 DI 10.1785/0119980186 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 334DN UT WOS:000088170600009 ER PT J AU Hough, SE Dollar, RS Johnson, P AF Hough, SE Dollar, RS Johnson, P TI The 1998 earthquake sequence south of Long Valley Caldera, California: Hints of magmatic involvement SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MAMMOTH LAKES EARTHQUAKES; EMPIRICAL GREENS-FUNCTION; SOURCE PARAMETERS; MONO CRATERS; INFLATION; ERUPTION; MOUNTAIN; SWARM AB A significant episode of seismic and geodetic unrest took place at Long Valley Caldera, California, beginning in the summer of 1997. Activity through late May of 1998 was concentrated in and around the south moat and the south margin of the resurgent dome. The Sierran Nevada block (SNB) region to the south/southeast remained relatively quiet until a M 5.1 event occurred there on 9 June 1998 (UT). A second M 5.1 event followed on 15 July (UT); both events were followed by appreciable aftershock sequences. An additional, distinct burst of activity began on 1 August 1998. The number of events in the August sequence (over the first week or two) was similar to the aftershock sequence of the 15 July 1998 M 5, 1 event, but the later sequence was not associated with any events larger than M 4.3, All of the summer 1998 SNB activity was considered tectonic rather than magmatic; in general the SNB is considered an unlikely location for future eruptions. However, the August sequence-an "aftershock sequence without a mainshock"-is suggestive of a strain event larger than the cumulative seismotectonic strain release. Moreover, a careful examination of waveforms from the August sequence reveals a small handful of events whose spectral signature is strikingly harmonic. We investigate the waveforms of these events using spectral, autocorrelation, and empirical Green's function techniques and conclude that they were most likely associated with a fluid-controlled source. Our observations suggest that there may have been some degree of magma or magma-derived fluid involvement in the 1998 SNB sequence. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 39 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 90 IS 3 BP 752 EP 763 DI 10.1785/0119990109 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 334DN UT WOS:000088170600016 ER PT J AU Lenat, JF Fitterman, D Jackson, DB Labazuy, P AF Lenat, JF Fitterman, D Jackson, DB Labazuy, P TI Geoelectrical structure of the central zone of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion) SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Piton de la Fournaise volcano; Reunion; electrical soundings; electromagnetic soundings; resistivity; hydrothermal; basaltic shield ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; ISLAND; HAWAII; GROUNDWATER; ANOMALIES; OCEAN AB A study of the geoelectrical structure of the central part of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion, Indian Ocean) was made using direct current electrical (DC) and transient electromagnetic soundings (TEM). Piton de la Fournaise is a highly active oceanic basaltic shield and has been active for more than half a million years. Joint interpretation of the DC and TEM data allows us to obtain reliable 1D models of the resistivity distribution. The depth of investigation is of the order of 1.5 km but varies with the resistivity pattern encountered at each sounding. Two-dimensional resistivity cross sections were constructed by interpolation between the soundings of the 1D interpreted models. Conductors with resistivities less than 100 ohm-m are present at depth beneath all of the soundings and are located high in the volcanic edifice at elevations between 2000 and 1200 m. The deepest conductor has a resistivity less than 20 ohm-m for soundings located inside the Enclos and less than 60-100 ohm-m for soundings outside the Enclos. From the resistivity distributions, two zones are distinguished: (a) the central zone of the Enclos; and (b) the outer zone beyond the Enclos. Beneath the highly active summit area, the conductor rises to within a few hundred meters of the surface. This bulge coincides with a 2000-mV self-potential anomaly. Low-resistivity zones are inferred to show the presence of a hydrothermal system where alteration by steam and hot water has lowered the resistivity of the rocks. Farther from the summit, but inside the Enclos, the depth to the conductive layers increases to approximately 1 km and is inferred to be a deepening of the hydrothermally altered zone. Outside of the Enclos, the nature of the deep, conductive layers is not established. The observed resistivities suggest the presence of hydrated minerals, which could be found in landslide breccias, in hydrothermally altered zones, or in thick pyroclastic layers. Such formations often create perched water tables. The known occurrence of large eastward-moving landslides in the evolution of Piton de la Fournaise strongly suggests that large volumes of breccias should exist in the interior of the volcano; however, extensive breccia deposits are not observed at the bottom of the deep valleys that incise the volcano to elevations lower than those determined for the top of the conductors. The presence of the center of Piton de la Fournaise beneath the Plaine des Sables area during earlier volcanic stages (ca. 0.5 to 0.150 Ma) may have resulted in broad hydrothermal alteration of this zone. However, this interpretation cannot account for the low resistivities in peripheral zones. It is not presently possible to discriminate between these general interpretations. In addition, the nature of the deep conductors may be different in each zone. Whatever the geologic nature of these conductive layers, their presence indicates a major change of lithology at depth, unexpected for a shield volcano such as Piton de la Fournaise. C1 Univ Blaise Pascal, OPGC, CNRS, Ctr Rech Volcanol, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Lenat, JF (reprint author), Univ Blaise Pascal, OPGC, CNRS, Ctr Rech Volcanol, 5 Rue Kessler, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France. RI Labazuy, Philippe/H-1838-2012 OI Labazuy, Philippe/0000-0002-4518-3328 NR 55 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 75 EP 89 DI 10.1007/s004459900058 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 335GK UT WOS:000088235600001 ER PT J AU Espindola, JM Macias, JL Tilling, RI Sheridan, MF AF Espindola, JM Macias, JL Tilling, RI Sheridan, MF TI Volcanic history of El Chichon Volcano (Chiapas, Mexico) during the Holocene, and its impact on human activity SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE stratigraphy; evolution; El Chichon; Mexico ID 1982 ERUPTIONS; DEPOSITS; ASH AB Before its devastating eruption in 1982, El Chichon Volcano was little known and did not appear on any listings of hazardous volcanoes. Subsequent geologic studies, based on stratigraphic and radiocarbon investigations, showed that at least three explosive eruptions had occurred previously at this volcano. In this paper, we present the result of recent studies on the stratigraphy of the volcano and new radiocarbon ages which show that at least 11 eruptions have taken place at El Chichon in the past 8000 years. Explosive events, most of them producing block-and-ash flow and surge deposits, occurred around 550, 900, 1250, 1500, 1600, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3100, 3700 and 7700 years BP. The juvenile products of these eruptions have a trachyandesitic composition with similar degree of evolution, as evidenced from their SiO(2) abundance and depletion in MgO, CaO, TiO(2), as well as trace and rare earth elements. This suggests segregation of olivine and orthopyroxene from the melt. Since human settlements in southeast Mexico and Central America can be traced as far back as approximately 2500 years BP, most of these events probably affected human activity. In fact, there are reports of pottery shards and other artifacts in deposits from the eruption of 1250 BP. Pottery fragments in deposits of an eruption that took place 2500 BP are also reported in this paper. Thus, the impact of the volcano on human activities has been frequent, with most of the repose intervals lasting between 100 to 600 years. The impact of the eruptions was probably of greater than local extent, because airfall tephra could reach distant sites and possibly even affect weather. The eruptive history of El Chichon also offers clues in the investigation of the Maya civilization. Several researchers have considered the volcano as an important factor in the answer to some intriguing questions such as the extensive use of volcanic ash in Late Classic Maya ceramics or, of greater importance, the causes of the collapse of the Classic Maya civilization. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Espindola, JM (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Coyoacan 04510,Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. EM jme@tonatiuh.igeofcu.unam.mx RI Macias, Jose Luis/P-7679-2015 OI Macias, Jose Luis/0000-0002-2494-9849 NR 43 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 90 EP 104 DI 10.1007/s004459900064 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 335GK UT WOS:000088235600002 ER PT J AU Walder, JS AF Walder, JS TI Pyroclast/snow interactions and thermally driven slurry formation. Part 1: Theory for monodisperse grain beds SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pyroclastic flows; snow; lahars; erosion; heat transfer; fluidization ID FLOWS AB Lahars are often produced as pyroclastic flows move over snow. This phenomenon involves a complicated interplay of mechanical and thermal processes that need to be separated to get at the fundamental physics. The thermal physics of pyroclast/snow interactions form the focus of this paper. A theoretical model is developed of heat- and mass transfer at the interface between a layer of uniformly sized pyroclasts and an underlying bed of snow, for the case in which there is no relative shear motion between pyroclasts and snow. A microscale view of the interface is required to properly specify boundary conditions. The physical model leads to the prediction that the upward flux of water vapor - which depends upon emplacement temperature, pyroclast grain size, pyroclast-layer thickness, and snow permeability - is sometimes sufficient to fluidize the pyroclasts. Uniform fluidization is usually unstable to bubble formation, which leads to vigorous convection of the pyroclasts themselves. Thus, predicted threshold conditions for fluidization are tantamount to predicted thresholds for particle convection. Such predictions are quantitatively in good agreement with results of experiments described in part 2 of this paper. Because particle convection commonly causes scour of the snow bed and transformation of the pyroclast layer to a slurry, there exists a "thermal scour" process for generating lahars from pyroclastic flows moving over snow regardless of the possible role of mechanical scour. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Walder, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 105 EP 118 DI 10.1007/s004459900069 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 335GK UT WOS:000088235600003 ER PT J AU Walder, JS AF Walder, JS TI Pyroclast/snow interactions and thermally driven slurry formation. Part 2: Experiments and theoretical extension to polydisperse tephra SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pyroclastic flows; snow; lahars; erosion; heat transfer; fluidization ID FLOWS; ERUPTION; EMPLACEMENT; IGNIMBRITES; TRANSPORT; DEPOSITS; VOLCANO; SNOW AB Erosion of snow by pyroclastic flows and surges presumably involves mechanical scour, bur there may be thermally driven phenomena involved as well. To investigate this possibility, layers of hot (up to 400 degrees C), uniformly sized, fine- to medium-grained sand were emplaced vertically onto finely shaved ice ("snow"); thus there was no relative shear motion between sand and snow and no purely mechanical scour. In some cases large vapor bubbles, commonly more than 10 mm across, rose through the sand layer, burst at the surface, and caused complete convective overturn of the sand, which then scoured and mixed with snow and transformed into a slurry. In other cases no bubbling occurred and the sand passively melted its way downward into the snow as a wetting front moved upward into the sand. A continuum of behaviors between these two cases was observed. Vigorous bubbling and convection were generally favored by high temperature, small grain size, and small layer thickness. A physically based theory of heat- and mass transfer at the pyroclast/snow interface, developed in Part 1 of this paper, does a good job of explaining the observations as a manifestation of unstable vapor-driven fluidization. The theory, when extrapolated to the behavior of actual, poorly sorted pyroclastic flow sediments, leads to the prediction that the observed "thermal-scour" phenomenon should also occur for many real pyroclastic flows passing over snow. "Thermal scour" is therefore likely to be involved in the generation of lahars. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Walder, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1007/s004459900070 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 335GK UT WOS:000088235600004 ER PT J AU Nicolai, NC Lovich, JE AF Nicolai, NC Lovich, JE TI Preliminary observations of the behavior of male, flat-tailed horned lizards before and after an off-highway vehicle race in California SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID DESERT C1 Bur Land Management, El Centro Resource Area, El Centro, CA 92243 USA. RP Lovich, JE (reprint author), Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. OI Lovich, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7789-2831 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SUM PY 2000 VL 86 IS 3 BP 208 EP 212 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 401VA UT WOS:000166947900004 ER PT J AU Aleinikoff, JN Farmer, GL Rye, RO Nokleberg, WJ AF Aleinikoff, JN Farmer, GL Rye, RO Nokleberg, WJ TI Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and Tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DENALI FAULT SYSTEM; COAST MOUNTAINS; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; SOUTHERN ALASKA; AUGEN GNEISS; ND; GEOCHRONOLOGY; WRANGELLIA; TERRITORY AB Magnetotelluric traverses across the southern Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) reveal the presence of a thick conductive layer (or layers) beneath Paleozoic crystalline rocks. These rocks have been interpreted to be flysch of probable Mesozoic age, on the basis of the occurrence of Jurassic-Cretaceous flysch in the Kahiltna assemblage and Gravina-Nutzotin belt flanking the YTT to the southwest and southeast, respectively. The Pb, Nd, Sr, and O isotopes in Cretaceous and Tertiary granitic rocks that crop out throughout the YTT were measured to determine if these rocks do in fact contain a component of flysch. Previous limited analyses indicated that the Pb isotopes of the granitic rocks could be a mixture of radiogenic Pb derived from Paleozoic crystalline rocks of the YTT with an increasing component of relatively nonradiogenic Pb with decreasing age. Our Nd, Sr, and O data, along with additional Pb isotope data, eliminate flysch as a likely source and strongly suggest that the nonradiogenic end-member was derived from mafic rocks, either directly from mantle magma or by melting of mafic crust. The lack of a sedimentary component in the granitic plutons suggests either that the plutons did not incorporate significant amounts of flysch during intrusion or that the conductive layer beneath the YTT crystalline rocks is not flysch. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Aleinikoff, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 963,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jaleinikoff@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 945 EP 956 DI 10.1139/e00-006 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 332KR UT WOS:000088073700008 ER PT J AU Amstrup, SC Durner, GM Stirling, I Lunn, NN Messier, F AF Amstrup, SC Durner, GM Stirling, I Lunn, NN Messier, F TI Movements and distribution of polar bears in the Beaufort Sea SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN HUDSON-BAY; HOME-RANGE SIZE; URSUS-MARITIMUS; INDEPENDENCE; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY; MARK AB We fitted 173 satellite radio collars (platform transmitter terminals) to 121 adult female polar bears in the Beaufort Sea and relocated the bears 44 736 times between 1985 and 1995. We regularly resighted many instrumented bears so that we could ascertain whether changes in movements or distribution were related to reproductive status. Mean short-term movement rates were less than 2 km/h for all classes of bears. Maximum movement rates occurred in winter and early summer. In the southern Beaufort Sea (SBS), net geographic movements from the beginning to the end of each month were smaller for females with cubs of the year than for solitary females, and larger in November than in April, May, or July. In May, June, July, and August, radio-collared bears in the SBS moved north. They moved south in October. In the northern Beaufort Sea (NBS), bears moved north in June and south in March and September. Total annual movements ranged from 1406 to 6203 km. Mean total distances moved each month ranged from 79 to 420 km. Total monthly movements by SBS bears were largest in early winter and smallest in early spring. In the NBS, movements were largest in summer and smallest in winter. In the SBS, females with cubs moved less each month than other females. Annual activity areas ranged from 7264 to 596 800 km(2). Monthly activity areas ranged from 88 to 9760 km(2). Seasonal fidelity to activity areas of bears captured in all parts of the Beaufort Sea was strongest in summer and weakest in spring. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. RP Amstrup, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM Steven_Amstrup@USGS.GOV NR 62 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 6 U2 56 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 78 IS 6 BP 948 EP 966 DI 10.1139/cjz-78-6-948 PG 19 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 327JL UT WOS:000087790700008 ER PT J AU Golet, GH Irons, DB Costa, DP AF Golet, GH Irons, DB Costa, DP TI Energy costs of chick rearing in Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID KESTREL FALCO-TINNUNCULUS; DOUBLY LABELED WATER; LEACHS STORM-PETRELS; CLUTCH-SIZE; OENANTHE-OENANTHE; EUDYPTULA-MINOR; PIED FLYCATCHER; BROOD SIZE; GREAT TIT; EXPENDITURE AB We studied energy expenditure in adult Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridoctyla) with doubly labeled water to measure energy costs of chick rearing. We removed eggs from randomly selected nests and compared energy expenditure late in the chick-rearing period between adults raising chicks and adults whose eggs had been removed. Adults raising chicks expended energy at a rate 21% higher than adults from manipulated nests, apparently owing to differences in activity patterns while away from the colony. No sex-specific differences were detected in energy costs of chick rearing or energy expenditure, although statistical power for these analyses was fairly low. Among the unmanipulated group, energy expenditure tended to be positively related to natural brood size. An ancillary goal of our study was to test hypotheses that describe how population-level field metabolic rates (FMRs) vary during chick rearing. We compared FMRs among kittiwakes raising chicks at a colony in Alaska (61%09N) with those reported for a colony in Norway (76%30N). FMRs of adults raising chicks were nearly identical at the two colonies, suggesting that adults may have preferred levels of energy expenditure during chick rearing that are relatively invariant with environmental conditions, and that are not adjusted according to adult survival probabilities. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Golet, GH (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 65 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 78 IS 6 BP 982 EP 991 DI 10.1139/cjz-78-6-982 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 327JL UT WOS:000087790700011 ER PT J AU Hupp, JW Robertson, DG Schmutz, JA AF Hupp, JW Robertson, DG Schmutz, JA TI Recovery of tall cotton-grass following real and simulated feeding by snow geese SO ECOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN ALASKA; VEGETATION; RESPONSES; DYNAMICS; SALINITY; MARSHES; SITE AB Lesser snow geese Anser caerulescens caerulescens from the western Canadian Arctic feed on underground parts of tall cotton-grass Eriophorum angustifolium during autumn staging on the coastal plain of the Beaufort Sea in Canada and Alaska. We studied revegetation of sites where cotton-grass had been removed either by human-imprinted snow geese or by hand to simulate snow goose feeding. Aerial cover of cotton-grass at sites (n = 4) exploited by human-imprinted snow geese averaged 60 and 39% lower than in undisturbed control plots during the first and second year after feeding, respectively. Underground biomass of cotton-grass stembases and rhizomes in hand-treated plots was 80 and 62% less than in control plots 2 and 4 yr after removal, respectively (n = 10 yr(-1)). Aerial cover and biomass of common non-forage species such as Carex aquatilis did not increase on treated areas. Removal of cotton-grass by geese likely reduces forage availability at exploited sites for at least 2-4 yr after feeding but probably does not affect long-term community composition. Temporal heterogeneity in forage abundance likely contributes to the large spatial requirement of snow geese during staging. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Hupp, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-7590 J9 ECOGRAPHY JI Ecography PD JUN PY 2000 VL 23 IS 3 BP 367 EP 373 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2000.d01-1646.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 328QL UT WOS:000087861500012 ER PT J AU Paddack, MJ Estes, JA AF Paddack, MJ Estes, JA TI Kelp forest fish populations in marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas of central California SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE kelp forests; marine reserves; reproductive potential; rockfish; Sebastes ID KENYAN CORAL-REEF; URCHIN PARACENTROTUS-LIVIDUS; FISHERIES CONSERVATION ZONE; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; PROTECTED AREAS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; UNPROTECTED AREAS; GENUS SEBASTES; MANAGEMENT; PATTERNS AB Population structure (density and size distribution) of 10 species of epibenthic kelp forest fishes was compared between three marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas in central California. We also contrasted substrate relief, algal turf cover, and kelp population density among these areas. Densities of fishes were 12-35% greater within the reserves, but this difference was not statistically significant. Habitat features explained only 4% of the variation in fish density and did not vary consistently between reserves and nonreserves. The average length of rockfish (genus Sebastes) was significantly greater in two of the three reserve sites, as was the proportion of larger fish. Population density and size differences combined to produce substantially greater biomass and, therefore, greater reproductive potential per unit of area within the reserves. The magnitude of these effects seems to be influenced by the reserve's age. Our findings demonstrate that current levels of fishing pressure influence kelp forest rockfish populations and suggest that this effect is widespread in central California. Existing marine reserves in central California kelp forests may help sustain exploited populations both through adult emigration and larval pool augmentation. The magnitude of these effects remains uncertain, however, because the spatial scale of both larval and adult dispersal relative to the size of existing reserves is unknown. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Paddack, MJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 111 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 10 IS 3 BP 855 EP 870 DI 10.2307/2641050 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 322JN UT WOS:000087506600019 ER PT J AU Morey, S Reznick, D AF Morey, S Reznick, D TI A comparative analysis of plasticity ln larval development in three species of spadefoot toads SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adaptive plasticity; amphibian; comparative studies; ephemeral environment; growth rate; habitat; desiccation; larval development; metamorphosis; Pelobatidae; Scaphiopus; spadefoot toads ID SCAPHIOPUS-COUCHII TADPOLES; LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS; AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; ADAPTIVE PLASTICITY; PSEUDACRIS-TRISERIATA; ANURAN METAMORPHOSIS; AMBYSTOMA-OPACUM; POND COMMUNITIES; GROWTH HISTORY AB We used spadefoot toad larvae to evaluate assumptions and test predictions of the Wilbur and Collins model for plasticity in age and size at metamorphosis. The model assumes that there is a threshold during larval development after which it is possible to metamorphose and to accelerate metamorphosis in response to certain environmental stimuli. The threshold presumably sets the minimum size and/or age at metamorphosis. Development after the threshold is modified according to environmental conditions, with growth rate serving as an index of environmental quality. Rapidly growing larvae are predicted to delay metamorphosis to take advantage of a favorable larval environment. Slower growers are predicted to transform closer to the threshold, thus enabling them to escape from a poor larval environment. Groups of three larvae from all three species (Experiment 1) or isolated larvae from two species (Experiment 2) in the genus Scaphiopus were reared at three food levels. At predetermined ages, subsamples of larvae had their food supply eliminated. The cessation of feeding represents a decline in the quality of the larval environment. After food elimination, larvae either completed development or entered a developmental stasis, making no further progress toward metamorphosis. The ability to complete development was demarcated by a specific stage of development or a narrow range of stages, thus defining a threshold. The threshold for successful metamorphosis was arrived at earlier at higher food levels and is best described as a function of both stage and mass. If food was eliminated after the threshold had been reached, the starved larvae completed larval development at an earlier age than continuously fed controls at each food level except the lowest food treatment of S. intermontanus. The magnitude of this acceleration of development was greatest in fast-growing (high food) larvae and smallest in slow growers (low food). These results confirm that all three species respond to a decline in the quality of the larval environment as predicted by Wilbur and Collins. Furthermore, the interspecies comparison implies an adaptive shift in this plasticity in the form of a change in the stage of development that serves as a threshold, the degree of acceleration in development rate after the threshold, and the flexibility in the amount of growth that is seen after the threshold. S. couchii, which is derived from the most ephemeral environment, reaches the threshold at an earlier stage of development. It also displays a greater proportional acceleration in development rate after the threshold, matched by a larger trade-off in reduced body size at metamorphosis in comparison with species from less ephemeral environments. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. RP Reznick, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 53 TC 86 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 21 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 2000 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1736 EP 1749 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1736:ACAOPI]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 321FU UT WOS:000087446100021 ER PT J AU Juanes, F Letcher, BH Gries, G AF Juanes, F Letcher, BH Gries, G TI Ecology of stream fish: insights gained from an individual-based approach to juvenile Atlantic salmon SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ecology of Stream Fish Symposium CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL ASTURISS, SPAIN DE stream fish; ecology; individual; salmon ID SALAR MALE PARR; WINTER TEMPERATURE; MATURATION; GROWTH; POPULATIONS; HABITAT; TROUT; MODEL; RIVER; SIZE AB Using data from an ongoing study of juvenile Atlantic salmon growth and survival in tributaries of the Connecticut River, USA, we compare standard population-level approaches to those focusing on individuals. We highlight the potential benefits of resampling individually tagged stream fish as compared to standard approaches. Specifically we focus on growth, survival, movements and population estimation. The advantages of estimating sizes and growth rates from individual size trajectories include obtaining growth histories and the ability to perform retrospective analysis of the consequences of different life-history strategies. An example might be the patterns of growth leading to either early maturity or migration. Resampling known individuals is the only way we know to chart both short-term and long-term movements and to assign growth and mortality consequences to such movements. Finally individual-level data permit robust estimation of survival and density/abundance using methods such as Cormack/Jolly-Seber. The results indicate that population estimates were about 10% lower using individual data than using population data, that survival from sample to sample was typically >90%, that the majority of recaptured fish did not move during the summer, that growth was rapid during spring and most fish lost mass during the summer and that growth trajectories for maturing and nonmaturing fish showed substantially different patterns. An individual-based approach to stream fish ecology provides the opportunity to explore the mechanisms responsible for population-level patterns but comes at the cost of significant field effort. Tradeoffs between increased data resolution and the effort required to obtain the data must be considered before undertaking individual-based field studies of stream fishes. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Geol Survey, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA USA. RP Juanes, F (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM juanes@forwild.umass.edu NR 56 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0906-6691 EI 1600-0633 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD JUN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 73 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0633.2000.90107.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 315XP UT WOS:000087138500007 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN Audet, DJ Heinz, GH Hoffman, DJ Day, D AF Beyer, WN Audet, DJ Heinz, GH Hoffman, DJ Day, D TI Relation of waterfowl poisoning to sediment lead concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lead; waterfowl; sediment; toxicity; mining; risk assessment; swans; ALAD; protoporphyrin ID NORTHERN IDAHO; SMELTING COMPLEX; TUNDRA SWANS; MINING SITE; EXPOSURE; INGESTION; METALS; USA; TOXICOSIS; MAMMALS AB For many years, waterfowl have been poisoned by lead after ingesting contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, in Idaho. Results of studies on waterfowl experimentally fed this sediment were combined with results from field studies conducted in the Basin to relate sediment lead concentration to injury to waterfowl. The first step in the model estimated exposure as the relation of sediment lead concentration to blood lead concentration in mute swans (Cygnus olor), ingesting 22% sediment in a rice diet. That rate corresponded to the 90th percentile of sediment ingestion estimated from analyses of feces of tundra swans (Olor columbianus) in the Basin. Then, with additional laboratory studies on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed the sediment, we developed the general relation of blood lead to injury in waterfowl. Injury was quantified by blood lead concentrations, ALAD (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity, protoporphyrin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hepatic lead concentrations, and the prevalence of renal nuclear inclusion bodies. Putting the exposure and injury relations together provided a powerful tool for assessing hazards to wildlife in the Basin. The no effect concentration of sediment lead was estimated as 24 mg/kg and the lowest effect level as 530 mg/kg. By combining our exposure equation with data on blood lead concentrations measured in moribund tundra swans in the Basin, we estimated that some mortality would occur at a sediment lead concentration as low as 1800 mg/kg. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Spokane, WA 99206 USA. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 45 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD JUN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 3 BP 207 EP 218 DI 10.1023/A:1008998821913 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 362UA UT WOS:000089795600007 ER PT J AU Apodaca, LE Driver, NE Bails, JB AF Apodaca, LE Driver, NE Bails, JB TI Occurrence, transport, and fate of trace elements, Blue River Basin, Summit County, Colorado: An integrated approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trace-element concentrations; bed sediment; suspended sediment; surface water; water quality ID ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; STREAMS; SEDIMENTS; METALS; CREEK; USA AB Mining activities in the Blue River Basin, Summit County, Colorado, have affected the trace-element chemistry and biota along French Gulch and the Blue River. Elevated concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were present in the bed and suspended sediments. Bed sediment trace-element concentrations were high in the streams in and near mining activities in the basin and remained high as water flowed into Dillon Reservoir about 3.5 km downstream. Bed-sediment (<63 mu m) data were useful in assessing the distribution of trace elements in the basin. Suspended-sediment measurements provided information as to the transport of the trace elements. Filtered (<0.45 mu m) water-column trace-element concentrations were orders of magnitude less than the sediment concentrations. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in the water column at some sites exceeded stream water-quality standards. Elevated trace-element concentrations in the sediment and water column are a source of contamination and must be considered in water-quality management of the Blue River Basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Apodaca, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12209 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 39 IS 8 BP 901 EP 913 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 329WE UT WOS:000087930800007 ER PT J AU Wenger, RB Harris, HJ AF Wenger, RB Harris, HJ TI An assessment of ecosystem risks in the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE environmental risks; assessment method; fuzzy set; St. Croix ID INTEGRITY AB Ecological risk assessment is recognized by many as an important conceptual tool in ecosystem management. The purpose of such a risk assessment is to identify those factors (stressors) that pose the greatest risk to ecosystem integrity so that environmental protection efforts can be focused on those strategies likely to yield the greatest reduction in ecosystem risk. If ecological risk assessment is to move from the conceptual stage to the implementation stage, new methodological tools must be developed and successfully applied. The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of a basic methodological risk assessment tool, first developed by the authors as part of a case study involving Green Bay of Lake Michigan to the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway located in northwestern Wisconsin and east-central Minnesota. The information needed for conducting the risk assessment was provided by the participants in a e-day workshop. The invited participants, who possessed knowledge of the St. Croix ecosystem, identified through a group-consensus process a list of stressors and a list of ecosystem values. They then assigned numerical values to each stressor-ecosystem value pair that reflected the degree to which the given stressor contributes to ecosystem risk as measured by the given ecosystem value. Based on this information, the analytical portion of the methodology was then used to rank the ecosystem risks (stressors) when examined from several different perspectives: immediate impact, time-duration. and management activities. Regardless of the perspective taken, riverway development emerged as the most significant stressor. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Ft Snelling, MN 55111 USA. RP Wenger, RB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 6 BP 599 EP 611 DI 10.1007/s002670010047 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 310PV UT WOS:000086837300003 ER PT J AU Bazylinski, DA Dean, AJ Schuler, D Phillips, EJP Lovley, DR AF Bazylinski, DA Dean, AJ Schuler, D Phillips, EJP Lovley, DR TI N-2-dependent growth and nitrogenase activity in the metal-metabolizing bacteria, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum species SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS; SP-NOV; AQUASPIRILLUM-MAGNETOTACTICUM; GEN-NOV; DESULFUROMONAS-ACETOXIDANS; REDUCING MICROORGANISM; DISSIMILATORY FE(III); MAGNETITE FORMATION; GREIGITE FE3S4; REDUCTION AB Cells of Geobacter metallireducens, Magnetospirillum strain AMB-1, Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense showed N-2-dependent growth, the first anaerobically with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor, and the latter three species microaerobically in semi-solid oxygen gradient cultures. Cells of the Magnetospirillum species grown with N-2 under microaerobic conditions were magnetotactic and therefore produced magnetosomes. Cells of Geobacter metallireducens reduced acetylene to ethylene (11.5 +/- 5.9 nmol C2H4 produced min(-1) mg(-1) cell protein) while growing with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor in anaerobic growth medium lacking a fixed nitrogen source. Cells of the Magnetospirillum species, grown in a semi-solid oxygen gradient medium, also reduced acetylene at comparable rates. Uncut chromosomal and fragments from endonuclease-digested chromosomal DNA from these species, as well as Geobacter sulphurreducens organisms, hybridized with a nifHDK probe from Rhodospirillum rubrum, indicating the presence of these nitrogenase structural genes in these organisms. The evidence presented here shows that members of the metal-metabolizing genera, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum, fix atmospheric dinitrogen. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Bazylinski, DA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 47 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2912 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 2 IS 3 BP 266 EP 273 DI 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00096.x PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 328HB UT WOS:000087843500003 PM 11200427 ER PT J AU Hines, ME Horvat, M Faganeli, J Bonzongo, JCJ Barkay, T Major, EB Scott, KJ Bailey, EA Warwick, JJ Lyons, WB AF Hines, ME Horvat, M Faganeli, J Bonzongo, JCJ Barkay, T Major, EB Scott, KJ Bailey, EA Warwick, JJ Lyons, WB TI Mercury biogeochemistry in the Idrija River, Slovenia, from above the mine into the Gulf of Trieste SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY MAY 23-28, 1999 CL RIO JANEIRO, BRAZIL SP Ctr Miner Technol, Canadian Int Dev Agcy, Brazilian Res Council, Elect Power Res Inst, Res Support Fdn DE mercury; biogeochemistry; mer operon; methylation; demethylation ID NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA; METHYL MERCURY; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; SULFIDIC WATERS; CARSON RIVER; METHYLMERCURY; SEDIMENTS; SPECIATION; BACTERIA; RATES AB The Idrija Mine is the second largest Hg mine in the world which operated for 500 years. Mercury (Hg)-laden tailings still line the banks, and the system is a threat to the Idrija River and water bodies downstream including the Soca/Isonzo River and the Gulf of Trieste in the northern Adriatic Sea. A multidisciplinary study was conducted in June 1998 on water samples collected throughout the Idrija and Soca River systems and waters and sediments in the Gulf Total Hg in the Idrija River increased >20-fold downstream of the mine from <3 to > 60 ng liter(-1) with methyl mercury (MeHg) accounting for similar to 0.5%, Concentrations increased again downstream and into the estuary with MeHg accounting for nearly 1.5% of the total. While bacteria upstream of the mine did not contain mercury detoxification genes (mer), such genes were detected in bacteria collected downstream. Benthic macroinvertebrate diversity decreased downstream of the mine. Gulf waters near the river mouth contained up to 65 ng liter(-1) total Hg with similar to 0.05 ng liter(-1) MeHg. Gulf sediments near the river mouth contained 40 mu g g(-1) total Hg with MeHg concentrations of about 3 ng g(-1), Hg in sediment pore waters varied between 1 and 8 ng liter(-1), with MeHg accounting for up to 85%, Hg methylation and MeHg demethylation were active in Gulf sediments with highest activities near the surface. MeHg was degraded by an oxidative pathway with >97% C released from MeHg as CO2. Hg methylation depth profiles resembled profiles of dissolved MeHg. Hg-laden waters still strongly impact the riverine, estuarine, and marine systems, Macroinvertebrates and bacteria in the Idrija River responded to Hg stress, and high Hg levels persist into the Gulf. Increases in total Hg and MeHg in the estuary demonstrate the remobilization of Hg, presumably as HgS dissolution and recycling, Gulf sediments actively produce MeHg, which enters bottom waters and presumably the marine food chain. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Alaska, Dept Biol Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Jozef Stefan Inst, Dept Environm Sci, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Marine Biol Stn, Piran, Slovenia. Austin Coll, Dept Environm Sci, Sherman, TX 75090 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Biochem, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Alaska, Environm & Nat Resources Inst, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Manitoba, Dept Microbiol, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK USA. Univ Florida, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Geol, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486 USA. RP Hines, ME (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Biol Sci, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 46 TC 139 Z9 147 U1 1 U2 26 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 83 IS 2 BP 129 EP 139 DI 10.1006/enrs.2000.4052 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 329KM UT WOS:000087906200007 PM 10856186 ER PT J AU Johnson, TM Bullen, TD Zawislanski, PT AF Johnson, TM Bullen, TD Zawislanski, PT TI Selenium stable isotope ratios as indicators of sources and cycling of selenium: Results from the northern reach of San Francisco Bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACCUMULATION; REDUCTION; SEDIMENTS; AQUIFER; SULFUR; SOILS AB Selenium stable isotope ratios can serve as indicators of Se sources and reduction of Se oxyanions, much as sulfur and nitrogen isotope ratios do in sulfur and nitrogen biogeochemical studies. A new analytical method, which allows precise Se isotope ratio measurements on 500 ng of Se, greatly enhances analysis of environmental samples. This paper presents the first environmental study to use Se stable isotopes. Se-80/Se-76 ratios, relative to a provisional standard, were measured in water, oil refinery wastewater, total sediment digests, and sediment extracts from the Carquinez area in the San Francisco Bay Estuary. Se isotope ratios in total sediment Se and in extracts designed to recover Se-0 are slightly (about 2 parts per thousand) enriched in the lighter isotope relative to local bay water Se. This difference is smaller than the isotopic fractionations expected upon reduction of Se(VI) or Se(IV) to Se(0) and suggests that reduction of soluble selenium from the overlying waters is not the dominant process by which Se is incorporated into the sediments. Consistent isotopic differences between riverine and refinery inputs were not observed, and thus tracing of refinery inputs with Se isotopes is not possible in this system. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Johnson, TM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, 245 Nat Hist Bldg MC-102, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Johnson, Thomas/A-2740-2008 OI Johnson, Thomas/0000-0003-1620-1408 NR 29 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2075 EP 2079 DI 10.1021/es990187y PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 320GX UT WOS:000087394400015 ER PT J AU Panshin, SY Carter, DS Bayless, ER AF Panshin, SY Carter, DS Bayless, ER TI Analysis of atrazine and four degradation products in the pore water of the vadose zone, central Indiana SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; UNITED-STATES; SOILS; EXTRACTION; DEETHYLATRAZINE; METABOLITES; PESTICIDES; MIDWESTERN; TRANSPORT AB A new method is described for the analysis of atrazine and four of its degradation products (desethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, didealkylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine) in water. This method uses solid-phase extraction on a graphitized carbon black cartridge, derivatization of the eluate with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), and analysis by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This method was used to analyze lysimeter samples collected from a field in central Indiana in 1994 and 1995. Atrazine and its degradation products were transported rapidly through the vadose zone. Maximum values of atrazine ranged from 2.61 to 8.44 mu g/L and occurred from 15 to 57 days after application. Maximum concentrations of the degradation products occurred from 11 to 140 days after atrazine application. The degradation products were more persistent than atrazine in pore water. Desethylatrazine was the dominant degradation product detected in the first year, and didealkylatrazine was the dominant degradation product detected in the second year. Concentrations of atrazine and the degradation products sorbed onto soil were estimated; maximum concentrations ranged from 7.3 to 24 mu g/kg for atrazine and were less than 5 mu g/kg for all degradation products. Degradation of atrazine and transport of all five compounds were simulated by the vadose zone flow model LEACHM. LEACHM was run as a Darcian-flow model and as a non-Darcian-flow model. C1 US Geol Survey, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. RP Bayless, ER (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5957 Lakeside Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. NR 49 TC 41 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2131 EP 2137 DI 10.1021/es990772z PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 320GX UT WOS:000087394400022 ER PT J AU Powell, DE Rada, RG Wiener, JG Atchison, GJ AF Powell, DE Rada, RG Wiener, JG Atchison, GJ TI Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cadmium; sediment; atmospheric deposition; whole-lake burdens ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; NORTH-CENTRAL WISCONSIN; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ONTARIO LAKES; UPPER MIDWEST; TRACE-METALS; FOREST LAKES; LONG-TERM; ROCK LAKE; WATER AB Cadmium was quantified in the surface sediments of six seepage lakes ranging from 8 to 70 ha in surface area, 6 to 20 m in maximum depth, 5.2 to 7.0 in mean epilimnetic pH, and 1.7 to 6.8 mg.L-1 in dissolved organic carbon. Within each lake, dry-weight concentrations of cadmium (range, 0.02-7.17 mu g.g(-1)) were positively correlated with volatile matter content of the sediments, which increased with water depth. Volumetric concentrations (i.e., mass per volume of met sediment) were correlated with water depth in only one lake, and they more accurately represented the spatial distribution of sedimentary cadmium within the lakes. Analysis of sediment cores from two of the lakes indicated that surface sediments were enriched with cadmium. The source of cadmium and the within-lake processes controlling deposition to the sediments were presumably similar among the lakes, as demonstrated by the strong correlation between lake area and whole-lake burdens of cadmium in the surface sediments (range, 625-5785 g/lake). Hence, cadmium in these lakes appears to be derived largely from atmospheric deposition. When normalized for lake area, cadmium burdens in the surface sediments ranged from 62 to 92 g.ha(-1) and were strongly correlated with dissolved organic carbon, but not with lake pH, which suggests a link between the transport of cadmium and organic matter to the sediments. C1 Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. US Geol Survey, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Powell, DE (reprint author), Dow Corning Corp, Chem & Environm Sci C03101, 2200 W Salzburg Rd, Auburn, MI 48611 USA. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1523 EP 1531 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 318CZ UT WOS:000087267500008 ER PT J AU Congdon, BC Piatt, JF Martin, K Friesen, VL AF Congdon, BC Piatt, JF Martin, K Friesen, VL TI Mechanisms of population differentiation in marbled murrelets: Historical versus contemporary processes SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Brachyramphus marmoratus; coalescent theory; intron; marbled murrelet; population differentiation ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA DIFFERENTIATION; GENETIC-DIVERGENCE; MUTATION-RATE; POLYMORPHISM; SUBDIVISION; FREQUENCIES; SEQUENCES; PATTERNS; SIZE AB Mechanisms of population differentiation in highly vagile species such as seabirds are poorly understood. Previous studies of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus; Charadriiformes: Alcidae) found significant population genetic structure, but could not determine whether this structure is due to historical vicariance (e.g., due to Pleistocene glaciers), isolation by distance, drift or selection in peripheral populations, or nesting habitat selection. To discriminate among these possibilities, we analyzed sequence variation in nine nuclear introns from 120 marbled murrelets sampled from British Columbia to the western Aleutian Islands. Mismatch distributions indicated that murrelets underwent at least one population expansion during the Pleistocene and probably are not in genetic equilibrium. Maximum-likelihood analysis of allele frequencies suggested that murrelets from "mainland" sites (from the Alaskan Peninsula east) are genetically different from those in the Aleutians and that these two lineages diverged prior to the last glaciation. Analyses of molecular variance, as well as estimates of gene flow derived using coalescent theory, indicate that population genetic structure is best explained by peripheral isolation of murrelets in the Aleutian Islands, rather than by selection associated with different nesting habitats. No isolation-by-distance effects could be detected. Our results are consistent with a rapid expansion of murrelets from a single refugium during the early-mid Pleistocene, subsequent isolation and divergence in two or more refugia during the final Pleistocene glacial advance, and secondary contact following retreat of the ice sheets. Population genetic structure now appears to be maintained by distance effects combined with small populations and a highly fragmented habitat in the Aleutian Islands. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Pacific Wildlife Res Ctr, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. RP Congdon, BC (reprint author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Biol, POB 6811, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia. EM brad.congdon@jcu.edu.au RI Congdon, Bradley/J-9181-2012 NR 59 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD JUN PY 2000 VL 54 IS 3 BP 974 EP 986 PG 13 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 332TY UT WOS:000088090600024 PM 10937270 ER PT J AU Zale, AV Simmonds, RL Eades, RT AF Zale, AV Simmonds, RL Eades, RT TI Getting a job or assistantship: How to surpass the competition SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID ASPIRING GRADUATE-STUDENTS AB Opportunities in fisheries are scarce and competition for them is fierce, because often demand greatly exceeds supply. We offer our advice to prospective job or assistantship seekers based on our recent experiences, both in getting positions and trying to find the best applicants to fill openings. Our focus is on state agency management jobs and Cooperative Research Unit assistantships. Tactics vary, but success requires acquiring the credentials necessary for the position you desire, investing time and energy in an organized strategy to find the positions, and properly executing the necessary steps to receive an offer. The right coursework, job and volunteer experience, and technical skills are important, but knowing how to find openings, prepare your resume and application, and prepare for and execute exams and interviews are critical. To compete successfully, applicants must develop the personality, maturity, and track record of achievement that will make them someone that potential employers or professors will feel they can work with comfortably and productively. C1 Montana State Univ, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Zale, AV (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 6 BP 24 EP 31 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 325WL UT WOS:000087699400004 ER PT J AU Leland, HV Porter, SD AF Leland, HV Porter, SD TI Distribution of benthic algae in the upper Illinois River basin in relation to geology and land use SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benthic algae; community structure; modelling; rivers; eutrophication; land use; geology ID PERIPHYTON; DIATOMS; COLONIZATION; COMMUNITIES; DISTURBANCE; ASSEMBLAGES; CLADOPHORA; REGRESSION; DIVERSITY; HUNGARY AB 1. Benthic-algal distributions in the upper Illinois River basin, IL, U.S.A., were examined in relation to geology, land use, water chemistry and stream habitat using (detrended) (canonical) correspondence analysis, autecological metrics and indicator-species analysis in order to identify the major environmental gradients influencing community variation. 2. Ionic composition and major nutrient [i.e. nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)] concentration of surface waters, salinity (Na-Cl type), substratum type and physiognomic form of dominant species were primary factors contributing to variation in benthic-algal assemblages of the basin. Basin geology was a significant contributing factor, but the explained variance associated with this factor was less than that related to land use. 3. Proportions of algal biomass consisting of cyanophytes, filamentous chlorophytes, halophilic diatoms and diatoms which utilize nitrogen heterotrophically were greater in eutrophic river segments than in less nutrient-enriched segments. Composition of the benthic flora indicated meso-eutrophic or eutrophic conditions throughout the basin; there were few diatoms indicative of hypertrophic waters. Shifts in diatom-assemblage structure in response to nutrient loading provided an incomplete representation of the community-response curve. 4. A weighted-averages regression model based on total P and benthic-algal abundances tall divisions included) yielded a highly significant correlation (r(2) = 0.83) between species-inferred [WA((tol))] and observed total P, with systematic bias (increased deviation of residuals) occurring only at concentrations greater than similar to 1.0 mg L-1 total P. This result indicates that total P regression and calibration models can be predictable for a river basin receiving excessive loadings of phosphorus. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Leland, HV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 61 TC 105 Z9 124 U1 7 U2 32 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 2 BP 279 EP 301 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00536.x PG 23 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 328RR UT WOS:000087864300009 ER PT J AU Warne, AG Toth, LA White, WA AF Warne, AG Toth, LA White, WA TI Drainage-basin-scale geomorphic analysis to determine reference conditions for ecologic restoration - Kissimmee River, Florida SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE drainage basin analysis; Everglades; fluvial geomorphology; hydrology; Kissimmee River; morphometry ID RIPARIAN VEGETATION; UNITED-STATES; PERSPECTIVE; PATTERNS; LAKE AB Major controls on the retention, distribution, and discharge of surface water in the historic (precanal) Kissimmee drainage basin and river were investigated to determine reference conditions for ecosystem restoration. Precanal Kissimmee drainage-basin hydrology was largely controlled by landforms derived from relict, coastal ridge, lagoon, and shallow-shelf features; widespread carbonate solution depressions; and a poorly developed fluvial drainage network. Prior to channelization for flood control, the Kissimmee River was a very low gradient, moderately meandering river that flowed from Lake Kissimmee to Lake Okeechobee through the lower drainage basin. We infer that during normal wet seasons, river discharge rapidly exceeded Lake Okeechobee outflow capacity, and excess surface water hacked up into the low-gradient Kissimmee River. This backwater effect induced bankfull and peak discharge early in the flood cycle and transformed the flood plain into a shallow aquatic system with both lacustrine and riverine characteristics. The large volumes of surface water retained in the lakes and wetlands of the upper basin maintained overbank now conditions for several months after peak discharge. Analysis indicates that most of the geomorphic work on the channel and flood plain occurred during the frequently recurring extended periods of overbank discharge and that discharge volume may have been significant in determining channel dimensions. Comparison of hydrogeomorphic relationships with other river systems identified links between geomorphology and hydrology of the precanal Kissimmee River. However, drainage-basin and hydraulic geometry models derived solely from general populations of river systems may produce spurious reference conditions for restoration design criteria. C1 USA, Waterways Expt Stn, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Watershed Res & Planning Dept, S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Warne, AG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, 651 Fed Dr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. NR 81 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 16 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 112 IS 6 BP 884 EP 899 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<0884:DBSGAT>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 319AM UT WOS:000087316900007 ER PT J AU Umino, S Lipman, PW Obata, S AF Umino, S Lipman, PW Obata, S TI Subaqueous lava flow lobes, observed on ROV KAIKO dives off Hawaii SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Loihi Seamount; subaqueous pahoehoe flows; hollow lobes; inflation; supply rate ID ANALOG EXPERIMENTS; MORPHOLOGY; EMPLACEMENT; INFLATION; TUMULI; RIDGE; VOLCANOS; MODEL AB Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) KAIKO dives north of Oahu Island, Hawaii, and on the lower south rift zone of Loihi Seamount revealed diverse flow morphologies of submarine lava that correlate with slope and rate of lava delivery. Steep to moderate (>10 degrees) slopes are covered with elongate pillows and narrow pahoehoe streams; bulbous pillows and smooth pahoehoe robes occur on flat areas and gentle slopes. Some gentle slopes are covered by lobate sheet flows that supply pillow flows. Smooth pahoehoe lobes change upslope into lobate sheets, indicating that the sheets form by coalescence and inflation of successively emplaced flow lobes. Many pahoehoe flows contain hollow, tumuli-like lobes that have inflated and collapsed. Thin crusts (4-20 cm) and large volumes (0.7-1050 m(3)) of such inflated lobes suggest lava supply rates of 0.01-8 m(3)/min. These calculated supply rates are more than one order of magnitude larger than those for subaerial tumuli in Iceland. Thinner viscoelastic layers of subaqueous lobes at the time of inflation allowed higher excess pressures and expansion rates. C1 Shizuoka Univ, Dept Biol & Geosci, Shizuoka 4228529, Japan. US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94028 USA. RP Umino, S (reprint author), Shizuoka Univ, Dept Biol & Geosci, Ohya 836, Shizuoka 4228529, Japan. EM sesumin@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp; plipman@mojave.wr.usgs.gov; Sumie@se-geomail.sci.shizuoka.ac.jp RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 11 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 6 BP 503 EP 506 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 318YM UT WOS:000087312300006 ER PT J AU Hudson, MR AF Hudson, MR TI Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the southern Ozark dome of northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE foreland; strike-slip faults; normal faults; Ozark dome; Ouachita orogeny ID MISSISSIPPI AB Structures that formed on the southern flank of the Ozark dome, in the foreland of the late Paleozoic Ouachita orogeny, have received little modern study. New mapping of the western Buffalo River region of northern Arkansas identifies diversely oriented faults and monoclinal folds that displace the generally flat lying Mississippian Boom Formation over a 180 m elevation range. Kinematic measurements and spatial relations reveal the presence of both east-striking normal faults and broader northeast-striking dextral strike-slip fault zones that acted in a coordinated fashion to accommodate constrictional strain, in which north-south extension was balanced by vertical and east-directed shortening. North-south extension in the Buffalo River region probably reflects Pennsylvanian-Early Permian deformation within the flexural fore-bulge of the developing Ouachita orogeny, which closed progressively westward along the southern margin of the craton. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hudson, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 6 BP 511 EP 514 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<511:CSANFI>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 318YM UT WOS:000087312300008 ER PT J AU Atwater, BF Smith, GA Waitt, RB AF Atwater, BF Smith, GA Waitt, RB TI The Channeled Scabland: Back to Bretz?: Comment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascade Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Atwater, BF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 1 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 6 BP 574 EP 575 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<576:TCSBTB>2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA 318YM UT WOS:000087312300028 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Wicks, C Dzurisin, D Thatcher, W Freymueller, JT McNutt, SR Mann, D AF Lu, Z Wicks, C Dzurisin, D Thatcher, W Freymueller, JT McNutt, SR Mann, D TI Aseismic inflation of Westdahl volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DEFORMATION; CALDERA AB Westdahl volcano, located at the west end of Unimak Island in the central Aleutian volcanic are, Alaska, is a broad shield that produced moderate-sized eruptions in 1964, 1978-79, and 1991-92. Satellite radar interferometry detected about 17 cm of volcano-wide inflation from September 1993 to October 1998. Multiple independent interferograms reveal that the deformation rate has not been steady; more inflation occurred from 1993 to 1995 than from 1995 to 1998. Numerical modeling indicates that a source located about 9 km beneath the center of the volcano inflated by about 0.05 km(3) from 1993 to 1998. On the basis of the timing and volume of recent eruptions at Westdahl and the fact that it has been inflating for more than 5 years, the next eruption can be expected within the next several years. C1 Raytheon STX Corp, USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. USGS, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, AVO, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lu, Z (reprint author), Raytheon STX Corp, USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 12 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 11 BP 1567 EP 1570 DI 10.1029/1999GL011283 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 320GU UT WOS:000087394100001 ER PT J AU Singer, B Hildreth, W Vincze, Y AF Singer, B Hildreth, W Vincze, Y TI Ar-40/Ar-39 evidence for early deglaciation of the central Chilean Andes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LAST DEGLACIATION; GLACIAL MAXIMUM; CLIMATE-CHANGE; YOUNGER-DRYAS; AGE; CALIBRATION; HEMISPHERE; RHYOLITE; MOUNTAIN; COMPLEX AB Spatial variability of deglaciation and warming since the last glacial maximum is critical for relating hemispheric or regional climate-forcing mechanisms to global orbitally-induced insolation changes. Radiocarbon ages of moraines, ice cores, and deep sea sediments from the southern hemisphere suggest that initial warming and glacial recession began before 23,000 years ago, but that in latitudinal belts of concentrated precipitation, glaciers readvanced 18,000 and 13,000 years ago. Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of glaciated and unglaciated lava flows 2200 m in elevation at Laguna del Maule, central Chilean Andes, implies that at 36 degrees S, the southern Andean ice cap retreated between 25,600+/-1,200 and 23,300+/-600 years ago and did not expand afterwards. These ages are reconciled if increased insolation ablated sea-ice cover and mountain glaciers in the southern hemisphere 5,000 years before the northern, and if subsequently Laguna del Maule lay north of the westerly winds delivering moisture to more southerly (39-52 degrees S) portions of the ice cap. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Geneva, Dept Mineral, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Singer, B (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Singer, Bradley/F-4991-2012 OI Singer, Bradley/0000-0003-3595-5168 NR 38 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 11 BP 1663 EP 1666 DI 10.1029/1999GL011065 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 320GU UT WOS:000087394100025 ER PT J AU Groat, CG AF Groat, CG TI Integrating science at the USGS SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Groat, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 6 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 320FU UT WOS:000087391800005 ER PT J AU Haines, JW Williams, SJ AF Haines, JW Williams, SJ TI The coastal zone: A resource at risk SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 USGS, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Haines, JW (reprint author), USGS, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 6 BP 12 EP 15 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 320FU UT WOS:000087391800014 ER PT J AU Pallister, JS AF Pallister, JS TI New dimensions in geologic mapping SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 USGS, Natl Cooperat Geol Mapping Program, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Pallister, JS (reprint author), USGS, Natl Cooperat Geol Mapping Program, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 6 BP 16 EP 19 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 320FU UT WOS:000087391800015 ER PT J AU Hamilton, PA Stoner, JD Gilliom, RJ AF Hamilton, PA Stoner, JD Gilliom, RJ TI Water quality: Why geology matters SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hamilton, PA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 6 BP 20 EP 23 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 320FU UT WOS:000087391800016 ER PT J AU Ahlbrandt, TS Charpentier, RR Klett, TR Schmoker, JW Schenk, CJ Ulmishek, GF AF Ahlbrandt, TS Charpentier, RR Klett, TR Schmoker, JW Schenk, CJ Ulmishek, GF TI Future oil and gas resources of the world SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Cent Energy Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ahlbrandt, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cent Energy Team, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 6 BP 24 EP 25 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 320FU UT WOS:000087391800017 ER PT J AU Huntington, TG AF Huntington, TG TI The potential for calcium depletion in forest ecosystems of southeastern United States: Review and analysis SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Review ID LONG-TERM TRENDS; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; LOBLOLLY-PINE; WHOLE-TREE; EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; WATER ACIDIFICATION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; STREAM CHEMISTRY; WEATHERING RATES AB Biogeochemical mass balance assessments of calcium status in southeastern forests indicate that losses through harvesting and soil leaching often exceed inputs from atmospheric deposition and weathering. Many forest soils of the southeastern United States are particularly sensitive because these soils and the underlying saprolite from which these soils are derived are largely depleted of weatherable calcium. At most of the intensively studied sites in the southeastern United States, it is estimated that calcium depletion has already reduced or will likely reduce exchangeable soil calcium reserves to less than the estimated requirement for a merchantable forest stand in 150 years or less. At most sites, calcium uptake into merchantable wood equals or exceeds soil leaching losses. Chronic atmospheric deposition of sulfate and nitrate and declining atmospheric deposition of calcium are likely to accelerate calcium depletion. The southeastern U.S. regional distribution of soil calcium pools and calcium fluxes (deposition and uptake in merchantable wood) indicates that the depletion status of the intensively studied sites is representative of a substantially larger area. Where weathering inputs are insufficient to replace leaching and uptake losses, there is a potential for a regional problem in forest nutrition over the long term. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Huntington, TG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. EM thunting@usgs.gov OI Huntington, Thomas/0000-0002-9427-3530 NR 101 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUN PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 623 EP 638 DI 10.1029/1999GB001193 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 323VR UT WOS:000087586100008 ER PT J AU Nordstrom, DK AF Nordstrom, DK TI Advances in the hydrogeochemistry and microbiology of acid mine waters SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Review ID REACTIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT; POCOS-DE-CALDAS; OSAMU UTSUMI MINE; MORRO-DO-FERRO; PYRITE OXIDATION; LEPTOSPIRILLUM-FERROOXIDANS; EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS; CONTINUUM FORMULATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; NATURAL-WATERS AB The last decade has witnessed a plethora of research related to the hydrogeochemistry and microbiology of acid mine waters and associated tailings and waste-rock waters. Numerous books, reviews, technical papers, and proceedings have been published that examine the complex biogeochemical process of sulfide mineral oxidation, develop and apply geochemical models to site characterization, and characterize the microbial ecology of these environments. This review summarizes many of these recent works, and provides references for those investigating this field. Comparisons of measured versus calculated Eh and measured versus calculated pH for water samples from several field sites demonstrate the reliability of some current geochemical models for aqueous speciation and mass balances. Geochemical models are not, however, used to predict accurately time-dependent processes but to improve our understanding of these systems and to constrain possible processes that contribute to actual or potential water quality issues. Microbiological studies are demonstrating that there is much we have yet to learn about the types of different microorganisms and their function and ecology in mine-waste environments. A broad diversity of green algae, bacteria, archaea, yeasts, and fungi are encountered in acid mine waters, and a better understanding of their ecology and function may potentially enhance remediation possibilities as well as our understanding of the evolution of life. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Nordstrom, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 109 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 30 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 42 IS 6 BP 499 EP 515 PG 17 WC Geology SC Geology GA 333EZ UT WOS:000088117800003 ER PT J AU Fenn, DB AF Fenn, DB TI Ecosystem assessment SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Fenn, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 4 BP 6 EP 7 PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA 397RG UT WOS:000166708900003 ER PT J AU Schreier, TM Dawson, VK Choi, Y Spanjers, NJ Boogaard, MA AF Schreier, TM Dawson, VK Choi, Y Spanjers, NJ Boogaard, MA TI Determination of niclosamide residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillet tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE niclosamide; fillet residues; channel catfish; rainbow trout; HPLC ID FISH AB Bayluscide [the ethanolamine salt of niclosamide (NIC)] is a registered piscicide used in combination with 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to control sea lamprey populations in streams tributary to the Great Lakes. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of NIC residues in muscle fillet tissues of fish exposed to NIC and TFM during sea lamprey control treatments. NIC was extracted from fortified channel catfish and rainbow trout fillet tissue with a series of acetone extractions and cleaned up on C-18 solid-phase extraction cartridges. NIC concentrations were determined by HPLC with detection at 360 and 335 nm for rainbow trout and catfish, respectively. Recovery of NIC from rainbow trout (n = 7) fortified at 0.04 mu g/g was 77 +/- 6.5% and from channel catfish (n = 7) fortified at 0.02 mu g/g was 113 +/- 11%. NIC detection limit was 0.0107 mu g/g for rainbow trout and 0.0063 mu g/g for catfish. Percent recovery of incurred radioactive residues by this method from catfish exposed to [C-14]NIC was 89.3 +/- 4.1%. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for rainbow trout (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 78 +/- 5.1 and 68 +/- 2.4%, respectively. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for channel catfish (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 88 +/- 13 and 76 +/- 21%, respectively. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Schreier, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 11 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 2212 EP 2215 DI 10.1021/jf990695r PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 327FD UT WOS:000087782500039 PM 10888524 ER PT J AU Yates, DN Warner, TT Leavesley, GH AF Yates, DN Warner, TT Leavesley, GH TI Prediction of a flash flood in complex terrain. Part II: A comparison of flood discharge simulations using rainfall input from radar, a dynamic model, and an automated algorithmic system SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Three techniques were employed for the estimation and prediction of precipitation from a thunderstorm that produced a flash flood in the Buffalo Creek watershed located in the mountainous Front Range near Denver, Colorado, on 12 July 1996. The techniques included 1) quantitative precipitation estimation using the National Weather Service's Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler and the National Center for Atmospheric Research's S-band, dual-polarization radars, 2) quantitative precipitation forecasting utilizing a dynamic model, and 3) quantitative precipitation forecasting using an automated algorithmic system for tracking thunderstorms. Rainfall data provided by these various techniques at short timescales (6 min) and at fine spatial resolutions (150 m to 2 km) served as input to a distributed-parameter hydrologic model for analysis of the flash hood. The quantitative precipitation estimates from the weather radar demonstrated their ability to aid in simulating a watershed's response to precipitation forcing from small-scale, convective weather in complex terrain. That is, with the radar-based quantitative precipitation estimates employed as input, the simulated peak discharge was similar to that estimated. The dynamic model showed the most promise in providing a significant forecast lead time for this flash-flood event. The algorithmic system did not show as much skill in comparison with the dynamic model in providing precipitation forcing to the hydrologic model. The discharge forecasts based on the dynamic-model and algorithmic-system inputs point to the need to improve the ability to forecast convective storms, especially if models such as these eventually are to be used in operational hood forecasting. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, RAP, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Warner, TT (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, RAP, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NR 10 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 39 IS 6 BP 815 EP 825 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0815:POAFFI>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 324YT UT WOS:000087650100005 ER PT J AU Anderson, ED Engelking, HM Emmenegger, EJ Kurath, G AF Anderson, ED Engelking, HM Emmenegger, EJ Kurath, G TI Molecular epidemiology reveals emergence of a virulent infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus strain in wild salmon and its transmission to hatchery fish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; GLYCOPROTEIN GENE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RHABDOVIRUS; EPIZOOTIOLOGY; NEUTRALIZATION; NUCLEOPROTEIN; PATHOGENS; MUTATIONS; PATTERNS AB Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) has been known to be a significant salmonid pathogen in the Pacific Northwest of North America for decades. The goal of this study Ras to characterize the IHNV genetic heterogeneity and viral traffic over time at a study site in the Deschutes River watershed in Oregon, with an emphasis on the epidemiology of IHNV types causing epidemics in wild kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka between 1991 and 1995. The study site included kokanee spawning grounds in the Metolius River and Lake Billy Chinook downstream, in which the IHNV epidemics occurred in 2- and 3-year-old kokanee, and the Round Butte Fish Hatchery at the outflow of the lake. Forty-two IHNV isolates collected from this area between 1975 and 1995 were characterized on a genetic basis by ribonuclease (RNase) protection fingerprint analyses of the virus nucleocapsid, glycoprotein, and nonvirion genes. Analysis of the 16 identified composite haplotypes suggested that both virus evolution and introduction of new IHNV strains contributed to the genetic diversity observed. The results indicated that the 1991-1995 epidemics in kokanee from Lake Billy Chinook were due to a newly introduced IHNV type that was first detected in spawning adult kokanee in 1988 and that this virus type was transmitted from the wild kokanee to hatchery fish downstream in 1991. Twelve IHNV haplotypes were found at Round Butte Fish Hatchery, indicating a series of virus displacement events during the 20-year period examined. This work shows that IHNV traffic can be much more complex than was previously recognized, and the results have implications for fisheries management at the hatchery and throughout the watershed. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kurath, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 46 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2000 VL 12 IS 2 BP 85 EP 99 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(200006)012<0085:MEREOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 375DZ UT WOS:000165385400001 ER PT J AU Rach, JJ Gaikowski, MP Ramsay, RT AF Rach, JJ Gaikowski, MP Ramsay, RT TI Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control mortalities associated with bacterial gill disease infections on hatchery-reared salmonids SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; TOXICITY; FISH AB The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control mortalities associated with bacterial gill disease (BGD) was evaluated in three trials conducted at two Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources hatcheries. Microscopic examination of the fish gills before treatment revealed gill damage and the presence of bacteria indicative of BGD. In separate trials, brown trout Salmo trutta, chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and rainbow trout O. mykiss were exposed to hydro en peroxide concentrations of 0, 56, 110, or 230 mg/L for 30 or 60 min every other day. In all three trials, at least one of the hydrogen peroxide treatment regimens reduced cumulative fish mortality in comparison with the controls. Exposures of 230 mg/L for 60 min increased the risk of mortality in brown trout and chinook salmon relative to that at other treatment concentrations. Exposures of up to 230 mgn for 30 min decreased the risk of mortality in rainbow trout. Posttreatment qualitative gill examination indicated that gills of the treated fish appeared normal, whereas the gills of control fish exhibited pale coloration, clubbing of filaments, and lamellar fusion. On the basis of the efficacy data, two static bath treatment regimens were effective in the control of BGD: hydrogen peroxide administered at concentrations of 56-110 mg/L as a 60-min exposure or hydrogen peroxide administered at concentrations of 56-230 mg/L as a 30-min exposure. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, US Dept Interior, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Rach, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, US Dept Interior, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 2000 VL 12 IS 2 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(200006)012<0119:EOHPTC>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 375DZ UT WOS:000165385400004 ER PT J AU Knebel, HJ Lewis, RS Varekamp, JC AF Knebel, HJ Lewis, RS Varekamp, JC TI Regional processes, conditions, and characteristics of the Long Island Sound sea floor SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. State Geol & Nat Hist Survey Connecticut, Environm & Geog Informat Ctr, Dept Environm Protect, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. RP Knebel, HJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 519 EP 521 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800002 ER PT J AU Knebel, HJ Poppe, LJ AF Knebel, HJ Poppe, LJ TI Sea-floor environments within Long Island Sound: A regional overview SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Island Sound; estuaries; sedimentary processes; sedimentary environments; side-scanning methods ID SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; CONNECTICUT; DEPOSITION; CORE AB Modern sea-floor sedimentary environments within the glaciated, topographically complex Long Island Sound estuary have been interpreted and mapped from an extensive collection of sidescan sonographs, bottom samples, and video-camera observations together with supplemental bathymetric, marine-geologic, and bottom-current data. Four categories of environments are present that reflect the dominant long-term processes of: erosion or nondeposition; coarse-grained bedload transport; sediment sorting and reworking; and fine-grained deposition. (1) Environments of erosion or nondeposition contain exposures of glacial drift, coarse lag deposits, and possibly bedrock and include sediments which range from boulder fields to gravelly coarse-to-medium sands. (2) Environments of coarse-grained bedload transport are mantled by sand ribbons and sand waves and contain mostly coarse-to-fine sands with only small amounts of mud. (3) Environments of sediment sorting and reworking comprise both uniform and heterogeneous sediment types and contain variable amounts of fine sand and mud. (4) Environments of fine-grained deposition are blanketed by muds and sandy muds. The patchy distribution of sedimentary environments within Long Island Sound reflects both regional and local changes in bottom processes. Regional changes are primarily the result of a strong, east-to-west decreasing gradient of bottom tidal-current speeds, coupled with the net (westward) estuarine bottom drift. The regional current regime has produced a westward succession of environments along the basin floor beginning with erosion or nondeposition at the narrow eastern entrance to the Sound, changing to an extensive area of coarse-grained bedload transport, passing into a contiguous band of sediment sorting, and ending with broad areas of fine-grained deposition in the central and western Sound. However, local changes in processes are superimposed on the regional conditions within the central and western parts of the basin and along the nearshore margins. Within the central and western basin, localized sedimentary environments are produced where the bottom flow is enhanced by, and interacts with, the bottom topography, whereas along the nearshore margins, they variously reflect wave-produced currents, the irregular bathymetry, the indented shoreline, and the proximal supply of sediments. Results from this study (1) confirm the high trapping efficiency of fine-grained sediments in the Sound, (2) suggest that fine-grained sediments accumulate at an average (regional) rate of 0.08 g/cm(2)/y, and (3) indicate that the postglacial delta in the eastern Sound was a significant source of fine-grained sediments now buried beneath depositional areas. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Knebel, HJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 71 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 6 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 533 EP 550 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800004 ER PT J AU Signell, RP List, JH Farris, AS AF Signell, RP List, JH Farris, AS TI Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Island Sound; estuaries; modeling; currents; tides; sediment transport ID WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION; BAY AB A high resolution (300-400 m grid spacing), process oriented modeling study was undertaken to elucidate the physical processes affecting the characteristics and distribution of sea-floor sedimentary environments in Long Island Sound. Simulations using idealized forcing and high-resolution bathymetry were performed using a three-dimensional circulation model ECOM (BLUMBERG and MELLOR, 1987) and a stationary shallow water wave model HISWA (HOLTHUIJSEN et al., 1989). The relative contributions of tide-, density-, wind- and wave-driven bottom currents are assessed and related to observed characteristics of the sea-floor environments, and simple bedload sediment transport simulations are performed. The fine grid spacing allows features with scales of several kilometers to be resolved. The simulations clearly show physical processes that affect the observed sea-floor characteristics at both regional and local scales. Simulations of near-bottom tidal currents reveal a strong gradient in the funnel-shaped eastern part of the Sound, which parallels an observed gradient in sedimentary environments from erosion or nondeposition, through bedload transport and sediment sorting, to fine-grained deposition. A simulation of estuarine flow driven by the along-axis gradient in salinity shows generally westward bottom currents of 2-4 cm/s that are locally enhanced to 6-8 cm/s along the axial depression of the Sound. Bottom wind-driven currents flow downwind along the shallow margins of the basin, but flow against the wind in the deeper regions. These bottom flows (in opposition to the wind) are strongest in the axial depression and add to the estuarine flow when winds are from the west. The combination of enhanced bottom currents due to both estuarine circulation and the prevailing westerly winds provide an explanation for the relatively coarse sediments found along parts of the axial depression. Climatological simulations of wave-driven bottom currents show that frequent high-energy events occur along the shallow margins of the Sound, explaining the occurrence of relatively coarse sediments in these regions. Bedload sediment transport calculations show that the estuarine circulation coupled with the oscillatory tidal currents result in a net westward transport of sand in much of the eastern Sound. Local departures from this regional westward trend occur around topographic and shoreline irregularities, and there is strong predicted convergence of bedload transport over most of the large, linear sand ridges in the eastern Sound, providing a mechanism which prevents their decay. The strong correlation between the near-bottom current intensity based on the model results and the sediment response, as indicated by the distribution of sedimentary environments, provides a framework for predicting the long-term effects of anthropogenic activities. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Signell, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 5 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 551 EP 566 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800005 ER PT J AU Poppe, LJ Knebel, HJ Mlodzinska, ZJ Hastings, ME Seekins, BA AF Poppe, LJ Knebel, HJ Mlodzinska, ZJ Hastings, ME Seekins, BA TI Distribution of surficial sediment in Long Island Sound and adjacent waters: Texture and total organic carbon SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Island Sound; surficial sediment; grain size; total organic carbon AB The surficial sediment distribution within Long Island Sound has been mapped and described using bottom samples, photography, and sidescan sonar, combined with information from the geologic literature. The distributions of sediment type and total organic carbon (TOC) reveal several broad trends that are largely related to the sea-floor geology, the bathymetry, and the effects of modern tidal- and wind-driven currents. Sediment types are most heterogeneous in bathymetrically complex and shallow nearshore areas; the heterogeneity diminishes and the texture fines with decreasing bottom-current energy. Lag deposits of gravel and gravelly sand dominate the surficial sediment texture in areas where bottom currents are the strongest (such as where tidal flow is constricted) and where glacial till craps out at the sea floor. Sand is the dominant sediment type in areas characterized by active sediment transport and in shallow areas affected by fine-grained winnowing. Silty sand and sand-silt-clay mark transitions within the basin from higher- to lower-energy environments, suggesting a diminished hydraulic ability to sort and transport sediment. Clayey silt and silty clay are the dominant sediment types accumulating in the central and western basins and in other areas characterized by long-term depositional environments. The amount of TOC in the sediments of Long Island Sound varies inversely with sediment grain size. Concentrations average more than 1.9% (dry weight) in clayey silt, but are less than 0.4% in sand. Generally, values for TOC increase both toward the west in the Sound and from the shallow margins to the deeper parts of the basin floor. Our data also suggest that TOC concentrations can vary seasonally. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Poppe, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 55 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 567 EP 574 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800006 ER PT J AU Mecray, EL ten Brink, MRB AF Mecray, EL ten Brink, MRB TI Contaminant distribution and accumulation in the surface sediments of Long Island Sound SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE metals; trace metals; major elements; grain size; texture; estuaries; multivariate statistics ID MARINE-SEDIMENTS; DIAGENETIC PROCESSES; METAL CONCENTRATIONS; WATER INTERFACE; HALIFAX HARBOR; GEOCHEMISTRY; TOXICITY; ALUMINUM; QUALITY; TRENDS AB The distribution of contaminants in surface sediments has been measured and mapped as part of a U.S. Geological Survey study of the sediment quality and dynamics of Long Island Sound. Surface samples from 219 stations were analyzed for trace (Ag, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn and Zr) and major (Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, and Ti) elements, grain size, and Clostridium perfringens spores. Principal Components Analysis was used to identify metals that may covary as a function of common sources or geochemistry. The metallic elements generally have higher concentrations in fine-grained deposits, and their transport and depositional patterns mimic those of small particles. Fine-grained particles are remobilized and transported from areas of high bottom energy and deposited in less dynamic regions of the Sound. Metal concentrations in bottom sediments are high in the western part of the Sound and low in the bottom-scoured regions of the eastern Sound. The sediment chemistry was compared to model results (SIGNELL et al., 1998) and maps of sedimentary environments (KNEBEL et al., 1999) to better understand the processes responsible for contaminant distribution across the Sound. Metal concentrations were normalized to grain-size and the resulting ratios are uniform in the depositional basins of the Sound and show residual signals in the eastern end as well as in some local areas. The preferential transport of fine-grained material from regions of high bottom stress is probably the dominant factor controlling the metal concentrations in different regions of Long Island Sound. This physical redistribution has implications for environmental management in the region. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Mecray, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 64 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 575 EP 590 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800007 ER PT J AU ten Brink, MRB Mecray, EL Galvin, EL AF ten Brink, MRB Mecray, EL Galvin, EL TI Clostridium perfringens in Long Island Sound sediments: An urban sedimentary record SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bacteria; coastal zone management; contaminant; environment; fecal; metal; pollutants; pollution; population; quality; sewage; toxicity ID ESTUARINE; COASTAL; BAY; MICROORGANISMS; CONTAMINATION; MARINE; TRENDS; RATES; OCEAN; US AB Clostridium perfringens is a conservative tracer and an indicator of sewage-derived pollution in the marine environment. The distribution of Clostridium perfringens spores was measured in sediments from Long Island Sound, USA, as part of a regional study designed to: (1) map the distribution of contaminated sediments; (2) determine transport and dispersal paths; (3) identify the locations of sediment and contaminant focusing; and (4) constrain predictive models. In 1996, sediment cores were collected at 58 stations, and surface sediments were collected at 219 locations throughout the Sound. Elevated concentrations of Clostridium perfringens in the sediments indicate that sewage pollution is present throughout Long Island Sound and has persisted for more than a century. Concentrations range from undetectable amounts to 15,000 spores/g dry sediment and are above background levels in the upper 30 cm at nearly all core locations. Sediment focusing strongly impacts the accumulation of Clostridium perfringens spores. Inventories in the cores range from 28 to 70,000 spores/cm(2), and elevated concentrations can extend to depths of 50 cm. The steep gradients in Clostridium perfringens profiles in muddier cores contrast with concentrations that are generally constant with depth in sandier cores. Clostridium perfringens concentrations rarely decrease in the uppermost sediment, unlike those reported for metal contaminants. Concentrations in surface sediments are highest in the western end of the Sound, very low in the eastern region, and intermediate in the central part. This pattern reflects winnowing and focusing of Clostridium perfringens spores and fine-grained sediment by the hydrodynamic regime; however, the proximity of sewage sources to the westernmost Sound locally enhances the Clostridium perfringens signals. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP ten Brink, MRB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 66 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 591 EP 612 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800008 ER PT J AU Varekamp, JC ten Brink, MRB Mecray, EL Kreulen, B AF Varekamp, JC ten Brink, MRB Mecray, EL Kreulen, B TI Mercury in Long Island Sound sediments SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pollution; Hg; contaminants; metals; sewage ID ORGANIC-MATTER; JAMAICA BAY; C/N RATIOS; NEW-YORK; DEPOSITION; POLLUTION; ESTUARY; CARBON; CONTAMINATION; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured in 394 surface and core samples from Long Island Sound (LIS). The surface sediment Hg concentration data show a wide spread, ranging from <50 ppb Hg in eastern LIS to >600 ppb Hg in westernmost LIS. Part of the observed range is related to variations in the bottom sedimentary environments, with higher Hg concentrations in the muddy depositional areas of central and western LIS. A strong residual trend of higher Hg values to the west remains when the data are normalized to grain size. Relationships between a tracer for sewage effluents (C. perfringens) and Hg concentrations indicate that between 0-50 % of the Hg is derived from sewage sources for most samples from the western and central basins. A higher percentage of sewage-derived Hg is found in samples from the westernmost section of LIS and in some local spots near urban centers. The remainder of the Hg is carried into the Sound with contaminated sediments from the watersheds and a small fraction enters the Sound as in situ atmospheric deposition. The Hg-depth profiles of several cores have well-defined contamination profiles that extend to pre-industrial background values. These data indicate that the Hg levels in the Sound have increased by a factor of 5-6 over the last few centuries, but Hg levels in LIS sediments have declined in modern times by up to 30 %. The concentrations of C. perfringens increased exponentially in the top core sections which had declining Hg concentrations, suggesting a recent decline in Hg fluxes that are unrelated to sewage effluents. The observed spatial and historical trends show Hg fluxes to LIS from sewage effluents, contaminated sediment input from the Connecticut River, point source inputs of strongly contaminated sediment from the Housatonic River, variations in the abundance of Hg carrier phases such as TOC and Fe, and focusing of sediment-bound Hg in association with westward sediment transport within the Sound. C1 Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Varekamp, JC (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 265 Church St, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. NR 50 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 22 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 613 EP 626 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800009 ER PT J AU Zajac, RN Lewis, RS Poppe, LJ Twichell, DC Vozarik, J DiGiacomo-Cohen, ML AF Zajac, RN Lewis, RS Poppe, LJ Twichell, DC Vozarik, J DiGiacomo-Cohen, ML TI Relationships among sea-floor structure and benthic communities in Long Island Sound at regional and benthoscape scales SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE estuary; infauna; landscape ecology; soft-sediment; spatial scale ID NEPHTYS-INCISA; PATTERNS; DISTURBANCE; MANAGEMENT; POLYCHAETE AB Long Island Sound is comprised of a rich and spatially heterogeneous mix of sea-floor environments which provide habitat for an equally diverse set of assemblages of soft-sediment communities. Information from recent research on the geomorphological and chemical attributes of these environments, as well as from studies of the hydrodynamics of the Sound, provide the opportunity to develop a landscape, or "benthoscape" framework for understanding the soft-sediment ecology of this estuary and for guiding future research focusing on structure and function at multiple spatial scales. This contribution reviews past research on benthic communities in Long Island Sound and addresses how they may be shaped by sea-floor characteristics at regional and benthoscape scales. At the regional scale (i.e. the entire Sound), differences in benthic community composition correspond to the distribution of general sedimentary environments. However, significant variation in community structure also occurs at the benthoscape scale (within regions) related to local variations in sediment properties, and physical and biogenic topographic features. Several topical areas in particular need further research in Long Island Sound, including temporal dynamics of benthic communities relative to sea-floor structure and the interaction between the dynamics of benthoscapes and hydrologic seascapes. C1 Univ New Haven, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, West Haven, CT 06516 USA. Connecticut Dept Environm Protect, Long Isl Sound Resource Ctr, Groton, CT 06340 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NE Util Environm Lab, Waterford, CT 06485 USA. RP Zajac, RN (reprint author), Univ New Haven, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, West Haven, CT 06516 USA. NR 44 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 627 EP 640 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800010 ER PT J AU Thomas, E Gapotchenko, T Varekamp, JC Mecray, EL ten Brink, MRB AF Thomas, E Gapotchenko, T Varekamp, JC Mecray, EL ten Brink, MRB TI Benthic foraminifera and environmental changes in Long Island Sound SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Elphidium excavatum; Buccella frigida; Eggerella advena; pollution; anoxia; hypoxia; oxygen isotopes; carbon isotopes ID CARBONATE DISSOLUTION; NEARSHORE SEDIMENTS; SEA-FLOOR; RATES; DISTRIBUTIONS; CHLOROPLASTS; REWORKING; POLLUTION; HISTORY; METALS AB Benthic foraminiferal faunas in Long Island Sound (LIS) in the 1940s and 1960s were of low diversity, and dominated by species of the genus Elphidium, mainly Elphidium excavatum clavatum, with common Buccella frigida and Eggerella advena. The distribution of these species was dominantly correlated with depth, but it was not clear which depth-related environmental variable was most important. Differences between faunas collected in 1996 and 1997, and in the 1940s and 1960s include a strong decrease in relative abundance of Eggerella advena over all LIS, an increase in relative abundance of Ammonia beccanii in western LIS, and a decrease in species diversity. The decreased diversity suggests that environmental stress caused the faunal changes. Oxygen isotope data for E. excavatum clavatum indicate that a change in salinity is not a probable cause. Carbon isotope data suggest that the supply of organic matter to the benthos increased since the early 1960s, with a stronger increase in western LIS where algal blooms have occurred since the early 1970s, possibly as a result of nutrient input by waste water treatment plants. These blooms or the resulting episodes of anoxia/hypoxia may have played a role in the increased relative abundance of A. beccarii. There is no clear explanation for the decreased abundance off. advena, but changes in the phytoplankton composition (thus food supply) are a possible cause. Benthic foraminiferal faunal and stable isotope data have excellent potential as indicators of physicochemical environmental changes and their effects on the biota in LIS. C1 Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Thomas, E (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 265 Church St, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. RI Thomas, Ellen/E-5573-2011 OI Thomas, Ellen/0000-0002-7141-9904 NR 65 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 13 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 641 EP 655 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800011 ER PT J AU Beuning, KRM Fransen, L Nakityo, B Mecray, EL ten Brink, MRB AF Beuning, KRM Fransen, L Nakityo, B Mecray, EL ten Brink, MRB TI Modern pollen deposition in Long Island Sound SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Long Island Sound; pollen; vegetation; dating ID ESTUARINE SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION; SOURCE AREA; UNITED-STATES; TRANSPORT; LAKES; SURFACE; GRAINS; RATES AB Palynological analyses of 20 surface sediment samples collected from Long Island Sound show a pollen assemblage dominated by Carya, Betula. Pinus, Quercus, Tsuga, and Ambrosia, as is consistent with the regional vegetation. No trends in relative abundance of these pollen types occur either from west to east or associated with modern riverine inputs throughout the basin. Despite the large-scale, long-term removal of fine-grained sediment from winnowed portions of the eastern Sound, the composition of the pollen and spore component of the sedimentary matrix conforms to a basin-wide homogeneous signal. These results strongly support the use of select regional palynological boundaries as chronostratigraphic tools to provide a framework for interpretation of the late glacial and Holocene history of the Long Island Sound basin sediments. C1 Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Beuning, KRM (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 656 EP 662 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800012 ER PT J AU Lidz, BH Hallock, P AF Lidz, BH Hallock, P TI Sedimentary petrology of a declining reef ecosystem, Florida reef tract (USA) SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bioerosion; biogenic carbonates; coral, Halimeda, and mollusc debris; coral reefs; Diadema antillarum; ecosystem alteration; effects of environmental change; geologic indicator; nutrification; quantification of reef health; regional geomorphology ID CORAL-REEF; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; NICARAGUAN RISE; MASS MORTALITY; CARIBBEAN SEA; BAND DISEASE; BIOEROSION; KEYS; CONSEQUENCES; ENVIRONMENTS AB Petrologic evaluation of biogenic sediments collected shelf-wide along the Florida reef tract in 1989 revealed three principal components: coral, the calcareous green alga Halimeda, and mollusc. The dominant grain was dependent in part upon local morphology that controlled composition and vitality of the biota. Either Halimeda or mollusc grains prevailed in sands off the upper Keys. In the middle and lower Keys, Halimeda grains prevailed nearshore and coral grains offshore. Comparison with similar analyses of samples collected in 1952 and 1963 indicates that, over 37 years, the relative abundance of molluscan grains more than doubled in the upper Keys and that of particulate coral tripled in the middle Keys. These changes can be interpreted in the context of physical and biological events that affected Florida Keys reefs over that period of time. In the 1970s, outbreaks of extremely cold water killed even representatives of the hardiest coral species. In the 1980s, black-band and white-band diseases decimated the major reef-building acroporid corals, and the pivotal herbivore, Diadema antillarum, disappeared. Although Diadema is a major coral bioeroder, the sea urchin is also essential to healthy reef growth. The increase in coral debris in the middle Keys may be related to Hurricane Donna In 1960, but it is also consistent with the prediction of accelerated bioerosion by boring organisms in response to increased plankton productivity. Plankton productivity is stimulated by nutrients from Florida Bay and by well-documented eutrophication of nearshore environments. In the upper Keys, where reefs are somewhat removed from bay and nearshore influence, a relative decrease in coral debris over the 37 years may reflect proliferation of algae and algae-grazing molluscs as well as suppressed rates of bioerosion in the absence of Diadema. Human activities have substantially increased the natural flux of fixed nitrogen to coastal systems worldwide. Waters in the Florida Keys are no exception. Spatial and temporal trends in sediment constituents are compared to a previously published model that predicts the response of benthic biota to changes in nutrient supply. As adapted to interpret changes observed in reef-tract sediments, the model provides insights into the natural nutrient gradient along the Florida reef tract. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Res, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Lidz, BH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Res, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 85 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 675 EP 697 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800014 ER PT J AU Sallenger, AH AF Sallenger, AH TI Storm impact scale for barrier islands SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tropical storms; extra-tropical storms; swash; sand transport ID BEACH AB A new scale is proposed that categorizes impacts to natural barrier islands resulting from tropical and extra-tropical storms. The proposed scale is fundamentally different than existing storm-related scales in that the coupling between forcing processes and the geometry of the coast is explicitly included. Four regimes, representing different levels of impact, are defined. Within each regime, patterns and relative magnitudes of net erosion and accretion are argued to be unique. The borders between regimes represent thresholds defining where processes and magnitudes of impacts change dramatically. Impact level I is the 'swash' regime describing a storm where runup is confined to the foreshore. The foreshore typically erodes during the storm and recovers following the storm; hence, there is no net change. Impact level 2 is the 'collision' regime describing a storm where the wave runup exceeds the threshold of the base of the foredune ridge. Swash impacts the dune forcing net erosion. Impact level 3 is the 'overwash' regime describing a storm where wave runup overtops the berm or, if present, the foredune ridge. The associated net landward sand transport contributes to net migration of the barrier landward. Impact level 4 is the 'inundation' regime describing a storm where the storm surge is sufficient to completely and continuously submerge the barrier island. Sand undergoes net landward transport over the barrier island; limited evidence suggests the quantities and distance of transport are much greater than what occurs during the 'overwash' regime. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Sallenger, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St South, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 30 TC 242 Z9 247 U1 5 U2 40 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 890 EP 895 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 362BM UT WOS:000089758800034 ER PT J AU Dougill, SJ Johnson, L Banko, PC Goltz, DM Wiley, MR Semones, JD AF Dougill, SJ Johnson, L Banko, PC Goltz, DM Wiley, MR Semones, JD TI Consequences of antenna design in telemetry studies of small passerines. SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PALILA AB Entanglement and mortality of Palila (Loxioides bailleui), an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper, occurred when birds were radio-tagged with transmitters equipped with a long, limp, solder-tipped antenna. Birds were found suspended in trees by their transmitter antenna on eight occasions. Although these birds eventually freed themselves or were freed by us, at least one bird died afterwards. For radio telemetry studies of small passerine species we recommend avoiding transmitters equipped with an antenna that is bulbous at the tip, >16 cm in length, limp, and shiny. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, Hawaii Volcanoes Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Dougill, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, POB 44, Hawaii Volcanoes Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 71 IS 3 BP 385 EP 388 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 366XT UT WOS:000090032100001 ER PT J AU Lovallo, MJ Klute, DS Storm, GL Tzilkowski, WM AF Lovallo, MJ Klute, DS Storm, GL Tzilkowski, WM TI Alternate drumming site use by Ruffed Grouse in central Pennsylvania SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We report on the use of alternate drumming sites by male Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) during 1976-1997 within activity centers in a managed and an unmanaged forest in central Pennsylvania. Density of drumming males ranged from 1.6-12.5 males/km(2) in the managed forest and from 1.7-7.6 males/km(2) in the unmanaged forest. The proportion of males that used alternate drumming sites within activity centers ranged from 2% to 44% and was positively correlated with drumming male density. The number of alternate sites used within activity centers also increased with density; males used up to five alternate sites during a high-density year. Distances between alternate drumming sites and primary sites were not correlated with density but were greater on the unmanaged forest. The spatial orientation of multiple alternate sites relative to the primary site within each activity center suggested the use of alternate sites was a directional response. The actual direction of the response was not consistent among activity centers in the study area indicating it was not a result of prevailing abiotic factors such as wind, climate, or geomorphology. Similarly the placement of alternate drumming sites was not directed toward nearest neighboring males. We discuss potential causes of the behavior, its adaptive significance, and implications to commonly used survey techniques for Puffed Grouse populations. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Storm, GL (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Storm, Gert/O-8696-2016 NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 71 IS 3 BP 506 EP 515 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 366XT UT WOS:000090032100017 ER PT J AU Dau, CP Flint, PL Petersen, MR AF Dau, CP Flint, PL Petersen, MR TI Distribution of recoveries of Steller's Eiders banded on the lower Alaska Peninsula, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA AB Molting adult Steller's Elders (Polysticta stelleri) were banded at Izembek Lagoon (1961-1998) and Nelson Lagoon (1995-1997) along the lower Alaska Peninsula to determine breeding distribution and movements. Of 52,985 Steller's Elders banded, 347 were recovered. The overall low recovery rate may not be indicative of harvest levels but may be due to low reporting rates of bands. Almost all recoveries during summer were from Russia and recovery rates did not differ between sexes. We found no evidence that Steller's Elders molting in specific locations were more likely to be recovered in specific geographic locations in Russia. Our recoveries suggest that Steller's Elders molting along the Alaska Peninsula were from Russian breeding sites and from remnant breeding populations in Alaska. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Dau, CP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 71 IS 3 BP 541 EP 548 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 366XT UT WOS:000090032100021 ER PT J AU Fosnight, EA Greenlee, D AF Fosnight, EA Greenlee, D TI Map data in support of forest management SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Now widely available and inexpensive, prepackaged map data are easy to use-and just as easy to use incorrectly. To select the proper scale and appropriate thematic attributes so that the data actually inform the project at hand, managers need to know the basics. C1 US Geol Survey, Raytheon Corp, United Nations Environm Programme Off, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Fosnight, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Raytheon Corp, United Nations Environm Programme Off, EROS Data Ctr, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 98 IS 6 BP 50 EP 52 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418NV UT WOS:000167899000017 ER PT J AU Hubert, WA Pru, CA Wesche, TA AF Hubert, WA Pru, CA Wesche, TA TI Spatial and temporal variation in physical habitat conditions of low-gradient reaches of Rocky Mountain streams during fall and winter SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-TRUTTA; BROWN TROUT; RIVER AB Physical habitat features of low-gradient (channel slope < 2 %) stream reaches during fall and winter varied with elevation and drainage area as well as between years in the Medicine Bow Mountains, southern Wyoming. The extent of snow cover increased and surface ice decreased during winter with increasing elevation and declining drainage area. At high-elevation (> 3,200 m above mean sea level), the streams were small and entirely bridged by snow and had no surface ice, and flows were a small proportion of the average annual flow (Q(AA)) Moderate-sized, middle-elevation (2,444 - 3,149 m) streams were not bridged by snow and had patches of surface ice and snow as well as open water on pools and riffles, and flows were an intermediate proportion of Q(AA). Larger streams at the foot of the mountains (2,242 - 2,374 m) had no snow cover, pools were entirely covered by surface ice, and flows were a relatively high proportion of Q(AA). Variation in discharge and physical habitat features occurred between the two years, especially at middle and low elevations. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hubert, WA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 219 EP 228 DI 10.1080/02705060.2000.9663739 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 313KK UT WOS:000086998700009 ER PT J AU Beck, HD Willis, DW AF Beck, HD Willis, DW TI Biotelemetry of white bass in a South Dakota glacial lake SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Biotelemetry was used to track daily and monthly distributions of white bass (Morone chrysops) in Lake Poinsett, a South Dakota glacial lake. Ultrasonic transmitters were implanted into 30 adult white bass (332-450 mm, total length) during May 1997. White bass distribution was monitored from June to October 1997, January and February 1998, and April and May 1998. Distributions were quantified using depth and distance from shore at fish location. Fish distance from shore was significantly different among dates and diel periods (P<0.05), and the interaction term was also significant. White bass in Lake Poinsett were offshore during the summer and winter. During the spring and fall, white bass were near shore in shallow waters, which may be related to spawning and feeding activities. White bass tended to be nearer the shore during the evening crepuscular period across seasons. Significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) but weak (r less than or equal to 0.50) correlations were found between white bass distance from shore and environmental parameters. Temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, and moon phase were significant contributors to multiple regression models, but no model explained more than 26% of the white bass distribution. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Beck, HD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 119 Hatchery Loop, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. RI Willis, David/D-3400-2009 NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 229 EP 236 DI 10.1080/02705060.2000.9663740 PG 8 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 313KK UT WOS:000086998700010 ER PT J AU Wilson, AM Sanford, W Whitaker, F Smart, P AF Wilson, AM Sanford, W Whitaker, F Smart, P TI Geothermal convection: a mechanism for dolomitization at Enewetak Atoll? SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Fluid Evolution, Migration and Interaction in Sedimentary Basin and Orogenic Belts CY JUL 12-14, 2000 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP Inst Cienc Terra CSIC, Consejo Superior Invest Cientificas, Vicerectorat Recerca Univ Barcelona, Mat Univ Barcelolna, Div Ciencie Experiment, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Univ Autonoma, Barcelona, Minist Educ Cultura, Commissio Interdepartament Recerca Innovacio Technol, Empresa Nacion Residuos, Repsol YPE Oil Co, Int Assoc Sedimentol DE dolomitization; carbonate platforms; convection; mass transport; Atolls; numerical models ID FLUID-FLOW; DOLOMITE; ORIGIN; PATTERNS; FLORIDA AB Geothermal convection in carbonate platforms could drive massive dolomitization by supplying mass transport of magnesium over long periods and at temperatures high enough to overcome kinetic limitations. Reactive-transport simulations based on Enewetak Atoll show dolomitization in a thin band at a permeability contrast near the base of the platform, which is consistent with field observations of dolomitized Eocene deposits. Dolomitization is predicted at approximately 6% per My at temperatures of 45-60 degrees C, and complete dolomitization could be accomplished in similar to 16 My. Calcium enrichment of pare fluids and upward transport of these fluids is established early, prior to 30 ky. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol, Avon, England. Univ Bristol, Sch Geog, Bristol, Avon, England. RP Wilson, AM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. OI Wilson, Alicia/0000-0002-1113-6267 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 69 SI SI BP 41 EP 45 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00048-0 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 332ZU UT WOS:000088104900009 ER PT J AU Jones, G Whitaker, F Smart, P Sanford, W AF Jones, G Whitaker, F Smart, P Sanford, W TI Numerical modelling of geothermal and reflux circulation in Enewetak Atoll: implications for dolomitization SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Fluid Evolution, Migration and Interaction in Sedimentary Basin and Orogenic Belts CY JUL 12-14, 2000 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP Inst Cienc Terra CSIC, Consejo Superior Invest Cientificas, Vicerectorat Recerca Univ Barcelona, Mat Univ Barcelolna, Div Ciencie Experiment, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Univ Autonoma, Barcelona, Minist Educ Cultura, Commissio Interdepartament Recerca Innovacio Technol, Empresa Nacion Residuos, Repsol YPE Oil Co, Int Assoc Sedimentol DE geothermal; reflux; Enewetak; dolomitization ID SEAWATER; ORIGIN AB Two types of regional-scale seawater circulation have been proposed to explain the formation of Enewetak Atoll dolomites: geothermal and reflux circulation. We have used a finite element groundwater flow model to examine the pattern, magnitude and dynamic interaction of these two different circulation mechanisms in Enewetak Atoll. Geothermal circulation is concentrated around the atoll-margin whereas refluxing mesosaline brines flow from the atoll interior towards the margin to restrict and eventually shut off geothermal circulation. Refluxing brines of 36-80 parts per thousand can account for the salinity signature recorded in dolomite fluid inclusions. Distributions of fluid flux and Mg mass-balance calculations suggest that both geothermal and reflux circulation mechanisms could account for the observed distribution of dolomite in Enewetak Atoll. Furthermore, the atoll interior may be extensively dolomitized as observed in other atolls. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Geol Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. Univ Bristol, Sch Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Jones, G (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Sch Geol Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 69 SI SI BP 71 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00010-8 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 332ZU UT WOS:000088104900014 ER PT J AU Kharaka, YK Sorey, ML Thordsen, JJ AF Kharaka, YK Sorey, ML Thordsen, JJ TI Large-scale hydrothermal fluid discharges in the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park, USA SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Fluid Evolution, Migration and Interaction in Sedimentary Basin and Orogenic Belts CY JUL 12-14, 2000 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP Inst Cienc Terra CSIC, Consejo Superior Invest Cientificas, Vicerectorat Recerca Univ Barcelona, Mat Univ Barcelolna, Div Ciencie Experiment, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Univ Autonoma, Barcelona, Minist Educ Cultura, Commissio Interdepartament Recerca Innovacio Technol, Empresa Nacion Residuos, Repsol YPE Oil Co, Int Assoc Sedimentol DE Yellowstone National Park (YNP); hydrothermal fluids; meteoric water; chemical composition; isotopic composition AB Norris-Mammoth corridor is a complex subsidence structure that extends similar to 40 km northward from the 0.6 Ma Yellowstone caldera, and contains many hydrothermal features with high fluid discharges totaling similar to 1000 l/s. About 150-250 l/s of hydrothermal water, which attains boiling temperature at surface and 360 degrees C at depth, discharge from the Norris Geyser Basin, adjacent to the caldera. The highest thermal water and gas discharges in the corridor are from Mammoth Hot Springs, where 500-600 l/s thermal water with surface temperatures of up to 73 degrees C and calculated subsurface temperatures of similar to 100 degrees C issue from similar to 100 hot springs scattered over a score of step-like travertine terraces that range in age from similar to 0.4 Ma to recent. All the thermal water is meteoric, likely recharged in the Gallatin Range at 2.5-3.0 km elevations. The isotopic and chemical compositions of thermal waters and solutes can be interpreted to indicate a common magmatic source for heat and volatile solutes located near Norris. However, the chemical and isotopic compositions of gases, especially the He-3/He-4 ratios, provide strong evidence for a separate magmatic source for the Mammoth system. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kharaka, YK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 427,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 69 SI SI BP 201 EP 205 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00025-X PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 332ZU UT WOS:000088104900037 ER PT J AU Lowenstern, JB AF Lowenstern, JB TI A review of the contrasting behavior of two magmatic volatiles: chlorine and carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Fluid Evolution, Migration and Interaction in Sedimentary Basin and Orogenic Belts CY JUL 12-14, 2000 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP Inst Cienc Terra CSIC, Consejo Superior Invest Cientificas, Vicerectorat Recerca Univ Barcelona, Mat Univ Barcelolna, Div Ciencie Experiment, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Univ Autonoma, Barcelona, Minist Educ Cultura, Commissio Interdepartament Recerca Innovacio Technol, Empresa Nacion Residuos, Repsol YPE Oil Co, Int Assoc Sedimentol DE chlorine; carbon dioxide; volatiles; magma ID MELTS; SOLUBILITY; BARS AB Chlorine (Cl) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are common magmatic volatiles with contrasting behaviors. CO2 solubility increases with pressure whereas Cl solubility shows relatively little pressure or temperature effect. CO2 speciation changes with silicate melt composition, dissolving as carbonate in basaltic magmas and molecular CO2 in more silicic compositions. In H2O-bearing systems, the strongly non-ideal behavior of alkali chlorides causes unmixing of the volatile phase to form a H2O-rich vapor and a hydrosaline phase with important implications for the maximum concentration of Cl in magmas. Addition of CO2 to magma hastens immiscibility at crustal pressures (<500 MPa), inducing the formation of CO2-rich vapors and Cl-rich hydrosaline melts. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lowenstern, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 17 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 69 SI SI BP 287 EP 290 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00075-3 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 332ZU UT WOS:000088104900052 ER PT J AU Gershunov, A Barnett, TP Cayan, DR Tubbs, T Goddard, L AF Gershunov, A Barnett, TP Cayan, DR Tubbs, T Goddard, L TI Predicting and downscaling ENSO impacts on intraseasonal precipitation statistics in California: The 1997/98 event SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES; REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; TEMPERATURE FREQUENCIES; EXTREME RAINFALL; TELECONNECTIONS; PREDICTABILITY AB Three long-range forecasting methods have been evaluated for prediction and downscaling of seasonal and intraseasonal precipitation statistics in California. Full-statistical, hybrid-dynamical-statistical and full-dynamical approaches have been used to forecast Fl Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related total precipitation, daily precipitation frequency, and average intensity anomalies during the January-March season. For El Nino winters, the hybrid approach emerges as the best performer, while La Nina forecasting skill is poor. The full-statistical forecasting method features reasonable forecasting skill for both La Nina and El Nino winters. The performance of the full-dynamical approach could not be evaluated as rigorously as that of the other two forecasting schemes. Although the full-dynamical forecasting approach is expected to outperform simpler forecasting schemes in the long run, evidence is presented to conclude that, at present, the full-dynamical forecasting approach is the least viable of the three, at least in California. The authors suggest that operational forecasting of any intraseasonal temperature, precipitation, or streamflow statistic derivable from the available-records is possible now for ENSO-extreme years. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, La Jolla, CA USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Int Res Inst Climate Predict, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Gershunov, A (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 1 IS 3 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0201:PADEIO>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 357DM UT WOS:000089483300001 ER PT J AU Cole, RA Lindsay, DS Howe, DK Roderick, CL Dubey, JP Thomas, NJ Baeten, LA AF Cole, RA Lindsay, DS Howe, DK Roderick, CL Dubey, JP Thomas, NJ Baeten, LA TI Biological and molecular characterizations of Toxoplasma gondii strains obtained from southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTBREAK; OOCYSTS AB Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from brain or heart tissue from 15 southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) in cell cultures. These strains were used to infect mice that developed antibodies to T. gondii as detected in the modified direct agglutination test and had T. gondii tissue cysts in their brains at necropsy. Mouse brains containing tissue cysts, from 4 of the strains were fed to 4 cats. Two of the cars excreted T. gondii oocysts in their feces that were infectious for mice. Molecular analyses of 13 strains indicated that they were all type II strains, but that they were genetically distinct From one another. C1 Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, US Geol Survey, Dept Interior, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Cole, RA (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, US Geol Survey, Dept Interior, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 17 TC 74 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 86 IS 3 BP 526 EP 530 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 322KH UT WOS:000087508400017 PM 10864250 ER PT J AU Wilson, UW McMillan, A Dobler, FC AF Wilson, UW McMillan, A Dobler, FC TI Nesting, population trend and breeding success of Peregrine Falcons on the Washington outer coast, 1980-98 SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Peregrine Falcon; Falco peregrinus; breeding success; El Nino; helicopter surveys; population trend; seabird colonies ID EL-NINO; EVENTS AB We monitored the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) nesting population of the outer coast of Washington State's Olympic Peninsula during 1980-98. Peregrine Falcon nesting was concentrated in the central portion of the area, where most of Washington's small seabirds nest. During our study occupied sites increased from 3 to 24, breeding pairs from 2 to 17 and successful pairs from 2 to 13. The mean annual nest site failure rate varied between 0-60%, whereas the mean annual number of young per breeding pair varied from 0.8-2.5 young. Successful pairs produced an average of 1.5-3.0 young annually increasing significantly (P < 0.02) during the study period and approaching that of a reproductively healthy stable population at Langara Island, British Columbia. This marine peregrine population produced significantly fewer young during Fl Nine years. Continued close monitoring of Peregrine Falcons is necessary until populations reach their carrying capacity. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuges, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Wilson, UW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington Maritime Natl Wildlife Refuges, POB 450, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 EI 2162-4569 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 34 IS 2 BP 67 EP 74 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 330PR UT WOS:000087970900001 ER PT J AU Folliard, LB Reese, KP Diller, LV AF Folliard, LB Reese, KP Diller, LV TI Landscape characteristics of Northern Spotted Owl nest sites in managed forests of northwestern California SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Northern Spotted Owl; Strix occidentalis caurina; landscape pattern; nest-site selection; managed forest; redwoods; northwestern California ID HABITAT-USE; HOME-RANGE; SELECTION; OREGON; PREY AB We investigated vegetative and topographic characteristics of forest landscapes surrounding Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) nest sites on managed timberlands in northwestern California. Nest sites occurred primarily in young (31-60-yr old) forests of redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). We compared 60 Northern Spotted Owl nest landscapes (0.8-km radius circle centered on the nest site) with 60 randomly selected landscapes. Vegetative type and age class were used to classify forest stands within the landscape. Landscape features differed between nest sites and random sites (Wilks' F = 6.073, P < 0.001) suggesting that nest-site selection was correlated with landscape level features. Nest landscapes had greater amounts of forest in the 31-45 and 46-60 yr-old age classes, and a greater amount of total edge. in addition, nest sites were located lower on slopes. In our study area, dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) were the major prey species. Edges may provide opportunities for owls to pr ey on woodrats that are abundant in early seral habitats. The coastal forests of the redwood zone have unique characteristics that contribute to rapid development of Northern Spotted Owl habitat. These include coppice growth (i.e., vegetative reproduction) of redwoods and several hardwood species, favorable growing conditions and the occurrence of major prey species in young seral habitats. Despite differences in habitat types and age classes, Northern Spotted Owl nest-site selection in these young, managed forests showed some consistent patterns with other portions of the owls' range. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Simpson Timber Co, Korbel, CA 95550 USA. RP Folliard, LB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2600 98th Ave Suite 100, Portland, OR 97266 USA. NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 17 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 34 IS 2 BP 75 EP 84 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 330PR UT WOS:000087970900002 ER PT J AU Naimo, TJ Cope, WG Monroe, EM Farris, JL Milam, CD AF Naimo, TJ Cope, WG Monroe, EM Farris, JL Milam, CD TI Influence of diet on survival, growth, and physiological condition of fingernail clams Musculium transversum SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE diet; Musculium transversum; survival; growth; biomarker ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI-RIVER; WATER; NITROGEN; SEDIMENT; BIVALVES; AMMONIA; MUSSELS AB The effects of diet and laboratory holding time on survival. growth, and physiological condition of fingernail clams Musculium transversum were evaluated in a 112-day study. The diets included a commercial oyster diet, a suspension of commercial rabbit pellets, a suspension of fine, organic-rich sediment, and a complete sediment renewal every 14 days. Sediment and clams were obtained from a relatively uncontaminated site in the Upper Mississippi River. The experimental design consisted of 18 370-mL beakers per diet, each containing 5 cm of surficial sediment and 15 clams. Survival of clams was measured daily in each unit. Three units from each dirt were randomly removed on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, and 112, and clams were measured for shell length. Glycogen and cellulase activity were measured in composite samples (5 clams per sample) at each of the six time intervals. Cellulase activity did not vary among diets or with time. Survival, growth, and glycogen varied significantly among diets, and glycogen concentrations varied with time, regardless of dirt. Clams exposed to the two sediment diets were 2.4 times more likely to survive than clams exposed to the commercial diets. Survival of clams in all diets exceeded 80% through day 21. Although clams maintained an acceptable survival rate for 21 days, their physiological condition was compromised much earlier, given that glycogen reserves were reduced by 14-54% after only 7 days. Thus, laboratory tests with fingernail clams should include physiological measures, in addition to survival: to ensure that clams are in suitable condition before and during testing. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Arkansas State Univ, Dept Biol, State Univ, AR 72467 USA. RP Naimo, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 23 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 23 EP 28 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 342GC UT WOS:000088636000007 ER PT J AU Bartsch, MR Waller, DL Cope, WG Gutreuter, S AF Bartsch, MR Waller, DL Cope, WG Gutreuter, S TI Emersion and thermal tolerances of three species of unionid mussels: Survival and behavioral effects SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE unionid mussel; conservation; emersion; temperature; behavior; mortality ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; REGRESSION; RESPONSES AB We evaluated the behavior and survival of unionid mussels after emersion in air temperatures across a range that is likely to be encountered during status surveys or relocations. Five laboratory tests were performed with pocketbook Lampsilis cardium Rafinesque (2 tests), pimpleback Quadrula pustulosa Lea (1 test), and spike Elliptio dilatata Rafinesque (2 tests) mussels, each conducted in a completely randomized, nested experimental design. For each mussel species (except Q. pustulosa), treatments tested included two water temperatures (25 and 10 degrees C), five air temperatures (ranging within +/-20 degrees C of the water temperature), three aerial exposure durations (15, 30, and 60 min), and a no emersion control. All treatments were duplicated, with 10 organisms per emersion time and aerial exposure temperature (n = 320 mussels per test). Behavioral response (ability to upright) and mortality were measured daily for 14 d postemersion. Both water and aerial exposure temperature (air shock) were important predictors of times to first uprighting. The intensity function of first uprighting differed among species (P < 0.01), and there was a significant interaction between E. dilatata versus the other species and water temperature (P +/- 0.01). Over-all mussel survival after emersion was high (93%); however, E. dilatata experienced significant treatment related mortality at the 25 degrees C test water, 45 degrees C aerial exposure temperature. Because of the high incidence of uprighting and survival of mussels in our study, emersion at moderate temperatures (15 to 35 degrees C) and durations (15 to 60 min) does not seem harmful to mussels, and, therefore, conducting relocations and status surveys under these conditions should not impair mussel survival and over-all success. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Bartsch, MR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Bartsch, Michelle/0000-0002-9571-5564 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 233 EP 240 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 342GC UT WOS:000088636000038 ER PT J AU Lemarie, DP Smith, DR Villella, RF Weller, DA AF Lemarie, DP Smith, DR Villella, RF Weller, DA TI Evaluation of tag types and adhesives for marking freshwater mussels (Mollusca : Unionidae) SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Freshwater mussels; tag; adhesive; tag retention ID GROWTH AB Prior to initiating a long-term tagging program on freshwater mussels, we evaluated three varieties of tags (Northwest Marine Technology Visual Implant Tag, Floy Fingerling Tag, and Hallprint Shellfish Tag) two types of adhesives (3M two-parr epoxy and Krazy Glue cyanoacrylate), and four bonding times before immersion in water (2, 5, 10, and 15 min). Tags were applied to empty shells for two phases of testing. First, legibility was visually scored for each of the immersion times. The two-part epoxy became cloudy at immersion times < 15 min, was easily abraded after curing, and was, therefore, eliminated from further testing. The visual implant tag also was eliminated from further testing because the printing dissolved in the cyanoacrylate. In the second phase, the fingerling tag and the shellfish lag bonded with cyanoacrylate were tested for durability and retention under natural conditions in a shallow stream and under highly abrasive conditions in a standard gem tumbler containing coarse metal shavings. Tag losses after 16 wk in the instream test were 5.3% for the shellfish tag and 2.6% for the fingerling tag. These tests revealed no loss of legibility after the removal of material that accumulated on the tag surface. There was no appreciable wear of either tag type after 1 wk in the gem tumbler. Flexible polyethylene shellfish tags were chosen for field application because they are thinner and available with a larger number of individual codes than fingerling tags. Tags bonded to the shells of live mussels with cyanoacrylate can be immersed in water in as little as 2 min after application without affecting retention. This method was used to double-tag 1,372 mussels at a monitoring site on the Cacapon River in West Virginia. After 2 y, the total rag loss in 325 recovered mussels was 0.46%. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Lemarie, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 247 EP 250 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 342GC UT WOS:000088636000040 ER PT J AU Starliper, CE Morrison, P AF Starliper, CE Morrison, P TI Bacterial pathogen contagion studies among freshwater bivalves and salmonid fishes SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE freshwater bivalves; salmonid; pathogen; disease; contagion; bacteria; cohabitation ID LAKE ST-CLAIR; MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; ZEBRA MUSSEL; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; SELECTIVE ISOLATION; YERSINIA-RUCKERI; NATIVE BIVALVES; KIDNEY-DISEASE; WATER MUSSELS; AEROMONAS AB A part of the conservation efforts of native freshwater bivalves is a relocation program whereby animals are collected and moved to a safe refuge for maintenance and propagation. With the rearing of two different hosts, mussels and fish, on the same facility there is a question of the possibility for contagion of pathogens. The studies presented here are part of a continuing effort to address the concerns of contagion. Freshwater bivalves collected throughout the 1997 season were cultured for fish pathogens. Counts of total bacteria on cytophaga medium ranged between 1.07 x 10(5) and 4.99 x 10(5) cfu/g of mussel soft tissues. The predominate groups of bacteria were motile Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp., both of which include members that are opportunistic pathogens to salmonid fishes. No primary fish pathogens were cultured; however, cells with correct morphology for Renibacterium salmoninarum, cause of bacterial kidney disease, were detected from mussel soft tissues in all six trials using the direct fluorescent antibody test. Groups of mussels were subjected to 24-h waterborne challenges using bacteria cultured from healthy fish. no mortality occurred to any of the animals. Another group exposed to the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida also showed no effects of the challenge; however, susceptible fish became infected and died after the fish were added to cohabit with this group of mussels. C1 USGS, BRD Leetown Sci Ctr, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ohio River Isl Natl Wildlife Refuge, Parkersburg, WV 26101 USA. RP Starliper, CE (reprint author), USGS, BRD Leetown Sci Ctr, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 251 EP 258 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 342GC UT WOS:000088636000041 ER PT J AU Juracek, KE AF Juracek, KE TI Channel stability downstream from a dam assessed using aerial photographs and stream-gage information SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE channel stability; channel width; downstream effect; dam; reservoir; remote sensing; aerial photography; stream gage ID BANK EROSION; RIVER; MIGRATION; MAGNITUDE; MONTANA; REGIME AB The stability of the Neosho River channel downstream from John Redmond Dam, in southeast Kansas, was investigated using multiple-date aerial photographs and stream-gage information. Bankfull channel width was used as the primary indicator variable to assess pre- and post-dam channel change. Five six-mile river reaches and four stream gages were used in the analysis. Results indicated that, aside from some localized channel widening, the overall channel change has been minor with little post-dam change in bankfull channel width. The lack of a pronounced post-dam channel change may be attributed to a substantial reduction in the magnitude of the post-dam annual peak discharges in combination with the resistance to erosion of the bed and bank materials. Also, the channel may have been overwidened by a series of large floods that predated construction of the dam, including one with an estimated 500-year recurrence interval. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Juracek, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. NR 57 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 3 BP 633 EP 645 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04293.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 328HL UT WOS:000087844600015 ER PT J AU Webster, CD Tiu, LG Morgan, AM Gannam, AL AF Webster, CD Tiu, LG Morgan, AM Gannam, AL TI Differences in growth in blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus and channel catfish I-punctatus fed low-protein diets with and without supplemental methionine and/or lysine SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN-MEAL; BODY-COMPOSITION; PRACTICAL DIETS; ANIMAL PROTEIN; EARTHEN PONDS; BOUND LYSINE; ENERGY; SUBSTITUTION; 2ND-YEAR AB Three feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate growth and body composition in blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus or channel catfish I. punctatus when fed diets containing 22% protein with or without supplemented methionine and/or lysine. All experiments were conducted in 110-L aquaria that were part of a recirculating system. In Experiment 1, 15 juvenile blue catfish (2.7 g) were randomly stocked into aquaria and fed one of three diets containing different (22%, 27%, and 32%) percentages of protein. Fish were fed twice daily to excess for 10 wk. In Experiment 2, juvenile blue catfish (5.4 g) were randomly stocked into aquaria and fed one of six diets containing either 22% (diet 1) or 32% (diet 2) protein. The diet containing 22% protein (diet 1) had either 0.3% crystalline L-methionine (diet 3), 0.4% crystalline L-lysine (diet 4), or 0.3% L-methionine + 0.4% L-lysine (diet 5) added. A sixth diet was formulated to contain 32% protein and 0.2% crystalline L-methionine. Fish were fed in excess for 12 wk. In Experiment 3, juvenile channel catfish (10.3 g) were stocked and fed diets 1-4 from Experiment 2, twice daily in excess for 8 wk. In Experiment 1, after 10 wk, final individual weight, weight gain (%), and specific growth rate (SGR) of blue catfish fed diets containing three protein levels were not significantly different (P > 0.05) and averaged 12.9 g, 378%, and 2.2%/d, respectively. Fish fed the diet containing 27% protein had higher (P < 0.05) whole-body protein (65.4%) compared to fish fed diets containing either 22% or 32% protein. In Experiment 2, final weight, weight gain (%) and SGR of blue catfish were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among diets and averaged 24.7 g, 355%, and 1.8%/d, respectively. Percentage whole-body protein and lipid were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between fish fed diets containing 22% or 32% protein. In Experiment 3, channel catfish fed a diet containing 32% protein had significantly (P < 0.05) higher final individual weight, weight gain (%), and SGR compared to fish fed diets containing 22% protein, with and without supplemental methionine or lysine. Results indicate that blue catfish mag. be able to utilize a diet with 22% protein, and that addition of crystalline methionine and/or lysine did not improve growth. However, channel catfish grown in aquaria did not appear to have similar growth when fed a diet containing 22% protein compared to fish fed 32% protein, even when supplemental methionine or lysine was added. Further research on blue catfish and the use of a low-protein diet (22% protein) needs to be conducted in ponds. C1 Kentucky State Univ, Aquaculture Res Ctr, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Webster, CD (reprint author), Kentucky State Univ, Aquaculture Res Ctr, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 195 EP 205 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2000.tb00353.x PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 322KL UT WOS:000087508700006 ER PT J AU Bury, RB Nebeker, AV Adams, MJ AF Bury, RB Nebeker, AV Adams, MJ TI Response of hatchling and yearling turtles to thermal gradients: comparison of Chelydra serpentina and Trachemys scripta SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE turtles; thermoregulation; age differences; species differences; Cheldyra serpentina; Trachemys scripta; selected temperature ID BASKING BEHAVIOR; PSEUDEMYS-SCRIPTA; SNAPPING TURTLES; TEMPERATURE; THERMOREGULATION; PREFERENCE; SEX AB In laboratory tests, young Chelydra serpentina and Trachemys scripta altered their distribution in the presence of a temperature gradient, Selection of temperatures in the gradient for hatchlings and yearlings showed that body temperatures (T(b)s) of C. serpentina were lower than T. scripta,but the difference was insignificant. Relatively low TbS could allow greater activity range and reduced metabolic maintenance cost for C. serpentina, which seldom leaves water. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Bury, RB (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 221 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00027-3 PG 5 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 289UY UT WOS:000085641400004 ER PT J AU Grace, JB Allain, L Allen, C AF Grace, JB Allain, L Allen, C TI Factors associated with plant species richness in a coastal tall-grass prairie SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE diversity; environmental effect; prairie; species pool ID COMMUNITY BIOMASS; DIVERSITY; DENSITY; SCALE; POOL; VARIABLES; EVOLUTIONARY; DISTURBANCE; COEXISTENCE; VEGETATION AB In this study we examine the factors associated with variations in species richness within a remnant tall-grass prairie in order to gain insight into the relative importance of controlling variables. The study area was a small, isolated prairie surrounded by wetlands and located within the coastal prairie region, which occurs along the northwestern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain. Samples were taken along three transects that spanned the prairie. Parameters measured included micro-elevation, soil characteristics, indications of recent disturbance, above-ground biomass (including litter), light penetration through the plant canopy, and species richness. Species richness was found to correlate with micro-elevation, certain soil parameters, and Light penetration through the canopy, but not with above-ground biomass. Structural equation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of micro-elevation, soil properties, disturbance, and indicators of plant abundance on species richness. The results of this analysis showed that observed variations in species richness were primarily associated with variations in environmental effects (from soil and microtopography) and were largely unrelated to variations in measures of plant abundance (biomass and light penetration). These findings suggest that observed variations in species richness in this system primarily resulted from environmental effects on the species pool. These results fit with a growing body of information that suggests that environmental effects on species richness are of widespread importance. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Louisiana Monroe, Dept Biol, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. RP Grace, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RI Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 NR 67 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 13 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI UPPSALA PA BOX 25137, S 752 25 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 11 IS 3 BP 443 EP 452 DI 10.2307/3236637 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 340BH UT WOS:000088512900014 ER PT J AU Becker, MA Chamberlain, JA Stoffer, PW AF Becker, MA Chamberlain, JA Stoffer, PW TI Pathologic tooth deformities in modern and fossil chondrichthians: a consequence of feeding-related injury SO LETHAIA LA English DT Article DE chondrichthians; Cretaceous; feeding injury; pathology; tooth deformities ID CRETACEOUS LAMNIFORM SHARK; CRETOXYRHINA-MANTELLI; NEW-JERSEY; REPLACEMENT AB Deformed teeth are found as rare components of the dentitions of both modern and fossil chondrichthians. Tooth deformities occur as bent or twisted tooth crowns, missing or misshaped cusps, atypical protuberances, perforations, and abnormal root structures. Deformed tooth files consisting of unusually overlapped or small teeth, or teeth misaligned in the jaw also occur in modern forms, but deformed tooth files generally are not recognizable in fossils due to post-mortem dissociation of teeth and jaws. A survey of 200 modern lamniform and carcharhiniform sharks as well as literature sources indicate that such deformities are produced by feeding-related injury to the tooth-forming tissue of the jaws, particularly by impaction of chondrichthian and teleost fin and tail spines. Tooth counts for several late Cretaceous genera, based on material recovered from coastal plain sites from New Jersey to Alabama, suggest that the frequency of occurrence of deformed teeth in a species varies from about 0.015% in Squalicorax kaupi to about 0.36% in Paranomotodon sp. Tooth counts for modern lamniform and carcharhiniform sharks yield a comparable range in frequency of tooth deformities. Variation in frequency of tooth deformity may reflect interspecific differences in feeding behavior and dietary preferences. There is no suggestion in our data of any strong patterns of temporal variation in tooth deformity frequency, or of patterns reflecting chondrichthian phylogenetic history and evolution. Skeletal components of the probable prey of the Cretaceous species are preserved in the same horizons as the deformed teeth, and also are found within co-occurring chondrichthian coprolites. square Chondrichthians, Cretaceous, feeding injury, pathology, tooth deformities. C1 Coll New Jersey, Dept Phys & Geol, Ewing, NJ 08628 USA. CUNY Brooklyn Coll, Dept Geol, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Becker, MA (reprint author), Coll New Jersey, Dept Phys & Geol, Ewing, NJ 08628 USA. NR 71 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA CORT ADELERSGT 17, PO BOX 2562, SOLLI, 0202 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0024-1164 J9 LETHAIA JI Lethaia PD JUN PY 2000 VL 33 IS 2 BP 103 EP 118 PG 16 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 407PB UT WOS:000167279000008 ER PT J AU Eganhouse, RP Pontolillo, J Leiker, TJ AF Eganhouse, RP Pontolillo, J Leiker, TJ TI Diagenetic fate of organic contaminants on the Palos Verdes Shelf, California SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE DDT; PCBs; diagenesis; aromatic hydrocarbons; sediment cores; Palos Verdes Shelf ID LONG-CHAIN ALKYLBENZENES; LINEAR ALKYLBENZENES; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; DOMESTIC WASTES; URBAN RIVERINE AB Municipal wastes discharged through deepwater submarine outfalls since 1937 have contaminated sediments of the Pales Verdes Shelf. A site approximately 6-8 km downcurrent from the outfall system was chosen for a study of the diagenetic fate of organic contaminants in the waste-impacted sediments. Concentrations of three classes of hydrophobic organic contaminants (DDT + metabolites, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and the long-chain alkylbenzenes) were determined in sediment cores collected at the study site in 1981 and 1992. Differences between the composition of effluent from the major source of DDT (Montrose Chemical) and that found in sediments suggests that parent DDT was transformed by hydrolytic dehydrochlorination during the earliest stages of diagenesis. As a result, p,p'-DDE is the dominant DDT metabolite found in shelf sediments, comprising 60-70% of Sigma DDT. The p,p-DDE/p,p'-DDMU concentration ratio decreases with increasing sub-bottom depth in sediment cores, indicating that reductive dechlorination of p,p'-DDE is occurring. Approximately 9-23% of the DDE inventory in the sediments may have been converted to DDMU since DDT discharges began ca. 1953. At most, this is less than half of the decline in p,p'-DDE inventory that has been observed at the study site for the period 1981-1995. Most of the observed decrease is attributable to remobilization by processes such as sediment mixing coupled to resuspension, contaminant desorption, and current advection. Existing field data suggest that the in situ late of DDE transformation is 10(2)-10(3) times slower than rates determined in recent laboratory microcosm experiments (Quensen, J.F., Mueller, S.A., Jain, M.K., Tiedje, J.M., 1998. Reductive dechlorination of DDE to DDMU in marine sediment microcosms. Science, 280, 722-724.). This explains why the DDT composition (i.e. o,p'-, p,p'-isomers of DDE, DDD, DDT) of sediments from this site have not changed significantly since at least 1972. Congener-specific PCB compositions in shelf sediments are highly uniform and show no evidence of diagenetic transformation. Apparently, the agents/factors responsible for reductive dechlorination of DDE are not also effecting alteration of the PCBs. Two types of long-chain alkylbenzenes were found in the contaminated sediments. Comparison of chain length and isomer distributions of the linear alkylbenzenes in wastewater effluent and surficial sediment samples indicate that these compounds undergo biodegradation during sedimentation. Further degradation of the linear alkylbenzenes occurs after burial despite relatively invariant isomer compositions. The branched alkylbenzenes are much more persistent than the linear alkylbenzenes, presumably due to extensive branching of the alkyl side chain. Based on these results, p,p'-DDE, PCBs, and selected branched alkylbenzenes are sufficiently persistent for use in molecular stratigraphy. The linear alkylbenzenes may also provide information on depositional processes. However, their application as quantitative molecular tracers should be approached with caution. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Eganhouse, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Pontolillo, James/0000-0002-1075-1313 NR 79 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 70 IS 4 BP 289 EP 315 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00034-7 PG 27 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 335DU UT WOS:000088228600004 ER PT J AU Eganhouse, RP Pontolillo, J AF Eganhouse, RP Pontolillo, J TI Depositional history of organic contaminants on the Palos Verdes Shelf California SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Palos Verdes Shelf; sedimentation rates; stratigraphy; deposition; DDT; PCBs ID WASTE-WATER DISCHARGE; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; SEDIMENTS; DISPERSAL; ALKYLBENZENES; GRADIENT; OUTFALLS; CARBON; DDT AB During more than 60 years, sedimentation on the Pales Verdes Shelf has been dominated by time-varying inputs of municipal wastewater from the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts (LACSD) and debris from the Portuguese Bend Landslide (PBL). The present study examines the depositional history of wastewater-derived organic contaminants at a site approximately 6-8 km downcurrent from the outfall system. Sediments at this location are impacted by contributions from both sources, but the relative influence of the sources has changed over time. Two classes of hydrophobic organic contaminants (chlorinated hydrocarbons, long-chain alkylbenzenes) were determined in sediment cores collected in 1981 and 1992. Using molecular stratigraphy, we determined average sedimentation rates (cm/year) and mass accumulation rates (g cm(-2) year(-1)) for the following periods: 1955-1965, 1965-1971, 1971-1981 and 1981-1992. The results show that sedimentation and mass accumulation rates increased from 1955 to 1971 and decreased from 1971 to 1981. These trends are consistent with historical information on the emission of suspended solids from the outfall system, indicating that the discharge of wastes dominated sedimentation at the site during this period. In the 1980s and early 1990s, however, mass accumulation rates increased in spite of continually decreasing emissions of wastewater solids. Several lines of evidence indicate that this increase was due to mobilization of debris from the PBL during and after unusually strong winter storms in the 1980s. As a result, heavily contaminated sediments deposited during the years of greatest waste emissions (i.e. 1950-1970) have been buried to greater sub-bottom depths, thereby reducing their availability for mobilization to the overlying water column. These results highlight the dynamic nature of sedimentation in contaminated coastal ecosystems and its importance to the long-term fate and effects of toxic substances. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Eganhouse, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Pontolillo, James/0000-0002-1075-1313 NR 57 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 70 IS 4 BP 317 EP 338 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00033-5 PG 22 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 335DU UT WOS:000088228600005 ER PT J AU Petersen, JH DeAngelis, DL AF Petersen, JH DeAngelis, DL TI Dynamics of prey moving through a predator field: a model of migrating juvenile salmon SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE prey patchiness; juvenile salmon; management models; migration; Columbia River; northern pikeminnow ID SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS; INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODEL; JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; COLUMBIA RIVER; POPULATION-MODELS; LARGEMOUTH BASS; SMALLMOUTH BASS; CHINOOK SALMON; FISH AB The migration of a patch of pl-ey through a field of relatively stationary predators is a situation that occurs frequently in nature. Making quantitative predictions concerning such phenomena may be difficult, however, because factors such as the number of the prey in the patch, the spatial length and velocity of the patch, and the feeding rate and satiation of the predators all interact in a complex way. However, such problems are of great practical importance in many management situations; e.g., calculating the mortality of juvenile salmon (smolts) swimming down a river or reservoir containing many predators. Salmon smolts often move downstream in patches short compared with the length of the reservoir. To take into account the spatial dependence of the interaction, we used a spatially-explicit, individual-based modeling approach. We found that the mortality of prey depends strongly on the number of prey in the patch, the downstream velocity of prey ill the patch, and the dispersion or spread of the patch in size through time. Some counterintuitive phenomena are predicted, such as predators downstream capturing more prey per predator than those upstream, even though the number of pl-ey may be greatly depleted by the time the prey patch reaches the downstream predators. Individual-based models may be necessary for complex spatial situations, such as salmonid migration, where processes such as schooling occur at fine scales and affect system predictions. We compare some results to predictions from other salmonid models. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fishery Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Florida Caribean Sci Ctr, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Petersen, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fishery Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 52 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-5564 J9 MATH BIOSCI JI Math. Biosci. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 165 IS 2 BP 97 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0025-5564(00)00017-1 PG 18 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 326DY UT WOS:000087718500001 PM 10854613 ER PT J AU Barsotti, AF Morse, DE AF Barsotti, AF Morse, DE TI Industrial minerals in the United States SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Industrial Minerals International Congress CY MAR 26-29, 2000 CL DENVER, COLORADO C1 US Geol Survey, Ind Minerals Sect, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Barsotti, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ind Minerals Sect, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 21 EP 27 PG 7 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500015 ER PT J AU Plunkert, PA AF Plunkert, PA TI Bauxite and alumina SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Plunkert, PA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 28 EP 29 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500017 ER PT J AU Virta, RL AF Virta, RL TI Ball clay SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Virta, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 28 EP 28 PG 1 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500016 ER PT J AU Papp, JF AF Papp, JF TI Chromite SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Papp, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 35 EP 35 PG 1 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500021 ER PT J AU Virta, RL AF Virta, RL TI Common clay and shale SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Virta, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 35 EP 36 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500022 ER PT J AU Langer, WH Tepordei, VV Bolen, WP AF Langer, WH Tepordei, VV Bolen, WP TI Construction aggregates SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Langer, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 36 EP 37 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500023 ER PT J AU Potter, MJ AF Potter, MJ TI Feldspar and nepheline syenite SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Potter, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 38 EP 39 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500026 ER PT J AU Virta, RL AF Virta, RL TI Fireclay SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Virta, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 39 EP 39 PG 1 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500027 ER PT J AU Olson, DW AF Olson, DW TI Gemstones SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Olson, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 41 EP 42 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500030 ER PT J AU Olson, DW AF Olson, DW TI Industrial diamond SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Olson, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 44 EP 46 PG 3 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500032 ER PT J AU Olson, DW AF Olson, DW TI Industrial garnet SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Olson, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 46 EP 46 PG 1 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500033 ER PT J AU Virta, RL AF Virta, RL TI Kaolin SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Virta, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 47 EP 48 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500035 ER PT J AU Hedrick, JB AF Hedrick, JB TI Mica SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hedrick, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 49 EP 50 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500037 ER PT J AU Jasinski, SM AF Jasinski, SM TI Peat SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Jasinski, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 51 EP 51 PG 1 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500039 ER PT J AU Hedrick, JB AF Hedrick, JB TI Rare earths, the lanthanides, yttrium and scandium SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hedrick, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 55 EP 57 PG 3 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500044 ER PT J AU Kostick, DS AF Kostick, DS TI Soda ash SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Kostick, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 61 EP 62 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500047 ER PT J AU Ober, JA AF Ober, JA TI Strontium SO MINING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Ober, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0026-5187 J9 MIN ENG-LITTLETON JI Mining Eng. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 52 IS 6 BP 62 EP 63 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 329RK UT WOS:000087921500048 ER PT J AU Castleberry, SB King, TL Wood, PB Ford, WM AF Castleberry, SB King, TL Wood, PB Ford, WM TI Microsatellite DNA markers for the study of Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) populations and cross-species amplification in the genus Neotoma SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cross-species; microsatellite; Neotoma magister; woodrat C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, WV Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP King, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 6 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 6 BP 824 EP 826 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00915-4.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 328HT UT WOS:000087845300022 PM 10849302 ER PT J AU Parsley, MJ Kappenman, KM AF Parsley, MJ Kappenman, KM TI White sturgeon spawning areas in the Lower Snake River SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LOWER COLUMBIA-RIVER; POTENTIAL PRODUCTION; DYNAMICS AB We documented 17 white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus spawning locations in the Snake River from the mouth to Lower Granite Dam (river lan 0 to 173). Spawning locations were determined by the collection of fertilized eggs on artificial substrates or in plankton nets. We collected 245 eggs at seven locations in McNary Reservoir, 22 eggs at three locations in Ice Harbor Reservoir, 30 eggs from two locations in Lower Monumental Reservoir, and 464 eggs at five locations in Little Goose Reservoir. All 17 locations were in high water velocity areas and between 1.0 and 7.0 lan downstream from a hydroelectric dam. The documentation of spawning areas is important because this habitat is necessary to maintain natural and viable populations. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Parsley, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 74 IS 3 BP 192 EP 201 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 360YV UT WOS:000089695700003 ER PT J AU Haefner, RJ AF Haefner, RJ TI Characterization methods for fractured glacial tills SO OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; FINE-GRAINED TILL; CLAYEY TILL; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; POROUS-MEDIA; CHARACTERIZING MACROPORES; DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO AB This paper provides a literature review of methods successfully employed to characterize fine-grained and fractured. or unfractured glacial deposits. Descriptions and examples are given for four major categories of characterization methods: physical, hydraulic, chemical, and indirect. Characterization methods have evolved significantly within the past ten years; however, there still exists uncertainty about the reliability of individual characterization methods applied to till deposits. Therefore, a combination of methods is best, the choice of which depends on the objectives of the work. Sampling methods, sampling scales, and reporting methods are extremely important and should be considered. when interpreting and comparing results between sites. Recognition of these issues is necessary to ensure that decisions regarding the transport of fluids in fractured tills are not based on the assumption that poorly permeable tills are always an inhibitor of subsurface flow. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Haefner, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 6480 Doubletree Ave, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. NR 158 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU OHIO ACAD SCIENCE PI COLUMBUS PA 1500 W 3RD AVE SUITE 223, COLUMBUS, OH 43212-2817 USA SN 0030-0950 J9 OHIO J SCI JI Ohio J. Sci. PD JUN-SEP PY 2000 VL 100 IS 3-4 BP 73 EP 87 PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 386YT UT WOS:000166093900006 ER PT J AU Mikuni, AM AF Mikuni, AM TI 1996-2000 National Report ASPRS: The Imaging and Geospatial Information Society SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material AB The National Report of the United States summarizes the structure and membership of ASPRS since the XVIII Congress in Vienna, Austria; describes the three main service sectors provided by the Society; highlights major milestones for the Society; describes advances in the core technologies; and, briefly comments on the future prospects of the Society and the profession. Meetings, publications and member services represent the primary service sectors of ASPRS while the three membership sectors are private practice, government civil service, and academia. Membership in the Society is approximately 6,600 spread more or less equally among the three membership sectors. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Mapping Ctr, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Mikuni, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Mapping Ctr, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 66 IS 6 BP 687 EP 693 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 321CJ UT WOS:000087437100003 ER PT J AU Tappan, GG Hadj, A Wood, EC Lietzow, RW AF Tappan, GG Hadj, A Wood, EC Lietzow, RW TI Use of Argon, Corona, and Landsat imagery to assess 30 years of land resource changes in west-central Senegal SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Over the past 35 years, an agricultural area of west-central Senegal has experienced rapid population growth, fast expansion of agricultural lands, a decline in rainfall, and degradation of vegetative and soil resources. Although such changes have not escaped the attention of Senegal's people, its government, and the scientific community, the ability to monitor and quantify land resource trends of recent decades has been difficult. Recently available high-resolution satellite photographs from the American Argon and Corona Programs provide coverage of Senegal back to 1963. The photographs make it possible to study and map land resources at the beginning of the Space Age. In this study, we characterize the changes that have occurred in the region from the early 1960s to the mid-1990s. Early Argon and Corona photographs are used to reconstruct the historical land use and land cover: comparisons are made with assessments from recent Landsat images. Field studies and aerial surveys provide additional insight. The forces of change, driven primarily by population growth and unsustainable agricultural practices, are examined. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Ctr Int Echanges Pour Dev, Dakar, Senegal. RP Tappan, GG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Raytheon, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 19 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 66 IS 6 BP 727 EP 735 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 321CJ UT WOS:000087437100007 ER PT J AU Paukert, CP Fisher, WL AF Paukert, CP Fisher, WL TI Abiotic factors affecting summer distribution and movement of male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in a prairie reservoir SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID RIVER AB Six male paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, were implanted with ultrasonic temperature-sensing transmitters and tracked during June through August 1997 to quantify effects of physicochemical conditions on their distribution and movement in Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma. Paddlefish moved about twice as much during night than day. Movement rate of paddlefish was related to reservoir water level, inflow, and discharge from the reservoir at night; however, none of these variables was significant during the day. Location in the reservoir (distance from the dam) was negatively related to water level and positively related to inflow during day and night periods. Location in the reservoir was negatively related to discharge during the day. Paddlefish avoided the highest available water temperatures, but did not always avoid low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Paddlefish avoided the Cimarron River arm of the reservoir in summer, possibly because of high salinity. Our study demonstrates that distribution of paddlefish during summer and movement in Keystone Reservoir was influenced by physicochemical and hydrologic conditions in the system. However, biotic factors (e.g., food availability) not measured in this study may have been influenced by abiotic conditions in the reservoir. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Paukert, CP (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, POB 2140B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 2 BP 133 EP 140 DI 10.2307/3672454 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 338DD UT WOS:000088402100007 ER PT J AU White, PJ Berry, WH Eliason, JJ Hanson, MT AF White, PJ Berry, WH Eliason, JJ Hanson, MT TI Catastrophic decrease in an isolated population of kit foxes SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB Captures of San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpers macrotis mutica) during annual livetrapping sessions at the California Army National Guard Training Site, Camp Roberts, decreased from 103 to 20 individuals from 1988 to 1991. This decrease continued through 1997 when only three kit foxes were captured. Similar trends in relative abundance were evident in scent-station visitations and spotlighting observations. An outbreak of rabies virus may have contributed to this catastrophic decrease in abundance because two foxes were found dead due to rabies in 1990. Striped skunks (Mephilus mephitus) are the primary vectors of rabies virus in this region and a rabid skunk was trapped at Camp Roberts during 1989. Captures of foxes were positively correlated with captures of skunks and negatively correlated with proportions of rabies-positive skunks submitted for testing to the San Luis Obispo Co. Public Health Department during the previous 2 years. Interference competition by coyotes (Canis latrans) also may have contributed to this catastrophic decrease because relative abundances of foxes and coyotes were negatively correlated from 1988 to 1997, and coyotes were responsible for 59% of fox deaths during a 4-year telemetry study (1988 to 1991). The negative effects of inbreeding and interference competition by coyotes may hamper the recovery of this relatively-isolated population of foxes or eventually lead to its extinction if recruitment continues to be poor. C1 Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. RP White, PJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad Fish & Wildlife Off, 2730 Loker Ave W, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 2 BP 204 EP 211 DI 10.2307/3672462 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 338DD UT WOS:000088402100015 ER PT J AU Matlack, RS Gipson, PS Kaufman, DW AF Matlack, RS Gipson, PS Kaufman, DW TI The swift fox in rangeland and cropland in western Kansas: Relative abundance, mortality, and body size SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB We assessed suitability of cropland and shortgrass rangeland for swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in western Kansas. Relative abundance and survival were similar for foxes in rangeland and cropland. Mortality resulting from non-traumatic causes, coyotes, and motor vehicles differed significantly between habitats. Predation by coyotes, motor vehicles, and non-traumatic causes were responsible for 45%, 36%, and 18%, respectively, of 11 deaths in rangeland and 20%, 10%, and 10%, respectively, of 10 deaths in cropland. Swift foxes in rangeland were larger and in better condition than those in cropland. Males were larger than females based on mass, standardized mass (mass/body length), body length, hindfoot length, and ear length. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Matlack, RS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, US Geol Survey, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 2 BP 221 EP 225 DI 10.2307/3672464 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 338DD UT WOS:000088402100017 ER PT J AU Peters, NE Meybeck, M AF Peters, NE Meybeck, M TI Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts to human activities SO WATER INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Seminar on Toward Upstream-Downstream Hydrosolidarity CY AUG, 1999 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SP Int Water Resource Assoc, Stockholm Int Water Inst DE hydrologic cycle; water pollution; watersheds; residence time; hydrologic pathways; downstream ID AGRICULTURAL SOILS; REGIONAL CLIMATE; PHOSPHORUS; EUTROPHICATION; RUNOFF; NUTRIENT; LAKES AB The quality of freshwater at any point on the landscape reflects the combined effects of many processes along water pathways. Human activities on all spatial scales affect both water quality and quantity. Alteration of the landscape and associated vegetation has not only changed the water balance, but typically has altered processes that control water quality. Effects of human activities on a small scale are relevant to an entire drainage basin. Furthermore, local, regional, and global differences in climate and waterflow are considerable, causing varying effects of human activities on land and water quality and quantity, depending on location within a watershed geology, biology, physiographic characteristics, and climate. These natural characteristics also greatly control human activities, which will, in turn, modify (or affect) the natural composition of water. One of the most important issues for effective resource management is recognition of cyclical and cascading effects of human activities on the water quality and quantity along hydrologic pathways. The degradation of water quality in one part of a watershed can have negative effects on users downstream. Everyone lives downstream of the effects of some human activity. An extremely important factor is that substances added to the atmosphere, land and water generally have relatively long time scales for removal or clean up. The nature of the substance. including its affinity for adhering to soil and its ability to be transformed affects the mobility and the time scale for removal of the substance. Policy alone will not solve many of the degradation issues, but a combination of policy, education, scientific knowledge, planning, and enforcement of applicable laws can provide mechanisms for slowing the rate of degradation and provide human and environmental protection. Such an integrated approach is needed to effectively manage land and water resources. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 18 PU INT WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI CARBONDALE PA SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIV, 4535 FANER HALL, MC 4516, CARBONDALE, IL 62901-4516 USA SN 0250-8060 J9 WATER INT JI Water Int. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 185 EP 193 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 335PY UT WOS:000088253800005 ER PT J AU Choi, J Harvey, JW Conklin, MH AF Choi, J Harvey, JW Conklin, MH TI Characterizing multiple timescales of stream and storage zone interaction that affect solute fate and transport in streams SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; HYPORHEIC ZONE; TRANSIENT STORAGE; MASS-TRANSFER; AQUIFER; SORPTION; HETEROGENEITY; DIFFUSION; CHANNEL; SYSTEMS AB The fate of contaminants in streams and rivers is affected by exchange and biogeochemical transformation in slowly moving or stagnant flow zones that interact with rapid flow in the main channel. In a typical stream, there are multiple types of slowly moving flow zones in which exchange and transformation occur, such as stagnant or recirculating surface water as well as subsurface hyporheic zones. However, most investigators use transport models with just a single storage zone in their modeling studies, which assumes that the effects of multiple storage zones can be lumped together. Our study addressed the following question: Can a single-storage zone model reliably characterize the effects of physical retention and biogeochemical reactions in multiple storage zones? We extended an existing stream transport model with a single storage zone to include a second storage zone. With the extended model we generated 500 data sets representing transport of nonreactive and reactive solutes in stream systems that have two different types of storage zones with variable hydrologic conditions. The one storage zone model was tested by optimizing the lumped storage parameters to achieve a best fit for each of the generated data sets. Multiple storage processes were categorized as possessing I, additive; II, competitive; or III, dominant storage zone characteristics. The classification was based on the goodness of fit of generated data sets, the degree of similarity in mean retention time of the two storage zones, and the relative distributions of exchange flux and storage capacity between the two storage zones. For most cases (>90%) the one storage zone model described either the effect of the sum of multiple storage processes (category I) or the dominant storage process (category III). Failure of the one storage zone model occurred mainly for category II, that is, when one of the storage zones had a much longer mean retention time (t(s) ratio > 5.0) and when the dominance of storage capacity and exchange flux occurred in different storage zones. We also used the one storage zone model to estimate a "single" lumped rate constant representing the net removal of a solute by biogeochemical reactions in multiple storage zones. For most cases the lumped rate constant that was optimized by one storage zone modeling estimated the flux-weighted rate constant for multiple storage zones. Our results explain how the relative hydrologic properties of multiple storage zones (retention time, storage capacity, exchange flux, and biogeochemical reaction rate constant) affect the reliability of lumped parameters determined by a one storage zone transport model. We conclude that stream transport models with a single storage compartment will in most cases reliably characterize the dominant physical processes of solute retention and biogeochemical reactions in streams with multiple storage zones. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Choi, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 430 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 30 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1511 EP 1518 DI 10.1029/2000WR900051 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 317LL UT WOS:000087226800013 ER PT J AU Tesoriero, AJ Liebscher, H Cox, SE AF Tesoriero, AJ Liebscher, H Cox, SE TI Mechanism and rate of denitrification in an agricultural watershed: Electron and mass balance along groundwater flow paths SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; GRADIENT TRACER TESTS; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; MULTICOMPONENT TRANSPORT; MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; RIPARIAN ZONES; DATING TOOLS; SAND AQUIFER; NITRATE AB The rate and mechanism of nitrate removal along and between groundwater flow paths were investigated using a series of well nests screened in an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer. Intensive agricultural activity in this area has resulted in nitrate concentrations in groundwater often exceeding drinking water standards. Both the extent and rate of denitrification varied depending on the groundwater flow path. While little or no denitrification occurred in much of the upland portions of the aquifer, a gradual redox gradient is observed as aerobic upland groundwater moves deeper in the aquifer. In contrast, a sharp shallow redox gradient is observed adjacent to a third-order stream as aerobic groundwater enters reduced sediments. An essentially complete loss of nitrate concurrent with increases in excess N-2 provide evidence that denitrification occurs as groundwater enters this zone. Electron and mass balance calculations suggest that iron sulfide (e.g., pyrite) oxidation is the primary source of electrons for denitrification. Denitrification rate estimates were based on mass balance calculations using nitrate and excess N-2 coupled with groundwater travel times. Travel times were determined using a groundwater flow model and were constrained by chlorofluorocarbon-based age dates. Denitrification rates were found to vary considerably between the two areas where denitrification occurs. Denitrification rates in the deep, upland portions of the aquifer were found to range from <0.01 to 0.14 mM of N per year; rates at the redoxcline along the shallow flow path range from 1.0 to 2.7 mM of N per year. Potential denitrification rates in groundwater adjacent to the stream may be much faster, with rates up to 140 mM per year based on an in situ experiment conducted in this zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. Environm Canada, Vancouver, BC V6P 6H9, Canada. RP Tesoriero, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. NR 46 TC 128 Z9 130 U1 2 U2 43 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1545 EP 1559 DI 10.1029/2000WR900035 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 317LL UT WOS:000087226800016 ER PT J AU Heimann, DC Roell, MJ AF Heimann, DC Roell, MJ TI Sediment loads and accumulation in a small riparian wetland system in northern Missouri SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; sediment deposition; riparian wetland system ID FLOODPLAIN SEDIMENTATION; PATTERNS; CHANNELIZATION; DEPOSITION; ACCRETION; DISCHARGE; STREAM; RIVER AB Sediment transport and deposition along a stream in an agricultural basin (65 km(2)) in northern Missouri, USA were quantified as part of a long-term study to evaluate effects of silvicultural practices on the hydrology, sediment, vegetation, and wildlife characteristics of remaining forested riparian systems. Median cumulative sediment deposition, measured using feldspar clay pads, increased from August 1995 to August 1998 at a rate of about 1 cm/yr. Median deposition amounts from single floods ranged from 0.03 cm to 0.64 cm. Floodplain and riparian maintenance flows corresponded to monitored floods with calculated recurrence intervals as low as <2 years. Simple linear regression models, using flood event suspended-sediment load or streamflow characteristics, explained up to 82 percent of variability in median event sediment deposition on the floodplain clay pads. There was little apparent correlation between cumulative shortterm deposition and site elevation, distance from channel, longitudinal distance, or fluvial landform type. This may be due to upstream channelization, floodplain complexity, short duration of events, or sediment-load characteristics of low-recurrence interval floods (<2 to 5 years) sampled in this study. Dendrogeomorphic measurements indicated a substantial increase in the mean rate of deposition on the Long Branch Creek floodplain from about 1950 through 1980. Eighty-nine percent of the clay pad monitoring sites and all dendrogeomorphic monitoring sites experienced net positive deposition emphasizing the role of this riparian area as a net sediment storage site. C1 US Geol Survey, Independence, MO 64050 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Heimann, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 301 W Lexington,Rm 219, Independence, MO 64050 USA. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 219 EP 231 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0219:SLAAIA]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 326RG UT WOS:000087748100001 ER PT J AU King, SE Grace, JB AF King, SE Grace, JB TI The effects of soil flooding on the establishment of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), a nonindigenous invader of the southeastern United States SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE cogongrass; establishment; exotic species; flooding; germination; invasion; Imperata cylindrica; seedling size ID SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; PLANTS; GERMINATION; COMMUNITIES; RESPONSES; GRADIENT; GROWTH; NICHE; SIZE AB Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), an invasive perennial introduced from Southeast Asia, is currently spreading throughout the southeastern United States from Florida to Louisiana. In the U.S., cogongrass is generally not considered a wetland species, although it's range is expanding in regions with high wetland abundance. The objective of this study was to determine if excessive soil moisture might prevent cogongrass from establishing in areas with seasonally flooded soils. In one greenhouse experiment, we examined cogongrass germination and seedling growth in soils that were freely drained, saturated, and inundated. We performed a second greenhouse experiment to evaluate growth and survival of cogongrass seedlings of four different size classes in five soil moisture treatments ranging from dry to inundated. Cogongrass germination was lowest when seeds were overtopped with water. There were no differences in germination between saturated and freely drained treatments; however, seedlings grew largest in freely drained soil and were smallest when immersed. In our second experiment, most cogongrass plants survived except when given no water, but growth differed by watering treatment depending on seedling size. Increasing moisture was more detrimental to the growth of small seedlings compared to the growth of larger cogongrass plants. Overall, cogongrass was most sensitive to soil inundation in the earliest stages of establishment; thus, excessive moisture conditions in the spring, during early seedling development, could restrict invasion of cogongrass by seed. Once cogongrass is established, however, its tolerance of flooding appears to increase. C1 Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP King, SE (reprint author), Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 39 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 300 EP 306 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0300:TEOSFO]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 326RG UT WOS:000087748100006 ER PT J AU Batzer, DP Pusateri, CR Vetter, R AF Batzer, DP Pusateri, CR Vetter, R TI Impacts of fish predation on marsh invertebrates: Direct and indirect effects SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE chironomidae; predation; trophic ID TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; FRESH-WATER; COMMUNITY; ASSEMBLAGES; REDUCTION; RESPONSES; OMNIVORY; BEHAVIOR; DENSITY; WETLAND AB We excluded predatory fish from a marsh weedbed to evaluate experimentally their impact on invertebrate prey. Gut analyses of wetland fish, including pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), revealed that large numbers of midge larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) were consumed. However, our exclusion of these predatory fish from study habitats did not result in midge population increases. On the contrary, fewer epiphytic midges occurred where predatory fish had been excluded (P = 0.0043). populations of midge competitors (especially Planorbidae and Physidae) and invertebrate midge predators (especially Corixidae and Glossiphoniidae) were suppressed directly by fish, and midges that co-existed with fish apparently benefitted indirectly from those interactions. For epiphytic midge larvae, the negative direct influence of fish predation was strong, but positive indirect effects apparently were even more powerful. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Canisius Coll, Dept Biol, Buffalo, NY 14208 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Malheur Natl Wildlife Refuge, Princeton, OR 97721 USA. RP Batzer, DP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 27 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 34 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 307 EP 312 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0307:IOFPOM]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 326RG UT WOS:000087748100007 ER PT J AU Nelson, SM Roline, RA Thullen, JS Sartoris, JJ Boutwell, JE AF Nelson, SM Roline, RA Thullen, JS Sartoris, JJ Boutwell, JE TI Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE constructed wetlands; bioaccumulation; invertebrates; trace elements; wastewater ID MACROINVERTEBRATES; MACROPHYTES; MARSH; CALIFORNIA; ABUNDANCE; SELENIUM; ALUMINUM; HABITAT; INSECTS; DUCKS AB Invertebrate assemblages were studied in eight monoculture wetland mesocosms constructed for wastewater treatment. Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) were measured in bulrush mesocosms while higher concentrations of D.O. were measured in open water mesocosms containing submerged pond-weeds. Invertebrate taxa richness was positively related to D.O. concentrations that were, in turn, related to vegetation communities. Reference wetland sites contained a variety of plant species along with extensive open water areas. Invertebrate taxa richness was greater at reference sites than in any wastewater mesocosm. Invertebrate samples from the wastewater mesocosms and reference sites were analyzed for five trace elements. While the concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, mercury, and silver were below values harmful to wildlife, the concentrations of selenium reached levels of moderate concern on one occasion. Data from this study suggest that selenium bioaccumulation by invertebrates may be related to the type of vegetation community or detrital habitat type. Wetlands designed for invertebrate production for waterfowl should take into account the potential for low D.O. concentrations and trace element bioaccumulation associated with vegetation community types. C1 US Bur Reclamat, Tech Serv Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Denver Field Stn, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Nelson, SM (reprint author), US Bur Reclamat, Tech Serv Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Williams, K/A-6361-2012 NR 45 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 406 EP 415 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0406:IAATEB]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 326RG UT WOS:000087748100016 ER PT J AU Thome, DM Thome, TM AF Thome, DM Thome, TM TI Radio-controlled model airplanes: inexpensive tools for low-level aerial photography SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aerial photography; altimeter; fine scale; low altitude; model airplane; remote control AB Until now, regulatory and safety constraints have prevented biologists from conducting low-flight aerial reconnaissance in populated areas. We developed a model airplane prototype fitted with a camera, altimeter, and strobe light (which signaled desired height) to take aerial photographs remotely. Our design is limited to fine-scale photographs, but the ability to take such photographs without danger to pilots or passengers may prove beneficial when conventional methods are not possible, practical, or financially feasible. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. RP Thome, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2321 W Royal Palm Rd,Suite 103, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 343 EP 346 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 330ZA UT WOS:000087990800007 ER PT J AU Keigley, RB AF Keigley, RB TI Elk, beaver, and the persistence of willows in national parks: comment on Singer et al. (1998) SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Alces alces; beaver; Castor canadensis; elk; Rocky Mountain National Park; willows; Yellowstone National Park C1 US Geol Serv, BRD Greater Yellowstone Field Stn, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. RP Keigley, RB (reprint author), US Geol Serv, BRD Greater Yellowstone Field Stn, 632 Coulee Dr, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 448 EP 450 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 330ZA UT WOS:000087990800019 ER PT J AU Singer, FJ Zeigenfuss, LC Barnett, DT AF Singer, FJ Zeigenfuss, LC Barnett, DT TI Elk, beaver, and the persistence of willows in national parks: response to Keigley (2000) SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE beaver; elk; national park; willow ID UNGULATE HERBIVORY; YELLOWSTONE C1 Colorado State Univ, USGS BRD, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Singer, FJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, USGS BRD, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 451 EP 453 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 330ZA UT WOS:000087990800020 ER PT J AU McLeod, MA Belleman, BA Andersen, DE Oehlert, GW AF McLeod, MA Belleman, BA Andersen, DE Oehlert, GW TI Red-shouldered Hawk nest site selection in north-central Minnesota SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID POPULATION TRENDS AB We evaluated characteristics at Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) nest sites at two study areas with different: topography and forest types in north-central and central Minnesota to identify nest site commonalities across geographically distinct areas. During the breeding seasons of 1994-1995, we located nests of Red-shouldered Hawks at the Camp Ripley Army National Guard Training Site and the Chippewa National Forest using a combination of broadcast surveys, helicopter searches, and systematic foot searches. All 38 nests at Camp Ripley and 18 nests in the Chippewa National Forest were in upland hardwood stands; the remaining two nests in the Chippewa National Forest were in aspen (Populus spp.) stands. We aged cores from 19 nest trees at Camp Ripley and measured habitat characteristics in a 0.04 ha circle centered on each nest tree and at a paired random site within the nest stand. We compared habitat variables at nest and random sites to identify habitat characteristics that were consistent predictors of nest sites versus random sites for each study area and for all nests combined. Compared to random sites, nest sites in the Chippewa National Forest had larger diameters at breast height (dbh) of the nest tree, taller nest tree height, and higher canopy height. At Camp Ripley, nest sites differed from random sites with regard to many more variables; nests were located in portions of the stand with larger trees and closer to surface water. Nest trees ranged in age from 50-89 years. Logistic regression models indicated that, for both study areas combined, nest tree dbh, basal area, canopy height, and distance to water were the most important variables in distinguishing nest sites from random sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Stat, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Andersen, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 5 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 112 IS 2 BP 203 EP 213 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0203:RSHNSS]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 325JF UT WOS:000087671900004 ER PT J AU Krementz, DG Powell, LA AF Krementz, DG Powell, LA TI Breeding season demography and movements of Eastern Towhees at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RADIO TRANSMITTERS; BIRDS AB The Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) has undergone population declines across much of its range, especially in New England. Despite being a widespread and, at one time, a common species, relatively little is known about its natural history, ecology, or demographics. We conducted baseline research on Eastern Towhees at the Savannah River Sire, South Carolina, in 1995 and 1996 to estimate breeding season survival rates, nest success rates, breeding densities, and daily movements. We also were interested in whether towhees had differences in survival and movement rates between young and mature managed pine stands. We found that survival rates during the breeding season of radio-marked towhees did not vary by sex or stand type. Daily nest success rates were very low [0.629 +/- 0.088 (SE)] as a result of high predation levels. Abundance estimates adjusted for sampling effort differed between years. In 1995, the abundance estimate was significantly lower in mature stands (7.1 +/- 0.47) than in young stands (9.6 +/- 0.60) while in 1996, there was no different between mature stands (26.2 +/- 5.67) and young stands (16.5 +/- 3.39). Average daily movements by radio-marked towhees did not vary by sex or stand type. Movements among adjacent stands were common, and sometimes great distances. C1 Univ Georgia, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Dubuque, Dept Biol, Dubuque, IA 52001 USA. RP Krementz, DG (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, SCEN 620, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RI Powell, Larkin/G-4570-2010 NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 112 IS 2 BP 243 EP 248 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0243:BSDAMO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 325JF UT WOS:000087671900009 ER PT J AU Schmutz, JA AF Schmutz, JA TI Age-specific breeding in Emperor Geese SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WHITE-FRONTED GEESE; SURVIVAL AB I studied the frequency with which Emperor Geese (Chen canagica) of known age were observed breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. No one- or two-yens old geese were observed on nests. Three-year old geese bled at a lower rate than four-year old geese. These data suggest that patterns of age-specific breeding in Emperor Geese are similar to other sympatrically nesting, large bodied geese [Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons)] but delayed relative to smaller bodied geese [Cackling Canada Geese (Branta canadensis minima) and Pacific Black Brant (B. bernicla nigricans)]. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Schmutz, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 112 IS 2 BP 261 EP 263 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0261:ASBIEG]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 325JF UT WOS:000087671900011 ER PT J AU Azure, DA Brininger, WL Toepfer, JE Huschle, G Crawford, RD AF Azure, DA Brininger, WL Toepfer, JE Huschle, G Crawford, RD TI First described renesting attempt by an American Bittern SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Most life history traits of the American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) have not been studied and are poorly understood. The ability of the American Bittern to renest has not been confirmed previously. A second nesting attempt by an American Bittern was observed on Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge on 8 July 1996. This information provides insight into American Bittern fecundity by showing that additional reproductive capability exists when nests are destroyed by predation or weather related events. Future studies of nesting bitterns will need to consider renesting when estimating density of nesting females. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Windom, MN 56101 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rice Lake Natl Wildlife Refuge, Mcgregor, MN 55760 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Agassiz Natl Wildlife Refuge, Middle River, MN 56737 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Biol, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. RP Azure, DA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Windom Wetland Management Dist,Route 1,Box 273A, Windom, MN 56101 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 112 IS 2 BP 271 EP 273 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0271:FDRABA]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 325JF UT WOS:000087671900014 ER PT J AU Gregg, TKP Fornari, DJ Perfit, MR Ridley, WI Kurz, MD AF Gregg, TKP Fornari, DJ Perfit, MR Ridley, WI Kurz, MD TI Using submarine lava pillars to record mid-ocean ridge eruption dynamics SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE lava flows; lava lakes; mid-ocean ridges; East Pacific Rise; volcanoes ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; SPREADING MIDOCEAN RIDGES; KILAUEA VOLCANO; SHEET FLOWS; EMPLACEMENT; HELIUM; CREST; MORPHOLOGY; INFLATION; ISOTOPE AB Submarine lava pillars are hollow, glass-lined, basaltic cylinders that occur at the axis of the mid-ocean ridge, and within the summit calderas of some seamounts. Typically, pillars are similar to 1-20 m tall and 0.25-2.0 m in diameter, with subhorizontal to horizontal glassy selvages on their exterior walls. Lava pillars form gradually during a single eruption, and are composed of lava emplaced at the eruption onset as well as the last lava remaining after the lava pond has drained. On the deep sea floor, the surface of a basaltic lava flow quenches to glass within I s, thereby preserving information about eruption dynamics, as well as chemical and physical properties of lava within a single eruption. Investigation of different lava pillars collected from a single eruption allows us to distinguish surficial lava-pond or lava-lake geochemical processes from those operating in the magma chamber. Morphologic, major-element, petrographic and helium analyses were performed on portions of three lava pillars formed during the April 1991 eruption near 9 degrees 50'N at the axis of the East Pacific Rise. Modeling results indicate that the collected portions of pillars formed in similar to 2-5 h, suggesting a total eruption duration of similar to 8-20 h. These values are consistent with observed homogeneity in the glass helium concentrations and helium diffusion rates. Major-element compositions of most pillar glasses are homogeneous and identical to the 1991 flow, but slight chemical variations measured in the outermost portions of some pillars may reflect post-eruptive processes rather than those occurring in subaxial magma bodies. Because lava pillars are common at mid-ocean ridges (MORs), the concepts and techniques we present here may have important application to the study of MOR eruptions, thereby providing a basis for quantitative comparisons of volcanic eruptions in geographically and tectonically diverse settings. More research is needed to thoroughly test the hypotheses presented here. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B,V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Geol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Gregg, TKP (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, 876 Nat Sci & Math Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Kurz, Mark/0000-0003-1745-2356 NR 43 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY 30 PY 2000 VL 178 IS 3-4 BP 195 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00085-6 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 321UY UT WOS:000087474100002 ER PT J AU Rosenbaum, J Reynolds, R Smoot, J Meyer, R AF Rosenbaum, J Reynolds, R Smoot, J Meyer, R TI Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility as a tool for recognizing core deformation: reevaluation of the paleomagnetic record of Pleistocene sediments from drill hole OL-92, Owens Lake, California SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE magnetic susceptibility; anisotropy; paleomagnetism; sediments; deformation AB At Owens Lake, California, paleomagnetic data document the Matuyama/Brunhes polarity boundary near the bottom of a 323-m core (OL-92) and display numerous directional fluctuations throughout the Brunhes chron. Many of the intervals of high direction dispersion were previously interpreted to record magnetic excursions. For the upper 120 m, these interpretations were tested using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), which typically defines a subhorizontal planar fabric for sediments deposited in quiet water. AMS data from intervals of deformed core, determined from detailed analysis of sedimentary structures, were compared to a reference AMS fabric derived from undisturbed sediment. This comparison shows that changes in the AMS fabric provide a means of screening core samples for deformation and the associated paleomagnetic record for the adverse effects of distortion. For that portion of core OL-92 studied here (about the upper 120 m), the combined analyses of sedimentary structures and AMS data demonstrate that most of the paleomagnetic Features, previously interpreted as geomagnetic excursions, are likely the result of core deformation. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Rosenbaum, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 980,DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY 30 PY 2000 VL 178 IS 3-4 BP 415 EP 424 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00077-7 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 321UY UT WOS:000087474100017 ER PT J AU Bullock, G Blazer, V Tsukuda, S Summerfelt, S AF Bullock, G Blazer, V Tsukuda, S Summerfelt, S TI Toxicity of acidified chitosan for cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE chitosan; rainbow trout; toxicity; pathology ID MARINE MICROALGAE; GILLS; FISH; PROTECTION; TOXICANTS; MERCURY AB Chitosan is a deacetylation product of chitin. It is used as a flocculent for sewage and brewery wastes, and as a chelator of heavy metals. In aquaculture, chitosan has been used as an immunostimulant for protection against bacterial diseases in fish, for controlled release of vaccines, and as a diet supplement. Chitosan has generally been considered to be nontoxic to animals, but when it was dissolved in acetic acid and added to a culture system at 1.0 ppm to remove organic solids, we found acute toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In controlled experiments to determine the extent of toxicity, we found that trout died after several hours exposure to 0.75 ppm and died in 24 h after exposure to 0.075 ppm. Exposure to 0.038 ppm resulted in mortality after 6 days exposure, while exposure to 0.019 ppm resulted in no mortality after 14 days exposure. Histological examination of gills, skin, muscle, and internal organs indicated significant and consistent pathological changes only in gills. Lifting of lamellar epithelium, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lamellar epithelial cells occurred in trout exposed to 0.019 and 0.038 ppm. In trout exposed to 0.75 or 0.075 ppm chitosan, large areas of lamellar fusion were observed. These results show that soluble acidified chitosan is highly toxic to rainbow trout even at low concentrations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Freshwater Inst, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Lab, Biol Resource Div, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Bullock, G (reprint author), Freshwater Inst, POB 1746, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAY 25 PY 2000 VL 185 IS 3-4 BP 273 EP 280 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00359-2 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 305NP UT WOS:000086547200008 ER PT J AU Work, TM Balazs, GH Rameyer, RA Chang, SP Berestecky, J AF Work, TM Balazs, GH Rameyer, RA Chang, SP Berestecky, J TI Assessing humoral and cell-mediated immune response in Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE green turtle; Chelonia mydas; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Freund's adjuvant; Gerbu; ISA-70; lymphocyte stimulation test ID MARINE TURTLES; BLOOD; FIBROPAPILLOMATOSIS; ANTIBODIES; PHYLOGENY; ISLANDS; SERUM AB Seven immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, captured from Kaneohe Bay on the island of Oahu were used to evaluate methods for assessing their immune response. Two turtles each were immunized intramuscularly with egg white lysozyme (EWL) in Freund's complete adjuvant, Gerbu, or ISA-70; a seventh turtle was immunized with saline only and served as a control. Humoral immune response was measured with an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell-mediated immune response was measured using in vitro cell proliferation assays (CPA) using whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) cultured with concanavalin A (ConA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), or soluble egg EWL antigen. All turtles, except for one immunized with Gerbu and the control, produced a detectable humoral immune response by 6 weeks which persisted for at least 14 weeks after a single immunization. All turtles produced an anamnestic humoral immune response after secondary immunization. Antigen specific cell-mediated immune response in PBM was seen in all turtles either after primary or secondary immunization, but it was not as consistent as humoral immune response; antigen specific cell-mediated immune response in whole blood was rarely seen. Mononuclear cells had significantly higher stimulation indices than whole blood regardless of adjuvant, however, results with whole blood had lower variability. Both Gerbu and ISA-70 appeared to potentiate the cell-mediated immune response when PBM or whole blood were cultured with PHA. This is the first time cell proliferation assays have been compared between whole blood and PBM for reptiles. This is also the first demonstration of antigen specific cell-mediated response in reptiles. Cell proliferation assays allowed us to evaluate the cell-mediated immune response of green turtles. However, CPA may be less reliable than ELISA for detecting antigen specific immune response. Either of the three adjuvants appears suitable to safely elicit a detectable immune response in green turtles. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Trop Med, Honolulu, HI 96816 USA. Univ Hawaii, Kapiolani Community Coll, Dept Microbiol, Honolulu, HI 96816 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 40 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD MAY 23 PY 2000 VL 74 IS 3-4 BP 179 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00168-9 PG 16 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 315EZ UT WOS:000087100800002 PM 10802287 ER PT J AU Bailey, AM Cohen, AD Orem, WH Blackson, JH AF Bailey, AM Cohen, AD Orem, WH Blackson, JH TI Mobilization of major inorganic ions during experimental diagenesis of characterized peats SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE burial diagenesis; peat; inorganic; coalification; experimental investigations ID ARTIFICIAL COALIFICATION; QUARTZ DISSOLUTION; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; ORGANIC-ACIDS; WATER; PH; STOICHIOMETRY; 25-DEGREES-C; PATTERNS; TRACER AB Laboratory experiments were undertaken to study changes in concentrations of major inorganic ions during simulated burial of peats to about 1.5 km. Cladium, Rhizophora, and Cyrilla peats were first analyzed to determine cation distributions among fractions of the initial materials and minerals in residues from wet oxidation. Subsamples of the peats (80 g) were then subjected to increasing temperatures and pressures in steps of 5 degrees C: and 300 psi at 2-day intervals and produced solutions collected. After six steps, starting from 30 degrees C and 300 psi, a final temperature of 60 degrees C and a final pressure of 2100 psi were achieved. The system was then allowed to stand for an additional 2 weeks at 60 degrees C and 2100 psi. Treatments resulted in highly altered organic solids resembling lignite and expelled solutions of systematically varying compositions. Solutions from each step were analyzed for Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+. total dissolved Si (Si-T), Cl-, SO42-, and organic acids and anions (OAAs). Some data on total dissolved Al (Al-T) were also collected. Mobilization of major ions from peats during these experiments is controlled by at least three processes: (1) loss of dissolved ions in original porewater expelled during compaction, (?) loss of adsorbed cations as adsorption sites are lost during modification of organic solids, and (3) increased dissolution of inorganic phases at later steps due to increased temperatures (Si-T) and increased complexing by OAAs (Al-T), In general, results provide insight into early post-burial inorganic changes occurring during maturation of terrestrial organic matter. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Geol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 923, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48667 USA. RP Bailey, AM (reprint author), Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Geol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. NR 51 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAY 22 PY 2000 VL 166 IS 3-4 BP 287 EP 300 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00226-0 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 313KG UT WOS:000086998400008 ER PT J AU Petty, JD Orazio, CE Huckins, JN Gale, RW Lebo, JA Meadows, JC Echols, KR Cranor, WL AF Petty, JD Orazio, CE Huckins, JN Gale, RW Lebo, JA Meadows, JC Echols, KR Cranor, WL TI Considerations involved with the use of semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring environmental contaminants SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Symposium on the Chemistry and Fate of Modern Pesticides CY SEP 14-16, 1999 CL UNIV KANSAS, LAWRENCE, KANSAS SP Univ Kansas, US Geol Survey, USDA HO UNIV KANSAS DE reviews; environmental analysis; water analysis; semipermeable membrane devices; membranes; organochlorine compounds; pesticides; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; polychlorinated biphenyls ID LOWER MISSOURI RIVER; WATER; RESIDUES; SPMDS AB Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are used with increasing frequency, and throughout the world as samplers of organic contaminants. The devices can be used to detect a variety of lipophilic chemicals in water, sediment/soil, and air. SPMDs are designed to sample nonpolar, hydrophobic chemicals. The maximum concentration factor achievable for a particular chemical is proportional to its octanol-water partition coefficient. Techniques used for cleanup of SPMD extracts for targeted analytes and for general screening by full-scan mass spectrometry do not differ greatly from techniques used for extracts of other matrices. However, SPMD extracts contain potential interferences that are specific to the membrane-lipid matrix. Procedures have been developed or modified to alleviate these potential interferences. The SPMD approach has been demonstrated to be applicable to sequestering and analyzing a wide array of environmental contaminants including organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, selected organophosphate pesticides and pyrethroid insecticides, and other nonpolar organic chemicals. we present herein an overview of effective procedural steps for analyzing exposed SPMDs for trace to ultra-trace levels of contaminants sequestered from environmental matrices. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Petty, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 20 TC 112 Z9 119 U1 3 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD MAY 19 PY 2000 VL 879 IS 1 BP 83 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00315-0 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 318JC UT WOS:000087279400008 PM 10870697 ER PT J AU Newhall, CG AF Newhall, CG TI Volcanology - Mount St. Helens, master teacher SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID ERUPTIONS C1 Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Newhall, CG (reprint author), Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 19 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5469 BP 1181 EP + DI 10.1126/science.288.5469.1181 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 315KH UT WOS:000087112600029 ER PT J AU Lopes-Gautier, R Doute, S Smythe, WD Kamp, LW Carlson, RW Davies, AG Leader, FE McEwen, AS Geissler, PE Kieffer, SW Keszthelyi, L Barbinis, E Mehlman, R Segura, M Shirley, J Soderblom, LA AF Lopes-Gautier, R Doute, S Smythe, WD Kamp, LW Carlson, RW Davies, AG Leader, FE McEwen, AS Geissler, PE Kieffer, SW Keszthelyi, L Barbinis, E Mehlman, R Segura, M Shirley, J Soderblom, LA TI A close-up look at Io from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ACTIVE VOLCANISM; SILICATE AB Infrared spectral images of Jupiter's volcanic moon lo, acquired during the October and November 1999 and February 2000 flybys of the Galileo spacecraft, were used to study the thermal structure and sulfur dioxide distribution of active volcanoes. Loki Patera, the solar system's most powerful known volcano, exhibits Large expanses of dark, cooling lava on its caldera floor. Prometheus, the site of long-lived plume activity, has two major areas of thermal emission, which support ideas of plume migration. Sulfur dioxide deposits were mapped at local scales and show a more complex relationship to surface colors than previously thought, indicating the presence of other sulfur compounds. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. SW Kieffer Sci Consulting Inc, Bolton, ON L7E 5T4, Canada. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Lopes-Gautier, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rlopes@lively.jpl.nasa.gov RI Lopes, Rosaly/D-1608-2016 OI Lopes, Rosaly/0000-0002-7928-3167 NR 17 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 19 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5469 BP 1201 EP 1204 DI 10.1126/science.288.5469.1201 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 315KH UT WOS:000087112600040 PM 10817988 ER PT J AU Anthony, JA Roby, DD Turco, KR AF Anthony, JA Roby, DD Turco, KR TI Lipid content and energy density of forage fishes from the northern Gulf of Alaska SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE energetics; location; proximate composition; reproductive status; size; season ID ISLAND; GROWTH; SHEARWATERS; ENERGETICS; SEABIRDS; POLLOCK; FOOD; EGGS AB Piscivorous predators can experience multi-fold differences in energy intake rates based solely on the types of fishes consumed. We estimated energy density of 1151 fish from 39 species by proximate analysis of lipid, water, ash-free lean dry matter, and ash contents and evaluated factors contributing to variation in composition. Lipid content was the primary determinant of energy density, ranging from 2 to 61% dry mass and resulting in a five-fold difference in energy density of individuals (2.0-10.8 kJg(-1) wet mass). Energy density varied widely within and between species. Schooling pelagic fishes had relatively high or low values, whereas nearshore demersal fishes were intermediate. Pelagic species maturing at a smaller size had higher and more variable energy density than pelagic or nearshore species maturing larger. High-lipid fishes had less water and mon protein than low-lipid fishes. Ln some forage fishes, size, month, reproductive status, or location contributed significantly to intraspecific variation in energy density. Differences in quality an sufficient to potentially affect diet selection of breeding seabirds, especially when transporting food for their young to the nest site. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Anthony, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, 104 Nsah Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 64 TC 151 Z9 161 U1 4 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAY 18 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 1 BP 53 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00159-3 PG 26 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 306FK UT WOS:000086586500003 ER PT J AU Hostetler, SW Bartlein, PJ Clark, PU Small, EE Solomon, AM AF Hostetler, SW Bartlein, PJ Clark, PU Small, EE Solomon, AM TI Simulated influences of Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; LAST DEGLACIATION; MODEL REGCM2; PLAINS AB Eleven thousand years ago, large lakes existed in central and eastern North America along the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The large-scale North American climate at this time has been simulated with atmospheric general circulation models(1,2), but these relatively coarse global models do not resolve potentially important features of the mesoscale circulation that arise from interactions among the atmosphere, ice sheet, and proglacial lakes. Here we present simulations of the climate of central and eastern North America 11,000 years ago with a high-resolution, regional climate model nested within a general circulation model. The simulated climate is in general agreement with that inferred from palaeoecological evidence. Our experiments indicate that through mesoscale atmospheric feedbacks, the annual delivery of moisture to the Laurentide Ice Sheet was diminished at times of a large, cold Lake Agassiz relative to periods of lower lake stands. The resulting changes in the mass balance of the ice sheet may have contributed to fluctuations of the ice margin, thus affecting the routing of fresh water to the North Atlantic Ocean. A retreating ice margin during periods of high lake level may have opened an outlet for discharge of Lake Agassiz into the North Atlantic. A subsequent advance of the ice margin due to greater moisture delivery associated with a low lake level could have dammed the outlet, thereby reducing discharge to the North Atlantic. These variations may have been decisive in causing the Younger Dryas cold event(3,4). C1 US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. New Mexico Tech, Dept Earth Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hostetler, SW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI small, eric/B-4939-2011; Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011 OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685 NR 29 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 5 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 18 PY 2000 VL 405 IS 6784 BP 334 EP 337 DI 10.1038/35012581 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 314YT UT WOS:000087085700043 ER PT J AU Short, JW Bruce, AW AF Short, JW Bruce, AW TI Repose to comment on "Natural hydrocarbon background in benthic sediments of Prince William Sound, Alaska: Oil vs coal" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID SPILL C1 NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Short, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 10 BP 2066 EP 2067 DI 10.1021/es002001x PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 314RT UT WOS:000087071900030 ER PT J AU Stanley, D Villasenor, A AF Stanley, D Villasenor, A TI Models of downdip frictional coupling for the Cascadia megathrust SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUBDUCTION ZONE; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; DISLOCATION MODEL; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES; JAPAN AB We have developed models of downdip frictional coupling along two transects across the Cascadia subduction zone in northern Washington and central Oregon. The models involve complicated downdip coupling profiles. Although not unique, our models closely predict available GPS shortening rates and vertical uplift data. We are able to explain relatively low horizontal shortening rates along the Washington coast and small vertical uplift rates in central Oregon. Our models depart from previous models by inclusion of a deeply coupled region assumed to be related to mafic rocks in both the upper and lower plates of the thrust. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Stanley, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Villasenor, Antonio/A-8037-2008 OI Villasenor, Antonio/0000-0001-8592-4832 NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 10 BP 1551 EP 1554 DI 10.1029/1999GL005441 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 314NK UT WOS:000087062000032 ER PT J AU Mendoza, C AF Mendoza, C TI Rupture history of the 1997 Cariaco, Venezuela, earthquake from teleseismic P waves SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TECTONICS; MEXICO AB A two-step finite-fault waveform inversion scheme is applied to the broadband teleseismic P waves recorded for the strike-slip, Cariaco, Venezuela, earthquake of 9 July 1997 to recover the distribution of mainshock slip. The earthquake is first analyzed using a long narrow fault with a maximum rise time of 20 sec. This line-source analysis indicates that slip propagated to the west with a constant rupture velocity and a relatively short rise time. The results are then used to constrain a second inversion of the P waveforms using a 60-km by 20-km two-dimensional fault. The rupture shows a zone of large slip (1.3-m peak) near the hypocenter and a second, broader source extending updip and to the west at depths shallower than 5 km. The second source has a peak slip of 2.1 meters and accounts for most of the moment of 1.1 x 10(26) dyne-cm (6.6 M-w) estimated from the P waves. The inferred rupture pattern is consistent with macroseismic effects observed in the epicentral area. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Mendoza, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 967, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 10 BP 1555 EP 1558 DI 10.1029/1999GL011278 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 314NK UT WOS:000087062000033 ER PT J AU Eichelberger, JC Izbekov, PE AF Eichelberger, JC Izbekov, PE TI Eruption of andesite triggered by dyke injection: contrasting cases at Karymsky Volcano, Kamchatka and Mt Katmai, Alaska SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE andesite; dyke; Karymsky; Katmai; caldera; magma mixing ID NATIONAL-PARK; MAGMATIC PROCESSES; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; THOUSAND-SMOKES; MOUNT KATMAI; 10000 SMOKES; MAFIC MAGMA; VALLEY; EVOLUTION; CALDERA AB Arc volcanoes often erupt andesite that appears to have been stored in reservoirs at shallow depth for protracted periods. As crystal-rich andesite is close in density to upper crust, such storage may be quite stable. Petrological evidence, and occasionally geological and geophysical evidence as well, suggests that the immediate trigger for eruption of the stored magma is injection of new magma into the reservoir, presumably through dykes rising from depth, When the dyke magma is more mafic than the stored andesite, effusive eruption typically results. When the dyke magma is voluminous and more silicic, the results are catastrophic, with production of discontinuously zoned tephra deposits and caldera collapse. Contrasting end-members are illustrated by the eruptions of Karymsky Volcano in 1996 and of Mt Katmai in 1912. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Eichelberger, JC (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Izbekov, Pavel/B-5110-2010; Eichelberger, John/H-6199-2016 NR 59 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 358 IS 1770 BP 1465 EP 1485 PG 21 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 319NP UT WOS:000087348300004 ER PT J AU Dzurisin, D AF Dzurisin, D TI Volcano geodesy: challenges and opportunities for the 21st century SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE volcano geodesy; ground deformation; hazards mitigation; radar interferometry; Global Positioning System ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; YELLOWSTONE CALDERA; UPLIFT; SUBSIDENCE; ERUPTION; SURFACE AB Intrusions of magma beneath volcanoes deform the surrounding rock and, if the intrusion is large enough, the overlying ground surface. Numerical models generally agree that, for most eruptions, subsurface volume changes are sufficient to produce measurable deformation at the surface. Studying this deformation can help to determine the location, volume; and shape of a subsurface magma body and thus to anticipate the onset and course of an eruption. This approach has been successfully applied at many restless volcanoes, especially basaltic shields and silicic calderas, using various geodetic techniques and sensors. However I its success at many intermediate-composition strato-volcanoes has been limited by generally long repose intervals, steep terrain, and structural influences that complicate the history and shape of surface deformation. These factors have made it difficult to adequately characterize deformation in space and time at many of the world's dangerous volcanoes. Recent technological advances promise to make this task easier by enabling the acquisition of geodetic data of high spatial and temporal resolution from Earth-orbiting satellites. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) can image ground deformation over large areas at metre-scale resolution over Dime-scales of a month to a few years. Global Positioning System (GPS) stations can provide continuous information on three-dimensional ground displacements at a network of key sites - information that is especially important during volcanic crises. By using InSAR to determine the shape of the displacement field and GPS to monitor temporal changes at key sites, scientists have a much better chance to capture geodetic signals that have so far been elusive at many volcanoes. This approach has the potential to provide longer-term warnings of impending volcanic activity than is possible with other monitoring techniques. C1 US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Dzurisin, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 358 IS 1770 BP 1547 EP 1566 DI 10.1098/rsta.2000.0603 PG 20 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 319NP UT WOS:000087348300008 ER PT J AU Hoblitt, RP AF Hoblitt, RP TI Was the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mt St Helens the product of two explosions? SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE blast; Mt St Helens; explosion; 18 May 1980 ID MOUNT-PELEE 1902; ERUPTION; WASHINGTON; FLOW; WAVES; SURGE; EMPLACEMENT; DEPOSITION; TRANSPORT; AVALANCHE AB The 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mt St Helens has been interpreted as the product of a single explosion by some stratigraphers and as two closely spaced explosions by others. The stratigraphic evidence that, bears on this question is inconclusive; strata change dramatically over short distances and this complexity provides wide latitude for interpretation. Some independent non-stratigraphic evidence, however! suggests that the blast was the product of two explosions or clusters of explosions. The independent evidence comes from eyewitness accounts and photographs, from satellite sensors, and from seismic records. This paper reviews the pertinent evidence, offers a new interpretation, and concludes that the blast was indeed the product of two explosions or clusters of explosions. C1 US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Hoblitt, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 40 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 358 IS 1770 BP 1639 EP 1661 DI 10.1098/rsta.2000.0608 PG 23 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 319NP UT WOS:000087348300013 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Mann, D Freymueller, JT Meyer, DJ AF Lu, Z Mann, D Freymueller, JT Meyer, DJ TI Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: Radar observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; SAR INTERFEROMETRY; KILAUEA VOLCANO; LAVA FLOWS; ETNA; DISPLACEMENT; TOPOGRAPHY; SURFACE; CALDERA; HAWAII AB ERS-1/ERS-2 synthetic aperture radar interferometry was used to study the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano in Alaska. First, we derived an accurate digital elevation model (DEM) using a tandem ERS-1/ERS-2 image pair and the preexisting DEM. Second, by studying changes in interferometric coherence we found that the newly erupted lava lost radar coherence for 5-17 months after the eruption. This suggests changes in the surface backscattering characteristics and was probably related to cooling and compaction processes. Third, the atmospheric delay anomalies in the deformation interferograms were quantitatively assessed. Atmospheric delay anomalies in some of the interferograms were significant and consistently smaller than one to two fringes in magnitude. For this reason, repeat observations are important to confidently interpret small geophysical signals related to volcanic activities. Finally, using two-pass differential interferometry, we analyzed the preeruptive inflation, coeruptive deflation, and posteruptive inflation and confirmed the observations using independent image pairs. We observed more than 140 cm of subsidence associated with the 1997 eruption. This subsidence occurred between 16 months before the eruption and 5 months after the eruption, was preceded by similar to 18 cm of uplift between 1992 and 1995 centered in the same location, and was followed by similar to 10 cm of uplift between September 1997 and 1998. The best fitting model suggests the magma reservoir resided at 2.7 km depth beneath the center of the caldera, which was similar to 5 km from the eruptive vent. We estimated the volume of the erupted material to be 0.055 km(3) and the average thickness of the erupted lava to be similar to 7.4 m. C1 US Geol Survey, Raytheon STX Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Lu, Z (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Raytheon STX Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM lu@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov; doerte@giseis.alaska.edu; jeff@giseis.alaska.edu; dmeyer@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov NR 38 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B5 BP 10791 EP 10806 DI 10.1029/2000JB900034 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 313YM UT WOS:000087027400001 ER PT J AU Wang, CY Zeng, RS Mooney, WD Hacker, BR AF Wang, CY Zeng, RS Mooney, WD Hacker, BR TI A crustal model of the ultrahigh-pressure Dabie Shan orogenic belt, China, derived from deep seismic refraction profiling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FINITE-DIFFERENCE CALCULATION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; TRAVEL-TIMES; TOMOGRAPHY; NORTHWEST; BENEATH; BASIN; ROCKS AB We present a new crustal cross section through the east-west trending ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) Dabie Shan orogenic belt, east central China, based on a 400-km-long seismic refraction profile. Data from our profile reveal that the cratonal blocks north and south of the orogen are composed of 35-km-thick crust consisting of three layers (upper, middle, and lower crust) with average seismic velocities of 6.0 +/- 0.2 km/s, 6.5 +/- 0.1 km/s, and 6.8 +/- 0.1 km/s. The crust reaches a maximum thickness of 41.5 km beneath the northern margin of the orogen, and thus the present-day root beneath the orogen is only 6.5 km thick. The upper mantle velocity is 8.0 +/- 0.1 km/s. Modeling of shear wave data indicate that Poisson's ratio increases from 0.24 +/- 0.02 in the upper crust to 0.27 +/- 0.03 in the lower crust. This result is consistent with a dominantly felsic upper crustal composition and a mafic lower crustal composition within the amphibolite or granulite metamorphic facies. Our seismic model indicates that eclogite, which is abundant in surface exposures within the orogen, is not a volumetrically significant component in the middle or lower crust. Much of the Triassic structure associated with the formation of the UHP rocks of the Dabie Shan has been obscured by post-Triassic igneous activity, extension and large-offset strike-slip faulting. Nevertheless, we can identify a high-velocity (6.3 km/s) zone in the upper (<5 km depth) crustal core of the orogen which we interpret as a zone of ultrahigh-pressure rocks, a north dipping suture, and an apparent Moho offset that marks a likely active strike-slip fault. C1 State Seismol Bur, Inst Geophys, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93160 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), State Seismol Bur, Inst Geophys, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM mooney@usgs.gov RI Hacker, Bradley/E-7750-2011 NR 43 TC 81 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B5 BP 10857 EP 10869 DI 10.1029/1999JB900415 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 313YM UT WOS:000087027400006 ER PT J AU Echelle, AA Van den Bussche, RA Malloy, TP Haynie, ML Minckley, CO AF Echelle, AA Van den Bussche, RA Malloy, TP Haynie, ML Minckley, CO TI Mitochondrial DNA variation in pupfishes assigned to the species Cyprinodon macularius (Atherinomorpha : Cyprinodontidae): Taxonomic implications and conservation genetics SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID DESERT PUPFISH; EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS; GENUS CYPRINODON; POPULATIONS; MEXICO; DIFFERENTIATION; ARIZONA; FLOCK AB Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was assessed in a captive stock and 11 wild populations (n = 259) from throughout the native range of Desert Pupfish Cyprinodon macularius as traditionally understood. Using PCR-SSCP, 18 composite haplotypes were identified from a 333-bp segment of the mitochondrial D-loop and two segments of the ND2 gene (333 and 325 bp). Representatives of each haplotype were sequenced for the entire ND2 gene and the 337-bp segment of the D-loop. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that haplotypes form two monophyletic groups, one in the Rio Sonoyta/Qllitobaquito Springs area and one in the Salton Sea/Colorado River Delta. This, with previous observations on morphology, color pattern, and geological history, supports recognition of the Rio Sonoyta/Quitobaquito populations as a separate species, the Quitobaquito Pupfish C. eremus Miller and Fuiman, from the more widespread desert pupfish C. macularius Baird and Chard. More than 70% of mtDNA diversity across all populations was attributable to differences between the two species. Within species, the average local population contains 94% and 97% of the diversity in, respectively, C. eremus and C. macularius. Differences between the Salton Sea and Colorado River Delta populations of C. macularius ex plain a small (3.7%), but statistically significant, portion of mtDNA diversity in this species. This and the history of connections between Salton Sea and the delta suggest that the two regions should be managed separately with no intermixing of pupfish other than what occurs when the present, human-regulated hydrology is overcome by natural flooding. Haplotype frequencies in C. eremus from Quitobaquito Springs and Rio Sonoyta were not significantly different. However, the potentially long history of isolation between these two populations and evidence of some degree of morphological divergence indicate a need for conservative management with no intermixing The captive stock exhibited reduced mtDNA variation relative to its wild parent population from a locality on the delta. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arizona Fishery Resources Off, Parker, AZ USA. RP Echelle, AA (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM echelle@okstate.edu NR 47 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 8 PY 2000 IS 2 BP 353 EP 364 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0353:MDVIPA]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 314KU UT WOS:000087055600002 ER PT J AU Moench, AF Barlow, PM AF Moench, AF Barlow, PM TI Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. I. Analytical step-response functions SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE stream/aquifer interaction; mathematical models; confined aquifers; leaky aquifers; unconfined aquifers; seepage ID TRANSIENT FLOW; MODELS; WELL AB Laplace transform step-response functions are presented for various homogeneous confined and leaky aquifer types and for anisotropic, homogeneous unconfined aquifers interacting with perennial streams. Flow is one-dimensional. perpendicular to the stream in the confined and leaky aquifers. and two-dimensional in a plane perpendicular to the stream in the water-table aquifers. The stream is assumed to penetrate the full thickness of the aquifer. The aquifers may be semi-infinite or finite in width and may or may not be bounded at the stream by a semipervious streambank. The solutions are presented in a unified manner so that mathematical relations among the various aquifer configurations are clearly demonstrated. The Laplace transform solutions are inverted numerically to obtain the real-time step-response functions for use in the convolution (or superposition) integral. To maintain linearity in the case of unconfined aquifers, fluctuations in the elevation of the water table are assumed to be small relative to the saturated thickness, and vertical how into or out of the zone above the water table is assumed to occur instantaneously. Effects of hysteresis in the moisture distribution above the water table an therefore neglected. Graphical comparisons of the new solutions are made with known closed-form solutions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Barlow, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 26 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 8 PY 2000 VL 230 IS 3-4 BP 192 EP 210 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00175-X PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 317JQ UT WOS:000087222600003 ER PT J AU Barlow, PM DeSimone, LA Moench, AF AF Barlow, PM DeSimone, LA Moench, AF TI Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE stream/aquifer interaction; mathematical models; confined aquifers; unconfined aquifers; seepage; recharge ID WATER AB In this second of two papers, analytical step-response functions, developed in the companion paper for several cases of transient hydraulic interaction between a fully penetrating stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer, are used in the convolution integral to calculate aquifer heads, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage that occur in response to stream-stage fluctuations and basinwide recharge or evapotranspiration. Two computer programs developed on the basis of these step-response functions and the convolution integral are applied to the analysis of hydraulic interaction of two alluvial stream-aquifer systems in the northeastern and central United States. These applications demonstrate the utility of the analytical functions and computer programs for estimating aquifer and streambank hydraulic properties, recharge rates, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage. Analysis of the water-table aquifer adjacent to the Blackstone River in Massachusetts suggests that the very shallow depth of water table and associated thin unsaturated zone at the site cause the aquifer to behave like a confined aquifer (negligible specific yield). This finding is consistent with previous studies that have shown that the effective specific yield of an unconfined aquifer approaches zero when the capillary fringe, where sediment pores are saturated by tension, extends to land surface. Under this condition, the aquifer' s response is determined by elastic storage only. Estimates of horizontal and Vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, specific storage, and recharge for a water-table aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River in eastern Iowa, determined by the use of analytical methods, are in close agreement with those estimated by use of a more complex, multilayer numerical model of the aquifer. Streambank leakance of the semipervious streambank materials also was estimated for the site. The streambank-leakance parameter may be considered to be a general (or lumped) parameter that accounts not only for the resistance of flow at the river-aquifer boundary, but also for the effects of partial penetration of the river and other near-stream flow phenomena not included in the theoretical development of the step-response functions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Barlow, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 36 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 8 PY 2000 VL 230 IS 3-4 BP 211 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 317JQ UT WOS:000087222600004 ER PT J AU McCormick, SD Moriyama, S Bjornsson, BT AF McCormick, SD Moriyama, S Bjornsson, BT TI Low temperature limits photoperiod control of smolting in Atlantic salmon through endocrine mechanisms SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth hormone; insulin-like growth factor I; cortisol; thyroxine; osmoregulation; sodium-potassium-adenosinetriphosphatase; fish; anadromous; rhythm; development ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; COHO SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; K+-ATPASE; CHINOOK SALMON; CHLORIDE CELLS; GILL NA+; HORMONE; SALAR AB We have examined the interaction of photoperiod and temperature in regulating the parr-smelt transformation and its endocrine control. Atlantic salmon juveniles were reared at a constant temperature of 10 degrees C or ambient temperature (2 degrees C from January to April followed by seasonal increase) under simulated natural day length. At 10 degrees C, an increase in day length [16 h of light and 8 h of darkness (LD 16:8)] in February accelerated increases in gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity, whereas fish at ambient temperature did not respond to increased day length. Increases in gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity under both photoperiods occurred later at ambient temperature than at 10 degrees C. Plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor, and thyroxine increased within 7 days of increased day length at 10 degrees C and remained elevated for 5-9 wk; the same photoperiod treatment at 2 degrees C resulted in much smaller increases of shorter duration. Plasma cortisol increased transiently 3 and 5 wk after LD 16:8 at 10 degrees C and ambient temperature, respectively. Plasma thyroxine was consistently higher at ambient temperature than at 10 degrees C. Plasma triiodothyronine was initially higher at 10 degrees C than at ambient temperature, and there was no response to LD 16:8 under either temperature regimen. There was a strong correlation between gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity and plasma GH; correlations were weaker with other hormones. The results provide evidence that low temperature limits the physiological response to increased day length and that GH, insulin-like growth factor I, cortisol, and thyroid hormones mediate the environmental control of the parr-smolt transformation. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Kitasato Univ, Sch Fisheries, Mol Endocrinol Lab, Sanriku, Iwate, Japan. Gothenburg Univ, Dept Zool, Fish Endocrinol Lab, S-40031 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP McCormick, SD (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, POB 796, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RI Bjornsson, Bjorn/B-9161-2008 OI Bjornsson, Bjorn/0000-0002-1310-9756 NR 53 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 278 IS 5 BP R1352 EP R1361 PG 10 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 313LL UT WOS:000087001100032 PM 10801307 ER PT J AU Cleveland, L Little, EE Calfee, RD Barron, MG AF Cleveland, L Little, EE Calfee, RD Barron, MG TI Photoenhanced toxicity of weathered oil to Mysidopsis bahia SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mysidopsis bahia; photoenhanced; toxicity; weathered oil; aromatic hydrocarbons ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PHOTOINDUCED ACUTE TOXICITY; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; SELENASTRUM-CAPRICORNUTUM; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; SUNFISH LEPOMIS; FATHEAD MINNOW; GREEN-ALGA; ANTHRACENE; DAPHNIA AB The toxicity of a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) prepared from weathered oil was assessed in a 7-day static renewal test with Mysidopsis bahia. Weathered oil was collected from the 5 x monitoring well at the Guadalupe oil held. Solar ultraviolet and visible light intensities were measured in various habitats in the vicinity of the weathered oil sample collection site, and the resultant measurements were used to produce laboratory light treatments that were representative of the on-site quality and intensity of natural solar radiation. Each of five WAF dilutions and a control without WAF was tested under three different simulated solar radiation intensities. During the test, survival and growth of the mysids, irradiance, and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in the test treatments were measured. Significant increases (P less than or equal to 0.05) in mortality occurred among mysids exposed to 0.57 and 1.30 mg TPH/l and the effects were potentiated as irradiance increased. Seven-day LC50 (0.92-0.42 mg TPH/l) and LC20 (0.58-0.15 mg TPH/l) values decreased as the simulated solar irradiance increased. Calculated EC20 and EC50 values for mysid growth indicate that surviving mysids exposed to 0.1-1.0 mg TPH/l would incur significant reductions (P less than or equal to 0.05) in productivity (biomass). Results of the present study indicate that effects elicited through the interaction of WAF of weathered oil and solar radiation will substantially increase the toxicity of weathered oil. Further, the photomediated effects of petroleum compounds measured as TPH on mysid survival and growth demonstrate a need to consider the interactions of ultraviolet light and contaminant to avoid under estimating toxicity that might occur in the environment. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. Stratus Consulting Inc, Boulder, CO USA. RP Cleveland, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO USA. NR 38 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00071-5 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 318FK UT WOS:000087273100006 ER PT J AU Miao, XS Swenson, C Yanagihara, K Li, QX AF Miao, XS Swenson, C Yanagihara, K Li, QX TI Polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in marine species from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; CONGENERS; PCBS; FISH; BIOCONCENTRATION; BIOACCUMULATION; HYDROCARBONS; SEDIMENTS; SYSTEM; FIELD AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals were analyzed in coral (Porites lobata), fish (Stegastes fasciolatus), crab (Grapsus tenuicrustatus), and sediment samples collected from Tern Island, and the reference samples from Trig and La Perouse Islands. All three islands are part of French Frigate Shoals, a national wildlife refuge in the North Pacific Ocean. Average concentrations of total PCBs ranged from 154 to 274 ng/g in the sediments, from 120 to 267 ng/g in the corals, from 387 to 4,500 ng/g in the crabs, and 1,340 to 46,000 ng/g, dry weight, in the fishes. High concentrations in marine species indicate there is PCB source(s) in French Frigate Shoals, especially Tern Island. Tetra- and pentachlorobiphenyls were 64-66% of the total PCB levels in the sediments, and they accounted for 57-65% of total PCBs in the corals. Penta- and hexachlorobiphenyls were 76-84% of total PCBs in the fishes, and they accounted for 79-85% in the crab samples. The sediment and coral were predominated by lower chlorinated PCB congeners, whereas the fish and crab bioaccumulated mainly higher chlorinated congeners. Selenium concentrations (16-23 mu g/g) in sediments were much higher than some reported baseline values (0.4-2.5 mu g/g) The average concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and selenium in the coral and fish were about equal to or less than those in the sediments. Concentrations of arsenic and cadmium in the crabs (49-51 and 3-4 mu g/g. respectively) were approximately twofold of those in the sediments. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Environm Biochem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Isl Off, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Li, QX (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Environm Biochem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 464 EP 471 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BQ UT WOS:000086233300008 PM 10787097 ER PT J AU Osmundson, BC May, TW Osmundson, DB AF Osmundson, BC May, TW Osmundson, DB TI Selenium concentrations in the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius): Relationship with flows in the upper Colorado River SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUCKER XYRAUCHEN-TEXANUS; RAZORBACK AB A Department of the Interior (DOI) irrigation drain-water study of the Uncompahgre Project area and the Grand Valley in western Colorado revealed high selenium concentrations in water, sediment, and biota samples. The lower Gunnison River and the Colorado River in the study area are designated critical habitat for the endangered Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). Because of the endangered status of these fish, sacrificing individuals for tissue residue analysis has been avoided; consequently, little information existed regarding selenium tissue residues. In 1994, muscle plugs were collected from a total of 39 Colorado pikeminnoe captured at various Colorado River sites in the Grand Valley for selenium residue analysis, The muscle plugs collected from 16 Colorado pikeminnow captured at Waiter Walker State Wildlife Area (WWSWA) contained a mean selenium concentration of 17 mu g/g dry weight, which was over twice the recommended toxic threshold guideline concentration of 8 mu g/g dry weight in muscle tissue for freshwater fish. Because of elevated selenium concentrations in muscle plugs in 1994, a total of 52 muscle plugs were taken during 1995 from Colorado pikeminnow staging at WWSWA. Eleven of these plugs were from fish previously sampled in 1994. Selenium concentrations in 9 of the 11 recaptured fish were significantly lower in 1995 than in 1994. Reduced selenium in fish may in part be attributed to higher instream flows in 1995 and lower water selenium concentrations in the Colorado River in the Grand Valley. In 1996, muscle plugs were taken from 35 Colorado squawfish captured at WWSWA, and no difference in mean selenium concentrations were detected from those sampled in 1995. Colorado River flows during 1996 were intermediate to those measured in 1994 and 1995. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Colorado River Fishery Project, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. RP Osmundson, BC (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, 764 Horizon Dr,Bldg B, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 479 EP 485 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BQ UT WOS:000086233300010 PM 10787099 ER PT J AU Custer, TW Custer, CM Hines, RK Sparks, DW Melancon, MJ Hoffman, DJ Bickham, JW Wickliffe, JK AF Custer, TW Custer, CM Hines, RK Sparks, DW Melancon, MJ Hoffman, DJ Bickham, JW Wickliffe, JK TI Mixed-function oxygenases, oxidative stress, and chromosomal damage measured in lesser scaup wintering on the Indiana Harbor Canal SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS; BAY CRUDE-OIL; GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; MALLARD DUCKS; DNA ANALYSIS; SELENIUM; PETROLEUM; FRACTIONS; SENTINEL AB During the winter of 1993-1994, male lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) were collected on the heavily polluted Indiana Harbor Canal, East Chicago, Indiana, and examined for several bioindicators of chemical exposure. Livers were analyzed for activities of three cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenases and four measures of oxidative stress. Blood and spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry for chromosomal damage. In a concurrent study, scaup tissues were analyzed for organic and inorganic contaminants. Ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) activity in livers of scaup collected in January 1994 was significantly higher than in livers of scaup collected in March 1994 or in livers of reference birds. Three hepatic monooxygenase activities were each significantly correlated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in scaup carcasses. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) activity in scaup livers was positively correlated with iron, boron, and lead concentrations in livers and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in carcasses. TBA activity was negatively correlated with protein-bound thiol activity and mercury concentrations in livers. The coefficient of variation of DNA content in scaup blood cells was correlated with PAH concentrations in scaup carcasses. This is the first field study with birds to demonstrate a correlation between liver monooxygenase activity and carcass PAH concentrations and to show a direct correlation between PAH concentrations in tissues and somatic chromosomal damage in blood. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bloomington, IN 47403 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Custer, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 52 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 522 EP 529 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BQ UT WOS:000086233300015 PM 10787104 ER PT J AU Gustina, GW Hoffmann, JP AF Gustina, GW Hoffmann, JP TI Periphyton dynamics in a subalpine mountain stream during winter SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WOODLAND STREAM; PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS; PRIMARY PRODUCERS; CHLOROPHYLL-A; P-ENRICHMENT; LEAF LITTER; DISTURBANCE; PHOSPHORUS; ECOSYSTEMS; BIOMASS AB We conducted two experiments to determine the activity of and factors which control periphyton during winter in Stevensville Brook, Vermont. The first experiment during winter/spring 1994 examined the effect of a 300 to 450% difference in light and doubling of flow (low and high light, slow and fast flow) on periphyton chlorophyll a (chl a) and ash-free dry mass (AFDM) from stream rocks and artificial substrate. A second experiment was performed to determine whether periphyton was nitrogen or phosphorus limited. In addition, stream water was sampled during fall/winter 1994/95 for nitrate (NO3), ammonia (NH4), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total phosphorus (TP) to determine the availability of nutrients in Stevensville Brook. Increases of up to 250% for AFDM and 600% for chi a during the first study indicated robust activity throughout the winter despite low temperatures and light. Flow had a negative effect and sampling date was found to have a significant effect on periphyton biomass (chl a and AFDM) while light was found to influence increases in AFDM on clay tiles only. Water analyses showed that SRP was less than 0.001 mg L-1, NH4 and TP were low and often undetectable, and NO3 remained at about 0.20 mg L-1. Results from the nutrient enrichment experiment showed a significant response of chi a to P bur not N and no response of AFDM to enrichment with either N or P. In Stevensville Brook during winter, the algal community, as represented by the chi a concentration, is predominantly controlled by phosphorus concentrations and is influenced to a lesser extent by how; the periphyton community as a whole, represented by AFDM, is controlled mostly by stream how and light. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Bot, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Gustina, GW (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, USGS BRD, 337 Aylesworth Hall NW, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 53 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 32 IS 2 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.2307/1552444 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 322GN UT WOS:000087502000003 ER PT J AU Starliper, CE AF Starliper, CE TI Composting fish carcasses at a hatchery SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 USGS Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Starliper, CE (reprint author), USGS Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD MAY PY 2000 VL 41 IS 5 BP 82 EP 82 PG 1 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 429VZ UT WOS:000168539800043 ER PT J AU Campbell, JL Hornbeck, JW McDowell, WH Buso, DC Shanley, JB Likens, GE AF Campbell, JL Hornbeck, JW McDowell, WH Buso, DC Shanley, JB Likens, GE TI Dissolved organic nitrogen budgets for upland, forested ecosystems in New England SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE C : N ratio; dissolved organic carbon; dissolved organic nitrogen; nitrogen; stream chemistry; watershed ID SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; STREAM WATER; COSTA-RICA; CARBON; DEPOSITION; PRECIPITATION; SATURATION; OXIDATION; PINE; AMENDMENTS AB Relatively high deposition of nitrogen (N) in the northeastern United States has caused concern because sites could become N saturated. In the past, mass-balance studies have been used to monitor the N status of sites and to investigate the impact of increased N deposition. Typically, these efforts have focused on dissolved inorganic forms of N (DIN = NH4-N + NO3-N) and have largely ignored dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) due to difficulties in its analysis. Recent advances in the measurement of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) have facilitated measurement of DON as the residual of TDN - DIN. We calculated DON and DIN budgets using data on precipitation and streamwater chemistry collected from 9 forested watersheds at 4 sites in New England. TDN in precipitation was composed primarily of DIN. Net retention of TDN ranged from 62 to 89% (4.7 to 10 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) of annual inputs. DON made up the majority of TDN in stream exports, suggesting that inclusion of DON is critical to assessing N dynamics even in areas with large anthropogenic inputs of DIN. Despite the dominance of DON in streamwater, precipitation inputs of DON were approximately equal to outputs. DON concentrations in streamwater did not appear significantly influenced by seasonal biological controls, but did increase with discharge on some watersheds. Streamwater NO3-N was the only fraction of N that exhibited a seasonal pattern, with concentrations increasing during the winter months and peaking during snowmelt runoff. Concentrations of NO3-N varied considerably among watersheds and are related to DOC:DON ratios in streamwater. Annual DIN exports were negatively correlated with streamwater DOC:DON ratios, indicating that these ratios might be a useful index of N status of upland forests. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. RP Campbell, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010; OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047; Campbell, John/0000-0003-4956-1696 NR 43 TC 146 Z9 154 U1 3 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD MAY PY 2000 VL 49 IS 2 BP 123 EP 142 DI 10.1023/A:1006383731753 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 286AZ UT WOS:000085422600002 ER PT J AU Koenig, CC Coleman, FC Grimes, CB Fitzhugh, GR Scanlon, KM Gledhill, CT Grace, M AF Koenig, CC Coleman, FC Grimes, CB Fitzhugh, GR Scanlon, KM Gledhill, CT Grace, M TI Protection of fish spawning habitat for the conservation of warm-temperate reef-fish fisheries of shelf-edge reefs of Florida SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd William R and Lenore Mote International Symposium in Fisheries Ecology CY NOV 04-06, 1998 CL SARASOTA, FLORIDA SP Environm Defense Fund, Ctr Marine Conservat, Amer Fisheries Soc, Marine Fisheries Sect ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; MYCTEROPERCA-MICROLEPIS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; OCULINA-VARICOSA; CORAL-REEFS; ATLANTIC; GULF; CONSEQUENCES; AGGREGATIONS; DISTURBANCE AB We mapped and briefly describe the surficial geology of selected examples of shelf-edge reefs (50 - 120 m deep) of the southeastern United States, which are apparently derived from ancient Pleistocene shorelines and are intermittently distributed throughout the region. These reefs are ecologically significant because they support a diverse array of fish and invertebrate species, and they are the only aggregation spawning sites of gag (Mycteroperca microlepis), scamp (M. phenax), and other economically important reef fish. Our studies on the east Florida shelf in the Experimental Oculina Research Reserve show that extensive damage to the habitat-structuring coral Oculina varicosa has occurred in the past, apparently from trawling and dredging activities of the 1970s and later. On damaged or destroyed Oculina habitat, reef-fish abundance and diversity are low, whereas on intact habitat, reef-fish diversity is relatively high compared to historical diversity on the same site. The abundance and biomass of the economically important reef fish was much higher in the past than it is now, and spawning aggregations of gag and scamp have been lost or greatly reduced in size. On the west Florida shelf, fishers have concentrated on shelf-edge habitats for over 100 yrs, but fishing intensity increased dramatically in the 1980s. Those reefs are characterized by low abundance of economically important species. The degree and extent of habitat damage there is unknown. We recommend marine fishery reserves to protect habitat and for use in experimentally examining the potential production of unfished communities. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Inst Fishery Resource Ecol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Tiburon Lab, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula Lab, Pascagoula, MS 39563 USA. RP Koenig, CC (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Inst Fishery Resource Ecol, B-157, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NR 78 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 7 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 66 IS 3 BP 593 EP 616 PG 24 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 346WP UT WOS:000088894300007 ER PT J AU Newhall, C Aramaki, S Barberi, F Blong, R Calvache, M Cheminee, JL Punongbayan, R Siebe, C Simkin, T Sparks, S Tjetjep, W Djumarma, A AF Newhall, C Aramaki, S Barberi, F Blong, R Calvache, M Cheminee, JL Punongbayan, R Siebe, C Simkin, T Sparks, S Tjetjep, W Djumarma, A CA IAVCEI Subcommittee Crisis Protoco TI Untitled - Reply SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Newhall, C (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, US Geol Survey, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 62 IS 1 BP 62 EP 64 DI 10.1007/s004450050292 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 320KJ UT WOS:000087400100006 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Burnham, KP Kahn, DM He, X Goshorn, CJ Hattala, KA Kahnle, AW AF Smith, DR Burnham, KP Kahn, DM He, X Goshorn, CJ Hattala, KA Kahnle, AW TI Bias in survival estimates from tag-recovery models where catch-and-release is common, with an example from Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RECAPTURE; SELECTION; ANIMALS; TIME AB Survival rate is underestimated when tag-recovery models include tags recovered from harvested and caught-and-released fish. The magnitude of the bias depends on tag-recovery rate, proportion of catch released alive, and reporting rate; changes in these factors over time confound temporal changes in survival. The bias is of potential concern for any tagging study where catch-and-release is mandatory or practiced voluntarily. The bias is of concern particularly for the Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis) tagging study where catch-and-release is common and anglers commonly remove the tag upon capture regardless of fish disposition. Biased estimates of striped bass survival did not change with changes in harvest regulation during the mid-1990s. However, bias-adjusted estimates of survival showed a decrease, which corresponds to the regulatory change made in 1995. Year-specific reporting rate is critical to bias adjustment, underscoring the need for reward tags in fish tagging studies. Tag-recovery modeling allows for a diverse set of models, each of which can produce widely different estimates with far-reaching consequences for management. We applied model averaging to base inference on a weighted average of parameter estimates and to account for model selection uncertainty. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Delaware Div Fish & Wildlife, Little Creek, DE 19961 USA. Div Marine Fisheries, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Hudson River Fisheries, New Paltz, NY 12561 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 5 BP 886 EP 897 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-5-886 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 318FL UT WOS:000087273200002 ER PT J AU Mitro, MG Zale, AV AF Mitro, MG Zale, AV TI Predicting fish abundance using single-pass removal sampling SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROUT AB Three-pass removal data for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) along bank areas of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho, were used to construct a mean capture probability (MCP) model to predict abundance from single-pass catch data. We evaluated the MCP model by simulation. The precision of the MCP model was poor when predicting abundance within a specific bank unit. MCP model prediction intervals were about 7.5 times greater than three-pass removal intervals. However, the MCP model performed about the same as three-pass removal for predicting total abundance in a river section from multiple bank samples. We evaluated how the MCP model can be used to improve precision of total abundance estimates. Reallocating effort to sample 150 bank units by single-pass removal rather than 50 bank units by three-pass removal resulted in a 48% increase in prediction interval precision for a simulated population of 10 000 fish. Precision also increased when allocating effort to sampling more bank units of smaller length versus fewer bank units of longer length. Sampling 1500 m of bank as one hundred 15-m bank units increased precision by about 28% versus sampling fifty 30-m bank units and by about 50% versus sampling twenty-five 60-m bank units. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Rhode Isl Div Fish & Wildlife, Coastal Fisheries Lab, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commiss, 1231 Succotash Rd, Wakefield, RI 02879 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 5 BP 951 EP 961 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-5-951 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 318FL UT WOS:000087273200008 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP O'Connor, DV Nortrup, DA AF Madenjian, CP O'Connor, DV Nortrup, DA TI A new approach toward evaluation of fish bioenergetics models SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NET TROPHIC TRANSFER; TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; MICHIGAN LAKE TROUT; TRANSFER EFFICIENCY; PREY CONSUMPTION; LARGEMOUTH BASS; GREAT-LAKES; GROWTH; PCBS; PHOSPHORUS AB A new approach was used to evaluate the Wisconsin bioenergetics model for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Lake trout in laboratory tanks were fed alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), prey typical of lake trout in Lake Michigan. Food consumption and growth by lake trout during the experiment were measured. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations of the alewife and rainbow smelt, as well as of the lake trout at the beginning and end of the experiment, were determined. From these data, we calculated that lake trout retained 81% of the PCBs contained within their food. In an earlier study, application of the Wisconsin lake trout bioenergetics model to growth and diet data for lake trout in Lake Michigan, in conjunction with PCB data for lake trout and prey fish from Lake Michigan, yielded an estimate of PCB assimilation efficiency from food of 81%. This close agreement in the estimates of efficiency with which lake trout retain PCBs from their food indicated that the bioenergetics model was furnishing accurate predictions of food consumption by lake trout in Lake Michigan. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 31 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 14 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 5 BP 1025 EP 1032 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-5-1025 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 318FL UT WOS:000087273200014 ER PT J AU Wiener, JG Shields, PJ AF Wiener, JG Shields, PJ TI Mercury in the Sudbury River (Massachusetts, USA): pollution history and a synthesis of recent research SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; CANADIAN SHIELD LAKES; METHYL MERCURY; GAVIA-IMMER; METHYLMERCURY; WISCONSIN; EXPOSURE; FISH; ACIDIFICATION; SEDIMENTS AB We review the transport, fate, and bioavailability of mercury in the Sudbury River, topics addressed in the following five papers. Mercury entered the river from an industrial complex (site) that operated from 1917 to 1978. Rates of mercury accumulation in sediment cores from two reservoirs just downstream from the site decreased soon after industrial operations ended and have decreased further since capping of contaminated soils at the site in 1991. The reservoirs contained the most contaminated sediments (some exceeding 50 mu g Hg.g dry weight(-1)) and were depositional sinks for total mercury. Methyl mercury concentrations in biota did not parallel concentrations of total mercury in the sediments to which organisms were exposed, experimentally or as residents. Contaminated wetlands within the floodplain about 25 km downstream from the site produced and exported methyl mercury from inorganic mercury that had originated from the site. Natural burial processes have gradually decreased the quantity of sedimentary mercury available for methylation within the reservoirs, whereas mercury in the lesser contaminated wetlands farther downstream has remained more available for transport, methylation, and entry into food webs. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US EPA, Boston, MA 02203 USA. RP Wiener, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 44 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 5 U2 18 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 5 BP 1053 EP 1061 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-5-1053 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 318FL UT WOS:000087273200017 ER PT J AU Frazier, BE Wiener, JG Rada, RG Engstrom, DR AF Frazier, BE Wiener, JG Rada, RG Engstrom, DR TI Stratigraphy and historic accumulation of mercury in recent depositional sediments in the Sudbury River, Massachusetts, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ONONDAGA LAKE; METHYLMERCURY; RATES; CONTAMINATION; RESUSPENSION; PB-210; SYSTEM; SITES; NY AB The distribution and deposition of sedimentary mercury in the Sudbury River were linked to an industrial complex (Nyanza site) that operated from 1917 through 1978. In two reservoirs just downstream from the Nyanza site, estimated rates of mercury accumulation increased markedly in the 1920s and 1930s, were greatest during 1976-1982, decreased within 5 years after industrial operations ceased, and have decreased further since capping of contaminated soil at the Nyanza site was completed in 1991. The most contaminated sediments were typically buried, yet the 0- to 1-cm stratum remained substantially contaminated in all cores. Mercury accumulating in the surficial, reservoir sediments was probably from continuing, albeit much lesser, inputs from the Nyanza site, whereas recent inputs to downstream wetland areas were attributed to recycling of sedimentary mercury or to mercury from unidentified local sources. In the reservoirs, burial of highly contaminated sediments is gradually decreasing the amount of sedimentary mercury available for methylation. In downstream wetlands, however, sedimentary mercury seemed to be more available than that in the reservoirs for physical transport and biogeochemical cycling. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. Sci Museum Minnesota, St Croix Watershed Res Stn, Marine St Croix, MN 55047 USA. RP Wiener, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 5 BP 1062 EP 1072 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-5-1062 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 318FL UT WOS:000087273200018 ER PT J AU Colman, JA Breault, RF AF Colman, JA Breault, RF TI Sampling for mercury at subnanogram per litre concentrations for load estimation in rivers SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Estimation of constituent loads in streams requires collection of stream samples that are representative of constituent concentrations, that is, composites of isokinetic multiple verticals collected along a stream transect. An all-Teflon isokinetic sampler (DH-81) cleaned in 75%C, 4 N HCl was tested using blank, split, and replicate samples to assess systematic and random sample contamination by mercury species. Mean mercury concentrations in field-equipment blanks were low: 0.135 ng.L-1 for total mercury (sigmaHg) and 0.0086 ng.L-1 for monomethyl mercury (MeHg). Mean square errors (MSE) for sigmaHg and MeHg duplicate samples collected at eight sampling stations were not statistically different from MSE of samples split in the laboratory, which represent the analytical and splitting error. Low field-blank concentrations and statistically equal duplicate- and split-sample MSE values indicate that no measurable contamination was occurring during sampling. Standard deviations associated with example mercury load estimations were four to five times larger, on a relative basis, than standard deviations calculated from duplicate samples, indicating that error of the load determination was primarily a function of the loading model used, not of sampling or analytical methods. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RP Colman, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 5 BP 1073 EP 1079 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-5-1073 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 318FL UT WOS:000087273200019 ER PT J AU Waldron, MC Colman, JA Breault, RF AF Waldron, MC Colman, JA Breault, RF TI Distribution, hydrologic transport, and cycling of total mercury and methyl mercury in a contaminated river-reservoir-wetland system (Sudbury River, eastern Massachusetts) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; CONSTITUENT LOADS; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; WATER; METHYLMERCURY; DEPOSITION; DISTILLATION; SPECIATION; ECOSYSTEMS AB Riparian wetlands contaminated with Hg from an industrial point source were found to be important sites of production and release of methyl mercury (MeHg) in a 40-km reach of the Sudbury River in eastern Massachusetts. Stream discharge and concentration measurements were used to calculate annual mean loads for total Hg (Sigma Hg) and MeHg in contaminated river reaches, a reservoir, and a riparian wetland downstream from the industrial source. Budgets based on these loads indicate that the annual mean Sigma Hg load increased sixfold in a reach receiving flow from the point source, but the annual mean MeHg load did not increase. About 23% of the Sigma Hg load was removed by sedimentation during flow through the reservoir. Net production of MeHg in the reservoir was similar to that reported elsewhere for lakes receiving Hg from atmospheric deposition only. Sigma Hg concentrations and loads increased significantly as the river passed through the riparian wetland reach. On the basis of flooded wetland area, net production of MeHg was 15 times greater in the wetland reach than in wetland-associated drainages described in other studies. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RP Waldron, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 5 BP 1080 EP 1091 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 318FL UT WOS:000087273200020 ER PT J AU Naimo, TJ Wiener, JG Cope, WG Bloom, NS AF Naimo, TJ Wiener, JG Cope, WG Bloom, NS TI Bioavailability of sediment-associated mercury to Hexagenia mayflies in a contaminated floodplain river SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; METHYL MERCURY; WATER COLUMN; EXPERIMENTAL RESERVOIR; RIGIDA EPHEMEROPTERA; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; NYMPHS HEXAGENIA; AQUATIC INSECTS; METHYLMERCURY; TEMPERATURE AB We examined the bioavailability of mercury in sediments from the contaminated Sudbury River (Massachusetts, U.S.A.). Mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia) were exposed in four 21-day bioaccumulation tests to contaminated and reference sediments (treatments) from reservoirs, flowing reaches, palustrine wetlands, and a riverine lake. Mean total mercury (Sigma Hg) ranged from 880 to 22 059 ng.g dry weight(-1) in contaminated sediments and from 90 to 272 ng.g(-1) in reference sediments. Mean final concentrations of methyl mercury (MeHg) in test water were greatest (8-47 ng Hg.L-1) in treatments with contaminated wetland sediments, which had mean Sigma Hg ranging from 1200 to 2562 ng.g(-1). In mayflies, final mean concentrations of MeHg were highest in treatments with contaminated wetland sediments (122-183 ng Hg.g(-1)), intermediate in treatments with contaminated sediments from reservoirs, flowing reaches, and a riverine lake (75-127 ng Hg.g(-1)), and lowest in treatments with reference sediments (32-41 ng Hg.g(-1)). We conclude that the potential entry of MeHg into the benthic food chain was greater in contaminated palustrine wetlands than in the contaminated reservoirs, which had the most contaminated sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Frontier Geosci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RP Naimo, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM teresa_naimo@usgs.gov OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 5 BP 1092 EP 1102 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-5-1092 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 318FL UT WOS:000087273200021 ER PT J AU Nichols, SJ Garling, D AF Nichols, SJ Garling, D TI Food-web dynamics and trophic-level interactions in a multispecies community of freshwater unionids SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIVALVE MOLLUSKS; CARBON ISOTOPES; STABLE ISOTOPES; WATER MUSSELS; BACTERIA; STREAM; CONSERVATION; ECOSYSTEM; SEDIMENT; DETRITUS AB We compared feeding habits and trophic-level relationships of unionid species in a detritus-dominated river and an alga-dominated lake using biochemical analyses, gut contents, and stable-isotope ratios. The delta(13)C ratios for algae and other food-web components show that all unionids from both the river and the lake used bacterial carbons, not algal carbons, as their main dietary source, in spite of positive selection and concentration of diatoms and green algae from the water column in the gut and mantle cavity. Algae did provide key nutrients such as vitamins A and D and phytosterols that were bioaccumulated in the tissues of all species. The delta(15)N ratios for the multispecies unionid community in the Huron River indicated some differences in nitrogen enrichment between species, the greatest enrichment being found in Pyganadon grandis. These delta(15)N ratios indicate that unionids may not always feed as primary consumers or omnivores. Stable-isotope data were critical for delineating diets and trophic-level interactions of this group of filter-feeders. Further refinements in identifying bacterial and picoplankton components of the fine particulate organic matter are needed to complete our understanding of resource partitioning between multispecies unionid populations. C1 US Geol Survey, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM S_Jerrine_Nichols@USGS.gov NR 30 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 33 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 871 EP 882 DI 10.1139/cjz-78-5-871 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 324MA UT WOS:000087624400023 ER PT J AU Adams, AAY Skagen, SK Knight, RL AF Adams, AAY Skagen, SK Knight, RL TI Functions of perch relocations in a communal night roost of wintering bald eagles SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID INFORMATION-CENTERS; BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY AB We investigated the functions of perch relocations within a communal night roost of wintering bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) along the Nooksack River, Washington, during two winters. We tested seven predictions of two nonexclusive hypotheses: (1) bald eagles relocate within roosts to assess foraging success of conspecifics and (2) bald eagles relocate to obtain thermoregulatory benefits from an improved microclimate. Additionally, we gathered descriptive information to allow refinement of further alternative hypotheses. We rejected the hypothesis that relocations are a means of assessing foraging success. Contrary to our expectations, immature eagles did not relocate to be closer to adults, and relocations were less frequent when food was less abundant. Our data support the hypothesis that eagles relocate within night roosts to obtain a favorable microclimate during winters when they are subjected to cold stress and food stress. In both winters, relocations were more frequent in the evening than in the morning. In both winters, most evening relocations were to the center of the roost rather than to its edge, and the frequency of relocation to the center was greater when temperatures were low. The microclimate hypothesis, however, explains only a limited number of relocations. Based on our findings, it is likely that relocation has multiple functions, including establishing and (or) maintaining foraging associations, establishing and (or) maintaining social-dominance hierarchies when food is less abundant, and nonsocial activities. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Skagen, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 78 IS 5 BP 809 EP 816 DI 10.1139/cjz-78-5-809 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 324MA UT WOS:000087624400014 ER PT J AU Barton, BA Bollig, H Hauskins, BL Jansen, CR AF Barton, BA Bollig, H Hauskins, BL Jansen, CR TI Juvenile pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) and hybrid pallid x shovelnose (S-albus x platorynchus) sturgeons exhibit low physiological responses to acute handling and severe confinement SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE confinement; cortisol; handling; hybrid; lactate; pallid sturgeon; Scaphirhynchus; stress ID PLASMA-CORTISOL LEVELS; STRESS RESPONSES; RAINBOW-TROUT; FRESH-WATER; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; CHINOOK SALMON; COHO SALMON; HORMONE; FISHES; DISTURBANCES AB Following a 7.5-h transport haul, juvenile pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) showed a small but significant increase in plasma cortisol to 4.7 ng ml(-1) but similar increases did not occur after fish were handled in a net held in the air for 30 s. Subsequent experiments on yearling pallid sturgeon and hybrid pallid x shovelnose (S. albus x platorynchus) sturgeon using the same 30-s handling stressor failed to evoke increases in plasma cortisol, lactate or glucose. Plasma cortisol increased significantly from about 2 to 13-14 ng ml(-1) in both pallid and hybrid sturgeon during a 6-h severe confinement stressor with handling. Plasma cortisol in 2-year-old pallid sturgeon subjected to the same stressor demonstrated a linear pattern of increase during the initial 1 h. Plasma lactate increased from 1.11 to about 2.11 mmol l(-1) in hybrid sturgeon during the first hour of severe confinement but did not change throughout the entire confinement period in pallid sturgeon. A significant increase in plasma cortisol to 5.4 ng ml(-1) in 2-year-old pallid sturgeon 1 h after being subjected to 30 a handling at 19:00 h but not at 07:00 or 13.00 h suggests that a small diurnal variation in their stress response may exist. Although both pallid and hybrid sturgeons were responsive to stress, they exhibited very low physiological responses compared with those following equivalent stressors in most teleostean fishes or another chondrostean, the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula). Reasons for the apparent low responses to handling and confinement in scaphirhynchid sturgeons are not known but may relate to their evolutionary history, neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in their corticosteroid responses, or anatomy of their interrenal tissue structure. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Dakota, Dept Biol, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA. Univ S Dakota, Missouri River Inst, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Gavins Point Natl Fish Hatchery, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. Univ S Dakota, Dept Biol, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA. RP Barton, BA (reprint author), Univ S Dakota, Dept Biol, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA. NR 44 TC 70 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 126 IS 1 BP 125 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00192-6 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 335XG UT WOS:000088270000013 PM 10908860 ER PT J AU Winter, M Johnson, DH Faaborg, J AF Winter, M Johnson, DH Faaborg, J TI Evidence for edge effects on multiple levels in tallgrass prairie SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Dickcissel; edge effect; habitat fragmentation; Henslow's Sparrow; mammal distribution; nest success; tallgrass prairie ID ARTIFICIAL-NEST EXPERIMENTS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; AGRICULTURAL LAND; MIGRATORY BIRDS; PREDATION; HABITAT; GRASSLAND; LANDSCAPES; ILLINOIS AB We tested how edges affect nest survival and predator distribution in a native tallgrass prairie system in southwestern Missouri using artificial nests, natural nests of Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii), and mammal track stations. Survival of artificial nests was lower within 30 m of forest edge. Nesting success of Dickcissels and Henslow's Sparrows was lower within 50 m to a shrubby edge than at greater distances, whereas fates of nests were not related to distances to roads, agricultural fields, or forests. Evidence from slay eggs placed in artificial nests indicated that mid sized carnivores were the major predators within 30 m of forest edges. Furthermore, mid-sized carnivores visited track stations most frequently within 50 m of forest edges. Because proximity of woody habitat explained more variation in nest survival and mammal activity than did fragment size, it appears that edge effects were more pronounced than area effects. Edge effects appeared to be caused mainly by greater exposure of nests to mid-sized carnivores. We argue that, based on edge avoidance behavior, "grassland-interior" species such as the Henslow's Sparrow respond to edge effects mainly by a decrease in density, whereas habitat generalists such as the Dickcissel are affected mainly by a decrease in nesting success. C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Winter, M (reprint author), SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. EM mwinter02@syr.edu NR 44 TC 121 Z9 125 U1 8 U2 42 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2000 VL 102 IS 2 BP 256 EP 266 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0256:EFEEOM]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 315VF UT WOS:000087133100002 ER PT J AU Jodice, PGR Collopy, MW AF Jodice, PGR Collopy, MW TI Activity patterns of Marbled Murrelets in douglas-fir old-growth forests of the Oregon coast range SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE activity patterns; alcids; attendance; Brachyramphus marmoratus; canonical correlation; Marbled Murrelet; survey methodology ID COLONY ATTENDANCE; ISLAND; ALASKA; AUKLETS AB We monitored activity patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) on a near-daily basis using audio-visual surveys during three breeding seasons at five forest stands in the Ore on Coast Range. Three measures of activity were recorded: number of daily detections, number of daily vocalizations, and duration of daily activity. Each measure was highly variable within and among stands and years, and we recorded greater variability than has been previously reported for this species. The three measures of activity were strongly correlated within a day at each survey station, but correlative relationships at temporal and spatial scales greater than this were inconsistent. Activity varied greatly from one day to the next during all portions of the breeding season, and we did not identify any month when variability in activity was consistently higher or lower than any other month. Multivariate analyses revealed that weather and date variates explained little of the variability in daily activity. Given the extreme levels of variability in Marbled Murrelet activity and our lack of understanding as to which factors drive that variability, it is critical that conclusions about activity or behavior not be drawn from data sets not specifically designed to answer the questions of interest. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jodice, PGR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2000 VL 102 IS 2 BP 275 EP 285 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0275:APOMMI]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 315VF UT WOS:000087133100004 ER PT J AU Suryan, RM Irons, DB Benson, J AF Suryan, RM Irons, DB Benson, J TI Prey switching and variable foraging strategies of Black-legged Kittiwakes and the effect on reproductive success SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Black-legged Kittiwake; diet; foraging range; prey switching; radio tracking; Rissa tridactyla; time budget ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; FOOD-HABITS; SEABIRDS; ALASKA; SEA; ECOSYSTEM; BEHAVIOR; FISH; WEBS AB We studied the diets, foraging strategies, and reproduction of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) during five years at two colonies within Prince William Sound, Alaska. Years with reduced occurrence of 1-year-old Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in kittiwake diets were associated with increased foraging trip duration, distance, and travel time at both colonies. Foraging range was consistently greater at the large, fjord colony with an annual mean trip duration of 4 hr and mean distance to the farthest feeding location of 40 Irm in years when I-year-old herring dominated diets; these numbers increased to a maximum mean of 6 hr and 60 km during a year when kittiwakes consumed primarily young-of-year (YOY) herring and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus). Foraging trips of kittiwakes at the small, island colony averaged 2 hr and 5 km during years when 1-year-old herring dominated diets and increased when capelin (Mallotus villosus) and YOY herring and sand lance were consumed. Consequences of reduced herring availability were greatest at the large colony where alternative prey was limited, resulting in reduced reproductive success. In contrast, kittiwakes from the small colony were able to compensate for reduced herring availability by obtaining sand lance and capelin in relatively close proximity, and maintained above average reproductive success. Time spent traveling and trip distance increased with greater trip duration. However, search and prey capture times were only weakly related to trip duration and may reflect foraging strategies that vary with different species, age classes, or availability of prey consumed. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Suryan, RM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 41 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 17 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2000 VL 102 IS 2 BP 374 EP 384 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0374:PSAVFS]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 315VF UT WOS:000087133100016 ER PT J AU Rivera-Milan, FF Vazquez, M AF Rivera-Milan, FF Vazquez, M TI Demography of Zenaida Doves in Puerto Rico SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture data; demographic model; demography; population dynamics; Puerto Rico; Zenaida aurita; Zenaida Dove ID POPULATION; DENSITY AB We conducted a capture-recapture study of Zenaida Doves (Zenaida aurita) in three neighboring dairy farms in eastcentral Puerto Rico during 1984-1997. During 46 sampling periods, mean survival rate per sampling period was 0.77 (range = 0.1-1.0), mean recruitment was 911 individuals (range = 182-5,124), and mean population size was 1,569 individuals (range = 233-7,354). Survival increased during 1984-1991 and decreased during 1992-1997. Recruitment did not show a trend, but population size increased during 1984-1997. Rate of increase was a curvilinear decreasing function of population size. A demographic model with a fixed mortality rate stabilized at 1,350 individuals. When mortality rate was defined as a normal random variable, mean population size was 1,421 individuals, and there was a 0.95 probability of observing population sizes from 467 to 2,375 individuals. The size of the Zenaida Dove population varied widely over time, but periods of high recruitment rapidly offset periods of low survival in the dairy farms. C1 Dept Nat & Environm Resources, San Juan, PR 00906 USA. RP Rivera-Milan, FF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Int Affairs, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Suite 730-ARLSQ, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2000 VL 102 IS 2 BP 385 EP 391 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0385:DOZDIP]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 315VF UT WOS:000087133100017 ER PT J AU Schlosser, IJ Kallemeyn, LW AF Schlosser, IJ Kallemeyn, LW TI Spatial variation in fish assemblages across a beaver-influenced successional landscape SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beavers; boundary effects; Castor canadensis; dispersal; fish assemblages; landscape; Minnesota; pond succession; spatial hierarchy; spatial scale; successional mosaic; Voyageurs National Park; Minnesota (USA) ID COMMUNITIES; DYNAMICS; STREAMS; DISPERSAL; POSITION; PONDS AB Beavers are increasingly viewed as "ecological engineers," having broad effects on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of north-temperate landscapes. We examine the influence of both local successional processes associated with beaver activity and regional geomorphic boundaries on spatial Variation in fish assemblages along the Kabetogama Peninsula in Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota, USA. Fish abundance and species richness exhibited considerable variation among drainages along the peninsula. Geological barriers to fish dispersal at outlets of some drainages has reduced fish abundance and species richness. Fish abundance and species richness also varied within drainages among local environments associated with beaver pond succession Fish abundance was higher in upland ponds than in lowland ponds, collapsed ponds, or streams, whereas species richness was highest in collapsed ponds and streams. Cluster analyses based on fish abundance at sites classified according to successional environment indicated that four species (northern redbelly dace, Phoxinus eos; brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans; finescale dace, P. neogaeus; and fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas), were predominant in all successional environments. Several less abundant species were added in collapsed ponds and streams, with smaller size classes bf large lake species (e.g., black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus; smallmouth bass, Micropertus dolomieui; yellow perch, Perca flavescens; and burbot, Lota lota) being a component of these less abundant species. The addition of smaller size classes of large lake species indicates that dispersal of early life-history stages from Kabetogama Lake played a role in determining the species richness and composition of less abundant species in successional environments on the peninsula. Furthermore, collapsed-pond and stream environments closer to Kabetogama Lake had higher species richness than similar successional sites located farther from the lake. Cluster analyses based on fish abundance at sites classified according to drainage indicated that species composition among drainages was influenced both by the presence or absence of geological barriers to fish dispersal and the nonrandom distribution of collapsed ponds and streams. Based on these results, we present a hierarchical conceptual model suggesting how geomorphic boundaries and beaver pond succession interact to influence fish assemblage attributes. The presence of a productive and diverse fish assemblage in headwater streams of north-temperate areas requires the entire spatial and temporal mosaic of successional habitats associated with beaver activity, including those due to the creation and abandonment of beaver ponds. The ultimate impact of the local successional mosaic on fishes, however, will be strongly influenced by the regional geomorphic context in which the mosaic occurs. C1 Univ N Dakota, Dept Biol, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Int Falls Biol Stn, Int Falls, MN 56649 USA. RP Schlosser, IJ (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, Dept Biol, Box 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 40 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 30 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1371 EP 1382 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1371:SVIFAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309XQ UT WOS:000086795100015 ER PT J AU Long, KR DeYoung, JH Ludington, S AF Long, KR DeYoung, JH Ludington, S TI Significant deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article AB Approximately 99 percent of past production and remaining identified resources of gold, silver copper, lead, and zinc in the United States are accounted for by deposits that originally contained at least 2 metric tonnes (t) gold, 85 t silver, 50,000 t copper, 30,000 t lead, or 50,000 t zinc. The U.S. Geological Survey, beginning with the 1996 National Mineral Resource Assessment, is systematically compiling data on these deposits, collectively known as "significant" deposits. As of December 31, 1996, the significant deposits database contained 1,118 entries corresponding to individual deposits or mining districts. Maintaining, updating, and analyzing a database of this size is much easier than managing the more than 100,000 records in the Mineral Resource Data System and Minerals Availability System/MineraIs Industry Location System, yet the significant deposits database accounts for almost all past production and remaining identified resources of these metals in the United States. About 33 percent of gold, 22 percent of silver, 42 percent of copper, 39 percent of lead, and 46 percent of zinc are contained in or were produced from deposits discovered after World War II. Even within a database of significant deposits, a disproportionate share of past production and remaining resources is accounted for by a very small number of deposits. The largest 10 producers for each metal account for one third of the gold, 60 percent of the silver, 68 percent of the copper, 85 percent of the lead, and 75 percent of the zinc produced in the United States. The 10 largest deposits in terms of identified remaining resources of each of the five metals contain 43 percent of the gold, 56 percent of the silver, 48 percent of the copper, 94 percent of the lead, and 72 percent of the zinc. Identified resources in significant deposits for each metal are less than the mean estimates of resources in undiscovered deposits from the 1996 U.S. National Mineral Resource Assessment. Identified resources are roughly the same magnitude as cumulative past production. Assuming that roughly the same proportion of resources in undiscovered deposits will occur in significant deposits, a substantial number of significant deposits remain to be discovered. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 988, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Long, KR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 520 N Pk Ave,Suite 355, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. OI Long, Keith/0000-0002-6457-2820 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 95 IS 3 BP 629 EP 644 DI 10.2113/95.3.629 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 318EB UT WOS:000087270000012 ER PT J AU Harms, CA Ottinger, CA Blazer, VS Densmore, CL Pieper, LH Kennedy-Stoskopf, S AF Harms, CA Ottinger, CA Blazer, VS Densmore, CL Pieper, LH Kennedy-Stoskopf, S TI Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-beta applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Chesapeake Bay; field study; macrophage bactericidal activity; Morone americana; quantitative PCR; transforming growth factor-beta; white perch ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RESPIRATORY BURST ACTIVITY; RAINBOW-TROUT; DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION; PHANTOM DINOFLAGELLATE; GENE-EXPRESSION; ESTUARINE FISH; VERTEBRATES; DISEASE; KILLS AB Fish morbidity and mortality events in Chesapeake Bay tributaries have aroused concern over the health of this important aquatic ecosystem. We applied a recently described method for quantifying mRNA of an immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction to a field study of fish health in the Chesapeake Basin, and compared the results to those of a traditional cellular immunoassay macrophage bactericidal activity. We selected the white perch (Morone americana) as the sentinel fish species because of its abundance at all of the collection sites. White perch were sampled from Chesapeake Bay tributaries in June, August, and October 1998. Splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA levels increased and anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity decreased, particularly in eastern shore tributaries, from June to August and October. The results of the two assays correlated inversely (Kendall's tau. b = -0.600; p = 0.0102). The results indicated both temporal and spatial modulation of white perch immune systems in the Chesapeake Basin, and demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR for TGF-beta as a molecular biomarker for field assessment of teleost fish immune status. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Environm Med Consortium, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Stevensville, MD USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Harms, CA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Coll Vet Med, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. EM craig_harms@ncsu.edu OI Ottinger, Christopher/0000-0003-2551-1985 NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 IS 5 BP 447 EP 452 DI 10.2307/3454386 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 315YN UT WOS:000087140700030 ER PT J AU Johnson, R Pankow, J Bender, D Price, C Zogorski, J AF Johnson, R Pankow, J Bender, D Price, C Zogorski, J TI MTBE - To what extent will past releases contaminate community water supply wells? SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The widely used gasoline additive MTBE has been found in ground- and surface waters and poses a threat to the nation's community water supply wells. Richard Johnson, James Pankow, David Bender, Curtis Price, and John Zogorski make the case for an improved understanding of factors affecting the magnitude of the problem. C1 Oregon Grad Inst, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Portland, OR 97201 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Johnson, R (reprint author), Oregon Grad Inst, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Portland, OR 97201 USA. NR 19 TC 82 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 9 BP 210A EP + DI 10.1021/es003268z PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309XL UT WOS:000086794500013 PM 21661783 ER PT J AU Glassmeyer, ST De Vault, DS Hites, RA AF Glassmeyer, ST De Vault, DS Hites, RA TI Rates at which toxaphene concentrations decrease in lake trout from the Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; QUANTITATION; TOXICITY; SEDIMENT; SAMPLES; FISH AB Toxaphene is a complex mixture of at least 600 hexa- to decachlorinated bornanes and bornenes, which was used as an insecticide in the United States from the late 1950s to the mid-1980s. A previous study in our laboratory showed that the levels of toxaphene in lake trout collected in 1982 and 1992 from Lake Superior had remained about the same but that the concentrations in lake trout from the other Great Lakes had decreased during this same time period. These observations in Lake Superior trout were counter-intuitive given that toxaphene had been banned in 1982. We have reinvestigated this issue using more samples from both Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan and using an improved analytical method. The level of toxaphene was constant in all of the trout samples from Fake Superior during the period 1977-1992, while the level decreased by a factor of 1.4-5 in trout from the other Great Lakes. These results suggest that the toxaphene concentrations in very large and very cold lakes (such as Lake Superior) decrease much more slowly than they do in relatively small and warm lakes (such as Lake Ontario). C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Ft Snelling, MN 55111 USA. RP Hites, RA (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RI Glassmeyer, Susan/E-5004-2017 OI Glassmeyer, Susan/0000-0002-0538-5793 NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 9 BP 1851 EP 1855 DI 10.1021/es990924q PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309XL UT WOS:000086794500049 ER PT J AU Franson, JC Hollmen, T Poppenga, RH Hario, M Kilpi, M Smith, MR AF Franson, JC Hollmen, T Poppenga, RH Hario, M Kilpi, M Smith, MR TI Selected trace elements and organochlorines: Some findings in blood and eggs of nesting common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from Finland SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE common eider; lead; mercury; organochlorines; selenium ID SPECTACLED EIDERS; WESTERN ALASKA; LEAD; SELENIUM; MERCURY; INGESTION; EXPOSURE; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; DUCKS AB In 1997 and 1998, we collected blood samples from nesting adult female common elders (Somateria mollissima) at five locations in the Baltic Sea near coastal Finland and analyzed them for lead, selenium, mercury, and arsenic. Eggs were collected from three locations in 1997 for analysis of selenium, mercury, arsenic, and 17 organochlorines (OCs). Mean blood lead concentrations varied by location and year and ranged From 0.02 ppm (residues in blood on wet weight basis) to 0.12 ppm, although one bird had 14.2 ppm lead in its blood. Lead residues in the blood of elders were positively correlated with the stage of incubation, and lead inhibited the activity of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in the blood. Selenium concentrations in elder blood varied by location, with means of 1.26 to 2.86 ppm. Median residues of selenium and mercury in cider eggs were 0.55 and 0.10 ppm (residues in eggs on fresh weight basis), respectively, and concentrations of both selenium and mercury in eggs were correlated with those in blood. Median concentrations of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in eggs ranged from 13.1 to 29.6 ppb, but all other OCs were below detection limits. The residues of contaminants that we found in eggs were below concentrations generally considered to affect avian reproduction. The negative correlation of ALAD activity with blood lead concentrations is evidence of an adverse physiological effect of lead exposure in this population. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Vet Basic Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Kennett Square, PA 19348 USA. Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, FIN-00721 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Systemat, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP Franson, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 5 BP 1340 EP 1347 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1340:STEAOS>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 307DC UT WOS:000086637300017 ER PT J AU Gale, RW Long, ER Schwartz, TR Tillitt, DE AF Gale, RW Long, ER Schwartz, TR Tillitt, DE TI Evaluation of planar halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments using ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction of H4IIE cells SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bioassay; H4IIE; toxicity; sediments ID NEW-JERSEY; FLY-ASH; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS; CYTOCHROME-P450IA1 INDUCTION; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; QUALITY GUIDELINES; BIOASSAY; DIOXIN; BAY AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and planar halogenated hydrocarbons (PAHs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in fractionated sediment extracts from the Hudson-Raritan estuary and Newark Bay, New Jersey, USA, as part of a comprehensive risk assessment. Contributions of PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, and PAHs to the total toxic equivalents (TEQs) were measured using an H4IIE bioassay and calculated from instrumentally determined concentrations using international toxic equivalency factors. The H4IIE TEQs of whole and fractionated extracts were compared to calculated TEQs to investigate the applicability of the bioassay approach for evaluating 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylease induction by PHHs and PAHs present together in complex mixtures. Although 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin contributed from 41 to 79% of the calculated TEQs from PCDDs/PCDFs and planar PCBs in all sediments sampled, the PAM-containing fractions accounted for >80% of the total TEQs determined either instrumentally or by bioassay. Calculated TEQs from PAHs, based on reported toxic equivalency factors for only seven PAHs, were severalfold greater than the bioassay-derived TEQs of PAM-only fractions of the sediment extracts. Significant correlations were observed between bioassay and instrumentally determined toxic equivalents in the more purified fractions but not in fractions only purified by size-exclusion or argentate chromatographies alone. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Ocean Resources Conservat & Assessment, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Gale, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 5 BP 1348 EP 1359 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1348:EOPHAP>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 307DC UT WOS:000086637300018 ER PT J AU MacDonald, DD Dipinto, LM Field, J Ingersoll, CG Long, ER Swartz, RC AF MacDonald, DD Dipinto, LM Field, J Ingersoll, CG Long, ER Swartz, RC TI Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment effect concentrations for polychlorinated biphenyls SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; mixtures; sediment quality guidelines; sediment; toxicity ID TIDAL RIVER SEDIMENTS; ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; QUALITY GUIDELINES; DC AREA; RHEPOXYNIUS-ABRONIUS; INFAUNAL AMPHIPOD; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; TOXICITY; CONTAMINANTS AB Sediment-quality guidelines (SQGs) have been published for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using both empirical and theoretical approaches. Empirically based guidelines have been developed using the screening-level concentration, effects range, effects level, and apparent effects threshold approaches. Theoretically based guidelines have been developed using the equilibrium-partitioning approach. Empirically-based guidelines were classified into three general categories. in accordance with their original narrative intents, and used to develop three consensus-based sediment effect concentrations (SECs) for total PCBs (tPCBs), including a threshold effect concentration, a midrange effect concentration, and an extreme effect concentration. Consensus-based SECs were derived because they estimate the central tendency of the published SQGs and, thus, reconcile the guidance values that have been derived using various approaches. Initially, consensus-based SECs for tPCBs were developed separately for freshwater sediments and fur marine and estuarine sediments. Because the respective SECs were statistically similar, the underlying SQGs were subsequently merged and used to formulate more generally applicable SECs. The three consensus-based SECs were then evaluated for reliability using matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data from field studies, dose-response data from spiked-sediment toxicity tests, and SQGs derived from the equilibrium-partitioning approach. The results of this evaluation demonstrated that the consensus-based SECs can accurately predict both the presence and absence of toxicity in field-collected sediments. Importantly, the incidence of toxicity increases incrementally with increasing concentrations of tPCBs. Moreover, the consensus-based SECs are comparable to the chronic toxicity thresholds that have been estimated from dose-response data and equilibrium-partitioning models. Therefore, consensus-based SECs provide a unifying synthesis of existing SQGs, reflect causal rather than correlative effects, and accurately predict sediment toxicity in PCB-contaminated sediments. C1 MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V9X 1W5, Canada. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, ORCA, Damage Assessment Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response & Assessment Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Coastal Monitoring & Bioeffects Assessment Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP MacDonald, DD (reprint author), MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, 2376 Yellow Point Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9X 1W5, Canada. NR 50 TC 82 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 31 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 5 BP 1403 EP 1413 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1403:DAEOCB>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 307DC UT WOS:000086637300024 ER PT J AU Stehly, GR Meinertz, JR Gingerich, WH AF Stehly, GR Meinertz, JR Gingerich, WH TI Effects of temperature on the elimination of benzocaine and acetylated benzocaine residues from the edible fillet of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS LA English DT Article DE benzocaine; acetylated benzocaine; edible fillet; rainbow trout ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; OXYTETRACYCLINE; WITHDRAWAL; TISSUE AB The effect of temperature (7 degrees C and 16 degrees C) on the extent of accumulation and the elimination of benzocaine (BNZ) and its metabolite, acetylated benzocaine (AcBNZ), in the fillet tissue of rainbow trout was investigated Residues were measured after bath exposure to an anesthetizing concentration of benzocaine (30 mg/l for 5 min) followed by a maintenance concentration (15 mg/l for 30 min). Immediately after exposure, the BNZ concentration in fillet tissue was approximately 27 mu g/g at both temperatures; AcBNZ was 0.3 mu g/g at 7 degrees C and 0.6 mu g/g at 16 degrees C. The rates for elimination (alpha and beta) of BNZ and AcBNZ were not significantly different between the two temperatures. Terminal half-lives of elimination for BNZ were 1.62 h at 7 degrees C and 1.63 h at 16 degrees C; half-lives for AcBNZ were 2.36 h at 7 degrees C and 2.77 h at 16 degrees C. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Stehly, GR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0265-203X J9 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM JI Food Addit. Contam. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 17 IS 5 BP 387 EP 392 DI 10.1080/026520300404798 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 328EL UT WOS:000087835900003 PM 10945105 ER PT J AU Cummings, ML Evans, JG Ferns, ML Lees, KR AF Cummings, ML Evans, JG Ferns, ML Lees, KR TI Stratigraphic and structural evolution of the middle Miocene synvolcanic Oregon-Idaho graben SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE extension tectonics; fault zone; geologic history; graben; Malheur County Oregon; Miocene; volcaniclastic rocks ID COLUMBIA PLATEAU; NORTHERN NEVADA; BASIN; WASHINGTON; BASALT; ROCKS; PLUME; RIVER; RIFT; SR AB The Oregon-Idaho graben is a newly identified north-south-trending synvolcanic graben in southeastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho within the middle Miocene backarc rift system that extends 1100 km from southern Nevada to southeastern Washington. The graben formed along the western margin of the North American craton shortly after the largest volumes of tholeiitic flood basalt erupted (Columbia River Basalt Group, Steens-Pueblo Basalt. basalt of Malheur Gorge, basalt and latite unit of Ekren et al,, 1981), Rhyolite flows and ash-flow tuffs (16.1-14.0 Ma) erupted from northeastern Oregon (Dooley Volcanics) to northern Nevada (McDermitt volcanic field) shortly after the flood basalt was emplaced. Subsidence of the Oregon-Idaho graben (15.5-15.3 Ma) coincides with eruption of rhyolite flows and caldera-related ash-flow tuffs from vents along the margins and within the graben. Mafic and silicic intragraben volcanism accompanied sedimentation from about 15.3 to 10.5 hla, Sedimentary and volcanic rocks from extrabasinal sources, especially southwestern Idaho, were introduced periodically. After initial subsidence, the evolution of the Oregon-Idaho graben is divided into three stages. Stage 1 (15.3-14.3 R-la) followed intragraben caldera collapse and was marked by deposition of fluvial and lacustrine sediment across the graben, Stage 2 (14.3-12.6 Ma) movement on intragraben fault zones divided the graben into distinct subbasins and marked the onset of calc-alkalic volcanism, Fine-grained tuffaceous sediment derived from glassy rhyolite and pyroclastic deposits and basalt tuff cones interbedded with rhyolite ash and lapilli-fall deposits and locally erupted basalt hydrovolcanic deposits predominated during synvolcanic subsidence. Synsedimentary hot-spring alteration and precious-metals mineralization of graben fill were controlled by the same intragraben fault zones that served as magmatic conduits. During stage 3 (12.6-10.5 Ma) the subbasins were filled, and graben-wide fluviatile and lacustrine sedimentation resumed. lit about the same time, renewed rhyolitic volcanism occurred on both flanks, and tholeiitic volcanism resumed within the Oregon-Idaho graben, Subsidence in the Oregon-Idaho graben ceased as west-northwest-striking faults related to the formation of the western Snake River plain became active. C1 Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. US Geol Survey, Spokane, WA 99210 USA. Oregon Dept Geol & Mineral Ind, Baker City, OR 97814 USA. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. RP Cummings, ML (reprint author), Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, POB 751, Portland, OR 97207 USA. NR 72 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 112 IS 5 BP 668 EP 682 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<0668:SASEOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 308BV UT WOS:000086689400003 ER PT J AU Gardner, JV Mayer, LA Clarke, JEH AF Gardner, JV Mayer, LA Clarke, JEH TI Morphology and processes in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE backscattering; bathymetry; Lake Tahoe; processes; Sierra Nevada ID HISTORY AB Lake Tahoe was surveyed using a state-of-the-art, high-resolution, multibeam mapping system to provide an accurate base map for the myriad of ongoing environmental studies in and around the lake. The newly defined basin morphology shows steep basin margins on the northern, eastern, and western sides and a gentle margin on the southern side. Two large, flat plateaus several kilometers wide extend from the shore to about 40 m water depth in the northern and northwestern sections of the basin. A series of ridges in the west and north are presumed traces of faults, some of which border the lake basin and some of which traverse across the northern section of the lake and converge in McKinney Bay, McKinney Bay is a large reentrant in the western margin that was created by. a failure of the western margin that occurred about 300 ka, The failure generated a major debris avalanche that carried large blocks, some more than 1000 In long and 80 m high, across the basin. Apparently, the debris avalanche was deflected by the eastern margin of the basin and flowed to the north and south. Small debris flows and slides have continued to occur in this area. Small debris aprons occur along the northern, western, and eastern margins, some apparently the remnants of collapsed terminal moraines formed in the basin from the 160 ka Tahoe Glaciation, which reached the edge of the basin. Eroded plateaus and ridges occur on a glacial outwash plain that covers the gentle southern margin. The plateaus and ridges are inferred to be remnants of another large terminal moraine of the Tahoe Glaciation. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Chase Ocean Engn Lab, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Ocean Mapping Grp, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada. RP Gardner, JV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jim@octopus.wr.usgs.gov NR 41 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 112 IS 5 BP 736 EP 746 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<0736:MAPILT>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 308BV UT WOS:000086689400009 ER PT J AU Gischler, E Lomando, AJ Hudson, JH Holmes, CW AF Gischler, E Lomando, AJ Hudson, JH Holmes, CW TI Last interglacial reef growth beneath Belize barrier and isolated platform reefs SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Belize; Pleistocene; reef; U-series dating ID ISOLATED CARBONATE PLATFORMS; SEA-LEVEL; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BRITISH-HONDURAS; SOUTHERN LAGOON; CENTRAL-AMERICA; CORAL REEFS; TH-230 AGES; U-234/U-238; PERIOD AB We report the first radiometric dates (thermal-ionization mass spectrometry) from late Pleistocene reef deposits from offshore Belize, the location of the largest modern reef complex in the Atlantic Ocean, The results presented here can be used to explain significant differences in bathymetry, sedimentary facies, and reef development of this major reef area, and the results are significant because they contribute to the knowledge of the regional geology of the eastern Yucatan. The previously held concept of a neotectonically stable eastern Yucatan is challenged. The dates indicate that Pleistocene reefs and shallow-water Limestones, which form the basement of modern reefs in the area, accumulated ca. 125-130 ka. Significant differences in elevation of the samples relative to present sea level (>10 m) have several possible causes. Differential subsidence along a series of continental margin fault blocks in combination with variation in karstification are probably the prime causes, Differential subsidence is presumably related to initial extension and later left-lateral movements along the adjacent active boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates. Increasing dissolution toward the south during Pleistocene sea-level lowstands is probably a consequence of higher precipitation rates in mountainous southern Belize. C1 Univ Frankfurt, Inst Geol Palaontol, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. Chevron Overseas Petr Inc, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Gischler, E (reprint author), Univ Frankfurt, Inst Geol Palaontol, Senckenberganlage 32-34, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 13 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 28 IS 5 BP 387 EP 390 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<387:LIRGBB>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 308BU UT WOS:000086689300001 ER PT J AU Janecke, SU Van Denburg, CJ Blankenau, JJ M'Gonigle, JW AF Janecke, SU Van Denburg, CJ Blankenau, JJ M'Gonigle, JW TI Long-distance longitudinal transport of gravel across the Cordilleran thrust belt of Montana and Idaho SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE paleovalley; culmination; Eocene; Beaverhead Group; Sevier thrust belt ID EXTENSION AB Two newly identified middle Eocene paleovalleys (greater than or equal to 100 km long) preserved on top of the southwest Montana reentrant of the Cordilleran fold-and-thrust belt indicate long-lived longitudinal now across the thrust belt and resolve a long-standing debate about the source of the voluminous quartzite debris in the Upper Cretaceous to lower Tertiary Divide, Harebell, and Pinyon conglomerates of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Geologic mapping, stratigraphic, provenance, and geochronologic studies revealed that Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the paleovalleys are as thick as 2 km, onlap preexisting bedrock, and interfinger with well-rounded conglomerate derived from formations exposed only to the west. The middle Eocene paleovalleys are the youngest expression of a major paleoriver system that transported sediment toward the foreland during the Sevier orogeny, An Eocene subcrop map shows that the headwaters of the Eocene paleovalleys coincided with structural culminations in the thrust belt that supplied sediment to the Divide conglomerate of the Upper Cretaceous to lower Tertiary Beaverhead Group. Ultimately, the Lemhi Pass and Hawley Creek paleovalleys provided several thousand cubic kilometers of quartzite debris to the Pinyon and Harebell conglomerates of northwest Wyoming 200-350 km away, and formed the northwest half of a giant longitudinal drainage system. Sevier contraction, not the rising Idaho batholith, first uplifted vast culminations beneath the headwaters of this river system. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Janecke, SU (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 28 IS 5 BP 439 EP 442 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<439:LLTOGA>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 308BU UT WOS:000086689300014 ER PT J AU Bacon, CR Persing, HM Wooden, JL Ireland, TR AF Bacon, CR Persing, HM Wooden, JL Ireland, TR TI Late Pleistocene granodiorite beneath Crater Lake caldera, Oregon, dated by ion microprobe SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ion probe; zircon; geochronology; calderas; granodiorite ID U-PB AGES; MOUNT MAZAMA; PHENOCRYSTS; HISTORY; ZIRCONS; COMPLEX; ORIGIN AB Variably melted granodiorite blocks ejected during the Holocene caldera-forming eruption of Mount Mazama were plucked from the walls of the climactic magma chamber at similar to 5 km depth. Ion-microprobe U-Pb dating of zircons from two unmelted granodiorite blocks with SHRIMP RG (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe-reverse geometry) gives a nominal U-238/Pb-206 age of 101(-80)(+78) ka, or 174(-115)(+89) ka when adjusted for an initial Th-230 deficit. SHRIMP RC U-Th measurements on a subset of the zircons yield a Th-230/U-238 isochron age of 112 +/- 24 ka, considered to be the best estimate of the time of solidification of the pluton. These results suggest that the granodiorite is related to andesite and dacite of Mount Mazama and not to magmas of the climactic eruption. The unexposed granodiorite has an area of at least 28 km(2). This young, shallow pluton was emplaced in virtually the same location where a similarly large magma body accumulated and powered violent explosive eruptions similar to 7700 yr ago, resulting in collapse of Crater Lake caldera. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Bacon, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Ireland, Trevor/A-4993-2008 OI Ireland, Trevor/0000-0001-7617-3889 NR 19 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 28 IS 5 BP 467 EP 470 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<467:LPGBCL>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 308BU UT WOS:000086689300021 ER PT J AU Halford, KJ Mayer, GC AF Halford, KJ Mayer, GC TI Problems associated with estimating ground water discharge and recharge from stream-discharge records SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID SNOW AB Ground water discharge and recharge frequently have been estimated with hydrograph-separation techniques, but the critical assumptions of the techniques have not been investigated. The critical assumptions are that the hydraulic characteristics of the contributing aquifer (recession index) can be estimated from stream-discharge records; that periods of exclusively ground water discharge can be reliably identified; and that stream-discharge peaks approximate the magnitude and timing of recharge events. The first assumption was tested by estimating the recession index from stream-discharge hydrographs, ground water hydrographs, and hydraulic diffusivity estimates from aquifer tests in basins throughout the eastern United States and Montana. The recession index frequently could not be estimated reliably from stream-discharge records alone because many of the estimates of the recession index were greater than 1000 days. The ratio of stream discharge during baseflow periods was two to 36 times greater than the maximum expected range of ground water discharge at 12 of the 13 field sites, The identification of the ground water component of stream-discharge records was ambiguous because drainage from bank-storage, wetlands, surface water bodies, soils, and snowpacks frequently exceeded ground mater discharge and also decreased exponentially during recession periods. The timing and magnitude of recharge events could not be ascertained from stream-discharge records at any of the sites investigated because recharge events were not directly correlated with stream peaks. When used alone, the recession-curve-displacement method and other hydrograph-separation techniques are poor tools for estimating ground water discharge or recharge because the major assumptions of the methods are commonly and grossly violated. Multiple, alternative methods of estimating ground water discharge and recharge should be used because of the uncertainty associated with any one technique. C1 US Geol Survey, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 USA. Peachtree Business Ctr, US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Halford, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Ln,Rm 203, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. NR 55 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 11 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 331 EP 342 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00218.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 326WY UT WOS:000087761300009 ER PT J AU Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM AF Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM TI Microbial H-2 cycling does not affect delta H-2 values of ground water SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN; CARBON; AQUIFER; SULFATE; OXYGEN; GASES AB Stable hydrogen-isotope values of ground water (BH) and dissolved hydrogen concentrations (H-2(aq)) were quantified in a petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer to determine whether the production/consumption of H-2 by subsurface microorganisms affects ground water delta(2)H values, The range of delta(2)H observed in monitoring wells sampled (-27.8 parts per thousand to -15.5 parts per thousand) was best explained, however, by seasonal differences in recharge temperature as indicated using ground water delta(18)O values, rather than isotopic exchange reactions involving the microbial cycling of H-2 during anaerobic petroleum-hydrocarbon biodegradation, The absence of a measurable hydrogen-isotope exchange between microbially cycled H-2 and ground water reflects the fact that the amount of H-2 available from the anaerobic decomposition of petroleum hydrocarbons is small relative to the amount of hydrogen present in-water, even though milligram per liter concentrations of readily biodegradable contaminants are present at the study site. addilionally, isotopic fractionation calculations indicate that in order for H-2 cycling processes to affect delta(2)H values of ground water, relatively high concentrations of H-2 (>0.080 M) would have to be maintained, considerably higher than the 0.2 to 26 nM present at this site and characteristic of anaerobic conditions in general, These observations suggest that the conventional approach of using delta(2)H and delta(18)O values to determine recharge history is appropriate even for those ground water systems characterized by anaerobic conditions and extensive microbial H-2 cycling. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Landmeyer, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Ste 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 376 EP 380 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00223.x PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 326WY UT WOS:000087761300014 ER PT J AU Landon, MK Delin, GN Komor, SC Regan, CP AF Landon, MK Delin, GN Komor, SC Regan, CP TI Relation of pathways and transit times of recharge water to nitrate concentrations using stable isotopes SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID UNSATURATED ZONE; SOIL; O-18; SASKATCHEWAN; GROUNDWATER; LYSIMETERS; MOVEMENTS; TRACERS AB Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope values of precipitation, irrigation water, soil mater, and ground mater were used with soil-moisture contents and water levels to estimate transit times and pathways of recharge water in the unsaturated zone of a sand and gravel aquifer, Nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations in ground water were also measured to assess their relation to seasonal recharge. Stable isotope values indicated that recharge water usually had a transit time through the unsaturated zone of several weeks to months. However, wetting fronts usually moved through the unsaturated zone in hours to weeks, The much slower transit of isotopic signals than that of wetting fronts indicates that recharge was predominantly composed of older soil water that was displaced downward by more recent infiltrating water. Comparison of observed and simulated isotopic values from pure-piston flow and mixing-cell water and isotope mass balance models indicates that soil mater isotopic values were usually highly mixed, Thus, movement of recharge water did not occur following a pure piston-flow displacement model but rather follows a hydrid model involving displacement of mixed older soil water with new infiltration water. An exception to this model occurred in a topographic depression, where movement of mater along preferential flowpaths to the water table occurred within hours to days following spring thaw as result of depression-focused infiltration of snow melt. In an adjacent upland area, recharge of snow melt occurred one to two months later. Increases in nitrate concentrations at the mater table during April-May 1993 and 1994 in a topographic lowland within a corn field were related to recharge of water that had infiltrated the previous summer and was displaced from the unsaturated zone by spring infiltration. Increases in nitrate concentrations also occurred during July-August 1994 in response to recharge of water that infiltrated during May-August 1993, These results indicate that the largest ground water nitrate concentrations were associated with recharge of water that infiltrated into the soil during May-August, when most nitrogen fertilizer was applied. C1 US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. RP Landon, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 100 Centennial mall N,Rm 406 Fed Bldg, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. NR 47 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 18 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 381 EP 395 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00224.x PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 326WY UT WOS:000087761300015 ER PT J AU Savage, KS Bird, DK Ashley, RP AF Savage, KS Bird, DK Ashley, RP TI Legacy of the California Gold Rush: Environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode Gold District SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; AQUEOUS PYRITE OXIDATION; RATE-DETERMINING STEP; JAROSITE PRECIPITATION; LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS; NATURAL-WATERS; STABLE ISOTOPE; HEAVY-METALS; FERRIC IRON; OXIDE AB Gold mining activity in the Sierra Nevada foothills, both recently and during the California Gold Rush, has exposed arsenic-rich pyritic rocks to weathering and erosion. This study describes arsenic concentration and speciation in three hydrogeologic settings in the southern Mother Lode Gold District: mineralized outcrops and mine waste rock (overburden); mill tailings submerged in a water reservoir; and lake waters in this monomietic reservoir and in a monomietic lake developing within a recent open-pit mine. These environments are characterized by distinct modes of rock-water interaction that influence the local transport and fate of arsenic. Arsenic in outcrops and waste rock occurs in arsenian pyrite containing an average of 2 wt% arsenic. Arsenic is concentrated up to 1300 ppm in fine-grained, friable, iron-rich weathering products of the arsenian pyrite (goethite, jarosite, copiapite), which develop as efflorescences and crusts on weathering outcrops. Arsenic is sorbed as a bidentate complex on geothite, and substitutes for sulfate in jarosite. Submerged mill tailings obtained by gravity core at Don Pedro Reservoir contain arsenic up to 300 ppm in coarse sand layers. Overlying surface muds have less arsenic in the solid fraction but higher concentrations in porewaters (up to 500 mu g/L) than the sands. Fine quartz tailings also contain up to 3.5 ppm mercury related to the ore processing. The pH values in sediment porewaters range from 3.7 in buried gypsum-bearing sands and tailings to 7 in the overyling lake sediments. Reservoir waters immediately above the cores contain up to 3.5 mu g/L arsenic; lake waters away from the submerged tailings typically contain less than 1 mu g/L arsenic. Dewatering during excavation of the Harvard open-pit mine produced a hydrologic cone of depression that has been recovering toward the pre-mining groundwater configuration since mining ended in 1994. Aqueous arsenic concentrations in the 80 m deep pit lake are up to 1000 mu g/L. Redistribution of the arsenic occurs during summer stratification, with highest concentrations at middle depths. The total mass of arsenic in the pit lake increases coinciding with early winter rains that erode, partially dissolve, and transport arsenic-bearing salts into the pit lake. Arsenic concentration, speciation, and distribution in the Sierra Nevada foothills depend on many factors, including the lithologic sources of arsenic, climatic influences on weathering of host minerals, and geochemical characteristics of waters with which source and secondary minerals react. Oxidation of arsenian pyrite to geothite, jarosite, and copiapite causes temporary attenuation of arsenic during summer, when these secondary minerals accumulate; subsequent rapid dissemination of arsenic during summer, when these secondary minerals accumulate; subsequent rapid dissemination of arsenic into the aqueous environment is caused by annual winter storms. As the population of the Mother Lode area grows, it is increasingly important to consider these effects during planning and development of land and groundwater resources. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, KS (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 93 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 14 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 42 IS 5 BP 385 EP 415 PG 31 WC Geology SC Geology GA 315QJ UT WOS:000087124200001 ER PT J AU Barker, CE AF Barker, CE TI A paleolatitude approach to assessing surface temperature history for use in burial heating models SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Organic-Petrology CY JUL 27-28, 1998 CL HALIFAX, CANADA SP Soc Organ Petrol, Petro Canada, Gulf, Texaco, Carl Zeiss Canada, Mobil Oil Canada, PanCanadian, Global Geoenergy Res Ltd, Geol Survey Canada, Nova Scotia Dept Nat Resources, Nova Scotia Petr Directorate, Canada Nova Scotia Offshore Petr Board DE paleolatitude; latitude; surface; temperature; burial; heating ID VITRINITE REFLECTANCE; FLOW AB Calculations using heat flow theory as well as case histories show that over geologic time scales (10(6) years), changes in mean annual surface temperature (T-s) on the order of 10 degrees C penetrate kilometers deep into the crust. Thus, burial heating models of sedimentary basins, which typically span kilometers in depth and persist over geological time frames, should consider T-s history to increase their accuracy. In any case, T-s history becomes important when it changes enough to be detected by a thermal maturation index like vitrinite reflectance, a parameter widely used to constrain burial heating models. Assessment of the general temperature conditions leading to petroleum generation indicates that changes in T-s as small as 6 degrees C can be detected by vitrinite reflectance measurements. This low temperature threshold indicates that oil and gas windows can be significantly influenced by T-s history. A review of paleoclimatic factors suggests the significant and geologically resolvable factors affecting T-s history are paleolatitude, long-term changes between cool and warm geological periods (climate mode), the degree to which a basin is removed from the sea (geographic isolation), and elevation or depth relative to sea level. Case studies using geologically realistic data ranges or different methods of estimating T-s in a burial heating model indicate a significant impact of T-s when: (1) continental drift, subduction, tectonism and erosion significantly change paleolatitude, paleoaltitude, or paleogeography; (2) strata are at, or near, maximum burial, and changes in T-s directly influence maximum burial temperature; and (3), when a significant change in T-s occurs near the opening or closing of the oil or gas windows causing petroleum generation to begin or cease. Case studies show that during the burial heating and petroleum generation phase of basin development changes in climate mode alone can influence T-s by about 15 degrees C. At present, T-s changes from the poles to the equator by about 50 degrees C. Thus, in extreme cases, continental drift alone can seemingly produce T-s changes on the order of 50 degrees C over a time frame of 10(7) years. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Thermal Matur Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Barker, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Thermal Matur Lab, Box 25046,MS 977, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1-4 BP 121 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00057-9 PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 315EV UT WOS:000087100400008 ER PT J AU Cam, E Monnat, JY AF Cam, E Monnat, JY TI Apparent inferiority of first-time breeders in the kittiwake: the role of heterogeneity among age classes SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE age; capture-recapture; experience; fitness components; selection hypothesis ID SHEARWATERS PUFFINUS-TENUIROSTRIS; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; LIFE-HISTORY TACTICS; ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BREEDING EXPERIENCE; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; CALIFORNIA GULL; SURVIVAL RATES; EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AB 1. Many studies have provided evidence that first-time breeders have a lower survival, a lower probability of success, or of breeding, in the following year. Hypotheses based on reproductive costs have often been proposed to explain this. However, because of the intrinsic relationship between age and experience, the apparent inferiority of first-time breeders at the population level may result from selection, and experience may not influence performance within each individual. In this paper we address the question of phenotypic correlations between fitness components. This addresses differences in individual quality, a prerequisite for a selection process to occur. We also test the hypothesis of an influence of experience on these components while taking age and reproductive success into account: two factors likely to play a key role in a selection process. 2. Using data from a long-term study on the kittiwake, we found that first-time breeders have a lower probability of success, a lower survival and a lower probability of breeding in the next year than experienced breeders. However, neither experienced nor inexperienced breeders have a lower survival or a lower probability of breeding in the following year than birds that skipped a breeding opportunity. This suggests heterogeneity in quality among individuals. 3. Failed birds have a lower survival and a lower probability of breeding in the following year regardless of experience. This can be interpreted in the light of the selection hypothesis. The inferiority of inexperienced breeders may be linked to a higher proportion of lower-quality individuals in younger age classes. When age and breeding success are controlled for, there is no evidence of an influence of experience on survival or future breeding probability. 4. Using data from individuals whose reproductive life lasted the same number of years, we investigated the influence of experience on reproductive performance within individuals. There is no strong evidence that a process operating within individuals explains the improvement in performance observed at the population level. C1 Univ Paris 06, Inst Ecol, CNRS, URA 258, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Univ Bretagne Occidentale, Dept Biol, F-29285 Brest, France. RP Cam, E (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 97 TC 116 Z9 117 U1 2 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 69 IS 3 BP 380 EP 394 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00400.x PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 312BF UT WOS:000086922900002 ER PT J AU Jacobson, PJ Jacobson, KM Angermeier, PL Cherry, DS AF Jacobson, PJ Jacobson, KM Angermeier, PL Cherry, DS TI Hydrologic influences on soil properties along ephemeral rivers in the Namib Desert SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE alluvial soils; hydrology; silt; soil nutrients; organic matter; soil moisture; salinity; Africa ID INTERIOR ALASKA; FLOODPLAIN AB Soils were examined along three ephemeral rivers in the Namib Desert to assess the influence of their hydrologic characteristics on soil properties. Soils consisted of layers of fluvially deposited, organic-rich silts, interstratified with fluvial and aeolian sands. The most significant influence of the ephemeral hydrologic regime upon soils was related to the downstream alluviation associated with hydrologic decay. This alluviation increased the silt proportion of soils in the lower reaches of the rivers. Organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous were correlated with silt content, and silt deposition patterns influenced patterns of moisture availability and plant rooting, creating and maintaining micro-habitats for various organisms. Localized salinization occurred in association with wetland sites and soluble salt content tended to increase downstream. Because of the covariance between silt and macronutrients, and the influence of silt upon moisture availability and habitat suitability, alluviation patterns associated with the hydrologic regime strongly influence the structure, productivity, and spatial distribution of biotic communities in ephemeral river ecosystems. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Grinnell Coll, Dept Biol, Grinnell, IA 50112 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Jacobson, PJ (reprint author), Grinnell Coll, Dept Biol, POB 805, Grinnell, IA 50112 USA. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 45 IS 1 BP 21 EP 34 DI 10.1006/jare.1999.0619 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 322AU UT WOS:000087488600003 ER PT J AU Edwards, ME Anderson, PM Brubaker, LB Ager, TA Andreev, AA Bigelow, NH Cwynar, LC Eisner, WR Harrison, SP Hu, FS Jolly, D Lozhkin, AV MacDonald, GM Mock, CJ Ritchie, JC Sher, AV Spear, RW Williams, JW Yu, G AF Edwards, ME Anderson, PM Brubaker, LB Ager, TA Andreev, AA Bigelow, NH Cwynar, LC Eisner, WR Harrison, SP Hu, FS Jolly, D Lozhkin, AV MacDonald, GM Mock, CJ Ritchie, JC Sher, AV Spear, RW Williams, JW Yu, G TI Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 C-14 yr BP SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE pollen data; plant functional types; biomes; vegetation changes; climate changes; Alaska; eastern Siberia; mid-Holocene; last glacial maximum ID LATE-QUATERNARY VEGETATION; MACKENZIE RIVER BASIN; NORTHWESTERN ALASKA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; POSTGLACIAL VEGETATION; NORTHEASTERN ALASKA; MODEL SIMULATIONS; NORTHERN YUKON; LATE WISCONSIN; BROOKS RANGE AB The objective biomization method developed by Prentice ef al. (1996) for Europe was extended using modern pollen samples from Beringia and then applied to fossil pollen data to reconstruct palaeovegetation patterns at 6000 and 18,000 C-14 yr sp. The predicted modern distribution of tundra, taiga and cool conifer forests in Alaska and north-western Canada generally corresponds well to actual vegetation patterns, although sites in regions characterized today by a mosaic of forest and tundra vegetation tend to be preferentially assigned to tundra. Siberian larch forests are delimited less well, probably due to the extreme under-representation of Larix in pollen spectra. The biome distribution across Beringia at 6000 C-14 yr sp was broadly similar to today, with little change in the northern forest limit, except for a possible northward advance in the Mackenzie delta region. The western forest limit in Alaska was probably east of its modern position. At 18,000 C-14 yr sr the whole of Beringia was covered by tundra. However; the importance of the various plant functional types varied from site to site, supporting the idea that the vegetation cover was a mosaic of different tundra types. C1 NTNU, Dept Geog, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr AK60, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources AR10, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Alaska, Alaska Quaternary Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geog, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Univ Lund, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, NE Interdisciplinary Res Inst, Magadan 68500, Russia. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Pebbledash Cottage, Taunton TA3 7AJ, Somerset, England. Russian Acad Sci, Severtsov Inst Ecol & Evolut, Moscow 117071, Russia. SUNY Coll Geneseo, Dept Biol, Geneseo, NY 14454 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Nanjing Univ, Dept Geo & Ocean Sci, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China. RP Edwards, ME (reprint author), NTNU, Dept Geog, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. RI Cwynar, Les/I-4214-2012; Andreev, Andrei/J-2701-2015; OI Harrison, Sandy/0000-0001-5687-1903 NR 140 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 27 IS 3 BP 521 EP 554 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x PG 34 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 388KP UT WOS:000166179900002 ER PT J AU Thompson, RS Anderson, KH AF Thompson, RS Anderson, KH TI Biomes of western North America at 18,000, 6000 and 0 C-14 yr BP reconstructed from pollen and packrat midden data SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE packrat middens; pollen data; plant macrofossil data; plant functional types; biomes; vegetation changes; western North America; last glacial maximum; mid-Holocene ID LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION; PLANT MACROFOSSIL DATA; SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; POSTGLACIAL VEGETATION; HOLOCENE VEGETATION; CLIMATE HISTORY; NATIONAL-PARKS; SIERRA-NEVADA; MOJAVE DESERT; CASCADE RANGE AB A new compilation of pollen and packrat midden data from western North America provides a refined reconstruction of the composition and distribution of biomes in western North America for today and for 6000 and 18,000 radiocarbon years before present (C-14 yr BP). Modern biomes in western North America are adequately portrayed by pollen assemblages from lakes and bogs. Forest biomes in western North America share many taxa in their pollen spectra and it can be difficult to discriminate among these biomes. Plant macrofossils from packrat middens provide reliable identification of modern biomes from arid and semiarid regions, and this may also be true in similar environments in other parts of the world. However, a weighting factor for trees and shrubs must be used to reliably reconstruct modern biomes from plant macrofossils. A new biome, open conifer woodland, which includes eurythermic conifers and steppe plants, was defined to categorize much of the current and past vegetation of the semiarid interior of western North America. At 6000 C-14 yr BP, the forest biomes of the coastal Pacific North-west and the desert biomes of the South-west were in near-modern positions. Biomes in the interior Pacific Northwest differed from those of today in that taiga prevailed in modern cool/cold mixed forests. Steppe was present in areas occupied today by open conifer woodland in the northern Great Basin, while in the central and southern Rocky Mountains forests grew where steppe grows today. During the mid-Holocene, cool conifer forests were expanded in the Rocky Mountains (relative to today) but contracted in the Sierra Nevada. These differences from the forests of today imply different climatic histories in these two regions between 6000 C-14 yr sp and today. At 18,000 C-14 yr sp, deserts were absent from the South-west and the coverage of open conifer woodland was greatly expanded relative to today. Steppe and tundra were present in much Of the region now covered by forests in the Pacific North-west. C1 US Geol Survey, Earth Surface Proc Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Thompson, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earth Surface Proc Team, Box 25046,MS980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 134 TC 129 Z9 133 U1 6 U2 35 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 27 IS 3 BP 555 EP 584 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00427.x PG 30 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 388KP UT WOS:000166179900003 ER PT J AU Crepeau, KL Kuivila, KM AF Crepeau, KL Kuivila, KM TI Rice pesticide concentrations in the Colusa Basin Drain and the Sacramento River, California, 1990-1993 SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID STRIPED BASS; MOLINATE; DISSIPATION; CARBOFURAN; TOXICITY; FIELD AB The pesticides molinate, thiobencarb, and carbofuran are applied to rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields in the Sacramento Valley, California, each year during April through June. These pesticides are of concern because of their adverse effects on water quality and their potential adverse effects on aquatic: life. Therefore, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board (CRWQCB) mandated the holding of irrigation-return water in rice fields to increase pesticide degradation and dissipation before the water is released to the Sacramento River. The CRWQCB also established performance goals to maintain drinking water quality for the city of Sacramento and to protect the habitat for aquatic life. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of increased irrigation-return water holding times on rice pesticide concentrations and loads in the Colusa Basin Drain and the Sacramento River. Dissolved pesticide concentrations were measured in water samples collected in May through July during 1990-1993 at the Colusa Basin Drain at Road 99E near Knights Landing (Colusa Basin Drain) and at the Sacramento River at Sacramento. Pesticide concentrations and loads at both sites showed a decrease from 1990-1992 and an increase in 1993. This trend cannot be explained by the yearly holding time regulations but can be explained by the amount of yearly emergency releases. The yearly changes in pesticide concentration detected demonstrate that continued monitoring and management of pesticides is necessary to maintain water quality. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Crepeau, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 926 EP 935 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WT UT WOS:000089412100031 ER PT J AU Beauchamp, PE Dev, V Munevar-Mendoza, E Moore, PE AF Beauchamp, PE Dev, V Munevar-Mendoza, E Moore, PE TI Composition of Pteryxia terebinthina var. californica (Coult. and Rose) mathias essential oils SO JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Pteryxia terebinthina var. californica; Cymopterus terebinthinus var. californicus; Apiaceae; essential oil composition; beta-pinene; beta-phellandrene; delta-3-carene; beta-dihydroagarofuran; guaiol; osthol ID C-13 NMR; COUMARINS AB beta-Pinene (35.%, 53.8%) was the major component of both the aerial parts and the root oils of Pteryxia terebinthina var. californica, respectively. beta-Phellandrene (12.2%) was the other most abundant component of the oil from aeial parts while delta-3-carene (14.2%) was the second abundant component of the root oil. C1 Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Chem, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. US Geol Survey, Yosemite Field Stn, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. RP Dev, V (reprint author), Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Chem, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALLURED PUBL CORP PI CAROL STREAM PA 362 S SCHMALE RD, CAROL STREAM, IL 60188-2787 USA SN 1041-2905 J9 J ESSENT OIL RES JI J. Essent. Oil Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 372 EP 376 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 336EE UT WOS:000088288300025 ER PT J AU Zuffa, GG Normark, WR Serra, F Brunner, CA AF Zuffa, GG Normark, WR Serra, F Brunner, CA TI Turbidite megabeds in an oceanic rift valley recording jokulhlaups of late pleistocene glacial lakes of the western United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MISSOULA; FLOODS; WASHINGTON; COLUMBIA; RIVER; DISCHARGES; MAGNITUDES AB Escanaba Trough is the southernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge and is filled by sandy turbidites locally exceeding 500 m in thickness. New results from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1037 and 1038 that include accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) C-14 dates and revised petrographic evaluation of the sediment provenance, combined with high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, provide a lithostratigraphic framework for the turbidite deposits. Three fining-upward units of sandy turbidites from the upper 365 m at ODP Site 1037 can be correlated with sediment recovered at ODP Site 1038 and Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) Site 35. Six AMS C-14 ages in the upper 317 m of the sequence at Site 1037 indicate that average deposition rates exceeded 10 m/k.yr. between 32 and 11 ka, with nearly instantaneous deposition of one similar to 60-m interval of sand. Petrography of the sand beds is consistent with a Columbia River source for the entire sedimentary sequence in Escanaba Trough. High-resolution acoustic stratigraphy shows that the turbidites in the upper 60 m at Site 1037 provide a characteristic sequence of key reflectors that occurs across the floor of the entire Escanaba Trough. Recent mapping of turbidite systems in the northeast Pacific Ocean suggests that the turbidity currents reached the Escanaba Trough along an 1100-km-long pathway from the Columbia River to the west flank of the Gorda Ridge. The age of the upper fining-upward unit of sandy turbidites appears to correspond to the latest Wisconsinan outburst of glacial Lake Missoula. Many of the outbursts, or jokulhlaups, from the glacial lakes probably continued flowing as hyperpycnally generated turbidity currents on entering the sea at the mouth of the Columbia River. C1 Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Sci Terra & Geol Ambientali, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. US Geol Survey, MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Zuffa, GG (reprint author), Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Sci Terra & Geol Ambientali, Via Zamboni 67, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. RI Brunner, Charlotte/A-9705-2014 OI Brunner, Charlotte/0000-0002-6200-167X NR 59 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 14 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 IS 3 BP 253 EP 274 DI 10.1086/314404 PG 22 WC Geology SC Geology GA 314JE UT WOS:000087052000001 ER PT J AU Tulloch, DL Robinson, M AF Tulloch, DL Robinson, M TI A progress report on a US National Survey of Geospatial Framework Data SO JOURNAL OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION LA English DT Article DE geographic information systems; geospatial data; metadata AB Although federally supported geospatial data clearinghouses have appeared on the Internet, there exist few resources allowing for a coordinated collection of publicly available geospatial data over large areas. The completion of a national survey of potential producers of geospatial data provides users with a new way of learning about relevant, publicly accessible data when they embark on projects with a spatial component. This article presents a progress report on the National Survey of Geospatial Framework Data. The survey's methodology is described, allowing for readers to anticipate both the nature and extent of the survey results. Also described are the means by which the final results will be released. The survey results will serve as a major national source of information regarding where public geospatial data can be obtained at all levels of government. This article is intended to encourage access to the survey results so the results reach an appropriate audience while still timely and relevant. The survey will serve as a new source of information having implications for access to geospatial data nationwide. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Grant F Walton Ctr Remote Sensing & Spatial Anal, Dept Landscape Architecture, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Fed Geog Data Comm, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Tulloch, DL (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Grant F Walton Ctr Remote Sensing & Spatial Anal, Dept Landscape Architecture, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-0237 J9 J GOV INFORM JI J. Gov. Inf. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 3 BP 285 EP 298 DI 10.1016/S1352-0237(00)00155-6 PG 14 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 335VH UT WOS:000088265100001 ER PT J AU White, PJ Ralls, K Siniff, DB AF White, PJ Ralls, K Siniff, DB TI Nocturnal encounters between kit foxes SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE association; behavior; California; kit fox; Vulpes macrotis ID MORTALITY; EVOLUTION; PATTERNS; WOLVES AB Kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis) are nocturnal, monogamous, and territorial. We used telemetry to monitor nocturnal interactions of pair members with each other and neighboring foxes in central California during 1989-1991. Observed distances between mated foxes consistently were closer than expected by chance. This positive association probably resulted from a tendency for foxes to move around common den or foraging sites; mates did not exhibit concordant movement patterns. Nocturnal encounters probably are not necessary to maintain pair bonds because mates regularly share dens during the day throughout the year. Encounters may be more important during pair formation because members of recently formed pairs encountered each other more frequently (>16% of locations) than did established pairs (<13% of locations). Observed distances between neighboring foxes were not consistently closer or further apart than expected by chance, and encounters were rare (<2% of locations). Hence, direct interactions between neighboring foxes may be relatively unimportant for maintaining established territories. However, 2 male mated kit foxes trespassed into neighboring territories during the breeding season, probably in search of extrapair copulations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP White, PJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. EM patrick_white@fws.gov NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 81 IS 2 BP 456 EP 461 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0456:NEBKF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 316ET UT WOS:000087155200013 ER PT J AU DeStefano, S Schmidt, SL deVos, JC AF DeStefano, S Schmidt, SL deVos, JC TI Observations of predator activity at wildlife water developments in southern Arizona SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE carnivores; desert ecology; raptors; predator-prey relationships; ungulates; wildlife management ID DESERT AB Wildlife water developments have been constructed and maintained throughout the arid western United States to benefit big game and upland gamebird populations. There is debate, however, over possible detriments to wildlife from artificial water sources in deserts and other arid environments. One concern is that water developments attract predators, which then impact the prey populations that these developments are intended to benefit. To examine the extent of predator activity around water developments, we examined 15 paired water and non-water (random) sites for sign (scats, tracks, visual observations, animal parts such as feathers and bones, and carcasses) of predators and prey. Predator sign was 7x greater around water sites than non-water sites (P = 0.002). Coyote (Canis latrans Say) sign accounted for 79% of all predator sign and was 7x greater mar water than away from water (P = 0.006). Amount of sign for all prey species combined was not different between paired sites (P = 0.6), but results for individual species and groups of species was variable; passerine and gallinaceous bird sign was greater around water sites (P = 0.008), ungulate sign was not different between water and non-water sites (P greater than or equal to 0.20), and lagomorph sign was almost 2x greater away from water than near water (P = 0.05). Predators were probably attracted to wildlife water developments to drink rather than hunt; without water developments, predators may be even more concentrated around the fewer natural water sites. C1 Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85023 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP DeStefano, S (reprint author), Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 104 Biol Sci E, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 53 IS 3 BP 255 EP 258 DI 10.2307/4003428 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337DA UT WOS:000088341100002 ER PT J AU Morton, RA Paine, JG Blum, MD AF Morton, RA Paine, JG Blum, MD TI Responses of stable bay-margin and barrier-island systems to holocene sea-level highstands, Western Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FLORIDA; OCEAN AB The microtidal, wave-dominated coast of the western Gulf of Mexico displays a variety of Holocene geomorphic features indicating higher-than-present water levels that were previously attributed to storm processes while geoidal sea level was at its present position. Field and aerial-photograph examinations of bay margins, barrier islands, and beach-ridge plains following major hurricanes show that the elevated features are inundated periodically by high storm surge. Despite their inundation, these highstand features are not modified by modern storm processes, Instead, storm-related erosion and deposition are always seward of and lower than the highstand features and are always limited to the extant shorezone, where elevations typically are less than 1.5 m above present sea level. Bay-margin and lagoonal highstand indicators include raised marshes and subtidal hats, wave-cut benches, abandoned wave-cut scarps with fringing marshes and/or beach ridges, and accretionary islands and recurved spits. Other emergent marine features include abandoned compound flood-tidal delta and washover fan complexes attached to barrier islands and anomalously high beach ridges within both the barrier-island complexes and beach-ridge plains. The highest beach ridges, raised marshes and hats, and erosional scarps and benches are manifestations of one or more rising phases and highstands in sea level, whereas the lower marshes and accretionary topography are mainly products of the falling phases and shoreface adjustment to present sea level. Different elevations of beach-ridge sets, discordant truncation of beach ridges, and elevated marine- and brackish-water faunal assemblages preserved in beach ridges, raised marshes and hats, and natural levees are compelling evidence of sea-level fluctuations of +/-1 to 1.5 m from about 5500 to 1200 cal yr BP, Independent evidence from studies of geodynamic, climatic, and glacio-eustatic processes can explain the mid-Holocene highstands and late Holocene lowering of sea level that is observed in tectonically stable coastal regions far from former centers of glaciation. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78713 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Geol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Morton, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RI Paine, Jeffrey/K-3379-2012 NR 49 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 7 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 70 IS 3 BP 478 EP 490 DI 10.1306/2DC40921-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D PN A PG 13 WC Geology SC Geology GA 319EQ UT WOS:000087328900007 ER PT J AU Kirkland, DW Denison, RE Dean, WE AF Kirkland, DW Denison, RE Dean, WE TI Parent brine of the Castile evaporites (Upper Permian), Texas and New Mexico SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DELAWARE BASIN; WEST TEXAS; SEAWATER SR-87/SR-86; STRONTIUM ISOTOPES; MARINE; WATER; USA; EVOLUTION; SEDIMENTS; ORIGIN AB The Upper Permian (lower Ochoan) Castile Formation is a major evaporite sequence (similar to 10,000 km(3)) of calcite, anhydrite, and halite in west Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Traditionally the Castile brine has been considered to have been derived from seawater. This tradition has recently been challenged by two versions of the closed-basin drawdown model. They call for deposition from a mixed brine, in part marine and in large part nonmarine. They propose drawdown of as much as 500 m to form a major sink for ground water issuing from the surrounding Capitan reef complex. A large fraction of the solute in the brine body is inferred to have been recycled from older Permian evaporites on the surrounding shelf. Strontium-isotope analyses show no evidence that meteoric ground water was contributed to the Castile brine. From a stratigraphic, geo graphic, and lithologic array of 65 samples of anhydrite, gypsum, and calcite, 59 have an Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of 0.706923 (Delta sw of -225.0), a ratio that is the same as that of strontium in early Ochoan ocean water. If considerable (>15%) influx of meteoric water had occurred, enough continental strontium would have been introduced to have resulted in higher ratios. Low bromide values (20-40 ppm) in Castile halite, which have been used to argue for meteoric influx and for recycled salt, probably resulted from diagenesis. During shallow burial by halite, centimeter-size, bottom-grown crystals of gypsum were altered to nodular anhydrite, The rising water of dehydration caused the halite to recrystallize. During the recrystallization, some bromide was expelled. Despite the large volume of water that evaporated annually from its surface (similar to 52 km(3)/yr, assuming an evaporation rate of 2 m/yr), the Castile brine body never completely desiccated, The surrounding shelf was flat, hot, and generally dry. It probably could not have supplied a significant volume of meteoric spring water to the basin over tens of thousands of years. More likely, during the entire history of the evaporite sequence, influx was dominantly marine. Marine ground water flowed through the Capitan Formation into the evaporite basin along its southern and possibly western margin probably with a rate of flow that was usually fast enough to prevent major drawdown of the brine surface. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Geosci, Richardson, TX 75288 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kirkland, DW (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Geosci, Richardson, TX 75288 USA. NR 84 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 70 IS 3 BP 749 EP 761 DI 10.1306/2DC40935-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D PN A PG 13 WC Geology SC Geology GA 319EQ UT WOS:000087328900027 ER PT J AU Galey, FD Terra, R Walker, R Adaska, J Etchebarne, MA Puschner, B Fisher, E Whitlock, RH Rocke, T Willoughby, D Tor, E AF Galey, FD Terra, R Walker, R Adaska, J Etchebarne, MA Puschner, B Fisher, E Whitlock, RH Rocke, T Willoughby, D Tor, E TI Type C botulism in dairy cattle from feed contaminated with a dead cat SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ENSILED POULTRY LITTER; INTOXICATION; HORSES AB Four hundred twenty-seven of 441 adult Holstein dairy cattle from a 1,200-cow dairy died over a 1-week period during early spring 1998. Affected animals were from 4 late lactation pens, one of which included the bull string. Signs included weakness, recumbency, watery diarrhea, and death. Eighty animals from the 4 pens were dead approximately 8 hours after the first ill cows were noted. Affected cows would collapse on stimulation and extend all 4 limbs with moderate rigidity. Several lacked lingual tonus and had abdominal breathing patterns. The animals had been fed a load of total mixed ration that included a rotten bale of oat hay containing a dead cat. No common toxicants were identified, and pathologic examination revealed no consistent lesions. Testing of tissue from the cat carcass found in the feed sample using mouse protection bioassay identified the presence of type C botulinum toxin. Samples of feed, tissue from affected animals, cat tissue from feed, milk, and serum were also tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for type C botulinum. Two samples of rumen contents were tested and found to be positive for botulism by ELISA, and 1 of 3 liver samples had a weak positive finding. No botulinum toxin was found in milk or sera using the ELISA. C1 Wyoming State Vet Lab, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Calif Vet Diagnost Lab Syst, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Landern Vet Clin, Turlock, CA 95381 USA. Calif Vet Diagnost Lab Syst, Tulare, CA 93274 USA. Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Dept Clin Studies, Kennett Square, PA 19348 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Calif Dept Food & Agr, Anim Hlth Branch, Modesto, CA 95351 USA. RP Galey, FD (reprint author), Wyoming State Vet Lab, 1174 Snowy Range Rd, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 NR 22 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 204 EP 209 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 312MP UT WOS:000086947300002 PM 10826832 ER PT J AU Alcorn, SW Pascho, RJ AF Alcorn, SW Pascho, RJ TI Single-dilution enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of antigen-specific salmonid antibody SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID TURBOT SCOPHTHALMUS-MAXIMUS; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; EDWARDSIELLA-ICTALURI; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; SOLUBLE-ANTIGEN; CHANNEL CATFISH; CHINOOK SALMON; TROUT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN AB An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed on the basis of testing a single dilution of serum to quantify the level of antibody to the p57 protein of Renibacterium salmoninarum in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). The levels of antibody were interpolated from a standard curve constructed by relating the optical densities (OD) produced by several dilutions of a high-titer rainbow trout (O. mykiss) antiserum to the p57 protein. The ELISA OD values produced by as many as 36 test sera on each microplate were compared with the standard curve to calculate the antigen-specific antibody activity. Repeated measurements of 36 samples on 3 microplates on each of 6 assay dates indicated that the mean intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.68% (range, 0-23%) and the mean interassay CV was 8.29% (range, 4-16%). The antibody levels determined for the serum sample from 24 sockeye salmon vaccinated with a recombinant p57 protein generally were correlated with the levels determined by endpoint titration (r(2) = 0.936) and with results from another ELISA that was based on extrapolation of antibody levels from a standard curve (r(2) = 0.956). The single-dilution antibody ELISA described here increases the number of samples that can be tested on each microplate compared with immunoassays based on analysis of several dilutions of each test serum. It includes controls for interassay standardization and can be used to test fish weighing <3 g. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Alcorn, SW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 245 EP 252 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 312MP UT WOS:000086947300008 PM 10826838 ER PT J AU Watson, IM Oppenheimer, C Voight, B Francis, P Clarke, A Stix, J Miller, A Pyle, DM Burton, MR Young, SR Norton, G Loughlin, S Darroux, B Staff, MVO AF Watson, IM Oppenheimer, C Voight, B Francis, P Clarke, A Stix, J Miller, A Pyle, DM Burton, MR Young, SR Norton, G Loughlin, S Darroux, B Staff, MVO TI The relationship between degassing and ground deformation at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE degassing-deformation correlation; cyclic activity; COSPEC; Soufriere Hills Volcano ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; GALERAS-VOLCANO; REAL-TIME; JULY 1995; SO2; ERUPTION; SEISMICITY; SULFUR AB We examine the correlations between SO2 emission rate, seismicity and ground deformation in the month prior to the 25 June 1997 dome collapse of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. During this period, the volcano exhibited a pattern of cyclic inflation and deflation with an 8-14 h period. We find that SO2 emission rates, measured by COSPEC, correlate with the amplitude of these tilt cycles, and that higher rates of SO2 emission were associated with stronger ground deformation and enhanced hybrid seismicity. Within tilt cycles, degassing peaks coincide with maximum deformation gradients. Increases in the amount of gas in the magma conduit feeding the dome, probably due to increases in volatile content of ascending magma Volume can account for the observed increases in tilt amplitude, hybrid seismicity and SO2 emission rate. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Montreal, Dept Geol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. Geowalks, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. British Geol Survey, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Montserrat Volcano Observ, Montserrat, WI USA. RP Watson, IM (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Downing Pl, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. RI Watson, Matt/E-5236-2011; Pyle, David/C-5707-2009; Jolly, Gill/G-9637-2014; Burton, Mike/B-5716-2014; Oppenheimer, Clive/G-9881-2013 OI Watson, Matt/0000-0001-9198-2203; Pyle, David/0000-0002-2663-9940; Jolly, Gill/0000-0003-1413-2541; Burton, Mike/0000-0003-3779-4812; Oppenheimer, Clive/0000-0003-4506-7260 NR 27 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 98 IS 1-4 BP 117 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00187-0 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 330EW UT WOS:000087950700006 ER PT J AU Bachmann, O Dungan, MA Lipman, PW AF Bachmann, O Dungan, MA Lipman, PW TI Voluminous lava-like precursor to a major ash-flow tuff: low-column pyroclastic eruption of the Pagosa Peak Dacite, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pyroclastic flow; rheomorphic flow; ash-flow tuff ID FISH-CANYON TUFF; EFFUSIVE SILICIC VOLCANISM; SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO; PIECEMEAL CALDERA; MAGMA-CHAMBER; IGNIMBRITE; CRYSTALLIZATION; EMPLACEMENT; CONSTRAINTS; COMPLEX AB The Pagosa Peak Dacite is an unusual pyroclastic deposit that immediately predated eruption of the enormous Fish Canyon Tuff (similar to 5000 km(3)) from the La Garita caldera at 28 Ma. The Pagosa Peak Dacite is thick (to 1 km), voluminous (>200 km(3)), and has a high aspect ratio (1:50) similar to those of silicic lava flows. It contains a high proportion (40-60%) of juvenile clasts (to 3-4 m) emplaced as viscous magma that was less vesiculated than typical pumice. Accidental lithic fragments are absent above the basal 5-10% of the unit. Thick densely welded proximal deposits Bowed rheomorphically due to gravitational spreading, despite the very high viscosity of the crystal-rich magma, resulting in a macroscopic appearance similar to flow-layered silicic lava. Although it is a separate depositional unit, the Pagosa Peak Dacite is indistinguishable from the overlying Fish Canyon Tuff in bulk-rock chemistry, phenocryst compositions, and Ar-40/Ar-39 age. The unusual characteristics of this deposit are interpreted as consequences of eruption by low-column pyroclastic fountaining and lateral transport as dense, poorly inflated pyroclastic flows. The inferred eruptive style may be in part related to synchronous disruption of the southern margin of the Fish Canyon magma chamber by block faulting. The Pagosa Peak eruptive sources are apparently buried in the southern La Garita caldera, where northerly extensions of observed syneruptive faults served as fissure vents. Cumulative vent cross-sections were large, leading to relatively low emission velocities for a given discharge rate. Many successive pyroclastic flows accumulated sufficiently rapidly to weld densely as a cooling unit up to 1000 m thick and to retain heat adequately to permit rheomorphic flow. Explosive potential of the magma may have been reduced by degassing during ascent through fissure conduits, leading to fracture-dominated magma fragmentation at low vesicularity. Subsequent collapse of the 75 x 35 km(2) La Garita caldera and eruption of the Fish Canyon Tuff were probably triggered by destabilization of the chamber roof as magma was withdrawn during the Pagosa Peak eruption. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Geneva, Sect Sci Terre, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bachmann, O (reprint author), Univ Geneva, Sect Sci Terre, 13 Rue Maraichers, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. NR 58 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 98 IS 1-4 BP 153 EP 171 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00185-7 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 330EW UT WOS:000087950700008 ER PT J AU Ning, XR Cloern, JE Cole, BE AF Ning, XR Cloern, JE Cole, BE TI Spatial and temporal variability of picocyanobacteria Synechococcus sp in San Francisco Bay SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PHYTOPLANKTON; BIOMASS; MARINE; SIZE; PICOPLANKTON; DYNAMICS; ESTUARY; WATERS; ECOSYSTEMS; PLANKTON AB We collected samples monthly, from April to August 1998, to measure the abundance of autotrophic picoplankton in San Francisco Bay. Samples taken along a 160-km transect showed that picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus sp.) was a persistent component of the San Francisco Bay phytoplankton in all the estuarine habitats, from freshwater to seawater and during all months of the spring-summer transition. Abundance ranged from 4.6 x 10(6) to 5.2 x 10(8) cells L(-1), with peak abundance during the spring bloom (April and May) and during July with a persistent spatial pattern of smallest abundance near the coastal ocean and highest abundance in the landward domains of the estuary. The picocyanobacterial component (as estimated percentage of chlorophyll a concentration) was, on average, 15% of total phytoplankton biomass during the summer-autumn nonbloom periods and only 2% of chlorophyll biomass during the spring bloom. This result is consistent with the emerging concept of a gradient of increasing importance of picocyanobacteria along the gradient of decreasing nutrient concentrations from estuaries to the open ocean. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. State Ocean Adm, Inst Oceanog 2, Hangzhou 310012, Peoples R China. RP Cloern, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS496,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jecloern@usgs.gov RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 32 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3 BP 695 EP 702 PG 8 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 309EG UT WOS:000086754900017 ER PT J AU Trust, KA Esler, D Woodin, BR Stegeman, JJ AF Trust, KA Esler, D Woodin, BR Stegeman, JJ TI Cytochrome P450 1A induction in sea ducks inhabiting nearshore areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE harlequin ducks; Barrow's goldeneye; EROD; Prince William Sound; oil exposure; population recovery ID EXXON-VALDEZ OIL; BAY CRUDE-OIL; ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; LARUS-ARGENTATUS; MALLARD DUCKS; MUSSEL BEDS; SPILL; BIRDS; PETROLEUM; SEDIMENTS AB Following the Exxon-Valdez oil spill, hepatic rates of EROD activity and thus, P450 1A expression, were significantly higher in harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) and Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) from oiled areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska when compared to birds front unoiled sites, Polychlorinated biphenyl exposure did not account for areal differences in P450 1A induction in harlequin ducks. Background hydrocarbon lo cls in Prince William Sound were negligible prior to the 1989 oil spill, but remnant Exxon-Valdez oil was still present in nearshore habitats of the spill zone coincident with our study. We conclude that P450 1A induction in sea ducks from areas oiled during the Exxon-Valdez oil spill was likely due to exposure to residual oil. We speculate that biochemical and physiological changes in individuals chronically exposed to oil may be constraining population recovery of some sea duck species affected by the spill. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 605 W 4th Ave,Rm G62, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. EM Kim_Trust@fws.gov NR 41 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 4 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 40 IS 5 BP 397 EP 403 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 321JF UT WOS:000087451800016 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN Alexander, CMO Wang, JH Brearley, AJ AF Grossman, JN Alexander, CMO Wang, JH Brearley, AJ TI Bleached chondrules: Evidence for widespread aqueous processes on the parent asteroids of ordinary chondrites SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UNEQUILIBRATED ORDINARY CHONDRITES; CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE; PRECURSOR COMPONENTS; CV3 CHONDRITES; SEMARKONA; METEORITE; ORIGIN; METAMORPHISM; MINERALOGY; BEARING AB We present the first detailed study of a population of texturally distinct chondrules previously described by Kurat (1969), Christophe Michel-Levy (1976), and Skinner et al. (1989) that are sharply depleted in alkalis and Al in their enter portions. These "bleached" chondrules, which are exclusively radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline in texture, have porous outer zones where mesostasis has been lost. Bleached chondrules are present in all type 3 ordinary chondrites and are present in lower abundances in types 4-6. They are most abundant in the L and LL groups, apparently less common in H chondrites, and absent in enstatite chondrites. We used x-ray mapping and traditional electron microprobe techniques to characterize bleached chondrules in a cross section of ordinary chondrites. We studied bleached chondrules from Semarkona by ion microprobe for trace elements and H isotopes, and by transmission electron microscopy. Chondrule bleaching was the result of low-temperature alteration by aqueous fluids flowing through fine-grained chondrite matrix prior to thermal metamorphism. During aqueous alteration, interstitial glass dissolved and was partially replaced by phyllosilicates, troilite was altered to pentlandite, but pyroxene was completely unaffected. Calcium-rich zones formed at the inner margins of the bleached zones, either as the result of the early stages of metamorphism or because of fluid-chondrule reaction. The mineralogy of bleached chondrules is extremely sensitive to thermal metamorphism in type 3 ordinary chondrites, and bleached zones provide a favorable location for the growth of metamorphic minerals in higher petrologic types. The ubiquitous presence of bleached chondrules in ordinary chondrites implies that they all experienced aqueous alteration early in their asteroidal histories, but there is no relationship between the degree of alteration and metamorphic grade. A correlation between the oxidation state of chondrite groups and their degree of aqueous alteration is consistent with the source of water being either accreted ices or water released during oxidation of organic matter. Ordinary chondrites were probably open systems after accretion, and aqueous fluids may have carried volatile elements with them during dehydration. Individual radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline chondrules were certainly open systems in all chondrites that experienced aqueous alteration leading to bleaching. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Grossman, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Alexander, Conel/N-7533-2013; Wang, Jianhua/D-6500-2011 OI Alexander, Conel/0000-0002-8558-1427; Wang, Jianhua/0000-0002-7671-2413 NR 52 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 5 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 35 IS 3 BP 467 EP 486 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 319GL UT WOS:000087333100005 ER PT J AU Lanphere, MA AF Lanphere, MA TI Comparison of conventional K-Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of young mafic volcanic rocks SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volcanic rocks; geochronology; K-Ar dating; Ar/Ar dating; western United States ID PARTIALLY DEGASSED XENOLITHS; AR-40-AR-39 ANALYSIS; ERUPTION AGE; REVERSAL; BRUNHES; BASALT; FIELD; SYSTEM; FLOWS; LAVAS AB K-Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 ages have been measured on nine mafic volcanic rocks younger than 1 myr from the Snake River Plain (Idaho), Mount Adams (Washington), and Crater Lake (Oregon). The K-Ar ages were calculated from Ar measurements made by isotope dilution and K2O measurements by flame photometry. The Ar-40/Ar-39 ages are incremental-heating experiments using a low-blank resistance-heated furnace. The results indicate that high-quality ages can be measured on young, mafic volcanic rocks using either the K-Ar or the Ar-40/Ar-39 technique. The precision of an (40)Arg/Ar-39 plateau age generally is better than the precision of a K-Ar age because the plateau age is calculated by pooling the ages of several gas increments. The precision of a plateau age generally is better than the precision of an isotope correlation (isochron) age for the same sample. For one sample the intercept of the isochron yielded an Ar-40/Ar-36 value significantly different from the atmospheric value of 295.5. Recalculation of increment ages using the isochron intercept for the composition of nonradiogenic Ar in the sample resulted in much better agreement of ages for this sample. The results of this study also indicate that, given suitable material and modern equipment, precise K-Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 ages can be measured on volcanic rocks as young as the latest Pleistocene, and perhaps even the Holocene. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lanphere, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 29 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 53 IS 3 BP 294 EP 301 DI 10.1006/qres.1999.2122 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 317VC UT WOS:000087246800003 ER PT J AU Cole, KL Wahl, E AF Cole, KL Wahl, E TI A late Holocene paleoecological record from Torrey Pines State Reserve, California SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE late Holocene; Los Penasquitos Lagoon; pollen; charcoal; Pinus torreyana; chemical stratigraphy; estuarine marsh; sedimentation rates ID PINUS-TORREYANA; ISLAND AB Paleoenvironments of the Torrey Pines State Reserve were reconstructed from a 3600-yr core from Los Penasquitos Lagoon using fossil pollen, spores, charcoal, chemical stratigraphy, particle size, and magnetic susceptibility. Late Holocene sediments were radiocarbon dated, while the historical sediments were dated using sediment chemistry, fossil pollen, and historical records. At 3600 yr B.P., the estuary was a brackish-water lagoon. By 2800 yr B.P,, Poaceae (grass) pollen increased to high levels, suggesting that the rising level of the core site led to its colonization by Spartina foliosa (cord-grass), the lowest-elevation plant type within regional estuaries. An increase in pollen and spores of moisture-dependent species suggests a climate with more available moisture after 2600 yr B.P. This change is similar to that found 280 km to the north at 3250 yr B.P., implying that regional climate changes were time-transgressive from north to south. Increased postsettlement sediment input resulted from nineteenth-century land disturbances caused by grazing and fire. Sedimentation rates increased further in the twentieth century due to closure of the estuarine mouth. The endemic Pinus torreyana (Torrey pine) was present at the site throughout this 3600-yr interval but was less numerous prior to 2100 yr B.P. This history may have contributed to the low genetic diversity of this species. (C) 2000 University of Washington. C1 No Arizona Univ, USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Cole, KL (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, POB 5614,Bldg 24, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 53 IS 3 BP 341 EP 351 DI 10.1006/qres.1999.2121 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 317VC UT WOS:000087246800008 ER PT J AU Watson, K AF Watson, K TI A diurnal animation of thermal images from a day-night pair SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; MODEL AB Interpretation of thermal images is often complicated because the physical property information is contained in both the spatial and temporal variations of the data and thermal models are necessary to extract and display this information. A linearized radiative transfer solution to the surface flux has been used to derive a function that is variant with respect to thermal inertia. This relationship makes it impossible to predict the temperature variation at any time in the diurnal cycle using only two distinct measurements (e.g., noon and midnight). An animation can then be constructed from a pair of day-night images to view both the spatial and temporal temperature changes throughout the diurnal cycle. A more complete solution for the invariant function, using the method of Laplace transforms and based on the linearized solution, was introduced. These results indicate that the linear model does not provide a sufficiently accurate estimate. Using standard conditions (latitude 30 degrees, solar declination 0 degrees, acquisition times at noon and midnight), this new relationship was used to predict temperature throughout the diurnal cycle to an rms error of 0.2 degrees C, which is close to the system noise of most thermal scanners. The method was further extended to include the primary effects of topographic slope with similar accuracy. The temperature was computed at 48 equally spaced times in the diurnal cycle with this algorithm using a co-registered day and night TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner) data pair (330 pixels, 450 lines) acquired of the Carlin, Nevada, area and a co-registered DEM (Digital Elevation Model). (Any reader can view the results by downloading the animation file from an identified ftp site.) The results illustrate the power of animation to display subtle temporal and spatial temperature changes, which can provide clues to structural controls and material property differences. This 'visual change' approach could significantly increase the use of thermal data for environmental, hazard, and resource studies. Published by Elsevier Science Inc., 2000. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Watson, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 72 IS 2 BP 237 EP 243 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00106-6 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 307YY UT WOS:000086682800008 ER PT J AU Scoppettone, GG Rissler, PH Buettner, ME AF Scoppettone, GG Rissler, PH Buettner, ME TI Reproductive longevity and fecundity associated with nonannual spawning in cui-ui SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; POPULATION; VIABILITY; TELEOSTS; GROWTH; SUCKER; SIZE AB The cui-ui Chasmistes cujus, a long-lived (40 years or more) and highly fecund catostomid, is often prevented from spawning in drought years. We studied the effect of cui-ui age on egg viability and the effect of nonannual spawning on fecundity in relation to length, age, and growth rate. Egg hatching and survival of swim-up larvae were examined for the offspring of first-time spawners, intermediate-aged females, and old females. Fecundity was tested for three growth categories (fast, intermediate, and slow) in years that were sufficiently wet to allow fish to spawn in the Truckee River and after dry years when fish did nor spawn because of river inaccessibility. Females in the fast-growth category were first-time spawners, those in the middle-growth category were young to middle aged, and those in the slow-growth category were middle aged to old. Females up to 44 years of age still had viable eggs and a reproductive life of at least 29 years. Fecundity was greater after no-spawn years (dry year) compared with a spawn year (wet year), especially for fish in the slow-growth category. This study provides insight into the reproductive adaptation of a long-lived western North American catostomid and suggests possible reasons for the wide variation in fecundity in other long-lived catostomids. Our data will be used to improve the accuracy of an existing cui-ui population viability model. The revised model will have greater sensitivity to cui-ui survival relative to their spawning frequency and, thus, contribute to better management of conditions needed for the long-term survival of endangered cui-ui. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reno, NV 89509 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA. RP Scoppettone, GG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 1340 Financial Blvd,Suite 161, Reno, NV 89509 USA. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 129 IS 3 BP 658 EP 669 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0658:RLAFAN>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 349ZX UT WOS:000089076500003 ER PT J AU Rosenfield, JA Todd, T Greil, R AF Rosenfield, JA Todd, T Greil, R TI Asymmetric hybridization and introgression between pink salmon and chinook salmon in the Laurentian Great Lakes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; PACIFIC SALMON; NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION; NEW-MEXICO; TROUT; DNA; TSHAWYTSCHA; COMPETITION; SELECTION AB Among Pacific salmon collected in the St. Marys River, five natural hybrids of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and one suspected backcross have been detected using morphologic, meristic, and color evidence. One allozyme (LDH, L-lactate dehydrogenase from muscle) and one nuclear DNA locus (growth hormone) for which species specific fixed differences exist were analyzed to detect additional hybrids and to determine if introgression had occurred. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used to identify the maternal parent of each hybrid. Evidence of introgression was found among the five previously identified hybrids. All hybrid specimens had chinook salmon mtDNA, indicating that hybridization between chinook salmon and pink salmon in the St. Marys River is asymmetric and perhaps unidirectional. Ecological, physiological, and sexual selection forces may contribute to this asymmetric hybridization. Introgression between these highly differentiated species has implications for management, systematics, and conservation of Pacific salmon. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Lake Super State Univ, Aquat Res Lab, Sault Ste Marie, MI 49783 USA. RP Rosenfield, JA (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, 167A Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RI Greil, Richard/C-7673-2017 OI Greil, Richard/0000-0002-4462-3694 NR 45 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 129 IS 3 BP 670 EP 679 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0670:AHAIBP>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 349ZX UT WOS:000089076500004 ER PT J AU Marshall, AR Blankenship, HL Connor, WP AF Marshall, AR Blankenship, HL Connor, WP TI Genetic characterization of naturally spawned Snake River fall-run chinook salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ALLELE FREQUENCY; TEMPORAL CHANGES; PACIFIC SALMON; POPULATIONS; FISH AB We sampled juvenile Snake River chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to genetically characterize the endangered Snake River fall-run population. Juveniles from fall and spring-summer lineages coexisted in our sampling areas but were differentiated by large allozyme allele frequency differences. We sorted juveniles by multilocus genotypes into putative fall and spring lineage subsamples and determined lineage composition using maximum likelihood estimation methods. Paired sMEP-1* and PGK-2* genotypes-encoding malic enzyme (NADP(+)) and phosphoglycerate kinase, respectively-were very effective for sorting juveniles by lineage, and subsamples estimated to be 100% fall lineage were obtained in four annual samples. We examined genetic relationships of these fall lineage juveniles with adjacent populations from the Columbia River and from Lyons Ferry Hatchery, which was established to perpetuate the Snake River fall-run population. Our samples of naturally produced Snake River fall lineage juveniles were most closely aligned with Lyons Ferry Hatchery samples. Although fall-run strays of Columbia River hatchery origin found on spawning grounds threaten the genetic integrity of the Snake River population, juvenile samples (a) showed distinctive patterns of allelic diversity, (b) were differentiated from Columbia River populations, and (c) substantiate earlier conclusions that this population is an important genetic resource. This first characterization of naturally produced Snake River fall chinook salmon provides a baseline for monitoring and recovery planning. C1 Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. RP Marshall, AR (reprint author), Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. NR 47 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 129 IS 3 BP 680 EP 698 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0680:GCOSSR>2.3.CO;2 PG 19 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 349ZX UT WOS:000089076500005 ER PT J AU Beckman, BR Larsen, DA Sharpe, C Lee-Pawlak, B Schreck, CB Dickhoff, WW AF Beckman, BR Larsen, DA Sharpe, C Lee-Pawlak, B Schreck, CB Dickhoff, WW TI Physiological status of naturally reared juvenile spring chinook salmon in the Yakima River: Seasonal dynamics and changes associated with smolting SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; UPPER FRASER-RIVER; ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; LIVER-GLYCOGEN; BROWN TROUT; HYPOOSMOREGULATORY ABILITY AB Two year-classes of juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Yakima River, Washington, were sampled from July (3-4 months postemergence) through May (yearling smolt out-migration). Physiological characters measured included liver glycogen, body lipid, gill Na+-K+ ATPase, plasma thyroxine (T-4), and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Distinct physiological changes were found that corresponded to season. Summer and fall were characterized by relatively high body lipid and condition factor. Winter was characterized by decreases in body lipid, condition factor, and plasma hormones. An increase in condition factor and body lipid was found in February and March. Finally, April and May were characterized by dramatic changes characteristic of smelting, including increased gill Na+-K+ ATPase activity, plasma T-4, and IGF-I and decreased condition factor, body lipid, and liver glycogen. These results create a physiological template for juvenile spring chinook salmon in the drainage that provides a baseline for comparison with other years, populations, and life history types. In addition, this baseline provides a standard for controlled laboratory experiments and a target for fish culturists who rear juvenile spring chinook salmon for release from conservation hatcheries. The implications of these results for juvenile chinook salmon ecology and life history are discussed. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Integrat Fish Biol Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Beckman, BR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Integrat Fish Biol Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. NR 81 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 129 IS 3 BP 727 EP 753 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0727:PSONRJ>2.3.CO;2 PG 27 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 349ZX UT WOS:000089076500008 ER PT J AU Waite, IR Carpenter, KD AF Waite, IR Carpenter, KD TI Associations among fish assemblage structure and environmental variables in Willamette Basin streams, Oregon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; WATER-QUALITY; RIVER; ECOREGIONS; PATTERNS AB As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program, fish were collected from 24 selected stream sites in the Willamette Basin during 1993-1995 to determine the composition of the fish assemblages and their relation to the chemical and physical environment. Variance in fish relative abundance was greater among all sites than among spatially distinct reaches within a site (spatial variation) or among multiple sampled years at a site (temporal variation). Therefore, data from a single reach in an individual year was considered to be a reliable estimator of the fish assemblage structure at a site when the data were normalized by percent relative abundance. Multivariate classification and ordination were used to examine patterns in environmental variables and fish relative abundance over differing spatial scales (among versus within ecoregions). Across all ecoregions tall sites), fish assemblages were primarily structured along environmental gradients of water temperature and stream gradient (coldwater, high-gradient forested sites versus warmwater, low-gradient Willamette Valley sites); this pattern superseded patterns that were ecoregion specific. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and physical habitat (e.g., riparian canopy and percent riffles) were associated with patterns of fish assemblages across all ecoregions; however, pesticide and total phosphorus concentrations were more important than physical habitat within the Willamette Valley ecoregion. Consideration of stream site stratification (e.g., stream size, ecoregion, and stream gradient), identification of fish to species level (particularly the sculpin family), and detailed measurement of habitat, diurnal dissolved oxygen, and water temperature were critical in evaluating the composition of fish assemblages in relation to land use. In general, these low-gradient valley streams typical of other agricultural regions had poor riparian systems and showed increases in water temperature, nutrients, and fine grain sediments that were associated with degradation in the native fish assemblages. There was an association of high abundances of introduced species and high percent external abnormalities in medium-sized river sites of mixed land use and high abundances of tolerant species in small streams of predominantly agricultural land use. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Waite, IR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. NR 51 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 129 IS 3 BP 754 EP 770 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0754:AAFASA>2.3.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 349ZX UT WOS:000089076500009 ER PT J AU Fox, DA Hightower, JE Paruka, FM AF Fox, DA Hightower, JE Paruka, FM TI Gulf sturgeon spawning migration and habitat in the Choctawhatchee River system, Alabama-Florida SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EARLY-LIFE-HISTORY; OF-MEXICO STURGEON; ACIPENSER OXYRINCHUS; ATLANTIC STURGEON; WHITE STURGEON; SHORTNOSE STURGEON; SUWANNEE RIVER; COLUMBIA RIVER; NORTH-AMERICA; HUDSON RIVER AB Information about spawning migration and spawning habitat is essential to maintain and ultimately restore populations of endangered and threatened species of anadromous fish. We used ultrasonic and radiotelemetry to monitor the movements of 35 adult Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi (a subspecies of the Atlantic sturgeon A. oxyrinchus) as they moved between Choctawhatchee Bay and the Choctawhatchee River system during the spring of 1996 and 1997. Histological analysis of gonadal biopsies was used to determine the sex and reproductive status of individuals. Telemetry results and egg sampling were used to identify Gulf sturgeon spawning sites and to examine the roles that sex and reproductive status play in migratory behavior Fertilized Gulf sturgeon eggs were collected in six locations in both the upper Choctawhatchee and Pea rivers. Hard bottom substrate, steep banks, and relatively high flows characterized collection sites. Ripe Gulf sturgeon occupied these spawning areas from late March through early May, which included the interval when Gulf sturgeon eggs were collected. For both sexes, ripe fish entered the Choctawhatchee River significantly earlier and at a lower water temperature and migrated further upstream than did nonripe fish. Males entered the Choctawhatchee River at a lower water temperature than females. Results from histology and telemetry support the hypothesis that male Gulf sturgeon may spawn annually, whereas females require more than 1 year between spawning events. Upper river hard bottom areas appear important for the successful spawning of Gulf sturgeon, and care should be taken to protect against habitat: loss or degradation of known spawning habitat. C1 N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Field Off, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. RP Hightower, JE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 44 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 129 IS 3 BP 811 EP 826 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0811:GSSMAH>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 349ZX UT WOS:000089076500013 ER PT J AU Johnson, CA Grimes, DJ Rye, RO AF Johnson, CA Grimes, DJ Rye, RO TI Fate of process solution cyanide and nitrate at three Nevada gold mines inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MINING AND METALLURGY SECTION C-MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY LA English DT Article ID THIOCYANATE; CHEMISTRY; BEHAVIOR; WATER; SOILS AB Stable isotope methods have been used to identify the mechanisms responsible for cyanide consumption at three heap-leach operations that process Carlin-type gold ores in Nevada, U.S.A. The reagent cyanide had delta N-15 values ranging from -5 to -2 parts per thousand and delta C-13 values from -60 to -35 parts per thousand. The wide delta C-13 range reflects the use by different suppliers of isotopically distinct natural-gas feedstocks and indicates that isotopes may be useful in environmental studies where there is a need to trace cyanide sources. In heap-leach circuits displaying from 5 to 98% consumption of cyanide, barren-solution and pregnant-solution cyanide were isotopically indistinguishable. The similarity is inconsistent with cyanide loss predominantly by HCN offgassing (a process that in laboratory experiments caused substantial isotopic changes), but it is consistent with cyanide retention within the heaps as solids, a process that caused minimal isotopic changes in laboratory simulations, or with cyanide oxidation, which also appears to cause minimal changes. In many pregnant solutions cyanide was carried entirely as metal complexes, which is consistent with ferrocyanides having precipitated or cyano-complexes having been adsorbed within the heaps. It is inferred that gaseous cyanide emissions from operations of this type are less important than has generally been thought and that the dissolution or desorption kinetics of solid species is an important control on cyanide elution when the spent heaps undergo rinsing. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonium had delta N-15 values of 1-16 parts per thousand. The data reflect isotopic fractionation during ammonia offgassing or denitrification of nitrate-particularly in reclaim ponds-but do not indicate the extent to which nitrate is derived from cyanide or from explosive residues. C1 US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Johnson, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU INST MINING METALLURGY PI LONDON PA 77 HALLAM ST, LONDON W1N 6BR, ENGLAND SN 0371-9553 J9 T I MIN METALL C JI Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. Sect. C-Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. PD MAY-AUG PY 2000 VL 109 BP C68 EP C78 PG 11 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 394VV UT WOS:000166544700002 ER PT J AU Hein, JR Stamatakis, MG Dowling, JS AF Hein, JR Stamatakis, MG Dowling, JS TI Trace metal-rich Quaternary hydrothermal manganese oxide and barite deposit, Milos Island, Greece SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF MINING AND METALLURGY SECTION B-APPLIED EARTH SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Meeting of SGA CY AUG 22-25, 1999 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP SGA ID ELEMENTS; ARC AB Synopsis The Cape Vani Mn oxide and barite deposit on Miles Island offers an excellent opportunity to study the three-dimensional characteristics of a shallow-water hydrothermal system. Miles Island is part of the active Aegean volcanic are. A 1 km long basin located between two dacitic domes in northwest Miles is filled with a 35-50 m thick section of Quaternary volcaniclastic and pyroclastic rocks capped by reef limestone that were hydrothermally mineralized by Mn oxides and barite. Manganese occurs as thin layers, as cement of sandstone and as metasomatic replacement of the limestone, including abundant fossil shells. Manganese minerals include chiefly delta -MnO2, pyrolusite and ramsdellite. The MnO contents for single beds range up to 60%. The Mn oxide deposits are rich in Pb (to 3.4%), BaO (to 3.1%), Zn (to 0.8%), As (to 0.3%), Sb (to 0.2%) and Ag (to 10 ppm). Strontium isotopic compositions of the Mn oxide deposits and sulphur isotopic compositions of the associated barite show that the mineralizing fluids were predominantly sea water. The Mn oxide deposit formed in close geographical proximity to sulphide-sulphate-Au-Ag deposits and the two deposit types probably formed from the same hydrothermal system. Precipitation of Mn oxide took place at shallow burial depths and was promoted by the mixing of modified sea water (hydrothermal fluid) from which the sulphides precipitated at depth and sea water that penetrated along faults and fractures in the Cape Vani volcaniclastic and tuff deposits. The hydrothermal fluid was formed from predominantly sea water that was enriched in metals leached from the basement and overlying volcanogenic rocks. The hydrothermal fluids were driven by convection sustained by heat from cooling magma chambers. Barite was deposited throughout the time of Mn oxide mineralization, which occurred in at least two episodes. Manganese mineralization occurred by both focused and diffuse flow, the fluids mineralizing the beds of greatest porosity and filling dilatational fractures along with barite. C1 US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Natl Univ Athens, Dept Geol, Athens, Greece. RP US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jhein@octopus.wr.usgs.gov NR 31 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0371-7453 EI 1743-2758 J9 T I MIN METALL B JI Tran. Inst. Min. Metall. Sect. B-App. Earth Sci. PD MAY-AUG PY 2000 VL 109 BP B67 EP B76 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 388XA UT WOS:000166207300001 ER PT J AU Borg, LE Brandon, AD Clynne, MA Walker, RJ AF Borg, LE Brandon, AD Clynne, MA Walker, RJ TI Re-Os isotopic systematics of primitive lavas from the Lassen region of the Cascade arc, California SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE rhenium; osmium; isotopes; calc-alkalic composition; subduction ID RIDGE BASALT GLASSES; SLAB-DERIVED FLUIDS; CALC-ALKALINE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; SUBDUCTION ZONES; UPPER-MANTLE; OSMIUM; CONSTRAINTS; RHENIUM AB Rhenium-osmium isotopic systematics of primitive calc-alkaline lavas from the Lassen region appear to be controlled by mantle wedge processes. Lavas with a large proportion of slab component have relatively low Re and Os abundances, and have radiogenic Os and mid ocean ridge basalt-like Sr and Pb isotopic compositions. Lavas with a small proportion of slab component have higher Re and Os elemental abundances and display mantle-like Os, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions. Assimilation with fractional crystallization can only generate the Re-Os systematics of the Lassen lavas from a common parent if the distribution coefficient for Re in sulfide is similar to 40-1100 times higher than most published estimates and if most incompatible element abundances decrease during differentiation. High Re/Os ratios in mid ocean ridge basalts makes subducted oceanic crust a potential source of radiogenic Os in Volcanic arcs. The slab beneath the southernmost Cascades is estimated to have Os-187/Os-188 ratios as high as 1.4, Mixing between a slab component and mantle wedge peridotite can generate the Os isotopic systematics of the Lassen lavas provided the slab component has a Sr/Os ratio of similar to 7.5 x 10(5) and Os abundances that are 100-600 times higher than mid ocean ridge basalts. For this model to be correct, Os must be readily mobilized and concentrated in the slab component, perhaps as a result of high water and HCl fugacities in this subduction environment. Another possible mechanism to account for the correlation between the magnitude of the subduction geochemical signature and Os isotopic composition involves increasing the stability of an Os-bearing phase in mantle wedge peridotites as a result of fluxing with the slab component. Melting of such a source could yield low Os magmas that are more susceptible to crustal contamination, and hence have more radiogenic Os isotopic compositions, than magmas derived from sources with a smaller contribution from the slab. Thus, the addition of the slab component to the mantle wedge appears to result in either the direct or indirect addition of radiogenic Os to are magmas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, Isotope Geochem Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Borg, LE (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RI Walker, Richard/K-6869-2016 OI Walker, Richard/0000-0003-0348-2407 NR 45 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD APR 30 PY 2000 VL 177 IS 3-4 BP 301 EP 317 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00051-0 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 310BR UT WOS:000086807100015 ER PT J AU Wolock, DM McCabe, GJ AF Wolock, DM McCabe, GJ TI Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100-and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE digital elevation model; DEM; data resolution; terrain characteristics ID TOPMODEL AB Topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data are compared for 50 locations representing varied terrain in the conterminous USA. The topographic characteristics are three parameters used extensively in hydrological research and modelling - slope (S), specific catchment area (A(s)) and a wetness index computed as the logarithm of the specific catchment area divided by slope [ln(A(s)/S)]. Slope values computed from 1000-m DEMs are smaller than those computed from 100-m DEMs; specific catchment area and the wetness index are larger for the 1000-m DEMs compared with the 100-m DEMs. Most of the differences between the 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs can be attributed to terrain-discretization effects in the computation of the topographic characteristics and are not the result of smoothing or loss of terrain detail in the coarse data. In general, the terrain-discretization effects are greatest on flat terrain with long length-scale features, and the smoothing effects are greatest on steep terrain with short length-scale features. For the most part, the differences in the average values of the topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs are predictable; that is, biases in the mean values for the characteristics computed from a 1000-m DEM can be corrected with simple linear equations. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Wolock, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. NR 16 TC 79 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 30 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 BP 987 EP 1002 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 313EF UT WOS:000086986800001 ER PT J AU Asquith, WH Famiglietti, JS AF Asquith, WH Famiglietti, JS TI Precipitation areal-reduction factor estimation using an annual-maxima centered approach SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric precipitation; probability; statistical analysis; Texas; watersheds ID POINT RAINFALL; TRANSFORMATION AB The adjustment of precipitation depth of a point storm to an effective (mean) depth over a watershed is important for characterizing rainfall-runoff relations and for cost-effective designs of hydraulic structures when design storms are considered. A design storm is the precipitation point depth having a specified duration and frequency (recurrence interval). Effective depths are often computed by multiplying point depths by areal-reduction factors (ARF). ARF range from 0 to 1, vary according to storm characteristics, such as recurrence interval; and are a function of watershed characteristics, such as watershed size, shape, and geographic location. This paper presents a new approach for estimating ARF and includes applications for the 1-day design storm in Austin, Dallas, and Houston, Texas. The approach, termed "annual-maxima centered," specifically considers the distribution of concurrent precipitation surrounding an annual-precipitation maxima, which is a feature not seen in other approaches. The approach does not require the prior spatial averaging of precipitation, explicit determination of spatial correlation coefficients, nor explicit definition of a representative area of a particular storm in the analysis. The annual-maxima centered approach was designed to exploit the wide availability of dense precipitation gauge data in many regions of the world. The approach produces ARF that decrease more rapidly than those from TP-29. Furthermore, the ARF from the approach decay rapidly with increasing recurrence interval of the annual-precipitation maxima. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Austin, TX 78754 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78749 USA. RP Asquith, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8027 Exchange Dr, Austin, TX 78754 USA. NR 13 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD APR 28 PY 2000 VL 230 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00170-0 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 308VY UT WOS:000086734600004 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Toda, S Stein, RS Barka, A Dieterich, JH AF Parsons, T Toda, S Stein, RS Barka, A Dieterich, JH TI Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul: An interaction-based probability calculation SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ANATOLIAN FAULT; MARMARA SEA REGION; STRESS; SEISMICITY; PREDICTION; MAGNITUDE; SPACE AB We calculate the probability of strong shaking in Istanbul, an urban center of 10 million people, from the description of earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault system in the Marmara Sea during the past 500 years and test the resulting catalog against the frequency of damage in Istanbul during the preceding millennium. Departing from current practice, we include the time-dependent effect of stress transferred by the 1999 moment magnitude M = 7.4 Izmit earthquake to faults nearer to Istanbul. We find a 62 +/- 15% probability (one standard deviation) of strong shaking during the next 30 years and 32 +/- 12% during the next decade. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Res Inst, Tokyo 1130032, Japan. Istanbul Tech Univ, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 37 TC 293 Z9 306 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 28 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5466 BP 661 EP 665 DI 10.1126/science.288.5466.661 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 308RR UT WOS:000086727100041 ER PT J AU Christensen, PR Bandfield, JL Smith, MD Hamilton, VE Clark, RN AF Christensen, PR Bandfield, JL Smith, MD Hamilton, VE Clark, RN TI Identification of a basaltic component on the Martian surface from Thermal Emission Spectrometer data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID SNC METEORITES; MARS; REFLECTANCE; VIKING; DUST; SPECTROSCOPY; CALIFORNIA; SPECTRA; IMAGES; ALBEDO AB The Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument collected 4.8 x 10(6) spectra of Mars during the initial aerobraking and science-phasing periods of the mission (September 14, 1997, through April 29, 1998). Two previously developed atmosphere-removal models were applied to data from Cimmeria Terra (25 degrees S, 213 degrees W). The surface spectra derived for these two models agree well, indicating that the surface and atmosphere emission can be separated and that the exact atmosphere-removal model used has little effect on the derived surface composition. The Cimmeria spectra do not match terrestrial high-silica igneous rocks (granite and rhyolite), ultramafic igneous rocks, limestone, or quartz- and clay-rich sandstone and siltstone. A particulate (sand-sized) sample of terrestrial flood basalt does provide an excellent match in both spectral shape and band depth to the Cimmeria spectrum over the entire TES spectral range. No unusual particle size effects are required to account for the observed spectral shape and depth. The implied grain size is consistent with the thermal inertia and albedo of this region, which indicate a sand-sized surface with little dust. The identification of basalt is consistent with previous indications of pyroxene and basalt-like compositions from visible/near-infrared and thermal-infrared spectral measurements. A linear spectral deconvolution model was applied to both surface-only Cimmeria spectra using a library of 60 minerals to determine the composition and abundance of the component minerals. Plagioclase feldspar (45%; 53%) and clinopyroxene (26%; 19%) were positively identified above an estimated detection threshold of 10-15% for these minerals. The TES observations provide the first identification of feldspars on Mars. The best fit to the Mars data includes only clinopyroxene compositions; no orthopyroxene compositions are required to match the Cimmeria spectra. Olivine (12%; 12%) and sheet silicate (15%; 11%) were identified with lower confidence. Carbonates, quartz, and sulfates were not identified in Cimmeria at detection limits of similar to 5, 5, and 10%, respectively. Their presence elsewhere, however, remains open. The Cimmeria spectra are not well matched by any one SNC meteorite spectrum, indicating that this region is not characterized by a single SNC lithology. The occurrence of unweathered feldspar and pyroxene in Cimmeria, together with the inferred presence of pyroxene and unweathered basalts in other dark regions and at the Viking and Pathfinder landing sites, provides evidence that extensive global chemical weathering of materials currently exposed on the Martian surface has not occurred. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Christensen, PR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Campus Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012 NR 55 TC 186 Z9 188 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 105 IS E4 BP 9609 EP 9621 DI 10.1029/1999JE001127 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 306HG UT WOS:000086590800014 ER PT J AU Christensen, PR Bandfield, JL Clark, RN Edgett, KS Hamilton, VE Hoefen, T Kieffer, HH Kuzmin, RO Lane, MD Malin, MC Morris, RV Pearl, JC Pearson, R Roush, TL Ruff, SW Smith, MD AF Christensen, PR Bandfield, JL Clark, RN Edgett, KS Hamilton, VE Hoefen, T Kieffer, HH Kuzmin, RO Lane, MD Malin, MC Morris, RV Pearl, JC Pearson, R Roush, TL Ruff, SW Smith, MD TI Detection of crystalline hematite mineralization on Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer: Evidence for near-surface water SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL PROPERTIES; GOETHITE; VIKING; SPECTROSCOPY; MOSSBAUER; MINERALS; DEPOSITS; BRAZIL; OXIDES; CLOUD AB The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) mission has discovered a remarkable accumulation of crystalline hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) that covers an area with very sharp boundaries approximately 350 by 350-750 km in size centered near 2 degrees S latitude between 0 degrees and 5 degrees W longitude (Sinus Meridiani). Crystalline hematite is uniquely identified by the presence of fundamental vibrational absorption features centered near 300, 450, and >525 cm(-1) and by the absence of silicate fundamentals in the 1000 cm(-1) region. Spectral features resulting from atmospheric CO2, dust, and water ice were removed using a radiative transfer model. The spectral properties unique to Sinus Meridiani were emphasized by removing the average spectrum of the surrounding region. The depth and shape of the hematite fundamental bands show that the hematite is crystalline and relatively coarse grained (>5-10 mu m). Diameters up to and greater than hundreds of micrometers are permitted within the instrumental noise and natural variability of hematite spectra. Hematite particles <5-10 mu m in diameter (as either unpacked or hard-packed powders) fail to match the TES spectra. The spectrally derived areal abundance of hematite: varies with particle size from similar to 10% (>30 mu m diameter) to 40-60% (10 mu m diameter). The hematite in Sinus Meridiani is thus distinct from the fine-grained (diameter <5-10 mu m), red, crystalline hematite considered, on the basis of visible, near-IR data, to be a minor spectral component in Martian bright regions like Olympus-Amazonis. Sinus Meridiani hematite is closely associated with a smooth, layered, friable surface that is interpreted to be sedimentary in origin. This material may be the uppermost surface in the region, indicating that it might be a late stage sedimentary unit or a layered portion of the heavily cratered plains units. We consider five possible mechanisms for the formation of coarse-grained, crystalline hematite. These processes fall into two classes depending on whether they require a significant amount of near-surface water: the first is chemical precipitation that includes origin by (1) precipitation from standing, oxygenated, Fe-rich water (oxide iron formations), (2) precipitation from Fe-rich hydrothermal fluids, (3) low-temperature dissolution and precipitation through mobile ground water leaching, and (4) formation of surface coatings, and the second is thermal oxidation of magnetite-rich lavas. Weathering and alteration processes, which produce nanophase and red hematite, are not consistent with the coarse, crystalline hematite observed in Sinus Meridiani. We prefer chemical precipitation models and favor precipitation from Fe-rich water on the basis of the probable association with sedimentary materials, large geographic size, distance from a regional heat source, and lack of evidence for extensive groundwater processes elsewhere on Mars. The TES results thus provide mineralogic evidence for probable large-scale water interactions. The Sinus Meridiani region may be an ideal candidate for future landed missions searching for biotic and prebiotic environments, and the physical characteristics of this site satisfy all of the engineering requirements for the missions currently planned. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Vernadsky Inst, Moscow, Russia. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Christensen, PR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012; OI Edgett, Kenneth/0000-0001-7197-5751 NR 82 TC 298 Z9 303 U1 9 U2 52 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 105 IS E4 BP 9623 EP 9642 DI 10.1029/1999JE001093 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 306HG UT WOS:000086590800015 ER PT J AU Jakosky, BM Mellon, MT Kieffer, HH Christensen, PR Varnes, ES Lee, SW AF Jakosky, BM Mellon, MT Kieffer, HH Christensen, PR Varnes, ES Lee, SW TI The thermal inertia of Mars from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; MAPPER OBSERVATIONS; POLAR-REGIONS; ALBEDO; MARINER-9; MISSION AB We have used Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer thermal emission measurements to derive the thermal inertia of the Martian surface at the similar to 100-km spatial scale. We have validated the use of nighttime-only measurements to derive thermal inertia as well as the use of a single wavelength band versus bolometric thermal emission measurements. We have also reanalyzed the Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper data set in a similar manner in order to allow a direct comparison between the two. Within the uncertainties of the fit of the data to the model, and the uncertainties inherent in the model, the thermal inertia has not changed substantially in the 21 years between the Viking and the MGS measurements. Although some differences are seen, they are most likely due to changes in albedo during the intervening years or to residual effects of airborne dust that are not fully accounted for in the thermal models. The thermal inertia values that we derive, between about 24 and 800 J m(-2) s(-1/2) K-1, are thought to better represent the actual thermal inertia of the Martian surface than previous estimates. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jakosky, BM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Mellon, Michael/C-3456-2016 NR 35 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 105 IS E4 BP 9643 EP 9652 DI 10.1029/1999JE001088 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 306HG UT WOS:000086590800016 ER PT J AU Kieffer, HH Titus, TN Mullins, KF Christensen, PR AF Kieffer, HH Titus, TN Mullins, KF Christensen, PR TI Mars south polar spring and summer behavior observed by TES: Seasonal cap evolution controlled by frost grain size SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ICE; LAYERED DEPOSITS; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; THERMAL MAPPER; WATER-VAPOR; CO2 ICE; VIKING AB Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations of the recession phase of Mars' south polar cap are used to quantitatively map this recession in both thermal and visual appearance. Geographically nonuniform behavior interior to the cap is characterized by defining several small regions which exemplify the range of behavior. For most of the cap, while temperatures remain near the CO2 frost point, albedos slowly increase with the seasonal rise of the Sun, then drop rapidly as frost patches disappear over a period of similar to 20 days. A "Cryptic" region remains dark and mottled throughout its cold period. TES observations are compared with first-order theoretical spectra of solid CO2 frost with admixtures of dust and H2O. The TES spectra indicate that the Cryptic region has much larger grained solid CO2 than the rest of the cap and that the solid CO2 here may be in the form of a slab. The Mountains of Mitchel remain cold and bright well after other areas at comparable latitude, apparently as a result of unusually small size of the CO2 frost grains; we found little evidence for a significant presence of H2O. Although CO2 grain size may be the major difference between these regions, incorporated dust is also required to match the observations; a self-cleaning process carries away the smaller dust grains. Comparisons with Viking observations indicate little difference in the seasonal cycle 12 Martian years later. The observed radiation balance indicates CO2 sublimation budgets of up to 1250 kg m(-2). Regional atmospheric dust is common; localized dust clouds are seen near the edge of the cap prior to the onset of a regional dust storm and interior to the cap during the storm. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Kieffer, HH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 69 TC 145 Z9 145 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 2000 VL 105 IS E4 BP 9653 EP 9699 DI 10.1029/1999JE001136 PG 47 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 306HG UT WOS:000086590800017 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Thomas, NJ Dubey, JP AF Lindsay, DS Thomas, NJ Dubey, JP TI Biological characterisation of Sarcocystis neurona isolated from a Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE encephalitis; Enhdyra lutris nereis; Sarcocystis neurona; Southern sea otter ID OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; N-SP PROTOZOA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE; FALCATULA; ORGANISM; TOXOPLASMOSIS; ENCEPHALITIS; OOCYSTS; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS AB Sarcocystis neurona was isolated from the brain of a juvenile, male southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) suffering from CNS disease. Schizonts and merozoites in tissue sections of the otter's brain reacted with anti-S. neurona antiserum immunohistochemically. Development in cell culture was by endopolyogeny and mature schizonts were first observed at 3 days postinoculation. PCR of merozoite DNA using primer pairs JNB33/JNB54 and restriction enzyme digestion of the 1100 bp product with Dla I indicated the organism was S. neurona. Four of four interferon-gamma gene knockout mice inoculated with merozoites developed S. neurona-associated encephalitis. Antibodies to S. neurona but not Sarcocystis falcatula, Toxoplasma gondii, or Neospora caninum were present in the serum of inoculated mice. This is the first isolation of S. neurona from the brain of a non-equine host. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Dept Interior, Madison, WI 53711 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 28 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD APR 24 PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 617 EP 624 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00034-5 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 310ZU UT WOS:000086860300008 PM 10779575 ER PT J AU Emmenegger, EJ Meyers, TR Burton, TO Kurath, G AF Emmenegger, EJ Meyers, TR Burton, TO Kurath, G TI Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE IHNV; salmon; Alaska; diversity; epidemiology; phylogeny ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; FISH RHABDOVIRUS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; GLYCOPROTEIN; EVOLUTION; EPIZOOTIOLOGY; RNA; NUCLEOPROTEIN; PROTEIN; IHNV AB Forty-two infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) isolates from Alaska were analyzed using the ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and nucleotide sequencing. RPA analyses, utilizing 4 probes, N5, N3 (N gene), GF (G gene), and NV (NV gene), determined that the haplotypes of all 3 genes demonstrated a consistent spatial pattern. Virus isolates belonging to the most common haplotype groups were distributed throughout Alaska, whereas isolates in small haplotype groups were obtained from only 1 site (hatchery, lake, etc.). The temporal pattern of the GF haplotypes suggested a 'genetic acclimation' of the G gene, possibly due to positive selection on the glycoprotein. A pairwise comparison of the sequence data determined that the maximum nucleotide diversity of the isolates was 2.75% (10 mismatches) for the NV gene, and 1.99% (6 mismatches) for a 301 base pair region of the G gene, indicating that the genetic diversity of IHNV within Alaska is notably lower than in the more southern portions of the IHNV North American range. Phylogenetic analysis of representative Alaskan sequences and sequences of 12 previously characterized IHNV strains from Washington. Oregon, Idaho, California (USA) and British Columbia (Canada) distinguished the isolates into clusters that correlated with geographic origin and indicated that the Alaskan and British Columbia isolates may have a common viral ancestral lineage. Comparisons of multiple isolates from the same site provided epidemiological insights into viral transmission patterns and indicated that viral evolution, viral introduction, and genetic stasis were the mechanisms involved with IHN virus population dynamics in Alaska. The examples of genetic stasis and the overall low sequence heterogeneity of the Alaskan isolates suggested that they are evolutionarily constrained. This study establishes a baseline of genetic fingerprint patterns and sequence groups representing the genetic diversity of Alaskan IHNV isolates. This information could be used to determine the source of an IHN outbreak and to facilitate decisions in fisheries management of Alaskan salmonid stocks. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Juneau Fish Pathol Lab, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage Fish Pathol Lab, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Emmenegger, EJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 35 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 40 IS 3 BP 163 EP 176 DI 10.3354/dao040163 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 331AP UT WOS:000087995100001 PM 10843554 ER PT J AU Haire, SL Bock, CE Cade, BS Bennett, BC AF Haire, SL Bock, CE Cade, BS Bennett, BC TI The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE landscape; habitat; grassland birds; limiting factors; reserve design; management; regression quantiles ID REGRESSION QUANTILES; BIRDS; ECOLOGY; SELECTION; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERNS; SCALE AB We examine the relationships between abundance of grassland nesting songbirds observed in the Boulder Open Space, CO, USA and parameters that described landscape and habitat characteristics, in order to provide information for Boulder Open Space planners and managers. Data sets included bird abundance and plant species composition, collected during three breeding seasons (1994-1996), and landscape composition and configuration measures from a satellite image-derived land-cover map. We used regression quantiles to estimate the limitations imposed on bird abundance by urban encroachment and decreasing areas of grassland cover-types on the landscape, and habitat characteristics within 200 m diameter sample plots. After accounting for the effect of landscape grassland composition on four species (Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), Homed Lark (Eremophila alpestris), and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)), change in abundance with proportion of urban area in the landscape was consistent with the pattern expected for limiting factors that were the active constraint at some times and places. Area of preferred grassland cover-types on the landscape was important for all species, and this remained the case when habitat variables were included in combined landscape-habitat models, with one exception (Western Meadowlark). Analysis of habitat variables enabled identification of important features at the local scale (e.g. shale plant communities in Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) habitat) that were indistinguishable using landscape data alone. Consideration of changes in the landscape due to urbanization and loss of grassland habitat are crucial for open space planning, and habitat features associated with localized and clumped bird species distributions provide important additional information. Widening the management focus to include areas that are not part of the open space system will facilitate a more complete understanding of potential limiting factor processes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Haire, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 38 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 48 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 82 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00044-X PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA 305RC UT WOS:000086553200006 ER PT J AU Kronenberg, AK Castaing, J Mitchell, TE Kirby, SH AF Kronenberg, AK Castaing, J Mitchell, TE Kirby, SH TI Hydrogen defects in alpha-Al2O3 and water weakening of sapphire and alumina ceramics between 600 and 1000 degrees C - I. - Infrared characterization of defects SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE annealing; infrared spectroscopy; structural ceramics; diffusion; lattice defects ID SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DIFFUSION; QUARTZ; ABSORPTION; DEUTERONS; CORUNDUM; PROTONS; COLOR; OXIDE AB Hydrogen impurities in materials influence their properties, including flow strength, alpha-Al2O3 single crystals and polycrystalline ceramics were annealed in supercritical water between 850 and 1025 degrees C, under pressures in the range 1500-2000 MPa. A few specimens were further subjected to plastic deformation. Hydrogen penetration was examined using infrared absorption measurements of O-H bond vibrations, which revealed two kinds of hydrogen defects. In single crystals, defects are characterized by sharp O-H absorption bands assigned to interstitial protons. Hydrogen impurities of hydrothermally annealed ceramics and of all hydrothermally deformed specimens are characterized by broad O-H bands assigned to molecular water. The grain boundaries of hydrothermally annealed ceramics are severely damaged. The kinetics of hydrogen penetration is consistent with diffusion data. (C) 2000 Acta Metallurgica he. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sevilla, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, Seville 41080, Spain. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Tectonophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Mat Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. C2RMF, LRMF, CNRS, UNR 171, F-75041 Paris 01, France. RP Castaing, J (reprint author), Univ Sevilla, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, Apartado 1065, Seville 41080, Spain. NR 37 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR 19 PY 2000 VL 48 IS 7 BP 1481 EP 1494 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00448-6 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 311EW UT WOS:000086872600006 ER PT J AU Castaing, J Kronenberg, AK Kirby, SH Mitchell, TE AF Castaing, J Kronenberg, AK Kirby, SH Mitchell, TE TI Hydrogen defects in alpha-Al2O3 and water weakening of sapphire and alumina ceramics between 600 and 1000 degrees C - II. - Mechanical properties SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE stress-strain relationship measurements; structural ceramics; transmission electron microsopy (TEM); mechanical properties; dislocation mobility ID CRYSTALS; QUARTZ; SLIP AB Hydrogen impurities in alumina have been introduced by hydrothermal annealing (see part I). In this paper, we report on reductions in the Row strength of alpha-Al2O3 single crystals and polycrystals associated with hydrogen incorporation. Prior to deformation, alpha-Al2O3 single crystal and ceramic specimens were annealed in the presence of supercritical water at 850 degrees or 900 degrees C, under 1500 MPa pressure. Sapphire and alumina ceramics were plastically deformed between 600 degrees and 1000 degrees C under 1500 MPa pressure, by the addition of a uniaxial stress. Flow stresses are reduced by a factor of two, due to the presence of water, for sapphire and large grain (30-50 mu m) polycrystals, as a result of enhanced dislocation mobility. Flow stresses of fine-grained (3-5 mu m) polycrystals are reduced by water by a factor of six. This large reduction in strength is attributed to a change in mechanism from dislocation glide under dry conditions to grain boundary sliding under hydrothermal conditions. (C) 2000 Acta Metallurgica Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sevilla, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, E-41080 Seville, Spain. CNRS, UMR 171, LRMF, Ctr Rech & REstaurat Musees France,C2RMF, F-75041 Paris 01, France. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Tectonophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Mat Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Castaing, J (reprint author), Univ Sevilla, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, Apartado 1065, E-41080 Seville, Spain. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR 19 PY 2000 VL 48 IS 7 BP 1495 EP 1504 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00449-8 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 311EW UT WOS:000086872600007 ER PT J AU Wilby, RL Hay, LE Gutowski, WJ Arritt, RW Takle, ES Pan, ZT Leavesley, GH Clark, MP AF Wilby, RL Hay, LE Gutowski, WJ Arritt, RW Takle, ES Pan, ZT Leavesley, GH Clark, MP TI Hydrological responses to dynamically and statistically downscaled climate model output SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SIMULATION; SENSITIVITY AB Daily rainfall and surface temperature series were simulated for the Animas River basin, Colorado using dynamically and statistically downscaled output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) re-analysis. A distributed hydrological model was then applied to the downscaled data. Relative to raw NCEP output, downscaled climate variables provided more realistic simulations of basin scale hydrology. However, the results highlight the sensitivity of modeled processes to the choice of downscaling technique, and point to the need for caution when interpreting future hydrological scenarios. C1 Univ Derby, Div Geog, Derby DE22 1GB, England. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wilby, RL (reprint author), Univ Derby, Div Geog, Kedleston Rd, Derby DE22 1GB, England. RI Pan, Zaitao/D-7846-2012; Clark, Martyn/A-5560-2015 OI Clark, Martyn/0000-0002-2186-2625 NR 19 TC 142 Z9 148 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 8 BP 1199 EP 1202 DI 10.1029/1999GL006078 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 305HW UT WOS:000086534700030 ER PT J AU Adamski, JC AF Adamski, JC TI Geochemistry of the Springfield Plateau aquifer of the Ozark Plateaus Province in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma, USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE Ozark Plateaus; water quality; hydrogeology; carbonate aquifer; karst AB Geochemical data indicate that the Springfield Plateau aquifer, a carbonate aquifer of the Ozark Plateaus Province in central USA, has two distinct hydrochemical zones. Within each hydrochemical zone, water from springs is geochemically and isotopically different than water from wells. Geochemical data indicate that spring water generally interacts less with the surrounding rock and has a shorter residence time, probably as a result of flowing along discrete fractures and solution openings, than water from wells. Water type throughout most of the aquifer was calcium bicarbonate, indicating that carbonate-rock dissolution is the primary geochemical process occurring in the aquifer. Concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, dissolved oxygen and tritium indicate that most ground water in the aquifer recharged rapidly and is relatively young (less than 40 years). In general, field-measured properties, concentrations of many chemical constituents, and calcite saturation indices were greater in samples from the northern part of the aquifer (hydrochemical zone A) than in samples from the southern part of the aquifer (hydrochemical zone B). Factors affecting differences in the geochemical composition of ground water between the two zones are difficult to identify, but could be related to differences in chert content and possibly primary porosity, solubility of the limestone, and amount and type of cementation between zone A than in zone B. In addition, specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, concentrations of many chemical constituents and calcite saturation indices were greater in samples from wells than in samples from springs in each hydrochemical zone. In contrast, concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nitrite plus nitrate, and chloride generally were greater in samples from springs than in samples from wells. Water from springs generally flows rapidly through large conduits with minimum water-rock interactions. Water from wells flow through small fractures, which restrict how and increase water-rock interactions. As a result, springs tend to be more susceptible to surface contamination than wells. The results of this study have important implications for the geochemical and hydrogeological processes of similar carbonate aquifers in other geographical locations. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 USA. RP Adamski, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 224 W Cent Pkwy,Suite 1006, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 5 BP 849 EP 866 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000415)14:5<849::AID-HYP973>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 18 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 310TR UT WOS:000086843900002 ER PT J AU Loveland, TR Reed, BC Brown, JF Ohlen, DO Zhu, Z Yang, L Merchant, JW AF Loveland, TR Reed, BC Brown, JF Ohlen, DO Zhu, Z Yang, L Merchant, JW TI Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION INDEX; UNITED-STATES; DATA SET; SATELLITE DATA; CLASSIFICATION; CLIMATE; MODELS; REGIONS; IMAGERY; AMERICA AB Researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy produced a 1 km resolution global land cover characteristics database for use in a wide range of continental- to global-scale environmental studies. This database provides a unique view of the broad patterns of the biogeographical and ecoclimatic diversity of the global land surface, and presents a detailed interpretation of the extent of human development. The project was carried out as an International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Data and Information Systems (IGBP-DIS) initiative. The IGBP DISCover global land cover product is an integral component of the global land cover database. DISCover includes 17 general land cover classes defined to meet the needs of IGBP core science projects. A formal accuracy assessment of the DISCover data layer will be completed in 1998. The 1 km global land cover database was developed through a continent-by-continent unsupervised classification of 1 km monthly Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites covering 1992-1993. Extensive post-classification stratification was necessary to resolve spectral/temporal confusion between disparate land cover types. The complete global database consists of 961 seasonal land cover regions that capture patterns of land cover, seasonality and relative primary productivity. The seasonal land cover regions were aggregated to produce seven separate land cover data sets used for global environmental modelling and assessment. The data sets include IGBP DISCover, U.S. Geological Survey Anderson System, Simple Biosphere Model, Simple Biosphere Model 2, Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme, Olson Ecosystems and Running Global Remote Sensing Land Cover. The database also includes all digital sources that were used in the classification. The complete database can be sourced from the website: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Raytheon STX Corp, USGS EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Adv Land Management Informat Technol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Loveland, TR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RI Brown, Jesslyn/C-9888-2010; Mitchard, Edward/C-6346-2009; OI Brown, Jesslyn/0000-0002-9976-1998 NR 54 TC 1079 Z9 1190 U1 18 U2 192 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6-7 BP 1303 EP 1330 DI 10.1080/014311600210191 PG 28 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 302GQ UT WOS:000086357700012 ER PT J AU Segovia, M Jenkins, JA Paniagua-Chavez, C Tiersch, TR AF Segovia, M Jenkins, JA Paniagua-Chavez, C Tiersch, TR TI Flow cytometric evaluation of antibiotic effects on viability and mitochondrial, function of refrigerated spermatozoa of Nile tilapia SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tilapia; spermatozoa; antibiotics; flow cytometry; motility ID SPERM CELL VIABILITY; LIVING CELLS; SEMEN; TROUT; PRESERVATION; INTEGRITY; MOTILITY; CARP AB Improved techniques for storage and evaluation of fish sperm would enhance breeding programs around the world. The goal of this study was to test the effect of antibiotics on refrigerated sperm from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by use of flow cytometry with 2 dual-staining protocols for objective assessment of sperm quality. Concentrations of 1 x 10(9). sperm/mL were suspended in Ringer's buffer at 318 mOsmol/kg (pH 8.0). The fluorescent stains Sybr 14 (10 mu M), propidium iodide (2.4 mM), and rhodamine 123 (0.13 mu M) were used to assess cell viability and mitochondrial function. Three concentrations of ampicillin, gentamicin, and an antibiotic/antimycotic solution were added to flesh spermatozoa. Motility estimates and flow cytometry measurements were made daily during 7 d of refrigerated storage (4 degrees C). The highest concentrations of gentamicin and antibiotic/antimycotic and all 3 concentrations of ampicillin significantly reduced sperm viability. The highest of each of the 3 antibiotic concentrations significantly reduced mitochondrial function. This study demonstrates that objective sperm quality assessments can be made using flow cytometry and that addition of antibiotics at appropriate concentrations can lengthen refrigerated storage time for tilapia spermatozoa. With minor modifications, these protocols can be adapted for use with sperm from other species and with other tissue types. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Aquaculture Res Stn, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Segovia, M (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Aquaculture Res Stn, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 24 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 53 IS 7 BP 1489 EP 1499 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00291-0 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 323XB UT WOS:000087589300011 PM 10898218 ER PT J AU Gomberg, J Beeler, N Blanpied, M AF Gomberg, J Beeler, N Blanpied, M TI On rate-state and Coulomb failure models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCES; EARTHQUAKE NUCLEATION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; DEPENDENT FRICTION; STRESS SHADOWS; ROCK FRICTION; LAW; DISPLACEMENT; INSTABILITY; TRANSIENT AB We examine the predictions of Coulomb failure stress and rate-state frictional models. We study the change in failure time (clock advance) Delta t due to stress step perturbations (i.e., coseismic static stress increases) added to "background" stressing at a constant rate (i.e., tectonic loading) at time t(0). The predictability of Delta t implies a predictable change in seismicity rate r(t)/r(0), testable using earthquake catalogs, where r(0) is the constant rate resulting from tectonic stressing. Models of r(t)/r(0), consistent with general properties of aftershock sequences, must predict an Omori law seismicity decay rate, a sequence duration that is less than a few percent of the mainshock cycle time and a return directly to the background rate. A Coulomb model requires that a fault remains locked during loading, that failure occur instantaneously, and that Delta t is independent of t(0). These characteristics imply an instantaneous infinite seismicity rate increase of zero duration. Numerical calculations of r(t)/r(0) for different state evolution laws show that aftershocks occur on faults extremely close to failure at the mainshock origin time, that these faults must be "Coulomb-like," and that the slip evolution law can be precluded. Real aftershock population characteristics also may constrain rate-state constitutive parameters; a may be lower than laboratory values, the stiffness may be high, and/or normal stress may be lower than lithostatic. We also compare Coulomb and rate-state models theoretically. Rate-state model fault behavior becomes more Coulomb-like as constitutive parameter a decreases relative to parameter b. This is because the slip initially decelerates, representing an initial healing of fault contacts. The deceleration is more pronounced for smaller a, more closely simulating a locked fault. Even when the rate-state Delta t has Coulomb characteristics, its magnitude may differ by some constant dependent on b. In this case, a rate-state model behaves like a modified Coulomb failure model in which the failure stress threshold is lowered due to weakening, increasing the clock advance. The deviation from a non-Coulomb response also depends on the loading rate, elastic stiffness, initial conditions, and assumptions about how state evolves. C1 Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 92045 USA. RP Gomberg, J (reprint author), Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, US Geol Survey, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. EM gomberg@usgs.gov; nbeeler@ismnl.wr.usgs.gov; mblanpied@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 33 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B4 BP 7857 EP 7871 DI 10.1029/1999JB900438 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 303RK UT WOS:000086437500005 ER PT J AU Sauber, J Plafker, G Molnia, BF Bryant, MA AF Sauber, J Plafker, G Molnia, BF Bryant, MA TI Crustal deformation associated with glacial fluctuations in the eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTH CENTRAL ALASKA; BERING GLACIER; GEODETIC MEASUREMENT; 1987-1988 GULF; FINITE-ELEMENT; UPPER-MANTLE; SEA-LEVEL; EARTHQUAKE; SURGE; UPLIFT AB The changes of the solid Earth in south central Alaska in response to two major glacial fluctuations on different temporal and spatial scales have been estimated and we evaluated their influence on the stress state and ongoing tectonic deformation of the region. During the recent (1993-1995) Bering Glacier surge, a large transfer of ice from the Bagley Ice Field to the Bering Glacier terminus region occurred. We estimated the elastic displacement of the solid Earth due to ice mass redistribution from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements at sites near the surging glacier. We can account for these displacements by transfer of an ice volume of about 14 km(3) from the surge reservoir area to the terminus region. We examined the background seismicity (M-L greater than or equal to 2.5) before, during, and after the surge. We found that the occurrence of small earthquakes (M-L less than or equal to 4.0) in the surge reservoir region increased during the surge time interval possibly in response to a decrease in ice mass. This suggests that a Small decrease in the vertical stress, sigma(3), could be enough to modulate the occurrence of small, shallow earthquakes in this dominantly thrust fault setting. During this century the southern Alaska coastal glaciers have been undergoing an overall decrease in volume. Based on our compilation of changes in the extent and thickness of the coastal glaciers between the Malaspina and Bering, we calculated surface displacements due to the Earth's viscoelastic response to annual thinning and to the cumulative retreat over the last 100 years. The uplift of the region due to an average annual thinning rate of 1-6 m/yr in the ablation region is 1-12 mm/yr. For our reference model with a viscosity of 5 x 10(19) Pa s for depths between approximate to 40 and 200 km the total viscoelastic response due to the retreat over the last century may be as much as a couple of meters within the coastal ablation zone near Icy Bay. The maximum decrease in sigma(V) between 0 and 10 km was approximate to 1.0 MPa, which is significant in relation to the stress drops in recent earthquakes (approximate to 2 to 10 MPa) but small in relation to the estimated tectonic stress magnitude. Therefore the occurrence of an earthquake such as the St. Elias (1979, M-S = 7.2) may have been advanced in time; however, most of the ongoing stress accumulation would be primarily due to tectonic forces. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. ASHTECH, Reston, VA 20191 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Sauber, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Code 921, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jeanne@steller.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Sauber, Jeanne/D-7684-2012 NR 79 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B4 BP 8055 EP 8077 DI 10.1029/1999JB900433 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 303RK UT WOS:000086437500016 ER PT J AU McGee, KA Gerlach, TM Kessler, R Doukas, MP AF McGee, KA Gerlach, TM Kessler, R Doukas, MP TI Geochemical evidence for a magmatic CO2 degassing event at Mammoth Mountain, California, September-December 1997 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LONG-VALLEY CALDERA; CARBON-DIOXIDE; HELIUM-ISOTOPE; TREE-KILL; VOLCANO; SOIL; ATTENUATION; EMISSIONS; RESERVOIR; COLOMBIA AB Recent time series soil CO2 concentration data from monitoring stations in the vicinity of Mammoth Mountain, California, reveal strong evidence for a magmatic degassing event during the fall of 1997 lasting more than 2 months. Two sensors at Horseshoe Lake first recorded the episode on September 23, 1997, followed 10 days later by a sensor on the north flank of Mammoth Mountain. Direct degassing from shallow intruding magma seems an implausible cause of the degassing event, since the gas released at Horseshoe Lake continued to be cold and barren of other magmatic gases, except for He. We suggest that an increase in compressional strain on the area south of Mammoth Mountain driven by movement of major fault blocks in Long Valley caldera may have triggered an episode of increased degassing by squeezing additional accumulated CO2 from a shallow gas reservoir to the surface along faults and other structures where it could be detected by the CO2 monitoring network. Recharge of the gas reservoir by CO2 emanating from the deep intrusions that probably triggered deep long-period earthquakes may also have contributed to the degassing event. The nature of CO2 discharge at the soilair interface is influenced by the porous character of High Sierra soils and by meteorological processes. Solar insolation is the primary source of energy for the Earth atmosphere and plays a significant role in most diurnal processes at the Earth surface. Data from this study suggest that external forcing due largely to local orographic winds influences the fine structure of the recorded CO2 signals. C1 Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP McGee, KA (reprint author), Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. EM kenmcgee@usgs.gov; tgerlach@usgs.gov; rkessler@usgs.gov; mdoukas@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B4 BP 8447 EP 8456 DI 10.1029/2000JB900009 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 303RK UT WOS:000086437500040 ER PT J AU Dreger, DS Tkalcic, H Johnston, M AF Dreger, DS Tkalcic, H Johnston, M TI Dilational processes accompanying earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID 1980 MAMMOTH LAKES; ISOTROPIC COMPONENT; MOMENT TENSOR; MECHANISMS; CALIFORNIA; INVERSION AB Regional distance seismic moment tensor determinations and broadband wave-forms of moment magnitude 4.6 to 4.9 earthquakes from a November 1997 Long Valley Caldera swarm, during an inflation episode, display evidence of anomalous seismic radiation characterized by non-double couple (NDC) moment tensors with significant volumetric components. Observed coseismic dilation suggests that hydrothermal or magmatic processes are directly triggering some of the seismicity in the region. Similarity in the NDC solutions implies a common source process, and the anomalous events may have been triggered by net fault-normal stress reduction due to high-pressure fluid injection or pressurization of fluid-saturated faults due to magmatic heating. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Dreger, DS (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, 281 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Tkalcic, Hrvoje/E-8465-2013 OI Tkalcic, Hrvoje/0000-0001-7072-490X NR 28 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 7 PY 2000 VL 288 IS 5463 BP 122 EP 125 DI 10.1126/science.288.5463.122 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 302VT UT WOS:000086387700047 ER PT J AU Kolpin, D AF Kolpin, D TI Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural-chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle - Foreword SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RP Kolpin, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 71 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00530-6 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700001 ER PT J AU Buxton, H AF Buxton, H TI Introduction to the US geological survey toxic substances hydrology program - Introduction SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Hydrol Program, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Buxton, H (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Hydrol Program, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 73 EP 74 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700002 ER PT J AU Goolsby, DA Battaglin, WA Aulenbach, BT Hooper, RP AF Goolsby, DA Battaglin, WA Aulenbach, BT Hooper, RP TI Nitrogen flux and sources in the Mississippi River Basin SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE nitrogen flux; Mississippi River Basin ID TILE DRAINAGE AB Nitrogen from the Mississippi River Basin is believed to be at least partly responsible for the large zone of oxygen-depleted water that develops in the Gulf of Mexico each summer. Historical data show that concentrations of nitrate in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries have increased by factors of 2 to more than 5 since the early 1900s, We have used the historical streamflow and concentration data in regression models to estimate the annual flux of nitrogen (N) to the Gulf of Mexico and to determine where the nitrogen originates within the Mississippi Basin, Results show that fur 1980-1996 the mean annual total N flux to the Gulf of Mexico was 1 568 000 t/year. The flux was approximately 61% nitrate as N, 37% organic N, and 2% ammonium as N. The flux of nitrate to the Gulf has approximately tripled in the last 30 years with most of the increase occurring between 1970 and 1983. The mean annual N flux has changed little since the early 1980s, but large year-to-year variations in N flux occur because of variations in precipitation. During wet years the N flux can increase by 50% or more due to hushing of nitrate that has accumulated in the soils and unsaturated zones in the basin. The principal source areas of N are basins in southern Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and ohio that drain agricultural land. Basins in this region yield 800 to more than 3100 kg total N/km(2) per year to streams, several times the N yield of basins outside this region. Assuming conservative transport of N in the Mississippi River, streams draining Iowa and Illinois contribute on average approximately 35% of the total N discharged by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. In years with high precipitation they can contribute a larger percentage. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. RP Goolsby, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Box 25046,MS 406, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008 OI Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288 NR 22 TC 86 Z9 100 U1 4 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 75 EP 86 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00532-X PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700003 PM 10805229 ER PT J AU Lawrence, GB Goolsby, DA Battaglin, WA Stensland, GJ AF Lawrence, GB Goolsby, DA Battaglin, WA Stensland, GJ TI Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin - emissions, deposition and transport SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; atmospheric deposition; nitrate; ammonia; wet deposition; Mississippi River Basin ID TRENDS-NETWORK; PRECIPITATION; SATURATION; ECOSYSTEMS; AMMONIA; EUROPE; EXCESS; US AB Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has been cited as a major factor in the nitrogen saturation of forests in the north-eastern United States and as a contributor to the eutrophication of coastal waters, including the Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Sources of nitrogen emissions and the resulting spatial patterns of nitrogen deposition within the Mississippi River Basin, however, have not been fully documented. An assessment of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin was therefore conducted in 1998-1999 to: (1) evaluate the forms in which nitrogen is deposited from the atmosphere; (2) quantify the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition throughout the basin; and (3) relate locations of emission sources to spatial deposition patterns to evaluate atmospheric transport. Deposition data collected through the NADP/NTN (National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network) and CASTNet (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) were used for this analysis. NOx Tier 1 emission data by county was obtained for 1992 from the US Environmental Protection Agency (Emissions Trends Viewer CD, 1985-1995, version 1.0, September 1996) and NH3 emissions data was derived from the 1992 Census of Agriculture (US Department of Commerce. Census of Agriculture, US Summary and County Level Data, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Geographic Area series, 1995:1b) or the National Agricultural Statistics Service (US Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service Historical Data. Accessed 7/98 at URL, 1998. http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/hisdata.htm). The highest rates of wet deposition of NO3- were in the north-eastern part of the basin, downwind of electric utility plants and urban areas, whereas the highest rates of wet deposition of NH4+ were in Iowa, near the center of intensive agricultural activities in the Midwest. The lowest rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition were on the western (windward) side of the basin, which suggests that most of the nitrogen deposited within the basin is derived from internal sources. Atmospheric transport eastward across the basin boundary is greater for NO3- than NH4+, but a significant amount of NH4+ is likely to be transported out of the basin through the formation of (NH4)(2)SO4 and NH4NO3 particles - a process that greatly increases the atmospheric residence time of NH4+. This process is also a likely factor in the atmospheric transport of nitrogen from the Midwest to upland forest regions in the North-East, such as the western Adirondack region of New York, where NH4+ constitutes 38% of the total wet deposition of N. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Lawrence, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. NR 22 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 7 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 87 EP 99 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700004 PM 10805230 ER PT J AU Clark, GM Goolsby, DA AF Clark, GM Goolsby, DA TI Occurrence and load of selected herbicides and metabolites in the lower Mississippi River SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE herbicides; herbicide metabolites; triazines; chloroacetanilides; Mississippi River Basin ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; SURFACE WATERS; ALACHLOR; TRIBUTARIES; TRANSPORT AB Analyses of water samples collected from the Mississippi River at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, during 1991-1997 indicate that hundreds of metric tons of herbicides and herbicide metabolites are being discharged annually to the Gulf of Mexico. Atrazine, metolachlor, and the ethane-sulfonic acid metabolite of alachlor (alachlor ESA) were the most frequently detected herbicides and, in general, were present in the largest concentrations. Almost 80% of the annual herbicide load to the Gulf of Mexico occurred during the growing season from May to August. The concentrations and loads of alachlor in the Mississippi River decreased dramatically after 1993 in response to decreased use in the basin. In contrast, the concentrations and loads of acetochlor increased after 1994, reflecting its role as a replacement for alachlor. The peak annual herbicide load occurred in 1993, when approximately 640 metric tons (t) of atrazine, 320 t of cyanazine, 215 t of metolachlor, 53 t of simazine, and 50 t of alachlor were discharged to the Gulf of Mexico. The annual loads of atrazine and cyanazine were generally 1-2% of the amount annually applied in the Mississippi River drainage basin; the annual loads of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor were generally less than 1%. Despite a reduction in atrazine use, historical data do not indicate a long-term downward trend in the atrazine load to the Gulf of Mexico. Although a relation (r(2) = 0.62) exists between the atrazine load and stream discharge during May to August, variations in herbicide use and rainfall patterns within subbasins can have a large effect on herbicide loads in the Mississippi River Basin and probably explain a large part of the annual variation in atrazine load to the Gulf of Mexico. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clark, GM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 230 Collins Rd, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 28 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 101 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00534-3 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700005 PM 10805231 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW Thurman, EM Linhart, SM AF Kolpin, DW Thurman, EM Linhart, SM TI Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground water? Try Looking for their degradates SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE herbicides; degradation products; ground water ID PESTICIDES; ATRAZINE; ALACHLOR; METABOLITES; TOXICITY AB Extensive research has been conducted regarding the occurrence of herbicides in the hydrologic system, their fate, and their effects on human health and the environment. Few studies, however, have considered herbicide transformation products (degradates). In this study of Iowa ground water, herbicide degradates were frequently detected. In fact, herbicide degradates were eight of the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Furthermore, a majority of a herbicide's measured concentration was in the form of its degradates - ranging from 55 to over 99%. The herbicide detection frequencies and concentrations varied significantly among the major aquifer types sampled. These differences, however, were much more pronounced when herbicide degradates were included. Aquifer types presumed to have the most rapid recharge rates (alluvial and bedrock/karst region aquifers) were those most likely to contain detectable concentrations of herbicide compounds. Two indirect estimates of ground-water age (depth of well completion and dissolved-oxygen concentration) were used to separate the sampled wells into general vulnerability classes (low, intermediate, and high). The results show that the herbicide detection frequencies and concentrations varied significantly among the vulnerability classes regardless of whether or not herbicide degradates were considered. Nevertheless, when herbicide degradates were included, the frequency of herbicide compound detection within the highest vulnerability class approached 90%, and the median total herbicide residue concentration increased over an order of magnitude, relative to the parent compounds alone, to 2 mu g/l. The results from this study demonstrate that obtaining data on herbicide degradates is critical for understanding the fate of herbicides in the hydrologic system. Furthermore, the prevalence of herbicide degradates documented in this study suggests that to accurately determine the overall effect on human health and the environment of a specific herbicide its degradates should also be considered. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St,Box 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 27 TC 126 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 115 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00535-5 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700006 PM 10805232 ER PT J AU Battaglin, WA Furlong, ET Burkhardt, MR Peter, CJ AF Battaglin, WA Furlong, ET Burkhardt, MR Peter, CJ TI Occurrence of sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, and other herbicides in rivers, reservoirs and ground water in the Midwestern United States, 1998 SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE sulfonylurea; sulfonamide; imidazolinone; herbicides; rivers; reservoirs; ground water ID SURFACE-WATER; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; CHLORSULFURON; METHYL; SOIL; IMAZETHAPYR; DISSIPATION; TRANSPORT; TOXICITY; PLANTS AB Sulfonylurea (SU), sulfonamide (SA), and imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides are relatively new classes of chemical compounds that function by inhibiting the action of a plant enzyme, stopping plant growth, and eventually killing the plant. These compounds generally have low mammalian toxicity, but plants demonstrate a wide range in sensitivity to SUs, SAs, and IMIs with over a 10 000-fold difference in observed toxicity levels for some compounds. SUs, SAs, and IMIs are applied either pre- or post-emergence to crops commonly at 1/50th or less of the rate of other herbicides. Little is known about their occurrence, fate, or transport in surface water or ground water in the USA. To obtain information on the occurrence of SU, SA, and IMI herbicides in the Midwestern United States, 212 water samples were collected from 75 surface-water and 25 ground-water sites in 1998. These samples were analyzed for 16 SU, SA and IMI herbicides by USGS Methods Research and Development Program staff using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples were also analyzed for 47 pesticides or pesticide degradation products. At least one of the 16 SUs, SAs or IMIs was detected above the method reporting limit (MRL) of 0.01 mu g/l in 83% of 130 stream samples. Imazethapyr was detected most frequently (71% of samples) followed by flumetsulam (63% of samples) and nicosulfuron (52% of samples). The sum of SU, SA and IMI concentrations exceeded 0.5 mu g/l in less than 10% of stream samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor were all detected in 90% or more of 129 stream samples. The sum of the concentration of these five herbicides exceeded 50 mu g/l in approximately 10% of stream samples. At least one SU, SA, or IMI herbicide was detected above the MRL in 24% of 25 ground-water samples and 86% of seven reservoir samples. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Off Reg Hydrologist, Denver, CO 80225 USA. DuPont Agr Prod, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. RP Battaglin, WA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Off Reg Hydrologist, Box 25046,MS 406, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 44 TC 192 Z9 200 U1 5 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 123 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00536-7 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700007 PM 10805233 ER PT J AU Furlong, ET Burkhardt, MR Gates, PM Werner, SL Battaglin, WA AF Furlong, ET Burkhardt, MR Gates, PM Werner, SL Battaglin, WA TI Routine determination of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides at nanogram-per-liter concentrations by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE environmental analysis; water analysis; sulfonylurea herbicides; imidazolinone herbicides; sulfonamide herbicides; high-performance liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WATER; SOIL; LC/MS AB Sulfonylurea (SU), imidazolinone (IMI), and sulfonamide (SA) herbicides are new classes of low-application-rate herbicides increasingly used by farmers. Some of these herbicides affect both weed and crop species at low dosages and must be carefully used. Less is known about the effect of these compounds on non-crop plant species, bur a concentration of 100 ng/l in water has been proposed as the threshold for possible plant toxicity for most of these herbicides. Hence, analytical methods must be capable of detecting SUs, IMIs, and SAs at concentrations less than 100 ng/l in ambient water samples. The authors developed a two-cartridge, solid-phase extraction method for isolating 12 SU, 3 IMI, and 1 SA herbicides by using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) to identify and quantify these herbicides to 10 ng/l. This method was used to analyze 196 surface- and ground-water samples collected from May to August 1998 throughout the Midwestern United States, and more than 100 quality-assurance and quality-control samples. During the 16 weeks of the study, the HPLC/ESI-MS maintained excellent calibration linearity across the calibration range from 5 to 500 ng/l, with correlation coefficients of 0.9975 or greater. Continuing calibration verification standards at 100-ng/l concentration were analyzed throughout the study, and the average measured concentrations for individual herbicides ranged from 93 to 100 ng/l. Recovery of herbicides from 27 reagent-water samples spiked at 50 and 100 ng/l ranged from 39 to 92%, and averaged 73%. The standard deviation of recoveries ranged from 14 to 26%, and averaged 20%. This variability reflects multiple instruments, operators, and the use of automated and manual sample preparation. Spiked environmental water samples had similar recoveries, although for some herbicides, the sample matrix enhanced recoveries by as much as 200% greater than the spiked concentration. This matrix enhancement was sample- and compound-dependent. Concentrations of herbicides in unspiked duplicate environmental samples were typically within 25% of each other. The results demonstrate the usefulness of HPLC/ESI-MS for determining low-application-rate herbicides at ambient concentrations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Off Reg Hydrologist, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Furlong, ET (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Natl Water Qual Lab, Box 25046,Mail Stop 407, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 21 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 135 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700008 PM 10805234 ER PT J AU Hostetler, KA Thurman, EM AF Hostetler, KA Thurman, EM TI Determination of chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites in water using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE metabolites; herbicides; chromatography; mass spectrometry; chemical analysis; surface water; groundwater ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; ACID METABOLITE; ALACHLOR; IDENTIFICATION AB Analytical methods using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) were developed for the analysis of the following chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites in water: alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA); alachlor oxanilic acid; acetochlor ESA; acetochlor oxanilic acid; metolachlor ESA; and metolachlor oxanilic acid. Good precision and accuracy were demonstrated for both the HPLC-DAD and HPLC/MS methods in reagent water, surface water, and ground water. The average HPLC-DAD recoveries of the chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites from water samples spiked at 0.25, 0.5 and 2.0 mu g/l ranged from 84 to 112%, with relative standard deviations of 18% or less. The average HPLC/MS recoveries of the metabolites from water samples spiked at 0.05, 0.2 and 2.0 mu g/l ranged from 81 to 118%, with relative standard deviations of 20% or less. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all metabolites using the HPLC-DAD method was 0.20 mu g/l, whereas the LOQ using the HPLC/MS method was at 0.05 mu g/l. These metabolite-determination methods are valuable for acquiring information about water quality and the fate and transport of the parent chloroacetanilide herbicides in water. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Kansas, Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Thurman, EM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 10 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00538-0 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700009 PM 10805235 ER PT J AU Scribner, EA Thurman, EM Zimmermann, LR AF Scribner, EA Thurman, EM Zimmermann, LR TI Analysis of selected herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water of the United States SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE metabolites; herbicides; chemical analysis; chemical degradation; surface water; ground water ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; MIDWESTERN; DEGRADATION; PESTICIDES; TRANSPORT; ATRAZINE; RAINFALL AB One of the primary goals of the US Geological Survey (USGS) Laboratory in Lawrence, Kansas, is to develop analytical methods for the analysis of herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water that are vital to the study of herbicide fate and degradation pathways in the environment. Methods to measure metabolite concentrations from three major classes of herbicides - triazine, chloroacetanilide and phenyl-urea - have been developed. Methods for triazine metabolite detection cover nine compounds: six compounds are detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; one is detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection; and eight are detected by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Two metabolites of the chloroacetanilide herbicides ethane sulfonic acid and oxanilic acid - are detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Alachlor ethane sulfonic acid also has been detected by solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Six phenylurea metabolites are all detected by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; four of the six metabolites also are detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Additionally, surveys of herbicides and their metabolites in surface water, ground water, lakes, reservoirs, and rainfall have been conducted through the USGS laboratory in Lawrence. These surveys have been useful in determining herbicide and metabolite occurrence and temporal distribution and have shown that metabolites may be useful in evaluation of non-point-source contamination. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Kansas, Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Scribner, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 35 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 157 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00539-2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700010 PM 10805236 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, LR Thurman, EM Bastian, KC AF Zimmerman, LR Thurman, EM Bastian, KC TI Detection of persistent organic pollutants in the Mississippi Delta using semipermeable membrane devices SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE semipermeable membranes; organic pesticides; water analysis; Mississippi Delta ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; WATER; CONTAMINANTS; FISH AB From semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) placed in five Mississippi Delta streams in 1996 and 1997, the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) aldrin, chlordane, DCPA, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, nonachlor, and toxaphene were detected. In addition, the insecticides chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, and hexachlorocyclohexanes were detected. Two low-solubility herbicides not detected commonly in surface water, pendimethalin and trifluralin, were also detected. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kansas, Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Oread Labs, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Zimmerman, LR (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Res Ctr, 343 Nichols Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Zimmerman, Lisa/K-6674-2012; OI Bastian, K. Chad/0000-0001-7999-0630 NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 169 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00540-9 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700011 PM 10805237 ER PT J AU Meyer, MT Bumgarner, JE Varns, JL Daughtridge, JV Thurman, EM Hostetler, KA AF Meyer, MT Bumgarner, JE Varns, JL Daughtridge, JV Thurman, EM Hostetler, KA TI Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE antibiotics; tetracycline; radioimmunoassay; liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry; confined animal feeding operation ID CHLORTETRACYCLINE AB Approximately one-half of the 50 000 000 lb of antibiotics produced in the USA are used in agriculture. Because of the intensive use of antibiotics in the management of confined livestock operations, the potential exists for the transport of these compounds and their metabolites into our nation's water resources. A commercially available radioimmunoassay method, developed as a screen for tetracycline antibiotics in serum, urine, milk, and tissue, was adapted to analyze water samples at a detection level of approximately 1.0 ppb and a semiquantitative analytical range of 1-20 ppb. Liquid waste samples were obtained from 13 hog lagoons in three states and 52 surface- and ground-water samples were obtained primarily from areas associated with intensive swine and poultry production in seven states. These samples were screened for the tetracycline antibiotics by using the modified radioimmunoassay screening method. The radioimmunoassay tests yielded positive results for tetracycline antibiotics in samples from all 13 of the hog lagoons. Dilutions of 10-100-fold of the hog lagoon samples indicated that tetracycline antibiotic concentrations ranged from approximately 5 to several hundred parts per billion in liquid hog lagoon waste. Of the 52 surface- and ground-water samples collected all but two tested negative and these two samples contained tetracycline antibiotic concentrations less than 1 ppb. A new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was used to confirm the radioimmunoassay results in 9 samples and also to identify the tetracycline antibiotics to which the radioimmunoassay test was responding. The new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method with online solid-phase extraction and a detection level of 0.5 mu g/l confirmed the presence of chlorotetracycline in the hog lagoon samples and in one of the surface-water samples. The concentrations calculated from the radioimmunoassay were a factor of 1-5 times less than those calculated by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry concentrations for chlorotetracycline. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Meyer, MT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 10 TC 80 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700012 PM 10805238 ER PT J AU Thurman, EM Bastian, KC Mollhagen, T AF Thurman, EM Bastian, KC Mollhagen, T TI Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE herbicides; metabolites; playas; water quality; cotton; High Plains; Texas ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ATRAZINE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; SURFACE WATERS; SPRING FLUSH; METABOLITES; SOIL; STREAMS AB During the summer of 1997, water samples were collected and analyzed for pesticides from 32 playa lakes of the High Plains that receive drainage from both cotton and corn agriculture in West Texas. The major cotton herbicides detected in the water samples were diuron, fluometuron, metolachlor, norflurazon, and prometryn. Atrazine and propazine, corn and sorghum herbicides, were also routinely detected in samples from the playa lakes. Furthermore, the metabolites of all the herbicides studied were found in the playa lake samples. In some cases, the concentration of metabolites was equal to or exceeded the concentration of the parent compound. The types of metabolites detected suggested that the parent compounds had been transported to and had undergone degradation in the playa lakes. The types of metabolites and the ratio of metabolites to parent compounds may be useful in indicating the time that the herbicides were transported to the playa lakes. The median concentration of total herbicides was 7.2 mu g/l, with the largest total concentrations exceeding 30 mu g/l. Organophosphate insecticides were detected in only one water sample. Further work will improve the understanding of the fate of these compounds in the playa lake area. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Oread Labs, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Div Water Resources, Lubbock, TX USA. RP Thurman, EM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Bastian, K. Chad/0000-0001-7999-0630 NR 16 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 189 EP 200 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700013 PM 10805239 ER PT J AU Majewski, MS Foreman, WT Goolsby, DA AF Majewski, MS Foreman, WT Goolsby, DA TI Pesticides in the atmosphere of the Mississippi River Valley, part I - rain SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric deposition; long range transport; herbicides; insecticides; precipitation AB Weekly composite rainfall samples were collected in three paired urban and agricultural regions of the Midwestern United States and along the Mississippi River during April-September 1995. The paired sampling sites were located in Mississippi, Iowa, and Minnesota. A background site, removed from dense urban and agriculture areas, was located near Lake Superior in Michigan. Herbicides were the predominant type of pesticide detected at every site. Each sample was analyzed for 47 compounds and 23 of 26 herbicides, 13 of 18 insecticides, and three of three related transformation products were detected in one or more sample from each paired site. The detection frequency of herbicides and insecticides were nearly equivalent at the paired Iowa and Minnesota sites. In Mississippi, herbicides were detected more frequently at the agricultural site and insecticides were detected more frequently at. the urban site. The highest total wet depositional amounts (mu g pesticide/m(2) per season) occurred at the agricultural sites in Mississippi (1980 mu g/m(2)) and Iowa (490 mu g/m(2)) and at the urban site in Iowa (696 mu g/m(2)). Herbicides accounted for the majority of the wet depositional loading at the Iowa and Minnesota sites, but methyl parathion (1740 mu g/m(2)) was the dominant compound contributing to the total loading at the agricultural site in Mississippi. Atrazine, CIAT (a transformation product of atrazine and propazine) and dacthal were detected most frequently (76, 53, and 53%, respectively) at the background site indicating their propensity for long-range atmospheric transport. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Majewski, MS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 201 EP 212 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00543-4 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700014 PM 10805240 ER PT J AU Foreman, WT Majewski, MS Goolsby, DA Wiebe, FW Coupe, RH AF Foreman, WT Majewski, MS Goolsby, DA Wiebe, FW Coupe, RH TI Pesticides in the atmosphere of the Mississippi River Valley, part II - air SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE air; pesticides; insecticides; herbicides ID GREAT-LAKES; DEPOSITION; TRIFLURALIN; ORGANOCHLORINES; ACCUMULATION; CALIFORNIA; HERBICIDES; TRANSPORT; RESIDUES; OCEAN AB Weekly composite air samples were collected from early April through to mid-September 1995 at three paired urban and agricultural sites along the Mississippi River region of the Midwestern United States. The paired sampling sites were located in Mississippi, Iowa, and Minnesota. A background site, removed from dense urban and agricultural areas, was located on the shore of Lake Superior in Michigan. Each sample was analyzed for 49 compounds; of these, 21 of 26 herbicides, 13 of 19 insecticides, and 4 of 4 related transformation products were detected during the study, with most pesticides detected in more than one sample. The maximum number of pesticides detected in an air sample was 18. Herbicides were the predominant type of pesticide detected at every site. Detection frequencies of most herbicides were similar at the urban and agricultural sites in Iowa and Minnesota. In Mississippi, herbicides generally were detected more frequently at the agricultural site. The insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and carbaryl, which are used in agricultural and non-agricultural settings, were detected more frequently in urban sites than agricultural sites in Mississippi and Iowa. Methyl parathion was detected in 70% of the samples from the Mississippi agricultural site and at the highest concentration (62 ng/m(3) air) of any insecticide measured in the study. At the background site, dacthal (100%), atrazine (35%), cyanazine (22%), and the (primarily atrazine) triazine transformation products CIAT (35%) and CEAT (17%) were detected most frequently, suggesting their potential for Long-range atmospheric transport. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. RP Foreman, WT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Water Qual Lab, Box 25046,MS-407, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 40 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 213 EP 226 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00544-6 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700015 PM 10805241 ER PT J AU Coupe, RH Manning, MA Foreman, WT Goolsby, DA Majewski, MS AF Coupe, RH Manning, MA Foreman, WT Goolsby, DA Majewski, MS TI Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995 SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE pesticides; insecticides; herbicides; air; rain; Mississippi; methyl parathion; DDE; chlorpyrifos ID HERBICIDES AB In April 1995, the US Geological Survey began a study to determine the occurrence and temporal distribution of 49 pesticides and pesticide metabolites in air and rain samples from an urban and an agricultural sampling site in Mississippi. The study was a joint effort between the National Water-Quality Assessment and the Toxic Substances Programs and was part of a larger study examining the occurrence and temporal distribution of pesticides in air and rain in the Mississippi River basin. Concurrent high-volume air and wet-only deposition samples were collected weekly. The air samplers consisted of a glass-fiber filter to collect particles and tandem polyurethane foam plugs to collect gas-phase pesticides. Every rain and air sample collected from the urban and agricultural sites had detectable levels of multiple pesticides. The magnitude of the total concentration was 5-10 times higher at the agricultural site as compared to the urban site. The pesticide with the highest concentration in rain at both sites was methyl parathion. The pesticide with the highest concentration in the air samples from the agricultural site was also methyl parathion, but from the urban site the highest concentration was diazinon followed closely by chlorpyrifos. More than two decades since p,p'-DDT was banned from use in the United States, p,p'-DDE, a metabolite of p,p'-DDT, was detected in every air sample collected from the agricultural site and in more than half of the air samples from the urban site. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Coupe, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 308 S Airport Rd, Pearl, MS 39208 USA. NR 19 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 227 EP 240 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00545-8 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700016 PM 10805242 ER PT J AU Boyd, RA AF Boyd, RA TI Herbicides and herbicide degradates in shallow groundwater and the Cedar River near a municipal well field, Cedar Rapids, Iowa SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE herbicides; herbicide degradates; Cedar River; Iowa; alluvial aquifer ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; METABOLITES; TRANSPORT; METOLACHLOR; ALACHLOR AB Water samples were collected near a Cedar Rapids, Iowa municipal well field from June 1998 to August 1998 and analyzed for selected triazine and acetanilide herbicides and degradates. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of herbicides and herbicide degradates in the well field during a period following springtime application of herbicides to upstream cropland. The well field is in an alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River. Parent herbicide concentrations generally were greatest in June, and decreased in July and August. Atrazine was most frequently detected and occurred at the greatest concentrations; acetochlor, cyanazine and metolachlor also were detected, but at lesser concentrations than atrazine. Triazine degradate concentrations were relatively small (<0.50 mu g/l) and generally decreased from June to August. Although the rate of groundwater movement is relatively fast (approx. 1 m per day) in the alluvial aquifer near the Cedar River, deethylatrazine (DEA) to atrazine ratios in groundwater samples collected near the Cedar River indicate that atrazine and DEA probably are gradually transported into the alluvial aquifer from the Cedar River. Deisopropylatrazine (DIA) to DEA ratios in water samples indicate most DIA in the Cedar River and alluvial aquifer is produced by atrazine degradation, although some could bo from cyanazine degradation. Acetanilide degradates were detected more frequently and at greater concentrations than their corresponding parent herbicides. Ethanesulfonic-acid (ESA) degradates comprised at least 80% of the total acetanilide-degradate concentrations in samples collected from the Cedar River and alluvial aquifer in June, July and August; oxanilic acid degradates comprised less than 20% of the total concentrations. ESA-degradate concentrations generally were smallest in June and greater in July and August. Acetanilide degradate concentrations in groundwater adjacent to the Cedar River indicate acetanilide degradates are transported into the alluvial aquifer in a manner similar to that indicated for atrazine and DEA. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RP Boyd, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. NR 17 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 241 EP 253 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00546-X PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700017 PM 10805243 ER PT J AU Scribner, EA Battaglin, WA Goolsby, DA Thurman, EM AF Scribner, EA Battaglin, WA Goolsby, DA Thurman, EM TI Changes in herbicide concentrations in Midwestern streams in relation to changes in use, 1989-1998 SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE herbicides; water quality; streams; Midwestern USA; application rates ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; WATER AB Water samples were collected from Midwestern streams in 1994-1995 and 1998 as part of a study to help determine if changes in herbicide use resulted in changes in herbicide concentrations since a previous reconnaissance study in 1989-1990. Sites were sampled during the first significant runoff period after the application of pre-emergent herbicides in 1989-1990, 1994-1995, and 1998. Samples were analyzed for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolites, three cyanazine metabolites, and one alachlor metabolite. In the Midwestern USA, alachlor use was much greater in 1989 than in 1995, whereas acetochlor was not used in 1989 but was commonly used in 1995. The use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was approximately the same in 1989 and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor were substantially higher in 1989-1990 than in 1994-1995 or 1998. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1998 than in 1994 or 1995. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Scribner, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 17 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 255 EP 263 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00547-1 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700018 PM 10805244 ER PT J AU Payne, DF Tuncay, K Park, A Comer, JB Ortoleva, P AF Payne, DF Tuncay, K Park, A Comer, JB Ortoleva, P TI A reaction-transport-mechanical approach to modeling the interrelationships among gas generation, overpressuring, and fracturing: Implications for the Upper Cretaceous natural gas reservoirs of the Piceance basin, Colorado SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID HYDROCARBON GENERATION; FLUID EXPULSION AB Predicting reservoir characteristics in tight-gas sandstone reservoirs, such as those of the Upper Cretaceous units of the Piceance basin, is difficult due to the interactions of multiple processes acting on sediments during basin development. To better understand the dynamics of these systems, a forward numerical model, which accounts for compaction, fracturing, hydrocarbon generation, and multiphase flow (BasinRTM) is used in a one-dimensional simulation of the U.S. Department of Energy's Multiwell Experiment (MWX) site in the Piceance basin. Of particular interest is the effect of gas generation on the dynamics of the system. Comparisons of predicted present-day and observed reservoir characteristics show that the simulation generally captures the observed patterns. Analysis of the simulated history of the MWX site shows that theologic properties constrain the distribution of fractures, whereas the fracture dynamics are controlled by the dynamics of the stress and fluid pressure histories. Results suggest that gas generation is not necessary to induce fracturing; however, by contributing to overpressure it has two important implications: (1) during maximum burial, gas saturation in one unit affects fracturing in other units, thereby contributing to the creation of flow conduits through which gas may migrate and (2) gas saturation helps sustain overpressure during uplift and erosion, allowing fractures to remain open. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Lab Computat Geodynam, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Geol Survey, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Payne, DF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Peachtree Business Ctr, 3039 Amwiler Rd, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RI Tuncay, Kagan/B-2674-2008 NR 36 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 84 IS 4 BP 545 EP 565 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 303UT UT WOS:000086443800007 ER PT J AU Schofield, PJ Chapman, LJ AF Schofield, PJ Chapman, LJ TI Hypoxia tolerance of introduced Nile perch: implications for survival of indigenous fishes in the Lake Victoria basin SO AFRICAN ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oxygen tolerance; respiration; gill ventilation ID AQUATIC SURFACE RESPIRATION; LATES-NILOTICUS L; POECILIA-RETICULATA; ENDANGERED FISHES; BARBUS-NEUMAYERI; PAPYRUS SWAMPS; EAST-AFRICA; NYANZA-GULF; REFUGIA; NABUGABO AB The introduction of predatory Nile perch (Lates niloticus) into the Lake Victoria basin coincided with a dramatic decline in fish diversity. However, remnant populations of indigenous fishes persist in lagoons and satellite lakes separated from the main lakes by extensive areas of swamp, while other indigenous species find refuge in ecotonal areas at edges of marginal swamps in the main lakes. Low-oxygen conditions in these wetlands may physiologically stress Nile perch and therefore minimize its interaction with prey species. This study examined the low-oxygen tolerance of Nile perch collected from Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, by documenting behavioural and physiological strategies that relate to oxygen uptake. In response to hypoxia, Nile perch used aquatic surface respiration (ASR) at the air-water interface, ventilating their gills with water from the surface. However, several lines of evidence suggest that Nile perch in Lake Nabugabo are inefficient at ASR and relatively intolerant of low oxygen conditions. These include high thresholds for ASR relative to other indigenous fishes of the Lake Victoria basin, no decrease in gill ventilation rate with the onset of ASR, a faster time to loss of equilibrium in hypoxic conditions than other species from the region, and a high critical oxygen tension (24 mm Hg). C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Schofield, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 49 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU ZOOLOGICAL SOC SOUTHERN AFRICA PI PRETORIA PA AFRICAN ZOOLOGY CIRCULATION OFFICE, PO BOX 11663,, PRETORIA 0028, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1562-7020 J9 AFR ZOOL JI Afr. Zool. PD APR PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 373UG UT WOS:000165307200004 ER PT J AU Lasier, PJ Winger, PV Bogenrieder, KJ AF Lasier, PJ Winger, PV Bogenrieder, KJ TI Toxicity of manganese to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PORE-WATER TOXICITY; CLARK-FORK RIVER; SEDIMENT TOXICITY; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; HARDNESS; SULFIDE; IDENTIFICATION; TOLERANCE; AMPHIPOD; EFFLUENT AB Manganese is a toxic element frequently overlooked when assessing toxicity of effluents, sediments, and pore waters. Manganese can be present at toxic levels in anoxic solutions due to increased solubility under chemically reducing conditions, and it can remain at those levels for days in aerated test waters due to slow precipitation kinetics. Ceriodaphnia dubin and Hyalella azteca are freshwater organisms often used for toxicity testing and recommended for assessments of effluents and pore waters. Lethal and reproductive-inhibition concentrations of Mn were determined for C. dubia in acute 48-h tests and chronic three-brood tests using animals < 24 h old and between 24 and -48 h old. Sensitivity of H. azteca to Mn was determined with 7-day-old animals in acute 96-h tests. Tests were run at three levels of water hardness to assess the amelioratory effect, which was often significant. Manganese concentrations were measured analytically at test initiation and after 96 h for calculation of toxicity and determination of Mn precipitation during the tests. Minimal amounts of Mn (less than or equal to 3%) precipitated within 96 h. LC(50)s determined for H. azteca progressively increased from 3.0 to 8.6 to 13.7 mg Mn/L in soft, moderately hard, and hard waters, respectively. The tolerance of C. dubia to Mn was not significantly different between moderately hard and hard waters, but was significantly lower in soft water. Manganese sensitivity of C. dubia was not significantly different between the ages tested. Acute LC50 values for C. dubia averaged 6.2, 14.5 and 15.2 mg Mn/L and chronic IC50 values averaged 3.9, 8.5 and 11.5 mg Mn/L for soft, moderately-hard and hard waters. respectively. Manganese toxicity should be considered when assessing solutions with concentrations approaching these levels. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resouces, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Lasier, PJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resouces, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 60 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 5 U2 18 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 298 EP 304 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 285PC UT WOS:000085396600005 PM 10667926 ER PT J AU Plissner, JH Haig, SM Oring, LW AF Plissner, JH Haig, SM Oring, LW TI Postbreeding movements of American Avocets and implications for wetland connectivity in the western Great Basin SO AUK LA English DT Article ID LANDSCAPE; CONSERVATION; SANDPIPERS; MIGRATION; DISPERSAL AB Wetlands in the western Great Basin of the United States are patchily distributed and undergo extensive seasonal and annual variation in water levels. The American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) is one of many shorebird species that use these wetlands as breeding and migratory stopover sites and must adjust to variable conditions. WE used radio telemetry to determine postbreeding, premigratory movement patterns of avocets throughout the region In 1996 and 1997, 185 breeding adults were captured and fitted with radio transmitters at five breeding areas in Oregon, California, and Nevada. Regular aerial and ground surveys were conducted at the five main study areas from June through September, or until all avocets had left a site. Other wetlands in the western Great Basin also were surveyed by aircraft for the presence of radio-marked birds. Fifty-six percent of radio-marked avocets were still detected in the region at least eight weeks after capture. Each of these individuals was detected at an average of 2.1 lakes (range 0 to 6), with 74% found at more than one lake system. Forty radio-marked individuals moved at least 200 km between wetlands prior to migration, most of which dispersed northward. Male and female patterns did not differ significantly. Overall, movements may be associated with a prebasic molt, exploitation of a superabundant food source in northern lakes, and reconnaissance for future breeding efforts or staging sites. These results also demonstrate wide-ranging patterns of dispersal in this species and suggest a need for the consideration of large-scale habitat connectivity issues in establishing conservation strategies for shorebirds in the western Great Basin. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Haig, SM (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2000 VL 117 IS 2 BP 290 EP 298 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0290:PMOAAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 306XJ UT WOS:000086623700002 ER PT J AU Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Fallon, FW Fallon, JE Heglund, PJ AF Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Fallon, FW Fallon, JE Heglund, PJ TI A double-observer approach for estimating detection probability and abundance from point counts SO AUK LA English DT Article ID BREEDING BIRD SURVEY; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; POPULATION-CHANGE AB Although point counts are frequently used in ornithological studies, basic assumptions about detection probabilities often are untested. We apply a double-observer approach developed to estimate detection probabilities for aerial surveys (Cook and Jacobson 1979) to avian point counts. At each point count, a designated "primary" observer indicates to another ("secondary") observer all birds detected. The secondary observer records all detections of the primary observer as well as any birds not detected by the primary observer. Observers alternate primary and secondary roles during the course of the survey. The approach permits estimation of observer-specific detection probabilities and bird abundance. We developed a set of models that incorporate different assumptions about sources of variation (e.g. observer, bird species) in detection probability. Seventeen field trials were conducted, and models were fit to the resulting data using program SURVIV. Single-observer point counts generally miss varying proportions of the birds actually present, and observer and bird species were found to be relevant sources of variation in detection probabilities. Overall detection probabilities (probability of being detected by at least one of the two observers) estimated using the double-observer approach were very high (>0.95), yielding precise estimates of avian abundance. We consider problems with the approach and recommend possible solutions, including restriction of the approach to fixed-radius counts to reduce the effect of variation in the effective radius of detection among various observers and to provide a basis for using spatial sampling to estimate bird abundance on large areas of interest. We believe that most questions meriting the effort required to carry out point counts also merit-serious attempts to estimate detection probabilities associated with the counts. The double-observer approach is a method that can be used for this purpose. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. AScI Corp, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Biol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Nichols, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM jim_nichols@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 316 Z9 329 U1 14 U2 99 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2000 VL 117 IS 2 BP 393 EP 408 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0393:ADOAFE]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 306XJ UT WOS:000086623700012 ER PT J AU Carter, MF Hunter, WC Pashley, DN Rosenberg, KV AF Carter, MF Hunter, WC Pashley, DN Rosenberg, KV TI Setting conservation priorities for landbirds in the United States: The partners in flight approach SO AUK LA English DT Article C1 Colorado Bird Observ, Brighton, CO 80601 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Atlanta, GA 30345 USA. Amer Bird Conservancy, The Plains, VA 20198 USA. Cornell Lab Ornithol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Carter, MF (reprint author), Colorado Bird Observ, 13401 Piccadilly Rd, Brighton, CO 80601 USA. EM mike.carter@cbobirds.org NR 19 TC 110 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2000 VL 117 IS 2 BP 541 EP 548 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0541:SCPFLI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 306XJ UT WOS:000086623700032 ER PT J AU Clitheroe, G Gudmundsson, O Kennett, BLN AF Clitheroe, G Gudmundsson, O Kennett, BLN TI Sedimentary and upper crustal structure of Australia from receiver functions SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Australia; crust; receiver functions; sediment ID BENEATH EASTERN AUSTRALIA; TASMAN OROGENIC SYSTEM; SEISMIC-REFLECTION; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; ARUNTA BLOCK; INVERSION; GRAVITY; BASINS; MODEL AB The initial coda of teleseismic P-waves contains considerable information about the crust and upper mantle structure directly beneath a receiver. When this information can be recovered for a dense network of seismographs much can be learned about the structure of the earth. Data from the high quality broadband seismic stations of the SKIPPY and KIMBA projects along with permanent stations are used to investigate the upper crustal structure of Australia. A dataset of 65 shear-velocity models derived from receiver functions has enabled the sedimentary and upper crustal structure of Australia to be summarised. Regions of thick soft sediment show good agreement with topographical lows. A simple relation between upper-crustal velocity and magnetisation, as has been suggested by other investigators, has not been observed, but this may be due to the magnetic signal being muted by overlying sediments. A prominent mid-crustal discontinuity is apparent in the Tasman and New England mega-elements. This may represent a mid-crustal decollement that had structural control during accretion. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Clitheroe, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Kennett, Brian/0000-0003-2206-5350 NR 32 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0812-0099 J9 AUST J EARTH SCI JI Aust. J. Earth Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 47 IS 2 BP 209 EP 216 DI 10.1046/j.1440-0952.2000.00774.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 315HY UT WOS:000087108500002 ER PT J AU Hansen, WR Nashold, SW Docherty, DE Brown, SE Knudson, DL AF Hansen, WR Nashold, SW Docherty, DE Brown, SE Knudson, DL TI Diagnosis of duck plague in waterfowl by polymerase chain reaction SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE duck plague; duck virus enteritis; polymerase chain reaction; diagnostic test; field samples; avian herpesvirus ID VIRUS ENTERITIS AB A recently developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used for diagnosis of duck plague in waterfowl tissues from past and current cases of waterfowl mortality and to identify duck plague virus in combined cloacal/oral-pharyngeal swab samples from healthy mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) after a disease outbreak. The PCR was able to detect viral DNA from all the individual or pooled tissues assayed from 10 waterfowl, including liver and spleen samples from three Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domesticus) that did not yield virus isolates. The strong staining intensity of the PCR products from the waterfowl tissues indicated that large amounts of virus were present, even when virus was not isolated. Duck plague DNA was also detected in a cloacal swab sample from a wood duck (Aix sponsa) carcass submitted for diagnosis. The PCR assay identified duck plague DNA in 13 swab samples that produced virus isolates from carrier mallards sampled in 1981 after a duck plague die-off. The duck plague PCR clearly demonstrated the ability to quickly diagnose duck plague in suspect mortality cases and to detect virus shed by carrier waterfowl. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Agr Sci, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Hansen, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 2 BP 266 EP 274 DI 10.2307/1592539 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 343MZ UT WOS:000088707300005 PM 10879905 ER PT J AU Ripple, WJ Hershey, KT Anthony, RG AF Ripple, WJ Hershey, KT Anthony, RG TI Historical forest patterns of Oregon's central Coast Range SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE historical landscapes; forest fragmentation; biological diversity; Oregon Coast Range; landscape patterns ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; LANDSCAPE PATTERNS; WESTERN OREGON; DYNAMICS; USA AB To describe the composition and pattern of unmanaged forestland in Oregon's central Coast Range, we analyzed forest conditions from a random sample of 18 prelogging (1949 and earlier) landscapes. We also compared the amount and variability of old forest (conifer-dominated stands > 53 cm dbh) in the prelogging landscapes with that in the current landscapes. Sixty-three percent of the prelogging landscape comprised old forest, approximately 21% of which also had a significant (> 20% cover) hardwood component. The proportions of forest types across the 18 prelogging landscapes varied greatly for both early seral stages (cv = 81-194) and hardwoods (cv = 127) and moderately for old forest (cv = 39). With increasing distance from streams, the amount of hardwoods and nonforest decreased, whereas the amount of seedling/sapling/pole and young conifers increased. The amount of old forest was significantly greater (p < 0.002) in prelogging forests than in current landscapes. Old-forest patterns also differed significantly (p < 0.015) between prelogging and current landscapes; patch density, coefficient of variation of patch size, edge density, and fragmentation were greater in current landscapes and mean patch size, largest patch size, and core habitat were greater in prelogging forests. Generally, old-forest landscape pattern variables showed a greater range in prelogging landscapes than in current landscapes. Management strategies designed to increase the amount of old forest, and the range in landscape patterns would result in a landscape more closely resembling that found prior to intensive logging. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Environm Remote Sensing Applicat Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ripple, WJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Environm Remote Sensing Applicat Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 21 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD APR PY 2000 VL 93 IS 1 BP 127 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00034-8 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 288AL UT WOS:000085539600014 ER PT J AU Pielke, RA Stohlgren, T Parton, W Doesken, N Moeny, J Schell, L Redmond, K AF Pielke, RA Stohlgren, T Parton, W Doesken, N Moeny, J Schell, L Redmond, K TI Spatial representativeness of temperature measurements from a single site SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material AB This paper discusses the spatial distribution of the early spring minimum temperature and the length of the growing season in eastern Colorado. It is shown that even in the relatively homogeneous landscape, there are significant differences in long-term trends of these data. The authors conclude that the direction and magnitude of regional climate trends cannot be reliably inferred from single-site records, even over relatively homogeneous terrain. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geog Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Climate Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Canyonlands Headquarters, Moab, UT USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Pielke, RA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009 NR 7 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 81 IS 4 BP 826 EP 830 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0826:SPATIA>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 300PY UT WOS:000086262400012 ER PT J AU Personius, SF Mahan, SA AF Personius, SF Mahan, SA TI Paleoearthquake recurrence on the East Paradise fault zone, metropolitan Albuquerque, New Mexico SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE; QUATERNARY FAULTS; RUPTURE LENGTH; UNITED-STATES; NEW-ZEALAND; THERMOLUMINESCENCE; SEDIMENTS; USA; DISPLACEMENT; PLEISTOCENE AB A fortuitous exposure of the East Paradise fault zone near Arroyo de las Calabacillas has helped us determine a post-middle Pleistocene history for a long-forgotten Quaternary fault in the City of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Mapping of two exposures of the fault zone allowed us to measure a total vertical offset of 2.75 m across middle Pleistocene fluvial and eolian deposits and to estimate individual surface-faulting events of about 1, 0.5, and 1.25 m. These measurements and several thermoluminescence ages allow us to calculate a long-term average slip rate of 0.01 +/- 0.001 mm/yr and date two surface-faulting events to 208 +/- 25 ka and 75 +/- 7 ka. The youngest event probably occurred in the late Pleistocene, sometime after 75 +/- 7 ka. These data yield a single recurrence interval of 133 +/- 26 ka and an average recurrence interval of 90 +/- 10 ka. However, recurrence intervals are highly variable because the two youngest events occurred in less than 75 ka. Offsets of 0.5-1.25 m and a fault length of 13-20 km indicate that surface-rupturing paleoearthquakes on the East Paradise fault zone had probable M-s or M-w magnitudes of 6.8-7.0. Although recurrence intervals are long on the East Paradise fault zone, these data are significant because they represent some of the first published slip rate, paleoearthquake magnitude, and recurrence information for any of the numerous Quaternary faults in the rapidly growing Albuquerque-Rio Rancho metropolitan area. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Personius, SF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Mahan, Shannon/0000-0001-5214-7774 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 2000 VL 90 IS 2 BP 357 EP 369 DI 10.1785/0119990089 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 314LU UT WOS:000087058000009 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, LD TI Leadership in Wolf, Canis lupus, packs SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Wolf; Canis lupus; leadership; behavior; foraging; movements; pup care; provisioning; sociality; reproduction; breeding; Northwest Territories ID ARCTIC WOLF; WILD WOLVES AB I examine leadership in Wolf (Canis lupus) packs based on published observations and data gathered during summers from 1986 to 1998 studying a free-ranging pack of Wolves on Ellesmere Island that were habituated to my presence. The breeding male tended to initiate activities associated with foraging and travel, and the breeding female to initiate, and predominate in, pup care and protection. However, there was considerable overlap and interaction during these activities such that leadership could be considered a joint function. In packs with multiple breeders, quantitative information about leadership is needed. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 25 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 114 IS 2 BP 259 EP 263 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353DR UT WOS:000089260000010 ER PT J AU Cotter, PA Andres, BA AF Cotter, PA Andres, BA TI Nest density of shorebirds inland from the Beaufort Sea Coast, Alaska SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Calidris; Sandpipers; shorebirds; density; nest; tundra; breeding; Alaska AB Because scant information exists on the distribution, abundance, and habitat use of shorebirds nesting in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, we determined nest densities of shorebirds in tundra habitats at Inigok, Alaska. We searched for shorebird nests on 29 plots (4 ha each) between 10 June and 18 July 1998 and surveyed for plover pairs on a 12.8-km(2) plot. Thirteen shorebird species bred at Inigok, and nest density was highest in drained-lake basins (mean = 80.0 nests/km(2)). Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) and Pectoral Sandpipers (C. melanotos) were the most abundant shorebirds breeding at Inigok and nested exclusively in drained-lake basins (mean = 30.0 nests/km(2) each). Only American Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis dominica) nested in appreciable numbers (2.57 pairs/km(2) on a single plot) in tussock/ridge tundra. Although constituting a relatively small proportion of the tundra at Inigok (10.5%), drained-lake basins supported a disproportionate number of breeding species and individuals and may support sizable portions of the populations of Semipalmated Sandpipers and Pectoral Sandpipers breeding on the North Slope. Development plans for inland sites on the North Slope should consider the importance of drained-lake basins to nesting shorebirds. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nongame Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Andres, BA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nongame Migratory Bird Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 114 IS 2 BP 287 EP 291 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353DR UT WOS:000089260000014 ER PT J AU Azure, DA Naugle, DE Toepfer, JE Huschle, G Crawford, RD AF Azure, DA Naugle, DE Toepfer, JE Huschle, G Crawford, RD TI Sexing American Bitterns, Botaurus lentiginosus, using morphometric characteristics SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE American Bittern; Botaurus lentiginosus; discriminant function analysis; morphometric measurements; sex criteria; wetland birds; Minnesota AB Morphometric measures from 1995-1998 were used to develop a discriminant function that provides investigators with a practical, non-destructive technique for sexing American Bitterns (Botaurus lentiginosus). Thirty-two males were lured into mirror traps and mist nets using tape-recorded territorial vocalizations and 17 females were captured at nest-sites using long-handled dip nets. Sex of captured birds was known because only males respond aggressively to territorial vocalizations and only females incubate nests. Average morphometric measures were greater for male than female American Bitterns with overlap between the sexes. Tarsus length was the single most useful measurement in discriminating between sexes, correctly identifying 100% of individuals used to construct the function and 71.4% of birds that were not used in model development (hold-out test data set). The addition of short bill length measurements increased the proportion of correctly classified individuals in the hold-out test data set to 76.2% for males and 85.7% for females. This technique will enable field ecologists to separate population and behavioral data according to sex. C1 Univ N Dakota, Dept Biol, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. RP Azure, DA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Windom Wetland Management Dist, Route 1,Box 273A, Windom, MN 56101 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 114 IS 2 BP 307 EP 310 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353DR UT WOS:000089260000018 ER PT J AU Joly, K AF Joly, K TI Orphan Caribou, Rangifer tarandus, calves: A re-evaluation of overwinter survival data SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Caribou; Rangifer tarandus; calf; mortality; sample size; statistical power ID REINDEER AB Low sample size and high variation within populations reduce power of statistical tests. These aspects of statistical power appear to have affected an analysis comparing overwinter survival rates of non-orphan and orphan Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) calves by an earlier study for the Porcupine Caribou Herd. A re-evaluation of the data revealed that conclusions about a lack of significant difference in the overwinter survival rates between orphan and non-orphan calves were premature. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Joly, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 114 IS 2 BP 322 EP 323 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353DR UT WOS:000089260000025 ER PT J AU Fabrizio, MC Raz, J Bandekar, RR AF Fabrizio, MC Raz, J Bandekar, RR TI Using linear models with correlated errors to analyze changes in abundance of Lake Michigan fishes: 1973-1992 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; POPULATIONS; SALMONINES; COMMUNITY; VARIANCE; HABITAT; TRENDS; DIET AB We examined annual changes in relative abundance of Lake Michigan fishes using linear models with correlated errors in space and time. Abundance of bloater (Coregonus hoyi), deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) was monitored with bottom trawls at 10 discrete depths (between 18 and 110 m) off eight fixed ports from 1973 to 1992. The model describing abundance included fixed effects of year, port, depth, and interaction terms as well as quadratic and cubic effects of year and depth because changes in abundance were not strictly linear. Observed temporal trends in abundance varied with species and depth. Additionally, trends in alewife and slimy sculpin abundances depended on port. Cubic trends in the abundance of bloater and quadratic trends in deepwater sculpin and rainbow smelt abundances were similar among ports, permitting lakewide inferences for these species. Mean bloater abundance was low throughout the 1970s, increased during the 1980s, and reached high levels by 1990. Mean abundances of deepwater sculpin and rainbow smelt increased from 1973 to the mid-1980s and declined thereafter. The linear model with correlated errors can be readily applied to repeated-measures data from other fixed-station fishery surveys and is appropriate for data exhibiting spatial and temporal autocorrelations. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Penn, Med Ctr, Ctr Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Div Biostat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Fabrizio, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. OI Fabrizio, Mary/0000-0002-6115-5490 NR 32 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 57 IS 4 BP 775 EP 788 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-4-775 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 303VQ UT WOS:000086445800012 ER PT J AU Chick, JH Van Den Avyle, MJ AF Chick, JH Van Den Avyle, MJ TI Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: implications for cohort survival (vol 57, pg 106, 2000) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Chick, JH (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Univ Pk, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 57 IS 4 BP 872 EP 872 PG 1 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 303VQ UT WOS:000086445800023 ER PT J AU Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Ho, KT Stern, EA AF Lebo, JA Huckins, JN Petty, JD Ho, KT Stern, EA TI Selective removal of organic contaminants from sediments: a methodology for toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE sediment; hydrophobic contaminants; decontamination; polyethylene; TIE AB Aqueous slurries of a test sediment spiked with dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, p,p'-DDE, or phenanthrene were subjected to decontamination experimentation. The spiked sediments were agitated at elevated temperatures for at least 96 h in the presence of either of the two contaminant-absorbing media: clusters of polyethylene membrane or lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The effects of treatment temperature and surface area of media on the removal of contaminants were explored. This work is part of a larger methodology for whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE). A method is being sought that is capable of detoxifying sediments with respect to organic contaminants while leaving toxicity attributable to inorganic contaminants unaffected. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, CERC, Columbia, MO USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, New York, NY USA. RP Lebo, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, CERC, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 2000 VL 40 IS 8 BP 811 EP 819 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00270-2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 284VM UT WOS:000085353600003 PM 10718572 ER PT J AU Uhlik, P Sucha, V Eberl, DD Puskelova, L Caplovicova, M AF Uhlik, P Sucha, V Eberl, DD Puskelova, L Caplovicova, M TI Evolution of pyrophyllite particle sizes during dry grinding SO CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE Bertaut-Warren-Averbach technique; grinding; pyrophyllite crystallite; HRTEM ID MECHANICAL TREATMENT; KAOLINITE; MINERALS; MULLITE; BEHAVIOR AB The Bertaut-Warren-Averbach (BWA) technique and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize the products of dry-ground pyrophyllite. Mean crystallite thickness and crystallite thickness distributions were measured for each sample using the BWA technique. Mean crystallite thickness decreases during the treatment with respect to grinding time and energy applied per unit mass. The BWA data were checked by HRTEM measurements and good fits were obtained for samples having small mean particle thicknesses. Samples with thicker particles could not be measured properly by HRTEM because the number of particles counted from images is statistically insufficient. The shape of the crystallite and the particle-size distribution were used to determine the mechanism of pyrophyllite particle degradation. Particles initially having a lognormal size distribution are first delaminated randomly, then some are delaminated preferentially, thereby producing polymodal thickness distributions. Finally all particles undergo delamination yielding a lognormal thickness distribution. C1 Comenius Univ, Fac Sci, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Bratislava 84212, Slovakia. RP Uhlik, P (reprint author), Comenius Univ, Fac Sci, Mlynska Dolina G, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON SW7 5HR, ENGLAND SN 0009-8558 J9 CLAY MINER JI Clay Min. PD APR PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 423 EP 432 DI 10.1180/000985500546774 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy GA 346WG UT WOS:000088893600010 ER PT J AU Kleiman, DG Reading, RP Miller, BJ Clark, TW Scott, M Robinson, J Wallace, RL Cabin, RJ Felleman, F AF Kleiman, DG Reading, RP Miller, BJ Clark, TW Scott, M Robinson, J Wallace, RL Cabin, RJ Felleman, F TI Improving the evaluation of conservation programs SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENDANGERED SPECIES RECOVERY; MANAGEMENT; REINTRODUCTION; PLANS; ACT AB The evaluation of conservation programs is rare but increasingly important in improving their effectiveness. Regular evaluations of conservation programs and the implementation of recommendations resulting from such assessments are infrequent because of resistance by participants and lack of funding. Evaluations may be internal or external, depending on the purpose of the review and how broadly it is focused. We strongly recommend external peer review of long-term complex conservation programs every 5 years, supported by more frequent (annual) internal reviews. Criteria for success must encompass both biological and social measures and include learning and the application of new knowledge to management. Evaluations must also go beyond monitoring to assess the value of the program. We emphasize the need to include the organization and function of a conservation program (the process) in any evaluation in addition to substantive criteria for success, which usually involve biological measures (numbers). A dysfunctional program organization and process can as effectively cripple a conservation effort as can a major biological catastrophe. We provide examples of different types of conservation program evaluations, including moderated workshops and case-study analysis, and provide advice on the logistics and organization of the review, emphasizing the importance of the evaluation process itself to a successful outcome. One important aspect of an evaluation is having an individual with leadership ability and considerable expertise to organize the format and oversee the review process itself. Second, it is essential at the outset to ensure agreement among the program participants and the review committee on the goals and objectives of the conservation program, what is to be evaluated, and the criteria for defining success. Finally, the best evaluations are inclusive and involve all participants and stakeholders. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Denver Zool Fdn, Dept Conservat Biol, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Conservat Consultants Inc, Seattle, WA 98117 USA. RP Kleiman, DG (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Washington, DC 20008 USA. EM dkleiman@nzp.si.edu NR 63 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 41 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 356 EP 365 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98553.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300WD UT WOS:000086275800004 ER PT J AU Esler, D AF Esler, D TI Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BREEDING POPULATIONS; PHILOPATRY; HABITAT AB Metapopulation theory has proven useful for understanding the population structure and dynamics of many species of conservation concern. The metapopulation concept has been applied almost exclusively to nonmigratory species, however, for which subpopulation demographic independence-a requirement for a classically defined metapopulation-is explicitly related to geographic distribution and dispersal probabilities. Defining the degree of demographic independence among subpopulations of migratory animals, and thus the applicability of metapopulation theory as a conceptual framework for understanding population dynamics, is much more difficult. Unlike nonmigratory species, subpopulations of migratory animals cannot be defined as synonymous with geographic areas. Groups of migratory birds that are geographically separate at one part of the annual cycle may occur together at others, but co-occurrence in time and space does not preclude the demographic independence of subpopulations. I suggest that metapopulation theory can be applied to migratory species but that understanding the degree of subpopulation independence may require information about both spatial distribution throughout the annual cycle and behavioral mechanisms that may lead to subpopulation demographic independence. The key for applying metapopulation theory to migratory animals lies in identifying demographically independent subpopulations, even as they move during the annual cycle and potentially co-occur with other subpopulations. Using examples of migratory bird species, I demonstrate that spatial and temporal modes of subpopulation independence can interact with behavioral mechanisms to create demographically independent subpopulations, including cases in which subpopulations are not spatially distinct in some parts of the annual cycle. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Esler, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 34 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 366 EP 372 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300WD UT WOS:000086275800005 ER PT J AU Angermeier, PL AF Angermeier, PL TI The natural imperative for biological conservation SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGICAL-SOCIETY; ECOSYSTEMS; POLICY; DIVERSITY; AMERICA; FORESTS; SUSTAINABILITY; VEGETATION AB To contribute significantly to environmental policy of the next century, conservationists will need to reach a consensus on their fundamental values and goals and to persuade society to adopt them. Resolution of the debate over the continued role of naturalness as a guiding concept has important implications for how conservation is practiced and the future of the discipline. I examine five aspects of naturalness in the context of biological conservation: (1) its utility, (2) its assessment, (3) its relation to values and ethics, (4) alternative imperatives, and (5) implications of adopting it as a guiding concept. Naturalness can be viewed as a continuous gradient with completely natural and completely artificial extremes. Human actions are unnatural to the extent that they rely on technology to transform natural ecosystems. The ecological consequences of technological transformation often overwhelm the capacity of other biota to adapt and are a root cause of biodiversity loss. The naturalness of most ecosystems or ecosystem alterations can be assessed objectively despite imperfect knowledge if evolutionary limits and natural ranges of variability are carefully considered. Most conservationists value naturally evolved biotic elements such as genomes and communities over artificial elements. This judgment, which is not shared by society at large, is based on intrinsic and instrumental values, including respect for nature and recognition that many ecosystem amenities stem from natural processes. Given the wide accessibility of ecologically destructive technology, fundamental shifts in societal values and approaches to ecosystem alteration are needed to achieve conservation. Respect for nature must supplant the prevailing world view of human superiority. Although sometimes difficult to assess, naturalness is a more reasonable guide for conservation than are other ecosystem features such as diversity, productivity, or evolution, and naturalness is the foundation for several current conservation concepts such as ecological integrity and ecological restoration. Conservation biologists can help develop conservation practices and ethics that emphasize the importance of natural ecosystems. Key roles include refining distinctions between natural and anthropogenic conditions, devising ways to use ecosystems without losing biotic diversity, and facilitating shifts in societal values toward more respect for nature. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Angermeier, PL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 74 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 6 U2 58 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 373 EP 381 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98362.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300WD UT WOS:000086275800006 ER PT J AU Canterbury, GE Martin, TE Petit, DR Petit, LJ Bradford, DF AF Canterbury, GE Martin, TE Petit, DR Petit, LJ Bradford, DF TI Bird communities and habitat as ecological indicators of forest condition in regional monitoring SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; NEST PREDATION; POPULATIONS; GUILDS; SITES; TOOL AB Ecological indicators for long-term monitoring programs are needed to detect and assess changing environmental conditions. We developed and tested community-level environmental indicators for monitoring forest bird populations and associated habitat. We surveyed 197 sampling plots in loblolly-shortleaf pine forests, spanning an area from Georgia to Virginia (U.S.A.) and representing a gradient in levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Ninety of these plots were randomly selected from a sampling grid, permitting quantitative assessment of cumulative distribution functions for bird community and habitat parameters. Species were independently classified into habitat assemblages indicating birds typical of disturbed habitat (e.g., shrubland, forest edge) and undisturbed habitat (mature forest). Relative abundances of these assemblages were used to form a bird community index-similar to the index of biotic integrity applied to aquatic systems-showing the effects of habitat disturbance on forest bird communities. Bird communities on the majority of the sample area (52-75%, 90% confidence interval) were dominated by disturbance-tolerant species. Sites dominated by mature-forest species were comparatively uncommon. Habitat assemblages appeared to be particularly useful tools for environmental monitoring; individual species abundance was positively correlated with assemblage species richness, and assemblage members showed consistent responses to variations in disturbance level. To a lesser extent, component species of nesting guilds showed this pattern of cohesive responses, but those of foraging guilds did not. We also developed a habitat index based on habitat variables that predicted bird community index values. Habitat and bird community indices were strongly correlated in an independent validation dataset, suggesting that the habitat index can provide a reliable predictor of bird community status. The two indices may be used in combination, with the bird community index providing a direct measure of the status of the bird community and the habitat index providing a basis on which to separate changes in the bird community into local habitat effects versus other factors (e.g., landscape level effects, changes on wintering grounds). C1 Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. US EPA, Environm Monitoring Syst Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Canterbury, GE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2800 Cottage Way,Suite W2605, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 42 TC 107 Z9 126 U1 7 U2 63 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 544 EP 558 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98235.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300WD UT WOS:000086275800022 ER PT J AU Amelin, YV Rytsk, EY Krymskii, RS Neimark, LA Skublov, SG AF Amelin, YV Rytsk, EY Krymskii, RS Neimark, LA Skublov, SG TI Vendian age enderbites of granulite complex Baikal-Muya ophiolite belt (North Prebaikal'e): U-Pb and Sm-Nd isotopic evidences SO DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK LA Russian DT Article ID ZIRCON; SUITE C1 Royal Ontario Museum, Geochronol Lab, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Precambrian Geol & Geochronol, St Petersburg, Russia. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Amelin, YV (reprint author), Royal Ontario Museum, Geochronol Lab, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. RI Skublov, Sergey/B-1775-2010 NR 11 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA PI MOSCOW PA 39 DIMITROVA UL., 113095 MOSCOW, RUSSIA SN 0869-5652 J9 DOKL AKAD NAUK+ JI Dokl. Akad. Nauk PD APR PY 2000 VL 371 IS 5 BP 652 EP 654 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 311XH UT WOS:000086911100020 ER PT J AU Jones, TS AF Jones, TS TI Manganese - Developments during 1999 SO E&MJ-ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Jones, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACLEAN HUNTER PUBLISHING CORP PI CHICAGO PA 29 NORTH WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO, IL 60606 USA SN 0095-8948 J9 ENG MIN J JI E&MJ-Eng. Min. J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 201 IS 4 BP 28 EP 30 PG 3 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 305MP UT WOS:000086544100005 ER PT J AU Plunkert, PA AF Plunkert, PA TI Aluminum - Positives: Demand and price SO E&MJ-ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Plunkert, PA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACLEAN HUNTER PUBLISHING CORP PI CHICAGO PA 29 NORTH WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO, IL 60606 USA SN 0095-8948 J9 ENG MIN J JI E&MJ-Eng. Min. J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 201 IS 4 BP 39 EP 40 PG 2 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 305MP UT WOS:000086544100009 ER PT J AU Gambogi, J AF Gambogi, J TI Titanium - Consolidation continues through 1999 SO E&MJ-ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Gambogi, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACLEAN HUNTER PUBLISHING CORP PI CHICAGO PA 29 NORTH WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO, IL 60606 USA SN 0095-8948 J9 ENG MIN J JI E&MJ-Eng. Min. J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 201 IS 4 BP 42 EP 44 PG 3 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 305MP UT WOS:000086544100011 ER PT J AU Adams, MJ AF Adams, MJ TI Pond permanence and the effects of exotic vertebrates on anurans SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE amphibian declines; anura; competition; environmental gradients; exotic species, effects on native species; Hyla regilla; Lepomis; pond amphibian communities vs. pond permanence; pond permanence vs. effects of exotic species; predation; Rana aurora aurora; Rana catesbeiana ID PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS; FROGS RANA-AURORA; INTRODUCED BULLFROGS; RESPONSES; LARVAE; FISH; COMPETITION; LAKES; CONSEQUENCES; POPULATIONS AB In many permanent ponds throughout western North America, the introduction of a variety of exotic fish and bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) correlates with declines in native amphibians. Direct effects of exotics are suspected to be responsible for the rarity of some native amphibians and are one hypothesis to explain the prevalence of amphibian declines in western North America. However, the prediction that the permanent ponds occupied by exotics would be suitable for native amphibians if exotics were absent has not been tested. I used a series of enclosure experiments to test whether survival of northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora) and Pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla) larvae is equal in permanent and temporary ponds in the Puget Lowlands, Washington State, USA. I also examined the direct effects of bullfrog larvae and sunfish. Survival of both species of native anuran larvae was generally lower in permanent ponds. Only one permanent pond out of six was an exception to this pattern and exhibited increased larval survival rates in the absence of direct effects by exotics. The presence of fish in enclosures reduced survival to near zero for both native species. An effect of bullfrog larvae on Pacific treefrog larval survival was not detected, but effects on red-legged frog larvae were mixed. A hypothesis that food limitation is responsible for the low survival of native larvae in some permanent ponds was not supported. My results confirm that direct negative effects of exotic Vertebrates on native anurans occur but suggest that they may not be important to broad distribution patterns. Instead, habitat gradients or indirect effects of exotics appear to play major roles. I found support for the role of permanence as a structuring agent for pond communities in the Puget Lowlands, but neither permanence nor exotic vertebrates fully explained the observed variability in larval anuran survival. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Adams, MJ (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst, 3080 SE Clearwater Dr, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 53 TC 64 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 28 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2000 VL 10 IS 2 BP 559 EP 568 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0559:PPATEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 296DT UT WOS:000086008300021 ER PT J AU Fuller, CC Harvey, JW AF Fuller, CC Harvey, JW TI Reactive uptake of trace metals in the hyporheic zone of a mining-contaminated stream, Pinal Creek, Arizona SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MINE DRAINAGE; MANGANESE; TRANSPORT; AQUIFER; WATER; COPRECIPITATION; GROUNDWATER; STABILITY; BEHAVIOR; OXIDES AB Significant uptake of dissolved metals occurred by interaction of groundwater and surface water with hyporheic-zone sediments during transport in Final Creek, AZ. The extent of trace metal uptake was calculated by mass balance measurements made directly within the hyporheic zone. A conservative salute tracer injected into the stream was used to quantify hydrologic exchange with the stream and groundwater. Fractional reactive uptake of dissolved metals entering the hyporheic zone was determined at 29 sites and averaged 52 +/- 25, 27 +/- 19, and 36 +/-: 24% for Co, Ni, and Zn, compared with Mn uptake of 22 +/- 19%. First-order rate constants (lambda(h)) Of metal uptake in the hyporheic zone were determined at seven sites using the exchange rate of water derived from tracer arrival in the streambed. Reaction-time constants (1/lambda(h)) averaged 0.41, 0.84, and 0.38 h for Co, Ni, and Zn, respectively, and 1.3 h for Mn. In laboratory experiments with streambed sediments, metal uptake increased with preexisting Mn oxide concentration, supporting our interpretation that Mn oxides in the hyporheic zone enhance trace metal uptake. Reach-scale mass-balance calculations that include groundwater metal inputs indicated that decreases in metal loads ranged from 12 to 68% over the 7-km perennial reach depending on the metal. The decreases in metal loads are attributed to uptake of trace metals by Mn oxides in the hyporheic zone that is enhanced because of ongoing Mn oxide formation. Analysis of dissolved-metal streambed profiles and conservative solute tracers provide a valuable tool for quantifying metal uptake or release in the hyporheic zone of contaminated streams. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Fuller, CC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013; OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873; Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 27 TC 109 Z9 112 U1 4 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1150 EP 1155 DI 10.1021/es990714d PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300BW UT WOS:000086233800020 ER PT J AU Nolan, BT Stoner, JD AF Nolan, BT Stoner, JD TI Nutrients in groundwaters of the conterminous United States 1992-1995 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; NITRATE; PESTICIDES; RISK AB Results of a national water quality assessment indicate that nitrate is detected in 71% of groundwater samples, more than 13 times as often as ammonia, nitrite, organic nitrogen, and orthophosphate, based on a common detection threshold of 0.2 mg/L. Shallow groundwater (typically 5 m deep or less) beneath agricultural land has the highest median nitrate concentration (3.4 mg/L), followed by shallow groundwater beneath urban land (1.6 mg/L) and deeper groundwater in major aquifers (0.48 mg/L). Nitrate exceeds the maximum contaminant level, 10 mg/L as nitrogen, In more than 15% of groundwater samples from 4 of 33 major aquifers commonly used as a source of drinking water. Nitrate concentration in groundwater is variable and depends on interactions among several factors, including nitrogen loading, soil type, aquifer permeability, recharge rate, and climate. For a given nitrogen loading, factors that generally increase nitrate concentration in groundwater include well-drained soils, fractured bedrock, and irrigation. Factors that mitigate nitrate contamination of groundwater include poorly drained soils, greater depth to groundwater, artificial drainage systems, intervening layers of unfractured bedrock, a low rate of groundwater recharge, and anaerobic conditions in aquifers. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Nolan, BT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 413 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 44 TC 132 Z9 135 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1156 EP 1165 DI 10.1021/es9907663 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300BW UT WOS:000086233800021 ER PT J AU Dunlap, CE Bouse, R Flegal, AR AF Dunlap, CE Bouse, R Flegal, AR TI Past leaded gasoline emissions as a nonpoint source tracer in riparian systems: A study of river inputs to San Francisco Bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATION; SEA; CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENTS; CADMIUM; METALS AB Variations in the isotopic composition of lead in 1995-1998 river waters flowing into San Francisco Bay trace the washout of lead deposited in the drainage basin from leaded gasoline combustion. At the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers where they enter the Bay, the isotopic compositions of lead in the waters define a linear trend away from the measured historical compositions of leaded gas in California. The river waters are shifted away from leaded gasoline values and toward an isotopic composition similar to Sierra Nevadan inputs which became the predominant source of sedimentation in San Francisco Bay following the onset of hydraulic gold mining in 1853. Using lead isotopic compositions of hydraulic mine sediments and average leaded gasoline as mixing end members, we calculate that more than 50% of the lead in the present river water originated from leaded gasoline combustion. The strong adsorption of lead (log K-d > 7.4) to particulates appears to limit the flushing of gasoline lead from the drainage basin, and the removal of that lead from the system may have reached an asymptotic limit. Consequently, gasoline lead isotopes should prove to be a useful nonpoint source tracer of the environmental distribution of particle-reactive anthropogenic metals in freshwater systems. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Dunlap, CE (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. OI Dunlap, Charles/0000-0002-2811-6860 NR 38 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1211 EP 1215 DI 10.1021/es9905905 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300BW UT WOS:000086233800028 ER PT J AU Chiou, CT Kile, DE Rutherford, DW Sheng, GY Boyd, SA AF Chiou, CT Kile, DE Rutherford, DW Sheng, GY Boyd, SA TI Sorption of selected organic compounds from water to a peat soil and its humic-acid and humin fractions: Potential sources of the sorption nonlinearity SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTED REACTIVITY MODEL; SEDIMENTS; POLLUTANTS; PARTITION; EQUILIBRIA; CARBON; POLAR; PHASE AB The sorption isotherms of ethylene dibromide (EDB), diuron (DUN), and 3,5-dichlorophenol (DCP) from water on the humic acid and humin fractions of a peat soil and on the humic-acid of a muck soil have been measured. The data were compared with those of the solutes with the whole peat from which the humic-acid (HA) and humin (HM) fractions were derived and on which the sorption of the solutes exhibited varying extents of nonlinear capacities at low relative concentrations (C-e/S-w). The HA fraction as prepared by the density-fractionated method is relatively pure and presumably free of high-surface-area carbonaceous material (HSACM) that is considered to be responsible for the observed nonlinear sorption for nonpolar solutes (e.g., EDB) on the peat; conversely,the base-insoluble HM fraction as prepared is presumed to be enriched with HSACM, as manifested by the greatly higher BET-(N-2) surface area than that of the whole peat. The sorption of EDB on HA exhibits no visible nonlinear effect, whereas the sorption on HM shows an enhanced nonlinearity over that on the whole peat. The sorption of polar DUN and DCP on HA and HM display nonlinear effects comparable with those on the whole peat; the effects are much more significant than those with nonpolar EDB. These results conform to the hypothesis that adsorption onto a small amount of strongly adsorbing HSACM is largely responsible for the nonlinear sorption of nonpolar solutes on soils and that additional specific interactions with the active groups of soil organic matter are responsible for the generally higher nonlinear sorption of the polar solutes. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Chiou, CT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 408, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM ctchiou@usgs.gov RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013; Boyd, Stephen/G-5819-2010 NR 26 TC 221 Z9 269 U1 4 U2 76 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1254 EP 1258 DI 10.1021/es990261c PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300BW UT WOS:000086233800035 ER PT J AU Barron, MG Little, EE Calfee, R Diamond, S AF Barron, MG Little, EE Calfee, R Diamond, S TI Quantifying solar spectral irradiance in aquatic habitats for the assessment of photoenhanced toxicity SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE photoenhanced toxicity; ultraviolet light; photobiology; field assessment ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY; LAKES; PHOTOTOXICITY; FLUORANTHENE; LARVAE; LIGHT AB The spectra and intensity of solar radiation (solar spectral irradiance [SSI]) was quantified din selected aquatic habitats in the vicinity of an oil field on the California coast. Solar spectral irradiance measurements consisted of spectral scans (280-700 nm) and radiometric measurements of ultraviolet (UV): UVB (280-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm). Solar spectral irradiance measurements were taken at the surface and at various depths in two marsh ponds, a shallow wetland, an estuary lagoon, and the intertidal area of a high-energy sandy beach. Daily fluctuation in SSI showed a general parabolic relationship with time: maximum structure-activity relationship (SAR) was observed at approximate solar noon. Solar spectral irradiance measurements taken at 10-cm depth at approximate solar noon in multiple aquatic habitats exhibited only a twofold variation in visible light and UVA and a 4.5-fold variation in UVB. Visible light ranged from 11,000 to 19,000 mu W/cm(2). UVA ranged from 460 to 1,100 mu W/cm(2), and UVB ranged from 8.4 to 38 mu W/cm(2). In each habitat, the attenuation of light intensity with increasing water depth was differentially affected over specific wavelengths of SSI. The study results allowed the development of environmentally realistic light regimes necessary for photoenhanced toxicity studies. C1 Stratus Consulting, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Barron, MG (reprint author), Stratus Consulting, 1881 9th St,Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. NR 26 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 920 EP 925 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0920:QSSIIA>2.3.CO;2 PN 1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BF UT WOS:000086232400019 ER PT J AU Little, EE Cleveland, L Calfee, R Barron, MG AF Little, EE Cleveland, L Calfee, R Barron, MG TI Assessment of the photoenhanced toxicity of a weathered oil to the tidewater silverside SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE petroleum toxicity; ultraviolet radiation; photosensitization; Menidia beryllina ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION; PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY; ANTHRACENE; DAPHNIA; FISH; MODELS; LARVAE AB Studies were conducted to determine the interactive toxicity of a water-accommodated fi action (WAF) of a weathered middle distillate petroleum and solar radiation to an estuarine organism, the tidewater silverside (Menidia beryllina). Juvenile silversides were monitored for survival and growth during a 7-d static renewal exposure to dilutions of WAFs of an environmentally weathered oil collected in the vicinity of an abandoned oil field in California. Ultraviolet (UV) treatments were based on incident sunlight intensity and spectra measured at this site. Exposure to UV alone was not lethal to the fish, and WAF in the absence of UV was toxic at the highest total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration (3.03 mg/L) after 96 h of exposure. Water-accommodateed fractions toxicity increased significantly with increasing UV irradiance and duration of exposure. The 7-d LC50 concentrations for the control, low, medium, and high irradiance were 2.84, 1.27, 0.93, and 0.51 mg/L TPH, respectively. Significant mortality occurred among fish previously exposed to WAF in the absence of irradiance, whereas WAF toxicity was unaffected by UV exposure prior to the toxicity test. Thus, the mode of action is a photosensitization of the accumulated petroleum residue rather than a photoactivation of WAF Chemical analysis indicates that the WAF contains limited amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) known to be photoenhanced, suggesting that other constituents may be responsible for the observed photoenhanced toxicity. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Stratus Consulting, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Little, EE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 30 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 926 EP 932 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0926:AOTPTO>2.3.CO;2 PN 1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BF UT WOS:000086232400020 ER PT J AU Foster, GD Lippa, KA Miller, CV AF Foster, GD Lippa, KA Miller, CV TI Seasonal concentrations of organic contaminants at the fall line of the Susquehanna River basin and estimated fluxes to northern Chesapeake Bay, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Chesapeake Bay; Susquehanna River; organic contaminants; riverine fluxes ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; LARGE-SAMPLE EXTRACTOR; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PESTICIDES; WATER; TRANSPORT; TRIBUTARIES; HERBICIDES; CONGENERS; LOADS AB Riverine fluxes of several pesticides and other organic contaminants from above the fall line of the Susquehanna River basin to northern Chesapeake Bay, USA, were quantified in 1994. Base flow and storm flow samples collected at the fall line of the river from February to December 1994 were analyzed for both dissolved and particulate phase contaminants. Measured concentrations of the organonitrogen and organophosphorus pesticides varied mainly in response to the timing of their application to agricultural fields. Conversely, the concentrations of the more particle-sorptive contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine (OC) insecticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were more directly correlated with river flow throughout the year. Annual fluxes were almost entirely in the dissolved phase for the organonitrogen and organophosphorus pesticides, distributed between the dissolved and particulate phases for the PCBs and OC insecticides, and primarily in the particulate phase for the PAHs. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Chem, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. RP Foster, GD (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Chem, MSN 3E2, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 41 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 992 EP 1001 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0992:SCOOCA>2.3.CO;2 PN 1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BF UT WOS:000086232400028 ER PT J AU Black, RW Haggland, AL Voss, FD AF Black, RW Haggland, AL Voss, FD TI Predicting the probability of detecting organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in stream systems on the basis of land use in the pacific northwest, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE organochlorines; predictive models; fish tissue; streambed sediment; land use ID RIVER; RESIDUES; FISH; CALIFORNIA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; WASHINGTON; SEDIMENT AB We analyzed streambed sediment and fish tissue (Cottus sp.) at 30 sites in the Puget Sound and Willamette basins in Washington and Oregon, USA, respectively, for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The study was designed to determine the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in fish tissue and sediment by land use within these basins and to develop an empirical relation between land use and the probability of detecting these compounds in fish tissue or sediment. We identified 14 organochlorines in fish tissue and sediment: three compounds were unique to either fish tissue or sediment samples. The highest number of organochlorines detected in both rash tissue and streambed sediment was at those sites located in watersheds dominated by urban land uses. Using logistic regression, we found a significant relation between percentage agriculture and urban land use and organochlorines in fish tissue. The results of this study indicate that organochlorine pesticides and PCBs are still found in fish tissues and bed sediments in these two basins. In addition, we produced statistically significant models capable of predicting the probability of detecting specific organochlorines in fish on the basis of land use. Although the presented models are specific to the two study basins, the modeling approach could be applied to other basins as well. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Black, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. NR 43 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1044 EP 1054 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1044:PTPODO>2.3.CO;2 PN 1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BF UT WOS:000086232400034 ER PT J AU Conway, CJ Martin, TE AF Conway, CJ Martin, TE TI Evolution of passerine incubation behavior: Influence of food, temperature, and nest predation SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE ambient temperature; body mass; cost of incubation; food; incubation behavior; incubation rhythm; life-history evolution; life-history strategy; mate feeding; nest attentiveness; nest predation; reproductive effort; Skutch's hypothesis ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; CLUTCH SIZE VARIATION; EGG TEMPERATURE; INDEPENDENT CONTRASTS; CORRELATED EVOLUTION; ALTRICIAL BIRDS; ATTENTIVENESS; REPRODUCTION; COST; SPARROW AB Incubation behavior is one component of reproductive effort and thus influences the evolution of life-history strategies. We examined the relative importance of body mass, frequency of mate feeding, food, nest predation, and ambient temperature to explain interspecific variation in incubation behavior (nest attentiveness, on- and off-bout durations, and nest trips per hour) using comparative analyses for North American passerines in which only females incubate. Body mass and frequency of mate feeding explained little variation in incubation behavior. We were also unable to detect any influence of food; diet and foraging strategy explained little interspecific variation in incubation behavior. However, the typical temperature encountered during reproduction explained significant variation in incubation behavior: Species breeding in colder environments take shorter bouts off the nest, which prevents eggs from cooling to temperatures below the physiological zero temperature. These species must compensate for shorter off-bouts by taking more of them (thus shorter on-bouts) to obtain needed energy for incubation. Nest predation also explains significant variation in incubation behavior among passerines: Species that endure high nest predation have evolved an incubation strategy (long on- and off-bouts) that minimizes activity that could attract predators. Nest substrate explained additional Variation in incubation behavior (cavity-nesting birds have shorter on-bouts and make more frequent nest trips), presumably because nest predation and/or temperature varies among nest substrates. Thus, nest predation can influence reproductive effort in a way previously not demonstrated-by placing a constraint on parental activity at the nest. Incubating birds face an ecological cost associated with reproductive effort (predation of entire brood) that should be considered in future attempts to explain avian life-history evolution. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, USGS Biol Resources Div, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Conway, CJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Biol Program, 2710 Univ Dr, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 89 TC 167 Z9 181 U1 7 U2 98 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD APR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 670 EP 685 PG 16 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 311LV UT WOS:000086886500031 PM 10937242 ER PT J AU Huggins, FE Shah, N Huffman, GP Kolker, A Crowley, S Palmer, CA Finkelman, RB AF Huggins, FE Shah, N Huffman, GP Kolker, A Crowley, S Palmer, CA Finkelman, RB TI Mode of occurrence of chromium in four US coals SO FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chromium; XAFS; SEM ID XAFS SPECTROSCOPY; ELEMENTS AB The mode of occurrence of chromium in three US bituminous coals and one US subbituminous coal has been examined using both X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and a selective leaching protocol supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe measurements. A synthesis of results from both methods indicates that chromium occurs principally in two forms in the bituminous coals: the major occurrence of chromium is associated with the macerals and is not readily leached by any reagent, whereas a second, lesser occurrence, which is leachable in hydrofluoric acid (HF), is associated with the clay mineral, illite, The former occurrence is believed to be a small particle oxyhydroxide phase (CrO(OH)). One coal also contained a small fraction (< 5%) of the chromium in the form of a chromian magnetite, and the leaching protocol indicated the possibility of a similar small fraction of chromium in sulfide form in all three coals. There was little agreement between the two techniques on the mode of occurrence of chromium in the subbituminous coal; however, only a limited number of subbituminous coals have been analyzed by either technique. The chromium in all four coals was trivalent as no evidence was found for the Cr6+ oxidation state in any coal. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Huggins, FE (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, 533 S Limestone St,Suite 111, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009 NR 29 TC 54 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3820 J9 FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL JI Fuel Process. Technol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 63 IS 2-3 BP 79 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00090-9 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 295LG UT WOS:000085967100002 ER PT J AU Kolker, A Huggins, FE Palmer, CA Shah, N Crowley, SS Huffman, GP Finkelman, RB AF Kolker, A Huggins, FE Palmer, CA Shah, N Crowley, SS Huffman, GP Finkelman, RB TI Mode of occurrence of arsenic in four US coals SO FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; US coals; leaching; XAFS; electron microprobe ID XAFS SPECTROSCOPY; SPECIATION; ELEMENTS; ASH AB An integrated analytical approach has been used to determine the mode of occurrence of arsenic in samples of four widely used US coals: the Pittsburgh, Illinois #6, Elkhorn/Hazard, and Wyodak. Results from selective leaching, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, and electron microprobe analysis show that pyrite is the principal source of arsenic in the three bituminous coals, but the concentration of As in pyrite varies widely. The Wyodak sample contains very little pyrite; its arsenic appears to be primarily associated with organics, as As3+, or as arsenate. Significant (10-40%) fractions of arsenate, derived from pyrite oxidation, are also present in the three bituminous coal samples. This information is essential in developing predictive models for arsenic behavior during coal combustion and in other environmental settings. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Eastern Energy Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Kentucky, CFFLS, Dept Chem Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Kolker, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Eastern Energy Resources, 956 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009 NR 19 TC 75 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3820 J9 FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL JI Fuel Process. Technol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 63 IS 2-3 BP 167 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00095-8 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 295LG UT WOS:000085967100007 ER PT J AU Senior, CL Zeng, T Che, J Ames, MR Sarofim, AF Olmez, I Huggins, FE Shah, N Huffman, GP Kolker, A Mroczkowski, S Palmer, C Finkelman, R AF Senior, CL Zeng, T Che, J Ames, MR Sarofim, AF Olmez, I Huggins, FE Shah, N Huffman, GP Kolker, A Mroczkowski, S Palmer, C Finkelman, R TI Distribution of trace elements in selected pulverized coals as a function of particle size and density SO FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trace elements; pulverized coals; particle size ID UPPER FREEPORT COAL; COMBUSTION; BEHAVIOR; ASH AB Trace elements in coal have diverse modes of occurrence that will greatly influence their behavior in many coal utilization processes. Mode of occurrence is important in determining the partitioning during coal cleaning by conventional processes, the susceptibility to oxidation upon exposure to air, as well as the changes in physical properties upon heating. In this study, three complementary methods were used to determine the concentrations and chemical states of trace elements in pulverized samples of four US coals: Pittsburgh, Illinois No. 6, Elkhorn and Hazard, and Wyodak coals. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) was used to measure the absolute concentration of elements in the parent coals and in the size- and density-fractionated samples. Chemical leaching and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy were used to provide information on the form of occurrence of an element in the parent coals. The composition differences between size-segregated coal samples of different density mainly reflect the large density difference between minerals, especially pyrite, and the organic portion of the coal. The heavy density fractions are therefore enriched in pyrite and the elements associated with pyrite, as also shown by the leaching and XAFS methods. Nearly all the As is associated with pyrite in the three bituminous coals studied. The sub-bituminous coal has a very low content of pyrite and arsenic; in this coal arsenic appears to be primarily organically associated. Selenium is mainly associated with pyrite in the bituminous coal samples. In two bituminous coal samples, zinc is mostly in the form of ZnS or associated with pyrite, whereas it appears to be associated with other minerals in the other two coals. Zinc is also the only trace element studied that is significantly more concentrated in the smaller (45 to 63 mu m) coal particles. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Phys Sci Inc, Andover, MA 01810 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Senior, CL (reprint author), Phys Sci Inc, 20 New England Business Ctr, Andover, MA 01810 USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009 NR 25 TC 71 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3820 J9 FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL JI Fuel Process. Technol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 63 IS 2-3 BP 215 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00098-3 PG 27 WC Chemistry, Applied; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 295LG UT WOS:000085967100010 ER PT J AU Weber, M Wicks, CW Kruger, F Jahnke, G Schlittenhardt, J Baumann, M AF Weber, M Wicks, CW Kruger, F Jahnke, G Schlittenhardt, J Baumann, M TI Reply to Comment on "Asymmetric radiation of seismic waves from an atoll - Nuclear tests in French Polynesia" by A. Douglas SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Potsdam, Inst Geowissensch, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Gottingen, Inst Geophys, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany. BGR, D-30631 Hannover, Germany. RP Weber, M (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RI Weber, Michael/D-8330-2013 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 7 BP 1063 EP 1064 DI 10.1029/1999GL005391 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 299XV UT WOS:000086224500040 ER PT J AU Cohn, TA Gohn, KK AF Cohn, TA Gohn, KK TI A new look at natural disasters SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Cohn, TA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 18 EP 21 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 303LM UT WOS:000086423400021 ER PT J AU Galat, DL Lipkin, R AF Galat, DL Lipkin, R TI Restoring ecological integrity of great rivers: historical hydrographs aid in defining reference conditions for the Missouri River SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Assessing the Ecological Integrity of Running Waters CY NOV, 1998 CL UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO, VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Austrian Fed Minist Environm, Youth & Family Affairs, Austrian Fed Minist Agr & Forestry, Austrian Fed Minist Sci & Transport, Austrian Network Environm Res, Austrian Airlines, Austrian Lotteries, Bank Austria, Oracle, Schneiders, Vienna Tourist Board, VISA Austria HO UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO DE ecological reference; flood pulse; flow regulation; hydrology; Range of Variation Approach ID HYDROLOGIC ALTERATION; REGULATED RIVERS; PERSPECTIVE; DISTURBANCE; RESTORATION; ECOSYSTEMS; MONTANA; WATER; NEED AB Restoring the ecological integrity of regulated large rivers necessitates characterizing the natural flow regime. We applied 'Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration' to assess the natural range of variation of the Missouri River's flow regime at 11 locations before (1929-1948) and after (1967-1996) mainstem impoundment. The 3768 km long Missouri River was divided into three sections: upper basin least-altered from flow regulation, including the lower Yellowstone River; middle basin inter-reservoir, and lower basin channelized. Flow regulation was associated with a reduction in magnitude and duration of the annual flood pulse, an increase in magnitude and duration of annual discharge minima, a reduction in frequency of annual low-flow pulses, earlier timing of March-October low-flow pulses, and a general increase in frequency of flow reversals with a reduction in the rate of change in river flows. Hydrologic alterations were smallest at two least-altered upper-basin sites and most frequent and severe in inter-reservoir and upper-channelized river sections. The influence of reservoir operations on depressing the annual flood pulse was partially offset by tributary inflow in the lower 600 km of river. Reservoir operations could be modified to more closely approximate the 1929-1948 flow regime to establish a simulated natural riverine ecosystem. For inter-reservoir and upper channelized-river sections, we recommend periodic controlled flooding through managed reservoir releases during June and July; increased magnitude, frequency and duration of annual high-flow pulses; and increased annual rates of hydrograph rises and falls. All of the regulated Missouri River would benefit from reduced reservoir discharges during August-February, modified timing of reservoir releases and a reduced number of annual hydrograph reversals. Assessment of ecological responses to a reregulation of Missouri River flows that more closely approximates the natural flow regime should then be used in an adaptive fashion to further adjust reservoir operations. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM galatd@missouri.edu NR 60 TC 102 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD APR PY 2000 VL 422 BP 29 EP 48 DI 10.1023/A:1017052319056 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 331QP UT WOS:000088030000005 ER PT J AU Rabeni, CF AF Rabeni, CF TI Evaluating physical habitat integrity in relation to the biological potential of streams SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Assessing the Ecological Integrity of Running Waters CY NOV, 1998 CL UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO, VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Austrian Fed Minist Environm, Youth & Family Affairs, Austrian Fed Minist Agr & Forestry, Austrian Fed Minist Sci & Transport, Austrian Network Environm Res, Austrian Airlines, Austrian Lotteries, Bank Austria, Oracle, Schneiders, Vienna Tourist Board, VISA Austria HO UNIV AGR SCI, DEPT HYDROBIO DE invertebrates; scale; bioassessment; watershed; ecoregion; microhabitat ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; CLASSIFICATION; COMMUNITIES; STRATEGIES; FRAMEWORK; LANDSCAPE; PATTERNS; QUALITY; SCALES AB Physical habitat integrity, while a necessary condition for ecological integrity, is not well defined and rarely examined in relation to the biological potential of a stream. The relations of physical habitat to the biota need to be quantified so as to better establish reference conditions and to document those physical habitat alterations that actually impact the biota. I evaluated the relation of physical habitat to benthic invertebrate communities in Missouri, U.S.A., streams - at both reference quality and habitat-altered sites. Six common within-stream habitats were delineated from each of 45 streams of reference quality in three ecoregions. Distinctive assemblages of invertebrates were associated with each habitat type. A spatial hierarchy of the influence of habitat was evident. At the largest scale, physical attributes unique to ecoregions were more influential than local conditions in structuring invertebrate communities. Within an ecoregion, however, small-scale habitat conditions were more of an influence than stream location because communities collected from the same habitat type at different streams were more similar than those collected from different habitat types at the same stream. I used this information to develop reference habitat conditions for streams of each ecoregion. I then evaluated invertebrate communities from 20 streams with varying habitat conditions to model the variation and sensitivity of biological metrics in order to assess how the biota responded to habitat changes. Biological responses to habitat alterations were readily documented by taking into account both the presence or absence of particular habitats and the quality of each habitat type. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 33 TC 29 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD APR PY 2000 VL 422 BP 245 EP 256 DI 10.1023/A:1017022300825 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 331QP UT WOS:000088030000022 ER PT J AU Voss, CI Wilson, WE AF Voss, CI Wilson, WE TI Online first is here! SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material DE editorial; Hydrogeology Journal C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Voss, CI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 8 IS 2 BP 159 EP 159 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 321LL UT WOS:000087456900001 ER PT J AU Whitworth, DL Takekawa, JY Carter, HR Newman, SH Keeney, TW Kelly, PR AF Whitworth, DL Takekawa, JY Carter, HR Newman, SH Keeney, TW Kelly, PR TI Distribution of Xantus' Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus at sea in the Southern California Bight, 1995-97 SO IBIS LA English DT Article ID SARDINE SARDINOPS-SAGAX; URIA-AALGE; COMMON MURRES; RAZORBILLS; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; LOMVIA AB We radiomarked 153 Xantus' Murrelets Synthliboramphus hypoleucus captured al;sea near Santa Barbara Island (SBI), the largest; murrelet colony in the California Channel Islands, USA. We tracked these radiomarked murrelets in the Southern California Bight (SCB) aff coastal southern California during the 1995-97 breeding seasons. In 1995 during mild El Nino conditions, the murrelets were distributed in non-upwelling areas. In 1996-97, they were distributed in dense patches, aggregating in cool upwelled waters near the northern Channel Islands or south of San Nicolas Island. Murrelets flew longer distances from SBI to foraging areas in 1997 ((x) over bar= 111 +/- 44 km) than in 1996 ((x) over bar= 62 +/- 25 km), but the distances they travelled did not differ between months (Apr and May) within years. Mean foraging distances fi om SBI were similar for 'incubating' murrelets (determined on the basis of repeated visits to SBI) and 'non-incubating' murrelets during the colony attendance period. We attributed the law return rate of radiomarked murrelets to SBI to the capture and marking of a large proportion of birds that were not actively incubating rather than to any adverse effects of radio attachment. We believe changes in murrelet foraging patterns between the 1970s and 1990s are associated with changes in prey resources in the SCB. Flexibility in the foraging strategies of these murrelets may be related to the highly variable marine environment at the southern end of the California Current Upwelling System. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USN, Air Weapons Stn, Environm Div, Point Mugu, CA 93042 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Off Oil Spill Prevent & Response, Sacramento, CA 94244 USA. RP Takekawa, JY (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, POB 2012, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI TRING PA C/O NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SUB-DEPT ORNITHOLOGY, TRING, HERTS, ENGLAND HP23 6AP SN 0019-1019 J9 IBIS JI Ibis PD APR PY 2000 VL 142 IS 2 BP 268 EP 279 DI 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2000.tb04866.x PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 300DG UT WOS:000086237100010 ER PT J AU Clifford, SM Crisp, D Fisher, DA Herkenhoff, KE Smrekar, SE Thomas, PC Wynn-Williams, DD Zurek, RW Barnes, JR Bills, BG Blake, EW Calvin, WM Cameron, JM Carr, MH Christensen, PR Clark, BC Clow, GD Cutts, JA DahlJensen, D Durham, WB Fanale, FP Farmer, JD Forget, F Gotto-Azuma, K Grard, R Haberle, RM Harrison, W Harvey, R Howard, AD Ingersoll, AP James, PB Kargel, JS Kieffer, HH Larsen, J Lepper, K Malin, MC McCleese, DJ Murray, B Nye, JF Paige, DA Platt, SR Plaut, JJ Reeh, N Rice, JW Smith, DE Stoker, CR Tanaka, KL Mosley-Thompson, E Thorsteinsson, T Wood, SE Zent, A Zuber, MT Zwally, HJ AF Clifford, SM Crisp, D Fisher, DA Herkenhoff, KE Smrekar, SE Thomas, PC Wynn-Williams, DD Zurek, RW Barnes, JR Bills, BG Blake, EW Calvin, WM Cameron, JM Carr, MH Christensen, PR Clark, BC Clow, GD Cutts, JA DahlJensen, D Durham, WB Fanale, FP Farmer, JD Forget, F Gotto-Azuma, K Grard, R Haberle, RM Harrison, W Harvey, R Howard, AD Ingersoll, AP James, PB Kargel, JS Kieffer, HH Larsen, J Lepper, K Malin, MC McCleese, DJ Murray, B Nye, JF Paige, DA Platt, SR Plaut, JJ Reeh, N Rice, JW Smith, DE Stoker, CR Tanaka, KL Mosley-Thompson, E Thorsteinsson, T Wood, SE Zent, A Zuber, MT Zwally, HJ TI The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL ALLEN, TX SP Lunar & Planetary Inst, Natl Aeronaut & Space Administrat Geolog, Int Glaciolog Soc DE Mars, surface; Mars, atmosphere; Mars, climate; ices; exobiology ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; THERMAL MAPPER OBSERVATIONS; ORBITER-LASER-ALTIMETER; MARTIAN NORTHERN PLAINS; GROUND ICE INTERACTIONS; LAYERED DEPOSITS; ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; WATER-VAPOR; CO2 ICE; SUMMER TEMPERATURES AB As the planet's principal cold traps, the martian polar regions have accumulated extensive mantles of ice and dust that cover individual areas of similar to 10(6) km(2) and total as much as 3-4 km thick. From the scarcity of superposed craters on their surface, these layered deposits are thought to be comparatively young-preserving a record of the seasonal and climatic cycling of atmospheric CO2, H2O, and dust over the past similar to 10(5)-10(8) years. For this reason, the martian polar deposits may serve as a Rosetta Stone for understanding the geologic and climatic history of the planet-documenting variations in insolation (due to quasiperiodic oscillations in the planet's obliquity and orbital elements), volatile mass balance, atmospheric composition, dust storm activity, volcanic eruptions, large impacts, catastrophic floods, solar luminosity, supernovae, and perhaps even a record of microbial life. Beyond their scientific value, the polar regions may soon prove important for another reason-providing a valuable and accessible reservoir of water to support the long-term human exploration of Mars. In this paper we assess the current state of Mars polar research, identify the key questions that motivate the exploration of the polar regions, discuss the extent to which current missions will address these questions, and speculate about what additional capabilities and investigations may be required to address the issues that remain outstanding. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Terrain Sci Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Icefield Instruments Inc, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 5H4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Lockheed Martin Astronaut, Denver, CO USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Niels Bohr Inst Astron, Geofys Afdeling, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Nagaoka Inst Snow & Ice Studies, NIED, Nagaoka, Niigata 18716, Japan. European Space Agcy, Estec, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Phys, Environm Sci Program, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst Inc, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. Univ Bristol, Dept Phys, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Nebraska, Snow & Ice Res Grp, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Tech Univ Denmark, Danish Ctr Remote Sensing, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Lunar & Planetary Inst, 3600 Bay Area Blvd, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM clifford@lpl.jsc.nasa.gov RI Bills, Bruce/C-1156-2008; Larsen, Janus/I-7479-2013; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe/N-4401-2016; Wood, Stephen/R-5592-2016; OI Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe/0000-0002-1474-1948; Wood, Stephen/0000-0002-9330-434X; Howard, Alan/0000-0002-5423-1600 NR 201 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD APR PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 210 EP 242 DI 10.1006/icar.1999.6290 PG 33 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 304QB UT WOS:000086494000002 PM 11543391 ER PT J AU Herkenhoff, KE Plant, JJ AF Herkenhoff, KE Plant, JJ TI Surface ages and resurfacing rates of the polar layered deposits on Mars SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL ALLEN, TEXAS SP Lunar & Planetary Inst, Natl Aeronaut & Space Administrat Geolog, Int Glaciolog Soc DE Mars, surface; cratering; Mars, climate ID ASTRONOMICAL THEORY; CHAOTIC OBLIQUITY; SNC METEORITES; CRATERING RATE; VIKING 2; REGION; HISTORY; ICE; DEBRIS; SCALE AB Interpretation of the polar stratigraphy of Mars in terms of global climate changes is complicated by the significant difference in surface ages between the north and south polar layered terrains inferred from crater statistics. We have reassessed the cratering record in both polar regions using Viking Orbiter and Mariner 9 images. No craters have been found in the north polar layered terrain, but the surface of most of the south polar layered deposits appears to have been stable for many of the orbital/axial cycles that are thought to have induced global climate changes on Mars. The inferred surface age of the south polar layered deposits (about 10 Ma) is two orders of magnitude greater than the surface age of the north polar layered deposits and residual cap (at most 100 ka), Similarly, modeled resurfacing rates are at least 20 times greater in the north than in the south, These results are consistent with the hypotheses that polar layered deposit resurfacing rates are highest in areas covered by perennial ice and that the differences in polar resurfacing rates result from the 6.4 km difference in elevation between the polar regions. Deposition on the portion of the south polar layered deposits that is not covered by the perennial ice cap may have ceased about 5 million years ago when the obliquity of Mars no longer exceeded 40 degrees, (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Herkenhoff, KE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 45 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD APR PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 243 EP 253 DI 10.1006/icar.1999.6287 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 304QB UT WOS:000086494000003 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL AF Tanaka, KL TI Dust and ice deposition in the Martian geologic record SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL ALLEN, TEXAS SP Lunar & Planetary Inst, Natl Aeronaut & Space Administrat Geolog, Int Glaciolog Soc DE Mars, surface; Mars, climate; Mars, ices ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; POLAR LAYERED DEPOSITS; CRATERED TERRAIN; THARSIS PROVINCE; CHRYSE-PLANITIA; HELLAS REGION; MARS; HISTORY; TOPOGRAPHY; EVOLUTION AB The polar layered deposits of Mars demonstrate that thick accumulations of dust and ice deposits can develop on the planet if environmental conditions are favorable. These deposits appear to be hundreds of millions of years old, and other deposits of similar size but of greater age in nonpolar regions may have formed by similar processes. Possible relict dust deposits include, from oldest to youngest: Noachian intercrater materials, including Arabia mantle deposits, Noachian to Early Hesperian south polar pitted deposits, Early Hesperian Hellas and Argyre basin deposits, Late Hesperian Electris deposits, and the Amazonian Medusae Fossae Formation. These deposits typically are hundreds of meters to a couple kilometers thick and cover upward of a million or more square kilometers. The apparent persistence of dust sedimentation at the south pole back to the Early Hesperian or earlier and the early growth of Tharsis during the Late Noachian and perhaps earlier indicates that extensive polar wandering is unlikely following the Middle Noachian. A scenario for the overall history of dust and perhaps ice deposition on Mars includes widespread, voluminous accumulations perhaps planetwide during the Noachian as impacts, volcanism, and surface processes generated large amounts of dust; the Arabia deposits may have formed as ice availability and dust accumulation waned. During the Early Hesperian, thick dust sedimentation became restricted to the south pole and the deep Hellas and Argyre basins; the north polar sedimentary record prior to the Amazonian is largely obscured. Deposits at Electris and Medusae Fossae may have resulted from local sources of fine-grained material-perhaps volcanic eruptions. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 77 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD APR PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 254 EP 266 DI 10.1006/icar.1999.6297 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 304QB UT WOS:000086494000004 ER PT J AU Bass, DS Herkenhoff, KE Paige, DA AF Bass, DS Herkenhoff, KE Paige, DA TI Variability of Mars' north polar water ice cap - I. Analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL ALLEN, TEXAS SP Lunar & Planetary Inst, Natl Aeronaut & Space Administrat Geolog, Int Glaciolog Soc DE Mars; Mars, surface; Mars, atmosphere; Mars, climate; surfaces, planets ID LAYERED DEPOSITS; ATMOSPHERIC DUST; SPECTRAL ALBEDO; LANDER-2 SITE; CYCLE; MODEL; SNOW; OBLIQUITY; STATE; VAPOR AB Previous studies interpreted differences in ice coverage between Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter observations of Mars' north residual polar cap as evidence of interannual variability of ice deposition on the cap. However, these investigators did not consider the possibility that there could be significant changes in the ice coverage within the northern residual cap over the course of the summer season. Our more comprehensive analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data shows that the appearance of the residual cap does not show large-scale variance on an interannual basis. Rather we find evidence that regions that were dark at the beginning of summer look bright by the end of summer and that this seasonal variation of the cap repeats from year to year. Our results suggest that this brightening was due to the deposition of newly formed water ice on the surface. We find that newly formed ice deposits in the summer season have the same red-to-violet band image ratios as permanently bright deposits within the residual cap. We believe the newly formed ice accumulates in a continuous layer. To constrain the minimum amount of deposited ice, we used observed albedo data in conjunction with calculations using Mie theory for single scattering and a delta-Eddington approximation of radiative transfer for multiple scattering. The brightening could have been produced by a minimum of (l) a similar to 35-mu m-thick layer of 50-mu m-sized ice particles with 10% dust or (2) a similar to 14-mu m-thick layer of 10-mu m-sized ice particles with 50% dust. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 SW Res Inst, Instrumentat & Space Res Div, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Bass, DS (reprint author), SW Res Inst, Instrumentat & Space Res Div, PO Drawer 28510, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. NR 51 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD APR PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 382 EP 396 DI 10.1006/icar.1999.6300 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 304QB UT WOS:000086494000013 ER PT J AU James, PB Cantor, BA Malin, MC Edgett, K Carr, MH Danielson, GE Ingersoll, AP Davies, ME Hartmann, WK McEwen, AS Soderblom, LA Thomas, PC Veverka, J AF James, PB Cantor, BA Malin, MC Edgett, K Carr, MH Danielson, GE Ingersoll, AP Davies, ME Hartmann, WK McEwen, AS Soderblom, LA Thomas, PC Veverka, J TI The 1997 spring regression of the Martian south polar cap: Mars Orbiter camera observations SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL ALLEN, TEXAS SP Lunar & Planetary Inst, Natl Aeronaut & Space Administrat Geolog, Int Glaciolog Soc DE Mars atmosphere; Mars climate; Mars surface ID GLOBAL SURVEYOR; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; DUST; VIKING; MODEL; CO2 AB The Mars Orbiter cameras (MOC) on Mars Global. Surveyor observed the south polar cap of Mars during its spring recession in 1997. The images acquired by the wide angle cameras reveal a pattern of recession that is qualitatively similar to that observed by Viking in 1977 but that does differ in at least two respects. The 1977 recession in the 0 degrees to 120 degrees longitude sector was accelerated relative to the 1997 observations after L-S = 240 degrees; the Mountains of Mitchel also detached from the main cap earlier in 1997. Comparison of the MOC images with Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data shows that the Mountains of Mitchel feature is controlled by local topography. Relatively dark, low albedo regions well within the boundaries of the seasonal cap were observed to have red-to-violet ratios that characterize them as frost units rather than unfrosted or partially frosted ground; this suggests the possibility of regions covered by CO2 frost having different grain sizes. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RAND Corp, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP James, PB (reprint author), Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. OI Edgett, Kenneth/0000-0001-7197-5751 NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD APR PY 2000 VL 144 IS 2 BP 410 EP 418 DI 10.1006/icar.1999.6289 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 304QB UT WOS:000086494000015 ER PT J AU Cui, TJ Chew, WC Aydiner, AA Wright, DL Smith, DV Abraham, JD AF Cui, TJ Chew, WC Aydiner, AA Wright, DL Smith, DV Abraham, JD TI Numerical modeling of an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE numerical analysis; electromagnetic scattering; environmental problems; buried object detection; time domain; loop antennas; magnetic dipoles; Method of Moments ID CONJUGATE-GRADIENT METHOD; GROUND-PENETRATING-RADAR; ARBITRARY SHAPE; FAST ALGORITHM; LARGE-SIZE; FFT METHOD; SCATTERING; RADIATION; OBJECTS; PLATES AB In this paper, two numerical models are presented to simulate an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system, which is used for buried-object detection and environmental problems. Usually, the VETEM system contains a transmitting loop antenna and a receiving loop antenna, which run on a lossy ground to detect buried objects. In the first numerical model, the loop antennas are accurately analyzed using the Mettled of Moments (MoM) for wire antennas above or buried in lossy ground, Then, Conjugate Gradient (CG) methods, with the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) or MoM, are applied to investigate the scattering from buried objects. Reflected and scattered magnetic fields are evaluated at the receiving loop to calculate the output electric current. However, the working frequency for the VETEM system is usually low and, hence, two magnetic dipoles are used to replace the transmitter and receiver in the second numerical model. Comparing these two models, the second one is simple, but only valid for low frequency or small loops, while the first modeling is more general. In this paper, all computations are performed in the frequency domain, and the FFT is used to obtain the time-domain responses. Numerical examples show that simulation results from these two models fit very well when the frequency ranges from 10 kHz to 10 MHz, and both results are close to the measured data. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Cui, TJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Computat Electromagnet, 1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM tcui@sunchew.ece.uiuc.edu RI Chew, Weng Cho/C-1792-2009 NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1045-9243 EI 1558-4143 J9 IEEE ANTENN PROPAG M JI IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. PD APR PY 2000 VL 42 IS 2 BP 17 EP 27 DI 10.1109/74.842122 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 314XC UT WOS:000087082000002 ER PT J AU Dunlevy, PA Campbell, WM Lindsey, GD AF Dunlevy, PA Campbell, WM Lindsey, GD TI Broadcast application of a placebo rodenticide bait in a native Hawaiian forest SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID RATTUS-RATTUS; NEW-ZEALAND; ISLAND; RATS AB This study consisted of three replicates of controlled field trials using a pelletized placebo (Ramik(R) Green formulated without diphacinone) bait treated with a biological marker and broadcast at three application rates - 11.25, 22.5 and 33.75 kg/ha. We determined that Polynesian (Rattus exulans) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) consumed this bait when broadcast on the ground and assessed the optimal sewage rate to result in maximum exposure of bait to the rats while minimizing bait usage. All Polynesian rats captured in all application rates had eaten the bait. The percentage of roof rats that had eaten the bait increased with application rate, however, 22.5 kg/ha was clearly the optimal application rate. Bait degradation and invertebrate activity was documented and assessed. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Hawaii Field Stn, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Campbell, WM (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Hawaii Field Stn, POB 10880, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 EI 1879-0208 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00066-4 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357CZ UT WOS:000089482100013 ER PT J AU Scott, ML Lines, GC Auble, GT AF Scott, ML Lines, GC Auble, GT TI Channel incision and patterns of cottonwood stress and mortality along the Mojave River, California SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE alluvial ground-water; channel incision; Populus; redoximorphic features; riparian vegetation; water-table declines ID RIPARIAN COTTONWOODS; WATER; DECLINE AB In 1995, mapping and classification of riparian vegetation along the Mojave River in southern California revealed an 8-km reach in which riparian cotton-woods (Populus fremontii Wats.) were stressed or dying. We tested a set of predictions based on the inference that cottonwood decline was an indirect result of lowered water-table levels following flood-related channel incision. Comparisons of topographic cross-sections from 1963 and 1997, indicated a net change in channel elevation between - 0.71 and - 3.6 m within zones of cottonwood stress and mortality. Ages of young cottonwood and willow stems adjacent to the present channel and radial stem growth of surviving cotton-woods were consistent with the inference that channel incision, associated with sustained flooding in January and February of 1993, lowered channel elevations throughout the affected reach. Well records and soil redoximorphic features indicate that channel incision caused net water-table declines greater than or equal to 1.5 m on portions of the adjacent flood plain where cottonwood stand mortality ranged between 58 and 93%. In areas where water-table declines were estimated to be < 1.0 m, stand mortality was 7-13%. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Scott, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 34 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD APR PY 2000 VL 44 IS 4 BP 399 EP 414 DI 10.1006/jare.1999.0614 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 315KN UT WOS:000087113100003 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, JT AF Hagstrum, JT TI Infrasound and the avian navigational map SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE navigation; map; homing; pigeon; infrasound; shock wave; topography; microseism ID HOMING PIGEONS; ORIENTATION; BIRDS; SENSE AB Birds can navigate accurately over hundreds to thousands of kilometres, and this ability of homing pigeons is the basis for a worldwide sport. Compass senses orient avian flight, but how birds determine their location in order to select the correct homeward bearing (map sense) remains a mystery. Also mysterious are rare disruptions of pigeon races in which most birds are substantially delayed and large numbers are lost. Here, it is shown that in four recent pigeon races in Europe and the northeastern USA the birds encountered infrasonic (low-frequency acoustic) shock waves from the Concorde supersonic transport. An acoustic avian map is proposed that consists of infrasonic cues radiated from steep-sided topographic features; the source of these signals is microseisms continuously generated by interfering oceanic waves. Atmospheric processes affecting these infrasonic map cues can explain perplexing experimental results from pigeon releases. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Hagstrum, JT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 937, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 48 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 20 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 203 IS 7 BP 1103 EP 1111 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 312WT UT WOS:000086967500001 PM 10708631 ER PT J AU Rowan, LC Crowley, JK Schmidt, RG Ager, CM Mars, JC AF Rowan, LC Crowley, JK Schmidt, RG Ager, CM Mars, JC TI Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks by analyzing hyperspectral image (AVLRIS) data of forested areas in the Southeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; North Carolina Slate Belt; altered rocks; hydrothermal; hyperspectral; geologic mapping ID SPECTROMETER AB Analysis of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data of the Carolina slate belt, a region in the Southeastern United States, has shown that certain types of hydrothermally altered rocks can be delineated based on the spectral reflectance characteristics of forest vegetation growing on them. These altered rocks are typically highly silicified and commonly associated with gold, silver, and pyrophyllite ores. Field evaluation of the resulting forest classification identified several previously unmapped areas of altered rocks, and no areas that were mapped erroneously. Distinction of the altered rocks from unaltered siliceous volcanic bedrock areas, also silica-rich, is especially significant as chestnut oak forests are characteristic of both. We conclude that the dominant chestnut oak canopy and the lack of other species that are usually present hen on the unaltered rocks, result in lower apparent canopy density at the altered sites, which is expressed in the AVIRIS data by lower O-H absorption intensity. These differences in species composition and canopy architecture may be caused by one or several factors, including soil depth and physical properties, direction and steepness of slope, moisture availability, and the amount of nutrients present and their availability to the trees. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Rowan, LC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD APR PY 2000 VL 68 IS 3 BP 145 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(99)00081-3 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 312CJ UT WOS:000086925400001 ER PT J AU Machette, MN AF Machette, MN TI Active, capable, and potentially active faults - a paleoseismic perspective SO JOURNAL OF GEODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Resolution of Geological Analysis and Models for Earthquake Faulting Studies CY JUN 05-06, 1998 CL CAMERINO, ITALY SP Univ Camerino, GeoStruct & Tecton Stud Grp, Minist Univ Ric Sci & Tecnol, Italian Agcy Environm Protect AB Maps of faults (geologically defined source zones) may portray seismic hazards in a wide range of completeness depending on which types of faults are shown. Three fault terms - active, capable, and potential - are used in a variety of ways for different reasons or applications. Nevertheless, to be useful for seismic-hazards analysis, fault maps should encompass a time interval that includes several earthquake cycles. For example? if the common recurrence in an area is 20,000-50,000 years, then maps should include faults that are 50,000-100,000 years old (two to five typical earthquake cycles), thus allowing for temporal variability in slip rate and recurrence intervals. Conversely, in more active areas such as plate boundaries, maps showing faults that are < 10,000 years old should include those with at least 1 to as many as 20 paleoearthquakes. For the International Lithosphere Programs' Task Group II-2 Project on Major Active Faults of the World our maps and database will show five age categories and four slip rate categories that allow one to select differing time spans and-activity rates for seismic-hazard analysis depending on tectonic regime. The maps are accompanied by a database that describes evidence for Quaternary faulting, geomorphic expression, and paleoseismic parameters (slip rate, recurrence interval and time of most recent surface faulting). These maps and databases provide an inventory of faults that would be defined as active, capable, and potentially active for seismic-hazard assessments. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Cent Reg, Geol Hazards Team, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Machette, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cent Reg, Geol Hazards Team, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0264-3707 J9 J GEODYN JI J. Geodyn. PD APR-JUL PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3-5 BP 387 EP 392 DI 10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00060-5 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 274JX UT WOS:000084763700014 ER PT J AU Adams, DB AF Adams, DB TI The US National Assessment: Water resource chapter closes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Norcross, GA 30092 USA. RP Adams, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3850 Holcomb Ridge Rd, Norcross, GA 30092 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 251 EP 251 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04264.x PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 315LJ UT WOS:000087115000001 ER PT J AU Winter, TC AF Winter, TC TI The vulnerability of wetlands to climate change: A hydrologic landscape perspective SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE wetlands; hydrogeology; groundwater hydrology; surface water hydrology; evapotranspiration; watershed management AB The vulnerability of wetlands to changes in climate depends on their position within hydrologic landscapes. Hydrologic landscapes are defined by the flow characteristics of ground water and surface water and by the interaction of atmospheric water, surface water, and ground water for any given locality or region. Six general hydrologic landscapes are defined; mountainous, plateau and high plain, broad basins of interior drainage, riverine, flat coastal, and hummocky glacial and dune. Assessment of these landscapes indicate that the vulnerability of all wetlands to climate change fall between two extremes: those dependent primarily on precipitation for their water supply are highly vulnerable, and those dependent primarily on discharge from regional ground water flow systems are the least vulnerable, because of the great buffering capacity of large ground water flow systems to climate change. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Winter, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 5 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 49 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 305 EP 311 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04269.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 315LJ UT WOS:000087115000006 ER PT J AU Burkett, V Kusler, J AF Burkett, V Kusler, J TI Climate change: Potential impacts and interactions in wetlands of the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE wetlands; carbon reservoirs; CO2; climate change; peatlands; prairie pothole; coastal wetland; sea-level rise; permafrost ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; NORTHERN PEATLANDS; COAST; CO2 AB Wetlands exist in a transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial environments which can be altered by subtle changes in hydrology. Twentieth century climate records show that the United States is generally experiencing a trend towards a wetter, warmer climate; some climate models suggest that this trend will continue and possibly intensify over the next 100 years. Wetlands that are most likely to be affected by these and other potential changes (e.g., sea-level rise) associated with atmospheric carbon enrichment include permafrost wetlands, coastal and estuarine wetlands, peatlands, alpine wetlands, and prairie pothole wetlands. Potential impacts range from changes in community structure to changes in ecological function, and from extirpation to enhancement. Wetlands (particularly boreal peatlands) play an important role in the global carbon cycle, generally sequestering carbon in the form of biomass, methane, dissolved organic material and organic sediment. Wetlands that are drained or partially dried can become a net source of methane and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, serving as a positive biotic feedback to global warming. Policy options for minimizing the adverse impacts of climate change on wetland ecosystems include the reduction of current anthropogenic stresses, allowing for inland migration of coastal wetlands as sea-level rises, active management to preserve wetland hydrology, and a wide range of other management and restoration options. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Forest Ecol Branch, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Assoc State Wetland Managers, New York, NY 12023 USA. RP Burkett, V (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Forest Ecol Branch, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 36 TC 72 Z9 88 U1 15 U2 82 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 313 EP 320 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04270.x PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 315LJ UT WOS:000087115000007 ER PT J AU Herrmann, R Stottlemyer, R Zak, JC Edmonds, RL Van Miegroet, H AF Herrmann, R Stottlemyer, R Zak, JC Edmonds, RL Van Miegroet, H TI Biogeochemical effects of global change on US national parks SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE biogeochemistry; watershed ecosystem; long-term research; nitrogen; sulfate; input; output; nutrient cycles ID FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; STREAM CHEMISTRY; FOREST SOILS; NITROGEN; PRECIPITATION; WASHINGTON; MOUNTAINS; SNOWMELT; TRENDS AB Federal parks and other public lands have unique mandates and rules regulating their use and conservation. Because of variation in their response to local, regional, and globalscale disturbance, development of mitigation strategies requires substantial research in the context of long-term inventory and monitoring. In 1982, the National Park Service began long-term, watershed-level studies in a series of national parks. The objective was to provide a more comprehensive database against which the effects of global change and other issues could be quantified. A subset of five sites in North Carolina, Texas, Washington, Michigan, and Alaska, is examined here. During the last 50 years, temperatures have declined at the southern sites and increased at the northern sites with the greatest increase in Alaska. Only the most southern site has shown an increase in precipitation amount. The net effect of these trends, especially for the most northern and southern sites, would likely be an increase in the growing season and especially the time soil processes could continue without moisture or temperature limitations. During the last 18 years, there were few trends in atmospheric ion inputs. The most evident was the decline in SO42- deposition. There were no significant relationships between ion input and stream water output. This finding suggests other factors as modification of precipitation or canopy throughfall by soil processes, hydrologic flow path, and snowmelt rates are major processes regulating stream water chemical outputs. C1 Colorado State Univ, MESC, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ecol Program, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Herrmann, R (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, MESC, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Van Miegroet, Helga/A-1925-2012 NR 33 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 337 EP 346 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04272.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 315LJ UT WOS:000087115000009 ER PT J AU Murdoch, PS Baron, JS Miller, TL AF Murdoch, PS Baron, JS Miller, TL TI Potential effects of climate chance on surface-water quality in North America SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE global water change; water quality; ecological thresholds; droughts; floods ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; FRESH-WATER; NEW-YORK; FORESTED WATERSHEDS; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; CATSKILL MOUNTAINS; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; NEURAL-NETWORK; BOREAL LAKES AB Data from long-term ecosystem monitoring and research stations in North America and results of simulations made with interpretive models indicate that changes in climate (precipitation and temperature) can have a significant effect on the quality of surface waters. Changes in water quality during storms, snowmelt, and periods of elevated air temperature or drought can cause conditions that exceed thresholds of ecosystem tolerance and, thus, lead to water-quality degradation. If warming and changes in available moisture occur, water-quality changes will likely first occur during episodes of climate-induced stress, and in ecosystems where the factors controlling water quality are sensitive to climate variability. Continued climate stress would increase the frequency with which ecosystem thresholds are exceeded and thus lead to chronic water-quality changes. Management strategies in a warmer climate will therefore be needed that are based on local ecological thresholds rather than annual median condition. Changes in land use alter biological, physical, and chemical processes in watersheds and thus significantly alter the quality of adjacent surface waters; these direct human-caused changes complicate the interpretation of water-quality changes resulting from changes in climate, and can be both mitigated and exacerbated by climate change. A rigorous strategy for integrated, long-term monitoring of the ecological and human factors that control water quality is necessary to differentiate between actual and perceived climate effects, and to track the effectiveness of our environmental policies. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Murdoch, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 115 TC 112 Z9 117 U1 6 U2 54 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 347 EP 366 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 315LJ UT WOS:000087115000010 ER PT J AU Hay, LE Wilby, RJL Leavesley, GH AF Hay, LE Wilby, RJL Leavesley, GH TI A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE climate change; precipitation-runoff modeling; downscaling; General Circulation Model; surface water hydrology ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; OUTPUT; PRECIPITATION; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATION; VALIDATION; PATTERNS AB Simulated daily precipitation, temperature, and runoff time series were compared in three mountainous basins in the United States: (1) the Animas River basin in Colorado, (2) the East Fork of the Carson River basin in Nevada and California, and (3) the Cle Elum River basin in Washington State. Two methods of climate scenario generation were compared: delta change and statistical downscaling. The delta change method uses differences between simulated current and future climate conditions from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCM2) General Circulation Model (GCM) added to observed time series of climate variables. A statistical downscaling (SDS) model was developed for each basin using station data and output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis regridded to the scale of HadCM2. The SDS model was then used to simulate local climate variables using HadCM2 output for current and future conditions. Surface climate variables from each scenario were used in a precipitation-runoff model. Results from this study show that, in the basins tested, a precipitation-runoff model can simulate realistic runoff series for current conditions using statistically downscaled NCEP output. But, use of downscaled HadCM2 output for current or future climate assessments are questionable because the GCM does not produce accurate estimates of the surface variables needed for runoff in these regions. Given the uncertainties in the GCMs ability to simulate current conditions based on either the delta change or downscaling approaches, future climate assessments based on either of these approaches must be treated with caution. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Derby, Div Geog, Derby DE22 1GB, England. RP Hay, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 412, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 24 TC 244 Z9 268 U1 7 U2 47 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 387 EP 397 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 315LJ UT WOS:000087115000013 ER PT J AU Peterson, DH Smith, RE Dettinger, MD Cayan, DR Riddle, L AF Peterson, DH Smith, RE Dettinger, MD Cayan, DR Riddle, L TI An organized signal in snowmelt runoff over the western United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE hydroclimatology; surface water hydrology; water management; snow hydrology ID ENSO TELECONNECTIONS; CLIMATE; CALIFORNIA; BASIN; PRECIPITATION; SNOWPACK AB Daily-to-weekly discharge during the snowmelt season is highly correlated among river basins in the upper elevations of the central and southern Sierra Nevada (Carson, Walker, Tuolumne, Merced, San Joaquin, Kings, and Kern Rivers). In many cases, the upper Sierra Nevada watershed operates in a single mode (with varying catchment amplitudes). In some years, with appropriate lags, this mode extends to distant mountains. A reason for this coherence is the broad scale nature of synoptic features in atmospheric circulation which provide anomalous insolation and temperature forcings that span a large region, sometimes the entire western U.S. These correlations may fall off dramatically, however, in dry years when the snowpack is spatially patchy. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Peterson, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496,Bldg 15, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 22 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 421 EP 432 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04278.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 315LJ UT WOS:000087115000015 ER PT J AU Lu, YN Aguirre, AA Work, TM Balazs, GH Nerurkar, VR Yanagihara, R AF Lu, YN Aguirre, AA Work, TM Balazs, GH Nerurkar, VR Yanagihara, R TI Identification of a small, naked virus in tumor-like aggregates in cell lines derived from a green turtle, Chelonia mydas, with fibropapillomas SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE green turtle fibropapilloma; Chelonia mydas; cell line; virus ID DNA AB Serial cultivation of cell lines derived from lung, testis, periorbital and tumor tissues of a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomas resulted in the in vitro formation of tumor-like cell aggregates, ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter. Successful induction of tumor-like aggregates was achieved in a cell line derived from lung tissue of healthy green turtles, following inoculation with cell-free media from these tumor-bearing cell lines, suggesting the presence of a transmissible agent. Thin-section electron microscopy of the cell aggregates revealed massive collagen deposits and intranuclear naked viral particles, measuring 50 +/- 5 MI in diameter. These findings, together with the morphological similarity between these tumor-like cell aggregates and the naturally occurring tumor, suggest a possible association between this novel virus and the disease. Further characterization of this small naked virus will clarify its role in etiology of green turtle fibropapilloma. a life-threatening disease of this endangered marine species. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Leahi Hosp, Pacific Biomed Res Ctr, Retrovirol Res Lab, Honolulu, HI 96816 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Ctr Conservat Med, Wildlife Preservat Trust Int, N Grafton, MA 01536 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Lu, YN (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Leahi Hosp, Pacific Biomed Res Ctr, Retrovirol Res Lab, 3675 Kilauea Ave, Honolulu, HI 96816 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 FU NCRR NIH HHS [G12RR/AI-03061] NR 25 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD APR PY 2000 VL 86 IS 1 BP 25 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00175-5 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 296ZP UT WOS:000086056900004 PM 10713373 ER PT J AU Varekamp, JC Rowe, GL AF Varekamp, JC Rowe, GL TI Special issue - Crater lakes - Introduction SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Wesleyan Univ, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC USA. RP Varekamp, JC (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 97 IS 1-4 BP VII EP VII PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 328AW UT WOS:000087827500001 ER PT J AU Kempter, KA Rowe, GL AF Kempter, KA Rowe, GL TI Leakage of Active Crater lake brine through the north flank at Rincon de la Vieja volcano, northwest Costa Rica, and implications for crater collapse SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Active Crater lake; volcanic hazards; magmatic degassing; hydrothermal; Costa Rica ID POAS VOLCANO; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; DISCHARGES; CHEMISTRY; PROVINCE AB The Active Crater at Rincon de la Vieja volcano, Costa Rica, reaches an elevation of 1750 m and contains a warm, hyper-acidic crater lake that probably formed soon after the eruption of the Rio Blanco tephra deposit approximately 3500 years before present. The Active Crater is buttressed by volcanic ridges and older craters on all sides except the north, which dips steeply toward the Caribbean coastal plains. Acidic, above-ambient-temperature streams are found along the Active Crater's north flank at elevations between 800 and 1000 m. A geochemical survey of thermal and non-thermal waters at Rincon de la Vieja was done in 1989 to determine whether hyper-acidic fluids are leaking from the Active Crater through the north flank, affecting the composition of north-flank streams. Results of the water-chemistry survey reveal that three distinct thermal waters are found on the flanks of Rincon de la Vieja volcano: acid chloride-sulfate (ACS), acid sulfate (AS), and neutral chloride (NC) waters. The most extreme ACS water was collected from the crater lake that fills the Active Crater. Chemical analyses of the lake water reveal a hyper-acidic (pH similar to 0) chloride-sulfate brine with elevated concentrations of calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, fluorine, and boron. The composition of the brine reflects the combined effects of magmatic degassing from a shallow magma body beneath the Active Crater, dissolution of andesitic volcanic rock, and evaporative concentration of dissolved constituents at above-ambient temperatures. Similar cation and anion enrichments are found in the above-ambient-temperature streams draining the north flank of the Active Crater. The pH of north-flank thermal waters range from 3.6 to 4.1 and chloride:sulfate ratios (1.2-1.4) that are a factor of two greater than that of the lake brine (0.60). The waters have an ACS composition that is quite different from the AS and NC thermal waters that occur along the southern flank of Rincon de la Vieja. The distribution of thermal water types at Rincon de Ia Vieja strongly indicates that formation of the north-flank ACS waters is not due to mixing of shallow, steam-heated AS water with deep-seated NC water. More likely, hyper-acidic brines formed in the Active Crater area are migrating through permeable zones in the volcanic strata that make up the Active Crater's north flank. Dissolution and shallow subsurface alteration of north-flank volcanoclastic material by interaction with acidic lake brine, particularly in the more permeable tephra units, could weaken the already oversteepened north flank of the Active Crater. Sector collapse of the Active Crater, with or without a volcanic eruption, represents a potential threat to human lives, properly, and ecosystems at Rincon de la Vieja volcano. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78713 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Kempter, KA (reprint author), Univ Texas, Bur Econ Geol, Austin, TX 78713 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 97 IS 1-4 BP 143 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00181-X PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 328AW UT WOS:000087827500008 ER PT J AU Varekamp, JC Pasternack, GB Rowe, GL AF Varekamp, JC Pasternack, GB Rowe, GL TI Volcanic lake systematics II. Chemical constraints SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volcanic lake water compositions; cluster analysis; degree of neutralization ID YUGAMA CRATER LAKE; POAS VOLCANO; COSTA-RICA; NEW-ZEALAND; NYOS; GAS; CHEMISTRY; GEOCHEMISTRY; INDONESIA; EQUILIBRIA AB A database of 373 lake water analyses from the published literature was compiled and used to explore the geochemical systematics of volcanic lakes. Binary correlations and principal component analysis indicate strong internal coherence among most chemical parameters. Compositional variations are influenced by the flux of magmatic volatiles and/or deep hydrothermal fluids. The chemistry of the fluid entering a lake may be dominated by a high-temperature volcanic gas component or by a lower-temperature fluid that has interacted extensively with volcanic rocks. Precipitation of minerals like gypsum and silica can strongly affect the concentrations of Ca and Si in some lakes. A much less concentrated geothermal input fluid provides the mineralized components of some more dilute lakes. Temporal variations in dilution and evaporation rates ultimately control absolute concentrations of dissolved constituents, but not conservative element ratios. Most Volcanic lake waters, and presumably their deep hydrothermal fluid inputs, classify as immature acid fluids that have not equilibrated with common secondary silicates such as clays or zeolites. Many such fluids may have equilibrated with secondary minerals earlier in their history but were re-acidified by mixing with fresh volcanic fluids. We use the concept of 'degree of neutralization' as a new parameter to characterize these acid fluids. This leads to a classification of gas-dominated versus rock-dominated lake waters. A further classification is based on a cluster analysis and a hydrothermal speedometer concept which uses the degree of silica equilibration of a fluid during cooling and dilution to evaluate the rate of fluid equilibration in volcano-hydrothermal systems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Varekamp, JC (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. RI Pasternack, Gregory/B-8619-2012 OI Pasternack, Gregory/0000-0002-1977-4175 NR 42 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 97 IS 1-4 BP 161 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00182-1 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 328AW UT WOS:000087827500009 ER PT J AU Mastin, LG Witter, JB AF Mastin, LG Witter, JB TI The hazards of eruptions through lakes and seawater SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volcanic risk; crater lakes; submarine volcanoes; phreatomagmatic eruptions; lahars; tsunamis; base surges ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; UKINREK MAARS; DEPOSITS; EXPLOSIONS; PETROLOGY; MAGNITUDE; ISLAND; ALASKA; HAWAII; MAGMA AB Eruptions through crater lakes or shallow seawater, referred to here as subaqueous eruptions, present hazards from hydro-magmatic explosions, such as base surges, lahars, and tsunamis, which may not exist at volcanoes on dry land. We have systematically compiled information from eruptions through surface water in order to understand the circumstances under which these hazards occur and what disastrous effects they have caused in the past. Subaqueous eruptions represent only 8% of all recorded eruptions but have produced about 20% of all fatalities associated with volcanic activity in historical time. Excluding eruptions that have resulted in about a hundred deaths or less, lahars have killed people in the largest number of historical subaqueous eruptions (8), followed by pyroclastic flows (excluding base surges; 5) tsunamis (4), and base surges (2). Subaqueous eruptions have produced lahars primarily on high (>1000 m), steep-sided volcanoes containing small (<1 km diameter) crater lakes. Tsunamis and other water waves have caused death or destroyed man-made structures only at submarine volcanoes and at Lake Taal in the Philippines. In spite of evidence that magma-water mixing makes eruptions more explosive, such explosions and their associated base surges have caused fewer deaths, and have been implicated in fewer eruptions involving large numbers of fatalities than lahars and tsunamis. The latter hazards are more deadly because they travel much farther from a volcano and inundate coastal areas and stream valleys that tend to be densely settled. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Mastin, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 96 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 97 IS 1-4 BP 195 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00174-2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 328AW UT WOS:000087827500011 ER PT J AU Xu, Y Schoonen, MAA Nordstrom, DK Cunningham, KM Ball, JW AF Xu, Y Schoonen, MAA Nordstrom, DK Cunningham, KM Ball, JW TI Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. II. Formation and decomposition of thiosulfate and polythionate in Cinder Pool SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cinder Pool; sulfur redox chemistry; polythionate; Yellowstone NP ID RUAPEHU CRATER LAKE; POAS VOLCANO; NEW-ZEALAND; COSTA-RICA; DEPOSITION; HYDROLYSIS; INDONESIA; METALS; GOLD; ZN AB Cinder Pool is an acid-sulfate;chloride boiling spring in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park. The pool is unique in that its surface is partially covered with mm-size, black, hollow sulfur spherules, while a layer of molten sulfur resides at the bottom of the pool (18 m depth). The sulfur speciation in the pool was determined on four different days over a period of two years. Samples were taken to evaluate changes with depth and to evaluate the importance of the sulfur spherules on sulfur redox chemistry. All analyses were conducted on site using a combination of ion chromatography and colorimetric techniques. Dissolved sulfide (H2S), thiosulfate (S2O32-), polythionates (SxO62-), and sulfate were detected. The polythionate concentration was highly variable in time and space. The highest concentrations were found in surficial samples taken from among the sulfur spherules. With depth, the polythionate concentrations dropped off. The maximum observed polythionate concentration was 8 mu M. Thiosulfate was rather uniformly distributed throughout the pool and concentrations ranged from 35 to 45 mu M. Total dissolved sulfide concentrations varied with time, concentrations ranged from 16 to 48 mu M Sulfate was relatively constant, with concentrations ranging from 1150 to 1300 mu M. The sulfur speciation of Cinder Pool is unique in that the thiosulfate and polythionate concentrations are significantly higher than for any other acid-sulfate spring yet sampled in Yellowstone National Park. Complementary laboratory experiments show that thiosulfate is the intermediate sulfoxyanion formed from sulfur hydrolysis under conditions similar to those found in Cinder Pool and that poiythionates are formed via the oxidation of thiosulfate by dissolved oxygen. This last reaction is catalyzed by pyrite that occurs as a minor constituent in the sulfur spherules floating on the pool's surface. Polythionate decomposition proceeds via two pathways: (1) a reaction with H2S, yielding thiosulfate and elemental sulfur; and (2) by disproportionation to sulfate and thiosulfate. This study demonstrates that the presence of a subaqueous molten sulfur pool and sulfur spherules in Cinder Pool is of importance in controlling the pathways of aqueous sulfur redox reactions. Some of the insights gained at Cinder Pool may be relevant to acid crater lakes where sulfur spherules are observed and variations in polythionate concentrations are used to monitor and predict volcanic activity. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schoonen, MAA (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Schoonen, martin/E-7703-2011 OI Schoonen, martin/0000-0002-7133-1160 NR 52 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 97 IS 1-4 BP 407 EP 423 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00173-0 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 328AW UT WOS:000087827500022 ER PT J AU Zimbelman, DR Rye, RO Landis, GP AF Zimbelman, DR Rye, RO Landis, GP TI Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier - preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fumaroles; magmatic; hydrothermal ID ST-HELENS; WASHINGTON; PERSPECTIVE; EQUILIBRIA; CHEMISTRY; VOLCANO; SYSTEM; CARBON AB The edifice of Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, has episodically collapsed leading to major debris flows. The largest debris flows are related to argillically altered rock which leave areas of the edifice prone to failure. The argillic alteration results from the neutralization of acidic magmatic gases that condense in a meteoric water hydrothermal system fed by the melting of a thick mantle of glacial ice. Two craters atop a 2000-year-old cone on the summit of the volcano contain the world's largest volcanic ice-cave system. In the spring of 1997 two active fumaroles (T = 62 degrees C) in the caves were sampled for stable isotopic, gas, and geochemical studies. Stable isotope data on fumarole condensates show significant excess deuterium with calculated delta D and delta(18)O Values (-234 and -33.2 parts per thousand, respectively) for the vapor that are consistent with an origin as secondary steam from a shallow water table which has been heated by underlying magmatic-hydrothermal steam. Between 1982 and 1997, delta D of the fumarole vapor may have decreased by 30 parts per thousand. The compositions of fumarole gases vary in time and space but typically consist of air components slightly modified by their solubilities in water and additions of CO2 and CH4. The elevated CO2 contents (delta(13)C(CO2) = -11.8 +/- 0.7 parts per thousand), with spikes of over 10,000 ppm, require the episodic addition of magmatic components into the underlying hydrothermal system. Although only traces of H2S were detected in the fumaroles, most notably in a sample which had an air delta 13C(CO2) signature (-8.8 parts per thousand), incrustations around a dormant vent containing small amounts of acid sulfate minerals (natroalunite, minamiite, and wood-houseite) indicate higher H2S (or possibly SO2) concentrations in past fumarolic gases. Condensate samples from fumaroles are very dilute, slightly acidic, and enriched in elements observed in the much higher temperature fumaroles at Mount St. Helens (K and Na up to the ppm revel; metals such as Al, Pb, Zn Fe and Mn up to the ppb level and volatiles such as CI, S, and F up to the ppb level). The data indicate that the hydrothermal system in the edifice at Mount Rainier consists of meteoric water reservoirs, which receive gas and steam from an underlying magmatic system. At present the magmatic system is largely flooded by the meteoric water system. However, magmatic components have episodically vented at the surface as witnessed by the mineralogy of incrustations around inactive vents and gas compositions in the active fumaroles. The composition of fumarole gases during magmatic degassing is distinct and, if sustained, could be lethal. The extent to which hydrothermal alteration is currently occurring at depth, and its possible influence on future edifice collapse, may be determined with the aid of on site analyses of fumarole gases and seismic monitoring in the ice caves. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Natl Pk Serv, Ashford, WA 98304 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Zimbelman, DR (reprint author), POB 1878, White Salmon, WA 98672 USA. NR 65 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 97 IS 1-4 BP 457 EP 473 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 328AW UT WOS:000087827500025 ER PT J AU Atkinson, CT Dusek, RJ Woods, KL Iko, WM AF Atkinson, CT Dusek, RJ Woods, KL Iko, WM TI Pathogenicity of avian malaria in experimentally-infected Hawaii Amakihi SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian malaria; Drepanidinae; experimental infection; Hemignathus virens; honeycreeper; pathology; Plasmodium relictum ID PLASMODIUM-RELICTUM; BIRDS AB The introduction of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) and mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus) to the Hawaiian Islands (USA) is believed to have played a major role in the decline and extinction of native Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae). This introduced disease is thought to be one of the primary factors limiting recovery of honeycreepers at elevations below 1,200 m where native forest habitats are still relatively intact. One of the few remaining species of honeycreepers with a wide elevational distribution is the Hawaii Amakihi (Hemignathus virens). We measured morbidity and mortality in experimentally-infected Hawaii Amakihi that were captured in a high elevation, xeric habitat that is above the current range of the mosquito vector. Mortality among amakihi exposed to a single infective mosquito bite was 65% (13/20). All infected birds had significant declines in food consumption and a corresponding loss in body weight over the 60 day course of the experiment. Gross and microscopic lesions in birds that succumbed to malaria included enlargement and discoloration of the spleen and liver and parasitemias as high as 50% of circulating erythrocytes. Mortality in experimentally-infected amakihi was similar to that observed in Apapane (Himatione sanguinea and lower than that observed in Iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea) infected under similar conditions with the same parasite isolate. We conclude that the current elevational and geographic distribution of Hawaiian honeycreepers is determined by relative susceptibility to avian malaria. C1 Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, USGS Biol REsources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Atkinson, CT (reprint author), Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, POB 218, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. OI Dusek, Robert/0000-0001-6177-7479 NR 17 TC 161 Z9 166 U1 16 U2 82 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 197 EP 204 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 310XD UT WOS:000086854000001 PM 10813599 ER PT J AU Work, TM Massey, JG Rideout, BA Gardiner, CH Ledig, DB Kwok, OCH Dubey, JP AF Work, TM Massey, JG Rideout, BA Gardiner, CH Ledig, DB Kwok, OCH Dubey, JP TI Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE 'Alala; Corvus hawaiiensis; bioassay; diclazuril; endangered species; immunohistochemistry; pathology; Toxoplasma gondii ID CORVUS-HAWAIIENSIS; GONDII INFECTIONS; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; DICLAZURIL; WILD; BIRDS; CROW; MICE AB The 'Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis) is the most endangered corvid in the world, and intensive efforts are being made to reintroduce it to its former native range in Hawaii. We diagnosed Toxoplasma gondii infection in five free-ranging 'Alala. One 'Alala, recaptured from the wild because it was underweight and depressed, was treated with diclazuril (10 mg/kg) orally for 10 days. Antibodies were measured before and after treatment by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using whole T. gondii tachyzoites fixed in formalin and mercaptoethanol. The MAT titer decreased four-fold from an initial titer of 1:1,600 with remarkable improvement in physical condition. Lesions of toxoplasmosis also were seen in two partially scavenged carcasses and in a third fresh intact carcass. Toxoplasma gondii was confirmed immunohistochemically by using anti- T. gondii specific serum. The organism was also cultured by bioassay in mice from tissues of one of these birds and the brain of a fifth 'Alala that did not exhibit lesions. The life cycle of the parasite was experimentally completed in cats. This is the first record of toxoplasmosis in 'Alala, and the parasite appears to pose a significant threat and management challenge to reintroduction programs for 'Alala in Hawaii. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol REsources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Hawaii Div Forestry & Wildlife, Makawao, HI 96768 USA. San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA 92112 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kona Forest Unit Hakalau Forest Natl Wildlife Ref, Honaunau, HI 96726 USA. ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol REsources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn,POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 37 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 205 EP 212 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 310XD UT WOS:000086854000002 PM 10813600 ER PT J AU Tripathy, DN Schnitzlein, WM Morris, PJ Janssen, DL Zuba, JK Massey, G Atkinson, CT AF Tripathy, DN Schnitzlein, WM Morris, PJ Janssen, DL Zuba, JK Massey, G Atkinson, CT TI Characterization of poxviruses from forest birds in Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian pox viruses; Corvus hawaiiensis; fowlpox virus; genetic differences between pox viruses; Himatione sanguinea; mild pathogenicity in chickens ID INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS; FOWLPOX AB Two strains of avian pox viruses were isolated from cutaneous lesions in Hawaiian crows (Corvus hawaiiensis) examined in 1994 and a third from a biopsy obtained in 1992 from an infected bird of the Apapane species (Himatione sanguinea) by inoculation of the chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) of developing chicken embryos. The resulting proliferative CAM lesions contained eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies characteristic of pox virus infection. The pathogenicity of these three viruses in domestic chickens was mild as evidenced by the development of relatively minor lesions of short duration at the sites of inoculation. Their virulence in this host was similar to that of a fowlpox virus (FPV) vaccine strain and contrasted greatly with the ability of two field strains of FPV to produce extensive proliferative lesions. One of the Hawaiian crow pox virus isolates as well as the one originating from the Apapane species could be propagated in two secondary avian cell lines, QT-35 and LMH. A comparison of the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of the genomes of the two cell line-adapted viruses, generated by EcoRI digestion, revealed a limited degree of similarity. Moreover, neither profile was comparable to those of the two field isolates of FPV, which were almost indistinguishable from each other. Thus, based on the genetic distinctness of the two Hawaiian bird viruses, they appear to represent different strains of avipoxvirus. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. San Diego Wild Anim Pk, Escondido, CA 92112 USA. Dept Land & Nat Resources, Div Forestry & Wildlife, Makawao, HI 96768 USA. US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Tripathy, DN (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 16 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 225 EP 230 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 310XD UT WOS:000086854000005 PM 10813603 ER PT J AU Nicholson, DS Lochmiller, RL Stewart, MD Masters, RE Leslie, DM AF Nicholson, DS Lochmiller, RL Stewart, MD Masters, RE Leslie, DM TI Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE aspartate aminotransferase; capture mortality; capture myopathy; creatine kinase; Meleagris gallopavo; plasma corticosterone; relative humidity; stress; temperature; wild turkey ID STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS; MYOPATHY; ENZYMES; BLOOD; STABILITY; SURVIVAL AB Capture-related mortality has been a notable risk in the handling of eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). Our objective was to evaluate how environmental factors influence risk and identify physiological correlates that could be used to identify susceptible birds. During winter (January-March) 1995-97, 130 eastern wild. turkey hens were captured in southeastern Oklahoma and radiocollared. Of those, 20 hens died less than or equal to 14 days of capture. Serum creatine kinase activity (CK; P < 0.01), body temperature (P < 0.01), processing time (P = 0.02), and ambient temperature (P < 0.01) showed a positive relationship with mortality that occurred within 14 days of capture. Plasma corticosterone concentration (P = 0.08) and relative humidity (P < 0.01) showed a negative relationship with mortalities that occurred within 14 days post-capture. Stepwise logistic regression selected CK activity relative humidity and ambient temperature as the best predictors of mortality within 14 days post-capture. Our data suggest that susceptible individuals may be identified from Ca activity and that capture-related mortality may be minimized by establishing guidelines of when to curtail capture operations based on various weather conditions. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Lochmiller, RL (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM rilzool@okstate.edu NR 26 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 308 EP 315 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 310XD UT WOS:000086854000015 PM 10813613 ER PT J AU Dunbar, MR Wolcott, MJ Rimler, RB Berlowski, BM AF Dunbar, MR Wolcott, MJ Rimler, RB Berlowski, BM TI Septicemic pasteurellosis in free-ranging neonatal pronghorn in Oregon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Antilocapra americana; Pasteurella multocida; pasteurellosis; pronghorn; survey ID MOUNTAIN BIGHORN SHEEP; ELK CERVUS-ELAPHUS; LYMPHOCYTE-RESPONSES; MULTOCIDA STRAINS; FALLOW DEER; SEROGROUP-B; VITAMIN-E; HAEMOLYTICA; PNEUMONIA; SELENIUM AB As part of a study to determine the cause(s) of population decline and low survival of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) neonates on Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge (HMNAR), Oregon (USA), 55 of 104 neonates captured during May 1996 and 1997 were necropsied (n = 28, 1996; n = 27, 1997) to determine cause of death. Necropsies were conducted on fawns that died during May, June, or July of each year. The objectives of this study were to report the occurrence and pathology of pasteurellosis in neonates and determine if the isolated strain of Pasteurella multocida was unique. Septicemic pasteurellosis, caused by P. multocida, was diagnosed as the cause of death for two neonates in May and June 1997. Necropsy findings included widely scattered petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages found over a large portion of the subcutaneous tissue, meninges of the brain, epicardium, skeletal muscle, and serosal surface of the thorasic and abdominal cavities. Histological examination of lung tissues revealed diffuse congestion and edema and moderate to marked multifocal infiltrate of macrophages, neutrophils, and numerous bacteria within many terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Pasteurella multocida serotypes A:3,4, and B:1 were isolated from several tissues including lung, intestinal, thorasic fluid, and heart blood. Each B:1 isolate had DNA restriction endonuclease fingerprint profiles distinct from isolates previously characterized from domestic cattle, swan (Olor spp.), moose (Alces alces), and pronghorn from Montana (USA). This is the first report of pasteurellosis in pronghorn from Oregon and the B:1 isolates appear to be unique in comparison to DNA fingerprint profiles from selected domestic and wild species. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Dunbar, MR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sheldon Hart Mt Refuge Complex,POB 111, Lakeview, OR 97630 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 383 EP 388 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 310XD UT WOS:000086854000026 PM 10813624 ER PT J AU Cully, JF Carter, LG Gage, KL AF Cully, JF Carter, LG Gage, KL TI New records of sylvatic plague in Kansas SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE black-tailed prairie dogs; Cynomys ludovicianus; epizootic; fleas; Yersinia pestis AB Sylvatic plague, or plague of wild rodents is caused by Yersinia pestis and entered California (USA) from Asia about 1899. Extensive sampling during the 1930's and 1940's documented the spread of plague to approximately its current distribution in North America. Records from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention document plague in Kansas (USA) between 1945 and 1950, but since then there has been no documentation of plague in the state. Following a die-off of a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colony on the Cimarron National Grassland, in the southwestern corner of Kansas (37 degrees 10'N, 101 degrees 45'W), we sampled fleas from burrows in June 1997, and tested them for Yersinia pestis. Twelve of 13 pools of Oropsyla hirsuta and one of two Pulex sp. were positive. A similar sample of fleas, from another colony where black-tailed prairie dogs were active at the time, yielded no positive fleas. C1 Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Div Biol, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Cully, JF (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, US Geol Survey, Div Biol, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 204 Leasure Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 16 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 389 EP 392 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 310XD UT WOS:000086854000027 PM 10813625 ER PT J AU Elias, SP Fraser, JD Buckley, PA AF Elias, SP Fraser, JD Buckley, PA TI Piping plover brood foraging ecology on New York barrier islands SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE barrier island; beach; behavior; Charadrius melodus; foraging; habitat; New York; populations; piping plover; reproduction; shorebird; survival ID SAMPLING METHODS; HABITAT USE; SURVIVAL; BEHAVIOR AB Effective management of piping plover (Charadrius melodus) populations requires knowledge of the habitats that foster successful reproduction. We studied piping plover chick foraging ecology and survival on the central barrier islands of Long Island, New York, 1992 and 1993. Within the 90-km study area, all 1-km beach segments with ephemeral pools or bay tidal Bats were used for nesting and brood rearing, whereas >50% of beach segments without these habitats were used. On beach segments with ephemeral pools, broods preferred ephemeral pools to ocean intertidal zone, wrack, backshore, open vegetation, and interdune habitat. Indices of terrestrial arthropod abundance and foraging rates were greater in ephemeral pools than in other habitats. In 1992, chick survival was higher on beach segments with ephemeral pools than on segments without ephemeral pools. On beach segments with bay tidal flats, broods preferred bay tidal flats and wrack to ocean intertidal zone, backshore, and open vegetation habitats. Foraging rates in bay tidal flats were similar to those in ephemeral pools and greater than in open vegetation, wrack, and backshore habitats. On beach segments without ephemeral pools and bay tidal Rats, broods preferred wrack to all other habitats, and open vegetation was second most preferred. To assist in the recovery of the piping plover, land-use planners should avoid beach management practices (e.g., beach filling, dune building, renourishment) that typically inhibit natural renewal of ephemeral pools, bay tidal flats, and open vegetation habitats. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Elias, SP (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 18 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 346 EP 354 DI 10.2307/3803232 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100003 ER PT J AU Guthery, FS King, NM Nolte, KR Kuvlesky, WP DeStefano, S Gall, SA Silvy, NJ AF Guthery, FS King, NM Nolte, KR Kuvlesky, WP DeStefano, S Gall, SA Silvy, NJ TI Comparative habitat ecology of Texas and masked bobwhites SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Arizona; Colinus virginianus; endangered species; habitat; masked bobwhite; Mexico; northern bobwhite; operative temperature; Sonora; Texas ID NORTHERN BOBWHITES; RANGE CONDITION; AVAILABILITY; PRODUCTIVITY; THRESHOLDS; VIEWPOINT AB The habitat ecology of masked bobwhites (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) is poorly understood, which hampers recovery efforts for this endangered bird. During 1994-96, we analyzed the habitat ecology of masked bobwhites in sonora. Mexico, and Arizona and compared these findings with the habitat ecology of Texas bobwhites (C. v. texanus) in southern Texas. Mean values for the quantity of low screening cover (<50 cm aboveground), operative temperature (degrees C), and exposure to aerial predators were relatively constant across regions (CV <14.2%), indicating these variables are important in adaptive habitat-use decisions by bobwhites. Bobwhites exhibited preference in all regions for higher canopy coverage of woody vegetation, lower exposure to aerial predators, and lower operative temperatures in comparison with randomly available conditions. The major habitat deficiencies for masked bobwhites were lack of woody and herbaceous cover, which led to high exposure to aerial predators in Sonora and Arizona. High operative temperatures at quail level were associated with the loss of greater than or equal to 24% of potential habitat space-time in Texas, Sonora, and Arizona. Management to improve habitat for masked bobwhites includes any practice that increases canopy coverage of woody vegetation, and height and coverage of herbaceous vegetation. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Res Inst, Kingsville, TX 78363 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Buenos Aires Natl Wildlife Refuge, Sasabe, AZ 85633 USA. Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Guthery, FS (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 407 EP 420 DI 10.2307/3803239 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100010 ER PT J AU Plissner, JH Oring, LW Haig, SM AF Plissner, JH Oring, LW Haig, SM TI Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Charadrius vociferus; fixed kernel; Great Basin; home range; killdeer; shorebirds; space use; wetlands ID HOME-RANGE ESTIMATORS; CHARADRIUS-VOCIFERUS; ABUNDANCE; HABITAT; SIZE; CONSERVATION; SIMULATION; EVOLUTION; MOVEMENTS; FIDELITY AB Wetland conservation efforts require knowledge of space use by a diversity of waterbirds. However, determining space use of animals requires intensive monitoring of individual organisms. Often, activity patterns during much of the annual cycle are neglected in analyses of home range and habitat use. From 1995-97, we monitored space use in a population of individually marked killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) that breed, and reside for a number of additional months each year, in the western Great Basin. We used linear distance measures and home range-area estimates, derived by fixed-kernel methods, to examine patterns of space use of adults prior to, during, and following nesting. Overall, killdeer used a local area of approximately 6 ha. Birds remained closer to nests while tending eggs than either before or after nesting, although extensive movements away from the nest were observed during all time periods. Females tended to move farther from nests than did males. Birds nesting farther from water bodies were generally observed at greater distances from nests than those nesting closet to shorelines during all time periods. Twenty-seven percent of individuals were observed greater than 1 km from nest locations, particularly during postnesting periods. During nesting periods, males were less likely to be observed at longer distances from nests than were females. There were no differences in home range size based upon sex, time period, or distance from water. We suggest that home range size may not always accurately measure differences in space use and that multiple measures, including distance from nests, should be considered. Understanding the sedentary nature of killdeer during much of the annual cycle and their intense use of local areas is important for making management decisions. Coupled with data on other shorebird species, this information also has broader implications for management of wetland systems by indicating large scale spatial and habitat requirements and the connectivity of geographically distinct habitat patches. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Plissner, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 55 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 421 EP 429 DI 10.2307/3803240 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100011 ER PT J AU Rudolph, BA Porter, WF Underwood, HB AF Rudolph, BA Porter, WF Underwood, HB TI Evaluating immunocontraception for managing suburban white-tailed deer in Irondequoit, New York SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE contraception; effort; immunocontraception; New York; Odocoileus virginianus; porcine zona pellucida; suburban; sustained yield; White-tailed deer ID LOCALIZED MANAGEMENT AB Immunocontraception is frequently proposed as an alternative to lethal removal of females for deer management. However, little information is available for evaluating the potential of applying immunocontraceptives to free-ranging populations. Our objectives were to estimate effort required to apply porcine zona pellucida (PZP) to individual deer and assess the utility of using immunocontraception to control growth of deer populations. The study was conducted in a 43-km(2) suburban community with about 400 deer. Effort per deer was measured as time required to capture and mark deer, and then to apply booster immunocontraceptive treatments by remote injection. Estimates of numbers of females to treat to control population growth were based on the generalized sustained-yield (SY) model adapted for contraception of females. The SY curve was calibrated using data on deer abundance acquired from aerial population surveys and nutritional condition of females removed by a concurrent culling program. Effort was influenced by 4 factors: deer population density, approachability of individual deer access to private and public land, and efficacy of the contraceptive treatment. Effort and deer density; were inversely related. Cumulative effort for treatment increased exponentially because some deer were more difficult to approach than others. Potential of using immunocontraception at low deer population densities (<25% ecological carrying capacity) is limited by the interaction of the proportion of breeding-age females in the population and treatment efficacy, as well as encounter rates. Immunocontraception has the best potential for holding suburban deer populations between 30 and 70% of ecological carrying capacity, but is likely to be useful only in localized populations when the number of females to be treated is small (e.g., less than or equal to 200 deer). C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Rudolph, BA (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 33 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 463 EP 473 DI 10.2307/3803244 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100015 ER PT J AU Menu, S Hestbeck, JB Gauthier, G Reed, A AF Menu, S Hestbeck, JB Gauthier, G Reed, A TI Effects of neck bands on survival of greater snow geese SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE band recovery; capture-recapture; Chen caerulescens atlantica; greater snow goose; marker; neck bands; survival ID CANADA GEESE; EMPEROR GEESE; POPULATION; RECOVERY; ANIMALS; RATES AB Neck bands are a widely used marker in goose research. However; few studies have investigated a possible negative effect of this marl;er on survival. We tested the effect of neck bands on the survival of adult female greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica) by marking birds with either a neck band and a metal leg band or a leg band only on Bylot Island (Nunavut, formerly included in the Northwest Territories, Canada) from 1990 to 1996. Annual survival was estimated using leg-band recoveries in fall and winter and using neckband sightings in spring and fall. Recapture rates were estimated using summer recaptures. Using recovery data, the selected model yielded a survival similar for die neck-banded and leg-banded only birds (S = 0.845 +/- 0.070 vs. S = 0.811 +/- 0.107). The hypothesis of equality of survival between the 2 groups was easily accepted under most constraints imposed on survival or recovery rates. However, failure to account for a different direct recovery rate for neck-banded birds would lead us to incorrectly conclude a possible negative effect of neck bands on survival. Using sighting data, mean annual survival of neck-banded birds was independently estimated at 0.833 +/- 0.057, a value very similar to that estimated with band-recovery analysis. Raw recapture rates during summer were significantly lower for neck-banded birds compared to those marked with leg bands only (4.6% vs. 12.1%), but in this analysis, survival, site fidelity reproductive status, and recapture rates were confounded. We conclude that neck bands did not affect survival of greater snow geese, but could possibly affect other demographic traits such as breeding propensity and emigration. C1 Univ Laval, Dept Biol, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Univ Laval, Ctr Etud Nord, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Univ Massachusetts, US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, St Foy, PQ G1V 4H5, Canada. RP Menu, S (reprint author), Univ Laval, Dept Biol, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 544 EP 552 DI 10.2307/3803252 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100023 ER PT J AU Krapu, GL Pietz, PJ Brandt, DA Cox, RR AF Krapu, GL Pietz, PJ Brandt, DA Cox, RR TI Factors limiting mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; brood survival; hatch date; mallard; model; perennial cover; predation; Prairie Pothole Region; rainfall; recruitment; seasonal wetlands; temperature ID NESTING DUCKS; NORTH-DAKOTA; LAND-USE; DUCKLINGS; ABUNDANCE; INVERTEBRATES; RECRUITMENT; MINNESOTA; GROWTH; TRAP AB In order to estimate mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) production from managed and unmanaged lands, waterfowl biologists need measurable predictors of brood survival. We evaluated effects of percent of seasonal basins holding water (WETSEAS), percent of upland landscape in perennial cover (PERNCOVER), rainfall (RAIN), daily minimum ambient temperature (TMIN), hatch date (HATCHDATE), brood age (BA; 0-7 or 8-30 days), age of brood females, and brood size on mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes, and developed a predictive model using factors found to have significant effects. Sixteen of 56 radiomarked broods experienced total loss during 1,250 exposure days. Our final fitted model of brood survival contained only main effects of WETSEAS, HATCHDATE, and RAIN. Total brood loss during the first 30 days of exposure was 11.2 times more likely for broods hatched on areas with <17% WETSEAS than those on areas with >59%:, WETSEAS. Total brood loss was 5.2 times more likely during rainy conditions than during dry periods, and the hazard of total brood loss increased by 5% for each 1-day delay in hatching between 17 May and 12 August. High survival of mallard broods in landscapes where most seasonal basins contain water underscores the importance of maintaining seasonal wetlands as a major component of wetland complexes managed for mallard production. Because early hatched broods have higher survival, we also suggest that waterfowl managers focus their efforts on enhancing nest success of early laid clutches, especially in wet years. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Krapu, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 60 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 20 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 553 EP 561 DI 10.2307/3803253 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100024 ER PT J AU Miller, MW AF Miller, MW TI Modeling annual mallard production in the prairie-parkland region SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE agriculture; Anas platyrhynchos; climate; mallard; modeling; prairie-parkland region; production; survey; temperature; wetlands ID NORTH-DAKOTA; SURVIVAL AB Biologists have proposed several environmental factors that might influence production of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) nesting in the prairie-parkland region of the United States and Canada. These factors include precipitation, cold spring temperatures, wetland abundance, and upland breeding habitat. I used longterm historical data sets of climate, wetland numbers, agricultural land use, and size of breeding mallard populations in multiple regression analyses to model annual indices of mallard production. Models were constructed at 2 scales: a continental scale that encompassed most of the mid-continental breeding range of mallards and a stratum-level scale that included 23 portions of that same breeding range. The production index at the continental scale was the estimated age ratio of mid-continental mallards in early fall; at the stratum scale my production index was the estimated number of broods of all duck species within an aerial survey stratum. Size of breeding mallard populations in May, and pond numbers in May and July, best modeled production at the continental scale. Variables that best modeled production at the stratum scale differed by region. Crop variables tended to appear more in models for western Canadian strata; pond variables predominated in models for United States strata; and spring temperature and pond variables dominated models for eastern Canadian strata. An index of cold spring temperatures appeared in 4 of 6 models for aspen parkland strata, and in only 1 of 11 models for strata dominated by prairie, Stratum level models suggest that regional factors influencing mallard production are not evident at a larger scale. Testing these potential factors in a manipulative fashion would improve our understanding of mallard population dynamics, improving our ability to manage the mid-continental mallard population. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), 336 S Garfield Ave, Schuylkill Haven, PA 17972 USA. RI Miller, Mark/F-6284-2015 OI Miller, Mark/0000-0003-4211-1393 NR 40 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 561 EP 575 DI 10.2307/3803254 PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100025 ER PT J AU Knutson, MG Gutreuter, SJ Klaas, EE AF Knutson, MG Gutreuter, SJ Klaas, EE TI Patterns of artificial nest depredation in a large floodplain forest SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE artificial songbird nests; Driftless Area; floodplain forest; forest fragmentation; generalized linear mixed model; neotropical migrant birds; nest depredation rates; nest predators; Upper Mississippi River ID HETEROGENEOUS HABITAT COMPLEXES; UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; LINEAR MIXED MODELS; EXPLOITATION ECOSYSTEMS; DOMINATED LANDSCAPE; BREEDING BIOLOGY; PREDATION RATES; HARDWOOD FOREST; GROUND NESTS; EDGE AB We used artificial bird nests to examine the relative effects of local habitat features and the surrounding landscape on the probability of songbird nest depredation in floodplain forests of the Upper Mississippi River. We found that the probability of depredation increased with size of floodplain forest plots. In small plots, the probability of depredation tended to increase away from the forest edge. Small patches of floodplain forest within a large river system can provide valuable nesting habitat for songbirds. We suggest that depredation pressure may be lower due to isolation effects. The probability of nest depredation increased with increasing canopy cover surrounding the nest tree and decreasing cover around the nest. Managers seeking to discourage nest predators in floodplain forests should consider managing for habitats that supply dense cover fur nest concealment and an open tree canopy. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Knutson, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 56 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 576 EP 583 DI 10.2307/3803255 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100026 ER PT J AU McCracken, KG Afton, AD Peters, MS AF McCracken, KG Afton, AD Peters, MS TI Condition bias of hunter-shot ring-necked ducks exposed to lead SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ash; Aythya collaris; blood lead concentration; body size; body composition; condition bias hypothesis; hunting mortality; ingesta; lipid; protein ID AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; LAGOON-GAME-RESERVE; BODY-MASS; NUTRIENT RESERVES; AYTHYA-COLLARIS; WINTER SURVIVAL; SOUTH-AUSTRALIA; CATAHOULA LAKE; INGESTED LEAD; DIVING DUCKS AB We evaluated the condition bias hypothesis for ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris) exposed to lead by testing the null hypothesis that ducks shot by hunters do not differ in physiological condition from those collected randomly from the same location. After adjusting for structural body size and log(e) concentration of blood lead, we found that overall body condition differed significantly between collection types and age classes, and marginally between sexes. Ingesta-free body mass of ring-necked ducks sampled randomly; averaged 8.8% greater than those shot over decoys, and 99% of this difference was accounted for by lipid reserves. Ingesta, ash, and protein did not differ between collection types; however; after-hatching-year (AHY) birds had 5.1% more ash and 4.8% more protein than did hatching-year (HY) birds. The only sex difference was that males had 4.1% more protein than did females. Ingesta-free body mass, lipids, and protein were negatively related to concentration of blood lead. Collection type by-concentration of blood lead and age-by-sex-by-concentration of blood lead interactions were not significant. To the extent that lead pellets persist as a cause of disease or mortality, waterfowl biologists should account for lead exposure as a possible source of condition bias when estimating population parameters and modeling survival of ring-necked ducks and other waterfowl species prone to ingest lead. These findings further underscore the problem that ingested lead shotgun pellets pose for waterfowl. C1 Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Willows, CA 95988 USA. RP McCracken, KG (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 60 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 584 EP 590 DI 10.2307/3803256 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100027 ER PT J AU Esler, D Mulcahy, DM Jarvis, RL AF Esler, D Mulcahy, DM Jarvis, RL TI Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE abdominal implant; bias; body mass; harlequin duck; Histrionicus histrionicus; recapture; radiotransmitter; survival; telemetry ID FEMALE NORTHERN PINTAILS; AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; RADIO TRANSMITTERS; WINTER SURVIVAL; WILD MALLARDS; REPRODUCTION; HARNESS; BEHAVIOR; RADIOTRANSMITTERS; GROUSE AB Unbiased estimates of survival based on individuals outfitted with radiotransmitters require meeting the assumptions that radios do not affect survival, and animals for which the radio signal is lost have the same survival probability as those for which fate is known. In most survival studies, researchers have made these assumptions without testing their validity. We tested these assumptions by comparing interannual recapture rates (and, by inference, survival) between radioed and unradioed adult female harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus), and for radioed females, between right-censored birds (i.e., those for which the radio signal was lost during the telemetry monitoring period) and birds with known fates. We found that recapture rates of birds equipped with implanted radiotransmitters (21.6 +/- 3.0%; (x) over bar +/- SE) were similar to unradioed birds (21.7 +/- 8.6%), suggesting that radios did not affect survival. Recapture rates also were similar between right-censored (20.6 +/- 5.1%) and known-fate individuals (22.1 +/- 3.8%), suggesting that missing birds were not subject to differential mortality. We also determined that capture and handling resulted in short-term loss of body mass for both radioed and unradioed females and that this effect was more pronounced for radioed birds (the difference between groups was 15.4 +/- 7.1 g). However, no difference existed in body mass after recapture 1 year later. Our study suggests that implanted radios are an unbiased method for estimating survival of harlequin ducks and likely other species under similar circumstances. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Esler, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 37 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 591 EP 598 DI 10.2307/3803257 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 305MD UT WOS:000086543100028 ER PT J AU Carr, T Bonde, RK AF Carr, T Bonde, RK TI Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) occurs in Nicaragua, 800 km north of its previously known range SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Caribbean Conservat Corp, Gainesville, FL 32602 USA. RP Bonde, RK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 412 NE 16th Ave,Room 250, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. OI Bonde, Robert/0000-0001-9179-4376 NR 14 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2000 VL 16 IS 2 BP 447 EP 452 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00936.x PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 297WT UT WOS:000086106200013 ER PT J AU Gergely, K Scott, JM Goble, D AF Gergely, K Scott, JM Goble, D TI A new direction for the US National Wildlife Refuges: The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE US Fish and Wildlife Service; management; National Wildlife Refuges; reserves; wildlife law ID BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM HEALTH; PERSPECTIVE; MANAGEMENT; INTEGRITY AB The U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System began as a series of ad hoc executive and legislative actions that set aside a diverse group of lands dedicated to the conservation of specific wildlife populations or habitat. Congress added to this diversity with a series of statutes opening refuges to a variety of nonwildlife uses. In October 1997 the President of the United States signed the National Wildlife Refuge Improvement Act into law. We reviewed the major provisions of this new statute to gauge their effect on future refuge management. The statute has three significant components: (1) it establishes an explicit mission for the Refuge System: the conservation, management, and restoration of a national network of habitats; (2) it prohibits refuge managers from permitting nonwildlife uses of refuges that are not compatible with the mission of the refuge and the Refuge System; and (3) it requires the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to develop comprehensive conservation plans for units in the system. The Refuge Improvement Act marks a significant shift in the management standards for the Refuge System. However, given the breadth of the discretion accorded the Fish and Wildlife Service by the Act, much will depend upon how the agency delimits the broad statutory mandate in its regulations implementing the Act. The initial indications are that the agency is seizing the opportunity presented by the Refuge Improvement Act to redefine the role of the Refuge System. C1 Univ Idaho, Coll Forestry Wildlife & Range Sci, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Scott, JM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Coll Forestry Wildlife & Range Sci, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM kgerg@hotmail.com; mscott@uidaho.edu; gobled@uidaho.edu NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOC PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD ST, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 EI 2162-4399 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 107 EP 118 PG 12 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 305YV UT WOS:000086570100001 ER PT J AU Lellis, WA Barrows, FT AF Lellis, WA Barrows, FT TI Effect of dietary ingredient substitution on dorsal fin erosion of steelhead SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; TROUT; ATTACK AB A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing a diet based on hydrolyzed fish meal with either 6% chitin las ground krill shell), 6% squid meal, or 200 mg carotenoid pigment (canthaxanthin) per kilogram on dorsal fin erosion in juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. Three hundred fry in triplicate tanks were fed one of the four test diets, and 300 fry in a single tank were fed a commercial trout starter diet. The feeding trial was conducted for 15 weeks at a water temperature of 15 degrees C. Growth was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for fish fed the diet containing chitin than for those fed other feeds. Dorsal fin index (100 x mean dorsal fin height/total fish length) was similar among fish consuming the hydrolyzed fish meal diets but lower for fish consuming the commercial formulation. Results suggest that removal of bones from fish meal may influence dorsal fin condition in steelhead, perhaps through altered dietary mineral composition or form. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Lellis, WA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Rural Delivery 4,Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 135 EP 138 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2000)062<0135:EODISO>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351ZN UT WOS:000089190200007 ER PT J AU Wiig, O Berg, V Gjertz, I Seagars, DJ Skaare, JU AF Wiig, O Berg, V Gjertz, I Seagars, DJ Skaare, JU TI Use of skin biopsies for assessing levels of organochlorines in walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID URSUS-MARITIMUS; SVALBARD; BLUBBER; CONTAMINANTS; PESTICIDES; GREENLAND AB Skin and blubber samples of ten adult male Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) from Alaska were used to investigate the relationship between organochlorine (OC) levels in skin and blubber of individuals. For analyses we selected 11 components that were quantified in the blubber of all individuals: hexachlorocyclohexanes (alpha HCH and beta HCH), the DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) metabolite p,p'DDE, oxychlordane, and 7 individual PCB congeners, 28, 99, 105, 118, 138, 153 and 180. The correlation between the levels in the two types of tissues was significant and the relation was isometric for all components. The regression coefficient between levels in blubber (dependent variable) and levels in skin (independent variable) was different from I for only four of the components. The mean levels in the two types of tissues were significantly different for 3 of the 11 chemical components (beta HCH, oxychlordane, and PCB38). Although this analysis is based on only ten individuals, we propose that skin samples taken by biopsy darts can be used to monitor OC levels in walruses. In August 1993 skin biopsies were collected from 25 adult male Atlantic walruses (O. r. rosmarus) at haul-out sites in southeastern Svalbard in the Norwegian Arctic and from 28 walruses of different sex and age at haul-out sites at Franz Josef Land in the Russian Arctic. The mean levels of OCs were 2-10 times higher at Svalbard than at Franz Josef Land. The dominant OC component was PCB13 in both areas. A principal component analysis detected differences between areas in OC levels but not in patterns. Since the Franz Josef Land samples were mainly taken from females and young individuals and the Svalbard samples were taken largely from adult males, we believe the differences in tissue OC levels observed from these areas can be explained by differences in sex and age of the walrus sampled. Comparable organochlorine levels in skin samples from walruses from other areas are not available. However, compared to the corresponding OC levels found in walrus blubber in other areas, the OC levels from Svalbard and Franz Josef Land are higher. The high levels of OCs in walruses from Svalbard and Franz Josef Land may be a combined effect of high pollution level in the environment and seal-eating habits. In the present study we show that it is possible to use skin biopsies taken by a non-destructive method to assess OC levels in walruses. C1 Univ Oslo, Zool Museum, N-0562 Oslo, Norway. Natl Vet Inst, Norwegian Sch Vet Sci, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-0301 Oslo, Norway. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Wiig, O (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Zool Museum, Sars Gate 1, N-0562 Oslo, Norway. RI Wiig, Oystein/J-8383-2012 OI Wiig, Oystein/0000-0003-0395-5251 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD APR PY 2000 VL 23 IS 4 BP 272 EP 278 DI 10.1007/s003000050444 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 304AQ UT WOS:000086460700007 ER PT J AU Cooley, RL AF Cooley, RL TI An analysis of the pilot point methodology for automated calibration of an ensemble of conditionally simulated transmissivity fields SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; MODELS AB An analysis of the pilot point method for automated calibration of an ensemble of conditionally simulated transmissivity fields was conducted on the basis of the simplifying assumption that the flow model is a linear function of log transmissivity. The analysis shows that the pilot point and conditional simulation method of model calibration and uncertainty analysis can produce accurate uncertainty measures if it can be assumed that errors of unknown origin in the differences between observed and model-computed water pressures are small. When this assumption is not met, the method could yield significant errors from overparameterization and the neglect of potential sources of model inaccuracy. The conditional simulation part of the method is also shown to be a variant of the percentile bootstrap method, so that when applied to a nonlinear model, the method is subject to bootstrap errors. These sources of error must be considered when using the method. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Cooley, RL (reprint author), USGS, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 413,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 8 TC 15 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1159 EP 1163 DI 10.1029/2000WR900008 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 297NY UT WOS:000086090000028 ER PT J AU Mensing, SA Elston, RG Raines, GL Tausch, RJ Nowak, CL AF Mensing, SA Elston, RG Raines, GL Tausch, RJ Nowak, CL TI A GIS model to predict the location of fossil packrat (Neotoma) middens in central Nevada SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE GIS predictive model; weights-of-evidence; fossil packrat middens; Nevada; Neotoma AB Fossil packrat (Neotoma) middens provide an important source of paleoecologic data in the arid West. This study describes and tests a predictive GIS model that uses the weights-of-evidence method for determining areas with a high probability of containing fossil middens in central Nevada. Model variables included geology, elevation, and aspect. Geology was found to be the most important variable tested. We produced a map of 4 probability classes validated by field-checking 21 randomly selected 1-km(2) sites throughout the study area. Our high-probability category reduced the search area to only 3.5% of the total study area. Fossil middens were found on 8 of 21 sites (38%). Geologic types that contained middens were granite, limestone, and volcanic tuff. A 2nd run of the model with the new midden localities added to the training set helped narrow the total search area even further. This analysis demonstrates that the weights-of-evidence method provides an effective tool both for guiding research design and for helping locate midden sites within specific localities. With only a limited training dataset and a simple set of mapped criteria, a model can be constructed that is both predictive and testable. We intend to continue development of the model to improve our ability to predict the location of Pleistocene-age middens and to locate middens on low-probability sites. This method, designed for mineral exploration, has wide potential application within the natural sciences. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Geog, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, US Geol Survey, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, Adjunct Fac, Reno, NV 89557 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Mensing, SA (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Geog, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD APR PY 2000 VL 60 IS 2 BP 111 EP 120 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 320PH UT WOS:000087409200001 ER PT J AU Mueller, G Marsh, PC Knowles, G Wolters, T AF Mueller, G Marsh, PC Knowles, G Wolters, T TI Distribution, movements, and habitat use of razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) in a lower Colorado River reservoir, Arizona-Nevada SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Xyrauchen texanus; razorback sucker; reservoir; spawning; habitat; movements; telemetry ID GREEN-RIVER; LAKE-MOHAVE; BASIN; UTAH AB Distribution, movements, and habitat use of 10 wild adult razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus) were examined in Lake Mohave, Arizona-Nevada, from November 1994 through July 1997. Movement rates (0.00-17.35 km d(-1)) and ranges ((x) over bar = 39 km) were similar to those for riverine populations. All study fish returned to spanning sites used in previous years, but they also visited other spawning areas. Spawning females were significantly (P = 0.031) more active than males (480 vs. 87 m d(-1)) and moved substantial distances between spawning sites during peak reproduction (1-28 February). Fish became most active (m d(-1), km month(-1)) after spawning and moved to areas known to support higher algal production. Fish were typically within 50 m (P < 0.001) of shore and at average depths between 3.1 and 16.8 m (range 0.2 to > 30.0 m). Adults were detected throughout the available thermal gradient (12 degrees-30 degrees C), but during summer typically had body temperatures between 18 degrees and 22 degrees C. Vertical movements within the water column showed no correlation with depth or time of day, but seasonal shifts suggest fish may regulate body temperature by seeking spe cific temperatures during reservoir stratification. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA USA. US Bur Reclamat, Boulder City, NV 89006 USA. RP Mueller, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25007,D-8220, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 28 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD APR PY 2000 VL 60 IS 2 BP 180 EP 187 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 320PH UT WOS:000087409200007 ER PT J AU Aga, DS Goldfish, RL Meyer, M AF Aga, DS Goldfish, RL Meyer, M TI Detection of livestock antibiotics in water samples by ELISA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849 USA. US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 213-CHED BP U319 EP U320 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246101604 ER PT J AU Alvarez, D Petty, J Huckins, J Manahan, S AF Alvarez, D Petty, J Huckins, J Manahan, S TI Development of an integrative sampler for polar organic chemicals in water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Columbia Envvironm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 4-ENVR BP U618 EP U618 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103343 ER PT J AU Dias, RF Freeman, KH Lewan, MD Franks, SG AF Dias, RF Freeman, KH Lewan, MD Franks, SG TI GC-pyrolysis-IRMS: Methods and intramolecular variability in organic acids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RockFuild Syst Inc, Plano, TX USA. RI Freeman, Katherine/H-5140-2011 OI Freeman, Katherine/0000-0002-3350-7671 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 80-GEOC BP U700 EP U700 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103798 ER PT J AU Gingerich, WH Dawson, VK Hubert, TD AF Gingerich, WH Dawson, VK Hubert, TD TI Degradation and metabolism of two selective piscicides used to control sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midw Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 87-AGRO BP U75 EP U75 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100289 ER PT J AU Lindsey, ME Thurman, EM AF Lindsey, ME Thurman, EM TI Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 234-ENVR BP U655 EP U655 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103567 ER PT J AU Meyer, M Kolpin, DW Bumgarner, JE Varns, JL Daughtridge, JV AF Meyer, M Kolpin, DW Bumgarner, JE Varns, JL Daughtridge, JV TI Occurrence of antibiotics in surface and groundwater near confined animal-feeding operations and wastewater treatment plants using radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Water Res Div, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 34-ENVR BP U623 EP U623 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103373 ER PT J AU Moran, MJ Clawges, RM Zogorski, JS AF Moran, MJ Clawges, RM Zogorski, JS TI Identifying the usage patterns of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenates in gasoline using gasoline surveys. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid, SD 57702 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 76-ENVR BP U630 EP U630 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103413 ER PT J AU Moran, MJ Halde, MJ Clawges, RM Zogorski, JS AF Moran, MJ Halde, MJ Clawges, RM Zogorski, JS TI Relations between the detection of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in surface and ground water and its content in gasoline. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid, SD 57702 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 57-ENVR BP U627 EP U627 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103396 ER PT J AU Peterman, PH Orazio, CE Gale, RW AF Peterman, PH Orazio, CE Gale, RW TI Detection of tetrabromobisphenol a and formation of brominated C-13-bisphenol as in commercial drinking water stored in reusable polycarbonate containers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 235-ENVR BP U655 EP U655 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103568 ER PT J AU Ross, D AF Ross, D TI Prebiotic amino acids and peptides: Kinetics and thermochemistry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 59-GEOC BP U697 EP U697 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103777 ER PT J AU Sato, M Robins, EI Iberall, AS AF Sato, M Robins, EI Iberall, AS TI Thermochemistry of the origin of life and the optimal environment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 57-GEOC BP U696 EP U697 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246103775 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, LR Schneider, RJ Hostetler, KA Kish, JL Thurman, EM AF Zimmerman, LR Schneider, RJ Hostetler, KA Kish, JL Thurman, EM TI First analysis and detection of the herbicide dimethenamid and its ESA metabolite in water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Kansas, Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Bonn, Inst Agr Chem, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Schneider, Rudolf J./A-3771-2009; Zimmerman, Lisa/K-6674-2012 OI Schneider, Rudolf J./0000-0003-2228-1248; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2000 VL 219 MA 93-AGRO BP U76 EP U77 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 317UV UT WOS:000087246100295 ER PT J AU Vasavada, AR Williams, JP Paige, DA Herkenhoff, KE Bridges, NT Greeley, R Murray, BC Bass, DS McBride, KS AF Vasavada, AR Williams, JP Paige, DA Herkenhoff, KE Bridges, NT Greeley, R Murray, BC Bass, DS McBride, KS TI Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL MAPPER OBSERVATIONS; REGION; ALBEDO; ICE AB On December 3, 1999, the Mars Polar Lander and Mars Microprobes will land on the planet's south polar layered deposits near (76 degrees S, 195 degrees W) and conduct the first in situ studies of the planet's polar regions. The scientific goals of these missions address several poorly understood and globally significant issues, such as polar meteorology, the composition and volatile content of the layered deposits, the erosional state and mass balance of their surface, their possible relationship to climate cycles, and the nature of bright and dark aeolian material. Derived thermal inertias of the southern layered deposits are very low (50-100 J m(-2) s(-1/2) K-1), suggesting that the surface down to a depth of a few centimeters is generally fine grained or porous and free of an appreciable amount of rock or ice. The landing site region is smoother than typical cratered terrain on similar to 1 km pixel(-1) Viking Orbiter images but contains low-relief texture on similar to 5 to 100 m pixel(-1) Mariner 9 and Mars Global Surveyor images. The surface of the southern deposits is older than that of the northern deposits and appears to be modified by aeolian erosion or ablation of ground ice. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Vasavada, AR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RI Williams, Jean-Pierre/C-3531-2009; Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016 OI Williams, Jean-Pierre/0000-0003-4163-2760; NR 40 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAR 25 PY 2000 VL 105 IS E3 BP 6961 EP 6969 DI 10.1029/1999JE001108 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 295PU UT WOS:000085977700002 ER PT J AU Schimel, D Melillo, J Tian, HQ McGuire, AD Kicklighter, D Kittel, T Rosenbloom, N Running, S Thornton, P Ojima, D Parton, W Kelly, R Sykes, M Neilson, R Rizzo, B AF Schimel, D Melillo, J Tian, HQ McGuire, AD Kicklighter, D Kittel, T Rosenbloom, N Running, S Thornton, P Ojima, D Parton, W Kelly, R Sykes, M Neilson, R Rizzo, B TI Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; VARIABILITY; DATABASE; PRECIPITATION; DIOXIDE; CYCLE; SINK AB The effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and climate on net carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States for the period 1895-1993 were modeled with new, detailed historical climate information. For the period 1980-1993, results from an ensemble of three models agree within 25%, simulating a land carbon sink from CO2 and climate effects of 0.08 gigaton of carbon per year. The best estimates of the total sink from inventory data are about three times larger, suggesting that processes such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land or in forests harvested before 1980 have effects as large as or larger than the direct effects of CO2 and climate. The modeled sink varies by about 100% from year to year as a result of climate variability. C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Colorado State Univ, NREL, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Lund, Ekol Huset, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. Oregon State Univ, Forest Sci Lab, USDA, US Forest Serv, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Schimel, D (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Postfach 10 01 64, D-07701 Jena, Germany. RI Kittel, Timothy/F-2792-2011; Tian, Hanqin/A-6484-2012; Thornton, Peter/B-9145-2012; Gutierrez, Emilia/O-7568-2014; Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 OI Kittel, Timothy/0000-0002-4153-1006; Tian, Hanqin/0000-0002-1806-4091; Thornton, Peter/0000-0002-4759-5158; NR 26 TC 371 Z9 454 U1 5 U2 75 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 17 PY 2000 VL 287 IS 5460 BP 2004 EP 2006 DI 10.1126/science.287.5460.2004 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 294GE UT WOS:000085902800058 PM 10720324 ER PT J AU Hopke, PK Borak, TB Doull, J Cleaver, JE Eckerman, KF Gundersen, LCS Harley, NH Hess, CT Kinner, NE Kopecky, KJ McKone, TE Sextro, RG Simon, SL AF Hopke, PK Borak, TB Doull, J Cleaver, JE Eckerman, KF Gundersen, LCS Harley, NH Hess, CT Kinner, NE Kopecky, KJ McKone, TE Sextro, RG Simon, SL TI Health risks due to radon in drinking water SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RN-222; HOMES AB Following more than a decade of scientific debate about the setting of a standard for Rn-222 in drinking water, Congress established a timetable for the promulgation of a standard in the 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act. As a result of those Amendments, the EPA contracted with the National Academy of Sciences to undertake a risk assessment for exposure to radon in drinking water. in addition, the resulting committee was asked to address several other scientific issues including the national average ambient Rn-222 concentration and the increment of Rn-222 to the indoor-air concentration arising from the use of drinking water in a home. A new dosimetric analysis of the cancer risk to the stomach from ingestion was performed. The recently reported risk estimates developed by the BEIR VI Committee for inhalation of radon decay products were adopted. Because the 1996 Amendments permit states to develop programs in which mitigation of air-producing health-risk reductions equivalent to that which would be achieved by treating the drinking water, the scientific issues involved in such "multimedia mitigation programs" were explored. C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Dermatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Geol Survey, Mineral Resources Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NYU Med Ctr, Nelson Inst Environm Med, New York, NY 10016 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Phys, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Civil Engn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CNR, BRER, Washington, DC 20418 USA. RP Hopke, PK (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. EM hopkepk@clarkson.edu RI Hopke, Philip/C-6020-2008 OI Hopke, Philip/0000-0003-2367-9661 NR 30 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 6 BP 921 EP 926 DI 10.1021/es9904134 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 293RR UT WOS:000085867400001 ER PT J AU Tuit, CB Ravizza, GE Bothner, MH AF Tuit, CB Ravizza, GE Bothner, MH TI Anthropogenic platinum and palladium in the sediments of Boston harbor SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE-SEDIMENTS; PRECONCENTRATION; OSMIUM AB Anthropogenic activity has increased recent sediment concentrations of Pt and Pd in Boston Harbor by approximately 5 times background concentrations. Surface sediments and downcore profiles were investigated to evaluate Pt and Pd accumulation and behavior in urban coastal sediments. There is no clear correlation between temporal changes in Pt and Pd consumption and sediment concentration. However, Pt/Pb and Pd/Pb ratios suggest that Pt and Pd flux into the Harbor may not be decreasing with cessation of sludge input as rapidly as other metals. This is supported by the large discrepancy between fluxes associated with sludge and effluent release and those calculated from surface sediment concentrations. This evidence supports catalytic converters as a major source of Pd and Pt to Boston Harbor but cannot preclude other sources. Pd does not exhibit signs of post-burial remobilization below the mixed layer in the sediment cores, although near-surface variability in Pd concentrations may indicate a labile Pd component. Pt displays an inverse correlation with Mn above the oxic/suboxic transition, similar to behavior seen in pristine sediments where Pt is thought to be chemically mobile. This study does not support the use of Pd and Pt as tracers of recent contaminated sedimentation. However, the possibility of a labile Pt and Pd in these sediments highlights the need for further study of the biological uptake of these metals. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Tuit, CB (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Ravizza, Greg/J-5104-2013 NR 29 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 6 BP 927 EP 932 DI 10.1021/es990666x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 293RR UT WOS:000085867400002 ER PT J AU Cabaniss, SE Zhou, QH Maurice, PA Chin, YP Aiken, GR AF Cabaniss, SE Zhou, QH Maurice, PA Chin, YP Aiken, GR TI A log-normal distribution model for the molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; ORGANIC-MATTER; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ADSORPTION; BINDING; CARBON; SIZE AB The molecular weight of humic substances influences their proton and metal binding, organic pollutant partitioning, adsorption onto minerals and activated carbon, and behavior during water treatment. We propose a lognormal model for the molecular weight distribution in aquatic fulvic acids to provide a conceptual framework for studying these size effects. The normal curve mean and standard deviation are readily calculated from measured M-n and M-w and vary from 2.7 to 3 for the means and from 0.28 to 0.37 for the standard deviations for typical aquatic fulvic acids. The model is consistent with several types of molecular weight data, including the shapes of high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC) peaks. Applications of the model to electrostatic interactions, pollutant solubilization, and adsorption are explored in illustrative calculations. C1 Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cabaniss, SE (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. NR 35 TC 97 Z9 102 U1 3 U2 40 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1103 EP 1109 DI 10.1021/es990555y PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 293RR UT WOS:000085867400027 ER PT J AU Morrow, CA Moore, DE Lockner, DA AF Morrow, CA Moore, DE Lockner, DA TI The effect of mineral bond strength and adsorbed water on fault gouge frictional strength SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; BEHAVIOR; ROCKS AB Recent studies suggest that the tendency of many fault gouge minerals to take on adsorbed or interlayer water may strongly influence their frictional strength. To test this hypothesis, triaxial sliding experiments were conducted on 15 different single-mineral gouges with various water-adsorbing affinities. Vacuum dried samples were sheared at 100 MPa, then saturated with water and sheared farther to compare dry and wet:strengths. The coefficients of friction, mu, for the dry sheet-structure minerals (0.2-0.8), were related to mineral bond strength, End dropped 20-60% with the addition of water. For non-adsorbing minerals (mu = 0.6-0.8), the strength remained unchanged after saturation. These results confirm that the ability of minerals to adsorb various amounts of water is related to their relative frictional strengths, and may explain the: anomalously low strength of certain natural fault gouges. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Morrow, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 18 TC 158 Z9 165 U1 6 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 15 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 6 BP 815 EP 818 DI 10.1029/1999GL008401 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 293TC UT WOS:000085868600020 ER PT J AU ten Brink, US Zhang, J Brocher, TM Okaya, DA Klitgord, KD Fuis, GS AF ten Brink, US Zhang, J Brocher, TM Okaya, DA Klitgord, KD Fuis, GS TI Geophysical evidence for the evolution of the California Inner Continental Borderland as a metamorphic core complex SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LOS-ANGELES BASIN; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; CENOZOIC VOLCANISM; WESTERN CALIFORNIA; LOWER CRUST; GROWTH; MODEL; EARTHQUAKE; TECTONICS; EXTENSION AB We use new seismic and gravity data collected during the 1994 Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE) to discuss the origin of the California Inner Continental Borderland (ICB) as an extended terrain possibly in a metamorphic core complex mode. The data provide detailed crustal structure of the Borderland and its transition to mainland southern California. Using tomographic inversion as well as traditional forward ray tracing to model the wide-angle seismic data, we find little or no sediments, low (less than or equal to 6.6 km/s) P wave velocity extending down to the crust-mantle boundary, and a thin crust (19 to 23 km thick). Coincident multichannel seismic reflection data show a reflective lower crust under Catalina Ridge. Contrary to other parts of coastal California, we do not find evidence for an underplated fossil oceanic layer at the base of the crust. Coincident gravity data suggest an abrupt increase in crustal thickness under the shelf edge, which represents the transition to the western Transverse Ranges. On the shelf the Pales Verdes Fault merges downward into a landward dipping surface which separates "basement" from low-velocity sediments, but interpretation of this surface as a detachment fault is inconclusive. The seismic velocity structure is interpreted to represent Catalina Schist rocks extending from top to bottom of the crust. This interpretation is compatible with a model for the origin of the ICE as an autochthonous formerly hot highly extended region that was filled with the exhumed metamorphic rocks. The basin and ridge topography and the protracted volcanism probably represent continued extension as a wide rift until similar to 13 m.y. ago. Subduction of the young and hot Monterey and Arguello microplates under the Continental Borderland, followed by rotation and translation of the western Transverse Ranges, may have provided the necessary thermomechanical conditions for this extension and crustal inflow. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Exxon Explorat Co, Houston, TX 77210 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Geol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Geotomo Ltd, Louisville, CO 80027 USA. RP ten Brink, US (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Quissett Campus, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM utenbrink@nobska.er.usgs.gov; jie@geotomo.com; brocher@andreas.wr.usgs.gov; okaya@terra.usc.edu; kim.d.klitgord@exxon.sprint.com; fuis@andreas.wr.usgs.gov RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008; OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001; Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X; Fuis, Gary/0000-0002-3078-1544 NR 65 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B3 BP 5835 EP 5857 DI 10.1029/1999JB900318 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 292AV UT WOS:000085772700016 ER PT J AU Reid, ME Christian, SB Brien, DL AF Reid, ME Christian, SB Brien, DL TI Gravitational stability of three-dimensional stratovolcano edifices SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM; DEBRIS AVALANCHES; VOLCANO; SLOPES; MODEL; ROCKFALLS; DEPOSITS; FAILURE; SLIDES AB Catastrophic flank collapses have occurred at many stratovolcanoes worldwide. We present a three-dimensional (3-D) slope stability analysis for assessing and quantifying both the locations of minimum edifice stability and the expected volumes of potential failure. Our approach can search the materials underlying a topographic surface, represented as a digital elevation model (DEM), and determine the relative stability of all parts of the edifice. Our 3-D extension of Bishop's [1955] simplified limit-equilibrium analysis incorporates spherical failure surfaces, variable material properties, pore fluid pressures, and earthquake shaking. Although a variety of processes can trigger collapse, we focus here on gravitationally induced instability. Even homogeneous rock properties strongly influence the depth and volume of the least stable potential failure. For large failures in complex topography, patterns of potential instability do not mimic local ground surface slope alone. The May 18, 1980, catastrophic failure of the north flank of Mount St. Helens provides the best documented case history to test our method. Using the undeformed edifice topography of Mount St. Helens in an analysis of dry, static slope stability with homogeneous materials, as might be conducted in a precollapse hazard analysis, our method identified the northwest flank as the least stable region, although the north flank stability was within 5% of the minimum. Using estimates of the conditions that existed 2 days prior to collapse, including deformed topography with a north flank bulge and combined pore pressure and earthquake shaking effects, we obtained good estimates of the actual failure location and volume. Our method can provide estimates of initial failure volume and location to aid in assessing downslope or downstream hazards. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Reid, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS910, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM mreid@usgs.gov NR 67 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 2000 VL 105 IS B3 BP 6043 EP 6056 DI 10.1029/1999JB900310 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 292AV UT WOS:000085772700027 ER PT J AU Kieffer, HH AF Kieffer, HH TI Clathrates are not the culprit SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID CAP C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kieffer, HH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 10 PY 2000 VL 287 IS 5459 BP 1753 EP 1753 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 292BY UT WOS:000085775300016 ER PT J AU Martiny, B Martinez-Serrano, RG Moran-Zenteno, DJ Macias-Romo, C Ayuso, RA AF Martiny, B Martinez-Serrano, RG Moran-Zenteno, DJ Macias-Romo, C Ayuso, RA TI Stratigraphy, geochemistry and tectonic significance of the Oligocene magmatic rocks of western Oaxaca, southern Mexico SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE arc magmatism; geochemistry; Nd-Sr-Pb isotope ratios; Oaxaca; Mexico; Tertiary; transtension ID TRACE-ELEMENT CONSTRAINTS; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; POLYGENETIC VOLCANISM; SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO; EVOLUTION; SUBDUCTION; SR; EXTENSION; TERRANES; ORIGIN AB In western Oaxaca, Tertiary magmatic activity is represented by extensive plutons along the continental margin and volcanic sequences in the inland region. K-Ar age determinations reported previously and in the present work indicate that these rocks correspond to a relatively broad are in this region that was active mainly during the Oligocene (similar to 35 to similar to 25 Ma). In the northern sector of western Oaxaca (Huajuapan-Monte Verde-Yanhuitlan), the volcanic suite comprises principally basaltic andesite to andesitic lavas, overlying minor silicic to intermediate volcaniclastic rocks (epiclastic deposits, ash fall tuffs, ignimbrites) that were deposited in a lacustrine-fluvial environment. The southern sector of the volcanic zone includes the Tlaxiaco-Laguna de Guadalupe region and consists of intermediate to silicic pyroclastic and epiclastic deposits, with silicic ash fall tuffs and ignimbrites. In both sectors, numerous andesitic to dacitic hypabyssal intrusions (stocks and dikes) are emplaced at different levels of the sequence. The granitoids of the coastal plutonic belt are generally more differentiated than the volcanic rocks that predominate in the northern sector and vary in composition from granite to granodiorite. The studied rocks show large-ion lithophile element (LILE) enrichment (K, Rb, Ba, Th) relative to high-field-strength (HFS) elements (Nb, Ti, Zr) that is characteristic of subduction-related magmatic rocks. On chondrite-normalized rare earth element diagrams, these samples display light rare earth element enrichment (LREE) and a flat pattern for the heavy rare earth elements (HREE). In spite of the contrasting degree of differentiation between the coastal plutons and inland volcanic rocks, there is a relatively small variation in the isotopic composition of these two suites. Initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios obtained and reported previously for Tertiary plutonic rocks of western Oaxaca range from 0.7042 to 0.7054 and epsilon Nd values, from -3.0 to +2.4, and for the volcanic rocks, from 0.7042 to 0.7046 and 0 to +2.6. The range of these isotope ratios and those reported for the basement rocks in this region suggest a relatively low degree of old crustal involvement for most of the studied rocks. The Pb isotopic compositions of the Tertiary magmatic rocks also show a narrow range [(Pb-206/Pb-204) = 18.67-18.75; (Pb-207/Pb-204) = 15.59-15.62; (Pb-208/Pb-204)= 38.44-38.59], suggesting a similar source region for the volcanic and plutonic rocks. Trace elements and isotopic compositions suggest a mantle source in the subcontinental lithosphere that has been enriched by a subduction component. General tectonic features in this region indicate a more active rate of transtensional deformation for the inland volcanic region than along the coastal margin during the main events of Oligocene magmatism. The lower degree of differentiation of the inland volcanic sequences, particularly the upper unit of the northern sector, compared to the plutons of the coastal margin, suggests that the differentiation of the Tertiary magmas in southern Mexico was controlled to a great extent by the characteristics of the different strain domains. (C) 1000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Martiny, B (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geol, Apdo Postal 70-296,Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. OI Martinez-Serrano, Raymundo Gerardo/0000-0002-6712-8979; Moran-Zenteno, Dante Jaime/0000-0001-8563-0113 NR 84 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAR 10 PY 2000 VL 318 IS 1-4 BP 71 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00307-8 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 306BR UT WOS:000086576700005 ER PT J AU Thomas, PC Malin, MC Edgett, KS Carr, MH Hartmann, WK Ingersoll, AP James, PB Soderblom, LA Veverka, J Sullivan, R AF Thomas, PC Malin, MC Edgett, KS Carr, MH Hartmann, WK Ingersoll, AP James, PB Soderblom, LA Veverka, J Sullivan, R TI North-south geological differences between the residual polar caps on Mars SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID VIKING; REGION; DEPOSITS AB Polar processes can be sensitive indicators of global climate, and the geological features associated with polar ice caps can therefore indicate evolution of climate with time. The polar regions on Mars have distinctive morphologic and climatologic features: thick layered deposits, seasonal CO2 frost caps extending to mid latitudes, and near-polar residual frost deposits that survive the summer(1,2). The relationship of the seasonal and residual frost caps to the layered deposits has been poorly constrained(3,4), mainly by the limited spatial resolution of the available data. In particular, it has not been known if the residual caps represent simple thin frost cover or substantial geologic features. Here we show that the residual cap on the south pole is a distinct geologic unit with striking collapse and erosional topography; this is very different from the residual cap on the north pole, which grades into the underlying layered materials. These findings indicate that the differences between the caps are substantial (rather than reflecting short-lived differences in frost cover), and so support the idea of long-term asymmetry in the polar climates of Mars. C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Thomas, PC (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Edgett, Kenneth/0000-0001-7197-5751 NR 24 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 11 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 9 PY 2000 VL 404 IS 6774 BP 161 EP 164 DI 10.1038/35004528 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 293UC UT WOS:000085870900043 PM 10724162 ER PT J AU Neymark, LA Paces, JB AF Neymark, LA Paces, JB TI Consequences of slow growth for Th-230/U dating of Quaternary opals, Yucca Mountain, NV, USA SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE geochronology; uranium-series method; Quaternary; Opal; Yucca Mountain ID SOUTHERN GREAT-BASIN; ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS; VALLEY CALDERA; DEVILS-HOLE; NEVADA; CALCITE AB Thermal ionization mass-spectrometry U-234/U-238 and Th-230/U-238 data are reported for uranium-rich opals fractures and cavities within the silicic tuffs forming Yucca Mountain, NV, the potential site of a high-level radioactive waste repository. High uranium concentrations (up to 207 ppm) and extremely high Th-230/Th-232 activity ratios (up to about 10(6)) make microsamples of these opals suitable for precise Th-230/U dating. Conventional Th-230/U ages range from 40 to greater than 600 ka, and initial U-234/U-238 activity ratios between 1.03 and 8.2, Isotopic evidence indicates that the opals have not experienced uranium mobility; however, wide variations in apparent ages and initial U-234/U-238 ratios for separate subsamples of the same outermost mineral surfaces, positive correlation between ages and sample weights, and negative correlation between Th-230/U ages and calculated initial U-234/Th-238 are inconsistent with the assumption that all minerals in a given subsample was deposited instantaneously. The data are more consistent with a conceptual model of continuous deposition where secondary mineral growth has occurred at a constant, slow rate up to the present. This model assumes that individual subsamples represent mixtures of older and younger material, and that calculations using the resulting isotope ratios reflect an average age. Ages calculated using the continuous-deposition model for opals imply average mineral growth rates of less than 5 mm/m.y. The model of continuous deposition also predicts discordance between ages obtained using different radiometric methods for the same subsample. Differences in half-lives will result in younger apparent ages for the shorter-lived isotope due to the greater influence of younger materials continuously added to mineral surfaces. Discordant C-14, Th-230/U and U-Pb ages obtained from outermost mineral surfaces at Yucca Mountain support this model. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Neymark, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 963, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 38 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAR 6 PY 2000 VL 164 IS 1-2 BP 143 EP 160 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00142-4 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 282EH UT WOS:000085203500008 ER PT J AU Lugo, AE Rogers, C Nixon, S AF Lugo, AE Rogers, C Nixon, S TI Hurricanes, coral reefs and rainforests: Resistance, ruin and recovery in the Caribbean SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID LUQUILLO EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; STATES VIRGIN-ISLANDS; PUERTO-RICO; BIRD POPULATIONS; ACROPORA-PALMATA; GROWTH-RATES; ST-CROIX; HUGO; DISTURBANCE; JAMAICA AB The coexistence of hurricanes, coral reefs, and rainforests in the Caribbean demonstrates that highly structured ecosystems with great diversity can flourish in spite of recurring exposure to intense destructive energy. Coral reefs develop in response to wave energy and resist hurricanes largely by virtue of their structural strength. Limited fetch also protects some reefs from fully developed hurricane waves. While storms may produce dramatic local reef damage, they appear to have little impact on the ability of coral reefs to provide food or habitat for fish and other animals. Rainforests experience an enormous increase in wind energy during hurricanes with dramatic structural changes in the vegetation. The resulting changes in forest microclimate are larger than those on reefs and the loss of fruit, leaves, cover, and microclimate has a great impact on animal populations. Recovery of many aspects of rainforest structure and function is rapid, though there may be long-term changes in species composition. While resistance and repair have maintained reefs and rainforests in the past, human impacts may threaten their ability to survive. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. US Dept Interior, Caribbean Field Stn, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, St John, VI 00830 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Sea Grant Coll Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Lugo, AE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25,000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 78 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 21 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD MAR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 106 EP 114 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 312LT UT WOS:000086945300010 ER PT J AU Zielinski, RA Simmons, KR Orem, WH AF Zielinski, RA Simmons, KR Orem, WH TI Use of U-234 and U-238 isotopes to identify fertilizer-derived uranium in the Florida Everglades SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS; THORIUM; ACCUMULATION; DRAINAGE; RADIUM; METALS; PEAT; SOIL AB Surface water and peat in the northern Everglades have very low natural concentrations of U and are therefore sensitive to the addition of small amounts of U from anthropogenic sources such as fertilizer. Feat samples collected along a nutrient gradient in the northern Everglades have unusually high concentrations of U (> 1 mu g/g, dry basis) and also have a distinctive U-234/U-238 activity ratio (AR). AR values for U-enriched pear fall in the narrow range of AR values for commercial phosphate fertilizer (1.00 +/- 0.05). In contrast,AR values for low-U peal from background sites exceed 1.05. The spatial distribution of anomalous U concentration, and of fertilizer-like AR values in peat, parallel a previously documented pattern of P enrichment. These results strongly suggest that some of the U in nutrient-impacted peatlands is fertilizer-derived. Agricultural drainage water sampled in the northern Everglades has high concentrations of dissolved U (0.3-2.4 mu g/l) compared to surface water from background sites (<0.1 mu g/l). Measured AR values in drainage water (0.949-0.990) are also permissive of a fertilizer origin for the U and are different from AR values in surface water or peat at background sites (AR > 1.05). Synoptic sampling of surface water along drainage canals indicate that Lake Okeechobee, and some drainage from agricultural fields, are sources of dissolved U, whereas wetlands farther downstream act as sinks for U, Historically cultivated agricultural soil has only a marginally elevated (+ 0.2 mu g/g) average concentration of U compared to nearby uncultivated soil and incorporates only 20% of the U from an aqueous solution that was slurried with the soil. In contrast, a Similar experiment with fresh Everglades pear indicated uptake of 90% of the added U, These experiments support the proposed removal of U from agricultural fields and concentration of U in downstream peatlands. The methodology of this study can be used to describe the behavior of fertilizer-derived U in other low-U environments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 49 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 15 IS 3 BP 369 EP 383 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00053-0 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 275KX UT WOS:000084820300009 ER PT J AU Lorenzen, B Brix, H McKee, KL Mendelssohn, IA Miao, SL AF Lorenzen, B Brix, H McKee, KL Mendelssohn, IA Miao, SL TI Seed germination of two Everglades species, Cladium jamaicense and Typha domingensis SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE cattail; sawgrass; temperature requirement; light requirement; low oxygen; peat; macrophyte; sediment; seed viability ID FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES; REQUIREMENTS; LATIFOLIA; SAWGRASS; NUTRIENT; OXYGEN AB The germination requirements of Cladium jamaicense Crantz and Typha domingensis Pers. were studied under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Treatments included six temperature regimes, (constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 degrees C, and two fluctuating day : night temperature regimes of 25 : 10 degrees C and 30 : 20 degrees C), two light levels (14 : 10 h light : dark photoperiod and 24 h dark environment), two substrates (peat and water) and two O-2 levels (atmospheric and low (4.34%) O-2 concentration) using a complete randomized block design. The average incubation period needed for seeds to germinate was shorter for T. domingenesis (1.1-19.5 days) than for C. jamaicense (26-46 days) and the final germination percentage was higher for T. domingensis than for C. jamaicense (85 vs. 42 %). Cladium jamaicense only germinated with fluctuating temperatures whereas T. domingensis germinated at all temperature regimes. Light was required for T. domingensis seeds to germinate, whereas C. jamaicense could germinate at a reduced rate in the dark. Peat substrate had a positive effect on germination in both species. Peat substrate shortened the incubation period for seeds of both species, enhanced germination of T. domingensis, especially at low temperatures, and enhanced germination of C. jamaicense in the dark. Low oxygen availability did not influence the germination of C. jamaicense but enhanced germination of T. domingensis at low temperatures. Although the two species differ significantly in their germination requirements and responses to specific environmental conditions, germination of both these species was enhanced by environmental conditions typical of exposed water saturated mudflats or sediment surfaces. Typha domingensis produces a large number of small seeds, which do not germinate when covered by sediment. In contrast, C. jamaicense produces fewer and larger seeds, with resources able to support growth through a thin layer of sediment or detritus. (C)2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Aarhus, Dept Plant Ecol, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetland Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. RP Lorenzen, B (reprint author), Univ Aarhus, Dept Plant Ecol, Nordlandsvej 68, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark. RI Brix, Hans/C-5208-2008; McKee, Karen/D-1365-2014 OI Brix, Hans/0000-0003-2771-2983; McKee, Karen/0000-0001-7042-670X NR 20 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 66 IS 3 BP 169 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(99)00076-5 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 298EN UT WOS:000086126500001 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, LD TI Lack of reproduction in muskoxen and arctic hares caused by early winter? SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE arctic hare; Lepus arcticus; Ellesmere Island; malnutrition; muskox; Ovibos moschatus; population; reproduction; snow; weather; winter severity AB A lack of young muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and arctic hares (Lepus arcticus) in the Eureka area of Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut), Canada, was observed during summer 1998, in contrast to most other years since 1986. Evidence of malnourished muskoxen was also found. Early winter weather and a consequent 50% reduction of the 1997 summer replenishment period appeared to be the most likely cause, giving rise to a new hypothesis about conditions that might cause adverse demographic effects in arctic herbivores. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), No Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 6 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD MAR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 1 BP 69 EP 71 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 294WT UT WOS:000085934000010 ER PT J AU Conway, CJ Martin, TE AF Conway, CJ Martin, TE TI Effects of ambient temperature on avian incubation behavior SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ambient temperature; foraging; incubation behavior; incubation model; incubation rhythm; nest attentiveness; on-bout duration; off-bout duration ID STARLINGS STURNUS-VULGARIS; WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS; EGG TEMPERATURE; ENERGETIC COST; CLUTCH SIZE; NEST; ATTENTIVENESS; TIME; SWALLOWS; PATTERNS AB Ambient temperature is commonly thought to influence avian incubation behavior. However, results of empirical studies examining correlations between ambient temperature and bout duration are equivocal. We propose that these equivocal results can be partly explained by developing a conceptual understanding of how we should expect temperature to influence incubation. We demonstrate why linear correlation analyses across a wide range of temperatures can be inappropriate based on development of an incubation model for small birds that incorporates how ambient temperature influences both embryonic development and adult metabolism. We found support for predictions of the model using incubation data ham orange-crowned warblers (Vermivora celata) in Arizona. Both off- and on-bout duration were positively correlated with ambient temperature between 9 degrees and 26 degrees C, but unrelated to ambient temperature <9 degrees and 26-40 degrees C. Bout durations declined as ambient temperature approached or exceeded 40 degrees C. Incubating orange-crowned warblers appeared to avoid bouts off the nest <7 min and bouts on the nest <20 min. Time of day, duration of the previous bout, and variation among nests all explained variation in both on- and off-bout duration. Although we found support for the general shape of the incubation model, temperature still explained only a small portion of the overall variation in on- and off-bout duration. Results of previous studies were generally consistent with the model for off-bout duration; most studies in colder environments reported positive correlations with temperature, and the one negative correlation reported was from a hot environment. However, the relationships between an-bout duration and temperature reported in previous studies were less consistent with our model and our data. Although some discrepancies could be explained by considering our model, some studies reported negative correlations in cold environments. The effect of ambient temperature on duration of on-bouts probably differs among species based on the amount of fat reserves females typically carry during incubation and the extent of male incubation feeding. Additional studies of the effects of temperature on avian incubation will help improve the general model and ultimately aid our understanding of energetic and ecological constraints on avian incubation. C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Conway, CJ (reprint author), SUNY Syracuse, Dept Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 84 TC 124 Z9 130 U1 4 U2 45 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1045-2249 J9 BEHAV ECOL JI Behav. Ecol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 11 IS 2 BP 178 EP 188 DI 10.1093/beheco/11.2.178 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Biology; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 337VM UT WOS:000088382400008 ER PT J AU Berlin, KE Pratt, TK Simon, JC Kowalsky, JR Hatfield, JS AF Berlin, KE Pratt, TK Simon, JC Kowalsky, JR Hatfield, JS TI Plant phenology in a cloud forest on the island of Maui, Hawaii SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE cloud forest; flowering seasonality; Hawaii; Hawaiian honeycreeper; Maui; Metrosideros polymorpha; Ohia; phenology ID TROPICAL WET; COSTA-RICA; RAIN-FOREST; DRY FORESTS; TREES; LOWLANDS; PATTERNS AB We recorded the times of flowering, fruiting, and leafing for ten native canopy and subcanopy trees and shrubs (monthly from December 1994 through December 1997) in a montane cloud forest with relatively aseasonal rainfall on the island of Maul, Hawaii. These species represented the great majority of individual woody plants at the sits. Flowers and fruits were available in the community year-round: however, all species exhibited annual patterns of flowering, and four species showed annual patterns of fruiting while the rest fruited in supra-annual patterns. Many species had protracted flowering or fruiting perks, and some bore small numbers of Rowers or fruit year-round. Most species Glowered in a monthly peak mainly between May and August, corresponding to the period of greatest solar irradiance and marginally higher temperatures. Fruit ripening followed at varying intervals. In contrast, the heaviest flowering occurred between November and March, resulting from bloom of the dominant tree, Metrosideros polymorpha. At the highest elevations, Metrosideros flowering was heaviest during September, but peak flowering of lower elevation trees occurred in late fall and winter. Two forms of this species differed in their temporal and spatial patterns of flowering. For M. polymorpha var. polymorpha and var. incana bloom peaked annually between November and January; however, For M. polymorpha var. glaberrima, flowering peaked from April through July, with an earlier secondary peak in January. C1 USGS, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Pratt, TK (reprint author), USGS, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 13 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD MAR PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1 BP 90 EP 99 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00451.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 304WA UT WOS:000086506100010 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Custer, TW Coffey, M AF Custer, CM Custer, TW Coffey, M TI Organochlorine chemicals in tree swallows nesting in pool 15 of the Upper Mississippi River SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TACHYCINETA BICOLOR; FOX RIVER; GREEN-BAY; ACCUMULATION; WISCONSIN; SEDIMENTS; USA C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rock Isl Field Off, Rock Island, IL 61201 USA. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 341 EP 346 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 290XP UT WOS:000085703400005 PM 10757656 ER PT J AU Cripe, GM Carr, RS Foss, SS Harris, PS Stanley, RS AF Cripe, GM Carr, RS Foss, SS Harris, PS Stanley, RS TI Effects of whole sediments from Corpus Christi Bay on survival, growth, and reproduction of the mysid, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia) SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, MERS, TAMU,CC,Ctr Coastal Studies,Nat Resources Ctr, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Cripe, GM (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 3 BP 426 EP 433 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 290XP UT WOS:000085703400018 PM 10757669 ER PT J AU DiLauro, MN Kaboord, WS Walsh, RA AF DiLauro, MN Kaboord, WS Walsh, RA TI Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. III. The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SPERMATOZOA; FISHES; CRYOPRESERVATION AB Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) sperm cell fine structure was examined using transmission electron microscopy. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a defined head region, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. Sperm cells of this species share a general radial symmetry, an elongate shape, a distinct acrosome, and the presence of endonuclear canals with those of other sturgeons. The mean length of the lake sturgeon sperm cell body (acrosome + nucleus + midpiece) is approximately 7.13 mu m and the length of the flagellum is about 50 mu m, resulting in a total cell length of about 57 mu m. The lake sturgeon sperm cell is much longer and slightly wider than that of the Atlantic sturgeon. The sperm-cell nuclei of lake, shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeons are elongate trapezoids in shape, with the anterior (acrosome) end narrowest but, in the Atlantic sturgeon, the anterior portion of the trapezoid is wider than the posterior. Although slightly smaller in total length and width, the lake sturgeon sperm cell is most similar to the shortnose sperm cell in ultrastructure, overall size, and shape; it also shares similarity of shape with the stellate and white sturgeon sperm cells. The cell nuclei of these four sturgeons have three endonuclear canals. The acrosome of the lake sturgeon sperm cell has longer posterolateral projections than that of the Atlantic or shortnose sturgeon sperm cell. A structural connection, the fibrous body, is present in the lake sturgeon sperm cell between the nuclear fossa and the proximal centriole, as in the Atlantic and shortnose sturgeon sperm cells. Our results suggest a more recent evolutionary linkage between the lake and shortnose sturgeons than with the Atlantic sturgeon. This work presents the first ultrastructural description of the lake sturgeon sperm cell. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. Penn State Univ, Biotechnol Inst Life Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP DiLauro, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Rural Delivery 4,Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 47 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 3 BP 438 EP 447 DI 10.1139/cjz-78-3-438 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 301AQ UT WOS:000086286300012 ER PT J AU Zajicek, JL Tillitt, DE Schwartz, TR Schmitt, CJ Harrison, RO AF Zajicek, JL Tillitt, DE Schwartz, TR Schmitt, CJ Harrison, RO TI Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to gas chromatography (GC) - measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in selected US fish extracts SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE ELISA; immunoassay; PCB congeners; NCBP fish; principal component analysis ID DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; FRESH-WATER FISH; ORGANOCHLORINE CHEMICALS; OLIGOMERIC PROTEINS; IMMUNOASSAY; RESIDUES; STABILITY; CONGENERS; SURFACE; PROGRAM AB The analysis of PCBs in fish tissues by immunoassay methods was evaluated using fish collected from a US monitoring program, the National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program of the US Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Selected composite whole fish samples, which represented widely varying concentrations and sources of PCBs, were extracted and subjected to congener PCB analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and total PCB analysis using an ELISA (ePCBS) calibrated against technical Aroclor 1248. PCB congener patterns in these fishes were different from the patterns found in commercial Aroclors or their combinations as demonstrated by principal component analysis of normalized GC congener data. The sum of the PCB congeners measured by GC (total-PCBs) ranged from 37 to 4600 ng/g (wet weight). Concentrations of PCBs as determined by the ELISA method were positively correlated with total-PCBs and the ePCBs/total-PCBs ratios for individual samples ranged from 1 to 6. Ratios of ePCBs/total-PCBs for dilutions of Aroclors 1242, 1254, and 1260 and for matrix spikes range from 0.6 for 1242 to 2.5 for 1254 and 1260. These results suggest that higher chlorinated PCB congeners have higher affinity for the anti-PCB antibodies. Partial least squares with latent variable analysis of GC and ELISA data of selected Aroclors and fish samples also support the conclusion that ELISA derived PCB concentrations are dependent on the degree of chlorination. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Cape Technol LLC, Portland, ME 04106 USA. RP Zajicek, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM james_zajicek@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 2000 VL 40 IS 5 BP 539 EP 548 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00310-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 274BG UT WOS:000084743400007 PM 10665392 ER PT J AU Pierce, BS AF Pierce, BS TI Atlas of Coal Geology, AAPG Studies in Geology #45 (Volume 1 Coal Geology, Volume 2 Coal Petrology?) SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Software Review C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Pierce, BS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 956 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 26 IS 2 BP 235 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00079-5 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 288BZ UT WOS:000085543100009 ER PT J AU Gaff, H DeAngelis, DL Gross, LJ Salinas, R Shorrosh, M AF Gaff, H DeAngelis, DL Gross, LJ Salinas, R Shorrosh, M TI A dynamic landscape model for fish in the Everglades and its application to restoration SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE everglades; spatially explicit model; freshwater marshes; fish; scenario evaluation AB A model (ALFISH) for fish functional groups in freshwater marshes of the greater Everglades area of southern Florida has been developed. Its main objective is to assess the spatial pattern of fish densities through time across freshwater marshes. This model has the capability of providing a dynamic measure of the spatially-explicit food resources available to wading birds. ALFISH simulates two functional groups, large and small fish, where the larger ones can prey on the small fish type. Both functional groups are size-structured. The marsh landscape is modeled as 500 x 500 m spatial cells on a grid across southern Florida. A hydrology model predicts water levels in the spatial cells on 5-day time steps. Fish populations spread across the marsh during flooded conditions and either retreat into refugia (alligator ponds), move to other spatial cells, or die if their cell dries out. ALFISH has been applied to the evaluation of alternative water regulation scenarios under the Central and South Florida Comprehensive Project Review Study. The objective of this Review Study is to compare alternative methods for restoring historical ecological conditions in southern Florida. ALFISH has provided information on which plans are most are likely to increase fish biomass and its availability to wading bird populations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Inst Environm Modeling, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Gaff, H (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Inst Environm Modeling, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 22 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 127 IS 1 BP 33 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00202-1 PG 20 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 288EE UT WOS:000085548500004 ER PT J AU McKenna, JE AF McKenna, JE TI FITPOP, a heuristic simulation model of population dynamics and genetics with special reference to fisheries SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE fish population dynamics; simulation model; logistic model; fitness; genetics ID ATLANTIC SALMON; NORWEGIAN RIVERS; DIFFERENCE; FITNESS; DENSITY; SALAR; BIRTH; WILD AB Although, perceiving genetic differences and their effects on fish population dynamics is difficult, simulation models offer a means to explore and illustrate these effects. I partitioned the intrinsic rate of increase parameter of a simple logistic-competition model into three components, allowing specification of effects of relative differences in fitness and mortality, as well as finite rate of increase. This model was placed into an interactive, stochastic environment to allow easy manipulation of model parameters (FITPOP). Simulation results illustrated the effects of subtle differences in genetic and population parameters on total population size, overall fitness, and sensitivity of the system to variability. Several consequences of mixing genetically distinct populations were illustrated. For example, behaviors such as depression of population size after initial introgression and extirpation of native stocks due to continuous stocking of genetically inferior fish were reproduced. It also was shown that carrying capacity relative to the amount of stocking had an important influence on population dynamics. Uncertainty associated with parameter estimates reduced confidence in model projections. The FITPOP model provided a simple tool to explore population dynamics, which may assist in formulating management strategies and identifying research needs. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Dept Interior, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, USGS, BRD, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP McKenna, JE (reprint author), US Dept Interior, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, USGS, BRD, 3075 Gracie Rd, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 127 IS 1 BP 81 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00205-7 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 288EE UT WOS:000085548500007 ER PT J AU Malaeb, ZA Summers, JK Pugesek, BH AF Malaeb, ZA Summers, JK Pugesek, BH TI Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis; indicator variables; latent variables; measurement errors; measurement models; path analysis; regression analysis; structural equation modeling; structural models ID MARINE AB Structural equation modeling is an advanced multivariate statistical process with which a researcher can construct theoretical concepts, test their measurement reliability, hypothesize and test a theory about their relationships, take into account measurement errors, and consider both direct and indirect effects of variables on one another. Latent variables are theoretical concepts that unite phenomena under a single term, e.g., ecosystem health, environmental condition, and pollution (Bollen, 1989). Latent variables are not measured directly but can be expressed in terms of one or more directly measurable variables called indicators. For some researchers, defining, constructing, and examining the validity of latent variables may be the end task of itself. For others, testing hypothesized relationships of latent variables may be of interest. We analyzed the correlation matrix of eleven environmental variables from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) using methods of structural equation modeling. We hypothesized and tested a conceptual model to characterize the interdependencies between four latent variables-sediment contamination, natural variability, biodiversity, and growth potential. In particular, we were interested in measuring the direct, indirect, and total effects of sediment contamination and natural variability on biodiversity and growth potential. The model fit the data well and accounted for 81% of the variability in biodiversity and 69% of the variability in growth potential. It revealed a positive total effect of natural variability on growth potential that otherwise would have been judged negative had we not considered indirect effects. That is, natural variability had a negative direct effect on growth potential of magnitude -0.3251 and a positive indirect effect mediated through biodiversity of magnitude 0.4509, yielding a net positive total effect of 0.1258. Natural variability had a positive direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.5347 and a negative indirect effect mediated through growth potential of magnitude -0.1105 yielding a positive total effects of magnitude 0.4242. Sediment contamination had a negative direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude -0.1956 and a negative indirect effect on growth potential via biodiversity of magnitude -0.067. Biodiversity had a positive effect on growth potential of magnitude 0.8432, and growth potential had a positive effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.3398. The correlation between biodiversity and growth potential was estimated at 0.7658 and that between sediment contamination and natural variability at -0.3769. C1 US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Gulf Breeze Project Off, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Dept Interior, US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Malaeb, ZA (reprint author), US Dept Def, USA, Safety Ctr, Bldg 4905,5th Ave, Ft Rucker, AL 36362 USA. RI Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 NR 23 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 22 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 7 IS 1 BP 93 EP 111 DI 10.1023/A:1009662930292 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 303FY UT WOS:000086412900007 ER PT J AU Brown, LR AF Brown, LR TI Fish communities and their associations with environmental variables, lower San Joaquin River drainage, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE introduced species; native species; water quality; habitat quality; bioassessments; multivariate analysis ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; STREAM FISHES; SIERRA-NEVADA; INDEX; WATER; CONSERVATION; ASSEMBLAGES; PESTICIDES; INVASIONS; ESTUARY AB Twenty sites in the lower San Joaquin River drainage, California, were sampled from 1993 to 1995 to characterize fish communities and their associations with measures of water quality and habitat quality. The feasibility of developing an Index of Biotic Integrity was assessed by evaluating four fish community metrics, including percentages of native fish, omnivorous fish, fish intolerant of environmental degradation, and fish with external anomalies. Of the thirty-one taxa of fish captured during the study, only 10 taxa were native to the drainage. Multivariate analyses of percentage data identified four site groups characterized by different groups of species. The distributions of fish species were related to specific conductance, gradient, and mean depth; however, specific conductance acted as a surrogate variable for a large group of correlated variables. Two of the fish community metrics - percentage of introduced fish and percentage of intolerant fish - appeared to be responsive to environmental quality but the responses of the other two metrics - percentage of omnivorous fish and percentage of fish with anomalies - were less direct. The conclusion of the study is that fish communities are responsive to environmental conditions, including conditions associated with human-caused disturbances, particularly agriculture and water development. The results suggest that changes in water management and water quality could result in changes in species distributions. Balancing the costs and benefits of such changes poses a considerable challenge to resource managers. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Brown, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 42 TC 51 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2000 VL 57 IS 3 BP 251 EP 269 DI 10.1023/A:1007660914155 PG 19 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 286TQ UT WOS:000085462400002 ER PT J AU Savino, JF Kostich, MJ AF Savino, JF Kostich, MJ TI Aggressive and foraging behavioral interactions among ruffe SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE predator; prey; agonistic; competition; Gymnocephalus cernuus ID ST-LOUIS RIVER; BETTA-SPLENDENS; YELLOW PERCH; GYMNOCEPHALUS-CERNUUS; FOOD DISTRIBUTION; EURASIAN RUFFE; LAKE-SUPERIOR; GREAT-LAKES; DEFENSE; MONOPOLIZATION AB The ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, is a nonindigenous percid in the Great Lakes. Ruffe are aggressive benthivores and forage over soft substrates. Laboratory studies in pools (100 cm diameter, 15 cm water depth) were conducted to determine whether fish density (low = 2, medium = 4, high = 6 ruffe per pool) changed foraging and aggressive behaviors with a limited food supply of chironomid larvae. All fish densities demonstrated a hierarchy based on aggressive interactions, but ruffe were most aggressive at low and high fish densities. Time spent in foraging was lowest at the low fish density. The best forager at the low fish density was the most aggressive individual, but the second most aggressive fish at the medium and high fish density was the best forager and also the one chased most frequently. A medium fish density offered the best energetic benefits to ruffe by providing the lowest ratio of time spent in aggression to that spent foraging. Based on our results, ruffe should grow best at an intermediate density. With high ruffe densities, we would also expect disparity in size as the more aggressive fish are able to garner a disproportionate amount of the resources. Alternatively, as the Great Lakes are a fairly open system, ruffe could migrate out of one area to colonize another as populations exceed optimal densities. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Savino, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2000 VL 57 IS 3 BP 337 EP 345 DI 10.1023/A:1007523307404 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 286TQ UT WOS:000085462400010 ER PT J AU Carr, RS Montagna, PA Biedenbach, JM Kalke, R Kennicutt, MC Hooten, R Cripe, G AF Carr, RS Montagna, PA Biedenbach, JM Kalke, R Kennicutt, MC Hooten, R Cripe, G TI Impact of storm-water outfalls on sediment quality in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Sediment Quality Triad; pore-water toxicity tests; sea urchin; multivariate analysis; storm-water outfalls ID MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TRIAD APPROACH; GUIDELINES; ESTUARIES; FLORIDA; MARINE AB To determine the quality of sediments and extent of contaminant impacts, a Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) study was conducted at 36 sites in the Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, USA, system. Fifteen of the 36 sites were located near storm-water outfalls, but 13 other sites (i.e., industrial and domestic outfalls, oil field-produced water discharges, and dredging activity) and eight reference sites were also evaluated. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for physical-chemical characteristics, contaminant concentrations (metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], and pesticides), toxicity (amphipod and mysid solid phase and sea urchin pore-water fertilization and embryological development tests), and a benthic index of biotic integrity (BIBI) composed of 10 independent metrics calculated for each site. This large data matrix was reduced using multivariate analysis to create new variables for each component representing overall means and containing most of the variance in the larger data set. The new variables were used to conduct the correlation analysis. Toxicity was significantly correlated with both chemistry and ecological responses, whereas no correlations between the benthic metrics and sediment chemistry were observed. Using the combined information from the SQT, four of the five most degraded sites were storm-water outfall sites. Although estuaries are naturally stressful environments because of salinity and temperature fluctuations, this ecosystem appears to have been compromised by anthropogenic influences similar to what has been observed for other heavily urbanized bay systems along the Texas and Gulf coast. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Geochem & Environm Res Grp, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Carr, RS (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, NRC Suite 3200,6300 Ocean Dr, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. NR 40 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 561 EP 574 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0561:IOSWOO>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 286VB UT WOS:000085468600007 ER PT J AU Pinkney, AE McGowan, PC Murphy, DR Lowe, TP Sparling, DW Ferrington, LC AF Pinkney, AE McGowan, PC Murphy, DR Lowe, TP Sparling, DW Ferrington, LC TI Effects of the mosquito larvicides temephos and methoprene on insect populations in experimental ponds SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE temephos; methoprene; nontarget impacts; insects ID TOTAL NITROGEN; CHIRONOMIDAE; ISRAELENSIS; PHOSPHORUS; DIPTERA; BTI AB The nontarget effects of Abate(R) 4E (44.6% temephos) at 0.054 kg of active ingredient (a.i.) per 1 ha and of Altosid(R) Liquid Larvicide (5% methoprene) at 0.011 kg a.i./ha were investigated in 18 experimental ponds (average area. 202 m(2); maximum depth, 0.7 m) at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel, Maryland, USA. Ponds were sprayed three times at 3-week intervals. Six ponds were sprayed with Abate, six with Altosid, and six with distilled water. Two insect-emergence traps per pond collected for 7 d and were then harvested 1 d before each spray and 13 to 14 days afterward. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant reductions in Shannon diversity, equitability, and numbers of individuals, species, and families in the Abate ponds relative to controls. Significant reductions also occurred in Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Diptera, Chironomidae, and Chaoborus sp. Hester-Dendy samplers were installed before spray one and harvested 16 d after spray three. Based on one-way ANOVA, Shannon diversity, equitability, and number of Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae were significantly reduced in the Abate ponds. Emergence data indicate only isolated cases with significant reductions in the Altosid ponds relative to controls, and the Hester-Dendy data indicate no significant differences between the Altosid and control ponds. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Entomol, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA. RP Pinkney, AE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 678 EP 684 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0678:EOTMLT>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 286VB UT WOS:000085468600020 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN Day, D Melancon, MJ Sileo, L AF Beyer, WN Day, D Melancon, MJ Sileo, L TI Toxicity of Anacostia River, Washington, DC, USA, sediment fed to mute swans (Cygnus olor) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bioavailability; metals; monooxygenase; organics; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; LEAD-EXPOSURE; AREA; CONTAMINANTS; INGESTION; INDUCERS AB Sediment ingestion is Sometimes the principal route by which waterfowl are exposed to environmental contaminants, and at severely contaminated sites waterfowl have been killed by ingesting sediment. Mute swans (Cygnus olor) were fed a diet for 6 weeks with a high but environmentally realistic concentration (24%) of sediment from the moderately polluted Anacostia River in the District of Columbia, USA, to estimate the sediment's toxicity. Control swans were fed the same diet without the sediment. Five organochlorine compounds were detected in the treated diets, bur none of 22 organochlorine compounds included in the analyses was detected in livers of the treated swans. The concentrations of 24 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons measured in the treated diet were as high as 0.80 mg/kg, and they were thought to have been responsible for the observed induction of hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity in livers. A concentration of 85 mg/kg of lead in the diet was enough to decrease red blood cell ALAD activity but was not high enough to cause more serious effects of lead poisoning. The dietary concentrations of Al, Fr, V, and Ba were high compared to the concentrations of these elements known to be toxic in laboratory feeding studies. However, the lack of accumulation in the livers of the treated swans suggested that these elements were not readily available from the ingested sediment. We did not study all potential toxic effects, bur, on the basis of those that we did consider, we concluded that the treated swans were basically healthy after a chronic exposure to the sediment. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 731 EP 735 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<0731:TOARWD>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 286VB UT WOS:000085468600027 ER PT J AU Dennerline, DE Van den Avyle, MJ AF Dennerline, DE Van den Avyle, MJ TI Sizes of prey consumed by two pelagic predators in US reservoirs: implications for quantifying biomass of available prey SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Morone saxatilis; Morone; predator; prey; feeding; stocking; size ID LARGEMOUTH BASS; STRIPED BASS; GIZZARD SHAD; DIET AB Striped bass Morone saxatilis and hybrid bass M. saxatilis x M. chrysops have been stocked to establish fisheries in many US reservoirs, but success has been limited by a poor understanding of relations between prey biomass and predator growth and survival. To define sizes of prey that are morphologically available, we developed predictive relationships between predator length, mouth dimensions, and expected maximum prey size; predictions were then validated using published data on sizes of clupeid prey (Dorosoma spp.) in five US reservoirs. Further, we compared the biomass of prey considered available to predators using two forms of a length-based consumption model - a previously published AP/P ratio and a revised model based on our results. Predictions of maximum prey size using predator GW were consistent with observed prey sizes in US reservoirs. Length of consumed Dorosoma was significantly, but weakly, correlated with predator length in four of the five reservoirs (r(2) = 0.006-0.336, P < 0.05). Model predictions of available prey biomass differed by as much as 800% between the original AP/P model and a revision based on our estimates of maximum available prey size. The revised model predicted less available prey biomass in cases where large Dorosoma (>150 mm TL) were abundant. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Dennerline, DE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM dennerli@smokey.forestry.uga.edu NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 45 IS 2 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(99)00108-3 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 295VC UT WOS:000085987700004 ER PT J AU Agee, JK Bahro, B Finney, MA Omi, PN Sapsis, DB Skinner, CN van Wagtendonk, JW Weatherspoon, CP AF Agee, JK Bahro, B Finney, MA Omi, PN Sapsis, DB Skinner, CN van Wagtendonk, JW Weatherspoon, CP TI The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE prescribed fire; thinning; forest fire; western United States ID CROWN FIRE; CALIFORNIA; WILDFIRE AB Shaded fuelbreaks and larger landscape fuel treatments, such as prescribed fire. are receiving renewed interest as forest protection strategies in the western United States. The effectiveness of fuelbreaks remains a subject of debate because of differing fuelbreak objectives, prescriptions for creation and maintenance, and their placement in landscapes with differing fire regimes. A well-designed fuelbreak will alter the behavior of wildland fire entering the fuel-altered zone. Both surface and crown fire behavior may be reduced, Shaded fuelbreaks must be created in the context of the landscape within which they are placed. No absolute standards for fuelbreak width or fuel reduction are possible, although recent proposals for forested fuelbreaks suggest 400 m wide bands where surface fuels are reduced and crown fuels are thinned, Landscape-level treatments such as prescribed fire can use shaded fuelbreaks as anchor points, and extend the zone of altered fire behavior to larger proportions of the landscape. Coupling fuelbreaks with area-wide fuel treatments can reduce the size, intensity, and effects of wildland fires. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. El Dorado Natl Forest, Placerville Ranger Dist, Camino, CA 95667 USA. Syst Environm Management, Missoula, MT 59802 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Western Forest Fire Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Yosemite Field Stn, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. RP Agee, JK (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 38 TC 166 Z9 174 U1 4 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 127 IS 1-3 BP 55 EP 66 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00116-4 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 282EZ UT WOS:000085205000005 ER PT J AU Baron, JS Caine, N AF Baron, JS Caine, N TI Temporal coherence of two alpine lake basins of the Colorado Front Range, USA SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alpine lake basins; Colorado front range; temporal coherence ID ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; PHYTOPLANKTON; ELEVATION; SNOWMELT; ECOSYSTEMS; CLIMATE; STREAM AB 1. Knowledge of synchrony in trends is important to determining regional responses of lakes to disturbances such as atmospheric deposition and climate change. We explored the temporal coherence of physical and chemical characteristics of two series of mostly alpine lakes in nearby basins of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Using year-to-year variation over a 10-year period, we asked whether lakes more similar in exposure to the atmosphere behaved more similarly than those with greater influence of catchment or in-lake processes. 2. The Green Lakes Valley and Loch Vale Watershed are steeply incised basins with strong altitudinal gradients. There are glaciers at the heads of each catchment. The eight lakes studied are small, shallow and typically ice-covered for more than half the year. Snowmelt is the dominant hydrological event each year, flushing about 70% of the annual discharge from each lake between April and mid-fury. The lakes do not thermally stratify during the period of open water. Data from these lakes included surface water temperature, sulphate, nitrate, calcium, silica, bicarbonate alkalinity and conductivity. 3. Coherence was estimated by Pearson's correlation coefficient between lake pairs for each of the different variables. Despite close geographical proximity, there was not a strong direct signal from climatic or atmospheric conditions across all lakes in the study. Individual lake characteristics overwhelmed regional responses. Temporal coherence was higher for lakes within each basin than between basins and was highest for nearest neighbours. 4. Among the Green Lakes, conductivity, alkalinity and temperature were temporally coherent, suggesting that these lakes were sensitive to climate fluctuations. Water temperature is indicative of air temperature, and conductivity and alkalinity concentrations are indicative of dilution from the amount of precipitation flushed through by snowmelt. 5. In Loch Vale, calcium, conductivity, nitrate, sulphate and alkalinity were temporally coherent, while silica and temperature were not. This suggests that external influences are attenuated by internal catchment and lake processes in Loch Vale lakes. Calcium and sulphate are primarily weathering products, but sulphate derives both from deposition and from mineral weathering. Different proportions of snowmelt versus groundwater in different years could influence summer lake concentrations. Nitrate is elevated in lake waters from atmospheric deposition, but the internal dynamics of nitrate and silica may be controlled by lake food webs. Temperature is attenuated by inconsistently different climates across altitude and glacial meltwaters. 6. It appears that, while the lakes in the two basins are topographically close, geologically and morphologically similar, and often connected by streams, only some attributes are temporally coherent. Catchment and in-lake processes influenced temporal patterns, especially for temperature, alkalinity and silica. Montane lakes with high altitudinal gradients may be particularly prone to local controls compared to systems where coherence is more obvious. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Baron, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM jill@nrel.colostate.edu RI Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 463 EP 476 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00517.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 300UT UT WOS:000086272000013 ER PT J AU Robinson, J Beck, R Gnos, E Vincent, RK AF Robinson, J Beck, R Gnos, E Vincent, RK TI New structural and stratigraphic insights for northwestern Pakistan from field and Landsat Thematic Mapper data SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE geologic mapping; tectonics; remote sensing; Himalaya; Pakistan ID COLLISION; OPHIOLITE; HIMALAYA; INDIA; ASIA AB The remote Waziristan region of northwestern Pakistan includes outcrops of the India-Asia suture zone. The excellent exposure of the Waziristan ophiolite and associated sedimentary lithosomes and their inaccessibility made the use of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data desirable in this study. Landsat TM data were used to create a spectral ratio image of bands 3/4, 5/4, and 7/5, displayed as red, green, and blue, respectively, and a principal component analysis image of bands 4, 5, and 7 (RGB), These images were interpreted in the context of available geologic maps, limited field work, and biostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, and radiometric data. They were used to create a coherent geologic map of Waziristan and cross section of the area that document five tectonic units in the region and provide a new and more detailed tectonic history for the region. The lowest unit is comprised of Indian shelf sediments that were thrust under the Waziristan ophiolite. The ophiolite has been tectonically shuffled and consists of two separate tectonic units. The top thrust sheet is a nappe comprised of distal Triassic to Lower Cretaceous Neotethyan sediments that mere underthrust during the Late Cretaceous by the ophiolite riding on Indian shelf strata, The uppermost unit contains unconformable Tertiary and younger strata, The thrust sheets show that the Waziristan ophiolite was obducted during Late Cretaceous time and imply that the Paleocene and Eocene deformation represents collision of India with the Kabul block and/or Asia. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geog, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Bern, Mineral Petrog Inst, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Geol, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. RP Robinson, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcan Hazard Team, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Vincent, Robert/A-9036-2009; OI Vincent, Robert/0000-0002-2814-4589 NR 41 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 112 IS 3 BP 364 EP 374 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<0364:NSASIF>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 288UC UT WOS:000085582000004 ER PT J AU Sarna-Wojcicki, AM AF Sarna-Wojcicki, AM TI Revised age of the Rockland tephra, northern California: Implications for climate and stratigraphic reconstructions in the western United States: Comment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISSION-TRACK AGE C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Sarna-Wojcicki, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 975, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 286 EP 286 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<286:RAOTRT>2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA 288YE UT WOS:000085591400024 ER PT J AU Lanphere, MA Champion, DE Clynne, MA Muffler, LJP AF Lanphere, MA Champion, DE Clynne, MA Muffler, LJP TI Revised age of the Rockland tephra, northern California: Implications for climate and stratigraphic reconstructions in the western United States: Reply SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lanphere, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2000 VL 28 IS 3 BP 287 EP 287 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<287:RAOTRT>2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA 288YE UT WOS:000085591400025 ER PT J AU Nathenson, M AF Nathenson, M TI The dependence of permeability on effective stress for an injection test in the Higashi-Hachimantai Geothermal Field SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB A simple inverse-power relation for the influence of effective stress on permeability is used to explain the flow behavior during an injection test at the Higashi-Hachimantai geothermal field, Japan. The new analytical expression successfully models data from the experiment involving high-pressure injection and monitoring at an observation well. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Nathenson, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Nathenson, Manuel/0000-0002-5216-984X NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 5 BP 589 EP 592 DI 10.1029/1999GL008394 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 288YJ UT WOS:000085591800002 ER PT J AU Roth, EG Wiens, DA Zhao, DP AF Roth, EG Wiens, DA Zhao, DP TI An empirical relationship between seismic attenuation and velocity anomalies in the upper mantle SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OCEANIC UPPER MANTLE; SHEAR ATTENUATION; ANELASTICITY; TEMPERATURE; EARTHQUAKE; DISPERSION; MODEL; ARC AB We use recent P wave attenuation (Q(alpha)(-1)) and velocity (V-p) tomographic models of the Tonga/Fiji region to obtain an empirical relation between attenuation and velocity for the upper mantle. The attenuation and velocity anomalies show a strong inverse correlation, allowing the determination of an empirical relationship. The relationship is similar to a predicted relation derived from laboratory experiments on peridotite and dunite, assuming the observed anomalies result from temperature variations. The results here suggest that the observed anomalies are generally consistent with the effect of temperature, and demonstrate that the combination of velocity and attenuation data provides powerful constraints on the physical state of upper mantle materials. We find that the chosen geotherm and activation energy has a strong effect on the position of the solidus within the seismic data. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Ehime Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Matsuyama, Ehime 790, Japan. RP Roth, EG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Zhao, Dapeng/0000-0003-2096-5195 NR 20 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 5 BP 601 EP 604 DI 10.1029/1999GL005418 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 288YJ UT WOS:000085591800005 ER PT J AU Gerlach, TM Doukas, MP McGee, KA Kessler, R AF Gerlach, TM Doukas, MP McGee, KA Kessler, R TI Airborne detection of diffuse carbon dioxide emissions at Mammoth Mountain (vol 26, pg 3661, 1999) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Gerlach, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 5 BP U3 EP U3 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 288YJ UT WOS:000085591800040 ER PT J AU Zhang, M Takahashi, M Morin, RH Esaki, T AF Zhang, M Takahashi, M Morin, RH Esaki, T TI Evaluation and application of the transient-pulse technique for determining the hydraulic properties of low-permeability rocks - Part 1: Theoretical evaluation SO GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE transient pulse; permeability test; low permeability; specific storage; hydraulic gradient; theoretical evaluation ID PARAMETERS; STORAGE AB The transient-pulse technique is a well-established laboratory method for determining the permeability of hydraulically tight rocks. Although graphical solutions to this test make it possible to evaluate both the permeability and the specific storage of a rock specimen, the attendant procedures are relatively complicated. Often, the expression introduced by Brace et al. (1968) is typically used to interpret the experimental results and arrive at a value for permeability only. In Part I of this study, the general solution for the transient-pulse test is extended to consider quantitatively the transient distributions of hydraulic head and hydraulic gradient within the specimen and to examine the validity of using the solution presented by Brace et al. ( 1968) under these conditions. Based on a series of parametric studies, some theoretical and practical considerations related to the design of a transient-pulse test are also provided. In Part 2, a relatively convenient and general approach to calculating the specific storage of a specimen from a transient-pulse test is presented and its efficiency is demonstrated through the application of this approach to experimental investigations. C1 Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fac Engn, Fukuoka 8120053, Japan. RP Zhang, M (reprint author), Geol Survey Japan, 1-1-3 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0149-6115 J9 GEOTECH TEST J JI Geotech. Test. J. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 83 EP 90 PG 8 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 489WZ UT WOS:000172016600009 ER PT J AU Zhang, M Takahashi, M Morin, RH Esaki, T AF Zhang, M Takahashi, M Morin, RH Esaki, T TI Evaluation and application of the transient-pulse technique for determining the hydraulic properties of low-permeability rocks - Part 2: Experimental application SO GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE transient-pulse; permeability test; hydraulic conductivity; specific storage; compressibility of fluid reservoir; parameter identification; Shirahama sandstone; Inada granite ID PRESSURE AB In Part I of this study, the general solution to the transient-pulse test (Hsieh et al. 1981) was extended to evaluate quantitatively the transient variations in hydraulic head and the corresponding distributions of hydraulic gradient within a test specimen. In addition, the conditions and the validity of using the expression proposed by Brace et al. (1968) to compute the low permeability of a rock specimen from a transient-pulse test were examined. Some theoretical considerations related to the optimal design of a transient-pulse test were also discussed. Part 2 presents a relatively general and convenient approach for determining not only the hydraulic conductivity and specific storage of a specimen directly from a transient-pulse test, but also the compressive storage of the fluid reservoirs. The accuracy and efficiency of this method are demonstrated through (1) the comparison of the compressibility of the fluid-reservoir (permeating) system back-calculated from the transient-pulse tests with the value obtained from calibration tests, and (2) its application to a series of experimental studies designed to investigate the effects of confining pressure on the hydraulic properties of Shirahama sandstone and Inada granite, two rock types available widely in Japan. C1 Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fac Engn, Fukuoka 8120053, Japan. RP Geol Survey Japan, 1-1-3 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0149-6115 EI 1945-7545 J9 GEOTECH TEST J JI Geotech. Test. J. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 91 EP 99 PG 9 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 489WZ UT WOS:000172016600010 ER PT J AU Gibson, TG Bybell, LM Thomas, E Zachos, JC AF Gibson, TG Bybell, LM Thomas, E Zachos, JC TI Kaolinite distribution in Paleocene/Eocene boundary strata of northeastern United States and Pakistan - climatic and stratigraphic implications SO GFF LA English DT Article C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Paleobiol, MRC 121, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06457 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Gibson, TG (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Paleobiol, MRC 121, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RI Zachos, James/A-7674-2008; Thomas, Ellen/E-5573-2011 OI Thomas, Ellen/0000-0002-7141-9904 NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SWEDISH SCIENCE PRESS PI UPPSALA PA BOX 118, S751 04 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1103-5897 J9 GFF JI GFF PD MAR PY 2000 VL 122 BP 56 EP 56 PN 1 PG 1 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 293LN UT WOS:000085853400027 ER PT J AU Von Salis, K Monechi, S Bybell, LM Self-Trail, J Young, J AF Von Salis, K Monechi, S Bybell, LM Self-Trail, J Young, J TI Remarks on the calcareous nannofossil markers Rhomboaster and Tribrachiatus around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary SO GFF LA English DT Article C1 ETH Zurich, Inst Geol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Dipartimento Sci Terra, IT-50121 Florence, Italy. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England. RP Von Salis, K (reprint author), ETH Zurich, Inst Geol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. OI Young, Jeremy/0000-0001-9320-9804 NR 10 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SWEDISH SCIENCE PRESS PI UPPSALA PA BOX 118, S751 04 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1103-5897 J9 GFF JI GFF PD MAR PY 2000 VL 122 BP 138 EP 140 PN 1 PG 3 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 293LN UT WOS:000085853400069 ER PT J AU Morin, RH Senior, LA Decker, ER AF Morin, RH Senior, LA Decker, ER TI Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs: Brunswick Group and Lockatong Formation, Pennsylvania SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID PASSAIC FORMATION; FLUID-FLOW; NEW-JERSEY; TEMPERATURE AB The Brunsnick Group and the underlying Lockatong Formation are composed of lithified Mesozoic sediments that constitute part of the Newark Basin in southeastern Pennsylvania. These fractured rocks form an important regional aquifer that consists of gradational sequences of shale, siltstone, and sandstone, with fluid transport occurring primarily in fractures, An extensive suite of geophysical logs was obtained in seven wells located at the borough of Lansdale, Pennsylvania, in order to better characterize the areal hydrogeologic system and provide guidelines for the refinement of numerical ground water models. Six of the seven wells are approximately 120 m deep and the seventh extends to a depth of 335 m. Temperature, fluid conductivity, and flowmeter logs are used to locate zones of fluid exchange and to quantify transmissivities. Electrical resistivity and natural gamma logs together yield detailed stratigraphic information, and digital acoustic televiewer data provide magnetically oriented images of the borehole wall from which almost 900 fractures are identified. Analyses of the geophysical data indicate that the aquifer penetrated by the deep well can be separated into two distinct structural domains, which may, in turn, reflect different mechanical responses to basin extension by different sedimentary units: 1. In the shallow zone (above 125 m), the dominant fracture population consists of gently dipping bedding plane partings that strike N46 degrees E and dip to the northwest at about 11 degrees. Fluid flow is concentrated in the upper 80 m along these subhorizontal fractures, with transmissivities rapidly diminishing in magnitude with depth. 2. The zone below 125 m marks the appearance of numerous high-angle fractures that are orthogonal to the bedding planes, striking parallel but dipping steeply southeast at 77 degrees. This secondary set of fractures is associated with a fairly thick (approximately 60 m) high-resistivity, low-transmissivity sandstone unit that is abruptly terminated by a thin shale bed at a depth of 190 m. This lower contact effectively delineates the aquifer's vertical extent at this location because no detectable evidence of ground water movement is found below it. Thus, fluid flow is controlled by fractures, but fracture type and orientation are related to lithology. Finally, a transient thermal-conduction model is successfully applied to simulate observed temperature logs, thereby confirming the effects of ground-surface warming that occurred in the area as a result of urbanization at the turn of the century. The systematic warming of the upper 120 m has increased the transmissivity of this aquifer by almost 10%, simply due to changes in fluid viscosity and density. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Malvern, PA 19355 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04473 USA. RP Morin, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 51 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 182 EP 192 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00329.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 326WX UT WOS:000087761200006 ER PT J AU Winter, TC Mallory, SE Allen, TR Rosenberry, DO AF Winter, TC Mallory, SE Allen, TR Rosenberry, DO TI The use of principal component analysis for interpreting ground water hydrographs SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Principal component anal sis was used to define patterns in water table hydrographs at four small, lake-watershed research sites in the United States. The analysis provided insights into (1) characteristics of ground water recharge in different parts of the watersheds; (2) the effect of seepage from lakes on water table fluctuations; and f3j the effect of differences in geologic properties on water table fluctuations, At two sites where all of the water table wells were completed in permeable deposits, glacial outwash in Minnesota and dune sand in Nebraska, the patterns of water table fluctuation primarily reflected timing and magnitude of recharge. The water table had more frequent and wider ranges in fluctuations where it was shallow compared with where it was deep. At two sites where the water table wells were completed in sand or till, a glaciated mountain valley in New Hampshire and stagnation moraine in North Dakota, the patterns of water table fluctuations were strongly related to the type of geologic unit in which the wells are completed. Furthermore, at the New Hampshire site, the patterns of water table fluctuations mere clearly different for cells completed in sand downgradient of a lake compared with those completed in sandy terraces on a mountainside. The study indicates that principal component analysis would be particularly useful for summarizing large data sets for the purpose of selecting index wells for long-term monitoring, which would greatly reduce the cost of monitoring programs. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Res Program, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Winter, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Res Program, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 10 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 8 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 234 EP 246 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00335.x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 326WX UT WOS:000087761200012 ER PT J AU Plummer, LN Rupert, MG Busenberg, E Schlosser, P AF Plummer, LN Rupert, MG Busenberg, E Schlosser, P TI Age of irrigation water in ground water from the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer, south-central Idaho SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID KARSTIC LIMESTONE AQUIFER; UPPER FLORIDAN AQUIFER; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; UNSATURATED ZONE; YOUNG FRACTION; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; TRITIUM; YELLOWSTONE; HELIUM; GASES AB Stable isotope data (H-2 and O-18) were used in conjunction with chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and tritium/helium-3 (H-3/He-3) data to determine the fraction and age of irrigation water in ground water mixtures from farmed Darts of the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) Aquifer in south-central Idaho, Two groups of waters were recognized: ii) regional background mater, unaffected by irrigation and fertilizer application, and (2) mixtures of irrigation water from the Snake River with regional background water. New data are presented comparing CFC and H-3/He-3 dating of water recharged through deep fractured basalt, and dating of young fractions in ground water mixtures. The H-3/He-3 ages of irrigation water in most miutures ranged from about zero to eight years. The 6FC ages of irrigation water in mixtures ranged from values near those based on H-3/He-3 dating to values biased older than the H-3/He-3 ages by as much as eight to 10 years. Unsaturated zone air had CFC-12 and CFC-113 concentrations that were 60% to 95%, and 50%; to 90%, respectively, of modern air concentrations and were consistently contaminated with CFC-11. Irrigation water diverted from the Snake River was contaminated with CFC-11 but near solubility equilibrium with CFC-12 and CFC-113, The dating indicates ground water velocities of 5 to 8 m/d for water along the top of the ESRP Aquifer near the southwestern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), Many of the regional background waters contain excess terrigenic helium with a He-3/He-4 isotope ratio of 7 X 10(-6) to 11 x 10(6) (R/R-a congruent to 5 to 8) and could not be dated. Ratios of (CFC data indicate that some rangeland water may contain as much as 5% to 304e young water (ages of less than or equal to two to 11.5 years) mixed with old regional background water. The relatively low residence times of ground water in irrigated parts of the ESRP Aquifer and the dilution ffith low-NO3- irrigation water from the Snake River lon er the potential for NO3- contamination in agricultural areas. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Plummer, LN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 432 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. OI Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 55 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 11 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 264 EP 283 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00338.x PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 326WX UT WOS:000087761200015 ER PT J AU Rosenberry, DO Striegl, RG Hudson, DC AF Rosenberry, DO Striegl, RG Hudson, DC TI Plants as indicators of focused ground water discharge to a northern Minnesota lake SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM GEOMETRY; SEEPAGE; VEGETATION; FLOW; ANISOTROPY; GRADIENTS; CHEMISTRY; PEATLAND; BASIN AB Determining the discharge of ground water to Shingobee Lake (66 ha), north-central Minnesota, is complicated by the presence of numerous springs situated adjacent to the lake and in the shallow portion of the lakebed, Springs first had to be located before these areas of more rapid discharge could be quantified. Two methods that rely on the distribution of aquatic plants are useful for locating springs. One method identifies areas of the near-shore lakebed where floating-leaf and emergent aquatic vegetation are absent. The second method uses the distribution of marsh marigold (Caltha palustris L,) to locate springs that discharge on land near the shoreline of the lake, Marsh marigold produces large (2 to -1 cm diameter) yellow flowers that provide a ready marker for locating ground water springs. Twice as many springs (38) were identified using this method as were identified using the lack of near-shore vegetation, A portable weir was used to measure discharge from onshore springs, and seepage meters mere used to measure discharge from near-shore springs. Of the total 56.7 h, s(-1) that enters the lake from ground water, approximately 30% comes from onshore and near-shore springs. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Rosenberry, DO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 413,Bldg 53,DFC, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 45 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 16 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 296 EP 303 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00340.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 326WX UT WOS:000087761200017 ER PT J AU McGann, M Sloan, D Cohen, AN AF McGann, M Sloan, D Cohen, AN TI Invasion by a Japanese marine microorganism in western North America SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE foraminifers; non-indigenous species; Trochammina hadai; San Francisco Bay; estuaries; Pacific Coast ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; CLAM POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; REMARKABLE INVASION; BALLAST WATER; CALIFORNIA; TRANSPORT; USA AB The earliest record in western North America of Trochammina hadai Uchio, a benthic foraminifer common in Japanese estuaries, is from sediment collected in Puget Sound in 1971. It was first found in San Francisco Bay in sediment samples taken in 1983, and since 1986 has been collected at 91% of the sampled sites in the Bay, constituting up to 93% of the foraminiferal assemblage at individual sites. The species is also present in recent sediment samples from 12 other sites along the west coast of North America. The evidence indicates that T. hadai is a recent introduction to San Francisco Bay, and is probably also not native to the other North American sites. Trochammina hadai was probably transported from Japan in ships' ballast tanks, in mud associated with anchors, or in sediments associated with oysters imported for mariculture. Its remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay suggests the potential for massive, rapid invasions by other marine microorganisms. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. San Francisco Estuary Inst, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. RP McGann, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mmcgann@usgs.gov; dsloan@socrates.berkeley.edu; acohen@sfei.org NR 30 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD MAR PY 2000 VL 421 BP 25 EP 30 DI 10.1023/A:1003808517945 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 305LP UT WOS:000086541800002 ER PT J AU Metzger, SM Carr, JR Johnson, JR Parker, TJ Lemmon, MT AF Metzger, SM Carr, JR Johnson, JR Parker, TJ Lemmon, MT TI Techniques for identifying dust devils in Mars Pathfinder images SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE contrast stretching; difference images; dust devils; image processing; Mars pathfinder; principal components transformation; spectral ratios ID SURFACE AB Image processing methods used to identify and enhance dust devil features imaged by IMP (Imager for Mars Pathfinder) are reviewed. Spectral differences, visible red minus visible blue, were used for initial dust devil searches, driven by the observation that Martian dust has high red and low blue reflectance. The Martian sky proved to be more heavily dust-laden than pre-Pathfinder predictions, based on analysis of images from the Hubble Space Telescope. As a result, these initial spectral difference methods failed to contrast dust devils with background dust haze. Imager artifacts (dust motes on the camera lens, Bat-field effects caused by imperfections in the CCD, and projection onto a Bat sensor plane by a convex lens) further impeded the ability to resolve subtle dust devil features, Consequently, reference images containing sky with a minimal horizon were first subtracted from each spectral filter image to remove camera artifacts and reduce the background dust haze signal, Once the sky-flat preprocessing step was completed, the red-minus-blue spectral difference scheme was attempted again. Dust devils then were successfully identified as bright plumes, False-color ratios using calibrated IMP images were found useful for visualizing dust plumes, verifying initial discoveries as vortex-like features. Enhancement of monochromatic (especially blue filter) images revealed dust devils as silhouettes against brighter background sky. Experiments with principal components transformation identified dust devils in raw uncalibrated IMP images and further showed relative movement of dust devils across the Martian surface. A variety of methods therefore served qualitative and quantitative goals for dust plume identification and analysis in an environment where such features are obscure. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Metzger, SM (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RI Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 870 EP 876 DI 10.1109/36.842015 PN 1 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 304TF UT WOS:000086499700024 ER PT J AU Raup, BH Kieffer, HH Hare, TM Kargel, JS AF Raup, BH Kieffer, HH Hare, TM Kargel, JS TI Generation of data acquisition requests for the ASTER satellite instrument for monitoring a globally distributed target: Glaciers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE ASTER; data acquisition planning; glacier monitoring AB The advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) instrument is scheduled to be launched on the EOS Terra platform in 1999. The Global Land Ice Measurements from Space project has planned to acquire ASTER images of most of the world's land ice annually during the six-year ASTER mission. This article describes the process of creating the data acquisition requests needed to cover approximately 170 000 glacier targets. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Raup, BH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. OI Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X NR 10 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 1105 EP 1112 DI 10.1109/36.841989 PN 2 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 304TG UT WOS:000086499800018 ER PT J AU Kruse, SE Schneider, JC Campagna, DJ Inman, JA Hickey, TD AF Kruse, SE Schneider, JC Campagna, DJ Inman, JA Hickey, TD TI Ground penetrating radar imaging of cap rock, caliche and carbonate strata SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR 98) CY MAY 27-30, 1998 CL UNIV KANSAS, LAWRENCE, KANSAS SP Univ Kansas HO UNIV KANSAS DE ground penetrating radar; cap rock; caliche; carbonates; South Florida ID STRATIGRAPHY; NEVADA AB Field experiments show ground penetrating radar (GPR) can be used to image shallow carbonate stratigraphy effectively in a variety of settings. In south Florida, the position and structure of cap rock cover on limestone can be an important control on surface water flow and vegetation, but larger scale outcrops (tens of meters) of cap rock are sparse. GPR mapping through south Florida prairie, cypress swamp and hardwood hammock resolves variations in thickness and structure of cap rock to similar to 3 m and holds the potential to test theories for cap rock-vegetation relationships. In other settings, carbonate strata are mapped to test models for the formation of local structural anomalies. A test of GPR imaging capabilities on an and caliche (calcrete) horizon in southeastern Nevada shows depth penetration to similar to 2 m with resolution of the base of caliche. GPR profiling also succeeds in resolving more deeply buried (similar to 5 m) limestone discontinuity surfaces that record subaerial exposure in south Florida. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Coll William & Mary, Dept Geol, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Kruse, SE (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-9851 J9 J APPL GEOPHYS JI J. Appl. Geophys. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2-4 BP 239 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0926-9851(99)00062-2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 294WG UT WOS:000085933000012 ER PT J AU Harms, CA Ottinger, CA Kennedy-Stoskopf, S AF Harms, CA Ottinger, CA Kennedy-Stoskopf, S TI Correlation of transforming growth factor-beta messenger RNA (TGF-beta mRNA) expression with cellular immunoassays in triamcinolone-treated captive hybrid striped bass SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RESPIRATORY BURST ACTIVITY; CYPRINUS-CARPIO L; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; GENE-EXPRESSION; CORTISOL; ASSAY; STRESS; SYSTEM AB Assessing fish immune status with molecular markers has been hampered by a lack of specific reagents. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method (reverse transcription quantitative-competitive PCR, RT-qcPCR) for measuring transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) transcription from a broad range of teleost fish has recently been developed. The quantitative PCR now permits monitoring production of this important immunosuppressive cytokine in response to immunomodulating agents and conditions. We examined anterior kidney and spleen mononuclear cells from hybrid striped bass (female striped bass Morone saxatilis x male white bass M. chrysops) for production of TGF-beta messenger RNA (mRNA) in response to administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone. We also compared TGF-beta transcription with anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity and splenic lymphocyte blastogenesis. Anterior kidney mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA levels decreased, whereas bactericidal activity increased. Spleen TGF-beta mRNA levels did not change significantly, and splenic lymphocyte pokeweed mitogen stimulation index increased in triamcinolone-treated fish. Since triamcinolone is used therapeutically as a suppressive immunomodulator, the enhanced immune functions indicated by the cellular immunoassays were unexpected; however, the inverse response of TGF-beta production and macrophage bactericidal activity was consistent with the known relationship between TGF-beta and macrophage activation in mammals. Induced immunomodulation in hybrid striped bass was detectable by both traditional cellular immunoassays and the new RT-qcPCR for TGF-beta. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Biol Resources Div, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Harms, CA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. OI Ottinger, Christopher/0000-0003-2551-1985 NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 2000 VL 12 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0009:COTGFM>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 300UQ UT WOS:000086271700002 ER PT J AU McAllister, PE Bebak, J Wagner, BA AF McAllister, PE Bebak, J Wagner, BA TI Susceptibility of Arctic char to experimental challenge with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; STRAINS AB Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus were exposed to the fish pathogens infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) to estimate susceptibility of the species to infection. Fish were immersion challenged at 46, 74, and 95 d posthatch for 5 h in viral concentration of 10(3) or 10(5) PFU(plaque-forming units)/mL and were monitored for 21 d postchallenge. Fish that died were assayed individually for virus-associated mortality, and survivors were assayed individually to estimate prevalence of virus carrier status. Arctic char succumbed to IHNV infection with population losses as high as 41%, and prevalence of IHNV carriers in surviving fish was 24% or less with virus titers in carrier fish ranging from 2.5 x 10(2) PFU/g to greater than 1.3 x 10(6) PFU/g. Infections with IPNV resulted in losses of 20% or less, and prevalence of IPNV carriers in surviving fish was as high as 82% with virus titers in carrier fish ranging from 2.5 x 10(2) PFU/g to greater than 5.0 x 10(6) PFU/g Logistic regression models were developed for the mortality and infection data for each virus. For IHNV, the odds of dying or becoming infected were significantly greater for the fish from the 74-d age-group than for the fish from the 46-d or 95-d age-groups. Fish exposed to 10(5) PFU of IHNV/mL had significantly greater odds of dying or becoming infected than fish exposed to 10(3) PFU/mL. For IPNV, the odds of dying were significantly greater for the 74-d age-group compared with the other tyro age-groups. The 74-d fish were also significantly more likely to become infected than the 95-d-old fish. Fish exposed to 10(5) PFU of IPNV/mL had significantly greater odds of dying or becoming infected than fish exposed to 10(3) PFU of IPNV/mL. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Freshwater Inst, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP McAllister, PE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 2000 VL 12 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0035:SOACTE>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 300UQ UT WOS:000086271700005 ER PT J AU Boone, RB Krohn, WB AF Boone, RB Krohn, WB TI Partitioning sources of variation in vertebrate species richness SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE vertebrate species richness; tree regression; partition variation; Maine; USA; geomorphology; climate; woody plants ID LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS; REGIONAL PROCESSES; NEW-WORLD; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; DISTRIBUTIONS; PRODUCTIVITY; COMMUNITIES; TERRAIN; HABITAT AB Aim To explore biogeographic patterns of terrestrial vertebrates in Maine, USA using techniques that would describe local and spatial correlations with the environment. Location Maine, USA. Methods We delineated the ranges within Maine (86,156 km(2)) of 275 species using literature and expert review. Ranges were combined into species richness maps, and compared to geomorphology, climate, and woody plant distributions. Methods were adapted that compared richness of all vertebrate classes to each environmental correlate, rather than assessing a single explanatory theory. We partitioned variation in species richness into components using tree and multiple linear regression. Methods were used that allowed for useful comparisons between tree and linear regression results. For both methods we partitioned variation into broad-scale (spatially autocorrelated) and fine-scale (spatially uncorrelated) explained and unexplained components. By partitioning variance, and using both tree and linear regression in analyses, we explored the degree of variation in species richness for each vertebrate group that could be explained by the relative contribution of each environmental variable. Results In tree regression, climate variation explained richness better (92% of mean deviance explained for all species) than woody plant Variation (87%) and geomorphology (86%). Reptiles were highly correlated with environmental variation (93%), followed by mammals, amphibians, and birds (each with 84-82% deviance explained). In multiple linear regression, climate was most closely associated with total vertebrate richness (78%), followed by woody plants (67%) and geomorphology (56%). Again, reptiles were closely correlated with the environment (95%), followed by mammals (73%), amphibians (63%) and birds (57%). Main conclusions Comparing variation explained using tree and multiple linear regression quantified the importance of nonlinear relationships and local interactions between species richness and environmental variation, identifying the importance of linear relationships between reptiles and the environment, and nonlinear relationships between birds and woody plants, for example. Conservation planners should capture climatic variation in broad-scale designs; temperatures may shift during climate change, but the underlying correlations between the environment and species richness will presumably remain. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Maine, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Boone, RB (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Natl Resource Ecol Lab, A215 Nat & Environm Sci Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Boone, Randall/N-6566-2013 NR 87 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 27 IS 2 BP 457 EP 470 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00386.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 352AZ UT WOS:000089193500018 ER PT J AU Boone, RB Krohn, WB AF Boone, RB Krohn, WB TI Relationship between avian range limits and plant transition zones in Maine SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE transition zone; birds; vegetation; range limits; richness gradient; Maine; USA; woody plants ID 2 SPATIAL PROCESSES; LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS; VEGETATION STRUCTURE; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; BIRD COMMUNITIES; PRODUCTIVITY; COMPONENT; TEMPERATE; FORESTS AB Aim To determine if vegetation complexity associated with transition zones may be a contributing factor affecting bird species distributions in Maine, USA, and in increased numbers of bird species at about 45 degrees north latitude in northeastern North America. Location Maine, USA; North America north of Mexico. Methods We delineated the ranges within Maine (86,156 km(2)) of 186 bird species and 240 woody plants using literature and expert review. Maps showing species richness and numbers of range limits, at 324 km(2) resolution, were developed for woody plants and groups of breeding birds: forest specialists, forest generalists, and those that used barren and urban habitats, early successional areas, and wetlands or open water. Two plant transition zones for Maine were identified previously, with the north-south transition zone mapped across eastern North America. Patterns in bird distribution maps were compared to woody plant maps and to transition zones. Results When the distributions of forest specialists were compared to the north-south vegetation transition zone in Maine, they were spatially coincident, but were not for other groups. Forest specialists had more species with range limits in the state (61%) than generalists (13%) or any other group. At a continental-scale, the vegetation transition zone within eastern North America agreed fairly well with the areas of highest bird richness. Main conclusions A bird transition zone occurs in Maine and across eastern North America, akin to and overlapping the vegetation transition zone. Seasonality is likely the primary source of the inverse gradient in bird richness in the eastern USA, as reported by others. However, vegetation structure and habitat selection at very broad spatial scales appear to contribute to the reversed gradient. North of the vegetation transition zone, forest structure is simpler and coniferous forests more dominant, and this may contribute to reduced bird species richness. However, the northern (> 49 degrees) typical gradient in bird species richness has been related to many hypotheses, and several are likely involved in the genesis of the gradient. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS Biol Resource Div, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Boone, RB (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, A215 NESB, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Boone, Randall/N-6566-2013 NR 63 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 27 IS 2 BP 471 EP 482 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00420.x PG 12 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 352AZ UT WOS:000089193500019 ER PT J AU Schwab, WC Thieler, ER Allen, JR Foster, DS Swift, BA Denny, JF AF Schwab, WC Thieler, ER Allen, JR Foster, DS Swift, BA Denny, JF TI Influence of inner-continental shelf geologic framework on the evolution and behavior of the barrier-island system between Fire Island Inlet and Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, New York SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE geology; inner-shelf; sediment; mapping; barrier island; erosion; sediment budget ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; HOLOCENE TRANSGRESSION; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SHOREFACE PROFILE; SAND TRANSPORT; NORTH-CAROLINA; FIELD DATA; STORM; USA; PREDICTIONS AB High-resolution, sea-floor mapping techniques, including sidescan-sonar and subbottom profiling, were used to investigate how the geologic framework of the inner-continental shelf influenced the Holocene evolution and modern behavior of the Fire Island barrier-island system, Long Island, New York. The inner-continental shelf off Long Island is divided into two physiographic provinces by a broad outcrop of Cretaceous coastal-plain strata offshore of Watch Hill; this outcrop was part of a subaerial headland during the Holocene marine transgression. Erosion of the headland during transgression furnished sediment to the inner-continental shelf downdrift to the west. The sediment was, in turn, reworked by oceanographic processes into a series of shoreface-attached sand ridges. The oldest (similar to 1200 yr BP) and most stable part of the barrier-island system is immediately landward of the outcropping coastal-plain strata and thickest sand ridges. East of Watch Hill, Pleistocene sediment either is exposed on the inner-continental shelf or is buried by a veneer of modern reworked sediment. Here the barrier-island system has migrated landward at a faster rate than the segment west of Watch Hill and has been breached by numerous historic inlets. Because the Pleistocene sedimentary deposit is generally of uniform thickness throughout the study area and unconformably overlies the Cretaceous coastal-plain strata, both the Holocene and historical evolution of the Fire Island barrier-island system are controlled by the physiography of this regional unconformity. In particular, the shoreface-connected sand ridges appear to be a significant source of sediment to the western portion of Fire Island. Previous attempts to develop a sediment budget for this coastal system have failed to explain volumetric discrepancies, primarily because poor assumptions were made about the nature of sediment transport in the system. A more realistic sediment budget must include a significantly larger spatial scale, including sediment input from the inner-continental shelf. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Boston, MA 02109 USA. RP Schwab, WC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Quissett Campus,384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI thieler, e/0000-0003-4311-9717 NR 93 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 11 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 16 IS 2 BP 408 EP 422 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 319DY UT WOS:000087327300018 ER PT J AU Spurlock, F Burow, K Dubrovsky, N AF Spurlock, F Burow, K Dubrovsky, N TI Chlorofluorocarbon dating of herbicide-containing well waters in Fresno and Tulare counties, California SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; PESTICIDES; CCL2F2; CCL3F; AGE; AREAS AB Simazine, diuron, and bromacil are the most frequently detected currently registered pesticides in California groundwater. These herbicides have been used for several decades in Fresno and Tulare counties, California; however, previous data are inadequate to determine whether the detections are a result of recent or historical applications (i.e., within the last decade, or 20-30 yr ago). Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) groundwater age-dating was used in conjunction,vith one-dimensional transport modeling to address this question. The estimated times between herbicide application and subsequent detection in groundwater samples from 18 domestic wells ranged from 3 to 33 yr; the aggregate data indicate that more than half of the detections are associated with applications in the last decade. The data also suggest that changes in groundwater quality arising from modified management practices will probably not be discernible for at least a decade. A secondary objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of simazine degradates deethylsimazine (DES; 2-amino-4-rhloro-6- ethylamino-s-triazine) and diaminochlorotriazine (DACT; 2,4-diamino-6-chloro-s-triazine) to total triazine concentrations (defined here as simazine + DES + DACT) in 30 domestic wells. The N-dealkylated s-chlorotriazine degradates DES and DACT substantially contribute to total triazine concentrations in Fresno and Tulare County groundwater, composing 24 to 100% of the total triazines, with a median of 82%, If s-chlorotriazines display a common mode of toxicological action, the prevalence of triazine degradates in water samples found in this and other studies indicate that drinking water standards based on total s-chlorotriazine concentrations may be most appropriate. C1 Calif Dep Pest Regulat, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. US Geol Survey, Water Res Div, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Spurlock, F (reprint author), Calif Dep Pest Regulat, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, 830 K St, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 57 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 474 EP 483 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WR UT WOS:000089412000016 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Trout, JM Walsh, E Cole, R AF Fayer, R Trout, JM Walsh, E Cole, R TI Rotifers ingest oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behavior; cryptosporidiosis; protozoa; sewage; waterborne; zoonosis ID PURIFICATION AB Six genera of rotifers including Philodina, Monostyla, Epiphanes, Euchlanis, Brachionus, and Asplanchna were exposed to oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum cleaned of fecal debris. Unstained oocysts and those stained with fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody were added to suspensions of viable rotifers and were examined by phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, and fluorescence microscopy. Rotifers of all six genera were observed ingesting oocysts. A maximum of 25 oocysts was observed in the stomachs of Euchlanis and Brachionus. Euchlanis and Epiphanes were observed excreting boluses containing up to eight oocysts. It was not determined whether rotifers digested or otherwise rendered occysts nonviable. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Biol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 47 IS 2 BP 161 EP 163 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00026.x PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 296WJ UT WOS:000086049500008 PM 10750844 ER PT J AU Wilson, RR Twedt, DJ Elliott, AB AF Wilson, RR Twedt, DJ Elliott, AB TI Comparison of line transects and point counts for monitoring spring migration in forested wetlands SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIRD; DENSITIES; STOPOVER; MIGRANTS AB We compared the efficacy of 400-m line transects and sets of three point counts at detecting avian richness and abundance in bottomland hardwood forests and intensively managed cottonwood (Populus deltoides) plantations within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. We detected more species and more individuals on line transects than on three point counts during 218 paired surveys conducted between 24 March and 3 June, 1996 and 1997. Line transects also yielded more birds per unit of time, even though point counts yielded higher estimates of relative bird density. In structurally more-complex bottomland hardwood forests, we detected more species and individuals on line transects, but in more-open cottonwood plantations, transects surpassed point counts only at detecting species within 50 m of the observer. Species richness and total abundance of Nearctic-Neotropical migrants and temperate migrants were greater on line transects within bottomland hardwood forests. Within cottonwood plantations, however, only species richness of Nearctic-Neotropical migrants and total abundance of temperate migrants were greater on line transects. Because we compared survey techniques using the same observer, within the same forest stand on a given day, we assumed that the technique yielding greater estimates of avian species richness and total abundance per unit of effort is superior. Thus, for monitoring migration within hardwood forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, we recommend using line transects instead of point counts. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Wilson, RR (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd,Suite C, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 22 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 20 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 71 IS 2 BP 345 EP 355 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 321GW UT WOS:000087448600012 ER PT J AU Buckley, PA Buckley, FG AF Buckley, PA Buckley, FG TI Patterns of colony-site use and disuse in saltmarsh-nesting common and roseate terns SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT AB Nearly all previous studies of saltmarsh-nesting Common Terns on the east coast of the United States have concluded that tidal saltmarshes were suboptimal or marginal breeding habitats. Questioning that conclusion, we analyzed patterns of both saltmarsh and nonmarsh colony use (stability, movement, establishment, abandonment, and size) obtained during 5 yr of annual helicopter censuses of all Common and Roseate terns breeding on Long Island, New York. We found 1900-3600 pairs at 10-33 saltmarsh and 22-30 nonmarsh sites; there were few biologically important differences between Common Terns nesting at marsh and at nonmarsh sites. We did find that (1) marsh sites and colony sizes increased through the study period; (2) both marsh and nonmarsh colonies grew with duration of occupancy; (3) smaller marsh and nonmarsh colonies (<50 pairs) usually lasted only 1-2 yr, while larger colonies were equally likely to persist far 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 yr; (4) numbers of marsh and nonmarsh sites used each year were generally unrelated to population sizes; (5) 5-yr sites composed only 10.6% of total marsh and 17.6% of total nonmarsh sites; (6) the mean sizes of both newly established and about-to-be-abandoned colonies were smaller than the mean sizes of all others when averaged between but not within years; (7) most previously occupied sites, once abandoned, remained so for only 1 yr, and most new sites were occupied for only a single year; (8) annual turnover rates were 32%-49% for both marsh and nonmarsh sites; (9) marsh and nonmarsh breeding populations were correlated each year, allowing estimation of the total Long Island population to within +/- 4% by censusing only the 20-25% in saltmarshes. Roseate Tern data were few, especially in marshes, obviating marsh-nonmarsh comparisons, except that Roseates failed to persist in saltmarshes, and their overall mean colony sizes across the same numbers of years' occupancy were usually smaller than Commons', although their turnover rates were roughly the same. We conclude that saltmarsh-nesting Common Terns are well adapted to marsh nesting and that they have probably been doing so for perhaps hundreds of generations. We hypothesize that it may have been a relict population of saltmarsh-nesters that saved the species from extirpation in the late 1800s. In contrast, Roseate Tern's failure to exploit extensive saltmarsh habitat seems yet another factor abetting its precarious status in northeastern North America. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Coll Environm & Life Sci, Dept Nat Resources Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Buckley, PA (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Box 8, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 71 IS 2 BP 356 EP 369 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 321GW UT WOS:000087448600013 ER PT J AU Eusden, JD Guzofski, CA Robinson, AC Tucker, RD AF Eusden, JD Guzofski, CA Robinson, AC Tucker, RD TI Timing of the Acadian orogeny in northern New Hampshire SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEST-CENTRAL MAINE; PB ZIRCON AGES; THERMAL HISTORY; NEW-ZEALAND; NEW-ENGLAND; METAMORPHISM; SYNCLINORIUM; STRATIGRAPHY; APPALACHIANS; TECTONICS AB New U-Pb geochronology constrains the timing of the Acadian orogeny in the Central Maine Terrane of northern New Hampshire. Sixteen fractions of one to six grains each of zircon or monazite have been analyzed from six samples: (1) an early syntectonic diorite that records the onset of the Acadian; (2) a schist, a migmatite, and two granites that together record the peak of the Acadian; and (3) a postkinematic pluton that records the end of the Acadian. Zircon from the syntectonic Wamsutta Diorite gives a Pb-207/Pb-206 age of circa 408 Ma, the time at which the boundary between the deforming orogenic wedge and the foreland basin was in the vicinity of the Presidential Range. This age agrees well with the Emsian position of the northwest migrating Acadian orogenic front and records the beginning of the Acadian in this part of the Central Maine Terrane. We propose a possible Acadian tectonic model that incorporates the geochronologic, structural, and stratigraphic data. Monazite from the schist, migmatite, Bigelow Lawn Granite, and Slide Peak Granite gives Pb-207/U-206 ages, suggesting the peak of Acadian metamorphism and intrusion of two-mica granites occurred at circa 402-405 Ma, the main pulse of Acadian orogenesis. Previously reported monazite ages from schists that likely record the peak metamorphism in the Central Maine Terrane of New Hampshire and western Maine range from circa 406-384 Ma, with younger ages in southeastern New Hampshire and progressively older ages to the west, north, and northeast. Acadian orogenesis in the Presidential Range had ended by circa 355 Ma, the Pb-207/U-235 age of monazite from the Peabody River Granite. From 408 to perhaps at least 394 Ma, Acadian orogenesis in the Presidential Range was typical of the tectonic style, dominated by synkinematic metamorphism, seen in central and southern New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. From no earlier than 394 Ma to as late as 355 Ma, the orogenesis was typical of the style in parts of Maine dominated by postkinematic metamorphism. C1 Bates Coll, Dept Geol, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. Pennsylvania State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth Planet Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Eusden, JD (reprint author), Bates Coll, Dept Geol, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. RI Robinson, Alexander/C-8532-2012 OI Robinson, Alexander/0000-0001-9196-7054 NR 49 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 108 IS 2 BP 219 EP 232 PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA 308TJ UT WOS:000086728700006 ER PT J AU Hedrick, PW Hedgecock, D Hamelberg, S Croci, SJ AF Hedrick, PW Hedgecock, D Hamelberg, S Croci, SJ TI The impact of supplementation in winter-run chinook salmon on effective population size SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; SPECIES CONSERVATION AB Supplementation of young raised at a protected site, such as a hatchery, may influence the effective population size of an endangered species. A supplementation program for the endangered winter-run chinook salmon from the Sacramento River, California, has been releasing fish since 1991, A breeding protocol, instituted in 1992, seeks to maximize the effective population size from the captive spawners by equaling their contributions to the released progeny. As a result, the releases in 1994 and 1995 appear not to have decreased the overall effective population size and may have increased it somewhat. However, mistaken use of non-winter-run chinook spawners resulted in artificial crosses between runs with a potential reduction in effective population size, and imprinting of the released fish on Battle Creek, the site of the hatchery, resulted in limiting the contribution of the released fish to the target mainstem population, Rapid genetic analysis of captured spawners and a new rearing facility on the Sacramento River should alleviate these problems and their negative effect on the effective population size in future years. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Red Bluff, CA USA. RP Hedrick, PW (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Hedgecock, Dennis/I-8655-2012 OI Hedgecock, Dennis/0000-0002-3995-646X NR 14 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 91 IS 2 BP 112 EP 116 DI 10.1093/jhered/91.2.112 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 290LG UT WOS:000085677300004 PM 10768123 ER PT J AU Callender, E AF Callender, E TI Geochemical effects of rapid sedimentation in aquatic systems: minimal diagenesis and the preservation of historical metal signatures SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Association-of-Canada/Mineralogical-Association-of-Canada CY 1998 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA SP Geolog Assoc Canada, Mineralog Assoc Canada DE sedimentation; diagenesis; reservoirs; metals ID PELAGIC SEDIMENTS; RESERVOIR; ACCUMULATION; TRANSPORT; OXIDATION; ATLANTIC; RIVER AB Rapid sedimentation exerts a pronounced influence on early sedimentary diagenesis in that there is insufficient time for a sediment particle to equilibrate in any one sediment layer before that layer may be displaced vertically by another layer. These sedimentation patterns are common in surface-water reservoirs whose sedimentation rates (1-10 cm yr(-1)) are several orders of magnitude greater than those for natural lakes (0.01-0.5 cm yr(-1)). Two examples of the effects of rapid sedimentation on geochemical metal signatures are presented here. Interstitial-water data (Fe) from two sites in the Cheyenne River Embayment of Lake Oahe on the Missouri River illustrate the effects of changing sedimentation rates on dissolved species. Rapid burial during high-flow yrs appears to limit early sedimentary diagenesis to aerobic respiration. Solid-phase metal data (Pb) from a site in Pueblo Reservoir on the upper Arkansas River in Colorado appear to record historical releases by flooding of abandoned mine sites upstream in Leadville, Colorado. Interstitial-water ammonia and ferrous Fe data indicate that at least one interval at depth in the sediment where solid metal concentrations peak is a zone of minimal diagenesis. The principal diagenetic reactions that occur in these sediments are aerobic respiration and the reduction of Mn and Fe oxides. Under slower sedimentation conditions, there is sufficient time for particulate organic matter to decompose and create a diagenetic environment where metal oxides may not be stable. The quasi-steady-state interstitial Fe profiles from Tidal Potomac River sediments are an example of such a situation. This occurs primarily because the residence time of particles in the surficial sediment column is long enough to allow benthic organisms and bacteria to perform their metabolic functions. When faster sedimentation prevails, there is less time for these metabolic reactions to occur since the organisms do not occupy a sediment layer for any length of time. Also, the quantity and quality of the organic matter input to the sediment layer is important in that reservoirs often receive more terrestrial organic matter than natural lakes and this terrestrial organic matter is generally more refractory than autochthonous aquatic organic matter. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Callender, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 432 Natl Ctr,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 39 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 23 IS 3 BP 243 EP 260 DI 10.1023/A:1008114630756 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 303LL UT WOS:000086423300002 ER PT J AU Jones, B Fox, SF Leslie, DM Engle, DM Lochmiller, RL AF Jones, B Fox, SF Leslie, DM Engle, DM Lochmiller, RL TI Herpetofaunal responses to brush management with herbicide and fire SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE reptiles; amphibians; brush management; tebuthiuron; prescribed burning; Cross Timbers; Oklahoma ID CROSS TIMBERS RANGELAND; VEGETATION MANAGEMENT; POPULATIONS; ABUNDANCE; ARIZONA; LIZARD AB We examined how native herpetofauna of the Cross Timbers in Oklahoma, USA, were influenced by vegetation types derived from combinations of herbicide applications and prescribed burning. Brush management treatments consisted of tebuthiuron (N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiazol-2-y-1]-N,N'-dimethylurea)-only, tebuthiuron + fire, and untreated pastures of mature hardwood forest (no herbicide or fire). A total of 292 individuals representing 30 species was captured in 1994 and 1995 using time-constrained searching and drift-fence arrays on 3 replicates of the 3 treatments. Relative total abundance and species richness of herpetofauna mere similar on all 3 treatment types. However, differences were apparent by taxonomic group. In general, amphibians were most abundant in untreated and tebuthiuron-only pastures, lizards mere most abundant on the untreated pastures, and snakes were most abundant on pastures treated with tebuthiuron + fire, Maintenance of a mosaic of habitats in the Cross Timbers may enhance diversity of the native herpetofauna. C1 US Geol Survey, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Fox, SF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 40 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 154 EP 158 DI 10.2307/4003275 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337MT UT WOS:000088365900003 ER PT J AU Willey, DW van Riper, C AF Willey, DW van Riper, C TI First-year movements by juvenile Mexican Spotted Owls in the canyonlands of Utah SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mexican Spotted Owl; Strix occidentalis lucida; natal dispersal; telemetry; dispersal timing; canyonlands ID NORTHERN ARIZONA; NATAL DISPERSAL; SCREECH-OWLS; BEHAVIOR; PHILOPATRY AB We studied first-year movements of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) during natal dispersal in canyonlands of southern Utah. Thirty-one juvenile Mexican Spotted Owls were captured and radiotracked during 1992-95 to examine behavior and conduct experiments related to the onset of natal dispersal. Juvenile Spotted Owls dispersed from their nest areas during September to October each year, with 85% leaving in September. The onset of movements was sudden and juveniles dispersed in varied directions. The median distance from nest area to last observed location was 25.7 km (range = 1.7-92.3 km). Three of 26 juveniles tracked (11%) were alive after one year, although none were observed with mates. We conducted a feeding experiment, using Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguicuculatus), to test the influence of increased food supply on dispersal onset. The mean dispersal date of five owls that received supplemental food Julian day no. 255 +/- 2.6 SD) was significantly different than a control group (day no. 273 +/- 12.3). C1 No Arizona Univ, Colorado Plateau Field Stn, USGS BRD Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Willey, DW (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, 211 Irving I, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 21 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 34 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 303GN UT WOS:000086414300001 ER PT J AU Shaffer, G Fellers, GM Magee, A Voss, R AF Shaffer, G Fellers, GM Magee, A Voss, R TI The genetics of amphibian declines: population substructure and molecular differentiation in the Yosemite Toad, Bufo canorus (Anura, Bufonidae) based on single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bufo canorus; Bufonidae; conservation genetics; declining amphibian; mitochondrial DNA; SSCP ID CONSERVATION STRATEGIES; FROG POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA; DISTANCE; FLOW; USA; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; HYPOTHESIS; FAUNA; GENES AB We present a comprehensive survey of genetic variation across the range of the narrowly distributed endemic Yosemite toad Bufo canorus, a declining amphibian restricted to the Sierra Nevada of California. Based on 322 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data, we found limited support for the monophyly of B. canorus and its closely related congener B. exsul to the exclusion of the widespread western toad B. boreas. However, B. exsul was always phylogenetically nested within B. canorus, suggesting that the latter may not be monophyletic. SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) analysis of 372 individual B. canorus from 28 localities in Yosemite and Kings Canyon National Parks revealed no shared haplotypes among these two regions and lead us to interpret these two parks as distinct management units for B. canorus. Within Yosemite, we found significant genetic substructure both at the level of major drainages and among breeding ponds. Kings Canyon samples show a different pattern, with substantial variation among breeding sites, but no substructure among drainages. Across the range of B. canorus as well as among Yosemite ponds, we found an isolation-by-distance pattern suggestive of a stepping stone model of migration. However, in Kings Canyon we found no hint of such a pattern, suggesting that movement patterns of toads may be quite different in these nearby parklands. Our data imply that management for B. canorus should focus at the individual pond level, and effective management may necessitate reintroductions if local extirpations occur. A brief review of other pond-breeding anurans suggests that highly structured populations are often the case, and thus that our results for B. canorus may be general for other species of frogs and toads. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Point Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Shaffer, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM hbshaffer@ucdavis.edu NR 38 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 EI 1365-294X J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 9 IS 3 BP 245 EP 257 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 292NF UT WOS:000085800500001 ER PT J AU Fitzpatrick, FA Knox, JC AF Fitzpatrick, FA Knox, JC TI Spatial and temporal sensitivity of hydrogeomorphic response and recovery to deforestation, agriculture, and floods SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE fluvial geomorphology; floods; erosion; sedimentation; deforestation; agriculture ID NEW-SOUTH-WALES; SEDIMENT SOURCES; NORTH-CAROLINA; CATCHMENT; RIVER; IMPACTS; VALLEY AB Clear-cut logging followed by agricultural activity caused hydrologic and geomorphic changes in North Fish Creek, a Wisconsin tributary to Lake Superior. Hydrogeomorphic responses to changes in land use were sensitive to the location of reaches along the main stem and to the relative timing of large floods. Hydrologic and sediment-load modeling indicates that flood peaks were three times larger and sediment loads were five times larger during maximum agricultural activity in the 1920s and 1930s than prior to about 1890, when forest cover was dominant. Following logging, overbank sedimentation rates in the lower main stem increased four to six times above pre-settlement rates. Accelerated streambank and channel erosion in the upper main stem have been and continue to be primary sources of sediment to downstream reaches. Extreme floods in 1941 and 1946, followed by frequent moderate floods through 1954, caused extensive geomorphic changes along the entire main stem. Sedimentation Fates in the lower main stem may have decreased in the last several decades as agricultural activity declined. However, geomorphic recovery is slow, as incised channels in the upper main stem function as efficient conveyors of watershed surface runoff and thereby continue to promote flooding and sedimentation problems downstream. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Fitzpatrick, FA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 42 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 17 PU BELLWETHER PUBL LTD PI COLUMBIA PA 8640 GUILFORD RD, STE 200, COLUMBIA, MD 21046 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 89 EP 108 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 369QQ UT WOS:000165078800001 ER PT J AU Sipkin, SA Bufe, CG Zirbes, MD AF Sipkin, SA Bufe, CG Zirbes, MD TI Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1998 SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Letter DE moment-tenser solutions; filter theory; global seismicity ID EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS; WAVEFORM DATA; INVERSION AB Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 204 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1998. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Dept Int Geo Survey, US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Sipkin, SA (reprint author), US Dept Int Geo Survey, US Geol Survey, MS 967,Box 25046,DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 118 IS 3-4 BP 169 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00145-4 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 294JF UT WOS:000085907600001 ER PT J AU Grace, JB Allain, L Allen, C AF Grace, JB Allain, L Allen, C TI Vegetation associations in a rare community type - coastal tallgrass prairie SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; conservation; native communities ID PATTERNS; TEXAS AB The coastal prairie ecoregion is located along the northwestern coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico in North America. Because of agricultural and urban development, less than 1% of the original 3.4 million ha of this ecosystem type remains in native condition, making it one of the most endangered ecosystems in North America. The objective of this study was to characterize the vegetation and environmental relationships in a relatively pristine example of lowland coastal prairie in order to provide information for use in conservation and restoration. The study area was a small, isolated prairie located near the southern boundary of the coastal prairie region. Samples were taken along three parallel transects that spanned the prairie. Parameters measured included species composition, elevation, soil characteristics, indications of recent disturbance, above-ground biomass, and light penetration through the plant canopy. Fifty-four species were found in the 107 0.25-m(2) plots and a total of 96 species were found at the site. Only two non-native species occurred in sample plots, both of which were uncommon. Cluster analysis was used to identify six vegetation groups, which were primarily dominated by members of the Poaceae or Asteraceae. A conspicuous, natural edaphic feature of the prairie was the presence of 'mima' mounds, which are raised areas approximately 0.5 to 1 m high and 5 to 10 m across. Indicator species analysis revealed a significant number of species that were largely restricted to mounds and these were predominately upland and colonizing species. Ordination was performed using nonmetric, multidimensional scaling. The dominant environmental influence on species composition was found to be elevation and a host of correlated factors including those associated with soil organic content. A secondary group of factors, consisting primarily of soil cations, was found to explain additional variance among plots. Overall, this prairie was found to contain plant associations that are now rare in the surrounding landscape. Within the prairie, plant groups were largely separated by a suite of environmental conditions associated with topography. These results suggest that conservation and restoration efforts will need to carefully consider local topographic influences in order to be successful. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NE Louisiana Univ, Dept Biol, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. RP Grace, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 147 IS 1 BP 105 EP 115 DI 10.1023/A:1009812911286 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 284AH UT WOS:000085308100008 ER PT J AU Pike, RJ AF Pike, RJ TI Geomorphometry - diversity in quantitative surface analysis SO PROGRESS IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE digital terrain modelling; geomorphology; geomorphometry; landform quantification; surface form; terrain analysis; topography ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; SEA-ICE; CHANNEL NETWORKS; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; BARCHAN DUNES; TOPOGRAPHY AB A widening variety of applications is diversifying geomorphometry (digital teurain modelling), the quantitative study of topography. An amalgam of earth science, mathematics, engineering and computer science, the discipline has been revolutionized by the computer manipulation of gridded terrain heights, or digital elevation models (DEMs). its rapid expansion continues. This article reviews the remarkable diversity of recent morphometric work in 15 selected topics and discusses their significance and prospects. The quantitative analysis of industrial microsurface topography is introduced to the earth science community. The 14 other topics are Internet access to geomorphometry; global DEMs; DEM modelling of channel networks; self-organized criticality; fractal and wavelet analysis; soil resources; landslide hazards; barchan dunes; harvesting wind energy; sea-ice surfaces; sea-floor abyssal hills; Japanese work in morphometry; and the emerging fields of landscape ecology and image understanding. Closing remarks note reasons for the diversity within geomorphometry, speculate on future trends and recommend creating a unified field of surface representation. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pike, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, M-S 975,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Namikawa, Laercio/C-5559-2013 OI Namikawa, Laercio/0000-0001-7847-1804 NR 163 TC 123 Z9 127 U1 3 U2 38 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0309-1333 J9 PROG PHYS GEOG JI Prog. Phys. Geogr. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 24 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 295XK UT WOS:000085993800001 ER PT J AU Muhs, DR Swinehart, JB Loope, DB Been, J Mahan, SA Bush, CA AF Muhs, DR Swinehart, JB Loope, DB Been, J Mahan, SA Bush, CA TI Geochemical evidence for an eolian sand dam across the North and South Platte rivers in Nebraska SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Plains; Nebraska Sand Hills; Colorado sand dunes; geochemistry ID STRATIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE; MARSH SEDIMENTS; GREAT-PLAINS; HOLOCENE; HILLS; USA; LACUSTRINE; COLORADO AB Geochemical and geomorphic data from dune fields in southwestern Nebraska provide new evidence that the Nebraska Sand Hills once migrated across the North and South Platte rivers and dammed the largest tributary system to the Missouri River. The Lincoln County and Imperial dune fields, which Lie downwind of the South Platte River, have compositions intermediate between the Nebraska Sand Hills (quartz-rich) and northeastern Colorado dunes (K-feldspar-rich). The most likely explanation for the intermediate composition is that the Lincoln County and Imperial dunes are derived in part from the Nebraska Sand Hills and in part from the South Platte River. The only mechanism by which the Nebraska Sand Hills could have migrated this far south is by complete infilling of what were probably perennially dry North Platte and South Platte river valleys, Such a series of events would have required an extended drought, both for activation of eolian sand and decreased discharges in the Platte River system. A nearby major tributary of the North Platte River is postulated to have been blocked by eolian sand about 12,000 C-14 YT B,P, We propose that an eolian sand dam across the Plattes was constructed at about this same time. (C) 2000 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Nebraska, Inst Agr & Nat Resources, Conservat & Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Muhs, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Mahan, Shannon/0000-0001-5214-7774 NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 214 EP 222 DI 10.1006/qres.1999.2104 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 295GK UT WOS:000085958200009 ER PT J AU Slack, JJ AF Slack, JJ TI Share the wealth SO SCIENCES-NEW YORK LA English DT Letter C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Vero Beach, FL USA. RP Slack, JJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Vero Beach, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 E 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0036-861X J9 SCIENCES JI Sci.-New York PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 40 IS 2 BP 48 EP 48 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 288FW UT WOS:000085552900020 ER EF