FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Field, LJ MacDonald, DD Norton, SB Severn, CG Ingersoll, CG AF Field, LJ MacDonald, DD Norton, SB Severn, CG Ingersoll, CG TI Evaluating sediment chemistry and toxicity data using logistic regression modeling SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment toxicity; logistic regression; sediment-quality guidelines ID QUALITY GUIDELINES; MARINE AB This paper describes the use of logistic-regression modeling for evaluating matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data. Contaminant-specific logistic models were used to estimate the percentage of samples expected to be toxic at a given concentration. These models enable users to select the probability of effects of concern corresponding to their specific assessment or management objective or to estimate the probability of observing specific biological effects at any contaminant concentration. The models were developed using a large database (n = 2,524) of matching saltwater sediment chemistry and toxicity data for field-collected samples compiled from a number of different sources and geographic areas. The models for seven chemicals selected as examples showed a wide range in goodness of fit, reflecting high variability in toxicity at low concentrations and limited data on toxicity at higher concentrations for some chemicals. The models for individual test endpoints (e.g., amphipod mortality) provided a better fit to the data than the models based on all endpoints combined. A comparison of the relative sensitivity of two amphipod species to specific contaminants illustrated an important application of the logistic model approach. C1 NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Ladysmith, BC V0R 2E0, Canada. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Evs Consultants Ltd, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Field, LJ (reprint author), NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 22 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1311 EP 1322 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1311:ESCATD>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 197YG UT WOS:000080393500034 ER PT J AU Fourqurean, JW Robblee, MB AF Fourqurean, JW Robblee, MB TI Florida Bay: A history of recent ecological changes SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SEAGRASS THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; COVERED MUD BANKS; INNER-SHELF LAGOON; CARBONATE PRODUCTION; PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION; BIOMASS PATTERNS; LIGHT REDUCTION; MASS MORTALITY; LAGUNA-MADRE; ABUNDANCE AB Florida Bay is a unique subtropical estuary at the southern tip of the Florida peninsula. Recent ecological changes (seagrass die-off, algal blooms, increased turbidity) to the Florida Bay ecosystem have focused the attention of the public, commercial interests, scientists, and resource managers on the factors influencing the structure and function of Florida Bay. Restoring Florida Bay to some historic condition is the goal of resource managers, but what is not clear is what an anthropogenically-unaltered Florida Bay would look like. While there is general consensus that human activities have contributed to the changes occurring in the Florida Bay ecosystem, a high degree of natural system variability has made elucidation of the links between human activity and Florida Bay dynamics difficult. Paleoecological analyses, examination of long-term datasets, and directed measurements of aspects of the ecology of Florida Bay all contribute to our understanding of the behavior of the bay, and allow quantification of the magnitude of the recent ecological changes with respect to historical variability of the system. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Program, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Fourqurean, JW (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RI Fourqurean, James/B-4606-2008 OI Fourqurean, James/0000-0002-0811-8500 NR 76 TC 169 Z9 176 U1 2 U2 18 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 2B BP 345 EP 357 DI 10.2307/1353203 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 236BP UT WOS:000082578600001 ER PT J AU Halley, RB Roulier, LM AF Halley, RB Roulier, LM TI Reconstructing the history of eastern and central Florida Bay using mollusk-shell isotope records SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; STABLE CARBON; OXYGEN; WATERS; C-13; PALEOSALINITIES; DELTA-O-18; ENGLAND; GROWTH AB Stable isotopic ratios of carbon and oxygen (delta(13)C and delta(18)O) from mollusk shells reflect the water quality characteristics of Florida Bay and can be used to characterize the great temporal variability of the bay. Values of delta(18)O are directly influenced by temperature and evaporation and may be related to salinity. delta(13)C values of delta(13)C are sensitive to organic and inorganic sources of carbon and are influenced by productivity. Analyses of eight mollusk species from five short-core localities across Florida Bay show large ranges in the values of delta(13)C and delta(18)O, and reflect the variation of the bay over decades. Samples from southwestern Florida Bay have distinct delta(13)C values relative to samples collected in northeastern Florida Bay, and intermediate localities have intermediate values. C-13 values of delta(13)C grade from marine in the southwest bay to more estuarine in the northeast. Long cores (> 1 m) with excellent chronologies were anal-I-Led from central and eastern Florida Bay. Preliminary analyses of Brachiodontes exustus and Transenella spp. from the cores showed that both delta(13)C and delta(18)O changed during the first part of the twentieth century. After a century of relative stability during the 1800s, delta(13)C decreased between about 1910 and 1940, then stabilized at these new values for the next five decades. The magnitude of the reduction in delta(13)C values increased toward the northeast. Using a carbon budget model, reduced delta(13)C values are interpreted as resulting from decreased circulation in the bay, probably associated with decreased freshwater now into the Bay. Mollusk shell delta(18)O values display several negative excursions during the 1800s, suggesting that the bay was less evaporitic than during the twentieth century. The isotope records indicate a fundamental change took place in Florida Bay circulation early in the twentieth century. The timing of the change Links it to railroad building and early drainage efforts in South Florida rather than to flood control and water management measures initiated after World War II. C1 US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Halley, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 51 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 2B BP 358 EP 368 DI 10.2307/1353204 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 236BP UT WOS:000082578600002 ER PT J AU Brewster-Wingard, GL Ishman, SE AF Brewster-Wingard, GL Ishman, SE TI Historical trends in salinity and substrate in central Florida Bay: A paleoecological reconstruction using modern analogue data SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article AB Understanding the natural spatial and temporal variability that exists within an ecosystem is a critical component of efforts to restore systems to their natural state. Analysis of benthic foraminifers and molluscs from modern monitoring sites within Florida Bay allows us to determine what environmental parameters control spatial and temporal variability of their assemblages. Faunal assemblages associated with specific environmental parameters, including salinity and substrate, serve as proxies for an interpretation of paleoecologic data. The faunal record preserved in two shallow (< 2 m) cores in central Florida Bay (Russell Bank and Bob Alien Bank) provides a record of historical trends in environmental parameters for those sites. Analysis of these two cores has revealed two distinct patterns of salinity change at these sites: 1) a long-term trend of slightly increasing average salinity; and 2) a relatively rapid change to salinity fluctuations of greater frequency and amplitude, beginning around the turn of the century and becoming most pronounced after 1940. The degree of variability in substrate types at each locality limits interpretations of substrate trends to specific sites. A common sequence of change is present in the Russell Bank and Bob Allen Bank cores: from mixed grass and bare-sediment indicators at the bottom of the cores, to bare-sediment dwellers in the center, to a dominance of vegetative-cover indicators at the top of the cores. Changes in interpreted salinity patterns around the turn of the century are consistent with the timing of the construction of the Flagler Railroad from 1905 to 1912, and the Tamiami Trail and the canal and levee systems between 1915 and 1928. Beginning around 1940, the changes in the frequency and amplitude of salinity fluctuations may be related to changes in water management practices, meteorologic events (frequent hurricanes coupled with severe droughts in 1943 and 1944), or a combination of factors. The correspondence of these changes in Florida Bay with changes in the terrestrial Everglades suggests factors affecting the entire ecosystem are responsible for the salinity and substrate patterns seen in Florida Bay. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Brewster-Wingard, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 926 A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 38 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 2B BP 369 EP 383 DI 10.2307/1353205 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 236BP UT WOS:000082578600003 ER PT J AU Stumpf, RP Frayer, ML Durako, MJ Brock, JC AF Stumpf, RP Frayer, ML Durako, MJ Brock, JC TI Variations in water clarity and bottom albedo in Florida Bay from 1985 to 1997 SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; MODERATELY TURBID ESTUARY; INNER-SHELF LAGOON; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT; COASTAL WATERS; USA; CALIBRATION; VARIABILITY; SPACECRAFT AB Following extensive seagrass die-offs of the late 1980s and early 1990s, Florida Bay reportedly had significant declines in water clarity due to turbidity and algal blooms. Scant information exists on the extent of the decline, as this bay was not investigated for water quality concerns before the die-offs and limited areas were sampled after the primary die-off. We use imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to examine water clarity in Florida Bay for the period 1985 to 1997. The AVHRR provides data on nominal water reflectance and estimated light attenuation, which are used here to describe turbidity conditions in the bay on a seasonal basis. in situ observations on changes in seagrass abundance within the bay, combined with the satellite data, provide additional insights into losses of seagrass. The imagery shows an extensive region to the west of Florida Bay having increased reflectance and light attenuation in both winter and summer begining in winter of 1988. These increases are consistent with a change from dense seagrass to sparse or negligible cover. Approximately 200 km(2) of these offshore seagrasses may have been lost during the primary die-off (1988 through 1991), significantly more than in the bay, The imagery shows the distribution and timing of increased turbidity that followed the die-offs in the northwestern regions of the bay, exemplified in Rankin Lake and Johnson Key Basin, and indicates that about 200 km2 of dense seagrass may have been lost or severely degraded within the bay from the start of the die-off. The decline in water clarity has continued in the northwestern bay since 1991, The area west of the Everglades National Park boundaries has shown decreases in both winter turbidity and summer reflectances, suggestive of partial seagrass recovery. Areas of low reflectance associated with a major Syringodium filiforme seagrass meadow north of Marathon (Vaca Key in the Florida Keys) appear to have expanded westward toward Big Pine Key indicating changes in the bottom cover from before the die-off. The southern and eastern sections of the Bay have not shown significant changes in water clarity or bottom albedo throughout the entire time period. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Dept Enviornm Protect, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Stumpf, RP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 1305 East West Highway,Room 10110, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 2B BP 431 EP 444 DI 10.2307/1353209 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 236BP UT WOS:000082578600007 ER PT J AU Browder, JA Restrepo, VR Rice, JK Robblee, MB Zein-Eldin, Z AF Browder, JA Restrepo, VR Rice, JK Robblee, MB Zein-Eldin, Z TI Environmental influences on potential recruitment of pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, from Florida Bay nursery grounds SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID TORTUGAS GROUNDS; PENAEUS-DUORARUM AB Two modeling approaches were used to explore the basis for variation in recruitment of pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, to the Tortugas fishing grounds. Emphasis was on development and juvenile densities on the nursery grounds. An exploratory simulation modeling exercise demonstrated large year-to-year variations in recruitment contributions to the Tortugas pink shrimp fishery may occur on some nursery grounds, and production may differ considerably among nursery grounds within the same year, simply on the basis of differences in temperature and salinity. We used a growth and survival model to simulate cumulative harvests from a July-centered cohort of early-settlement-stage postlarvae from two parts of Florida Bay (western Florida Bay and northcentral Florida Bay), using historic temperature and salinity data from these areas. Very large year-to-year differences in simulated cumulative harvests were found for recruits from Whipray Basin. Year-to-year differences in simulated harvests of recruits from Johnson Key Basin were much smaller. In a complementary activity, generalized Linear and additive models and intermittent, historic density records were used to develop an uninterrupted multi-year time series of monthly density estimates for juvenile pink shrimp in the Johnson Key Basin. The developed data series was based on relationships of density with environmental variables. The strongest relationship was with sea-surface temperature. Three other environmental variables (rainfall, water level at Everglades National Park Well P35, and mean wind speed) also contributed significantly to explaining variation in juvenile densities. Results of the simulation model and two of the three statistical models yielded similar interannual patterns for Johnson Key Basin. While it is not possible to say that one result validates the other, the concordance of the annual patterns from the two models is supportive of both approaches. C1 NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Unit Fisheries Educ & Res, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Florida Int Univ, US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Biol Res Div, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. RP Browder, JA (reprint author), NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM joan.browder@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 2B BP 484 EP 499 DI 10.2307/1353213 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 236BP UT WOS:000082578600011 ER PT J AU Chang, XT Patino, R Thomas, P Yoshizaki, G AF Chang, XT Patino, R Thomas, P Yoshizaki, G TI Developmental and protein kinase-dependent regulation of ovarian connexin mRNA and oocyte maturational competence in Atlantic croaker SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fish; teleost; Atlantic croaker; oocyte maturation; oocyte maturational competence; connexin; gap junction; protein kinase A; protein kinase C ID HETEROLOGOUS GAP-JUNCTIONS; MEMBRANE-RECEPTOR; MOLECULAR-CLONING; HORMONAL-CONTROL; FOLLICLE CELLS; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; MEIOTIC ARREST; MESSENGER-RNA; MOUSE OOCYTE; 17-ALPHA,20-BETA,21-TRIHYDROXY-4-PREGNEN-3-ONE AB The acquisition of oocyte maturational competence (OMC) in ovarian follicles of Atlantic croaker is associated with increased gap junction (GJ) contacts and increased levels of ovarian connexin (Cx) 32.2 mRNA. However, the developmental control of ovarian Cx gene expression and the mechanisms of OMC acquisition are unknown. Ovarian Cx32.2 and Cx32.7 mRNA levels were determined in fish with gonadosomatic indices (GSI; gonad weight-to-body weight ratio) ranging from 0.1 to 13%. The mRNA level for both Cx increased from a low level in previtellogenic ovaries (GSI, <1%) to a peak level during the midstage of ovarian growth (GSI, 6-7%). Levels of Cx32.2 mRNA, but not Cx32.7 mRNA, declined markedly during late ovarian vitellogenic growth (GSI, 7-13%), and increased again upon stimulation of OMC by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). These changes in ovarian Cx32.2 mRNA seem to parallel previously reported changes in the incidence of oocyte-granulosa cell GJ during follicular growth and early maturation. In vitro treatment with hCG and protein kinase A (PKA) activators (dbcAMP and forskolin) induced ovarian Cx32.2 mRNA levels and OMC. The effects of hCG were blocked by PKA inhibitors (H89, H7). Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (GF 109207X) had little effect on hCG-induced Cx32.2 mRNA or OMC, whereas PKC activators (PMA) blocked both events. There was no association between changes in Cx32.7 mRNA levels and OMC status in these experiments. In conclusion, changes in Cx32.2 gene expression seem to be involved in the regulation of oocyte-granulosa cell GJ during growth and differentiation of the croaker ovarian follicle. Also, the stimulation of OMC and Cx32.2 mRNA levels by hCG is mediated by PKA-dependent pathways and antagonized by PKC-dependent mechanisms. C1 Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. Tokyo Univ Fisheries, Lab Aquaculture, Minato Ku, Tokyo 108, Japan. RP Patino, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM r.patino@ttu.edu RI YOSHIZAKI, Goro/O-1937-2014 NR 40 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 EI 1095-6840 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 114 IS 3 BP 330 EP 339 DI 10.1006/gcen.1999.7262 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 202CW UT WOS:000080635400003 PM 10336821 ER PT J AU Frank, M O'Nions, RK Hein, JR Banakar, VK AF Frank, M O'Nions, RK Hein, JR Banakar, VK TI 60 Myr records of major elements and Pb-Nd isotopes from hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts: Reconstruction of seawater paleochemistry SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID FE-MN CRUSTS; CENTRAL PACIFIC SEAWATER; DEEP-OCEAN WATER; MANGANESE NODULES; NORTH-ATLANTIC; INDIAN-OCEAN; GROWTH-RATES; COBALT-RICH; NE ATLANTIC; SEA-FLOOR AB We compare the time series of major element geochemical and Pb- and Nd-isotopic composition obtained for seven hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans which cover the last 60 Myr. Average crust growth rates and age-depth relationships were determined directly for the last about 10 Myr using Be-10/Be-9 profiles. In the absence of other information these were extrapolated to the base of the crusts assuming constant growth rates and constant initial Be-10/Be-9 ratios due to the lack of additional information. Co contents have also been used previously to estimate growth rates in Co-rich Pacific and Atlantic seamount crusts (Puteanus and Halbach, 1988). A comparison of Be-10/Be-9- and Co-based dating of three Co-rich crusts supports the validity of this approach and confirms the earlier chronologies derived from extrapolated Be-10/Be-9-based growth rates back to 60 Ma. Our data show that the flux of Co into Co-poor crusts has been considerably lower. The relationship between growth rate and Co content for the Co-poor crusts developed from these data is in good agreement with a previous study of a wider range of marine deposits (Manheim, 1986). The results suggest that the Co content provides detailed information on the growth history of ferromanganese crusts, particularly prior to 10-12 Ma where the Be-10-based method is not applicable. The distributions of Pb and Nd isotopes in the deep oceans over the last 60 Myr are expected to be controlled by two main factors: (a) variations of oceanic mixing patterns and flow paths of water masses with distinct isotopic signatures related to major paleogeographic changes and (b) variability of supply rates or provenance of detrital material delivered to the ocean, linked to climate change (glaciations) or major tectonic uplift. The major element profiles of crusts in this study show neither systematic features which are common to crusts with similar isotope records nor do they generally show coherent relationships to the isotope records within a single crust. Consequently, any interpretation of time series of major element concentrations of a single crust in terms of paleoceanograghic variations must be considered with caution. This is because local processes appear to have dominated over more basin wide paleoceanographic effects. In this study Co is the only element which shows a relationship to Pb and Nd isotopes in Pacific crusts. A possible link to changes of Pacific deep water properties associated with an enhanced northward advection of Antarctic bottom water from about 14 Ma is consistent with the Pb but not with the Nd isotopic results. The self-consistent profiles of the Pb and Nd isotopes suggest that postdepositional diagenetic processes in hydrogenous crusts, including phosphatization events, have been insignificant for particle reactive elements such as Pb, Be, and Nd. Isotope time series of Pb and Nd show no systematic relationships with major element contents of the crusts, which supports their use as tracers of paleo-seawater isotopic composition. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94024 USA. Natl Inst Oceanog, Panaji 403004, Goa, India. RP Frank, M (reprint author), ETH Zurich, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, Dept Earth Sci, NO C61,Sonneggstr 5, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 62 TC 92 Z9 126 U1 6 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 11-12 BP 1689 EP 1708 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00079-4 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 227KT UT WOS:000082080100007 ER PT J AU Bell, JW dePolo, CM Ramelli, AR Sarna-Wojcicki, AM Meyer, CE AF Bell, JW dePolo, CM Ramelli, AR Sarna-Wojcicki, AM Meyer, CE TI Surface faulting and paleoseismic history of the 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake area, west-central Nevada, and implications for modern tectonics of the Walker Lane SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BASIN PROVINCE; SLIP RATES; SHEAR ZONES; CALIFORNIA; SOILS; RECURRENCE; MAGNITUDE; WASATCH; VALLEY; PEAK AB The 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake (M-S 7.2) was one of the largest historical events in the Walker Lane region of western Nevada, and it produced a complicated strike-slip rupture pattern on multiple Quaternary faults distributed through three valleys. Primary, right-lateral surface ruptures occurred on north-striking faults in Monte Cristo Valley; small-scale lateral and normal offsets occurred in Stewart Valley; and secondary, normal faulting occurred on north-northeast-striking faults in the Gabbs Valley epicentral region. A reexamination of the surface ruptures provides new displacement and fault-zone data: maximum cumulative offset is estimated to he 2.7 m, and newly recognized faults extend the maximum width and end-to-end length of the rupture zone to 17 and 75 km, respectively. A detailed Quaternary allostratigraphic chronology based on regional alluvial-geomorphic relationships, tephrochronology, and radiocarbon dating provides a framework for interpreting the paleoseismic history of the fault zone. A late Wisconsinan alluvial-fan and piedmont unit containing a 32-36 ka tephra layer is a key stratigraphic datum for paleoseismic measurements. Exploratory trenching and radiocarbon dating of tectonic stratigraphy provide the first estimates for timing of late Quaternary faulting along the Cedar Mountain fault zone. Three trenches display evidence for six faulting events, including that in 1932, during the past 32-36 ka. Radiocarbon dating of organic soils interstratified with tectonically ponded silts establishes best-fit ages of the pre-1932 events at 4, 5, 12, 15, and 18 ka, each with +/-2 ka uncertainties. On the basis of an estimated cumulative net slip of 6-12 m for the six faulting events, minimum and maximum late Quaternary slip rates are 0.2 and 0.7 mm/yr, respectively, and the preferred rate is 0.4-0.5 mm/yr. The average recurrence (interseismic) interval is 3600 Sr. The relatively uniform thickness of the ponded deposits suggests that similar-size, characteristic rupture events may characterize late Quaternary slip on the zone. A comparison of event timing,vith the average late Quaternary recurrence interval indicates that slip has been largely regular (periodic) rather than temporally clustered. To account for the spatial separation of the primary surface faulting in Monte Cristo Valley from the epicenter and for a factor-of-two-to-three disparity between the instrumentally and geologically determined seismic moments associated with the earthquake, rye hypothesize two alternative tectonic models containing undetected subevents. Either model would adequately account for the observed faulting on the basis of wrench-fault kinematics that may be associated with the Walker Lane. The 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake is considered an important modern analogue for seismotectonic modeling and estimating seismic hazard in the Walker Lane region. In contrast to most other historical events in the Basin and Range province, the 1932 event did not occur along a major range-bounding fault, and no single, throughgoing basement structure can account for the observed rupture pattern. The 1932 faulting supports the concept that major earthquakes in the Basin and Range province can exhibit complicated distributive rupture patterns and that slip rate may not be a reliable criterion for modeling seismic hazard. C1 Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM jbell@equinox.unr.edu NR 67 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 111 IS 6 BP 791 EP 807 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0791:SFAPHO>2.3.CO;2 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 201KR UT WOS:000080594400001 ER PT J AU Borchardt, G Lienkaemper, JJ AF Borchardt, G Lienkaemper, JJ TI Pedogenic calcite as evidence for an early Holocene dry period in the San Francisco Bay area, California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SLIP RATE; NEVADA; CALIBRATION; CARBONATES; ORIGIN; FAULT AB Rainfall at the site of Union City, California, during early Holocene time appears to have been about half that of today, 470 mm/yr, We base this conclusion on detailed descriptions and particle-size analyses of 12 soil profiles and 1:20 scale logs of the fluvial stratigraphy in two 100-m-long, 5-m-deep excavations dug perpendicular to the axis of an alluvial fan along the Hayward fault. Subsidence and right-lateral movement along the fault allowed an offset stream to produce a nearly continuous alluvial record documented by 35 C-14 ages on detrital charcoal. Bk (calcitic) horizons in paleosols developed in the fan suggest that a relatively dry climatic period occurred from 10 to 7 ha (calendar-corrected ages). The pedogenic calcite exists primarily as vertically oriented filaments and fine, cavernous nodules formed at ped intersections. Soils and paleosols formed before 10 ha or since 7 ha did not have Bk horizons. Bk horizons that were buried suddenly at 7 ka were overlain by leached zones averaging 41 +/- 3 cm thick-about half the current depth of leaching. C1 Soil Tecton, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. California Dept Conservat, Div Mines & Geol, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Borchardt, G (reprint author), Soil Tecton, POB 5335, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 111 IS 6 BP 906 EP 918 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0906:PCAEFA>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 201KR UT WOS:000080594400008 ER PT J AU Amelung, F Galloway, DL Bell, JW Zebker, HA Laczniak, RJ AF Amelung, F Galloway, DL Bell, JW Zebker, HA Laczniak, RJ TI Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SAR INTERFEROMETRY; FIELD; CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE AB Land subsidence in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, between April 1992 and December 1997 was measured using spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar, The detailed deformation maps clearly show that the spatial extent of subsidence is controlled by geologic structures (faults) and sediment composition (clay thickness). The maximum detected subsidence during the 5.75 yr period is 19 cm. Comparison with leveling data indicates that the subsidence rates declined during the past decade as a result of rising ground-water levels brought about by a net reduction in ground-water extraction. Temporal analysis also detects seasonal subsidence and uplift patterns, which provide information about the elastic and inelastic properties of the aquifer system and their spatial variability. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Geol Survey, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Amelung, F (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Amelung, Falk/J-9042-2012; OI Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 NR 21 TC 239 Z9 253 U1 2 U2 41 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 6 BP 483 EP 486 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0483:STUADO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 201KU UT WOS:000080594600001 ER PT J AU Dean, WE Piper, DZ Peterson, LC AF Dean, WE Piper, DZ Peterson, LC TI Molybdenum accumulation in Cariaco basin sediment over the past 24 k.y.: A record of water-column anoxia and climate SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OCEAN CIRCULATION; GEOCHEMISTRY AB Molybdenum (Mo) concentrations in a sediment core from the Cariaco basin on the Venezuelan continental shelf can be partitioned between a marine fraction and a terrigenous fraction. The accumulation rate of the marine fraction of Mo increased abruptly 15 000 calendar years ago (15 ka), from <0.5 mu g.cm(-2).yr(-1) to >4 mu g.cm(-2).yr(-1), and then decreased abruptly at 9 ha, The accumulation rate remained high throughout this 6 k.y. period, but exhibited maxima at 15-14 and 12.5 ka, corresponding in time to meltwater pulse LA into the Gulf of Mexico and the onset of the Younger Dryas cold event, respectively The marine fraction of Mo is interpreted in terms of redox conditions of bottom water, as dictated by both the flux of settling organic matter and bottom-water residence time. Correspondence between geochemical extremes in this core with changes in sea level and global climate demonstrates the high degree to which this ocean-margin basin has responded to the paleoceanographic regime throughout the past 24 k.y. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 20 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 6 BP 507 EP 510 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0507:MAICBS>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 201KU UT WOS:000080594600007 ER PT J AU Nathenson, M AF Nathenson, M TI The dependence of permeability on effective stress from flow tests at hot dry rock reservoirs at Rosemanowes (Cornwall) and Fenton Hill (New Mexico) SO GEOTHERMICS LA English DT Article DE hot dry rock; HDR; permeability; stress; Rosemanowes, Cornwall, UK; Fenton Hill, New Mexico, USA ID EFFECTIVE PRESSURE LAW; FORCED FLUID-FLOW; CONFINING PRESSURE; PORE PRESSURE; POROUS ROCK; FRACTURE; GRANITE; SITE AB Effective stress is the primary control on permeability and thus on flow and water loss for two-well hot dry rock systems involving injection and production that have been tested to date. Theoretical relations are derived for the flow between an injector and producer, including the dependence of permeability on effective stress, Four relations for permeability as a function of effective stress are used to match field data for the hot dry rock systems at Rosemanowes Cornwall, and Fenton Hill, New Mexico. The flow and water loss behavior of these systems are well explained by the influence of effective stress on permeability. All four relations for permeability as a function of effective stress are successful in matching the field data, but some have difficulty in determining unique values for elastic and hydrologic parameters. (C) 1999 CNR, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Nathenson, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Nathenson, Manuel/0000-0002-5216-984X NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0375-6505 J9 GEOTHERMICS JI Geothermics PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 315 EP 340 DI 10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00011-5 PG 26 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 216QF UT WOS:000081452800002 ER PT J AU Di Filippo, M Lombardi, S Nappi, G Reimer, GM Renzulli, A Toro, B AF Di Filippo, M Lombardi, S Nappi, G Reimer, GM Renzulli, A Toro, B TI Volcano-tectonic structures, gravity and helium in geothermal areas of Tuscany and Latium (Vulsini volcanic district), Italy SO GEOTHERMICS LA English DT Article DE volcanology; gravity; helium; geochemistry; Vulsini; Italy AB Since the early 1980s, geological and structural mapping, gravity, and helium soil-gas studies have been performed in the eastern sector of the Vulsini Volcanic District (Roman Magmatic Province) in an attempt to locate potential geothermal reservoirs. This area is characterised by an anomalous geothermal gradient of >100 degrees C/km, and by widespread hydrothermal mineralization, thermal springs, high gas fluxes, and fossil and current travertine deposits. The results of these surveys indicate the existence of a number of fault systems, with N-S and E-W structures that appear to be superimposed on older NW-SE and NE-SW features, Comparison of the results of the various studies also reveals differences in permeability and potential reservoir structures at depth. (C) 1999 CNR. Published by Elsevier Science I,td, All rights reserved. C1 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Urbino, Ist Mineral & Petrol, I-61029 Urbino, Italy. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Toro, B (reprint author), Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RI Lombardi, Salvatore/D-3853-2009 NR 49 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0375-6505 J9 GEOTHERMICS JI Geothermics PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 377 EP 393 DI 10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00014-0 PG 17 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 216QF UT WOS:000081452800005 ER PT J AU Jones, JL Roberts, LM AF Jones, JL Roberts, LM TI The relative merits of monitoring and domestic wells for ground water quality investigations SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB The results of two studies of the effect of agricultural land use on shallow ground water quality indicate that monitoring wells may be a better choice than domestic wells for studies of pesticide occurrence or transport, or for use as early-warning indicators of potential drinking water contamination. Because domestic wells represent the used resource, and because domestic well water may be affected by historical rather than current pesticide and landuse practices, domestic wells would be the best choice for an investigation of drinking water quality. The key difference between the domestic and monitoring wells appears to be that the monitoring wells in this study were installed exclusively to sample the shallowest possible ground water. For these studies, 48 shallow domestic wells and 41 monitoring wells were located randomly within two land-use settings (row crops and orchards) in an irrigated agricultural region of eastern Washington and sampled for 145 pesticides (including nine pesticide degradates) and common water quality indicators. Constructing and sampling monitoring wells required approximately four times the resources (including manpower and materials) as locating and sampling domestic wells. Sample collection and quality assurance procedures and analytical techniques were identical except that a portable submersible pump was required for monitoring wells. In both land-use settings, no significant difference in nitrate concentration was found between well types; however, the average number of pesticides detected per well was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the monitoring wells. A greater variety of pesticides was detected in monitoring wells; many were detected only in monitoring wells. More than 60% of detections of pesticides that were found only in domestic wells were of compounds that are no longer in use. These differences in ground water quality found in this study relate to the depth of the well and are apparently related to the age of ground water in the two types of wells and the greater effects of sorption, degradation, dilution, and dispersion that accompany longer ground water residence times. The decision to invest resources in monitoring wells should be made in light of the study objective and should consider these differences in results from the two types of wells as well as the relative costs. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tacoma, WA USA. RP Jones, JL (reprint author), 1201 Pacific Ave,Ste 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 138 EP 144 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1999.tb00228.x PG 7 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 228YG UT WOS:000082164700009 ER PT J AU Bury, RB Adams, MJ AF Bury, RB Adams, MJ TI Variation in age at metamorphosis across a latitudinal gradient for the tailed frog, Ascaphus truei SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Anura; Ascaphus truei; tadpoles; ageing; size classes; life history; metamorphosis; phenotypic plasticity ID AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS; LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; RANA-SYLVATICA; LIFE-HISTORY; RESPONSES; GROWTH; SIZE AB Tailed frogs (Ascaphus trucei) occur in permanent, cold streams in northwestern North America. Their tadpoles reportedly undergo metamorphosis after 2-4 years. Coastal populations that we examined transformed in 2 yr from the Olympic peninsula in Washington to northern Oregon, but in 1 yr from central Oregon to northern California. One inland site in northern California had a 2-yr period. Age at metamorphosis was consistent over different years. We suggest that total length and developmental stage accurately define cohorts for larval Ascaphus. Hind-leg length indicates whether metamorphs are a separate age class from tadpoles. Age at metamorphosis (1-4 yr) appears to reflect broad differences in climatic conditions. However, at a regional scale, Variation is low and suggests a lack of sensitivity to local environmental conditions. This may be due to seasonal constraints on the time when metamorphosis occurs (late summer). C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bury, RB (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI JOHNSON CITY PA EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, BOX 70726, JOHNSON CITY, TN 37614-0726 USA SN 0018-0831 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD JUN PY 1999 VL 55 IS 2 BP 283 EP 291 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 272BF UT WOS:000084630100017 ER PT J AU Pyron, M Covich, AP Black, RW AF Pyron, M Covich, AP Black, RW TI On the relative importance of pool morphology and woody debris to distributions of shrimp in a Puerto Rican headwater stream SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE woody debris; stream ecology; freshwater shrimp; tropical ecology; Puerto Rico ID FRESH-WATER SHRIMP; HURRICANE HUGO; TROPICAL STREAM; DISTURBANCE; ECOLOGY; FOREST AB In this paper, we report the sizes and distributional orientation of woody debris in a headwater rainforest stream in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), Puerto Rico. We also provide results of a 4-month study of a wood addition experiment designed to increase cover for benthic macroinvertebrates (freshwater shrimp). We added branch-sized woody debris to 20 pools in three streams. We trapped four species of freshwater shrimp (two species of benthic detritivores and two predatory shrimp species) during each of the 4 months following wood additions. An analysis of pool morphology (maximum depth, surface area and volume) provided a useful predictor of shrimp abundances. In general, numbers of shrimps increased with sizes of stream pools. A repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated no effect of woody debris additions on total numbers of shrimp per pool area. Two detritivore species (Atya lanipes, a filter feeder and Xiphocaris elongata, a shredder) decreased in abundance with increased woody debris and there was no statistical relationship between woody debris additions and predators (Macrobrachium carcinus and M. crenulatum). Small woody debris additions may have altered flow velocities that were important to filter-feeding Atya at the microhabitat scale, although the overall velocities within pools were not altered by wood additions. Lower numbers of Atya and Xiphocaris in two of the three streams may result from the occurrence of two predaceous fishes (American eel and mountain mullet) and more predatory Macrobrachium in these streams. One likely interpretation of the results of this study is that the stream pools in these study reaches had sufficient habitat structure provided by numerous rock crevices (among large rocks and boulders) to provide refuge from predators. Addition of woody debris did not add significantly to the existing structure. These results may not apply to stream channels with sand and gravel substrata where crevices and undercut banks are lacking and where woody debris often plays a major role by providing structure and refuge. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA USA. RP Pyron, M (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Sch Sci, Erie, PA 16563 USA. RI Pyron, Mark/D-4572-2011 OI Pyron, Mark/0000-0003-0451-7827 NR 20 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUN PY 1999 VL 405 BP 207 EP 215 DI 10.1023/A:1003831828423 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 258BR UT WOS:000083818600019 ER PT J AU Fanale, FP Granahan, JC McCord, TB Hansen, G Hibbitts, CA Carlson, R Matson, D Ocampo, A Kamp, L Smythe, W Leader, F Mehlman, R Greeley, R Sullivan, R Geissler, P Barth, C Hendrix, A Clark, B Helfenstein, P Veverka, J Belton, MJS Becker, K Becker, T AF Fanale, FP Granahan, JC McCord, TB Hansen, G Hibbitts, CA Carlson, R Matson, D Ocampo, A Kamp, L Smythe, W Leader, F Mehlman, R Greeley, R Sullivan, R Geissler, P Barth, C Hendrix, A Clark, B Helfenstein, P Veverka, J Belton, MJS Becker, K Becker, T CA Galileo NIMS Instrument Team SSI Instrument Team UVS Instrument Team TI Galileo's multiinstrument spectral view of Europe's surface composition SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER; REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; MU-M; SATELLITES; GANYMEDE; SPECTROSCOPY; MIXTURES; CALLISTO; JUPITER AB We have combined spectral reflectance data from the Solid State Imaging (SSI) experiment, the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), and the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) in an attempt to determine the composition and implied genesis of non-H2O components in the optical surface of Europa, We have considered four terrains: (1) the "dark terrains" on the trailing hemisphere, (2) the "mottled terrain," (3) the linea on the leading hemisphere, and (4) the linea embedded in the dark terrain on the trailing hemisphere. The darker materials in these terrains exhibit remarkably similar spectra in both the visible and near infrared. In the visible, a downturn toward shorter wavelengths has been attributed to sulfur. The broad concentrations of dark material on the trailing hemisphere was originally thought to be indicative of exogenic sulfur implantation. While an exogenic cause is still probable, more recent observations by the UVS team at higher spatial resolution have led to their suggestions that the role of the bombardment may have primarily been to sputter away overlying ice and to reveal underlying endogenic non-H2O contaminants, If so, this might explain why the spectra in all these terrains are so similar despite the fact that the contaminants in the linea are clearly endogenic and those in the mottled terrain are almost certainly so. In the near infrared, all these terrains exhibit much more asymmetrical bands at 1.4 and 2.0 mu m at shorter wavelengths than spectra from elsewhere on Europa. It has been argued that this is because the water molecules are bound in hydrated salts. However, this interpretation has been challenged and it has also been argued that pure coarse ice can exhibit such asymmetric bands under certain conditions. The nature of this controversy is briefly discussed, as are theoretical and experimental studies bearing on this problem. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Sci & Technol Int, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geol & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Fanale, FP (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Hibbitts, Charles/B-7787-2016 OI Hibbitts, Charles/0000-0001-9089-4391 NR 42 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JUN PY 1999 VL 139 IS 2 BP 179 EP 188 DI 10.1006/icar.1999.6117 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 216XJ UT WOS:000081469500002 ER PT J AU Finkelman, RB Gross, PMK AF Finkelman, RB Gross, PMK TI The types of data needed for assessing the environmental and human health impacts of coal SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Geological Congress CY AUG 08-09, 1996 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA DE coal quality; databases; environmental impact; human health ID RESIDUES; SELENIUM AB Coal is one of the most important sources of energy. Its worldwide use will continue to expand during the next several decades, particularly in rapidly developing countries such as China and India. Unfortunately, coal use may bring with it environmental and human health costs. Many of the environmental and health problems attributed to coal combustion are due to mobilization of potentially toxic elements. Some of these problems could be minimized or even avoided if comprehensive databases containing appropriate coal quality information were available to decision makers so that informed decisions could be made regarding coal use. Among the coal quality parameters that should be included in these databases are: C, H, N, O, pyritic sulfur, organic sulfur, major, minor, and trace element concentrations, modes of occurrence of environmentally sensitive elements, cleanability, mineralogy, organic chemistry, petrography, and leachability. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Finkelman, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS956, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 37 TC 82 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2-3 BP 91 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00061-5 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 212VB UT WOS:000081237300003 ER PT J AU Orem, WH Feder, GL Finkelman, RB AF Orem, WH Feder, GL Finkelman, RB TI A possible link between Balkan endemic nephropathy and the leaching of toxic organic compounds from Pliocene lignite by groundwater: preliminary investigation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Geological Congress CY AUG 08-09, 1996 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA DE Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN); Pliocene lignites; toxic organic compounds ID OCHRATOXIN-A; HUMAN BLOOD; COALIFICATION; FEATURES; TUNISIA; WOOD; PEAT AB Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a fatal kidney disease that is known to occur only in clusters of villages in alluvial valleys of tributaries of the Danube River in Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bosnia, and Croatia. The confinement of this disease to a specific geographic area has led to speculation that an environmental factor may be involved in the etiology of BEN. Numerous environmental factors have been suggested as causative agents for producing BEN, including toxic metals in drinking water, metal deficiency in soils of BEN areas, and environmental mycotoxins to name a few. These hypotheses have either been disproved or have failed to conclusively demonstrate a connection to the etiology of BEN, or the clustering of BEN villages, in previous work, we observed a distinct geographic relationship between the distribution of Pliocene lignites in the Balkans and BEN villages. We hypothesized that the long-term consumption of well water containing toxic organic compounds derived from the leaching of nearby Pliocene lignites by groundwater was a primary factor in the etiology of BEN. In our current work, chemical analysis using C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR) spectroscopy indicated a high degree of organic functionality in Pliocene lignite from the Balkans, and suggested that groundwater can readily leach organic matter from these coal beds. Semi-quantitative gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis of solvent extracts of groundwater from shallow wells in BEN villages indicated the presence of potentially toxic aromatic compounds, such as napthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene at concentrations in the ppb range. Laboratory leaching of Balkan Pliocene Lignites with distilled water yielded soluble organic matter (> 500 MW) containing large amounts of aromatic structures similar to the simple/discrete aromatic compounds detected in well water from BEN villages. These preliminary results are permissive of our hypothesis and suggest that further work on the possible relationship between the etiology of BEN and toxic aromatic substances leached from Pliocene lignites in well water is warranted. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Geol Div, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Orem, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Div, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 61 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2-3 BP 237 EP 252 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00071-8 PG 16 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 212VB UT WOS:000081237300013 ER PT J AU Link, WA Sauer, JR AF Link, WA Sauer, JR TI Controlling for varying effort in count surveys - An analysis of christmas bird count data SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE loglinear models; longitudinal data AB The Christmas Bird Count (CBC) is a valuable source of information about midwinter populations of birds in the continental U.S. and Canada. Analysis of CBC data is complicated by substantial variation among sites and years in effort expended in counting; this feature of the CBC is common to many other wildlife surveys. Specification of a method for adjusting counts for effort is a matter of some controversy. Here, we present models for longitudinal count surveys with varying effort; these describe the effect of effort as proportional to exp(B effort(P)), where B and p are parameters. For any fixed p, our models are loglinear in the transformed explanatory variable (effort)(P) and other covariables. Hence, we fit a collection of loglinear models corresponding to a range of values of p and select the best effort adjustment from among these on the basis of fit statistics. We apply this procedure to data for six bird species in five regions, for the period 1959-1988. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Link, WA (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 4 IS 2 BP 116 EP 125 DI 10.2307/1400592 PG 10 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 216GR UT WOS:000081433500004 ER PT J AU Weiland, LK Mesa, MG Maule, AG AF Weiland, LK Mesa, MG Maule, AG TI Influence of infection with Renibacterium salmoninarum on susceptibility of juvenile spring chinook salmon to gas bubble trauma SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; CAUSATIVE AGENT; SOLUBLE-ANTIGEN; PACIFIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; COLUMBIA; ELISA AB During experiments in our laboratory to assess the progression and severity of gas bubble trauma (GBT) in juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, we had the opportunity to assess the influence of Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, on the susceptibility of salmon to GBT. We exposed fish with an established infection of Rs to 120% total dissolved gas (TDG) for 96 h and monitored severity of GET signs in the fins and gills, Rs infection level in kidneys by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mortality. Mortality occurred rapidly after exposure to 120% TDG, with a LT2O (time necessary to kill 20% of the population) of about 37 h, which is at a minimum about 16% earlier than other bioassays we have conducted using fish that had no apparent signs of disease. Fish that died early (from 31 to 36 h and from 49 to 52 h) had significantly higher infection levels (mean +/- SE ELISA absorbance = 1.532 +/- 0.108) than fish that survived for 96 h (mean +/- SE ELISA absorbance = 0.828 +/- 0.137). Fish that died early also had a significantly greater number of gill filaments occluded with bubbles than those that survived 96 h. Conversely, fish that survived for 96 h had a significantly higher median fin severity ranking than those that died early. Our results indicate that fish with moderate to high levels of Rs infection are more vulnerable to the effects of dissolved gas supersaturation (DGS) and die sooner than fish with lower levels of Rs infection. However, there is a substantial amount of individual variation in susceptibility to the apparent cumulative effects of DGS and Rs infection. Collectively, our findings have important implications to programs designed to monitor the prevalence and severity of GBT in juvenile salmonids in areas like the Columbia River basin, and perhaps elsewhere. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Mesa, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 123 EP 129 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0123:IOIWRS>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 316TP UT WOS:000087184400004 ER PT J AU VanderKooi, SP Maule, AG AF VanderKooi, SP Maule, AG TI Prevalence of Renibacterium salmoninarum in juvenile spring Chinook salmon at Columbia and Snake river hatcheries, 1993-1996 SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BROOD STOCK SEGREGATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; CAUSATIVE AGENT; COHO SALMON; INFECTION; PROGENY AB We monitored the prevalence and severity of Renibacterium salmoninarum (RS) infections in juvenile hatchery spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at eight Columbia and Snake river hatcheries from 1993 through 1996. This study followed a prior study that monitored RS in the same hatcheries from 1988 through 1992. In the current study, we found that the prevalence of RS-positive fish declined at two hatcheries relative to the preceding 5 years. prevalence dropped from near 90% in 1992 to below 50% at both sites by 1993 and was less than 20% at three locations in 1995. In contrast, prevalence increased at four of seven sites in 1993 and six of seven sites in 1994. This indicated that previously reported declines in RS prevalence at these locations might have been temporary. Our results showed that in 1993 the majority of fish at all monitored hatcheries had low RS-antigen levels and remained that way at most locations through 1996. These results suggest that certain hatchery practices may limit the severity of RS infections. Although elevations at two sites in 1994 and 1995 indicate reductions in RS were temporary in the short term, long-term monitoring will undoubtedly be required given the many factors that influence disease processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Maule, AG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 162 EP 169 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0162:PORSIJ>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 316TP UT WOS:000087184400010 ER PT J AU Bakal, RS Harms, CA Khoo, LH Stoskopf, MK AF Bakal, RS Harms, CA Khoo, LH Stoskopf, MK TI Sinus venosus catheterization for repeated vascular access in the hybrid striped bass SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CANNULATION; BLOOD AB Placement of vascular cannulae for repeat ed venous blood sampling has proven to be a useful technique in many fish species. The anatomy and size of the hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis female x M. chrysops male) makes this procedure challenging in this species. The sinus venosus was determined to be the best site for catheter placement based on size, accessibility, and ability to stabilize the catheter within it. Catheterization of the sinus venosus with a 20-gauge x 3.8-cm flexible Teflon catheter was unsuccessful because the catheter folded on itself, occluding the lumen. Catheterization with an 18-gauge x 3.8-cm hypodermic needle was also unsuccessful because the sinus wall occluded the needle lumen when negative pressure was applied. However, 18-gauge x 3.8-cm intravascular needles remained patent in free-swimming fish for 2 weeks without major complications. An external fixation device to prevent migration of the catheter out of the sinus venosus and laceration of the sinus wall during normal swimming movements improved the technique. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Compan Anim & Special Species Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Bakal, RS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Warm Springs Reg Fish Hlth Ctr, 5151 Spring St, Warm Springs, GA 31830 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 187 EP 191 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0187:SVCFRV>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 316TP UT WOS:000087184400015 ER PT J AU Ewing, MS Blazer, VS Fabacher, DL Little, EE Kocan, KM AF Ewing, MS Blazer, VS Fabacher, DL Little, EE Kocan, KM TI Channel catfish response to ultraviolet-B radiation SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CLUB CELLS; SULFATE; SKIN; FISH AB Fingerling channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus exposed to simulated ultraviolet-B radiation at an average daily dose of 2.9 J/cm(2) were quite sensitive to the radiation. After a 24-h exposure, thinning of the most dorsal epidermis frequently was accompanied by edema. Compared with epidermis of unexposed fish, mucous cells in exposed fish were less superficial and club cells were less numerous both dorsally and high on the lateral surface of the body. Sunburn cells with pyknotic nuclei were evident in the epidermis of exposed fish. Among fish exposed for 48 h, focal necrosis and sloughing of the outer epidermal layer were widespread. A methonol-extractable skin substance that is associated with resistance to sunburn in other fish species was not detected in channel catfish. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Anat Pathol & Pharmacol Dept, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Ewing, MS (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 192 EP 197 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0192:CCRTUB>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 316TP UT WOS:000087184400016 ER PT J AU Marshall, WS Emberley, TR Singer, TD Bryson, SE McCormick, SD AF Marshall, WS Emberley, TR Singer, TD Bryson, SE McCormick, SD TI Time course of salinity adaptation in a strongly euryhaline estuarine teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus: A multivariable approach SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chloride cell; killifish; Fundulus heteroclitus; cortisol; immunoassay; salinity adaptation; Ussing chamber; citrate synthase; Na+/K+-ATPase; cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; K+-ATPASE ACTIVITY; CHLORIDE CELLS; RAINBOW-TROUT; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; SEAWATER ADAPTATION; FRESH-WATER; HYPOOSMOREGULATORY MECHANISMS AB Freshwater-adapted killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were transferred directly from soft fresh water to full-strength sea water for periods of 1 h, 3 h, 8 h and 1, 2, 7, 14 and 30 days, Controls were transferred to fresh water for 24 h. Measured variables included: blood [Na+], osmolality, glucose and cortisol levels, basal and stimulated rates of ion transport and permeability of in vitro opercular epithelium, gill Na+/K+-ATPase and citrate synthase activity and chloride cell ultrastructure. These data were compared with previously published killifish cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (kfCFTR) expression in the gills measured over a similar time course, Plasma cortisol levels peaked at 1 h, coincident with a rise in plasma [Na+]. At 8 h after transfer to sea water, a time at which previous work has shown kfCFTR expression to be elevated, blood osmolality and [Na+] were high, and cortisol levels and opercular membrane short-circuit current (I-sc; a measure of Cl- secretion rate) were low. The 24 h group, which showed the highest level of kfCFTR expression, had the highest plasma [Na+] and osmolality, elevated plasma cortisol levels, significantly lower opercular membrane resistance, an increased opercular membrane ion secretion rate and collapsed tubule inclusions in mitochondria-rich cells, but no change in gill Na+/K+-ATPase and citrate synthase activity or plasma glucose levels, Apparently, killifish have a rapid (<1 h) cortisol response to salinity coupled to subsequent (8-48 h) expression of kfCFTR anion channel proteins in existing mitochondria-rich cells that convert transport from ion uptake to ion secretion. C1 St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Anaesthesiol, Lab Cellular & Mol Physiol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Lab, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Marshall, WS (reprint author), St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. NR 34 TC 122 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 11 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 202 IS 11 BP 1535 EP 1544 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 207HE UT WOS:000080930700008 ER PT J AU Sykes, PW Kepler, CB Litzenberger, KL Sansing, HR Lewis, ETR Hatfield, JS AF Sykes, PW Kepler, CB Litzenberger, KL Sansing, HR Lewis, ETR Hatfield, JS TI Density and habitat of breeding Swallow-tailed Kites in the Lower Suwannee Ecosystem, Florida SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Historically the Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus) bred in the United States in at least 16 eastern states. Currently it is restricted to seven southeastern states, with most of its breeding range in Florida. Breeding Bird Surveys indicate a declining trend for this Neotropical migrant in most of Florida. Using a rapid survey technique at the Lower Suwannee NWR on 25-27 Mar. 1997, we scanned for kites from 16 sampling stations above the forest canopy, using 10x binoculars for 45 min per station. An effective detection distance of 2.4 km provided almost complete coverage of kite habitat (excluding salt marsh) on the refuge (14,620 ha) and in a 1.6-km buffer (13,526 ha). A mobile observation platform, extended to heights of 30-34 m provided an unobstructed view above the forest canopy where foraging bouts, feeding, courtship displays, and other activities by this species occur. This technique was found to be efficient in obtaining an estimate of potential breeding pairs. An estimated 19 breeding pairs were observed, with possibly five additional pairs, a density of at least one pair per 1173-1407 ha. There was no opportunity to search for nests so we were unable to correlate number of active nests with the number of kites observed, and linear nature of study area might concentrate birds, including nonbreeders, so our density of kites may or may not be typical for other areas. The refuge has a mosaic of 11 different habitats (7 forest types, freshwater and salt marshes, open water and urban/suburban) providing much linear edge to the matrix of different plant communities that range in height from less than 1 m to greater than 30 m. Such structure provides quality habitat for Swallow-tailed Kites. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, USGS, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lower Suwannee Natl Wildlife Refuge, Chiefland, FL 32626 USA. Suwannee River Water Management Dist, Live Oak, FL 32060 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Sykes, PW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, USGS, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 8 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 321 EP 336 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 244UX UT WOS:000083070100003 ER PT J AU Stolley, DS Bissonette, JA Kadlec, JA AF Stolley, DS Bissonette, JA Kadlec, JA TI Evaluation of methods to estimate gosling survival SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CANADA AB Five common approaches hare been used to determine survival of Canada Goose goslings. Two focus directly on broods without marks (mean brood size and total gosling counts), two focus an counting either marked goslings or the goslings of marked adults, and the last is entirely statistical (meta-analysis). We briefly describe each technique and some inherent problems. We argue that comparisons of gosling survival rates based on average brood size or meta-analysis are likely to result in overestimation, while those based on total gosling counts may result in either under or overestimation. Survival rates based on marked adults or goslings promise results closer to the true state of nature, although some problems will still persist. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS BRD, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Stolley, DS (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS BRD, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0273-8570 EI 1557-9263 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 374 EP 379 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 244UX UT WOS:000083070100008 ER PT J AU Benson, J Suryan, RM AF Benson, J Suryan, RM TI A leg-noose for capturing adult Kittiwakes at the nest SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; SURVIVAL; COLONY; COSTS AB We developed a leg-noose for capturing adult Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), a cliff-nesting, colonial seabird. The capture device consisted of an adjustable wire base secured to the rim of the nest. The base is simple to construct, and we describe three design options. The base held open a circular noose that was used to snare a kittiwake around the tarsometatarsi. A spool of line attached to the noose permitted the capturer to move away from the colony, encouraging the birds' return. Using this device, we captured 75 kittiwakes in 1996 and 1997. In particular, the leg-noose proved invaluable in the safe capture and recapture of specific individuals for our study that could not be captured by noose-pole. This leg-noose concept is versatile and could be adapted for capture of other nesting avian species. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Benson, J (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 393 EP 399 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 244UX UT WOS:000083070100010 ER PT J AU Richardson, DM Copeland, M Bradford, JW AF Richardson, DM Copeland, M Bradford, JW TI Translocation of orphaned Red-cockaded Woodpecker nestlings SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STRATEGIES; POPULATION AB We translocated two orphaned Red-cockaded Woodpecker nestlings to unrelated Red-cockaded Woodpecker groups with young of similar age in 1996 at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge, Mississippi. Both orphaned nestlings were accepted by foster groups and raised to fledgling stage along with the natal nestling at each nest. Translocation of young from large broods to other nests with 1-2 young could potentially increase productivity in small Red-cockaded Woodpecker populations. Additional research is needed to determine if translocating nestlings can be used to lower brood reduction without affecting survivorship of the recipient nestlings and adults, or serve as a means of genetic exchange among populations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Noxubee Natl Wildlife Refuge, Brooksville, MS 39739 USA. RP Richardson, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Noxubee Natl Wildlife Refuge, Brooksville, MS 39739 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 400 EP 403 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 244UX UT WOS:000083070100011 ER PT J AU White, DH Chapman, BR Brunjes, JH Raftovich, RV Seginak, JT AF White, DH Chapman, BR Brunjes, JH Raftovich, RV Seginak, JT TI Abundance and reproduction of songbirds in burned and unburned pine forests of the Georgia Piedmont SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; NEST PREDATION; HABITAT; SUCCESS; BIRDS AB We studied the abundance and productivity of songbirds in prescribed burned and unburned mature (>60 yr) pine forests at Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia, during 1993-1995. We estimated species abundance, richness, and evenness using data from 312 point counts in 18 burned sites and sis unburned sites. We measured gross habitat features in 0.04-ha circles centered on each point count station. We calculated productivity estimates at nests of seven of the most common nesting species. Habitat components we measured in 1-, 2-, and 3-yr post-burn sites were similar, but most components differed between burned and unburned sites. Although 98 species were detected during point counts, we report only on the 46 species that nested in the area and were detected greater than or equal to 10% of the counts in either habitat class. Twenty-one species preferred burned sites and six preferred unburned sites. Avian species richness and evenness were similar for burned and unburned sites. Burned sites were preferred for nesting over unburned sites. Only nine nests of six species were found in unburned sites. Productivity; estimates were low in burned sites. One or more eggs hatched in only 59 of 187 nests monitored, and an avenge of only 0.82 chicks per nest were estimated to have fledged. Predation was the most common probable cause for nest failure, ranging from 45% in the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) to 64% in the Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra). Because the sources of predation at the refuge are unknown, future research should address this issue. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP White, DH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 6 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 414 EP 424 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 244UX UT WOS:000083070100013 ER PT J AU Smallwood, JA Natale, C Steenhof, K Meetz, M Marti, CD Melvin, RJ Bortolotti, GR Robertson, R Robertson, S Shuford, WR Lindemann, SA Tornwall, B AF Smallwood, JA Natale, C Steenhof, K Meetz, M Marti, CD Melvin, RJ Bortolotti, GR Robertson, R Robertson, S Shuford, WR Lindemann, SA Tornwall, B TI Clinal variation in the juvenal plumage of American Kestrels SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) is a sexually dichromatic falcon that exhibits considerable individual plumage variability. For example, the anterior extent of the black dorsal barring in juvenile males has been used throughout North America as one of several aging criteria, but recent data demonstrate that the variability among individual Southeastern American Kestrels (F. S. paulus) exceeds that accounted for by age. The objective of this study was to search for geographic patterns in the variability of juvenal plumage, particularly those characteristics considered indicative of age. Nestling kestrels (n = 610) were examined prior to fledging during the 1997 breeding season at nest box programs across a large portion of the North American breeding range. From south to north (1) the crown patches of both males and females become more completely rufous, and (2) shaft streaks on forehead and crown feathers become more pronounced, especially in males. Male Southeastern American Kestrels differed from other males (F. s. sparverius) in that the anterior extent of dorsal barring averaged less but was more variable. The variability observed in North America appears to be part of a dine extending across the species range in the Western Hemisphere, where tropical subspecies are small and have reduced dorsal barring. Both body size and, especially in males, dorsal barring increases with increasing north and south latitude. We suggest that this geographic pattern is adaptive in terms of thermoregulation, and that differences in the sex roles may explain why males become less barred with maturity while females do not. C1 Montclair State Univ, Dept Biol & Mol Biol, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043 USA. USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Weber State Univ, Dept Zool, Ogden, UT 84408 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. Georgia So Univ, Dept Biol, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Smallwood, JA (reprint author), Montclair State Univ, Dept Biol & Mol Biol, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 425 EP 435 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 244UX UT WOS:000083070100014 ER PT J AU Leonard, JBK McCormick, SD AF Leonard, JBK McCormick, SD TI Changes in haematology during upstream migration in American shad SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE migration; spleen; O-2 carrying capacity; American shad; Alosa sapidissima; blood ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; HEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; GROWTH; SPLEEN; CONTRACTION; ENZYMES; TELEOST AB Heart mass of American shad Alosa sapidissima did not change during migration in the Connecticut River. Spleen mass decreased and there was an increase in available blood haemoglobin (+22%) and haematocrit (+9%). The decreases in spleen somatic index (-29%) and spleen haemoglobin content (-15%) were dependent upon distance travelled upriver and not seasonal migration timing or short-term exercise events such as passage up a fish ladder. There was no effect of migration timing on any of the blood parameters measured, suggesting that any physiological responses during migration were based on distance travelled rather than seasonally variable conditions such as temperature, although blood haemoglobin (+24%) and haematocrit (+21%) increased after passage up a fish ladder. These changes in haematological physiology occurring during upstream migration may increase swimming performance and migratory success in American shad. (C) 1999 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Leonard, JBK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res, 1 Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 54 IS 6 BP 1218 EP 1230 DI 10.1006/jfbi.1999.0954 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 199XG UT WOS:000080508900006 ER PT J AU Batzer, DP Shurtleff, AS Robinette, JR AF Batzer, DP Shurtleff, AS Robinette, JR TI Managing fish and invertebrate resources in a wood stork feeding pond SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EAST-CENTRAL GEORGIA AB We monitored densities and growth of juvenile bluegills (< 45 mm sl) stocked in autumn into a coastal Georgia freshwater pond that was managed as a wood stork feeding habitat. Cage experiments were used to examine how fish stocking rates and detrital supplements affected fish survival, fish growth, and the availability of invertebrate food supplies. As fish became large enough (> 50 mm standard length) to be useful wood stork food, the majority sought refuge in beds of vegetation and were thus not readily available to storks until July when a complete drawdown concentrated them in residual water. Bluegill growth and survival were not affected by detrital supplements or fish stocking rates (even as high as 450,000/ha). However, detrital hay supplements increased densities of tadpoles and most invertebrates. Fish density did not significantly affect invertebrate abundance. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Savannah Coastal Refuges, Savannah, GA 31405 USA. RP Batzer, DP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 159 EP 165 DI 10.1080/02705060.1999.9663667 PG 7 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 200VL UT WOS:000080560700003 ER PT J AU Holzer, TL Bennett, MJ Ponti, DJ Tinsley, JC AF Holzer, TL Bennett, MJ Ponti, DJ Tinsley, JC TI Liquefaction and soil failure during 1994 Northridge earthquake SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB The 1994 Northridge, Calif., earthquake caused widespread permanent ground deformation on the gently sloping alluvial fan surface of the San Fernando Valley. The ground cracks and distributed deformation damaged both pipelines and surface structures. To evaluate the mechanism of soil failure, detailed subsurface investigations were conducted at four sites. Three sites are underlain by saturated sandy silts with low standard penetration test and cone penetration test values. These soils are similar to those that liquefied during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, and are shown by widely used empirical relationships to be susceptible to liquefaction. The remaining site is underlain by saturated clay whose undrained shear strength is approximately half the value of the earthquake-induced shear stress at this location. This study demonstrates that the heterogeneous nature of alluvial fan sediments in combination with variations in the ground-water table can be responsible for complex patterns of permanent ground deformation. It may also help to explain some of the spatial variability of strong ground motion observed during the 1994 earthquake. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Holzer, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 125 IS 6 BP 438 EP 452 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:6(438) PG 15 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 198UT UT WOS:000080443200001 ER PT J AU Monello, RJ Wright, RG AF Monello, RJ Wright, RG TI Amphibian habitat preferences among artificial ponds in the Palouse region of northern Idaho SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RANA-CATESBEIANA; INTRODUCED FISHES; PREDATORY FISH; SIERRA-NEVADA; CALIFORNIA; FROG; POPULATIONS; SALAMANDER; SELECTION; BULLFROG C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, USGS Biol Resources Div, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Resource Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Monello, RJ (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 10 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 298 EP 303 DI 10.2307/1565727 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 208EC UT WOS:000080976500016 ER PT J AU Bridges, CM AF Bridges, CM TI Effects of a pesticide on tadpole activity and predator avoidance behavior SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPHIBIAN LARVAE; RESPONSES; METAMORPHOSIS; EXPOSURE; CARBARYL; TOXICITY; RISK C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Bridges, CM (reprint author), USGS, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 28 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 303 EP 306 DI 10.2307/1565728 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 208EC UT WOS:000080976500017 ER PT J AU Jackman, RE Hunt, WG Jenkins, JM Detrich, PJ AF Jackman, RE Hunt, WG Jenkins, JM Detrich, PJ TI Prey of nesting Bald Eagles in northern California SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; California; food habits; prey remains ID FOOD-HABITS; FISHES; DIETS AB Inland nesting Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in northern California preyed on both native and introduced freshwater fish species, primarily brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tui chub (Gila bicolor). At most locations, eagles ate mainly fish; however, birds, principally American Coots (Fulica americana) and Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos),were more important than fish at sites isolated from large rivers. Fish species taken by eagles varied between major drainages: Sacramento sucker were most common in eagle diets at impoundments along the Pit River and the American River, catfish predominated on the Feather River and Trinity River drainages, and tui chub were the principal prey of eagles nesting in the Lahontan System. Mean standard lengths of common prey fishes ranged from 240 mm for brown bullhead to 510 mm for carp; Sacramento sucker prey averaged 393 mm standard length. Productivity of eagle pairs using mostly native fishes on the Pit River was nearly identical to that of pairs taking mostly introduced fishes on the Feather River. We recommended that resource managers consider prey species composition and fish prey sizes in management decisions affecting Bald Eagle breeding habitat. Important manage ment factors affecting fish populations included dam construction and operation and nongame fish control. C1 Garcia & Associates, Fall Rivers Mills, CA 96028 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Predatory Bird Res Grp, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Pacific Gas & Elect Co, Tech Serv, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. Pacific Gas & Elect Co, Ecol Serv, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yreka, CA 96097 USA. RP Jackman, RE (reprint author), Garcia & Associates, POB 776, Fall Rivers Mills, CA 96028 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 87 EP 96 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 210BB UT WOS:000081084300002 ER PT J AU Wood, PB AF Wood, PB TI Bald Eagle response to boating activity in northcentral Florida SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; boat disturbance; Florida; human activity ID NORTH AB I examined the effects of weekend and weekday boating activity on Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) use of three lakes in northcentral Florida during 1988-89. On Lake Lochloosa, which had the highest number of boats of the three lakes, boating activity significantly reduced the numbers of all age classes of eagles using the lake (P < 0.025). Increased boating activity on Lake Wauberg was not related to use by eagles (P = 0.06) likely because boating activity was concentrated during midday while eagles typically foraged early and late in the day. On Newnan's Lake, the number of eagles observed also was nor different between weekends and weekdays (P = 0.20). Weekend boating activity did not relate to perch use, habitat use, interactions or age distribution indicating no alteration of eagle behavior patterns. Flush distance did not vary between weekends and weekdays (P = 0.96), but did vary by month (P = 0.0001), with a greater flush distance during months with highest boating activity. Minimal flush distances ((x) over bar = 53m) and lack of measurable effects on behavior suggested chat eagles in my study area were tolerant of boat disturbance. C1 USGS, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Wood, PB (reprint author), USGS, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 97 EP 101 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 210BB UT WOS:000081084300003 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Whitlock, PL Tsengeg, P Nelson, RW AF Ellis, DH Whitlock, PL Tsengeg, P Nelson, RW TI Siblicide, splayed-toes-flight display, and Grappling in the Saker Falcon SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Sakar Falcon; Falco cherrug; social display; Grappling; siblicide; cannibalism ID PEREGRINE C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, HCR 1,Box 4420, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 164 EP 167 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 210BB UT WOS:000081084300014 ER PT J AU Rabeni, CF Wang, N Sarver, RJ AF Rabeni, CF Wang, N Sarver, RJ TI Evaluating adequacy of the representative stream reach used in invertebrate monitoring programs SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biomonitoring; metrics; invertebrates; stream; sampling; assessment ID HABITAT AB Selection of a representative stream reach is implicitly or explicitly recommended in many biomonitoring protocols using benthic invertebrates. We evaluated the adequacy of sampling a single stream reach selected on the basis of its appearance. We Ist demonstrated the precision of our within-reach sampling. Then we sampled 3 or 4 reaches teach similar to 20X mean width) within an 8-16 km segment on each of 8 streams in 3 ecoregions and calculated 4 common metrics: 1) total taxa; 2) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa; 3) biotic index; and 4) Shannon's diversity index. In only 6% of possible cases was the coefficient of variation for any of the metrics reduced >10% by sampling additional reaches. Sampling a 2nd reach on a stream improved the ability to detect impairment by an average of only 9.3%. Sampling a 3rd reach on a stream additionally improved ability to detect impairment by only 4.5%. We concluded that a single well-chosen reach, if adequately sampled, can be representative of an entire stream segment, and sampling additional reaches within a segment may not be cost effective. C1 Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 284 EP 291 DI 10.2307/1468466 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 220RZ UT WOS:000081682400008 ER PT J AU Anderson, DE Striegl, RG Stannard, DI Michmerhuizen, CM McConnaughey, TA LaBaugh, JW AF Anderson, DE Striegl, RG Stannard, DI Michmerhuizen, CM McConnaughey, TA LaBaugh, JW TI Estimating lake-atmosphere CO2 exchange SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA GAS TRANSFER; AIR-WATER-INTERFACE; EDDY-CORRELATION; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; OPEN-PATH; SURFACE-LAYER; WILLIAMS LAKE; WIND-SPEED; COOL SKIN AB Lake-atmosphere CO2 flux was directly measured above a small, woodland lake using the eddy covariance technique and compared with fluxes deduced from changes in measured lake-water CO2 storage and with Bur predictions from boundary-layer and surface-renewal models. Over a 3-yr period, lake-atmosphere exchanges of CO2 were measured over 5 weeks in spring, summer, and fall. Observed springtime CO2 efflux was large (2.3-2.7 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) immediately after lake-thaw. That efflux decreased exponentially with time to less than 0.2 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) within 2 weeks. Substantial interannual variability was found in the magnitudes of springtime efflux, surface water CO2 concentrations, lake CO2 storage, and meteorological conditions. Summertime measurements show a weak diurnal trend with a small average downward flux (-0.17 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) to the lake's surface, while late fall Bur was trendless and smaller (-0.0021 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)). Large springtime efflux afforded an opportunity to make direct measurement of lake-atmosphere fluxes well above the detection limits of eddy covariance instruments, facilitating the testing of different gas flux methodologies and air-water gas-transfer models. Although there was an overall agreement in fluxes determined by eddy covariance and those calculated from lake-water storage change in CO2, agreement was inconsistent between eddy covariance flux measurements and fluxes predicted by boundary-layer and surface-renewal models. Comparison of measured and modeled transfer velocities for CO2, along with measured and modeled cumulative CO2 flux, indicates that in most instances the surface-renewal model underpredicts actual flux. Greater underestimates were found with comparisons involving homogeneous boundary-layer models. No physical mechanism responsible for the inconsistencies was identified by analyzing coincidentally measured environmental variables. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Biophere 2 Res, Oracle, AZ USA. RP Anderson, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 60 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 33 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 44 IS 4 BP 988 EP 1001 PG 14 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 228QY UT WOS:000082148200002 ER PT J AU Rivera, KS Wohl, KD AF Rivera, KS Wohl, KD TI The FAO seabird initiative - International efforts to reduce seabird bycatch in the longline fisheries: What does that mean at home? An Alaskan perspective SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Protected Resources Div, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Rivera, KS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Protected Resources Div, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 85 EP 87 PG 3 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 225FY UT WOS:000081948800013 ER PT J AU Grace, JB Jutila, H AF Grace, JB Jutila, H TI The relationship between species density and community biomass in grazed and ungrazed coastal meadows SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID TIDAL ALGAL COMMUNITY; INSECT HERBIVORY; STANDING CROP; SALT-MARSH; RICHNESS; DIVERSITY; MODEL; COMPETITION; DISTURBANCE; VEGETATION AB Previous studies hair: indicated that the relationship between community biomass and species density can be represented by a multivariate model in which abiotic variables influence species density both through effects oil biomass and through effects on the species pool. In this paper, we use data from grazed and ungrazed coastal meadows in Finland to evaluate and extend this general conceptual model of the Factors controlling species density. Structural equation analysis was used to evaluate a model for all meadows and then to perform a multigroup analysis to determine how grazed and ungrazed meadows differ. By itself, biomass could explain only 12% of the variation in species density while the multivariate model was able to explain 47% using five types of predictor variables: site, soil, flooding, grazing, and biomass. Analyses found that flooding explained the greatest amount of variability in species density, primarily through negative effects on the species pool. Grazing was also found to have ii strong effect on species density and results suggest that its negative influence may be largely through I reductions in the species pool in grazed meadows. The most important difference found between grazed and ungrazed meadows was that species density had a strong negative relationship to biomass in the ungrazed meadows but no significant relationship in the grazed ones. Thus, it appears that the influence of competition on species density was much greater in ungrazed meadows compared to grazed ones. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Finnish Environm Inst, FIN-13210 Hameenlinna, Finland. RP Grace, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RI Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 NR 71 TC 64 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 37 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JUN PY 1999 VL 85 IS 3 BP 398 EP 408 DI 10.2307/3546689 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 208BB UT WOS:000080969400002 ER PT J AU Mix, AC Morey, AE Pisias, NG Hostetler, SW AF Mix, AC Morey, AE Pisias, NG Hostetler, SW TI Foraminiferal faunal estimates of paleotemperature: Circumventing the no-analog problem yields cool ice age tropics SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; PLANKTONIC-FORAMINIFERA; SOLUTION PATTERNS; LATE PLEISTOCENE; SEDIMENT TRAP; OCEAN; PACIFIC; CLIMATE; THERMOCLINE AB The sensitivity of the tropics to climate change, particularly the amplitude of glacial-to-interglacial changes in sea surface temperature (SST), is one of the great controversies in paleoclimatology. Here we reassess faunal estimates of ice age SSTs, focusing on the problem of no-analog planktonic foraminiferal assemblages in the equatorial oceans that confounds both classical transfer function and modern analog methods. A new calibration strategy developed here, which uses past variability of species to define robust faunal assemblages, solves the no-analog problem and reveals ice age cooling of 5 degrees to 6 degrees C in the equatorial current systems of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans. Classical transfer functions underestimated temperature changes in some areas of the tropical oceans because core-top assemblages misrepresented the ice age faunal assemblages. Our finding is consistent with some geochemical estimates and model predictions of greater ice age cooling in the tropics than was inferred by Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping and Prediction (CLIMAP) [1981] and thus may help to resolve a long-standing controversy. Our new foraminiferal transfer function suggests that such cooling was limited to the equatorial current systems, however, and supports CLIMAP's inference of stability of the subtropical gyre centers. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Mix, AC (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM mix@oce.orst.edu NR 52 TC 145 Z9 152 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD JUN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 350 EP 359 DI 10.1029/1999PA900012 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 198XC UT WOS:000080448700007 ER PT J AU Calfee, RD Little, EE Carey, C Fabacher, DF AF Calfee, RD Little, EE Carey, C Fabacher, DF TI Evaluation of ultraviolet radiation as a causative factor in amphibian declines in montane habitats. SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, BRD, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 69 SI SI BP 90S EP 91S PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 220KB UT WOS:000081663200273 ER PT J AU Little, EE Fabacher, DF Calfee, RD AF Little, EE Fabacher, DF Calfee, RD TI Biological responses to ultraviolet radiation in aquatic systems: An overview. SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, BRD, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 69 SI SI BP 91S EP 92S PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 220KB UT WOS:000081663200276 ER PT J AU Anderson, JM Becker, KJ Kieffer, HH Dodd, DN AF Anderson, JM Becker, KJ Kieffer, HH Dodd, DN TI Real-time control of the Robotic Lunar Observatory Telescope SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article ID STANDARD STARS; CATALOG AB The US Geological Survey operates an automated observatory dedicated to the radiometry of the Moon with the objective of developing a multispectral, spatially resolved photometric model of the Moon to be used in the calibration of Earth-orbiting spacecraft. Interference filters are used with two imaging instruments to observe the Moon in 32 passbands from 350-2500 nm. Three computers control the telescope mount and instruments with a fourth computer acting as a master system to control all observation activities. Real-time control software has been written to operate the instrumentation and to automate the observing process. The observing software algorithms use information including the positions of objects in the sky, the phase of the Moon, and the times of evening and morning twilight to decide how to observe program objects. The observatory has been operating in a routine mode since late 1995 and is expected to continue through at least 2002 without significant modifications. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. RP Anderson, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0004-6280 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 111 IS 760 BP 737 EP 749 DI 10.1086/316375 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 207ZM UT WOS:000080965700010 ER PT J AU Geist, EL Dmowska, R AF Geist, EL Dmowska, R TI Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE tsunami; coseismic displacement; source parameters; nonuniform slip; crack; tsunami runup ID ELASTIC HALF-SPACE; 1992 NICARAGUA EARTHQUAKE; SURFACE DEFORMATION; NANKAI TROUGH; RUN-UP; DISPLACEMENT; FAULT; MODEL; CRACK; WAVES AB Variations in the local tsunami wave field are examined in relation to heterogeneous slip distributions that are characteristic of many shallow subduction zone earthquakes. Assumptions inherent in calculating the coseismic vertical displacement held that defines the initial condition for tsunami propagation are examined. By comparing the seafloor displacement from uniform slip to that from an ideal static crack, we demonstrate that dip-directed slip variations significantly affect the initial cross-sectional wave profile. Because of the hydrodynamic stability of tsunami wave forms, these effects directly impact estimates of maximum runup from the local tsunami. In most cases, an assumption of uniform slip in the dip direction significantly underestimates the maximum amplitude and leading wave steepness of the local tsunami. Whereas dip-directed slip variations affect the initial wave profile, strike-directed slip variations result in wavefront-parallel changes in amplitude that are largely preserved during propagation from the source region toward shore, owing to the effects of refraction. Tests of discretizing slip distributions indicate that small fault surface elements of dimensions similar to the source depth can acceptably approximate the vertical displacement field in comparison to continuous slip distributions. Crack models for tsunamis generated by shallow subduction zone earthquakes indicate that a rupture intersecting the free surface results in approximately twice the average slip. Therefore, the observation of higher slip associated with tsunami earthquakes relative to typical subduction zone earthquakes of the same magnitude suggests that tsunami earthquakes involve rupture of the seafloor, whereas rupture of deeper subduction zone earthquakes may be imbedded and not reach the seafloor. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Geist, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 57 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 154 IS 3-4 BP 485 EP 512 DI 10.1007/s000240050241 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 216VL UT WOS:000081465100006 ER PT J AU Spence, W Mendoza, C Engdahl, ER Choy, GL Norabuena, E AF Spence, W Mendoza, C Engdahl, ER Choy, GL Norabuena, E TI Seismic subduction of the Nazca Ridge as shown by the 1996-97 Peru earthquakes SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE seismotectonics; subduction; Nazca Ridge; asperity; earthquake rupture; aftershocks; seismic gap; great earthquakes; earthquake potential ID NORTHERN CHILE; SOUTH-AMERICA; LITHOSPHERIC STRESS; CONVERGENT MARGINS; GREAT EARTHQUAKES; INELASTIC MODELS; RUPTURE HISTORY; TRAVEL-TIMES; PLATE; ZONE AB By rupturing more than half of the shallow subduction interface of the Nazca Ridge, the great November 12, 1996 Peruvian earthquake contradicts the hypothesis that oceanic ridges subduct aseismically. The mainshock's rupture has a length of about 200 km and has an average slip of about 1.4 m. Its moment is 1.5 x 10(28) dyne-cm and the corresponding M-w is 8.0. The mainshock registered three major episodes of moment release as shown by a finite fault inversion of teleseismically recorded broadband body waves. About 55% of the mainshock's total moment release occurred south of the Nazca Ridge, and the remaining moment release occurred at the southern half of the subduction interface of the Nazca Ridge. The rupture south of the Nazca Ridge was elongated parallel to the ridge axis and extended from a shallow depth to about 65 km depth. Because the axis of the Nazca Ridge is at a high angle to the plate convergence direction, the subducting Nazca Ridge has a large southwards component of motion, 5 cm/yr parallel to the coast. The 900-1200 m relief of the southwards sweeping Nazca Ridge is interpreted to act as a "rigid indenter," causing the greatest coupling south of the ridge's leading edge and leading to the large observed slip. The mainshock and aftershock hypocenters were relocated using a new procedure that simultaneously inverts local and teleseismic data. Most aftershocks were within the outline of the Nazca Ridge. A three-month delayed aftershock cluster occurred at the northern part of the subducting Nazca Ridge. Aftershocks were notably lacking at the zone of greatest moment release, to the south of the Nazca Ridge. However, a lone foreshock at the southern end of this zone, some 140 km downstrike of the mainshock's epicenter, implies that conditions existed for rupture into that zone. The 1996 earthquake ruptured much of the inferred source zone of the M-w 7.9-8.2 earthquake of 1942, although the latter was a slightly larger earthquake. The rupture zone of the 1996 earthquake is immediately north of the seismic gap left by the great earthquakes (M-w similar to 8.8-9.1) of 1868 and 1877. The M-w 8.0 Antofagasta earthquake of 1995 occurred at the southern end of this great seismic gap. The M-w 8.2 deep-focus Bolivian earthquake of 1994 occurred directly downdip of the 1868 portion of that gap. The recent occurrence of three significant earthquakes on the periphery of the great seismic gap of the 1868 and 1877 events, among other factors, may signal an increased seismic potential for that zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Earthquake Informat Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Inst Geofis Peru, Lima, Peru. RP US Geol Survey, Natl Earthquake Informat Ctr, Box 25046,MS 967, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Norabuena, Edmundo/I-5486-2013 NR 61 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 EI 1420-9136 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 154 IS 3-4 BP 753 EP 776 DI 10.1007/s000240050251 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 216VL UT WOS:000081465100016 ER PT J AU Roelle, JE Gladwin, DN AF Roelle, JE Gladwin, DN TI Establishment of woody riparian species from natural seedfall at a former gravel pit SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLAINS COTTONWOOD; SOUTHERN ALBERTA; FOREST; RIVER; DOWNSTREAM; SURVIVAL; WILDLIFE; MONTANA; FLOOD AB Establishment of native riparian communities through natural seedfall may be a viable reclamation alternative at some alluvial sand and gravel mines where water level can be controlled in the abandoned pit. We experimented with this approach at a pit in Fort Collins, Colorado, where a drain culvert equipped with a screw gate allows water levels to be manipulated. From 1994 to 1996 we conducted a series of annual drawdowns during the period of natural seedfall of Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (plains cottonwood), Salix amygdaloides (peachleaf willow), and S. exigua (sandbar willow), thus providing the bare, moist substrate conducive to establishment of these species. Establishment was highly variable from year to year; in the fall following establishment, frequency of occurrence on 0.5-m(2) sample plots ranged from 8.6% to 50.6% for cottonwood, 15.9% to 22.0% for peachleaf willow, and 21.7% to 50.0% for sandbar willow. Mean densities, however, were comparable to those reported for other locations. Concurrent establishment of the undesirable exotic Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) was a problem, but we were able to eradicate most saltcedar seedlings by reflooding the lower elevations of the annual drawdown zones each fall. At the end of the 3-year period, at least one of the three native woody species survived on 41.1% of the plots, while saltcedar was present on only 6.1%. In addition to the potential for establishing valuable native habitats, adaptations of the techniques described may require less earth moving than other reclamation approaches. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Roelle, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2 BP 183 EP 192 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72011.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 209DZ UT WOS:000081034100009 ER PT J AU Bennett, JP Wetmore, CM AF Bennett, JP Wetmore, CM TI Covariance of lichen and vascular plant floras SO RHODORA LA English DT Article DE floras; lichens; vascular plants; species-area curves ID CONTINENTAL UNITED-STATES; 22 NATIONAL-PARKS; ALLIED FUNGI; AREA; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; CHECKLIST; CANADA AB The geographic relationships among taxonomic groups are important to study to determine patterns of biodiversity and whether or not associations occur between large groups, e.g., birds and vascular plants. This study was undertaken to determine relationships between higher plants and lower plants, specifically vascular plant and lichen floras in nine national parks of the Great Lakes region. No significant relationship was found between vascular plant floras and lichen floras in this area, which spans 1200 km longitudinally, or between an additional 19 areas from North America that were less than 1000 km(2) in area. For areas larger than 1000 km(2), however, a significant positive relationship existed for 33 areas that span one to approximately 150 million km(2). The ratio of numbers of vascular plants to lichens appeared to average just over 6 across the 33 areas. In the Great Lakes parks, between 28-30% of either the vascular plant or lichen species were singletons (occurring in only one park), but the parks that contained the most singletons were not congruent: Isle Royale had the most singleton lichens, while Indiana Dunes had the most vascular plant singletons. Fewer lichen species (2%) than vascular plants (4%) occurred in all nine parks. Latitude appeared to explain some of the variation between the two groups: vascular plants decreased with increasing latitude, while lichens increased. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Bennett, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 504 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 52 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB INC PI LAWRENCE PA P.O. BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0035-4902 J9 RHODORA JI Rhodora PD SUM PY 1999 VL 101 IS 907 BP 277 EP 297 PG 21 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 242WP UT WOS:000082964900005 ER PT J AU Taylor, JG Douglas, AJ AF Taylor, JG Douglas, AJ TI Diversifying natural resources value measurements: The Trinity River study SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE economic value; natural resources; social value; value integration; value measurement; water allocation ID ATTITUDE AB An interdisciplinary team set our to establish the economic and social values of the Trinity River in northern California. This information was intended to support the Secretary of the Interior's decision on allocation of Trinity River flows. This team set our to measure the values of Trinity River flows, fishery resources, and recreation amenities in several different ways. A survey was mailed to users of the Trinity River. This single instrument included economic measures (willingness-to-pay and costs incurred in visiting) and social-psychological measures (importance, satisfaction, and water allocation preferences). A closely related survey measured several of these same values among west coast regional households. The results of these surveys were compiled, and the measured economic and social values were compared. We found that integrating economic and social value information provides a greater depth of understanding of the resource's value. In addition, this integration provides a more in-depth understanding through the quantitative and qualitative results that emerge. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Social Econ & Inst Anal Sect, Bio Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Taylor, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Social Econ & Inst Anal Sect, Bio Resources Div, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 4 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 4 BP 315 EP 336 DI 10.1080/089419299279623 PG 22 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 211HC UT WOS:000081154000003 ER PT J AU Miles, SB Ho, CL AF Miles, SB Ho, CL TI Rigorous landslide hazard zonation using Newmark's method and stochastic ground motion simulation SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE earthquake-induced landslides; Newmark's displacement method; seismic hazards; geographic information systems; slope stability ID SLOPE INSTABILITY; GIS TECHNIQUES; MODELS AB Researchers and practitioners in earthquake engineering have recognized geographic information systems (GIS) to be a significant tool in modeling spatial phenomenon related to hazard and risk. GIS, as an engineering tool, has been primarily used for its spatial data storing and presentation features. Models are often simplified to be more compatible with the light computational capabilities of many GIS. If not simplified, heavy computations are generally performed external to the GIS. A prototype vector-based GLS was developed that employs a rigorous approach to Newmark's displacement method for assessing earthquake triggered landslide hazards. The rigorous Newmark's analysis provides desirable flexibility by allowing input of actual ground motions. The prototype hazard GIS incorporates a popular shot filtered noise technique for generating artificial ground motions. The rigorous approach was compared to a popular simplified approach for computing Newmark displacements. Distribution of regional displacements was found to be similar with the simplified approach giving more and larger extreme displacements. The rigorous approach is suitable for large scales to model various seismic scenarios and their effect on seismically induced landslide potential. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Lab Spatial Anal Geotech Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Miles, SB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM smiles@sage.ecs.umass.edu OI Miles, Scott B/0000-0003-3968-2347 NR 26 TC 71 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0267-7261 J9 SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG JI Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 305 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0267-7261(98)00048-7 PG 19 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 191GD UT WOS:000080013400004 ER PT J AU Fries, JN Power, P AF Fries, JN Power, P TI Occurrence of an aquatic lepidopteran (Parapoynx obsculralis, pyralidae) on cultured Texas wildrice (Zizania texana, poaceae) SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. RP Fries, JN (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, 500 W McCarty Lane, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 44 IS 2 BP 213 EP 214 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 208GP UT WOS:000080982900013 ER PT J AU Brooks, PD McKnight, DM Bencala, KE AF Brooks, PD McKnight, DM Bencala, KE TI The relationship between soil heterotrophic activity, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leachate, and catchment-scale DOC export in headwater catchments SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ION-EXCHANGE RESINS; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; TUNDRA COMMUNITIES; ALPINE TUNDRA; COLORADO; DYNAMICS; SNOWMELT; WINTER; ECOSYSTEMS; WATER AB Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from terrestrial sources forms the major component of the annual carbon budget in many headwater streams. In high-elevation catchments in the Rocky Mountains, DOC originates in the upper soil horizons and is flushed to the stream primarily during spring snowmelt. To identify controls on the size of the mobile soil DOC pool available to be transported during the annual melt event, we measured soil DOC production across a range of vegetation communities and soil types together with catchment DOC export in paired watersheds in Summit County, Colorado. Both surface water DOC concentrations and watershed DOC export were lower in areas where pyrite weathering resulted in lower soil pH. Similarly, the amount of DOC leached from organic soils was significantly smaller (p < 0.01) at sites having low soil pH. Scaling point source measurements of DOC production and leaching to the two basins and assuming only vegetated areas contribute to DOC production, we calculated that the amount of mobile DOC available to be leached to surface water during melt was 20.3 g C m(-2) in the circumneutral basin and 17.8 g C m(-2) in the catchment characterized by pyrite weathering. The significant (r(2) = 0.91 and p < 0.05), linear relationship between overwinter CO2 flux and the amount of DOC leached from upper soil horizons during snowmelt suggests that the mechanism for the difference in production of mobile DOC was heterotrophic processing of soil carbon in snow-covered soil. Furthermore, this strong relationship between over-winter heterotrophic activity and the size of the mobile DOC pool present in a range of soil and vegetation types provides a likely mechanism for explaining the interannual variability of DOC export observed in high elevation catchments. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Brooks, PD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 37 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1895 EP 1902 DI 10.1029/1998WR900125 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 198ZC UT WOS:000080453800018 ER PT J AU Buffington, JM Montgomery, DR AF Buffington, JM Montgomery, DR TI A procedure for classifying textural facies in gravel-bed rivers SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GRAIN-SIZE; FLUVIAL GRAVELS; SPATIAL PATTERN; FRICTION ANGLE; SHEAR-STRESS; PEBBLE COUNT; SEDIMENT; CHANNEL; FLOW; TRANSPORT AB Textural patches (i.e., grain-size facies) are commonly observed in gravel-bed channels and are of significance for both physical and biological processes at subreach scales. We present a general framework for classifying textural patches that allows modification for particular study goals, while maintaining a basic degree of standardization. Textures are classified using a two-tier system of ternary diagrams that identifies the relative abundance of major size classes and subcategories of the dominant size. An iterative procedure of visual identification and quantitative grain-size measurement is used. A field test of our classification indicates that it affords reasonable statistical discrimination of median grain size and variance of bed-surface textures. We also explore the compromise between classification simplicity and accuracy. We find that statistically meaningful textural discrimination requires use of both tiers of our classification. Furthermore, we find that simplified variants of the two-tier scheme are less accurate but may be more practical for field studies which do not require a high level of textural discrimination or detailed description of grain-size distributions. Facies maps provide a natural template for stratifying other physical and biological measurements and produce a retrievable and versatile database that can be used as a component of channel monitoring efforts. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Buffington, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Bldg RL6,3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 80 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1903 EP 1914 DI 10.1029/1999WR900041 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 198ZC UT WOS:000080453800019 ER PT J AU Taylor, JP Wester, DB Smith, LM AF Taylor, JP Wester, DB Smith, LM TI Soil disturbance, flood management, and riparian woody plant establishment in the Rio Grande floodplain SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE saltcedar; Tamarix ramosissima; cottonwood; Populus fremontii; Rio Grande floodplain; recruitment; overbank flooding; soil disturbance ID WATER-TABLE; COTTONWOOD; SURVIVAL; SALINITY; DECLINE; POPLAR AB The exotic saltcedar (Tamarix ramossisima) has became the dominant woody plant in many riparian systems in the southwestern United States. We evaluated the effects of saltcedar clear-ligand overbank river flooding on recruitment of cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and saltcedar vegetation in the Rio Grande floodplain of central New Mexico, USA in 1993 and 1994. Overbank flooding coincided with the natural river hydrograph. After two seasons of growth, cleared areas supported more 1993 cohort cotton-woods and saltcedar than uncleared controlled areas. There were no differences between cleared and uncleared areas for the 1994 cohort after one: growing season. Although there was a 2-week difference in the date of peak river flows between 1993 and 1994, similar seedling densities of both species were recorded for both years. The descending limb of the 1993 hydrograph was more gradual than the 1994 hydrograph, however, resulting in a higher survival rate of 1993 seedlings. Soil texture, soil salinity elevation, and soil moisture data were collected from all plots and compared with seedling densities for each seedling sample date. Elevation and soil moisture indices were the most influential variables on seedling density. Decreasing soil moisture variables resulted in consistent seedling mortality for all species in cleared and uncleared plots for both cohorts. Secondary channels developed as a result of vegetative clearing where natural river fluvial processes provided topographic relief and sediment deposition for seedling establishment. Greater densities of cottonwoods and coyote willows (Salix exigua) were found on these deposits compared with remaining portions of cleared plots. Saltcedar clearing in conjunction with peal river flows in late May or early June encourages recruitment of native riparian plants, particularly along sand deposits created as a result of secondary channel development. Receding flows correlated with a receding water-table level of about 2 cm/day enhances native seedling densities relative to saltcedar. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Taylor, JP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 1246, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. NR 36 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 27 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 372 EP 382 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 207XH UT WOS:000080960700008 ER PT J AU Hunt, RJ Walker, JF Krabbenhoft, DP AF Hunt, RJ Walker, JF Krabbenhoft, DP TI Characterizing hydrology and the importance of ground-water discharge in natural and constructed wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE hydrology; ground water; hydrogeology; Monte Carlo; temperature; geochemistry ID MITIGATION; LAKE AB Although considered the most important component for the establishment and persistence of wetlands, hydrology has been hard to characterize and linkages between hydrology and other environmental conditions are often poorly understood. In this work, methods for characterizing a wetland's hydrology from hydrographs were developed, and the importance of ground water to the physical and geochemical conditions in the root zone was investigated. Detailed sampling of neatly continuous hydrographs showed that sites with greater ground-water discharge had higher water tables and more stable hydrographs. Subsampling of the continuous hydrograph failed to characterize the sites correctly, even though the wetland complex is located in a strong regional ground-water-discharge area. By comparing soil-moisture-potential measurements to the water-table hydrograph at one site, we noted that the amount of root-zone saturation was not necessarily driven by the water-table hydrograph but can be a result of other soil parameters (i.e., soil texture and associated capillary fringe). Ground-water discharge was not a significant determinant of maximum or average temperatures in the root zone. High ground-water discharge was associated with earliest date of thaw and shortest period of time that the root zone was frozen, however. Finally, the direction and magnitude of shallow ground-water flow was found to affect the migration and importance of a geochemical species. Areas of higher ground-water discharge had less downward penetration of CO2 generated in cheroot zone. In contrast, biotically derived CO2 was able to penetrate the deeper ground-water system in areas of groundwater recharge. Although ground-water flows are difficult to characterize, understanding these components is critical to the success of wetland restoration and creation efforts. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM rjhunt@usgs.gov NR 41 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 4 U2 30 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 458 EP 472 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 207XH UT WOS:000080960700016 ER PT J AU Bissonette, JA AF Bissonette, JA TI Small sample size problems in wildlife ecology: a contingent analytical approach SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE contingent data analyses; model building; models; small sample size ID SCREENING REGRESSION EQUATIONS; DISCRIMINANT AB Administrative, political, and natural history constraints on the design of research studies in ecology often result in small data sets. In this paper, I identify some problems associated with small data sets and describe a contingent process for data analysis. I argue that exploring small data sets is heuristic and can be a valuable first step in the formulation of biologically interesting hypotheses. C1 Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bissonette, JA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 5 IS 2 BP 65 EP 71 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 208CZ UT WOS:000080973800001 ER PT J AU Kilbride, KM Paveglio, FL AF Kilbride, KM Paveglio, FL TI Integrated pest management to control reed canarygrass in seasonal wetlands of southwestern Washington SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE disking; efficacy; glyphosate; integrated pest management; mowing; Phalaris arundinacea L.; reed canarygrass; Rodeo (R); Washington; wetlands ID PERSISTENCE; GRASSES AB Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is an exotic, invasive species that threatens to degrade wetlands throughout North America. Although efficacies of control methods for canarygrass have been studied in the Midwest, little information is available regarding efficacies for treatments in the Pacific Northwest. Consequently, we investigated efficacies of integrated pest management techniques to control canarygrass in seasonal wetlands of southwestern Washington. We evaluated mechanical (disking or mowing), chemical (Rodeo(R)), and combinations of disking and Rodeo along with water-level control for 3 growing seasons. Stem densities of canarygrass were reduced most by spraying and disking with a follow-up application of Rodeo during the next growing season. Disking with a follow-up application of Rodeo during the next growing season generally had similar canarygrass control as the most efficacious treatment. Canarygrass that germinated and grew from viable rhizomes following drawdown after the initial Rodeo application or disking made a follow-up treatment with herbicide imperative for effective control. To prevent canarygrass re-infestation, treatments should not be initiated until the ability to manage consistent water levels throughout the winter and early spring exists for a wetland. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Refuges & Wildlife, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. RP Kilbride, KM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Refuges & Wildlife, 9317 NE Highway 99,Suite D, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 27 IS 2 BP 292 EP 297 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 239WF UT WOS:000082792300007 ER PT J AU Harker, MB Rathbun, GB Langtimm, CA AF Harker, MB Rathbun, GB Langtimm, CA TI Beaded-chain collars: a new method to radiotag kangaroo rats for short-term studies SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE collar; Dipodomys; kangaroo rat; radiotag; small mammal; telemetry ID DIPODOMYS-MERRIAMI; BEHAVIOR; MICROTUS; MICE AB To study burrow use by small mammals, we needed to develop a simple, non-invasive radiotag for the endangered giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens). We designed and tested a radiocollar made of beaded-chain on 4 captive Heermann's kangaroo rats (D. heermanii). Attachment of the collar required no anesthesia, the collar was easily fitted in 1-2 minutes, and it caused minimal stress to the animals. Once the collar design and attachment technique were perfected on the surrogate animals, we fitted radiocollars on 48 giant kangaroo rats for about 15 days. Upon recapture, 12 animals showed some minor fur or skin abrasion on the neck. Overall, the attachment performed as expected and proved to be a reliable method to radiotrack kangaroo rats during our short-term field study. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedrea Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. RP Harker, MB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Piedrea Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 27 IS 2 BP 314 EP 317 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 239WF UT WOS:000082792300012 ER PT J AU Richardson, DM Bradford, JW Range, PG Christensen, J AF Richardson, DM Bradford, JW Range, PG Christensen, J TI A video probe system to inspect red-cockaded woodpecker cavities SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE camera; cavity; nests; Picoides borealis; red-cockaded woodpecker; video ID CAMERA C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Noxubee Natl Wildlife Refuge, Brooksville, MS 39739 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carolina Sandhills Natl Wildlife Refuge, McBee, SC 29101 USA. RP Richardson, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Noxubee Natl Wildlife Refuge, Route 1,Box 142, Brooksville, MS 39739 USA. NR 5 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 27 IS 2 BP 353 EP 356 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 239WF UT WOS:000082792300017 ER PT J AU Karl, JW Wright, NM Heglund, PJ Scott, JM AF Karl, JW Wright, NM Heglund, PJ Scott, JM TI Obtaining environmental measures to facilitate vertebrate habitat modeling SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE GIS; habitat; literature search; wildlife habitat modeling ID CONSERVATION; BIOLOGY AB Published literature generally lacks habitat information needed to adequately model the habitats of most wildlife species at large scales (>1:100,000). We searched in primary and secondary literature for occurrence of several potentially useful habitat measures for 20 species of interest to the Idaho Department of Fish and Game. We found adequate information for modeling only the habitats of certain game species and species of special interest. We suggest that many more researchers could collect simple habitat information regarding vegetation composition and structure, topographic features, soils, temperature, and distance to special landscape features such that current research expenses would not be increased significantly. We recommend that habitat data be consistently reported in peer-reviewed literature or deposited into a central data repository. This will not only help fill the gaps in our current knowledge of wildlife but also place it in a format that is readily accessible by the scientific community. C1 Univ Idaho, Idaho Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Biol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Karl, JW (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Idaho Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. OI Karl, Jason/0000-0002-3326-3806 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 27 IS 2 BP 357 EP 365 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 239WF UT WOS:000082792300018 ER PT J AU Buckingham, CA Lefebvre, LW Schaefer, JM Kochman, HI AF Buckingham, CA Lefebvre, LW Schaefer, JM Kochman, HI TI Manatee response to boating activity in a thermal refuge SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE boat; Florida; manatee; recreation; refuge; sanctuary; temperature; Trichechus manatus ID TRICHECHUS-MANATUS; FLORIDA AB Thermal refuges are important for the endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) during winter cold periods in temperate latitudes. However, little research has examined impacts on manatees from human disturbance during these critical periods. We studied the effect of recreational boating activity on manatee use of established sanctuaries in the natural thermal refuge created by warm-water springs in Kings Bay, Crystal River, Florida. We examined the relationship among manatee use of the study area and sanctuaries, temperature, and level of boating activity. Manatees continued to use the Bay regardless of the number of boats present; however, their use of sanctuaries in the southern portion of the Bay increased (P<0.001) as number of boats increased. Temperature, as expected, was inversely related to manatee use of the study area. Human activity patterns were variable, with significantly greater numbers of boats in the study area on weekends ((x) over bar=32.7, SE=2.71) than on weekdays ((x) over bar=10.7, SE=1.23). We concluded that recreational boating influenced manatee distribution, sanctuaries are important to manatees in Kings Bay, and sanctuaries are an effective management tool to reduce the impact of boating activities on manatees. C1 Univ Florida, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. RP Buckingham, CA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, S Florida Ecosyst Off, POB 2676, Vero Beach, FL 32961 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 23 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 27 IS 2 BP 514 EP 522 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 239WF UT WOS:000082792300037 ER PT J AU Kuletz, KJ Piatt, JF AF Kuletz, KJ Piatt, JF TI Juvenile Marbled Murrelet nurseries and the productivity index SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ALASKA; ABUNDANCE AB Late summer counts of juveniles at sea are used as an index of Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) reproductive success, but little is known about juvenile dispersal or habitat use. Further, it is not known whether these counts accurately reflect absolute breeding success. To address these questions we conducted five boat surveys for Marbled Murrelets and Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) in Kachemak Bay, Alaska between 7-24 August 1996. Juvenile murrelet distribution in the bay was patchy, and we identified a juvenile Marbled Murrelet 'nursery' area in the outer bay. Fifty-three of 61 juvenile murrelets were in this area, whereas after-hatch-year (AHY) murrelets were dispersed throughout the bay, as were juvenile and AHY Pigeon Guillemots. The murrelet nursery was characterized by water inside of or at the edge of a 20 m deep contour, semi-protected seas, productive waters, and a large bed of Nereocystis kelp. Juveniles comprised 16.1% of all murrelets and 24.8% of all guillemots observed at sea. These data suggest a maximum reproductive success of 0.32 chicks/pair if all AHY murrelets were breeding and 0.46 chicks/pair if only 70% of AHY murrelets were breeding. For guillemots, maximum productivity estimated from at-sea counts was 0.50 chicks/pair if all AHY were breeding and 0.71 chicks/pair if only 70% were breeding. The guillemot estimate was similar to that obtained by concurrent studies at nine guillemot colonies in the bay (0.56 chicks/pair). These results suggest that at sea surveys in late summer provide a reasonable index of local productivity for nearshore alcids. Further if murrelet nursery areas can be found, at sea counts may provide a valid measure of absolute productivity. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. USGS, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Kuletz, KJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2 BP 257 EP 261 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 197PB UT WOS:000080372700012 ER PT J AU Pandey, GR Cayan, DR Georgakakos, KP AF Pandey, GR Cayan, DR Georgakakos, KP TI Precipitation structure in the Sierra Nevada of California during winter SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION; UNITED-STATES; STREAMFLOW; MOUNTAINS; CLIMATE; WATER AB Influences of upper air characteristics along the coast of California upon wintertime (November-April) precipitation in the Sierra Nevada are investigated. Precipitation events in the Sierra Nevada region occur mostly during wintertime, irrespective of station location (leeside or windside) and elevation. Most precipitation episodes in the region are associated with moist southwesterly winds (coming from the southwest direction) and also tend to occur when the 700-mbar temperature at the upwind direction is close to -2 degrees C. This favored wind direction and temperature signify the importance of both moisture transport and orographic lifting in augmenting precipitation in the region. By utilizing the observed dependency of the precipitation upon the upper air conditions, a linear model is formulated to quantify the precipitation observed at different sites as a function of moisture transport. The skill of the model increases with timescale of aggregation, reaching more than 50% variance explained at an aggregation period of 5-7 days. This indicates that upstream air moisture transport can be used to estimate the precipitation totals in the Sierra Nevada region. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, La Jolla, CA USA. Hydrol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA USA. RP Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM gpandey@ucsd.edu NR 12 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D10 BP 12019 EP 12030 DI 10.1029/1999JD900103 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 200XX UT WOS:000080566500011 ER PT J AU McCord, TB Hansen, GB Matson, DL Johnson, TV Crowley, JK Fanale, FP Carlson, RW Smythe, WD Martin, PD Hibbitts, CA Granahan, JC Ocampo, A AF McCord, TB Hansen, GB Matson, DL Johnson, TV Crowley, JK Fanale, FP Carlson, RW Smythe, WD Martin, PD Hibbitts, CA Granahan, JC Ocampo, A TI Hydrated salt minerals on Europa's surface from the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) investigation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review ID MAGNETOSPHERIC ION-BOMBARDMENT; PLAYA EVAPORITE MINERALS; AMORPHOUS SOLID WATER; 0.65-2.5 MU-M; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; ICY SATELLITES; DEATH-VALLEY; SPECTROSCOPY; GANYMEDE; FROST AB We reported evidence of heavily hydrated salt minerals present over large areas of Europa's surface from analysis of reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo mission near infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) [McCord et al., 1997a, b, 1998a, b]. Here we elaborate on this earlier evidence, present spatial distributions of these minerals, examine alternate water-ice interpretations, expand on our hydrated-salts interpretation, consider salt mineral stability on Europa, and discuss the implications. Extensive well-defined areas on Europa show distinct, asymmetric water-related absorption bands in the 1 to 2.5-mu m region. Radiative transfer modeling of water ice involving different particle sizes and layers at Europa temperatures does not reproduce the distinctive Europa water bands. However, ice near its melting temperature, such as in terrestrial environments, does have some characteristics of the Europa spectrum. Alternatively, some classes of heavily hydrated minerals do exhibit such water bands. Among plausible materials, heavily hydrated salt minerals, such as magnesium and sodium sulfates, sodium carbonate and their mixtures, are preferred. All Europa spectral features are present in some salt minerals and a very good match to the Europa spectrum can be achieved by mixing several salt spectra. However, no single or mix of salt mineral spectra from the limited library available has so far been found to perfectly match the Europa spectrum in every detail. The material is concentrated at the lineaments and in chaotic terrain, which are tectonically disrupted areas on the trailing side. Since the spectrum of the material on Europa is nearly the same everywhere so-far studied, the salt or salt-mixture composition may be nearly uniform. This suggests similar sources and processes over at least a near-hemispheric scale. This would suggest that an extensive subsurface ocean containing dissolved salts is the source, and several possible mechanisms for deposit emplacement are considered. The hydrogen bonds associated with hydration of these salts are similar or greater in strength and energy to those in pure water ice. Thus, once on the surface, the salt minerals should be as stable to disruption as water ice at the Europa temperatures, and mechanisms are suggested to enhance the stability of both materials. Spectra obtained of MgSO(4). 6H(2)O at 77 K show only small differences from room temperature spectra. The main difference is the appearance of the individual absorptions composing the broad, composite water features and associated with the several different H(2)O sites in the salt hydrate molecule, This suggests that the Europa absorption bands are also composites. Thus higher spectral resolution may reveal these diagnostic features in Europa's spectrum. The specific salts present and their relative abundances would be indicators of the chemistry and conditions of an ocean environment, and areas of fresh, heavy concentration of these minerals should make ideal lander mission sampling sites. C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Sci & Technol Int Inc, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP McCord, TB (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM tom@pgd.hawaii.edu; ghansen@pgd.hawaii.edu; dlmatson@maill.jpl.nasa.gov; tjohnson@jpltvj.jpl.nasa.gov; jcrowley@usgs.gov; fanale@pgd.hawaii.edu; rcarlson@issac.jpl.nasa.gov; wsmythe@issac.jpl.nasa.gov; martin@marswatch.tn.comell.edu; hibbitts@pgd.hawaii.edu; granahan@lava.net; aocampo@issac.jpl.nasa.gov RI Hibbitts, Charles/B-7787-2016 OI Hibbitts, Charles/0000-0001-9089-4391 NR 105 TC 161 Z9 163 U1 8 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAY 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E5 BP 11827 EP 11851 DI 10.1029/1999JE900005 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 199FV UT WOS:000080470700003 ER PT J AU Meier, M Namjesnik-Dejanovic, K Maurice, PA Chin, YP Aiken, GR AF Meier, M Namjesnik-Dejanovic, K Maurice, PA Chin, YP Aiken, GR TI Fractionation of aquatic natural organic matter upon sorption to goethite and kaolinite SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sorption; fractionation; aquatic NOM; kaolinite; goethite; dissolution ID DISSOLVED HUMIC SUBSTANCES; AMAZON RIVER SYSTEM; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; ALUMINUM-OXIDE; IRON-OXIDES; ADSORPTION; WATER; PYRENE; ACIDS AB Natural organic matter (NOM) consists of a complex mixture of organic molecules; previous studies have suggested that preferential sorption of higher molecular weight, more hydrophobic, and more aromatic components may lead to fractionation of the NOM pool upon passage through porous media. Our work expands upon previous studies by quantifying the change in solution-phase weight average molecular weight (M-w) upon sorption of bulk (rather than isolated) surface water NOM from the Suwannee River (SR) and the Great Dismal Swamp (GDS) to goethite and kaolinite at different sorption densities and at pH 4, 22 degrees C. High pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to quantify changes in M-w upon sorption, and molar absorptivities at lambda = 280 nm were used to approximate changes in solution NOM aromaticity. Two SR water samples were used, with M-w = 2320 and 2200 Da; a single GDS sample was used, with M-w = 1890 Da. The SR NOM was slightly more hydrophobic and aromatic. These differences were reflected in greater sorption of SR NOM than GDS NOM. Both surface water NOMs showed a much greater affinity for goethite than for kaolinite. HPSEC analysis of the NOM remaining in solution after 24 h reaction time with goethite revealed that the largest changes in solution phase M(w)s (decreases by 900-1700 Da) occurred at relatively low equilibrium sorbate concentrations (approximately 5-20 mg C 1(-1)); the decrease in solution M-w suggested that reactive surface sites were occupied disproportionately by large and intermediate size NOM moieties. At higher equilibrium NOM concentrations (> 20 mg C 1(-1)), as percent adsorption decreased, M-w in solution was similar to original samples. A smaller decrease in solution NOM M-w (300-500 Da at 10-20 mg C 1(-1) similar to 100 Da at > 20 mg) also occurred upon sorption to kaolinite. Overall, our results showed that factors las related to NOM composition, clay mineral surface properties, and position along the sorption isotherm) which promote a higher percent sorption lead to the most pronounced decreases in solution M-w. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Maurice, PA (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. NR 35 TC 144 Z9 153 U1 3 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAY 24 PY 1999 VL 157 IS 3-4 BP 275 EP 284 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00006-6 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 190WA UT WOS:000079987200007 ER PT J AU Brown, JG Bassett, RL Glynn, PD AF Brown, JG Bassett, RL Glynn, PD TI Analysis and simulation of reactive transport of metal contaminants in ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona (vol 209, pg 225, 1998) SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Brown, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 520 N Pk Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 24 PY 1999 VL 218 IS 3-4 BP 199 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00050-5 PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 200EU UT WOS:000080527300007 ER PT J AU Palmisano, AN Winton, JR Dickhoff, WW AF Palmisano, AN Winton, JR Dickhoff, WW TI Sequence features and phylogenetic analysis of the stress protein Hsp90 alpha in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a poikilothermic vertebrate SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Hsp09 alpha; stress protein; heat shock protein; phylogeny; sequence; poikilothermic; chinook salmon; evolution; phosphorylation sites; CKII; leucine zipper ID HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN; REGULATED EIF-2-ALPHA KINASE; HSP90-BASED CHAPERONE SYSTEM; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; BINDING PROTEINS; TYROSINE KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; IN-VIVO AB We cloned and sequenced a chinook salmon Hsp90 cDNA; sequence analysis shows it to be Hsp90 alpha. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that cu and beta paralogs of Hsp90 arose as a result of a gene duplication event and that they diverged early in the evolution of vertebrates, before tetrapods separated fi om the teleost lineage. Among several differences distinguishing poikilothermic Hsp90 alpha sequences from their bird and mammal orthologs, the teleost versions specifically lack a characteristic QTQDQP phosphorylation site near the N-terminus. We used the cDNA to develop an RNA (Northern) blot to quantify cellular Hsp90 mRNA levels. Chinook salmon embryonic (CHSE-214) cells responded to heat shock with a rapid rise in Hsp90 mRNA through 4 h, followed by a gradual decline over the next 20 h. Hsp90 mRNA level may be useful as a stress indicator, especially in a laboratory setting or in response to acute heat stress. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98144 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98144 USA. Univ Washington, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98144 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98144 USA. EM aldo_palmisano@usgs.gov NR 71 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X EI 1090-2104 J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD MAY 19 PY 1999 VL 258 IS 3 BP 784 EP 791 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0707 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 201LK UT WOS:000080596100052 PM 10329464 ER PT J AU Flint, PL Fowler, AC Rockwell, RF AF Flint, PL Fowler, AC Rockwell, RF TI Modeling bird mortality associated with the M/V Citrus oil spill off St. Paul Island, Alaska SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE bird mortality; detection probability; oil spill; persistence rate ID PERSISTENCE; CARCASSES AB We developed a model to estimate the number of bird carcasses that were likely deposited on the beaches of St. Paul Island, Alaska following the M/V Citrus oil spill in February 1996. Most of the islands beaches were searched on an irregular schedule, resulting in the recovery of 876 King Elder carcasses. A sub-sample of beaches were intensively studied to estimate daily persistence rate and detection probability [Fowler, A.C., Flint, P.L., 1997. Marine Pollution Bulletin]. Using these data, our model predicted that an additional 733 +/- 70 King Elder carcasses were not detected during our searches. Therefore, we estimate that at least 1609 +/- 70 King Elder carcasses occurred on beaches as a result of the spill. We lacked sufficient sample size to model losses for other species, thus we applied the estimated recovery rate for King Elders (54%) to other species and estimate a total combined loss of 1765 birds. In addition, 165 birds were captured alive making the total estimated number of birds impacted by the M/V Citrus spill 1930. Given that oiled birds occurred in places on the island which could not be systematically searched combined with the fact that it was unlikely that oiled birds that died at sea would have been recovered during our searches [Flint, P.L., Fowler, A.C., 1998. Marine Pollution Bulletin], our estimate of total mortality associated with the spill should be considered a minimum. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA. RP Flint, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 6 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 17 PY 1999 VL 117 IS 2-3 BP 261 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00006-X PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 211ZQ UT WOS:000081192100005 ER PT J AU Stacey, MT Monismith, SG Burau, JR AF Stacey, MT Monismith, SG Burau, JR TI Measurements of Reynolds stress profiles in unstratified tidal flow SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID TURBULENCE; ESTUARY; LENGTH; LAYER AB In this paper we present a method for measuring profiles of turbulence quantities using a broadband acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP). The method follows previous work on the continental shelf and extends the analysis to develop estimates of the errors associated with the estimation methods. ADCP data was collected in an unstratified channel and the results of the analysis are compared to theory. This comparison shows that the method provides an estimate of the Reynolds stresses, which is unbiased by Doppler noise, and an estimate of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) which is biased by an amount proportional to the Doppler noise. The noise in each of these quantities as well as the bias in the TKE match well with the theoretical values produced by the error analysis. The quantification of profiles of Reynolds stresses simultaneous with the measurement of mean velocity profiles allows for extensive analysis of the turbulence of the flow. In this paper, we examine the relation between the turbulence and the mean flow through the calculation of u(*), the friction velocity, and C-d, the coefficient of drag. Finally, we calculate quantities of particular interest in turbulence modeling and analysis, the characteristic lengthscales, including a lengthscale which represents the stream-wise scale of the eddies which dominate the Reynolds stresses. C1 Stanford Univ, Environm Fluid Mech Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, VLSB 3060, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mstacey@socrates.berkeley.edu; monis-mit@ce.stanford.edu; bu-rau@animar.wr.usgs.gov NR 38 TC 128 Z9 129 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAY 15 PY 1999 VL 104 IS C5 BP 10933 EP 10949 DI 10.1029/1998JC900095 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 198WX UT WOS:000080448200003 ER PT J AU Roeloffs, E AF Roeloffs, E TI Earth science - Radon and rock deformation SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID INDUCED SEISMICITY; WATER-LEVEL; CALIFORNIA; PRECURSOR C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. EM evelynr@usgs.gov NR 12 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 13 PY 1999 VL 399 IS 6732 BP 104 EP 105 DI 10.1038/20072 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 196XU UT WOS:000080335700024 ER PT J AU Zoback, ML Jachens, RC Olson, JA AF Zoback, ML Jachens, RC Olson, JA TI Abrupt along-strike change in tectonic style: San Andreas fault zone, San Francisco Peninsula SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; SLIP FAULTS; BAY-REGION; DURATION MAGNITUDES; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; SEISMIC HAZARD; EARTHQUAKE; REEVALUATION; DEFORMATION; ANOMALIES AB Seismicity and high-resolution aeromagnetic data are used to define an abrupt change from compressional to extensional tectonism within a 10- to 15-km-wide zone along the San Andreas fault on the San Francisco Peninsula and offshore from the Golden Gate. This 100-km-long section of the San Andreas fault includes the hypocenter of the M-w = 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake as well as the highest level of persistent microseismicity along that similar to 470-km-long rupture. We define two distinct zones of deformation along this stretch of the fault using well-constrained relocations of all post-1969 earthquakes based a joint one-dimensional velocity/hypocenter inversion and a redetermination of focal mechanisms. The southern zone is characterized by thrust- and reverse-faulting focal mechanisms with NE trending P axes that indicate "fault-normal" compression in 7- to 10-km-wide zones of deformation on both sides of the San Andreas fault. A 1- to 2-km-wide vertical zone beneath the surface trace of the San Andreas is characterized by its almost complete lack of seismicity. The compressional deformation is consistent with the young, high topography of the Santa Cruz Mountains/Coast Ranges as the San Andreas fault makes a broad restraining left bend (similar to 10 degrees) through the southernmost peninsula. A zone of seismic quiescence similar to 15 km long separates this compressional zone to the south from a zone of combined normal-faulting and strike-slip-faulting focal mechanisms (including a M-L = 5.3 earthquake in 1957) on the northernmost peninsula and offshore on the Golden Gate platform. Both linear pseudo-gravity gradients, calculated from the aeromagnetic data, and seismic reflection data indicate that the San Andreas fault makes an abrupt similar to 3-km right step less than 5 km offshore in this northern zone. A similar right-stepping (dilatational) geometry is also observed for the subparallel San Gregorio fault offshore. Persistent seismicity and extensional tectonism occur within the San Andreas right stepover region and at least 15 km along-strike both to the SE and NW. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake may have nucleated within the San Andreas right stepover, which may help explain the bilateral nature of rupture of this event. Our analysis suggests two seismic hazards for the San Francisco Peninsula in addition to the hazard associated with a M-w = 7 to 8 strike-slip earthquake along the San Andreas fault: the potential for a M approximate to 6 normal-faulting earthquake just 5-8 km west of San Francisco and a M = 6+ thrust faulting event in the southern peninsula. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Zoback, ML (reprint author), Trimble Navigat Co, Sunnyvale, CA 94401 USA. EM zoback@andreas.wr.usgs.gov; jachens@fourier.wr.usgs.gov; jean_olson@trimble.com NR 102 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B5 BP 10719 EP 10742 DI 10.1029/1998JB900059 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 194PD UT WOS:000080202000020 ER PT J AU Moran, SC Lees, JM Malone, SD AF Moran, SC Lees, JM Malone, SD TI P wave crustal velocity structure in the greater Mount Rainier area from local earthquake tomography SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN WASHINGTON CASCADES; WESTERN WASHINGTON; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE; VOLCANIC PROVINCE; COLUMBIA PLATEAU; RANGE; SEISMICITY; EVOLUTION AB We present results from a local earthquake tomographic imaging experiment in the greater Mount Rainier area. We inverted P wave arrival times from local earthquakes recorded at permanent and temporary Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network seismographs between 1980 and 1996. We used a method similar to that described by Lees and Crosson [1989], modified to incorporate the parameter separation method for decoupling the hypocenter and velocity problems. In the upper 7 km of the resulting model there is good correlation between velocity anomalies and surface geology. Many focal mechanisms within the St. Helens seismic zone have nodal planes parallel to the epicentral trend as well as to a north-south trending low-velocity trough, leading us to speculate that the trough represents a zone of structural weakness in which a moderate (M 6.5-7.0) earthquake could occur. In contrast, the western Rainier seismic zone does not correlate in any simple way with anomaly patterns or focal mechanism fault planes, leading us to infer that it is less likely to experience a moderate earthquake. A similar to 10 km-wide low-velocity anomaly occurs 5 to 18 km beneath the summit of Mount Rainier, which we interpret to be a signal of a region composed of hot, fractured rock with possible small amounts of melt or fluid. No systematic velocity pattern is observed in association with the southern Washington Cascades conductor. A midcrustal anomaly parallels the Olympic-Wallowa lineament as well as several other geophysical trends, indicating that it may play an important role in regional tectonics. C1 Univ Washington, Geophys Program, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM smoran@usgs.gov; lees@milne.geology.yale.edu; steve@geophys.washington.edu NR 47 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B5 BP 10775 EP 10786 DI 10.1029/1999JB900036 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 194PD UT WOS:000080202000023 ER PT J AU Verdin, KL Verdin, JP AF Verdin, KL Verdin, JP TI A topological system for delineation and codification of the Earth's river basins SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE drainage basins; watersheds; digital elevation models; global maps; geographic information systems; hydrologic maps ID MANAGEMENT AB A comprehensive reference system for the Earth's river basins is proposed as a support to river basin management, global change research, and the pursuit of sustainable development. A natural system for delineation and codification of basins is presented which is based upon topographic control and the topology of the river network. These characteristics make the system well suited for implementation and use with digital elevation models (DEMs) and geographic information systems. A demonstration of these traits is made with the 30-arcsecond GTOPO30 DEM for North America. The system has additional appeal owing to its economy of digits and the topological information that they carry. This is illustrated through presentation of comparisons with USGS hydrologic unit codes and demonstration of the use of code numbers to reveal dependence or independence of water use activities within a basin. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Raytheon STX Corp, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Verdin, KL (reprint author), Raytheon STX Corp, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 13 TC 122 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 10 PY 1999 VL 218 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00011-6 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 198DZ UT WOS:000080408600001 ER PT J AU Kellogg, KS AF Kellogg, KS TI Neogene basins of the northern Rio Grande rift: partitioning and asymmetry inherited from Laramide and older uplifts SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Geological-Society-of-America Penrose Conference CY SEP 23-28, 1997 CL BRIAN HEAD, UTAH SP Geol Soc Amer DE Rio Grande rift; Colorado; laramide orogeny; neogene extension; inherited structure ID DEFORMATION; COLORADO; RANGE; TECTONICS; MODELS; TIME AB Three asymmetric Neogene basins in the northern Rio Grande rift of New Mexico and Colorado - the San Luis basin, the upper Arkansas River graben, and the Blue River graben - are tilted toward large flanking normal faults and lie astride the similarly asymmetric Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary (Laramide) San Juan-San Luis, Sawatch, and Front Range-Gore Range uplifts, respectively. The steep, thrust-faulted side of each uplift is on the same side as the down-rotated side of each of the Neogene basins. In addition, the direction of stratal lilt changes northward across the Villa Grove accommodation zone from east in the San Luis basin to west in the upper Arkansas River graben. This accommodation zone coincides approximately with the northward change from the east-directed San Juan-San Luis uplift to the west-directed Sawatch uplift. These observations, supported by seismic-reflection studies across the San Luis basin and studies of several other superimposed pairs of rift basins and Laramide uplifts, suggest that the basin-bounding normal faults are listric and merge at depth with the older thrusts, which are also listric and root into the crust at about 15-16 km. The Blue River graben is complicated by lack of basin fill and a thrust history along the west side of the Gore Range that is at least as old as late Paleozoic. Nonetheless, the Neogene valley is demonstrably tilted west and lies astride an overall west-directed thrust system, similar to other thrust-and-basin relationships in the northern Rio Grande rift. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kellogg, KS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 913,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 57 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAY 10 PY 1999 VL 305 IS 1-3 BP 141 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00013-X PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 197PW UT WOS:000080374900008 ER PT J AU Clendenin, CW Diehl, SF AF Clendenin, CW Diehl, SF TI Structural styles of Paleozoic intracratonic fault reactivation: a case study of the Grays Point fault zone in southeastern Missouri, USA SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Geological-Society-of-America Penrose Conference CY SEP 23-28, 1997 CL BRIAN HEAD, UTAH SP Geol Soc Amer DE fault reactivation; mapping; petrographic study; orogenic link ID STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; WRENCH FAULTS; PLATE MOTION; OROGENY; APPALACHIANS; TECTONISM AB A pronounced, subparallel set of northeast-striking faults occurs in southeastern Missouri, but little is known about these faults because of poor exposure. The Commerce fault system is the southernmost exposed fault system in this set and has an ancestry related to Reelfoot rift extension. Recent published work indicates that this fault system has a long history of reactivation. The northeast-striking Grays Point fault zone is a segment of the Commerce fault system and is well exposed along the southeast rim of an inactive quarry. Our mapping shows that the Grays Point fault zone also has a complex history of polyphase reactivation, involving three periods of Paleozoic reactivation that occurred in Late Ordovician, Devonian, and post-Mississippian. Each period is characterized by divergent, right-lateral oblique-slip faulting. Petrographic examination of sidewall rip-out clasts in calcite-filled faults associated with the Grays Point fault zone supports a minimum of three periods of right-lateral oblique-slip. The reported observations imply that agenetic link exists between intracratonic fault reactivation and strain produced by Paleozoic orogenies affecting the eastern margin of Laurentia (North America). Interpretations of this link indicate that right-lateral oblique-slip has occurred on all of the northeast-striking faults in southeastern Missouri as a result of strain influenced by the convergence directions of the different Paleozoic orogenies. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 S Carolina Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80255 USA. RP Clendenin, CW (reprint author), Tall Grass Field Studies, 413 E Rubinstein, Salem, MO USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAY 10 PY 1999 VL 305 IS 1-3 BP 235 EP 248 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00007-4 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 197PW UT WOS:000080374900014 ER PT J AU Harrison, RW Hoffman, D Vaughn, JD Palmer, JR Wiscombe, CL McGeehin, JP Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Williams, RA Forman, SL AF Harrison, RW Hoffman, D Vaughn, JD Palmer, JR Wiscombe, CL McGeehin, JP Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Williams, RA Forman, SL TI An example of neotectonism in a continental interior - Thebes Gap, Midcontinent, United States SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Geological-Society-of-America Penrose Conference CY SEP 23-28, 1997 CL BRIAN HEAD, UTAH SP Geol Soc Amer DE faults; neotectonics; Thebes Gap; New Madrid; continental interior ID MADRID SEISMIC ZONE; REELFOOT RIFT; C-14 DATA; ILLINOIS; EARTHQUAKES; MISSOURI; AGE AB Some of the most intense neotectonic activity known in the continental interior of North America has been recently discovered on a fault zone in the Thebes Gap area, Missouri and Illinois. This faulting almost assuredly was accompanied by large earthquakes. The zone is located approximately 30 km north of the New Madrid seismic zone and consists of complex north-northeast- to northeast-striking, steeply dipping faults that have had a long-lived history of reactivation throughout most of the Phanerozoic. Geophysical studies by others suggest that the faults are rooted in the deeply buried Late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian Reelfoot rift system. Quaternary deposits are cut by at least four episodes of faulting, two of which occurred during the Holocene. The overall style of neotectonic deformation is interpreted as right-lateral strike-slip faulting. At many locations, however, near-surface displacements have stepped from one fault strand to another and produced normal and oblique-slip faults in areas of transtension and high-angle reverse faults, thrust faults, and folds in areas of transpression. There is evidence of reactivation of some near-surface fault segments during the great 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes. Quaternary faulting at Thebes Gap demonstrates that there are additional seismic-source zones in the Midcontinent, U.S., other than New Madrid, and that even in the absence of plate-margin orogenesis, intense neotectonic activity does occur over long time periods along crustal weaknesses in continental interiors. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Missouri Dept Nat Resources, Div Geol & Land Survey, Rolla, MO USA. Illinois State Geol Survey, Carterville, IL USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA. RP Harrison, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 48 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAY 10 PY 1999 VL 305 IS 1-3 BP 399 EP 417 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00010-4 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 197PW UT WOS:000080374900024 ER PT J AU Kleck, WD Foord, EE AF Kleck, WD Foord, EE TI The chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of the George Ashley Block pegmatite body SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID GARNETS; SCOTLAND; THAILAND; RANGE AB The George Ashley Block (GAB) is a rockslide block located in the Pala pegmatite district of Southern California. It is layered, asymmetric, pocket containing, and peraluminous. The GAB consists of quartz (42 vol%), Na-rich plagioclase (27%), potassium feldspar (24%), muscovite (7%), Mn-rich garnet (2%), biotite (1%), and a trace of tourmaline and gahnite. It contains only small amounts of the incompatible elements that characterize differentiated pegmatite bodies. P2O5, MnO, and F are present in amounts of <1 wt% each; B, Be, Ce, Li, Nb, Nd, and Th are <100 ppm each. More than 90% of the garnet grains in the GAB are zoned toward Mn-rich rims, and a symmetrical change in garnet-core composition occurs across the body. The mean X site contents for garnet (in at%) are 57% Fe, 40% Mn, 3.1% Mg, and 0.4% Ca. The Mn contents of garnet range from 30 to 55 at%; Fe contents vary inversely with Mn and range from about 66 to 43 at%. It is concluded that the bulk chemistry yields little information about fractionation, but the garnet, muscovite, and biotite mineral chemistry is more useful. There may have been two separate injections of magma to form the GAB. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kleck, WD (reprint author), 23940 Basin Harbor Court, Tehachapi, CA 93561 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 84 IS 5-6 BP 695 EP 707 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 196HT UT WOS:000080303500002 ER PT J AU Webber, KL Simmons, WB Falster, AU Foord, EE AF Webber, KL Simmons, WB Falster, AU Foord, EE TI Cooling rates and crystallization dynamics of shallow level pegmatite-aplite dikes, San Diego County, California SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID SIZE DISTRIBUTION CSD; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; QUARTZ CRYSTALLIZATION; GRANITIC PEGMATITES; SOUTH-DAKOTA; HARNEY PEAK; NUCLEATION; ROCKS; KINETICS; MAKAOPUHI AB Pegmatites of the Pala and Mesa Grande Pegmatite Districts, San Diego County, California are typically thin, sheet-like composite pegmatite-aplite dikes. Aplitic portions of many dikes display pronounced mineralogical layering referred to as "line rock," characterized by fine-grained, garnet-rich bands alternating with albite- and quartz-rich bands. Thermal modeling was performed for four dikes in San Diego County including the 1 m thick Himalaya dike, the 2 m thick Mission dike, the 8 m thick George Ashley dike, and the 25 m thick Stewart dike. Calculations were based on conductive cooling equations accounting for latent heat of crystallization, a melt emplacement temperature of 650 degrees C into 150 degrees C fractured, gabbroic country rock at a depth of 5 km, and an estimated 3 wt% initial H2O content in the melt. Cooling to <550 degrees C at the center of each dike occurred in similar to 9 years for the Stewart dike, similar to 340 days fur the George Ashley dike, similar to 22 days for the Mission dike, and similar to 5 days for the Himalaya dike. Based on these calculations, growth rates fur large pegmatitic minerals such as the 10 cm long Himalaya hanging wall tourmaline crystals may have been on the order of 10(-5) cm/s. Crystal size distribution (CSD) studies of garnet from layered aplites suggest growth rates of about 10(-6) cm/s. These results indicate that the dikes cooled and crystallized rapidly, with variable nucleation rates but high overall crystal-growth rates. Initial high nucleation rates coincident with emplacement and strong undercooling can account for the millimeter-size aplite grains. Lower nucleation rates coupled with high growth rates can explain the decimeter-size minerals in the hanging walls, cores, and miarolitic cavities of the pegmatites. The presence of tourmaline and/or lepidolite throughout these dikes suggests that although the melts were initially H2O-undersaturated, high melt concentrations of incompatible (or fluxing) components such as B, F, and Li (+/-H2O), aided in the development of large pegmatitic crystals that grew rapidly in the short times suggested by the conductive cooling models. C1 Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Webber, KL (reprint author), Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RI Simmons, William/H-5036-2015 OI Simmons, William/0000-0002-8228-8604 NR 36 TC 56 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 6 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 84 IS 5-6 BP 708 EP 717 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 196HT UT WOS:000080303500003 ER PT J AU Kile, DE Eberl, DD AF Kile, DE Eberl, DD TI Crystal growth mechanisms in miarolitic cavities in the Lake George ring complex and vicinity, Colorado SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID SIZE DISTRIBUTION CSD; KINETICS; ROCKS; CRYSTALLIZATION; DYNAMICS; NUCLEATION; DOLOMITES AB The Crystal Peak area of the Pikes Peak batholith, near Lake George in central Colorado, is world-renowned for its crystals of amazonite (the blue-green variety of microcline) and smoky quartz. Such crystals, collected from individual miarolitic pegmatites, have a remarkably small variation in crystal size within each pegmatite, and the shapes of plots of their crystal size distributions (CSDs) are invariably lognormal or close to lognormal in all cases. These observations are explained by a crystal growth mechanism that was governed initially by surface-controlled kinetics, during which crystals tended to grow larger in proportion to their size, thereby establishing lognormal CSDs. Surface-controlled growth was followed by longer periods of supply controlled growth, during which growth rate was predominantly size-independent, consequently preserving the lognormal shapes of the CSDs and the small size variation. The change from surface- to supply controlled growth kinetics may have resulted from an increasing demand for nutrients that exceeded diffusion limitations of the system. The proposed model for crystal growth in this locality appears to be common in the geologic record, and can be used with other information, such as isotopic data, to deduce physico-chemical conditions during crystal formation. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kile, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 39 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 84 IS 5-6 BP 718 EP 724 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 196HT UT WOS:000080303500004 ER PT J AU Foord, EE O'Connor, JT Hughes, JM Sutley, SJ Falster, AU Soregaroli, AE Lichte, FE Kile, DE AF Foord, EE O'Connor, JT Hughes, JM Sutley, SJ Falster, AU Soregaroli, AE Lichte, FE Kile, DE TI Simmonsite, Na2LiAlF6, a new mineral from the Zapot amazonite-topaz-zinnwaldite pegmatite, Hawthorne, Nevada, USA SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article AB Simmonsite, Na2LiAlF6, a new mineral of pegmatitic-hydrothermal origin, occurs in a late-stage breccia pipe structure that cuts the Zapot amazonite-topaz-zinnwaldite pegmatite located in the Gillis Range, Mineral Co., Nevada, U.S.A. The mineral is intimately intergrown with cryolite, cryolithionite and trace elpasolite. A secondary assemblage of other alumine-fluoride minerals and a second generation of cryolithionite has formed from the primary assemblage. The mineral is monoclinic, P2(1) or P2(1)/m, a = 7.5006(6) Angstrom, b = 7.474(1) Angstrom, c = 7.503(1) Angstrom, beta = 90.847(9)degrees, V = 420.6(1) Angstrom(3), Z = 4. The four strongest diffraction maxima [d (Angstrom), hkl, I/I-100] are (4.33, 111 and 11 (1) over bar, 100); (1.877, 400 and 004, 90); (2.25, 13 (1) over bar, 113, 131 and 311, 70); and (2.65, 220, 202, 022, 60). Simmonsite is pale buff cream with white streak, somewhat greasy, translucent to transparent, Mohs hardness of 2.5-3, no distinct cleavage, subconchoidal fracture, no parting, not extremely brittle, D-m is 3.05(2) g/cm(3), and D-c is 3.06(1) g/cm(3). The mineral is biaxial, very nearly isotropic, N is 1.359(1) for lambda = 589 nm, and birefringence is 0.0009. Electron microprobe analyses gave (wt%) Na = 23.4, Al = 13.9, F = 58.6, Li = 356 (calculated), with a total of 99.46. The empirical formula (based on 6 F atoms) is Na1.98Li1.00Al1.00F6. The crystal structure was not solved, presumably because of unit-cell scale twinning, but similarities to the perovskite-type structure exist. The mineral is named for William B. Simmons, Professor of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RP Foord, EE (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 84 IS 5-6 BP 769 EP 772 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 196HT UT WOS:000080303500010 ER PT J AU Dunn, PO Afton, AD Gloutney, ML Alisauskas, RT AF Dunn, PO Afton, AD Gloutney, ML Alisauskas, RT TI Forced copulation results in few extrapair fertilizations in Ross's and lesser snow geese SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID INTRASPECIFIC NEST PARASITISM; RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; PAIR PATERNITY; BREEDING SYNCHRONY; SEXUAL SELECTION; TREE SWALLOWS; FEMALE CHOICE; BIRDS; DNA; POPULATION AB Extrapair paternity varies from 0 to over 70% of young among various populations of birds. Comparative studies have suggested that this variation is related to nesting density, breeding synchrony and the proportion of extrapair copulations. We used minisatellite DNA fingerprinting to examine levels of extrapair paternity in Ross's geese, Chen rossi, and lesser snow geese, C. caerulescens c. (hereafter snow geese) nesting in the largest known goose colony in the world. These geese have one of the highest known percentages of extrapair copulation (46-56% of all attempted copulations), and all of these appeared to be forced. Among all successful copulations, 33 and 38% were extrapair in Ross's and snow geese, respectively. Despite the high percentage of extrapair copulations, extrapair paternity was low in both Ross's and snow geese (2-5% of young). Extrapair paternity was not related to nest density in either species. However, in snow geese, extrapair paternity was more likely to occur in nests of females that nested asynchronously, either early or late in the season. This is one of a few reported examples of a negative relationship between extrapair paternity and breeding synchrony. Extrapair young also tended to come from eggs laid later in the clutch. Although forced extrapair copulations appear to be a relatively inefficient reproductive tactic for males, they may provide a reproductive advantage for some males. (C) 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. RP Afton, AD (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 45 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 57 BP 1071 EP 1081 DI 10.1006/anbe.1998.1066 PN 5 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 196AH UT WOS:000080285600010 ER PT J AU Sheffer, RJ Hedrick, PW Velasco, AL AF Sheffer, Ruby J. Hedrick, Philip W. Velasco, Anthony L. TI Testing for inbreeding and outbreeding depression in the endangered Gila topminnow SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB The extent of inbreeding and outbreeding depression is thought to be a fundamental factor influencing the long term persistence of an endangered species. However, there have been no comprehensive examinations of either factor in an endangered species, except for a mouse species. Here we examined both the extent of inbreeding and outbreeding depression for five traits related to fitness in populations from the four watersheds in which the endangered Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis o. occidentalis) still exists in the USA by making experimental matings with replicate samples and simultaneous controls. There was generally high survival, similar body size, and little bilateral asymmetry for all the inbred and outbred matings for all populations, i.e. there was no evidence of either inbreeding or outbreeding depression for these traits. Similarly there was no evidence of inbreeding or outbreeding effects for fecundity or sex ratio except for the sample from Monkey Spring, which had highly skewed (female-biased) sex ratios after one generation of inbreeding. In addition, brood sizes for Sharp Spring declined over time in inbred lines maintained by full-sib mating. These results further support the suggestion, based on molecular genetic analysis and considerations of habitat differences, that Monkey Spring be considered an evolutionarily significant unit, distinct from the remainder of existing populations. Potential explanations for the results and their implications for conservation are discussed. C1 [Sheffer, Ruby J.; Hedrick, Philip W.; Velasco, Anthony L.] Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Sheffer, Ruby J.] Vet Adm Med Ctr, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA. [Velasco, Anthony L.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. RP Hedrick, PW (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM philip.hedrick@asu.edu FU National Science Foundation; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species Subpermit [PRT-676811] FX We appreciate the assistance of Arlynne Eisner for help collecting size data, Larry Nienaber for his care of the fish, Steven Kalinowski for statistical assistance and W. L. Minckley for advice and guidance. We appreciate the comments of two anonymous reviewers and the suggestion by one to regress brood size on the inbreeding coefficient in Table 6. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation. The fish used in this study were collected and maintained under U. S. Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species Subpermit PRT-676811. NR 43 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 2 IS 2 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00057.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V71EH UT WOS:000204810700006 ER PT J AU Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH AF Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH TI Evaluation of AQUI-S (TM) (efficacy and minimum toxic concentration) as a fish anaesthetic sedative for public aquaculture in the United States SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB A preliminary evaluation of efficacy and minimum toxic concentration of AQUI-S(TM), a fish anaesthetic/sedative, was determined in two size classes of six species of fish important to US public aquaculture (bluegill, channel catfish, lake trout, rainbow trout, walleye and yellow perch), In addition, efficacy and minimum toxic concentration were determined in juvenile-young adult (fish aged 1 year or older) rainbow trout acclimated to water at 7 degrees C, 1.2 degrees C and 17 degrees C. Testing concentrations were based on determinations made with range-finding studies for both efficacy and minimum toxic concentration. Most of the tested juvenile-young adult fish species were induced in 3 min or less at a nominal AQUI-S(TM) concentration of 20 mg L-1. In juvenile-young adult fish, the minimum toxic concentration was at least 2.5 times the selected efficacious concentration. Three out of five species of fry-fingerlings (1.25-12.5 cm in length and < 1 year old) were induced in less than or equal to 4.1 min at a nominal concentration of 20 mg L-1 AQUI-S(TM), with the other two species requiring nominal concentrations of 25 and 35 mg L-1 for similar times of induction. Recovery times were less than or equal to 7.3 min for all species in the two size classes. In fry-fingerlings, the minimum toxic concentration was at least 1.4 times the selected efficacious concentration. There appeared to be little relationship between size of fish and concentrations or times to induction, recovery times and minimum toxic concentration. The times required for induction and for recovery were increased in rainbow trout as the acclimation temperature was reduced. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Stehly, GR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 7 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 30 IS 5 BP 365 EP 372 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00339.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 212PY UT WOS:000081226500008 ER PT J AU Dethloff, GM Schlenk, D Khan, S Bailey, HC AF Dethloff, GM Schlenk, D Khan, S Bailey, HC TI The effects of copper on blood and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; HEPATIC METALLOTHIONEIN PRODUCTION; SALMO-GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; HEAVY-METALS; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; COHO SALMON; CADMIUM; ZINC; ACCLIMATION; RESISTANCE AB Metals are released into aquatic systems from many sources, often at sublethal concentrations. The effects of sublethal concentrations of metals on fish are not entirely understood. The objective of this study was to determine the hematological and biochemical effects of a range of copper concentrations (6.4, 16.0, 26.9 mu g Cu/L) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) over a prolonged period of time. Trout were exposed to copper, and, at intervals of 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, selected parameters were evaluated. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma glucose, and plasma cortisol levels were elevated in trout exposed to 26.9 mu g Cu/L at day 3 and then returned to levels comparable to control fish. Plasma protein and lactate levels were not significantly altered in trout from any copper treatment. Hepatic copper concentration and hepatic metallothionein mRNA expression were consistently elevated in trout exposed to 26.9 mu g Cu/L. Both of these parameters stabilized by day 3, with only hepatic copper concentration showing a further increase at day 21. Hepatic copper concentration and hepatic metallothionein mRNA expression appear to be robust indicators of copper exposure. Most blood-based parameters evaluated appear to be associated with a transitory, nonspecific stress response. The return of elevated hematological and biochemical parameters to control levels after 3 days and the stabilization of hepatic metallothionein mRNA expression and copper concentration over a similar time period suggested acclimation to dissolved copper at 26.9 mu g/L. Further analysis of the data on blood-based parameters indicated that certain parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma glucose, plasma cortisol) may be useful in field monitoring. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Dethloff, GM (reprint author), USGS CERC, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 49 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 415 EP 423 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 189XL UT WOS:000079931400008 PM 10227861 ER PT J AU Caldwell, CA Arnold, MA Gould, WR AF Caldwell, CA Arnold, MA Gould, WR TI Mercury distribution in blood, tissues, and feathers of double-crested cormorant nestlings from arid-lands reservoirs in south central New Mexico SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GULLS LARUS-ARGENTATUS; LOONS GAVIA-IMMER; CHEMICAL FORM; ACCUMULATION; WISCONSIN; CANADA; LAKES; MOLT; DIET; EGGS AB Eggs, blood, liver, muscle, and feathers were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury in double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) nestlings from two reservoirs in south central New Mexico. Total mercury concentrations among eggs, tissues, and feathers were not significantly correlated. Concentrations of total mercury averaged 0.40 mu g/g in liver and 0.18 mu g/g in muscle tissues in both populations of nestlings. There were no significant changes in concentrations of total mercury in whole blood of nestlings collected 7-10 days and 17-22 days posthatch in Caballo Reservoir (0.36 mu g/g and 0.39 mu g/g, respectively) and in Elephant Butte Reservoir (0.36 mu g/g and 0.34 mu g/g, respectively). Total mercury concentrations were similar for blood, muscle, and liver in nestlings for both reservoirs. Total mercury concentrations were higher in eggs and tail, primary, and secondary feathers from nestlings at Caballo Reservoir compared to Elephant Butte Reservoir Although there were no differences in concentrations of total mercury in fishes between the two reservoirs, bioaccumulation and biomagnification was evident in planktivorous and piscivorous fishes. The data demonstrate that feather analysis may not be a good predictor of tissue burden in nestlings from regions of low contamination. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Univ Stat Ctr, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Caldwell, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, New Mexico Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 30003,MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 456 EP 461 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 189XL UT WOS:000079931400012 PM 10227865 ER PT J AU Kannan, K Grove, RA Senthilkumar, K Henny, CJ Giesy, JP AF Kannan, K Grove, RA Senthilkumar, K Henny, CJ Giesy, JP TI Butyltin compounds in river otters (Lutra canadensis) from the northwestern United States SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JAPANESE COASTAL WATERS; ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS; ANTIFOULING PAINTS; TRIBUTYLTIN LEVELS; MARINE MAMMALS; ACCUMULATION; EAST; RESIDUES; DOLPHIN; PACIFIC AB Butyltin compounds, including mono-, di-, and tributyltin (MBT, DBT, and TBT) were measured in livers of 40 adult river otters (Lutra canadensis) collected from rivers and coastal bays in Washington and Oregon, USA. Butyltins were found in all the river otters, at a concentration range of 8.5-2,610 ng/g, WW. The greatest concentration of total butyltins of 2,610 ng/g, WW: was found in a river otter collected in Puget Sound from Fort Ward, Washington. River otters collected near areas with major shipping activities, such as the Puget Sound, contained significantly greater concentrations (geometric mean: 367 ng/g, WW) of butyltins than those from rivers. Among butyltin compounds, MBT and DBT predominated in livers. The concentrations of butyltins in river otters ranged from comparable (Puget Sound) to less (rivers) than what was found in coastal cetaceans. C1 Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kannan, K (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 04911] NR 36 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 462 EP 468 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 189XL UT WOS:000079931400013 PM 10227866 ER PT J AU Hall, RJ Henry, PFP Bunck, CM AF Hall, RJ Henry, PFP Bunck, CM TI Fifty-year trends in a box turtle population in Maryland SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE box turtle; Terrapene; populations ID CAROLINA AB A survey conducted in 1995 investigated long term declines reported in a population of box turtles Terrapene carolina monitored each decade since 1945 in bottomland hardwood forest at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Maryland. Methods duplicated past surveys in most respects, but were supplemented by radiotelemetry and a survey of dominant vegetation. Seventy different turtles were found on the 11.8 ha study area, a decline of > 75% since peak populations were recorded in 1955. Searchers were less efficient in 1995 than in 1945-1975 for a variety of possible reasons. Among turtles recorded, approximately equal numbers persisted from each of the past five decades, with some individuals surviving > 70 years. A sex ratio strongly favoring males was first recorded in 1975 and continued in 1995, but juveniles and subadults were found in greater proportion in 1995 than in any other survey. Six of nine radio-marked turtles left the bottomland study area and migrated to the adjoining bluffs to hibernate, suggesting more extensive movements and perhaps less stable home ranges than formerly thought. Age structure of trees indicated a gradual change to more shade-tolerant species. Examination of rates of change from survey data suggested that major losses probably resulted from changes in hydrology that exacerbated flooding in 1972, with recovery only beginning in 1995 and perhaps limited both by repeated flood events and successional changes in the forest. Slow recovery from losses may indicate that populations of this species would respond poorly to exploitation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Hall, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71 St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 20 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 88 IS 2 BP 165 EP 172 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 162JR UT WOS:000078342900003 ER PT J AU Beyers, DW Rice, JA Clements, WH Henry, CJ AF Beyers, DW Rice, JA Clements, WH Henry, CJ TI Estimating physiological cost of chemical exposure: integrating energetics and stress to quantify toxic effects in fish SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; DIELDRIN; COLORADO; GROWTH AB We present empirical support for a conceptual framework in which chemical contaminants are considered as sources of physiological stress to fish. Physiological stress was quantified in terms of energy by measuring routine metabolism, food consumption, activity, and growth rates of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin. Regression analysis was used to estimate models that describe the response of each endpoint as a function of dieldrin concentration and duration of exposure, Metabolic rate, consumption, and growth were influenced by chemical exposure. At short durations of exposure (1-4 days), metabolic rate of exposed fish was depressed compared with controls, but at a longer duration (16 days), metabolic rate increased as a function of concentration. Food consumption and growth rates of fish exposed for 16 days declined as dieldrin concentration increased. The response of each endpoint was consistent with predictions of the general adaptation syndrome. Energetic costs of contaminant-induced changes in metabolism and food consumption can be integrated with a bioenergetics model to demonstrate biological significance of chemical exposure in a natural environment. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rocky Mt Arsenal Natl Wildlife Refuge, Commerce City, CO 80022 USA. RP Beyers, DW (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Clements, William/N-2686-2016 NR 29 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 56 IS 5 BP 814 EP 822 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-5-814 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 212UG UT WOS:000081235400009 ER PT J AU Guarini, JM Gros, P Blanchard, GF Bacher, C AF Guarini, JM Gros, P Blanchard, GF Bacher, C TI Short-term dynamics of intertidal microphytobenthic biomass. Mathematical modelling SO COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE III-SCIENCES DE LA VIE-LIFE SCIENCES LA French DT Article DE microphytobenthic biomass; intertidal mudflat; short-term dynamics; mathematical model; slow-fast system ID MARENNES-OLERON BAY; EMS-DOLLARD ESTUARY; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY; NUTRIENT STATUS; ALGAL CELLS; LIGHT; PHYTOPLANKTON; TEMPERATURE; SEDIMENT; GROWTH AB We formulate a deterministic mathematical model to describe the dynamics of the microphytobenthos of intertidal mudflats. It is 'minimal' because it only takes into account the essential processes governing the functioning of the system: the aurotrophic production, the active upward and downward migrations of epipelic microalgae, the saturation of the mud surface by a biofilm of diatoms and the global net loss rates of biomass. According to the photic environment of the benthic diatoms inhabiting intertidal mudflats, and to their migration rhythm, the model is composed of two sub-systems of ordinary differential equations; they describe the simultaneous evolution of the biomass 'S' concentrated in the mud surface biofilm - the photic layer - and of the biomass 'F' diluted in the topmost centimetre of the mud - the aphotic layer. Qualitatively, the model solutions agree fairly well with the in situ observed dynamics of the S + F biomass. The study of the: mathematical properties of the model, under some simplifying assumptions, shows the convergence of solutions to a stable cyclic equilibrium, whatever the frequencies of the physical synchronizers of the production. The sensitivity analysis reveals the necessity of a better knowledge of the processes of biomass losses, which so far are uncertain, and may further vary in space and time. ((C) Academie des sciences / Elsevier, Paris.) C1 CNRS Ifremer, Ctr Rech Ecol Marine & Aquaculture Lhoumeau, F-17137 Lhoumeau, France. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. IFREMER, Ctr Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France. Univ La Rochelle, Lab Biol & Biochim Marines, F-17000 La Rochelle, France. RP Blanchard, GF (reprint author), CNRS Ifremer, Ctr Rech Ecol Marine & Aquaculture Lhoumeau, BP 5, F-17137 Lhoumeau, France. NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0764-4469 J9 CR ACAD SCI III-VIE JI Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Ser. III-Sci. Vie-Life Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 322 IS 5 BP 363 EP 373 DI 10.1016/S0764-4469(99)80072-9 PG 11 WC Biology; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 199YQ UT WOS:000080512000003 PM 10340108 ER PT J AU Poeter, EP Hill, MC AF Poeter, EP Hill, MC TI UCODE, a computer code for universal inverse modeling SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE nonlinear regression; Gauss-Newton; sensitivity; calibration; public domain ID FLOW AB This article presents the US Geological Survey computer program UCODE, which was developed in collaboration with the US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station and the International Ground Water Modeling Center of the Colorado School of Mines. UCODE performs inverse modeling, posed as a parameter-estimation problem, using nonlinear regression. Any application model or set of models can be used; the only requirement is that they have numerical (ASCII or text only) input and output files and that the numbers in these files have sufficient significant digits. Application models can include preprocessors and postprocessors as well as models related to the processes of interest (physical, chemical and so on), making UCODE extremely powerful for model calibration. Estimated parameters can be defined flexibly with user-specified functions. Observations to be matched in the regression can be any quantity for which a simulated equivalent value can be produced, thus simulated equivalent values are calculated using values that appear in the application model output files and can be manipulated with additive and multiplicative functions, if necessary. Prior, or direct, information on estimated parameters also can be included in the regression. The nonlinear regression problem is solved by minimizing a weighted least-squares objective function with respect to the parameter values using a modified Gauss-Newton method. Sensitivities needed for the method are calculated approximately by forward or central differences and problems and solutions related to this approximation are discussed. Statistics are calculated and printed for use in (1) diagnosing inadequate data or identifying parameters that probably cannot be estimated with the available data, (2) evaluating estimated parameter values, (3) evaluating the model representation of the actual processes and (4) quantifying the uncertainty of model simulated values. UCODE is intended for use on any computer operating system: it consists of algorithms programmed in perl, a freeware language designed for text manipulation and Fortran90, which efficiently performs numerical calculations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Int Ground Water Modeling Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Poeter, EP (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Int Ground Water Modeling Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 10 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 25 IS 4 BP 457 EP 462 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00149-6 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 200FM UT WOS:000080529000017 ER PT J AU Miller, MW AF Miller, MW TI Relative effects of plumage coloration and vegetation density on nest success SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Cardinalis cardinalis; incubation; nest success; Northern Cardinal; plumage coloration; predation; sexual selection ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; NORTHERN CARDINALS; HOODED WARBLERS; PREDATION; BIRDS; DEPREDATION; CONCEALMENT; SELECTION; PATERNITY; MUTATION AB Many passerine species ale highly dichromatic with brightly-colored males and cryptically-colored females. Bright plumage in males is commonly thought to arise as a result of sexual selection by females such that males with bright coloration possess high fitness. However, bright plumage potentially could expose males to increased predation risk. Consistent with this idea, males of many highly dichromatic passerine species do not incubate. I tested whether brightly-colored males avoid incubation to reduce the probability of visual predators locating their nest. This hypothesis predicts greater hatching success for clutches incubated by cryptically-colored individuals than by brightly-colored individuals. The Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) is a common dichromatic species that breeds throughout the eastern U.S. I placed two button-quail (Turnix sp.) eggs in each of 203 simulated cardinal nests. Dull brown cardboard, simulating a female cardinal, was placed over about half of all clutches. Bright red cardboard, simulating a male cardinal, was placed over the other clutches. Nest success was highest for well-concealed nests (87%) and lowest for nests in open habitat (54%). Nests containing red cardboard did not have significantly lower success than nests with brown cardboard, nor did I detect a significant color x vegetation-density interaction. My analysis may have had insufficient power to detect an effect of color on nest success; alternatively, brightly-colored males that do not incubate may achieve benefits unrelated to predation risk. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI Miller, Mark/F-6284-2015 OI Miller, Mark/0000-0003-4211-1393 NR 45 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1999 VL 101 IS 2 BP 255 EP 261 DI 10.2307/1369988 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191DD UT WOS:000080005700006 ER PT J AU Ritter, MW Savidge, JA AF Ritter, MW Savidge, JA TI A predictive model of wetland habitat use on Guam by endangered Mariana Common Moorhens SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Gallinula chloropus guami; Guam; habitat use; Mariana Common Moorhen; wetland AB Mariana Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus guami) were present in 21 of 33 wetlands examined on Guam. Stepwise logistic regression identified two variables (wetland area, percent cover of emergent vegetation) that distinguished between moorhen presence or absence at a wetland. The predictive equation correctly classified 86% of the wetlands with moorhens, but only 50% of the wetlands without moorhens. The average number of moorhens at wetlands was not influenced by the amount of emergent vegetation cover. Moorhen presence at smaller wetlands with less cover of emergent vegetation may not be an indication of preference for this type of habitat on Guam. instead, moorhen presence was likely based on wetland availability, Enhancement and management of larger natural wetlands would increase thr amount of seasonal and permanent habitat available to moorhens and provide resources for more than one breeding Fair of moorhens per wetland. C1 Div Aquat & Wildlife Resources, Agana, GU 96910 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Ritter, MW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Guam Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 8134,MOU-3, Dededo, GU 96912 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1999 VL 101 IS 2 BP 282 EP 287 DI 10.2307/1369991 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191DD UT WOS:000080005700009 ER PT J AU Ely, CR Ward, DH Bollinger, KS AF Ely, CR Ward, DH Bollinger, KS TI Behavioral correlates of heart rates of free-living Greater White-fronted Geese SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE activity; aggression; Anser albifrons; behavior; flight; Greater White-fronted Geese; heart rate ID DAILY ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; RESPIRATORY FREQUENCY; AYTHYA-FULIGULA; TUFTED DUCKS; BIRDS AB We simultaneously monitored the heart rate and behavior of nine free-living Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons) on their wintering grounds in northern California. Heart rates of wild geese were monitored via abdominally-implanted radio transmitters with electrodes that received electrical impulses of the heart and emitted a radio signal with each ventricular contraction. Post-operative birds appeared to behave normally, readily rejoining flocks and flying up to 15 km daily from night-time roost sites to feed in surrounding agricultural fields. Heart rates varied significantly among individuals and among behaviors, and ranged from less than 100 beats per minute (BPM) during resting, to over 400 BPM during night. Heart rates varied from 80 to 140 BPM during non-strenuous activities such as walking, feeding, and maintenance activities to about 180 BPM when birds became alert, and over 400 BPM when birds were startled, even if they did not take night, Postflight heart rate recovery Lime averaged < 10 sec. During agonistic encounters, heart rate exceeded 400 BPM: heart rates during social interactions were not predictable sold from postures, as heart rates were contest-dependent, and were highest in initial encounters among individuals. Instantaneous measures of physiological parameters, such as heart rate, are often better indicators of the degree of response to external stimuli than visual observations and san be used to improve estimates of energy expenditure based solely on activity data. C1 US Geol Survey, Alasaka Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Ely, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alasaka Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM craig_ely@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1999 VL 101 IS 2 BP 390 EP 395 DI 10.2307/1370002 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191DD UT WOS:000080005700020 ER PT J AU van Pelt, TI Piatt, JF van Vliet, GB AF van Pelt, TI Piatt, JF van Vliet, GB TI Vocalizations of the Kittlitz's Murrelet SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Alcidae; Brachyramphus brevirostris; calls; communication; Kittlitz's Murrelet ID BRACHYRAMPHUS AB We present the first documentation of Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) vocalizations, based on recordings made in Glacier Bay, Alaska, in 1994. We identified two apparently related types of calls: groan and quack. The Kittlitz's Murrelet calls were markedly different from the most common calls of the congeneric Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), but shared characteristics with the Marbled Murrelet's less common "groan" call. Phylogeny, breeding biology, and habitat characteristics may explain relationships between the congeneric vocalizations. More complete knowledge of the Kittlitz's Murrelet vocal repertoire is needed before vocalizations can be either used or discarded in the design of effective programs to monitor this rare and poorly-known species. C1 US Geol Survey, Alasaka Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP van Pelt, TI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alasaka Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1999 VL 101 IS 2 BP 395 EP 398 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191DD UT WOS:000080005700021 ER PT J AU Flint, PL Grand, JB AF Flint, PL Grand, JB TI Incubation behavior of Spectacled Eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE incubation behavior; incubation constancy; nest attentiveness; Somateria fischeri; Spectacled Eider; weight loss ID BODY-MASS; COMMON GOLDENEYES; NEST ATTENDANCE; RHYTHMS; GEESE; TEMPERATURES; PATTERNS; MALLARD; WEIGHT; DUCKS AB We studied incubation behavior of Spectacled Elders (Somateria fischeri) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in 1996. We trapped 19 females on their nests and weighed them in early incubation and again at hatch. Average daily weight loss for incubating females was 16.6 +/- 1.0 g day(-1), which resulted in a cumulative loss of 26% of body weight throughout incubation. Nest attendance was monitored for a portion of the incubation period using temperature sensing artificial eggs. Incubation constancy averaged 90 +/- 1%. Average recess length was 37.1 +/- 0.9 min and nests cooled an average of 4.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C during recesses. Recess frequency averaged 2.5 +/- 0.1 recesses day(-1), and most recesses (70%) occurred between 10:00 and 22: 00. Incubation constancy varied among females, but was not related to changes in body weight or incubation period. There was no influence of ambient temperature on incubation recess length, however most recesses were taken during the warmest part of the day. We found considerable variation among females in patterns of daily incubation constancy, nest cooling, recess frequency, and recess length. It is not clear from our results what factors constrain incubation behavior of Spectacled Elders, but we suggest that individual females respond to a complex suite of variables. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Flint, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 27 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1999 VL 101 IS 2 BP 413 EP 416 DI 10.2307/1370007 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191DD UT WOS:000080005700025 ER PT J AU Esler, D AF Esler, D TI Time of day of ovulation by three duck species in subarctic Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Anas; Aythya; ducks; egg laying; ovulation times; waterfowl ID EGG-LAYING INTERVALS AB I examined variation in ovulation times of Northern Pintails (Anas acuta), American Wigeon (A, americana), and Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) breeding in subarctic Alaskan wetlands. Ovulation times and by extension egg-laying times were high ly variable in all three species, with ovulations occurring during all hours of the day. Only Lesser Scaup demonstrated a morning peak in ovulations. within a broad range of ovulation times. Lack of a distinct time of day of ovulation suggests that fitness is not related to egg-laying time for these species. particularly at subarctic latitudes with nearly perpetual daylight. Egg-laying interval may have more adaptive significance than egg-laying time for these species. Ovulation intervals were estimated to be approximately 24 hr, which is short relative to the range of intervals documented in birds. despite high energetic and nutritional costs of egg formation in these species. Evidence of approximately 24-hr ovulation intervals, particularly in the absence of a distinct time of day for egg laying, supports hypotheses that a shortened period of egg production in waterfowl may have selective advantage due to reduction in the period of nest exposure to predation, earlier hatch dates. reduced hatch asynchrony, or improved viability of early-laid eggs. C1 US Geol Survey, Alasaka Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Esler, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alasaka Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1999 VL 101 IS 2 BP 422 EP 425 DI 10.2307/1370009 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191DD UT WOS:000080005700027 ER PT J AU Hein, JR Morgan, CL AF Hein, JR Morgan, CL TI Influence of substrate rocks on Fe-Mn crust composition SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS; ARCHIPELAGO; SEAMOUNTS; DEPOSITS; ISLANDS AB Principal Component and other statistical analyses of chemical and mineralogical data of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide crusts and their underlying rock substrates in the central Pacific indicate that substrate rocks do not influence crust composition. Two ridges near Johnston Atoll were dredged repetitively and up to seven substrate rock types were recovered from small areas of similar water depths. Crusts were analyzed mineralogically and chemically for 24 elements, and substrates were analyzed mineralogically and chemically for the 10 major oxides. Compositions of crusts on phosphatized substrates are distinctly different from crusts on substrates containing no phosphorite. However, that relationship only indicates that the episodes of phosphatization that mineralized the substrate rocks also mineralized the crusts that grew on them. A two-fold increase in copper contents in crusts that grew on phosphatized elastic substrate rocks, relative to crusts on other substrate rock types, is also associated with phosphatization and must have resulted from chemical reorganization during diagenesis. Phosphatized crusts show increases in Sr, Zn, Ca, Ba, Cu, Ce, V, and Mo contents and decreases in Fe, Si, and As contents relative to non-phosphatized crusts. Our statistical results support previous studies which shovel that crust compositions reflect predominantly direct precipitation from seawater (hydrogenetic), and to lesser extents reflect detrital input and diagenetic replacement of parts of the older crust generation by carbonate fluorapatite. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Hawaii, HNEI MMTC, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Hein, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 46 IS 5 BP 855 EP 875 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00097-1 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 189FL UT WOS:000079893800006 ER PT J AU Ravichandran, M Aiken, GR Ryan, JN Reddy, MM AF Ravichandran, M Aiken, GR Ryan, JN Reddy, MM TI Inhibition of precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by dissolved organic matter isolated from the Florida Everglades SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; WATERS; SPECIATION; ADSORPTION; SULFUR; SOIL; ACID; LAKE AB Precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (black HgS) was inhibited in the presence of low concentrations (greater than or equal to 3 mg C/L) of humic fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolated from the Florida Everglades. At low Hg concentrations (less than or equal to 5 x 10(-8) M), DOM prevented the precipitation of metacinnabar. At moderate Hg concentrations (5 x 10(-5) M), DOM inhibited the aggregation of colloidal metacinnabar (Hg passed through a 0.1 mu m filter but was removed by centrifugation). At Hg concentrations greater than 5 x 10(-4) M, mercury formed solid metacinnabar particles that were removed from solution by a 0.1 mu m filter. Organic matter rich in aromatic moieties was preferentially removed with the solid. Hydrophobic organic acids (humic and fulvic acids) inhibited aggregation better than hydrophilic organic acids. The presence of chloride, acetate, salicylate, EDTA, and cysteine did not inhibit the precipitation or aggregation of metacinnabar. Calcium enhanced metacinnabar aggregation even in the presence of DOM, but the magnitude of the effect was dependent on the concentrations of DOM, Hg, and Ca. Inhibition of metacinnabar precipitation appears to be a result of strong DOM-Hg binding. Prevention of aggregation of colloidal particles appears to be caused by adsorption of DOM and electrostatic repulsion. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ravichandran, M (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab ERD, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012 NR 30 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 7 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 9 BP 1418 EP 1423 DI 10.1021/es9811187 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 192YH UT WOS:000080107000030 ER PT J AU Franson, JC Schmutz, JA Creekmore, LH Fowler, AC AF Franson, JC Schmutz, JA Creekmore, LH Fowler, AC TI Concentrations of selenium, mercury, and lead in blood of emperor geese in western Alaska SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE emperor goose; lead; mercury; selenium ID SPECTACLED EIDERS; ACCUMULATION; DUCKS; EXPOSURE; MALLARDS; MODEL; WADER; EGGS AB We found up to 10 ppm wet weight of selenium in blood samples collected from emperor geese (Chen canagica) on their breeding grounds on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska, USA. Incubating adult females captured in late May through mid-June 1997 had significantly higher concentrations of selenium in their blood (mean = 5.60 ppm) than adult females captured during wing molt in late July 1996 (mean = 2.78 ppm). Females that nested early or were in goad body condition had higher concentrations of selenium in their blood than did other nesting females. Blood samples from 4 of 29 goslings had detectable levels of selenium (mean = 0.14 ppm). Our findings suggest that emperor geese are exposed to more selenium in the marine environment of their wintering and staging areas on the Alaska Peninsula than on the breeding grounds. The highest concentration of mercury found in the blood of emperor geese was 0.24 ppm. One bird had a blood lead concentration of 0.67 ppm, but 82% had no detectable lead in their blood, suggesting that lead exposure from the ingestion of lead shot poses little threat for emperor geese in western Alaska, contrary to findings reported for sympatric spectacled elders (Somateria fischeri). C1 Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Franson, JC (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 34 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 965 EP 969 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0965:COSMAL>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 187RQ UT WOS:000079801300022 ER PT J AU Hui, CA Ellers, O AF Hui, CA Ellers, O TI Effect of high aluminum consumption on mechanics and composition of furculae of free-ranging coots SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE coots; Fulica americana; metals; aluminum; bone ID DIETARY ALUMINUM; BONE STRENGTH; CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; ACIDIFICATION; STARLINGS; FLUORIDE; BEHAVIOR; QUALITY; EGG AB High levels of ingested Al can affect mechanical properties of bones. Because of the spring action of the Furcula during the wingbeat, small changes in the mechanical properties of this bone may have measurable impacts on long-distance flight. We examined the Furculae and ingesta of free-ranging American coots (Fulica americana) in San Francisco Bay (California, USA), where they consume a diet high in Al. We measured the spring stiffness and phase angle (delta) of the furculae and the concentrations of Al, Ca, F, Mg, and P in both the furculae and ingesta. The ingesta had mean Al concentrations (2,383 mu g/g, dry weight) and AI:P molar ratios (6.4:1) predicted to affect bone integrity but the bone concentrations of Al were near the normal range and the furcula stiffness did not change with Al concentration. The tan delta of the furculae changed with Al concentration but the relationship was weak. The chemical speciation of the ingested Al may have affected its physiologic role and the high mean levels of ingested calcium (71,283 mu g/g. dry weight) very likely neutralized the activity of the AL. Controlled feeding studies have shown that F strengthens avian bones. The bones in our study had molar concentrations of F more than two orders of magnitude greater than Al (170:1) but F appears to have insignificant influence on bone mechanics. The coots in San Francisco Bay apparently are not suffering furcula impairment despite a diet high in Al. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USGS, BRD, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Div Biol Sci, Evolut & Ecol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hui, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USGS, BRD, Davis Field Stn, Kerr Hall Room 278,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 970 EP 975 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0970:EOHACO>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 187RQ UT WOS:000079801300023 ER PT J AU Nelson, KJ Hoagland, KD Siegfried, BD AF Nelson, KJ Hoagland, KD Siegfried, BD TI Chronic effects of atrazine on tolerance of a benthic diatom SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; periphyton; chronic exposure; tolerance ID ALGAL COMMUNITIES; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; LABORATORY MICROCOSMS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURFACE WATERS; UNITED-STATES; HERBICIDES; STREAM; DEGRADATION; MICROALGAE AB The effects of prior chronic exposure to atrazine on responses to subsequent acute exposures were investigated using a common benthic diatom. Clonal, axenic cultures of Craticula cuspidata were established from the Platte River (Nebraska) and obtained from a culture collection (unlikely prior exposure to atrazine). All cultures received a chronic 67-d treatment of I mu g/L atrazine. and growth was monitored using fluorometric detection of chlorophyll a. Chronic atrazine exposure significantly reduced growth rate only during the first day of treatment (p = 0.0001): no significant effect was detected throughout the remainder of the 67-d period. Following the chronic treatment, clones were exposed to six atrazine concentrations (83, 188, 402, 860, 1,782, and 3.250 mu g/L) to ascertain whether prior exposure influenced the tolerance of this diatom. Prior chronic exposure had a negative effect on growth following subsequent exposures to higher concentrations. A significant decline in growth was detected on days 7, 9, and 12 between previously exposed and control clones at 83 mu g/L of atrazine, The lack of increased tolerance in C. cuspidata after a realistic chronic exposure indicates that the levels of atrazine presently found in many lotic systems may inhibit the growth of periphyton during periods of higher pulses of atrazine characteristic of spring runoff events. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Grand Island, NE USA. RP Hoagland, KD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 1038 EP 1045 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1038:CEOAOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 187RQ UT WOS:000079801300031 ER PT J AU Reiners, PW Nelson, BK Izuka, SK AF Reiners, PW Nelson, BK Izuka, SK TI Structural and petrologic evolution of the Lihue basin and eastern Kauai, Hawaii SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID OCEANIC-ISLAND VOLCANOS; CANARY-ISLANDS; REUNION-ISLAND; TRACE-ELEMENT; INDIAN-OCEAN; GEOCHEMISTRY; BASALTS; MANTLE; ORIGIN; ND AB The topography of the eastern part of the Hawaiian island of Kauai is dominated by the Lihue basin, a large (similar to 110 km(2)) semicircular depression bounded by steep cliffs and partly filled by late rejuvenated-stage (or post-erosional stage) volcanic material. As with other large, semicircular basins on ocean-island volcanoes, the subsurface geology and origin (e.g., structural collapse vs. fluvial erosion) of the Lihue basin are poorly understood. New analyses of samples collected from eastern Kauai and drill holes within the basin document several important features of the late-stage geologic evolution of Kauai. First, thick (>300 m) sequences of rejuvenated-stage Koloa Volcanics in the Lihue basin show systematic, basin-wide geochemical trends of increasingly incompatible elements with time, indicating a gradual decrease in the extent of partial melting of mantle sources with time. Second, beneath the rejuvenated-stage volcanics in the basin, a thin layer of postshield alkalic stage lavas (e.g., hawaiites and mugearites) overlies older shield-stage tholeiitic lavas of the Napali Member, indicating that the Lihue basin formed by structural collapse, not fluvial erosion. Third, a large (similar to 2-5 km(3)) matrix-supported breccia, interpreted as deposits of one or more debris flows, is within the rejuvenated-stage volcanics throughout the basin, and correlates with surficial exposures of the Palikea Breccia west of the basin. Isotopic compositions of the bulk breccia are similar to those of tholeiites from the east side of Kauai, and distinct from those of west Kauai tholeiites. Clasts within the breccia are dominantly hawaiite and alkali gabbro. The source region of the breccia in the steep cliffs and highlands of the central massif to the west of the basin must contain magmatic products of an extensive postshield alkalic stage, including hawaiite flows and one or more large intrusive bodies or ponded sequences of alkali gabbro. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Reiners, PW (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, MS 100-23, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 111 IS 5 BP 674 EP 685 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0674:SAPEOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 193QD UT WOS:000080146900004 ER PT J AU Elias, SA Hamilton, TD Edwards, ME Beget, JE Krumhardt, AP Lavoie, C AF Elias, SA Hamilton, TD Edwards, ME Beget, JE Krumhardt, AP Lavoie, C TI Late Pleistocene environments of the western Noatak basin, northwestern Alaska SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID OLD CROW TEPHRA; AMERICAN OMALIINAE COLEOPTERA; MODERN POLLEN ASSEMBLAGES; YUKON-TERRITORY; INTERIOR ALASKA; LOESS; THERMOLUMINESCENCE; AGE; STAPHYLINIDAE; REVISION AB Glacial Lake Noatak formed repeatedly during middle and late Pleistocene time as expanding glaciers from the DeLong Mountains blocked the Noatak River valley. Downcutting by the Noatak River has exposed thick sediment successions in bluffs up to 86 m high. Two river bluffs, Nk-26 and Nk 29A, contain correlative organic-rich flood-plain deposits that were formed during and after deposition of the Old Crow tephra at about the transition between oxygen isotope stage 6 and oxygen isotope stage 5, at the beginning of the last interglaciation, Both bluffs also contain older interglacial or interstadial flood-plain deposits of uncertain age. Pollen and beetle remains were recovered from the older and younger flood-plain deposits at each bluff, Pollen from the younger flood-plain deposits suggests tundra vegetation with local dominance of sedge. Juniperus abundances were locally high, especially around the time of Old Crow tephra deposition, Mutual climatic range (MCR) estimates from the insect fossil assemblages suggest that mean summer temperatures (T-max) near the time of Old Crow tephra deposition were about 2 degrees C colder than modem; mean winter temperatures were very similar to those of today. A younger sample from the same interglacial deposit yielded a T-max estimate of 2 degrees C warmer than modern, signaling interglacial warming, Pollen from the older interglacial deposit at Nk-29A suggests mesic tundra, with boreal forest more distant than it is today. MCR analysis of a possibly correlative older interglacial deposit at Nk-26 suggests a T-max about 2 degrees C below present. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Laval, Dept Amenagement, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RP Elias, SA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Lavoie, Claude/A-1601-2011; Marleau Donais, Francis/R-2709-2016; GAO, Jianan/R-6090-2016; DANSOU, dossa Hyppolite/R-9367-2016; Bah, Idiatou/R-9375-2016; Cerutti, Jerome/A-5398-2017; Marais, Ariane/S-3349-2016; Bojanowski, Angelique/R-8243-2016; lafreniere, judy/R-9281-2016 OI Marleau Donais, Francis/0000-0002-1970-7079; Marais, Ariane/0000-0003-0726-2401; NR 49 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 7 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 111 IS 5 BP 769 EP 789 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0769:LPEOTW>2.3.CO;2 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 193QD UT WOS:000080146900010 ER PT J AU Norris, RD Huber, BT Self-Trail, J AF Norris, RD Huber, BT Self-Trail, J TI Synchroneity of the K-T oceanic mass extinction and meteorite impact: Blake Nose, western North Atlantic SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; PLANKTONIC-FORAMINIFERA; CHICXULUB IMPACT; EL-KEF; YUCATAN AB A 10-cm-thick layer of green spherules occurs precisely at the biostratigraphic boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene (K-T boundary) at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1049 (lat 30 degrees 08'N, long 76 degrees 06'W), The spherulitic layer contains abundant rock fragments (chalk, limestone, dolomite, chert, mica books, and schist) as well as shocked quartz, abundant large Cretaceous planktic foraminifera, and rounded clasts of clay as long as 4 mm interpreted as altered tektite glass probably derived from the Chicxulub impact structure, Most of the Cretaceous foraminifera present above the spherule layer are not survivors since small specimens are conspicuously rare compared to large individuals. Instead, the Cretaceous taxa in Paleocene sediments are thought to be reworked. The first Paleocene planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil species are recorded immediately above the spherule bed, the upper part of which contains an iridium anomaly. Hence, deposition of the impact ejecta exactly coincided with the biostratigraphic K-T boundary and demonstrates that the impact event was synchronous with the evolutionary turnover in the oceans. These results are consistent with a reanalysis of the biostratigraphy of the K-T boundary stratotype, which argues that shallow-marine K-T boundary sections are not biostratigraphically more complete than deep-sea K-T boundary sites. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Norris, RD (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, MS-23, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 22 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 1999 VL 27 IS 5 BP 419 EP 422 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0419:SOTKTO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 193QF UT WOS:000080147100009 ER PT J AU Denlinger, RP Hoblitt, RP AF Denlinger, RP Hoblitt, RP TI Cyclic eruptive behavior of silicic volcanoes SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; FLOW INSTABILITIES; MODELING SPURT; REAL-TIME; SLIP AB Silicic volcanism seems chaotic: the styles, magnitudes, and/or timing of successive eruptions may be without apparent pattern, or patterns may merge, fade, or abruptly change. However, geophysical monitoring of recent eruptions shows that some silicic volcanoes can exhibit cyclic eruptive behavior wherein periods of explosive activity or rapid extrusion alternate with periods of repose. The cycles are commonly observed in time-averaged amplitudes of eruption-related seismicity and also have been observed in ground-surface tilt data. When tilt and seismicity are both observed during oscillatory behavior, as at Soufriere Hills volcano on Montserrat, British West Indies, they correlate in time. Cycle periods range from hours to days, and cycle amplitudes and waveforms vary widely. Complex oscillatory behavior is also sometimes observed during high-pressure (tens of MPa) extrusion of industrial polymer melts. With this phenomenon as a guide, we construct a simple dynamic model for the oscillatory behavior of erupting volcanoes. We propose that cyclic eruptions result from Newtonian flow of compressible magma through the volcanic conduit combined with a stick-slip condition along the conduit wall, in analogy to the behavior of industrial polymers. If magma is forced into the conduit at a constant rate, pressure and now rate rise, If the now rate through the conduit exceeds a threshold value, the flow resistance abruptly drops as the magma slips along a shallow portion of the conduit wall. This reduces resistance to now and causes the flow rate to jump to a higher value. If this enhanced flow rate exceeds the supply rate, both pressure and flow rate decline as the compressed magma in the conduit expands. Eventually slip ceases as the magma reattaches to the conduit wall at a now rate less than the supply rate. Consequently pressure begins to increase, and the cycle begins again. This simple model reconciles a variety of disparate phenomena associated with cyclic silicic volcanism and provides a paradigm to interpret cyclic eruptive behavior. C1 Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Denlinger, RP (reprint author), Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 20 TC 114 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 1999 VL 27 IS 5 BP 459 EP 462 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0459:CEBOSV>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 193QF UT WOS:000080147100019 ER PT J AU Brunner, CA Normark, WR Zuffa, GG Serra, F AF Brunner, CA Normark, WR Zuffa, GG Serra, F TI Deep-sea sedimentary record of the late Wisconsin cataclysmic floods from the Columbia River SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB New results from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1037 and U.S. Geological Survey high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles confirm the great thickness, fast deposition rate, distant source, and convolute path of turbidites that fill the Escanaba Trough, the rift valley of the southernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge. Accelerator mass spectrometry C-14 measurements provide the first direct dating of the Escanaba Trough turbidites, demonstrating an average deposition rate faster than 10 m/k.y. between 32 and 11 ka and as fast as 15 m/k.y. during the oxygen isotope stage 2 lowstand, In the upper 60 m of sediment, the petrology of turbidite sand beds, which are as much as 12 m thick, show that the dominant source for the turbidites is from the Columbia River, which is more than 800 km to the north, rather than from the much closer rivers of northern California. New high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles show that, except for areas of very recent volcanism, the entire Escanaba Trough below 3200 m water depth is floored by the turbidite sequence that was cored in the upper 60 m at Site 1037B, The ages of the upper 120 m of turbidites correspond with the ages of channeled scabland deposits associated with latest Quaternary jokulhlaups from glacial Lake Missoula, The age and source characteristics suggest that these megaturbidite beds in Escanaba Trough are most likely deposits formed by hyperpycnally generated turbidity currents as the largest of the Lake Missoula floods entered the sea. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39529 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Sci Terra Geol Ambientali, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. RP Brunner, CA (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39529 USA. RI Brunner, Charlotte/A-9705-2014 OI Brunner, Charlotte/0000-0002-6200-167X NR 19 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 1999 VL 27 IS 5 BP 463 EP 466 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0463:DSSROT>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 193QF UT WOS:000080147100020 ER PT J AU Becker, MW Reimus, PW Vilks, P AF Becker, MW Reimus, PW Vilks, P TI Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID COLLOID TRANSPORT; SANDY AQUIFER; MIGRATION EXPERIMENTS; GRANITE FRACTURE; POROUS-MEDIA; BACTERIA; MICROORGANISMS; SEDIMENTS; PARTICLES; BEHAVIOR AB Understanding colloid transport in ground water is essential to assessing the migration of colloid-size contaminants, the facilitation of dissolved contaminant transport by colloids, in situ bioremediation, and the health risks of pathogen contamination in drinking water wells, Much has been learned through laboratory and field-scale colloid tracer tests, but progress has been hampered by a lack of consistent tracer testing methodology at different scales and fluid velocities. This paper presents laboratory and field tracer tests in fractured rock that use the same type of colloid tracer over an almost three orders-of-magnitude range in scale and fluid velocity Fluorescently-dyed carboxylate-modified latex (CML) microspheres (0.19 to 0.98 mu m diameter) were used as tracers in (1) a naturally fractured tuff sample, (2) a large block of naturally fractured granite, (3) a fractured granite field site, and (4) another fractured granite/schist field site. In all cases, the mean transport time of the microspheres was shorter than the solutes, regardless of detection limit. In all but the smallest scale test, only a fraction of the injected microsphere mass was recovered, with the smaller microspheres being recovered to a greater extent than the larger microspheres, Using existing theory, we hypothesize that the observed microsphere early arrival was due to volume exclusion and attenuation was due to aggregation and/or settling during transport. In most tests, microspheres were detected using flow cytometry, which proved to be an excellent method of analysis. CML microspheres appear to be useful tracers for fractured rock in forced gradient and short-term natural gradient tests, but longer residence times may result in small microsphere recoveries. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Whiteshell Labs, Geochem Res Branch, Pinawa, MB R0E 1L0, Canada. RP Becker, MW (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geog, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RI Becker, Matthew/J-2711-2012 NR 33 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 12 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3 BP 387 EP 395 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01116.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 191ZA UT WOS:000080051100013 ER PT J AU McMahon, PB Dennehy, KF Sandstrom, MW AF McMahon, PB Dennehy, KF Sandstrom, MW TI Hydraulic and geochemical performance of a permeable reactive barrier containing zero-valent iron, Denver Federal Center SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DEGRADATION; METAL AB The hydraulic and geochemical performance of a 366 m long permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at the Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado, was evaluated, The funnel and gate system, which was installed in 1996 to intercept and remediate ground water contaminated,vith chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs), contained four 12.2 m wide gates filled with zero-valent iron, Ground water mounding on the upgradient side of the PRE resulted in a tenfold increase in the hydraulic gradient and ground water velocity through the gates compared to areas of the aquifer unaffected by the PRE. Water balance calculations for April 1997 indicate that about 75% of the ground water moving toward the PRE from upgradient areas moved through the gates, The rest of the water either accumulated on the upgradient side of the PRE or bypassed the PRE. Chemical data from monitoring wells screened downgradient, beneath, and at the ends of the PRE indicate that contaminants had not bypassed the PRE, except in a few isolated areas. Greater than 99% of the CAH mass entering the gates was retained by the iron, Fifty-one percent of the CAH carbon entering one gate was accounted for in dissolved C-1 and C-2 hydrocarbons, primarily ethane and ethene, which indicates that CAHs may adsorb to the iron prior to being dehalogenated. Treated water exiting the gates displaced contaminated ground water at a distance of at least 3 m downgradient from the PRE by the end of 1997, Measurements of dissolved inorganic ions in one gate indicate that calcite and siderite precipitation in the gate could reduce gate porosity by about 0.35% per year, Results from this study indicate that funnel and gate systems containing zero-valent iron can effectively treat ground water contaminated with CAHs, However, the hydrologic impacts of the PRE on the flow system need to be fully understood to prevent contaminants from bypassing the PRB. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP McMahon, PB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Sandstrom, Mark/0000-0003-0006-5675 NR 20 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 9 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3 BP 396 EP 404 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01117.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 191ZA UT WOS:000080051100014 ER PT J AU Seiler, RL Zaugg, SD Thomas, JM Howcroft, DL AF Seiler, RL Zaugg, SD Thomas, JM Howcroft, DL TI Caffeine and pharmaceuticals as indicators of waste water contamination in wells SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; BEVERAGES; LANDFILL AB The presence of caffeine or human pharmaceuticals in ground water with elevated nitrate concentrations can provide a clear, unambiguous indication that domestic waste water is a source of some of the nitrate. Water from domestic, public supply, and monitoring wells in three communities near Reno, Nevada, was sampled to test if caffeine or pharmaceuticals are common, persistent, and mobile enough in the environment that they can be detected in nitrate-contaminated ground water and, thus, can be useful indicators of recharge from domestic waste water. Results of this study indicate that these compounds can be used as indicators of recharge from domestic waste water, although their usefulness is limited because caffeine is apparently nonconservative and the presence of prescription pharmaceuticals is unpredictable. The absence of caffeine or pharmaceuticals in ground water with elevated nitrate concentrations does not demonstrate that the aquifer is free of waste water contamination, Caffeine was detected in ground water samples at concentrations up to 0.23 mu g/L, The human pharmaceuticals chlorpropamide, phensuximide, and carbamazepine also were detected in some samples. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Seiler, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. NR 29 TC 140 Z9 147 U1 2 U2 36 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3 BP 405 EP 410 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01118.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 191ZA UT WOS:000080051100015 ER PT J AU Belitz, K Dripps, W AF Belitz, K Dripps, W TI Cross-well slug testing in unconfined aquifers: A case study from the Sleepers River Watershed, Vermont SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID PARTIALLY PENETRATING WELLS; INTERFERENCE TESTS; HYDRAULIC CHARACTERIZATION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; APPLICABILITY; BOUWER AB Normally, slug test measurements are limited to the well in which the water level is perturbed. Consequently, it is often difficult to obtain reliable estimates of hydraulic properties, particularly if the aquifer is anisotropic or if there is a wellbore skin. In this investigation, we use partially penetrating stress and observation wells to evaluate specific storage, radial hydraulic conductivity and anisotropy of the aquifer, and the hydraulic conductivity of the borehole skin, The study site is located in the W9 subbasin of the Sleepers River Research Watershed, Vermont. At the site, similar to 3 m of saturated till are partially penetrated by a stress well located in the center of the unconfined aquifer and six observation wells located above, below and at the depth of the stress well at radial distances of 1.2 and 2.4 m, The observation wells were shut in with inflatable packers. The semianalytical solution of Butler (1995) was used to conduct a sensitivity analysis and to interpret slug test results. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the response of the stress well is primarily sensitive to radial hydraulic conductivity, less sensitiive to anisotropy and the conductivity of the borehole skin, and nearly insensitive to specific storage. In contrast, the responses of the observation wells are sensitive to all four parameters. Interpretation of the field data was facilitated by generating type curves in a manner analogous to the method of Cooper et al, (1967), Because the value of radial hydraulic conductivty is obtained from a match point, the number of unknowns is reduced to three. The estimated values of radial hydraulic conductivity and specific storage are comparable to those derived from the methods of Bouwer and Rice (1976) and Cooper et al, (1967), The values and skin conductivity, however, could not have been obtained without the use of observation wells. C1 CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Geol, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Belitz, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, 5735 Kearny Villa Rd, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 3 BP 438 EP 447 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01123.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 191ZA UT WOS:000080051100020 ER PT J AU Zehr, JP Voytek, MA AF Zehr, JP Voytek, MA TI Molecular ecology of aquatic communities: reflections and future directions SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Special Session on the Application of Molecular Techniques to Aquatic Communities, at the American-Society-for-Limnology-and-Oceanography-Aquatic-Sciences Meeting CY 1997 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog Aquat Sci DE aquatic ecology; molecular techniques; molecular ecology ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; MICROBIAL-POPULATIONS; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; OXIDIZING BACTERIA; LAKE PRODUCTIVITY; GENETIC DIVERSITY; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; NORTH-ATLANTIC AB During the 1980s, many new molecular biology techniques were developed, providing new capabilities for studying the genetics and activities of organisms. Biologists and ecologists saw the promise that these techniques held for studying different aspects of organisms, both in culture and in the natural environment. In less than a decade, these techniques were adopted by a large number of researchers studying many types of organisms in diverse environments. Much of the molecular-level information acquired has been used to address questions of evolution, biogeography, population structure and biodiversity. At this juncture, molecular ecologists are poised to contribute to the study of the fundamental characteristics underlying aquatic community structure. The goal of this overview is to assess where we have been, where we are now and what the future holds for revealing the basis of community structure and function with molecular-level information. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Biol, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Earth & Marine Sci Bldg, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RI Zehr, Jonathan/B-3513-2014 OI Zehr, Jonathan/0000-0002-5691-5408 NR 104 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD MAY PY 1999 VL 401 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1023/A:1003763117784 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 248LR UT WOS:000083276500002 ER PT J AU Voytek, MA Priscu, JC Ward, BB AF Voytek, MA Priscu, JC Ward, BB TI The distribution and relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valley, Antarctica SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Special Session on the Application of Molecular Techniques to Aquatic Communities, at the American-Society-for-Limnology-and-Oceanography-Aquatic-Sciences Meeting CY 1997 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog Aquat Sci DE nitrification; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria; amoA; Antarctic lakes; family and species specific PCR detection of nitrfying bacteria ID NITROUS-OXIDE; FRESH-WATER; NITRIFYING BACTERIA; MARINE; N2O; VANDA; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; AMPLIFICATION; MONOOXYGENASE; NITRIFICATION AB Marked differences in the concentrations of major ions and cations, macronutrient chemistry and general trophic status exist among the lakes of the McMurdo dry valleys in Antarctica. These differences have been attributed to both variations in stream inputs and in situ lake processes (Priscu, 1995; Lizotte et al., 1996, Spigel and Priscu, 1996). This study examines the role of nitrifying bacteria in nitrogen transformations in these lakes. Applying two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting the 16S rRNA genes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and the active site of the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA), the distribution of ammonia-oxidizers was examined in six Antarctic lakes: Lake Bonney, Lake Hoare, Lake Fryxell and Lake Joyce in the Taylor Valley, Lake Miers in the the Miers Valley and Lake Vanda in the Wright Valley. Using a two stage amplification procedure, ammonia-oxidizers from both the beta and gamma- subclasses of the Proteobacteria were detected and their relative abundances were determined in samples collected from all sites. Ammonia-oxidizers were detected in all lakes sampled. Members of the gamma subclass were only present in the saline lakes. In general, nitrifiers were most abundant at depths above the pycnocline and were usually associated with lower concentrations of NH4 and elevated concentrations of NO3 or NO2. The distribution of nitrifiers suggests that the primary N2O peak observed in most of the lakes was produced via nitrification. Preliminary data on the rate of nitrification (Priscu et al., 1996) support the occurrence of nitrification and the presence of nitrifiers at the depth intervals where nitrifiers were detected. In all lakes, except Lake Miers, the data indicate that nitrifying bacteria have an important role in the vertical distribution of nitrogen compounds in these systems. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Voytek, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011 NR 57 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD MAY PY 1999 VL 401 BP 113 EP 130 DI 10.1023/A:1003754830988 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 248LR UT WOS:000083276500010 ER PT J AU Kerkhof, LJ Voytek, MA Sherrell, RM Millie, D Schofield, O AF Kerkhof, LJ Voytek, MA Sherrell, RM Millie, D Schofield, O TI Variability in bacterial community structure during upwelling in the coastal ocean SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Special Session on the Application of Molecular Techniques to Aquatic Communities, at the American-Society-for-Limnology-and-Oceanography-Aquatic-Sciences Meeting CY 1997 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog Aquat Sci DE marine bacteria; phytoplankton; upwelling; rRNA clonal library; specific co-occurrence ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MARINE; DIVERSITY; PHYTOPLANKTON; FRESH; LAKE; TRANSFORMATION; SYSTEMS AB Over the last 30 years, investigations at the community level of marine bacteria and phytoplankton populations suggest they are tightly coupled. However, traditional oceanographic approaches cannot assess whether associations between specific bacteria and phytoplankton exist. Recently, molecular based approaches have been implemented to characterize specific members of different marine bacterial communities. Yet, few molecular-based studies have examined coastal upwelling situations. This is important since upwelling systems provide a unique opportunity for analyzing the association between specific bacteria and specific phytoplankton in the ocean. It is widely believed that upwelling can lead to changes in phytoplankton populations (blooms). Thus, if specific associations exist, we would expect to observe changes in the bacterial population triggered by the bloom. In this paper, we present preliminary data from coastal waters off New Jersey that confirm a shift in bacterial communities during a 1995 upwelling event recorded at a long-term earth observatory (LEO-15) in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Using PCR amplification and cloning, specific bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA sequences were found which were present in upwelling samples during a phytoplankton bloom, but were not detected in non-bloom samples (surface seawater, offshore sites or sediment samples) collected at the same time or in the same area. These findings are consistent with the notion of specific associations between bacteria and phytoplankton in the ocean. However, further examination of episodic events, such as coastal upwelling, are needed to confirm the existence of specific associations. Additionally, experiments need to be performed to elucidate the mechanisms leading to the specific linkages between a group of bacteria and a group of phytoplankton. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Millie, D (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 43 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD MAY PY 1999 VL 401 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1023/A:1003734310515 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 248LR UT WOS:000083276500012 ER PT J AU Blake, MC Wentworth, CM AF Blake, MC Wentworth, CM TI Structure and metamorphism of the Franciscan Complex Mt. Hamilton area, northern California SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PACHECO-PASS; DIABLO RANGE; SUBDUCTION; METAGRAYWACKES; PYROXENE; ZONE AB Truncation of metamorphic isograds and fold axes within coherent terranes of Franciscan meta graywacke by intervening zones of melange indicate that the melange is tectonic and formed after the subduction-related metamorphism and folding. These relations are expressed in two terranes of blueschist-facies rocks of the Franciscan Complex in the Mt. Hamilton area, northern California-the Jurassic Yolla Belly terrane and the structurally underlying Cretaceous Burnt Hills terrane. Local preservation in both terranes of basal radiolarian chert and oceanic basalt beneath continent-derived metagraywacke and argillite demonstrates thrust repetition within the coherent terranes, although these relations are scarce near Mt. Hamilton. The metagraywackes range from albite-pumpellyite blueschists to those containing well-crystallized jadeitic pyroxene, and a jadeite-in isograd can be defined in parts of the area. Primary bedding defines locally coherent structural orientations and folds within the metagraywacke units. These units are crosscut by thin zones of tectonic melange containing blocks of high-grade blueschist, serpentinite, and other exotic rocks, and a broader, but otherwise identical melange zone marks the discordant boundary between the two terranes. C1 Western Washington Univ, US Geol Survey, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Blake, MC (reprint author), Western Washington Univ, US Geol Survey, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 41 IS 5 BP 417 EP 424 PG 8 WC Geology SC Geology GA 195LM UT WOS:000080252400003 ER PT J AU Melching, CS Flores, HE AF Melching, CS Flores, HE TI Reaeration equations derived from US geological survey database SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID WATER AB (A)ccurate estimation of the reaeration-rate coefficient (K-2) is extremely important for waste-load allocation. Currently, available K-2 estimation equations generally yield poor estimates when applied to stream conditions different from those for which the equations were derived because they were derived from small databases composed of potentially highly inaccurate measurements. A large data set of K-2 measurements made with tracer-gas methods was compiled from U.S. Geological Survey studies. This compilation included 493 reaches on 166 streams in 23 states. Careful screening to detect and eliminate erroneous measurements reduced the data set to 371 measurements. These measurements were divided into four subgroups on the basis of flow regime (channel control or pool and riffle) and stream scale (discharge greater than or less than 0.556 m(3)/s). Multiple linear regression in logarithms was applied to relate K-2 to 12 stream hydraulic and water-quality characteristics. The resulting best-estimation equations had the form of semiempirical equations that included the rate of energy dissipation and discharge or depth and width as variables. For equation verification, a data set of K-2 measurements made with tracer-gas procedures by other agencies was compiled from the literature. This compilation included 127 reaches on at least 24 streams in at least seven states. The standard error of estimate obtained when applying the developed equations to the U.S. Geological Survey data set ranged from 44 to 61%, whereas the standard error of estimate was 78& when applied to the verification data set. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Melching, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 221 N Broadway Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 26 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 1999 VL 125 IS 5 BP 407 EP 414 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:5(407) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 188RE UT WOS:000079861600003 ER PT J AU Chapra, SC Runkel, RL AF Chapra, SC Runkel, RL TI Modeling impact of storage zones on stream dissolved oxygen SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID REACTIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT; TRANSIENT STORAGE; RIFFLE STREAM; SIMULATION AB The Streeter-Phelps dissolved oxygen model is modified to incorporate storage zones. A dimensionless number reflecting enhanced decomposition caused by the increased residence time of the biochemical oxygen demand in the storage zone parameterizes the impact. This result provides a partial explanation for the high decomposition rates observed in shallow streams. An application suggests that the storage zone increases the critical oxygen deficit and moves it closer to the point source. It also indicates that the storage zone should have lower oxygen concentration than the main channel. An analysis of a dimensionless enhancement factor indicates that the biochemical oxygen demand decomposition in small streams could be up to two to three times more than anticipated based on the standard Streeter-Phelps model without storage zones. For larger rivers, enhancements of up to 1.5 could occur. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Civil Engn, London SW7 2BU, England. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Chapra, SC (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Civil Engn, London SW7 2BU, England. RI Chapra, Steven/A-5752-2008 OI Chapra, Steven/0000-0003-0238-6376 NR 25 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 9 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 1999 VL 125 IS 5 BP 415 EP 419 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:5(415) PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 188RE UT WOS:000079861600004 ER PT J AU Brush, CF Ghiorse, WC Anguish, LJ Parlange, JY Grimes, HG AF Brush, CF Ghiorse, WC Anguish, LJ Parlange, JY Grimes, HG TI Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through saturated columns SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID AQUIFER SEDIMENTS; WATER-SUPPLIES; SURFACE-WATER; SANDY AQUIFER; MOVEMENT; SOIL; MICROSPHERES; GIARDIA; BACTERIA AB Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through three substrates was used to determine dispersion, retardation, and first-order decay parameters for the convective dispersion equation (CDE). Pulses of diluted Holstein calf feces containing oocysts were passed through saturated columns parked with either glass beads, coarse sand, or shale aggregate. Effluent chloride breakthrough curves (BTCs) were used to fit pore water velocities and dispersions for each column to the CDE. These pore water velocities were then used to fit dispersion, retardation and first-order decay factors to the CDE for C. parvum oocyst BTCs for each column. Dispersion coefficients for oocysts averaged 0.8 cm(2) s(-1) in glass beads, 1.7 cm(2) s(-1) in sand, and 1.3 cm(2) s(-1) in shale aggregate. The ratio of oocyst dispersion to chloride dispersion was <1 for all substrates, suggesting oocysts experienced less sheer and turbulence than the pore water. Diffusivities of 0.07 cm for glass beads, 0.15 cm for sand, and 0.09 cm for shale aggregate show that facilitated transport in sand was greater than in the other two substrates. Retardation coefficients for oocysts averaged 1.0 in glass beads and sand and 0.9 in shale aggregate, indicating oocysts did not adhere to these substrates. First-order decay coefficients of 0.5 s(-1) for glass beads, 0.8 s(-1) for sand, and 0.6 s(-1) for shale aggregate indicate significantly higher removal rates in the sand columns. These data suggest oocysts may travel significant distances in both subsurface and overland flow. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. New York State Coll Vet Med, James A Baker Inst 106, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Brush, CF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1289 McD Drive, Dover, DE 19901 USA. OI Brush, Charles/0000-0002-8950-9924 NR 32 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 809 EP 815 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600011 ER PT J AU Robards, MD Piatt, JF Rose, GA AF Robards, MD Piatt, JF Rose, GA TI Maturation, fecundity, and intertidal spawning of Pacific sand lance in the northern Gulf of Alaska SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sand lance; fecundity; gonadosomatic index; intertidal; Alaska ID AMMODYTES-AMERICANUS; GROWTH; HEXAPTERUS; MARINUS; SEA AB Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus in Kachemak Bay, Alaska, showed no sexual dimorphism in length-to-weight (gonad-free) ratio or length-at-age relationship. Most matured in their second year, males earlier in the season than females, but females (31%) attained a higher gonadosomatic index than males (21%). Sand lance spawned intertidally once each year in late September and October on fine gravel or sandy beaches soon after the seasonal peak in water temperatures. Sand lance in Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound displayed similar maturation schedules. Schools were dominated 2 : 1 by males as they approached the intertidal zone at a site where spawning has taken place for decades. Sand lance spawned vigorously in dense formations, leaving scoured pits in beach sediments. Fecundity of females (93-199 mm) was proportional to length, ranging from 1468 to 16 081 ova per female. About half of the overall spawning school fecundity was derived from age group 1 females (55% of the school by number). Spawned eggs were 1.02 mm in diameter, demersal, slightly adhesive, and deposited in the intertidal just below the waterline. Sand lance embryos developed over 67 days through periods of intertidal exposure and sub-freezing air temperatures. (C) 1999 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Mem Univ Newfoundland, Fisheries & Marine Inst, St Johns, NF AC1 5R3, Canada. Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, USGS, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Robards, MD (reprint author), Mem Univ Newfoundland, Fisheries & Marine Inst, POB 4920, St Johns, NF AC1 5R3, Canada. NR 50 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 54 IS 5 BP 1050 EP 1068 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00857.x PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 191DX UT WOS:000080007400010 ER PT J AU Dudas, FO Harlan, SS AF Dudas, FO Harlan, SS TI An ancient depleted mantle sample from a 42-Ma dike in Montana: Constraints on persistence of the lithosphere during Eocene magmatism SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; EAST-CENTRAL IDAHO; TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS; SUBCONTINENTAL MANTLE; CENOZOIC MAGMATISM; HIGHWOOD-MOUNTAINS; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; CRAZY-MOUNTAINS; WYOMING CRATON; IGNEOUS ROCKS AB Recent models for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the western margin of North America propose that delamination of ancient lithosphere accompanied asthenospheric upwelling, magmatism, and uplift subsequent to Laramide deformation. On the basis of the age of an alkaline dike in south-central Montana, thermometry of mantle xenoliths from the dike, and Sr, Nd, and Ph isotopic compositions of the dike and a xenocryst, we show that refractory lithosphere, derived from ancient, depleted mantle, remained in place under the Wyoming Craton as late as 42 Ma. The Haymond School Dike, a camptonite, yields a Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau date of 41.97 +/- 0.19 Ma (2 sigma). Paleomagnetic data are consistent with this date and indicate intrusion during chron C19r. The dike has Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions similar to those of other Eocene alkaline rocks from central Montana. A clinopyroxene megacryst from the dike has epsilon(42) = 17, and Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.70288, indicating that it derives from ancient, depleted mantle isotopically distinct from the source of the host camptonite. Thermometry of xenoliths from the dike shows pyroxene populations that formed at 880 degrees and 1200 degrees C. Combining thermometry with previous estimates of the regional Eocene geotherm inferred from xenoliths in kimberlites, and with the Al-in-orthopyroxene barometer, we infer that lithospheric mantle remained intact to depths of 110-150 km as late as 42 Ma. Eocene magmatism was not accompanied by complete removal of ancient lithosphere. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Geol Sci Program, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Dudas, FO (reprint author), Tark Geosci, 9 Lakeside Rd, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. NR 60 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 107 IS 3 BP 287 EP 299 DI 10.1086/314349 PG 13 WC Geology SC Geology GA 211XP UT WOS:000081187400003 ER PT J AU Christian, E AF Christian, E TI Experiences with information locator services SO JOURNAL OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION LA English DT Article DE information locator; information infrastructure; internet; law; meta-data; public information AB Over the last few years, governments and other organizations have been using new technologies to create networked Information Locator Services that help people find information resources. These services not only enhance access to information, but also are designed to support fundamental information policy principles. This article relates experiences in developing and promoting services interoperable with the Global Information Locator Service standard that has now been adopted and promoted in many forums worldwide. The article describes sample implementations and touches on the strategic choices made in public policy, standards, and technology. Ten recommendations are offered for successful implementation of an Information Locator Service. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Christian, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 802 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-0237 J9 J GOV INFORM JI J. Gov. Inf. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 26 IS 3 BP 271 EP 285 DI 10.1016/S1352-0237(99)00029-5 PG 15 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 200QN UT WOS:000080551700002 ER PT J AU Valdez, EW Choate, JR Bogan, MA Yates, TL AF Valdez, EW Choate, JR Bogan, MA Yates, TL TI Taxonomic status of Myotis occultus SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Myotis occultus; Myotis lucifugus; taxonomy ID VESPERTILIONIDAE; CHIROPTERA AB The taxonomic status of the Arizona myotis (Myotis occultus) is uncertain. Although the taxon was described as a distinct species and currently is regarded as such by some authors, others have noted what they interpreted as intergradation with the little brown bat (M. lucifugus carissima) near the Colorado-New Mexico state line. In this study, we used protein electrophoresis to compare bats of these nominal taxa. We examined 20 loci from 142 specimens referable to M. occultus and M. lucifugus from New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. Nine of the 20 loci were polymorphic. Results show that there were high similarities among samples, no fixed alleles, and minor divergence from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Our results suggest that the two nominal taxa represent only one species and that M, occultus should be regarded as a subspecies of M, lucifugus. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Sternberg Museum Nat Hist, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Valdez, EW (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 545 EP 552 DI 10.2307/1383300 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 202EP UT WOS:000080639400019 ER PT J AU Ginsberg, HS Zhioua, E AF Ginsberg, HS Zhioua, E TI Influence of deer abundance on the abundance of questing adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ixodes scapularis; Odocoileus virginianus; Ixodiphagus hookeri; ticks; deer; sampling ID AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM ACARI; DAMMINI ACARI; LYME-DISEASE; REDUCED ABUNDANCE; NEW-YORK; HABITAT DISTRIBUTION; HUNTERELLUS-HOOKERI; SAMPLING METHODS; RHODE-ISLAND; TICKS ACARI AB Nymphal and adult Ixodes scapularis Say were sampled by nagging at 2 sites on a. barrier island, Fire Island, NY, and at 2 sites on the nearby mainland. Nymphal densities did not differ consistently between island and mainland sites, but adult densities were consistently lower on the island. We tested whether lower adult densities on the island resulted from greater nymphal mortality on the island than the mainland, or whether adult ticks on the island were poorly sampled by flagging because they had attached abundantly to deer, which were common on Fire Island. Differential nymphal mortality on islands versus mainland did not explain this difference in adult densities because survival of nat and engorged nymphs in enclosures was the same at island and mainland sites. Ticks were infected by parasitic wasps on the island and. not the mainland, but the infection rate (4.3%) was too low to explain the difference in adult tick densities. In contrast, exclusion of deer by game fencing on Fire Island resulted in markedly increased numbers of adult ticks in nagging samples inside compared with samples taken outside the exclosures. Therefore, the scarcity of adult ticks in flagging samples on Fire Island resulted, at least in part, from the ticks being unavailable to nagging samples because they were on deer hosts. Differences in the densities of nagged ticks inside and outside the exclosures were used to estimate the percentage of questing adults on Fire Island that found deer hosts, excluding those that attached to other host species. Approximately 56% of these questing adult ticks found deer hosts in 1995 and 50% found deer hosts in 1996. Therefore, in areas where vertebrate hosts are highly abundant, large proportions of the questing tick population can find hosts. Moreover, comparisons of tick densities at different sites by nagging can be potentially biased by differences in host densities among sites. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Plant Sci, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Ginsberg, HS (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Plant Sci, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 376 EP 381 PG 6 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 203AZ UT WOS:000080686000026 PM 10337111 ER PT J AU Dean, WE AF Dean, WE TI The carbon cycle and biogeochemical dynamics in lake sediments SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CaCO3; organic carbon; iron; manganese; eutrophication ID ORGANIC-MATTER; MINNESOTA; WATER AB The concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and CaCO3 in lake sediments are often inversely related. This relation occurs in surface sediments from different locations in the same lake, surface sediments from different lakes, and with depth in Holocene sediments. Where data on accumulation rates are available, the relation holds for organic carbon and CaCO3 accumulation rates as well. An increase of several percent OC is accompanied by a decrease of several tens of percent CaCO3 indicating that the inverse relation is not due to simple dilution of one component by another. It appears from core data that once the OC concentration in the sediments becomes greater than about 12%, the CO2 produced by decomposition of that OC and production of organic acids lowers the pH of anoxic pore waters enough to dissolve any CaCO3 that reaches the sediment-water interface. In a lake with a seasonally anoxic hypolimnion, processes in the water column also can produce an inverse relation between OC and CaCO3 over time. If productivity of the lake increases, the rain rate of OC from the epilimnion increases. Biogenic removal of CO2 and accompanying increase in pH also may increase the production of CaCO3. However, the decomposition of organic matter in the hypolimnion will decrease the pH of the hypolimnion causing greater dissolution of CaCO3 and therefore a decrease in the rain rate of CaCO3 to the sediment-water interface. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 980 Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 35 TC 137 Z9 177 U1 2 U2 48 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 21 IS 4 BP 375 EP 393 DI 10.1023/A:1008066118210 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 196BB UT WOS:000080288200001 ER PT J AU Knesel, KM Davidson, JP Duffield, WA AF Knesel, KM Davidson, JP Duffield, WA TI Evolution of silicic magma through assimilation and subsequent recharge: Evidence from Sr isotopes in sanidine phenocrysts, Taylor Creek Rhyolite, NM SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE assimilation; crystallization; isotopic microsampling; recharge; rhyolite ID MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; SIZE DISTRIBUTION CSD; NEW-MEXICO; ALKALI FELDSPARS; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; LONG VALLEY; LAVA DOMES; CRYSTALLIZATION; CALIFORNIA; ROCKS AB Isotopic fingerprinting of individual mineral phases, complemented by crystal size data, provides a unique avenue for elucidating the details of evolutionary histories of crustal magma systems. Here we report the first measurements of Sr isotopic compositions of single crystals a a function of size and Sr isotopic profiles constructed through microdrill sampling of sanidine crystals from a high-silica rhyolite lava from the Taylor Creek Rhyolite, NM. Whole-rock Sr-87/Sr-86 increases monotonically with modal abundance of sanidine phenocrysts, suggesting Taylor Creek magma evolved through a coupled process of assimilation and crystallization. In contrast, sanidine phenocrysts do not show simple monotonic increases zn Sr-87/Sr-86 as a function of crystal size and core-to-rim stratigraphy. Instead, Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios and Si concentrations of individual sanidines increase with crystal size to a maximum at similar to 4 mm and then decrease with further increase in size. Microsampling of two crystals greater than 4 mn in length showed core-to-rim increase then decrease in Sr-87/Sr-86, whereas a single sanidine crystal less than 4 mm in length displayed a simple core-to-rim decrease in Sr-87/Sr-86. Furthermore, in contrast to measured size distributions of crystals in volcanic rocks, which commonly decrease exponentially with increasing size, crystal size frequency histograms are bell shaped with decreasing numbers of crystals in the smallest size class. All these results are consistent with a model involving continuous phenocryst nucleation and growth in a crustally contaminated magma into which a lower-Sr-87/Sr-86, lower-Sr magma war injected. In such a scenario, it is argued that curved crystal size distributions mirror variations in nucleation rate in response to changes in undercooling as the magma body evolved from as-similation- to recharge-dominated regimes. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Knesel, KM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 48 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 40 IS 5 BP 773 EP 786 DI 10.1093/petrology/40.5.773 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 202HD UT WOS:000080645500005 ER PT J AU Tepley, FJ Davidson, JP Clynne, MA AF Tepley, FJ Davidson, JP Clynne, MA TI Magmatic interactions as recorded in plagioclase phenocrysts of Chaos Crags, Lassen Volcanic Center, California SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chaos Crags; inclusion disaggregation; magma mixing; magmatic inclusions; microsampling ID IZTACCIHUATL VOLCANO; CHAMBER PROCESSES; TRACE-ELEMENT; EVOLUTION; CONSTRAINTS; SYSTEMS; ERUPTIONS; FOUNTAINS; DIFFUSION; ANDESITES AB The silicic lava domes of Chaos Crags in Lassen Volcanic National Park contain a suite of variably quenched, hybrid basaltic andesite magmatic inclusions. The inclusions represent thorough mixing between rhyodacite and basalt recharge liquids accompanied by some mechanical disaggregation of the inclusions resulting in crystals mixing into the rhyodacite host preserved by quenching on dome emplacement. Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios (similar to 0.7037-0.7038) of the inclusions are distinctly lower than those of the host rhyodacite (similar to 0.704-0.7041), which are used to fingerprint the origin of mineral components and to monitor the mixing and mingling process. Chemical, isotopic, and textural characteristics indicate that the inclusions are hybrid magmas formed from the mixing and undercooling of recharge basaltic magma with rhyodacitic magma. All the host magma phenocrysts (biotite, plagioclase, hornblende and quartz crystals) also occur in the inclusions, where they are rimmed by reaction products. Compositional and strontium isotopic data from cores of unresorbed plagioclase crystals in the host rhyodacite, partially resorbed plagioclase crystals enclosed within basaltic andesite inclusions, and partially resorbed plagioclase crystals in the rhyodacitic host are all similar Rim Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios of the partially resorbed plagioclase crystals in both inclusions and host are lower and close to those of the whole-rock hybrid basaltic andesite values. This observation indicates that some crystals originally crystallized in the silicic host, were partially resorbed and subsequently overgrown in the hybrid basaltic andesite magma, and then some of these partially resorbed plagioclase crystals were recycled back into the host rhyodacite. Textural evidence, in the form of sieve zones and major dissolution boundaries of the resorbed plagioclase crystals, indicates immersion of crystals into a hotter, more calcic magma. The occurrence of partially resorbed plagioclase together with plagioclase microlites and olivine crystals reflects disaggregation of inclusions and mingling of this material into the silicic host. These processes are commonplace in some orogenic magma systems and may be elucidated by isotopic microsampling and analyses of the plagioclases crystallizing from them. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Tepley, FJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 46 TC 115 Z9 118 U1 2 U2 20 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 40 IS 5 BP 787 EP 806 DI 10.1093/petrology/40.5.787 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 202HD UT WOS:000080645500006 ER PT J AU Baucom, PC Rigsby, CA AF Baucom, PC Rigsby, CA TI Climate and lake-level history of the northern Altiplano Bolivia, as recorded in Holocene sediments of the Rio Desaguadero SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; TROPICAL ANDES; SQUAMISH RIVER; TITICACA; CANADA; PERU; LACUSTRINE; PLANFORM; FEATURES; STREAM AB Strata exposed in terraces and modern cutbanks along the Rio Desaguadero contain a variety of lithofacies that were deposited in four distinct facies associations. These facies associations document a history of aggradation and downcutting that is Linked to Holocene climate change on the Altiplano. Braided stream, meandering stream, deltaic and shoreline, and la custrine sediments preserved in multi-level terraces in the northern Rio Desaguadero valley record two high-water intervals: one between 4500 and 3900 yr BP and another between 2000 and 2200 yr BP. These wet periods were interrupted by three periods of fluvial downcutting, centered at approximately 4000 yr BP, 3600 Sr BP, and after 2000 yr BP. Braided-river sediments preserved in a single terrace level in the southern Rio Desaguadero valley record a history of nearly continuous fluvial sedimentation from at least 7000 yr BP until approximately 3200 yr BP that was followed by a single episode (post-3210 ST BP) of down cutting and lateral migration. The deposition and subsequent fluvial downcutting of the northern strata was controlled by changes in effective moisture that can he correlated to Holocene water level fluctuations of Lake Titicaca, The deposition and dissection of braided-stream sediments to the south are more likely controlled by a combination of base-level change and sediment input from the Rio Mauri. C1 E Carolina Univ, Dept Geol, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. RP Baucom, PC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 61 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 69 IS 3 BP 597 EP 611 PN A PG 15 WC Geology SC Geology GA 197AT UT WOS:000080343000007 ER PT J AU Guertin, LA McNeill, DF Lidz, BH Cunningham, KJ AF Guertin, LA McNeill, DF Lidz, BH Cunningham, KJ TI Chronologic model and transgressive-regressive signatures in the late Neogene siliciclastic foundation (Long Key Formation) of the Florida Keys SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; SOUTH FLORIDA; SEA-LEVEL; STRATIGRAPHY; OLIGOCENE; RECORDS; SEQUENCES; PLIOCENE; CLOSURE; ISTHMUS AB Recent drilling of continuous cores in southernmost Florida has documented a thick unit of upper Neogene siliclastics subjacent to surficial shallow water Quaternary carbonates exposed on islands of the Florida Keys, The siliclastics comprise the Long Key Formation and were identified in two cares collected from the middle and upper Florida Keys. A chronologic model based on new planktic foraminiferal biochronology and strontium isotope chronology suggests the timing of siliciclastic deposition and provides a basis for regional correlation. The chronologic model, supplemented by vertical trends in quartz grain size, pattern of planktic menardiifarm coiling direction, and paleoenvironmental interpretations of benthic foraminiferal assemblages, shows that the Long Key Formation contains three intervals (I-III) of varying thickness, grain-size composition, and paleo-water depth. Interval I is uppermost Miocene. The quartz grains in Interval I fine upward from basal very coarse sand to fine and very fine sand. Benthic foraminifera indicate an upward shift from an outer-shelf to inner-shelf depositional environment. Interval II, deposited during the late early to early late Pliocene, contains reworked upper Miocene siliclastics and faunas, In the upper Keys, quartz grains in Interval II range from very coarse sand that fines upward to very fine sand and then coarsens to very coarse and medium sand. In situ benthic faunas indicate an upward shift from outer shelf to inner-shelf deposition. In the middle Keys, Interval II is different, with the quartz grains ranging primarily from medium to very fine sand. In situ benthic ta,va indicate deposition on an inner shelf. In both the middle and upper Keys, the upper Pliocene siliciclastics of Interval III contain quartz grains ranging from very coarse to very fine sands that were deposited on an inner shelf. A sequence boundary between Interval I and Interval II is suggested by: an abrupt shift in the strontium-isotope chemostratigraphy; coarsening in quartz grain size above the boundary; an abrupt landward shift in depositional facies in the upper Keys care; and a distinct variation in the predominant coiling direction of the menardiiform planktic foraminifera, from fluctuating dextral-sinistral to dextral in the upper Keys core, Successive siliciclastic infilling, likely associated with eustatic sea level change and current redeposition, formed a foundation for subsequent carbonate deposition. Deep-sea biostratigraphic techniques, integrated with ages derived from strontium-isotope che mostratigraphy, can be successfully applied to coastal-margin sequences, even though a depauperate suite of faunal markers is common. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Geol & Geophys, Miami, FL 33149 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Guertin, LA (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Geol & Geophys, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 59 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 69 IS 3 BP 653 EP 666 PN A PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA 197AT UT WOS:000080343000011 ER PT J AU Mayanovic, RA Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM AF Mayanovic, RA Anderson, AJ Bassett, WA Chou, IM TI XAFS measurements on zinc chloride aqueous solutions from ambient to supercritical conditions using the diamond anvil cell SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on XAFS (XAFS X) CY AUG 10-14, 1998 CL ILLINOIS INST TECHNOL, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS HO ILLINOIS INST TECHNOL DE supercritical fluids; diamond anvil cell; chlorozinc complexes ID HYDROTHERMAL SOLUTIONS; FLUID INCLUSIONS; MICROBEAM XAFS; WATER; 350-DEGREES-C; CHEMISTRY AB The structure and bonding properties of metal complexes in subcritical and supercritical fluids are still largely unknown. Conventional high pressure and temperature cell designs impose considerable limitations on the pressure, temperature, and concentration of metal salts required for measurements on solutions under supercritical conditions. In this study, we demonstrate the first application of the diamond anvil cell, specially designed for x-ray absorption studies of first-row transition metal ions in supercritical fluids. Zn K-edge XAFS spectra were measured from aqueous solutions of 1-2m ZnCl2 and up to 6m NaCl, at temperatures ranging from 25-660 degrees C and pressures up to 800 MPa. Our results indicate that the ZnCl42- complex is predominant in the Im ZnC12/6m NaCI solution, while ZnCl2(H2O)(2) is similarly predominant in the 2m ZnCl2 solution, at all temperatures and pressures. The Zn-Ci bond length of both types of chlorozinc(II) complexes was found to decrease at a rate of about 0.01 Angstrom/100 degrees C. C1 SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Geol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Mayanovic, RA (reprint author), SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. NR 15 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 11 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0909-0495 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 6 BP 195 EP 197 DI 10.1107/S0909049599001727 PN 3 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 212NA UT WOS:000081221700024 PM 15263246 ER PT J AU Waychunas, G Davis, J Reitmeyer, R AF Waychunas, G Davis, J Reitmeyer, R TI GIXAFS study of Fe3+ sorption and precipitation on natural quartz surfaces SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on XAFS (XAFS X) CY AUG 10-14, 1998 CL ILLINOIS INST TECHNOL, CHICAGO, IL HO ILLINOIS INST TECHNOL DE quartz surfaces; GIXAFS; sorption; Fe3+ AB Grazing-incidence EXAFS has been used to characterize the structure of Fe3+ sorbed onto natural single crystal quartz surfaces. Fe3+ sorption at ca. 5% monolayer coverage on a natural crystal allowed to equilibrate in air resulted in formation of hematite nuclei with strong texturing on r- and m-planes. EXAFS calculations suggests that both O and Fe backscattering is necessary to yield acceptable structural models, that about 50% of the sorbed iron resides in nuclei, and that the approximate dimensions of the nuclei can be estimated via Feff 7.0 calculations of various nuclei sizes and shapes. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Waychunas, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM gawaychunas@lbl.gov NR 5 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT UNION CRYSTALLOGRAPHY PI CHESTER PA 2 ABBEY SQ, CHESTER, CH1 2HU, ENGLAND SN 1600-5775 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 6 BP 615 EP 617 DI 10.1107/S0909049599001764 PN 3 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 212NA UT WOS:000081221700177 PM 15263399 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Rytuba, JJ Brown, GE AF Kim, CS Rytuba, JJ Brown, GE TI Utility of EXAFS in characterization and speciation of mercury-bearing mine wastes SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on XAFS (XAFS X) CY AUG 10-14, 1998 CL ILLINOIS INST TECHNOL, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS HO ILLINOIS INST TECHNOL DE EXAFS; mercury; mine; sorption; speciation AB Extensive mining of large mercury deposits located in the California Coast Range has resulted in mercury contamination of both the local environment and water supplies. The solubility, dispersal, and ultimate fate of mercury are all affected by its chemical speciation, which can be most readily determined in a direct fashion using EXAFS spectroscopy. EXAFS spectra of mine wastes collected form several mercury mines in the California Coast Range with mercury concentrations ranging from 230 to 1060 mg/kg (ppm) have been analyzed using a spectral database of mercury minerals and sorbed mercury complexes. While some calcines have been found to consist almost exclusively of mercuric sulfide, HgS, others contain additional, more soluble mercury phases, indicating a greater potential for the release of mercury into solution. This experimental approach can provide a quantitative measurement of the mercury compounds present and may serve as an indicator of the bioavailability and toxicity levels of mercury mine wastes. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0909-0495 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 6 BP 648 EP 650 DI 10.1107/S0909049598016197 PN 3 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 212NA UT WOS:000081221700188 PM 15263410 ER PT J AU Morris, JT Bradley, PM AF Morris, JT Bradley, PM TI Effects of nutrient loading on the carbon balance of coastal wetland sediments SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; MARSH SEDIMENTS; NITROGEN; DECOMPOSITION; LIGNIN; WOOD; MINERALIZATION; MICROFLORA; DIOXIDE; GROWTH AB Results of a 12-yr study in an oligotrophic South Carolina salt marsh demonstrate that soil respiration increased by 795 g C m(-2) yr(-1) and that carbon inventories decreased in sediments fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus. Fertilized plots became net sources of carbon to the atmosphere, and sediment respiration continues in these plots at an accelerated pace. After 12 yr of treatment, soil macroorganic matter in the top 5 cm of sediment was 475 g C m(-2) lower in fertilized plots than in controls, which is equivalent to a constant loss rate of 40 g C m(-2) yr(-1). It is not known whether soil carbon in fertilized plots has reached a new equilibrium or continues to decline. The increase in soil respiration in the fertilized plots was far greater than the loss of sediment organic matter, which indicates that the increase in soil respiration was largely due to an increase in primary production. Sediment respiration in laboratory incubations also demonstrated positive effects of nutrients. Thus, the results indicate that increased nutrient loading of oligotrophic wetlands can lead to an increased rate of sediment carbon turnover and a net loss of carbon from sediments. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Coastal Res, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Morris, JT (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 27 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 5 U2 30 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 44 IS 3 BP 699 EP 702 PG 4 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 196UQ UT WOS:000080326300022 ER PT J AU Frost, TM Montz, PK Kratz, TK Badillo, T Brezonik, PL Gonzalez, MJ Rada, RG Watras, CJ Webster, KE Wiener, JG Williamson, CE Morris, DP AF Frost, TM Montz, PK Kratz, TK Badillo, T Brezonik, PL Gonzalez, MJ Rada, RG Watras, CJ Webster, KE Wiener, JG Williamson, CE Morris, DP TI Multiple stresses from a single agent: Diverse responses to the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Effects of Multiple Stressors on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems at the Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Limnology-and-Oceanography CY FEB, 1997 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog ID FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; UV-B PENETRATION; SEEPAGE LAKE; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY; ZOOPLANKTON; RADIATION; PH; COMMUNITIES AB A single stress, acidification with sulfuric acid, was applied to Little Rack Lake in a whole-ecosystem manipulation. We documented a wide range of responses to the acidification, including increases in the concentrations of various chemicals, shifts in microbial processes and a major increase in water clarity to UV-B radiation. Each of these changes could in itself be considered as a separate ecosystem stress that is distinct from the intended manipulation. Acidification in Little Rock Lake was accompanied by a number of substantial changes in the occurrence of organisms. A series of detailed investigations indicates that the mechanisms underlying these organismal changes are varied but cannot usually be tied to the direct effects of acidification. Overall, our results demonstrate how multiple stresses can arise from a single agent operating on an ecosystem and suggest that singly operating stresses may actually be quite rare. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Trout Lake Stn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil & Mineral Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53717 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Frost, TM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Trout Lake Stn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; OI Webster, Katherine/0000-0002-6009-0146 NR 55 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 44 IS 3 BP 784 EP 794 PN 2 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 196UU UT WOS:000080326600005 ER PT J AU Kitchell, JF Schindler, DE Herwig, BR Post, DM Olson, MH Oldham, M AF Kitchell, JF Schindler, DE Herwig, BR Post, DM Olson, MH Oldham, M TI Nutrient cycling at the landscape scale: The role of diel foraging migrations by geese at the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Effects of Multiple Stressors on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems at the Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Limnology-and-Oceanography CY FEB, 1997 CL SAMTA FE, NEW MEXICO SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; SALT-MARSH; WATERFOWL; VECTORS; WETLAND; LAKES AB Wildlife refuges are sites of dense aggregations of wintering waterfowl. Refuge managers are concerned about local water-quality effects and the amount of birdborne nutrient load that might cause eutrophication in roosting ponds and(or) be exported to downstream systems. We initiated this research effort to test the hypothesis that daily feeding migrations by geese represented a significant source of nutrients to wetland systems at the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge in the middle Rio Grande River valley of New Mexico. We documented the role of geese in translocating nutrients through a combination of time budget and mass balance models for birds, bioassays of phytoplankton growth, and stable isotope methods that trace the source of nitrogen to food webs. Geese increased the nutrient loading rates in some wetland ponds by up to 40% for total nitrogen and 75% for total phosphorus. Bioassays revealed that nitrogen was consistently limiting to primary production by algae in the ponds. Chlorophyll levels increased in proportion to bird densities. Fish and crayfish from the ponds intensively used by birds had very low stable nitrogen signatures relative to those from the Rio Grande River. This result derived from the low N-15 in alfalfa and corn, which were the primary forage for birds, and accumulated through food webs in proportion to bird use of individual ponds as roosting areas. In general, the wetland ponds functioned efficiently in retaining the birdborne, allochthonous nutrient load and only modest amounts of the total nitrogen or phosphorus were exported downstream. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bosque Apache Natl Wildlife Refuge, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Kitchell, JF (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Post, David/A-6987-2009 OI Post, David/0000-0003-1434-7729 NR 22 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 37 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 44 IS 3 BP 828 EP 836 PN 2 PG 9 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 196UU UT WOS:000080326600009 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, EM Uhlherr, HR AF Shoemaker, EM Uhlherr, HR TI Stratigraphic relations of australites in the Port Campbell Embayment, Victoria SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AGE; SOUTHEAST AB In the Port Campbell Embayment of Victoria, australites have been found in situ in channel deposits of the Hanson Plain Sand of Pliocene and Pleistocene age. The large majority of the australites, however, occur as a lag deposit at the basal contact of the Sturgess Sand of late Pleistocene and Holocene age and are spatially correlated with fermginous sandstone clasts that are derived from the Hanson Plain Sand. Some of the tektites are imbedded in or bonded to the fermginous sandstone clasts, but most are found as individual tektite fragments. A few percent of the tektites have nearly perfectly preserved, complete aerodynamically shaped forms. The sandstone clasts and associated tektites have been reworked from the much older underlying Hanson Plain and have been locally concentrated in the lag deposit. Some tektites also occur at higher levels in the Sturgess Sand, almost invariably in association with stone flakes, exotic stones transported by the aborigines and, locally, with middens of mollusc shells. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the aborigines transported the tektites found in the upper part of the Sturgess, particularly at Stanhope Bay. As Port Campbell australites unequivocally occur in strata much older than the late Pleistocene and Holocene Sturgess, there is no longer any conflict between the apparent stratigraphic age of the tektites and the middle Pleistocene ages obtained by various chronometric methods. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Shoemaker, EM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 48 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 369 EP 384 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 201AL UT WOS:000080572400010 ER PT J AU Bekins, BA Godsy, EM Warren, E AF Bekins, BA Godsy, EM Warren, E TI Distribution of microbial physiologic types in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FREE-LIVING BACTERIA; GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; SPILL SITE; GROUNDWATER; BIODEGRADATION; REDUCTION; MICROORGANISMS; GEOCHEMISTRY; DEGRADATION AB We conducted a plume-scale study of the microbial ecology in the anaerobic portion of an aquifer contaminated by crude-oil compounds. The data provide insight into the patterns of ecological succession, microbial nutrient demands, and the relative importance of free-living versus attached microbial populations. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to characterize the spatial distribution of six physiologic types: aerobes, denitrifiers, iron-reducers, heterotrophic fermenters, sulfate-reducers, and methanogens. Both free-living and attached numbers were determined over a broad cross-section of the aquifer extending horizontally from the source of the plume at a nonaqueous oil body to 66 m downgradient, and vertically from above the water table to the base of the plume below the water table. Point samples from widely spaced locations were combined with three closely spaced Vertical profiles to create a map of physiologic zones for a cross-section of the plume. Although some estimates suggest that less than 1% of the subsurface microbial population can be grown in laboratory cultures, the MPN results presented here provide a comprehensive qualitative picture of the microbial ecology at the plume scale. Areas in the plume that are evolving from iron-reducing to methanogenic conditions are clearly delineated and generally occupy 25-50% of the plume thickness. Lower microbial numbers below the water table compared to the unsaturated zone suggest that nutrient limitations may be important in limiting growth in the saturated zone. Finally, the data indicate that an average of 15% of the total population is suspended. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bekins, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 36 TC 98 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 37 IS 4 BP 263 EP 275 DI 10.1007/s002489900149 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 206RB UT WOS:000080891900005 ER PT J AU Peterson, DL Silsbee, DG Redmond, KT AF Peterson, DL Silsbee, DG Redmond, KT TI Detecting long-term hydrological patterns at Crater Lake, Oregon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FIR ABIES-LASIOCARPA; COLORADO FRONT RANGE; TREE-RINGS; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; GROWTH-RESPONSE; WATER-SUPPLIES; GREAT-LAKES; CLIMATE; RECONSTRUCTION; CALIFORNIA AB Tree-ring chronologies for mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) were used to reconstruct the water level of Crater Lake, a high-elevation lake in the southern Cascade Range of Oregon. Reconstructions indicate that lake level since the late 1980s has been lower than at any point in the last 300 years except the early 1930s to mid 1940s. Lake level was consistently higher during the Little Ice Age than during the late 20th century; during the late 17th century, lake level was up to 9 m higher than recent (1980s and 1990s) low levels, which is consistent with paleoclimalic reconstructions of regional precipitation and atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, instrumental data available for the 20th century suggest that there are strong teleconnections among atmospheric circulation (e.g., Pacific Decadal Oscillation), tree growth, and hydrology in southern Oregon. Crater Lake is sensitive to interannual, interdecadal and intercentenary variation in precipitation and atmospheric circulation, and can be expected to track both short-term and long-term variation in regional climatic patterns that may occur in the future. C1 Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Peterson, DL (reprint author), Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Field Stn,Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 51 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 2 BP 121 EP 130 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214ZD UT WOS:000081356700008 ER PT J AU Nebert, D AF Nebert, D TI Interoperable spatial data catalogs SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB The discovery of spatial information on the Web is challenged by the many approaches to organizing and presenting it for search. Conventions for searching or navigating collections of information on the Web are almost as personal and unique as the Web authors who create them. Because there are few rules in the creation of Internet information sites, and because the number of these sites is increasing exponentially, the discovery of specialized, highly structured information - such as spatial information - is especially difficult. Communities that require or generate imagery, cartographic, and thematic spatial data usually manage their information in highly structured ways, but the organizing structures are not standardized. Inventories whose descriptive content is dynamic are often stored in a database, opaque to systematic web crawler searches. The use of full-text search engines and, even more recently, "meta" tags of keywords inside HTML (HyperText Markup Language) documents often falls short of imparting the contents of spatial data collections. The OpenGIS Consortium (OGC) is in the process of defining implementable, interoperable spatial data catalogs that can be used to discover spatial data holdings in different data computing environments and across and within information communities. Spatial data catalogs have been around for many years, exemplified by product-specific image catalogs managed by remote sensing organizations. Unfortunately, there is little interoperability among spatial data catalogs, requiring the user or agent to traverse and translate many different user interfaces to locate relevant spatial data. In a broadly interoperable environment, a network of generic clients and servers could be built to enable global discovery of spatial data. As high-level software interfaces are standardized across disparate spatial data collections, access to them may be provided through reasonably lightweight gateway software, building up super-collections across and within information communities defined by discipline, geography, or cross-discipline interests. C1 Fed Geog Data Comm Secretariat, USGS Natl Ctr 590, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Nebert, D (reprint author), Fed Geog Data Comm Secretariat, USGS Natl Ctr 590, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 65 IS 5 BP 573 EP 575 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 194AC UT WOS:000080169100008 ER PT J AU Cochran, PA Swink, WD Kinziger, AP AF Cochran, PA Swink, WD Kinziger, AP TI Testing and extension of a sea lamprey feeding model SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PETROMYZON-MARINUS; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; PARASITIC LAMPREYS; LARGEMOUTH BASS; GROWTH; SURVIVAL; CONSUMPTION; SIZE AB A previous model of feeding by sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus predicted energy intake and growth by lampreys as a function of lamprey size, host size, and duration of feeding attachments, but it was applicable only to lampreys feeding at 10 degrees C and it was tested against only a single small data set of limited scope. We extended the model to other temperatures and tested it against an extensive data set (more than 700 feeding bouts) accumulated during experiments with captive sea lampreys. Model predictions of instantaneous growth were highly correlated with observed growth, and a partitioning of mean squared error between model predictions and observed results showed that 88.5% of the variance was due to random variation rather than to systematic errors. However, deviations between observed and predicted values varied substantially, especially for short feeding bouts. Predicted and observed growth trajectories of individual lampreys during multiple feeding bouts during the summer tended to correspond closely, but predicted growth was generally much higher than observed growth late in the year. This suggests the possibility that large overwintering lampreys reduce their feeding rates while attached to hosts. Seasonal or size-related shifts in the fate of consumed energy may provide an alternative explanation. The lamprey feeding model offers great flexibility in assessing growth of captive lampreys within various experimental protocols (e.g., different host species or thermal regimes) because it controls for individual differences in feeding history. C1 St Norbert Coll, Div Nat Sci, De Pere, WI 54115 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Millersburg, MI 49759 USA. RP Cochran, PA (reprint author), St Norbert Coll, Div Nat Sci, De Pere, WI 54115 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 128 IS 3 BP 403 EP 413 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351WZ UT WOS:000089183600002 ER PT J AU Schaeffer, JS Haas, RC Diana, JS Breck, JE AF Schaeffer, JS Haas, RC Diana, JS Breck, JE TI Field test of two energetic models for yellow perch SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM-VITREUM; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; FLUVIATILIS L; LARGEMOUTH BASS; DAILY RATION; BODY-COMPOSITION; ADULT PERCH; LAKE ERIE; GROWTH AB Field data from a population of yellow perch Perca flavescens in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, were used to evaluate the ability of two energetic models to predict consumption by yellow perch. Field estimates of daily ration for age-1-4 fish during May through October 1987 and 1988 were compared with independent predictions made by the Wisconsin energetic model and an energetic model developed by Karas and Thoresson, Predictions of daily ration using the Wisconsin model were lower than daily rations estimated from field data for all ages, primarily due to poor model-field agreement at temperatures above 22 degrees C. This caused estimates of cumulative consumption from the Wisconsin model to be 25-50% lower than field estimates. Predictions of daily ration by the Karas-Thoresson model agreed with field estimates over a temperature range of 10-26 degrees C for age-1-3 yellow perch but not for older fish. Despite improvement, model predictions of cumulative consumption were 2-35% lower than field estimates. Although these tests of predicted and estimated rations may provide insight into which model produced more accurate results, it must be emphasized that field measures of daily ration are also estimates and may be in error, particularly at temperatures above 22 degrees C where gastric evacuation rates were estimated. The Karas-Thoresson modification of the Wisconsin energetic model produced better fits to field ration data and is recommended for model applications. C1 Univ Tampa, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33606 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Mt Clemens, MI 48045 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Schaeffer, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 54 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 128 IS 3 BP 414 EP 435 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0414:FTOTEM>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351WZ UT WOS:000089183600003 ER PT J AU TeWinkel, LM Fleischer, GW AF TeWinkel, LM Fleischer, GW TI Vertical migration and nighttime distribution of adult bloaters in Lake Michigan SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES; TARGET STRENGTH; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; COREGONUS-HOYI; PELAGIC PLANKTIVORES; STOMACH CONTENTS; DAILY RATION; CAPE HAKE; FISH; BIOMASS AB The vertical migration and nighttime vertical distribution of adult bloaters Coregonus hoyi were investigated during late summer in Lake Michigan using acoustics simultaneously with either midwater or bottom trawling. Bloaters remained on or near bottom during the day. At night, bloaters were distributed throughout 30-65 m of water, depending on bottom depth, Shallowest depths of migration were not related to water temperature or incident light. Maximum distances of migration increased with increasing bottom depth. Nighttime midwater densities ranged from 0.00 to 6.61 fish/1.000 m(3) and decreased with increasing bottom depth. Comparisons of length distributions showed that migrating and nonmigrating bloaters did not differ in size. However, at most sites, daytime bottom catches collected a greater proportion of larger individuals compared with nighttime midwater or bottom catches. Mean target strengths by 5-m strata indicated that migrating bloaters did nor stratify by size in the water column at night. Overall, patterns in Frequency of empty stomachs and mean digestive state of prey indicated that a portion of the bloater population fed in the water column at night. Bloater diet composition indicated both midwater feeding and bottom feeding. In sum, although a portion of the bloater population fed in the water column at night, bloaters were not limited to feeding at this time. This research confirmed that bloaters are opportunistic feeders and did not fully support the previously proposed hypothesis that bloater vertical migration is driven by the vertically migrating macroinvertebrate the opossom shrimp Mysis relicta. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP TeWinkel, LM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 61 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 128 IS 3 BP 459 EP 474 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0459:VMANDO>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351WZ UT WOS:000089183600006 ER PT J AU Hartman, MD Baron, JS Lammers, RB Cline, DW Band, LE Liston, GE Tague, C AF Hartman, MD Baron, JS Lammers, RB Cline, DW Band, LE Liston, GE Tague, C TI Simulations of snow distribution and hydrology in a mountain basin SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FOREST ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; ENERGY EXCHANGE; COMPLEX TERRAIN; CLIMATE CHANGE; GENERAL-MODEL; ALPINE REGION; SIERRA-NEVADA; BALANCE; ACCUMULATION; COLORADO AB We applied a Version of the Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys) that implements snow redistribution, elevation partitioning, and wind-driven sublimation to Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS), an alpine-subalpine Rocky Mountain catchment where snow accumulation and ablation dominate the hydrologic cycle. We compared simulated discharge to measured discharge and the simulated snow distribution to photogrammetrically rectified aerial (remotely sensed) images. Snow redistribution was governed by a topographic similarity index. We subdivided each hillslope into elevation bands that had homogeneous climate extrapolated from observed climate. We created a distributed wind speed field that was used in conjunction with daily measured wind speeds to estimate sublimation. Modeling snow redistribution was critical to estimating the timing and magnitude of discharge. Incorporating elevation partitioning improved estimated timing of discharge but did not improve patterns of snow cover since wind was the dominant controller of areal snow patterns. Simulating wind-driven sublimation was necessary to predict moisture losses. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH USA. NOHRSC, Chanhassen, MT USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hartman, MD (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 54 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1587 EP 1603 DI 10.1029/1998WR900096 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 190YG UT WOS:000079992400023 ER PT J AU McMahon, PB Bohlke, JK Bruce, BW AF McMahon, PB Bohlke, JK Bruce, BW TI Denitrification in marine shales in northeastern Colorado SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS; ORGANIC-CARBON; NITRATE; AQUIFER; GROUNDWATER; WATER; SEDIMENTS; BIODEGRADATION; CALIFORNIA; HISTORY AB Parts of the South Platte River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Colorado are underlain by the Pierre Share, a marine deposit of Late Cretaceous age that is <1000 m thick. Ground water in the aquifer is contaminated with NO3-, and the shale contains abundant potential electron donors for denitrification in the forms of organic carbon and sulfide minerals. Nested piezometers were sampled, pore water was squeezed from cores of shale, and an injection test was conducted to determine if denitrification in the share was a sink for alluvial NO3- and to measure denitrification rates in the shale. Measured values of NO3-, N-2, NH4+, delta(15)N[NO3-], delta(15)N[N-2], and delta(15)[NH4+] in the alluvial and shale pore water indicated that denitrification in the shale was a sink for alluvial NO3-. Chemical gradients, reaction rate constants, and hydraulic head data indicated that denitrification in the share was limited by the slow rate of NO3- transport (possibly by diffusion) into the shale. The apparent in situ first-order rate constant for denitrification in the shale based on diffusion calculations was of the order of 0.04-0.4 yr(-1), whereas the potential rate constant in the shale based on injection tests was of the order of 60 yr(-1). Chemical data and mass balance calculations indicate that organic carbon was the primary electron donor for denitrification in the shale during the injection test, and ferrous iron was a minor electron donor in the process. Flux calculations for the conditions encountered at the site indicate that denitrification in the shale could remove only a small fraction of the annual agricultural NO3- input to the alluvial aquifer. However, the relatively large potential first-order rate constant for denitrification in the shale indicated that the percentage of NO3- uptake by the shale could be considerably larger in areas where NO3- is transported more rapidly into the share by advection. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA USA. RP McMahon, PB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 55 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1629 EP 1642 DI 10.1029/1999WR900004 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 190YG UT WOS:000079992400026 ER PT J AU Brown, VA McDonnell, JJ Burns, DA Kendall, C AF Brown, VA McDonnell, JJ Burns, DA Kendall, C TI The role of event water, a rapid shallow flow component, and catchment size in summer stormflow SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Scientific Assembly of the International-Association-of-Hydrological-Sciences CY APR 28-29, 1997 CL RABAT, MOROCCO SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE stormflow; two-tracer three-component hydrograph; two-component isotopic separation; end-member mixing ID MODELING STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; SOILWATER END-MEMBERS; HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION; STREAMFLOW GENERATION; RUNOFF GENERATION; SOIL-WATER; NEW-YORK; GROUNDWATER; PATHWAYS AB Seven nested headwater catchments (8 to 161 ha) were monitored during five summer rain events to evaluate storm runoff components and the effect of catchment size on water sources. Two-component isotopic hydrograph separation showed that event-water contributions near the time of peakflow ranged from 49% to 62% in the 7 catchments during the highest intensity event. The proportion of event water in stormflow was greater than could be accounted for by direct precipitation onto saturated areas. DOC concentrations in stormflow were strongly correlated with stream O-18 composition. Bivariate mixing diagrams indicated that the large event water contributions were likely derived from flow through the soil O-horizon. Results from two-tracer, three-component hydrograph separations showed that the throughfall and O-horizon soil-water components together could account for the estimated contributions of event water to stormflow. End-member mixing analysis confirmed these results. Estimated event-water contributions were inversely related to catchment size, but the relation was significant for only the event with greatest rainfall intensity. Our results suggest that perched, shallow subsurface flow provides a substantial contribution to summer stormflow in these small catchments, but the relative contribution of this component decreases with catchment size. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP McDonnell, JJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; McDonnell, Jeffrey/I-6400-2013 NR 55 TC 153 Z9 156 U1 4 U2 44 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD APR 30 PY 1999 VL 217 IS 3-4 BP 171 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00247-9 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 191PR UT WOS:000080031200002 ER PT J AU Bettencourt, JS Tosdal, RM Leite, WB Payolla, BL AF Bettencourt, JS Tosdal, RM Leite, WB Payolla, BL TI Mesoproterozoic rapakivi granites of the Rondonia Tin Province, southwestern border of the Amazonian craton, Brazil - I. Reconnaissance U-Pb geochronology and regional implications SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Amazonian craton; Brazil; geochronology; rapakivi granite; Rondonia ID GRENVILLE-PROVINCE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; LAURENTIA-BALTICA; GUIANA SHIELD; ZIRCON; AGES; MAGMATISM; CANADA; LABRADOR; COMPLEX AB Rapakivi granites and associated mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Rondonia Tin Province, southwestern Amazonian craton, Brazil were emplaced during six discrete episodes of magmatism between ca 1600 and 970 Ma. The seven rapakivi granite suites emplaced at this time were the Serra da Providencia Intrusive Suite (U-Pb ages between 1606 and 1532 Ma); Santo Antonio Intrusive Suite(U-Pb age 1406 Ma), Teotonio Intrusive Suite (U-Pb age 1387 Ma); Alto Candeias Intrusive Suite (U-Pb ages between 1346 and 1338 Ma); Sao Lourenco-Caripunas Intrusive Suite (U-Pb ages between 1314 and 1309 Ma); Santa Clara Intrusive Suite (U-Pb ages between 1082 and 1074 Ma); and Younger Granites of Rondonia (U-Pb ages between 998 and 974 Ma). The Serra da Providencia Intrusive Suite intruded the Paleoproterozoic (1.80 to 1.70 Ga) Rio Negro-Juruena crust whereas the other suites were emplaced into the 1.50 to 1.30 Ga Rondonia-San Ignacio crust. Their intrusion was contemporaneous with orogenic activity in other parts of the southwestern Amazonian craton, except for the oldest, Serra da Providencia Intrusive Suite. Orogenic events coeval with emplacement of the Serra da Providencia Intrusive Suite are not clearly recognized in the region. The Santo Antonio, Teotonio, Alto Candeias and Sao Lourenco-Caripunas Intrusive Suites are interpreted to represent extensional anorogenic magmatism associated with the terminal stages of the Rondonian-San Ignacio orogeny. At least the Sao Lourenco-Caripunas rapakivi granites and coeval intra-continental rift sedimentary rocks may, in contrast, represent the products of extensional tectonics and rifting preceding the Sunsas/Aguapei orogeny (1.25 to 1.0 Ga). The two youngest rapakivi suites, the Santa Clara Intrusive Suite and Younger Granites of Rondonia, seemingly represent inboard magmatism in the Rondonian-San Ignacio Province during a younger episode of reworking in the Rio Negro-Juruena Province during the waning stages of the collisional 1.1 to 1.0 Ga Sunsas/Aguapei orogeny. The six intra-plate rapakivi granite episodes in the southwestern part of the Amazonian craton form three broad periods of anorogenic magmatism that have age-correlative events composed of similar rocks and geologic environments in eastern Laurentia and Baltica, although the exact timing of magmatism appears slightly different. Recognition of lithologic and chronological correlations between various cratons provide important constraints to models explaining the interplay between rapakivi granite magmatism and deep crustal evolution of an early Mesoproterozoic supercontinent. They are, furthermore, important to plate tectonic models for the assembly, dispersal and reassembly of Amazonia, Laurentia and Baltica in the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Geociencias, BR-05422970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Geociencias & Ciencias Exatas, BR-13506900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Bettencourt, JS (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Geociencias, Caixa Postal 11348, BR-05422970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM jsbetten@usp.br NR 81 TC 99 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD APR 30 PY 1999 VL 95 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 67 DI 10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00126-0 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 188TU UT WOS:000079865200003 ER PT J AU Golombek, MP Anderson, RC Barnes, JR Bell, JF Bridges, NT Britt, DT Bruckner, J Cook, RA Crisp, D Crisp, JA Economou, T Folkner, WM Greeley, R Haberle, RM Hargraves, RB Harris, JA Haldemann, AFC Herkenhoff, KE Hviid, SF Jaumann, R Johnson, JR Kallemeyn, PH Keller, HU Kirk, RL Knudsen, JM Larsen, S Lemmon, MT Madsen, MB Magalhaes, JA Maki, JN Malin, MC Manning, RM Matijevic, J McSween, HY Moore, HJ Murchie, SL Murphy, JR Parker, TJ Rieder, R Rivellini, TP Schofield, JT Seiff, A Singer, RB Smith, PH Soderblom, LA Spencer, DA Stoker, CR Sullivan, R Thomas, N Thurman, SW Tomasko, MG Vaughan, RM Wanke, H Ward, AW Wilson, GR AF Golombek, MP Anderson, RC Barnes, JR Bell, JF Bridges, NT Britt, DT Bruckner, J Cook, RA Crisp, D Crisp, JA Economou, T Folkner, WM Greeley, R Haberle, RM Hargraves, RB Harris, JA Haldemann, AFC Herkenhoff, KE Hviid, SF Jaumann, R Johnson, JR Kallemeyn, PH Keller, HU Kirk, RL Knudsen, JM Larsen, S Lemmon, MT Madsen, MB Magalhaes, JA Maki, JN Malin, MC Manning, RM Matijevic, J McSween, HY Moore, HJ Murchie, SL Murphy, JR Parker, TJ Rieder, R Rivellini, TP Schofield, JT Seiff, A Singer, RB Smith, PH Soderblom, LA Spencer, DA Stoker, CR Sullivan, R Thomas, N Thurman, SW Tomasko, MG Vaughan, RM Wanke, H Ward, AW Wilson, GR TI Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission: Launch through landing, surface operations, data sets, and science results SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; MARTIAN SOIL; LANDER; TRACKING; CAMERA; ROCKS; SITE AB Mars Pathfinder successfully landed at Ares Vallis on July 4, 1997, deployed and navigated a small rover about 100 m clockwise around the lander, and collected data from three science instruments and ten technology experiments. The mission operated for three months and returned 2.3 Gbits of data, including over 16,500 lander and 550 rover images, 16 chemical analyses of rocks and soil, and 8.5 million individual temperature, pressure and wind measurements. Pathfinder is the best known location on Mars, having been clearly identified with respect to other features on the surface by correlating five prominent horizon features and two small craters in lander images with those in high-resolution orbiter images and in inertial space from two-way ranging and Doppler tracking. Tracking of the lander has fixed the spin pole of Mars, determined the precession rate since Viking 20 years ago, and indicates a polar moment of inertia, which constrains a central metallic core to be between 1300 and similar to 2000 km in radius. Dark rocks appear to be high in silica and geochemically similar to anorogenic andesites; lighter rocks are richer in sulfur and lower in silica, consistent with being coated with various amounts of dust. Rover and lander images show rocks with a variety of morphologies, fabrics and textures, suggesting a variety of rock types are present. Rounded pebbles and cobbles on the surface as well as rounded bumps and pits on some rocks indicate these rocks may be conglomerates (although other explanations are also possible), which almost definitely require liquid water to form and a warmer and wetter past. Airborne dust is composed of composite silicate particles with a small fraction of a highly magnetic mineral, interpreted to be most likely maghemite; explanations suggest iron was dissolved from crustal materials during an active hydrologic cycle with maghemite freeze dried onto silicate dust grains. Remote sensing data at a scale of a kilometer or greater and an Earth analog correctly predicted a rocky plain safe for landing and roving with a variety of rocks deposited by catstrophic floods, which are relatively dust free. The surface appears to have changed little since it formed billions of years ago, with the exception that eolian activity may have deflated the surface by similar to 3-7 cm, sculpted wind tails, collected sand into dunes, and eroded ventifacts (fluted and grooved rocks). Pathfinder found a dusty lower atmosphere, early morning water ice clouds, and morning near-surface air temperatures that changed abruptly with time and height. Small scale vortices, interpreted to be dust devils, were observed repeatedly in the afternoon by the meteorology instruments and have been imaged. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55122 Mainz, Germany. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Orsted Lab, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. DLR, German Aerosp Ctr, Inst Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-3411 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Golombek, MP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Madsen, Morten/D-2082-2011; Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016; Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; Madsen, Morten/0000-0001-8909-5111; Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 21 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8523 EP 8553 DI 10.1029/98JE02554 PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900007 ER PT J AU Ward, AW Gaddis, LR Kirk, RL Soderblom, LA Tanaka, KL Golombek, MP Parker, TJ Greeley, R Kuzmin, RO AF Ward, AW Gaddis, LR Kirk, RL Soderblom, LA Tanaka, KL Golombek, MP Parker, TJ Greeley, R Kuzmin, RO TI General geology and geomorphology of the Mars Pathfinder landing site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; CHRYSE-PLANITIA; MARTIAN SOIL; MISSION; SHAPES; EARTH; ROCKS AB The Mars Pathfinder (MPF) spacecraft landed on relatively young (late Hesperianearly Amazonian; 3.1-0.7 Ga) plains in Chryse Planitia near the mouth of Ares Vallis. Images returned from the spacecraft reveal a complex landscape of ridges and troughs, large hills and crater rims, rocks and boulders of various sizes and shapes, and surficial deposits, indicating a complex, multistage geologic history of the landing site. After the deposition of one or more bedrock units, depositional and erosional fluvial processes shaped much of the present landscape. Multiple erosional events are inferred on the basis of observations of numerous channels, different orientations of many streamlined tails from their associated knobs and hills, and superposition of lineations and streamlines. Medium- and small-scale features, interpreted to be related to late-stage drainage of floodwaters, are recognized in several areas at the landing site. Streamlined knobs and hills seen in Viking orbiter images support this inference, as they seem to be complex forms, partly erosional and partly depositional, and may also indicate a series of scouring and depositional events that, in some cases, further eroded or partially buried these landforms. Although features such as these are cited as evidence for catastrophic flooding at Ares Vallis, some of these features may also be ascribed to alternative primary or secondary depositional processes, such as glacial or mass-wasting processes. Close inspection of the landing site reveals rocks that are interpreted to be volcanic in origin and others that may be conglomeratic. If such sedimentary rocks are confirmed, fluvial processes have had a greater significance on Mars than previously thought. For the last several hundred million to few billion years, eolian processes have been dominant. Dunes and dune-like features, ventifacts, and deflation and exhumation features around several rocks probably are the most recent landforms. The relatively pristine nature of the overall landscape at the MPF site suggests weathering and erosion processes on Mars are exceptionally slow. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Program, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Verdansky Inst, Moscow 117975, Russia. RP Ward, AW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Program, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8555 EP 8571 DI 10.1029/1998JE900021 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900008 ER PT J AU Greeley, R Kraft, M Sullivan, R Wilson, G Bridges, N Herkenhoff, K Kuzmin, RO Malin, M Ward, W AF Greeley, R Kraft, M Sullivan, R Wilson, G Bridges, N Herkenhoff, K Kuzmin, RO Malin, M Ward, W TI Aeolian features and processes at the Mars Pathfinder landing site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID ROCKS; SOIL AB The Mars Pathfinder landing site contains abundant features attributed to aeolian, or wind, processes. These include wind tails, drift deposits, duneforms of various types, ripplelike features, and ventifacts (the first clearly seen on Mars). Many of these features are consistant with formation involving sand-size particles. Although some features, such as dunes, could develop from saltating sand-size aggregates of finer grains, the discovery of ventifact flutes cut in rocks strongly suggests that at least some of the grains are crystalline, rather than aggregates. Excluding the ventifacts, the orientations of the wind-related features correlate well with the orientations of bright wind steaks seen on Viking Orbiter images in the general area. They also correlate with wind direction predictions from the NASA-Ames General Circulation Model (GCM) which show that the strongest winds in the area occur in the northern hemisphere winter and are directed toward 209 degrees. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Vernadsky Inst, Moscow 117975, Russia. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Greeley, R (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 35 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8573 EP 8584 DI 10.1029/98JE02553 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900009 ER PT J AU Golombek, MP Moore, HJ Haldemann, AFC Parker, TJ Schofield, JT AF Golombek, MP Moore, HJ Haldemann, AFC Parker, TJ Schofield, JT TI Assessment of Mars Pathfinder landing site predictions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL INERTIA; PARTICULATE MATERIALS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; ROCKS; GEOMORPHOLOGY; CONDUCTIVITY; REGION; RADAR AB Remote sensing data at scales of kilometers and an Earth analog were used to accurately predict the characteristics of the Mars Pathfinder landing site at a scale of meters. The surface surrounding the Mars Pathfinder lander in Ares Vallis appears consistent with orbital interpretations, namely, that it would be a rocky plain composed of materials deposited by catastrophic floods. The surface and observed maximum clast size appears similar to predictions based on an analogous surface of the Ephrata Fan in the Channeled Scabland of Washington state. The elevation of the site measured by relatively small footprint delay-Doppler radar is within 100 m of that determined by two-way ranging and Doppler tracking of the spacecraft. The nearly equal elevations of the Mars Pathfinder and Viking Lander 1 sites allowed a prediction of the atmospheric conditions with altitude (pressure, temperature, and winds) that were well within the entry, descent; and landing design margins. High-resolution (similar to 38 m/pixel) Viking Orbiter 1 images showed a sparsely cratered surface with small knobs with relatively low slopes, consistent with observations of these features from the lander. Measured rock abundance is within 10% of that expected from Viking orbiter thermal observations and models. The fractional area covered by large, potentially hazardous rocks observed is similar to that estimated from model rock distributions based on data from the Viking landing sites, Earth analog sites, and total rock abundance. The bulk and fine-component thermal inertias measured from orbit are similar to those calculated from the observed rock size-frequency distribution. A simple radar echo model based on the reflectivity of the soil (estimated from its bulk density), and the measured fraction of area covered by rocks was used to approximate the quasi-specular and diffuse components of the Earth-based radar echos. Color and albedo orbiter data were used to predict the relatively dust free or unweathered surface around the Pathfinder lander compared to the Viking landing sites. Comparisons with the experiences of selecting the Viking landing sites demonstrate the enormous benefit the Viking data and its analyses and models had on the successful predictions of the Pathfinder site. The Pathfinder experience demonstrates that, in certain locations, geologic processes observed in orbiter data can he used to infer surface characteristics where those processes dominate over other processes affecting the Martian surface layer. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Golombek, MP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 49 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8585 EP 8594 DI 10.1029/1998JE900015 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900010 ER PT J AU Bridges, NT Greeley, R Haldemann, AFC Herkenhoff, KE Kraft, M Parker, TJ Ward, AW AF Bridges, NT Greeley, R Haldemann, AFC Herkenhoff, KE Kraft, M Parker, TJ Ward, AW TI Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MARS; GEOMORPHOLOGY; CIRCULATION; TRANSPORT AB About half of the rocks at the Mars Pathfinder Ares Vallis landing site appear to be ventifacts, rocks abraded by windborne particles. Comparable resolution images taken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera and the Viking landers show that ventifacts are more abundant at the Pathfinder site, The ventifacts occur in several forms, including rocks with faceted edges, finger-like projections, elongated pits, flutes, grooves, and possible riils. The trends of elongated pits, flutes, grooves, and rills cluster at similar to 280-330 degrees clockwise from north and generally dip 10-30 degrees away from their trend direction. These orientations are indicative of southeast to northwest winds and differ from the trend of wind tails at the landing site, the direction of local wind streaks, and predictions of the Global Circulation Model, all of which indicate northeast to southwest winds. The disparity between these data sets strongly suggests that local circulation patterns have changed since the abrasion of the ventifacted rocks. The greater number of ventifacts at the Pathfinder site compared to either of the Viking sites is most easily explained as being due to a larger supply of abrading particles, composed of either sand-sized grains or indurated dust aggregates, and higher surface roughness, which should increase the momentum of saltating grains. The Pathfinder ventifacts may have formed shortly after the deposition of outflow channel sediments nearly 2 Gry ago, when a large local supply of abrading particles should have been abundant and atmospheric conditions may have been more conducive to rock abrasion from saltating grains. Based on how ventifacts form on Earth, the several ventifact forms seen at the Pathfinder site and their presence on some rocks but not on others are probably due to local airflow conditions, original rock shape, exposure duration, rock movement, and to a lesser extent, rock lithology. The abundance of ventifacts at the Pathfinder site, together with other evidence of weathering, indicates that unaltered rock surfaces are rare on Mars. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Bridges, NT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-501,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016 NR 46 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8595 EP 8615 DI 10.1029/98JE02550 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900011 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL AF Tanaka, KL TI Debris-flow origin for the Simud/Tiu deposit on Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; CHRYSE-PLANITIA; REGION; DISCONTINUITIES; GEOMORPHOLOGY; FEATURES; CHANNELS; MISSION; HISTORY; PLAINS AB A late Hesperian smooth plains deposit on Mars interpreted as a debris flow extends more than 2000 km from Hydraotes Chaos, through Simud and Tiu Valles, and into Chryse Planitia. The Simud/Tiu deposit widens out to >1000 km and embays streamlined landforms and knobs made up of sedimentary and perhaps volcanic deposits that were carved by earlier channeling activity. Morphologic features of the Simud/Tiu deposit observed in Viking and Pathfinder images are generally consistent with a debris-flow origin, but some of the deposit's salient features are not readily explained by catastrophic flooding or ice flow. Internal depressions appear to be bounded by linear scarps along flow margins where differential shearing may have occurred and in areas where flow spreading may have produced zones of extensional breakup and thinning within the flow. Possible flow lobes within the deposit may have formed by successive flow surges within the flow unit. The Pathfinder landing site is on the Simud/Tiu deposit, and the observations there are consistent with debris flow. The low, longitudinal ridges at the site may have formed by clast interactions as the flow ground to a halt. Imbricated, planar rocks on the ridges, such as in the Rock Garden, also may have been emplaced by debris or ice flow. However, stream energy calculations at Ares Vallis and channel geology indicate that flooding probably was incapable of emplacing the meter-size boulders observed at the Pathfinder site. Dewatering of pressurized zones in the debris flow or underlying material may be responsible for mud eruptions that formed a couple of patches of low pancake-like shields up to 5 km in diameter and for probable water flows that formed two small rille channels a few kilometers long. Local irregular grooves may be cracks that resulted from later desiccation and contraction of the flow material. The debris-flow unit apparently coalesced from outflows of water-fluidized debris originating from beneath chaotic and hummocky terrains within and along the margins of Simud and Tiu Valles. The deposit is onlapped from the north by another flow deposit originating from Acidalia Planitia. If the Simud/Tiu debris flow had entered a standing body of water, a turbidity current may have arisen from the debris flow and then backflowed over the debris flow to account for the Acidalia deposit. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 55 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8637 EP 8652 DI 10.1029/98JE02552 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900013 ER PT J AU Chapman, MG Kargel, JS AF Chapman, MG Kargel, JS TI Observations at the Mars Pathfinder site: Do they provide "unequivocal" evidence of catastrophic flooding? SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID LANDING SITE; DEBRIS FLOWS; CHANNELS; GEOMORPHOLOGY; WASHINGTON; EROSION; PLAINS; EARTH; WATER; BASIN AB After Mars Pathfinder landed at the mouth of Ares Vallis, a large channel that drains into the Chryse Planitia basin, the mission reports unanimously supported the interpretation that the lander site is the locus of catastrophic flooding by noting that all aspects of the scene are consistent with this interpretation. However, alternatives cannot be ruled out by any site observations, as all aspects of the scene are equally consistent with other interpretations of origin, namely, ice and mass-flow processes subsequently modified by wind erosion. The authors discuss alternative explanations for the geologic history of the channel based on a regional view of the circum-Chryse channels from Viking images (our best broad-scale information to date) and the local view from the recent Pathfinder landing site. Mega-indicators of channel origin, the regional geomorphology, geology, and planetary climatic conditions, taken together suggest some combination of flood, mass flow, glacial, and eolian processes. The macro-indicators of channel origin (sedimentologic) are also not indicative of one process of emplacement, either as single criteria or taken cumulatively. Finally, the micro-indicators of channel origin (geochemical and mineralogic composition) do not provide very tight constraints on the deposits' possible origins other than that water was in some way involved. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Chapman, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 70 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8671 EP 8678 DI 10.1029/98JE02083 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900015 ER PT J AU McSween, HY Murchie, SL Crisp, JA Bridges, NT Anderson, RC Bell, JF Britt, DT Bruckner, J Dreibus, G Economou, T Ghosh, A Golombek, MP Greenwood, JP Johnson, JR Moore, HJ Morris, RV Parker, TJ Rieder, R Singer, R Wanke, H AF McSween, HY Murchie, SL Crisp, JA Bridges, NT Anderson, RC Bell, JF Britt, DT Bruckner, J Dreibus, G Economou, T Ghosh, A Golombek, MP Greenwood, JP Johnson, JR Moore, HJ Morris, RV Parker, TJ Rieder, R Singer, R Wanke, H TI Chemical, multispectral, and textural constraints on the composition and origin of rocks at the Mars Pathfinder landing site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review ID CALC-ALKALINE DIFFERENTIATION; HAWAIIAN PALAGONITIC SOIL; X-RAY SPECTROMETER; REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; SNC METEORITES; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; IRON-OXIDES; LAVA FLOWS; MARTIAN METEORITE; VOLCANIC-ROCKS AB Rocks at the Mars Pathfinder site are probably locally derived. Textures on rock surfaces may indicate volcanic, sedimentary, or impact-generated rocks, but aeolian abration and dust coatings prevent unambiguous interpretation. Multispectral imaging has resolved four spectral classes of rocks: gray and red, which occur on different surfaces of the same rocks; pink, which is probably soil crusts; and maroon, which occurs as large boulders, mostly in the far field. Rocks are assigned to two spectral trends based on the position of peak reflectance: the primary spectral trend contains gray, red, and pink rocks; maroon rocks constitute the secondary spectral trend. The spatial pattern of spectral variations observed is oriented along the prevailing wind direction The primary spectral trend arises from thin ferric coatings of aeolian dust on darker rocks. The secondary spectral trend is apparently due to coating by a different mineral, probably maghemite or ferrihydrite. A chronology based on rock spectra suggests that rounded maroon boulders constitute the oldest petrologic unit (a flood deposit), succeeded by smaller cobbles possibly deposited by impact, and followed by aeolian erosion and deposition. Nearly linear chemical trends in alpha proton X-ray spectrometer rock compositions are interpreted as mixing lines between rock and adhering dust, a conclusion supported by a correlation between sulfur abundance and red/blue spectral ratio. Extrapolations of regression lines to zero sulfur give the composition of a presumed igneous rock. The chemistry and normative mineralogy of the sulfur-free rock resemble common terrestrial volcanic rocks, and its classification corresponds to andesite. Igneous rocks of this composition may occur with elastic sedimentary rocks or impact melts and breccias. However, the spectral mottling expected on conglomerates or breccias is not observed in any APXS-analyzed rocks. Interpretation of the rocks as andesites is complicated by absence of a "1 mu m" pyroxene absorption band. Plausible explanations include impact glass, band masking by magnetite, or presence of calcium- and iron-rich pyroxenes and olivine which push the absorption band minimum past the imager's spectral range. The inferred andesitic composition is most similar to terrestrial anorogenic icelandites, formed by fractionation of tholeiitic basaltic magmas. Early melting of a relatively primitive Martian mantle could produce an appropriate parent magma, supporting the ancient age of Pathfinder rocks inferred from their incorporation in Hesperian flood deposits. Although rocks of andesitic composition at the Pathfinder site may represent samples of ancient Martian crust, inferences drawn about a necessary role for water or plate tectonics in their petrogenesis are probably unwarranted. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55122 Mainz, Germany. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Catalina Technol, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. RP McSween, HY (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RI Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016; Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 133 TC 173 Z9 172 U1 6 U2 39 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8679 EP 8715 DI 10.1029/98JE02551 PG 37 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900016 ER PT J AU Moore, HJ Bickler, DB Crisp, JA Eisen, HJ Gensler, JA Haldemann, AFC Matijevic, JR Reid, LK Pavlics, F AF Moore, HJ Bickler, DB Crisp, JA Eisen, HJ Gensler, JA Haldemann, AFC Matijevic, JR Reid, LK Pavlics, F TI Soil-like deposits observed by Sojourner, the Pathfinder rover SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; THERMAL INERTIA; LANDING SITE; MARTIAN SURFACE; MARS; MISSION; FINES; RADAR AB Most of the soil-like materials at the Pathfinder landing site behave like moderately dense soils on Earth with friction angles near 34 degrees-39 degrees and are called cloddy deposits. Cloddy deposits appear to be poorly sorted with dust-sized to granule-sized mineral or rock grains; they may contain pebbles, small rock fragments, and clods. Thin deposits of porous, compressible drifts with friction angles near 26 degrees-28 degrees are also present. Drifts are fine grained. Cohesions of both types of deposits are small. There may be indurated soil-like deposits and/or coated or crusted rocks. Cloddy deposits may be fluvial sediments of the Ares-Tiu floods, but other origins, such as ejecta from nearby impact craters, should be considered. Drifts are probably dusts that settled from the Martian atmosphere. Remote-sensing signatures of the deposits inferred from rover observations are consistent with those observed from orbit and Earth. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Pavl Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93109 USA. RP Moore, HJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 238-420,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 42 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8729 EP 8746 DI 10.1029/1998JE900005 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900018 ER PT J AU Thomas, N Markiewicz, WJ Sablotny, RM Wuttke, MW Keller, HU Johnson, JR Reid, RJ Smith, PH AF Thomas, N Markiewicz, WJ Sablotny, RM Wuttke, MW Keller, HU Johnson, JR Reid, RJ Smith, PH TI The color of the Martian sky and its influence on the illumination of the Martian surface SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MARS; LANDER; SITES AB The dust in the atmosphere above the Mars Pathfinder landing site produced a bright, red sky that increases in redness toward the horizon at midday. There is also evidence for an absorption band in the scattered light from the sky at 860 nm. A model of the sky brightness has been developed [Markiewicz et nl., this issue] and tested against Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) observations of calibration targets on the lander. The resulting model has been used to quantify the total diffuse flux onto a surface parallel to the local level for several solar elevation angles and optical depths. The model shows that the diffuse illumination in shadowed areas is strongly reddened while areas illuminated directly by the Sun (and the blue forward scattering peak) see a more solar-type spectrum, in agreement with Viking and IMP observations. Quantitative corrections for the reddening in shadowed areas are demonstrated. It is shown quantitatively that the unusual appearance of the rock Yogi (the east face of which appeared relatively blue in images taken during the morning but relatively red during the afternoon) can be explained purely by the changing illumination geometry. We conclude that any spectrophotometric analysis of surfaces on Mars must take into account the diffuse flux. Specifically, the reflectances of surfaces viewed under different illumination geometries cannot be investigated for spectral diversity unless a correction has been applied which removes the influence of the reddened diffuse flux. C1 Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Thomas, N (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Aeron, Max Planck Str 2, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 14 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8795 EP 8808 DI 10.1029/98JE02556 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900022 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Kirk, R Soderblom, LA Gaddis, L Reid, RJ Britt, DT Smith, P Lemmon, M Thomas, N Bell, JF Bridges, NT Anderson, R Herkenhoff, KE Maki, J Murchie, S Dummel, A Jaumann, R Trauthan, F Arnold, G AF Johnson, JR Kirk, R Soderblom, LA Gaddis, L Reid, RJ Britt, DT Smith, P Lemmon, M Thomas, N Bell, JF Bridges, NT Anderson, R Herkenhoff, KE Maki, J Murchie, S Dummel, A Jaumann, R Trauthan, F Arnold, G TI Preliminary results on photometric properties of materials at the Sagan Memorial Station, Mars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OPPOSITION SURGE; SCATTERING PROPERTIES; SURFACE MATERIALS; ATMOSPHERIC DUST; IRON-OXIDES; VIKING; SOIL; PARTICLES; LANDER AB Reflectance measurements of selected rocks and soils over a wide range of illumination geometries obtained by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera provide constraints on interpretations of the physical and mineralogical nature of geologic materials at the landing site. The data sets consist of (1) three small "photometric spot" subframed scenes, covering phase angles from 20 degrees to 150 degrees; (2) two image strips composed of three subframed images each, located along the antisunrise and antisunset lines (photometric equator), covering phase angles from similar to 0 degrees to 155 degrees; and (3) full-image scenes of the rock "Yogi," covering phase angles from 48 degrees to 100 degrees. Phase functions extracted from calibrated data exhibit a dominantly backscattering photometric function, consistent with the results from the Viking lander cameras. However, forward scattering behavior does appear at phase angles >140 degrees, particularly for the darker gray rock surfaces, Preliminary efforts using a Hapke scattering model are useful in comparing surface properties of different rock and soil types but are not well constrained, possibly due to the incomplete phase angle availability, uncertainties related to the photometric function of the calibration targets, and/or the competing effects of diffuse and direct lighting. Preliminary interpretations of the derived Hapke parameters suggest that (1) red rocks can be modeled as a mixture of gray rocks with a coating of bright and dark soil or dust, and (2) gray rocks have macroscopically smoother surfaces composed of microscopically homogeneous, clear materials with little internal scattering, which may imply a glass-like or varnished surface. C1 US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-3411 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Murchie, Scott/E-8030-2015; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016 OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; Murchie, Scott/0000-0002-1616-8751; NR 72 TC 48 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8809 EP 8830 DI 10.1029/98JE02247 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900023 ER PT J AU Gaddis, LR Kirk, RL Johnson, JR Soderblom, LA Ward, AW Barrett, J Becker, K Becker, T Blue, J Cook, D Eliason, E Hare, T Howington-Kraus, E Isbell, C Lee, EM Redding, B Sucharski, R Sucharski, T Smith, PH Britt, DT AF Gaddis, LR Kirk, RL Johnson, JR Soderblom, LA Ward, AW Barrett, J Becker, K Becker, T Blue, J Cook, D Eliason, E Hare, T Howington-Kraus, E Isbell, C Lee, EM Redding, B Sucharski, R Sucharski, T Smith, PH Britt, DT TI Digital mapping of the Mars Pathfinder landing site: Design, acquisition, and derivation of cartographic products for science applications SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; MARTIAN SOIL; MISSION; LANDER; ROCKS AB The Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) acquired more than 16,000 images and provided panoramic views of the surface of Mars at the Mars Pathfinder landing site in Ares Vallis. This paper describes the stereoscopic, multispectral IMP imaging sequences and focuses on their use for digital mapping of the landing site and for deriving cartographic products to support science applications of these data. Two-dimensional cartographic processing of IMP data, as performed via techniques and specialized software developed for ISIS (the U.S.Geological Survey image processing software package), is emphasized. Cartographic processing of IMP data includes ingestion, radiometric correction, establishment of geometric control, coregistration of multiple bands, reprojection, and mosaicking. Photogrammetric processing, an integral part of this cartographic work which utilizes the three-dimensional character of the IMP data, supplements standard processing with geometric control and topographic information [Kirk et al., this issue]. Both cartographic and photogrammetric processing are required for producing seamless image mosaics and for coregistering the multispectral IMP data. Final, controlled IMP cartographic products include spectral cubes, panoramic (360 degrees azimuthal coverage) and planimetric (top view) maps, and topographic data, to be archived on four CD-ROM volumes. Uncontrolled and semicontrolled versions of these products were used to support geologic characterization of the landing site during the nominal and extended missions. Controlled products have allowed determination of the topography of the landing site and environs out to similar to 60 m, and these data have been used to unravel the history of large- and small-scale geologic processes which shaped the observed landing site. We conclude by summarizing several lessons learned from cartographic processing of IMP data. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Program, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Gaddis, LR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Program, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; OI Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8853 EP 8868 DI 10.1029/1998JE900013 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900025 ER PT J AU Kirk, RL Howington-Kraus, E Hare, T Dorrer, E Cook, D Becker, K Thompson, K Redding, B Blue, J Galuszka, D Lee, EM Gaddis, LR Johnson, JR Soderblom, LA Ward, AW Smith, PH Britt, DT AF Kirk, RL Howington-Kraus, E Hare, T Dorrer, E Cook, D Becker, K Thompson, K Redding, B Blue, J Galuszka, D Lee, EM Gaddis, LR Johnson, JR Soderblom, LA Ward, AW Smith, PH Britt, DT TI Digital photogrammetric analysis of the IMP camera images: Mapping the Mars Pathfinder landing site in three dimensions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MISSION AB This paper describes our photogrammetric analysis of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder data, part of a broader program of mapping the Mars Pathfinder landing site in support of geoscience investigations. This analysis, carried out primarily with a commercial digital photogrammetric system, supported by our in-house Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS), consists of three steps. (1) geometric control: simultaneous solution for refined estimates of camera positions and pointing plus three-dimensional (3-D) coordinates of similar to 10(3) features sitewide, based on the measured image coordinates of those features; (2) topographic modeling: identification of similar to 3 x 10(5) closely spaced points in the images and calculation (based on camera parameters from step 1) of their 3-D coordinates, yielding digital terrain models (DTMs); and (3) geometric manipulation of the data: combination of the DTMs from different stereo pairs into a sitewide model, and reprojection of image data to remove parallax between the different spectral filters in the two cameras and to provide an undistorted planimetric view of the site. These processes are described in detail and example products are shown. Plans for combining the photogrammetrically derived topographic data with spectrophotometry are also described. These include photometric modeling using surface orientations from the DTM to study surface microtextures and improve the accuracy of spectral measurements, and photoclinometry to refine the DTM to single-pixel resolution where photometric properties are sufficiently uniform. Finally, the inclusion of rover images in a joint photogrammetric analysis with IMP images is described. This challenging task will provide coverage of areas hidden to the IMP, but accurate ranging of distant features can be achieved only if the lander is also visible in the rover image used. C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Program, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Bundeswehr Munchen, Inst Photogrammetrie & Kartographie, Munich, Germany. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Kirk, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Program, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM rkirk@flagmail.wr.usgs.gov RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015; OI Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X NR 47 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8869 EP 8887 DI 10.1029/1998JE900012 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900026 ER PT J AU Reid, RJ Smith, PH Lemmon, M Tanner, R Burkland, M Wegryn, E Weinberg, J Marcialis, R Britt, DT Thomas, N Kramm, R Dummel, A Crowe, D Bos, BJ Bell, JF Rueffer, P Gliem, F Johnson, JR Maki, JN Herkenhoff, KE Singer, RB AF Reid, RJ Smith, PH Lemmon, M Tanner, R Burkland, M Wegryn, E Weinberg, J Marcialis, R Britt, DT Thomas, N Kramm, R Dummel, A Crowe, D Bos, BJ Bell, JF Rueffer, P Gliem, F Johnson, JR Maki, JN Herkenhoff, KE Singer, RB TI Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) image calibration SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article AB The Imager for Mars Pathfinder returned over 16,000 high-quality images from the surface of Mars. The camera was well-calibrated in the laboratory, with <5% radiometric uncertainty. The photometric properties of two radiometric targets were also measured with 3% uncertainty. Several data sets acquired during the cruise and on Mars confirm that the system operated nominally throughout the course of the mission. Image calibration algorithms were developed for landed operations to correct instrumental sources of noise and to calibrate images relative to observations of the radiometric targets. The uncertainties associated with these algorithms as well as current improvements to image calibration are discussed. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, Kathenburg Lindau, Germany. DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, Berlin, Germany. Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Tech Univ Braunschweig, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Min & Geol Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Reid, RJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, POB 210092,1629 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Lemmon, Mark/E-9983-2010; Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 OI Lemmon, Mark/0000-0002-4504-5136; NR 18 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8907 EP 8925 DI 10.1029/1998JE900011 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900028 ER PT J AU Oberst, J Jaumann, R Zeitler, W Hauber, E Kuschel, M Parker, T Golombek, M Malin, M Soderblom, L AF Oberst, J Jaumann, R Zeitler, W Hauber, E Kuschel, M Parker, T Golombek, M Malin, M Soderblom, L TI Photogrammetric analysis of horizon panoramas: The Pathfinder landing site in Viking orbiter images SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MARS PATHFINDER AB Tiepoint measurements, block adjustment techniques, and sunrise/sunset pictures were used to obtain precise pointing data with respect to north for a set of 33 IMP horizon images. Azimuth angles for five prominent topographic features seen at the horizon were measured and correlated with locations of these features in Viking orbiter images. Based on this analysis, the Pathfinder line/sample coordinates in two raw Viking images were determined with approximate errors of 1 pixel, or 40 m. Identification of the Pathfinder location in orbit imagery yields geological context for surface studies of the landing site. Furthermore, the precise determination of coordinates in images together with the known planet-fixed coordinates of the lander make the Pathfinder landing site the most important anchor point in current control point networks of Mars. C1 DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Oberst, J (reprint author), DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, Rudower Chaussee 5, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1999 VL 104 IS E4 BP 8927 EP 8933 DI 10.1029/98JE01429 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 188FV UT WOS:000079836900029 ER PT J AU Mesa, MG Maule, AG Poe, TP Schreck, CB AF Mesa, MG Maule, AG Poe, TP Schreck, CB TI Influence of bacterial kidney disease on smoltification in salmonids: Is it a case of double jeopardy? SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE bacterial kidney disease; Renibacterium salmoninarum; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; smoltification; physiological stress ID PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; BROOD STOCK SEGREGATION; COHO SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; SEAWATER ADAPTATION; GROWTH-HORMONE; SALAR L AB We investigated the effects of a chronic, progressive infection with Redibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), on selected aspects of smoltification in yearling juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). After experimentally infecting fish with Rs using an immersion challenge, we sampled them every two weeks to monitor changes in gill Na+, K+-ATPase (ATPase), cortisol, infection level, mortality, growth, and other stress-related physiological factors during the normal time of parr-smelt transformation in fresh water (i.e., from winter to spring). A progressively worsening infection with Rs did not alter the normal changes in gill ATPase and condition factor associated with smoltification in juvenile chinook salmon. The infection did, however, lead to elevated levels of plasma cortisol and lactate and depressed levels of plasma glucose, indicating that the disease is stressful during the later stages. A dramatic proliferation of BKD was associated with maximal responses of indicators of smoltification, suggesting that the process of smoltification itself can trigger outbreaks of disease. Our results suggest mechanisms that probably influence the reported inability of Rs-infected fish to successfully adapt to sea water. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Mesa, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM matt_mesa@usgs.gov NR 72 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 15 PY 1999 VL 174 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00012-5 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 182ML UT WOS:000079502700003 ER PT J AU Cheng, RT Ling, CH Gartner, JW Wang, PF AF Cheng, RT Ling, CH Gartner, JW Wang, PF TI Estimates of bottom roughness length and bottom shear stress in South San Francisco Bay, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; CONTINENTAL SHELVES; SCALING LAWS; TURBULENCE; CHANNEL; FLOWS; SONAR AB A field investigation of the hydrodynamics and the resuspension and transport of particulate matter in a bottom boundary layer was carried out in South San Francisco Bay (South Bay), California, during March-April 1995. Using broadband acoustic Doppler current profilers, detailed measurements of turbulent mean velocity distribution within 1.5 m above bed have been obtained. A global method of data analysis was used for estimating bottom roughness length z(o) and bottom shear stress (or friction velocities u*). Field data have been examined by dividing the time series of velocity profiles into 24-hour periods and independently analyzing the velocity profile time series by flooding and ebbing periods. The global method of solution gives consistent properties of bottom roughness length z(o) and bottom shear stress values (or friction velocities u*) in South Bay. Estimated mean values of z(o) and u* for flooding and ebbing cycles are different. The differences in mean z(o) and u* are shown to be caused by tidal current flood-ebb inequality: rather than the flooding or ebbing of tidal currents. The bed shear stress correlates well with a reference velocity, the slope of the correlation defines a drag coefficient. Forty-three days of field data in South Bay show two regimes of z(o) (and drag coefficient) as a function of a reference velocity. When the mean velocity is >25-30 cm s(-1), the In z(o) (and thus the drag coefficient) is inversely proportional to the reference velocity. The cause for the reduction of roughness length is hypothesized as sediment erosion due to intensifying tidal currents thereby reducing bed roughness. When the mean velocity is <25-30 cm s(-1), the correlation between z(o) and the reference velocity is less clear. A plausible explanation of scattered values of z(o) under this condition mat be sediment deposition. Measured sediment data were inadequate to support this hypothesis: but the proposed hypothesis warrants further field investigation. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr, Marine Environm Qual Branch, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. RP Cheng, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,M-S 496, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 28 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD APR 15 PY 1999 VL 104 IS C4 BP 7715 EP 7728 DI 10.1029/1998JC900126 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 187KA UT WOS:000079784700008 ER PT J AU Hellweg, M Boatwright, J AF Hellweg, M Boatwright, J TI Mapping the rupture process of moderate earthquakes by inverting accelerograms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC RADIATION; CONSTRAINTS; CALIFORNIA; PARKFIELD; SPECTRA AB We present a waveform inversion method that uses recordings of small events as Green's functions to map the rupture growth of moderate earthquakes. The method fits P and S waveforms from many stations simultaneously in an iterative procedure to estimate the subevent rupture time and amplitude relative to the Green's function event. We invert the accelerograms written by two moderate Parkfield earthquakes using smaller events as Green's functions. The first earthquake (M = 4.6) occurred on November 14, 1993, at a depth of 11 km under Middle Mountain, in the assumed preparation zone for the next Parkfield main shock. The second earthquake (M = 4.7) occurred on December 20, 1994, some 6 km to the southeast, at a depth of 9 km on a section of the San Andreas fault with no previous microseismicity and little inferred coseismic slip in the 1966 Parkfield earthquake. The inversion results are strikingly different for the two events. The average stress release in the 1993 event was 50 bars, distributed over a geometrically complex area of 0.9 km(2). The average stress release in the 1994 event was only 6 bars, distributed over a roughly elliptical area of 20 km(2). The ruptures of both events appear to grow spasmodically into relatively complex shapes: the inversion only constrains the ruptures to grow more slowly than the S wave velocity but does not use smoothness constraints. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Hellweg, M (reprint author), Univ Stuttgart, Inst Geophys, D-7000 Stuttgart, Germany. EM geo_enterprise@compuserve.com; boat@samoa.wr.usgs.gov NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B4 BP 7319 EP 7328 DI 10.1029/98JB02412 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 184VF UT WOS:000079633900017 ER PT J AU Attanasi, ED Mast, RF Root, DH AF Attanasi, ED Mast, RF Root, DH TI Oil, gas field growth projections: wishful thinking or reality? SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Attanasi, ED (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD APR 5 PY 1999 VL 97 IS 14 BP 79 EP 81 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 183LJ UT WOS:000079554800017 ER PT J AU Britton, DM Brunton, DF Talbot, SS AF Britton, DM Brunton, DF Talbot, SS TI Isoetes in Alaska and the Aleutians SO AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID JAPAN; ISOETACEAE; RIPARIA; HYBRID; CANADA AB Three species of Isoetes are recognized as present in the study area: I. echinospora Durieu (diploid, 2n = 22), I. maritima Underw. (tetraploid, 2n = 44) and I. occidentalis L.F. Hend. (hexaploid, 2n = 66). Three interspecific hybrids are expected and two are known to be present: I. xpseudotruncala D.M. Britton & B.F. Brunton (triploid, 2n = 331) and I. xtruncata (Eaton) Clute (pentaploid, 2n = 55). The missing hybrid taxon is I. echinosporo (diploid) x I. occidentalis (hexaploid). C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Britton, DM (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FERN SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O DAVID B LELLINGER, SMITHSONIAN INST, BOTANY DEPT, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0002-8444 J9 AM FERN J JI Am. Fern J. PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 2 BP 133 EP 141 DI 10.2307/1547347 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 217HG UT WOS:000081493500004 ER PT J AU Finn, C AF Finn, C TI Aeromagnetic map compilation: procedures for merging and an example from Washington SO ANNALI DI GEOFISICA LA English DT Article DE aeromagnetic data; Antarctica ID MARGIN AB Rocks in Antarctica and offshore have widely diverse magnetic properties. Consequently, aeromagnetic data collected there can improve knowledge of the geologic, tectonic and geothermal characteristics of the region. Aeromagnetic data can map concealed structures such as faults, folds and dikes, ascertain basin thickness and locate buried volcanic, as well as some intrusive and metamorphic rocks. Gridded, composite data sets allow a view of continental-scale trends that individual data sets do not provide and link widely-separated areas of outcrop and disparate geologic studies. Individual magnetic surveys must be processed so that they match adjacent surveys prior to merging. A consistent representation of the Earth's magnetic field (International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF)) must be removed from each data set. All data sets need to be analytically continued to the same flight elevation with their datums shifted to match adjacent data. I advocate minimal processing to best represent the individual surveys in the merged compilation. An example of a compilation of aeromagnetic surveys from Washington illustrates the utility of aeromagnetic maps for providing synoptic views of regional tectonic features. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Finn, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 964,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDITRICE COMPOSITORI BOLOGNA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA STALINGRADO 97/2, I-40128 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 0365-2556 J9 ANN GEOFIS JI Ann. Geofis. PD APR PY 1999 VL 42 IS 2 BP 327 EP 331 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 204KL UT WOS:000080763400017 ER PT J AU Short, FT Neckles, HA AF Short, FT Neckles, HA TI The effects of global climate change on seagrasses SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Review DE seagrass; climate; greenhouse effect; global warming; carbon dioxide; UV radiation; sea level rise; eelgrass; macrophyte ID ZOSTERA-MARINA L; RUPPIA-MARITIMA L; INCREASING ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM HYDROCHARITACEAE; ANTARCTICA LABILL SONDER; UV-B RADIATION; CYMODOCEA-NODOSA; INORGANIC CARBON; SALT TOLERANCE AB The increasing rate of global climate change seen in this century, and predicted to accelerate into the next, will significantly impact the Earth's oceans. In this review, we examine previously published seagrass research through a lens of global climate change in order to consider the potential effects on the world's seagrasses. A primary effect of increased global temperature on seagrasses will be the alteration of growth rates and other physiological functions of the plants themselves. The distribution of seagrasses will shift as a result of increased temperature stress and changes in the patterns of sexual reproduction. Indirect temperature effects may include plant community changes as a result of increased eutrophication and changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The direct effects of sea level rise on the coastal oceans will be to increase water depths, change tidal variation (both mean tide level and tidal prism), alter water movement, and increase seawater intrusion into estuaries and rivers. A major impact of all these changes on seagrasses and tidal freshwater plants will be a redistribution of existing habitats. The intrusion of ocean water into formerly fresh or brackish water areas will directly affect estuarine plans distribution by changing conditions at specific locations, causing some plants to relocate in order to stay within their tolerance zones and allowing others to expand their distribution inland. Distribution changes will result from the effects of salinity change on seed germination, propagule formation, photosynthesis, growth and biomass, Also, some plant communities may decline or be eliminated as a result of increased disease activity under more highly saline conditions. Increased water depth, which reduces the amount of light reaching existing seagrass beds, will directly reduce plant productivity where plants are light limited. Likewise, increases in water motion and tidal circulation will decrease the amount of light reaching the plants by increasing turbidity or by stimulating the growth of epiphytes. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide will directly elevate the amount of CO2 in coastal waters. In areas where seagrasses are carbon limited, this may increase primary production, although whether this increase will be sustained with long-term CO2 enrichment is uncertain. The impact of increases in CO2 will vary with species and environmental circumstances, but will likely include species distribution by altering the competition between seagrass species as well as between seagrass and algal populations. The reaction of seagrasses to UV-B radiation may range from inhibition of photosynthetic activity, as seen fur terrestrial plants and marine algae. to the increased metabolic cost of producing UV-B blocking compounds within plant tissue. The effects of UV-B radiation will likely be greatest in the tropics and in southern oceans. Then is every reason to believe that, as with the predicted terrestrial effects of global climate change, impacts to seagrasses will be great. The changes that will occur in seagrass communities an difficult to predict; our assessment clearly points out the need for research directed toward the impact of global climate change on seagrasses. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Jackson Estuarine Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA USA. RP Short, FT (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Jackson Estuarine Lab, 85 Adams Point Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM fred.short@unh.edu RI Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012 OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833 NR 201 TC 274 Z9 296 U1 44 U2 282 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 169 EP 196 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00117-X PG 28 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 185HV UT WOS:000079663700001 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE Pereira, WE Leiker, TJ AF Rostad, CE Pereira, WE Leiker, TJ TI Distribution and transport of selected anthropogenic lipophilic organic compounds associated with Mississippi River suspended sediment, 1989-1990 SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRIBUTARIES; POLLUTANTS; HERBICIDES; SORPTION; NITROGEN; CARBON; SOILS AB In the first study on this scale, distribution and transport of selected hydrophobic halogenated organic compounds associated with suspended sediment from the lower Mississippi River and its principal tributaries were determined during two spring and two summer cruises. Lipophilic organic compounds identified on the suspended sediment included hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, dacthal, chlordane (cis- and trans-), nonachlor (trans-), chlorthalonil, and penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorobiphenyls. Most of these compounds come from nonpoint sources. Mass loadings of most of the compounds increased from upstream to downstream on the main stem of the Mississippi River. Of the tributaries studied, the Ohio River had the most significant effect on contaminant loads. Suspended sediment transport to the Gulf of Mexico of the most abundant, widely distributed compound class, PCBs, was estimated at 6,750 kg per year. C1 US Geol Survey, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. RP Rostad, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 408,5293 Ward Rd, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 248 EP 255 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 175GG UT WOS:000079084600003 ER PT J AU Sparling, DW Day, D Klein, P AF Sparling, DW Day, D Klein, P TI Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of white phosphorus in mute swans, Cygnus olor SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALT-MARSH; WATERFOWL; KESTRELS; EXPOSURE; DUCKS AB Among the waterfowl affected by white phosphorus (P-4) at a military base in Alaska are tundra (Cygnus columbianus) and trumpeter (C. buccinator) swans. To estimate the toxicity of P-4 to swans and compare the toxic effects to those of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), we dosed 30 juvenile mute swans (C. olor) with 0 to 5.28 mg P-4/kg body weight. The calculated LD50 was 3.65 mg/kg (95% CI: 1.40 to 4.68 mg/kg). However, many of the swans still had P-4 in their gizzards after dying, as determined by "smoking gizzards" and characteristic odor, and a lower LD50 might be calculated if all of the P-4 had passed into the small intestines. We attribute the retention of P-4 in swans to the possibility that P-4 pellets were mistaken for the similarly sized grit in their gizzards. Most swans took 1 to 4.5 days to die in contrast to the few hours normally required in mallards and death appeared to be related more to Liver dysfunction than to hemolysis. White phosphorus affected several plasma constituents, most notably elevated aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, and alanine aminotransferase. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Humane Soc US, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Sparling, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 316 EP 322 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 175GG UT WOS:000079084600012 PM 10047600 ER PT J AU Heinz, GH Hoffman, DJ Sileo, L Audet, DJ LeCaptain, LJ AF Heinz, GH Hoffman, DJ Sileo, L Audet, DJ LeCaptain, LJ TI Toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment to mallards SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIETARY CALCIUM; IDAHO; DUCKS; ACCUMULATION; INGESTION; SWANS AB Because consumption of lead-contaminated sediment has been suspected as the cause of waterfowl mortality in the Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho, we studied the bioavailability and toxicity of this sediment to mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). In experiment 1, one of 10 adult male mallards died when fed a pelleted commercial duck diet that contained 24% lead-contaminated sediment (with 3,400 mu g/g lead in the sediment). Protoporphyrin levels in the blood increased as the percentage of lead-contaminated sediment in the diet increased. Birds fed 24% lead-contaminated sediment exhibited atrophy of the breast muscles, green staining of the feathers around the vent, viscous bile, green staining of the gizzard lining, and renal tubular intranuclear inclusion bodies. Mallards fed 24% lead-contaminated sediment had means of 6.1 mu g/g of lead in the blood and 28 mu g/g in the liver (wet-weight basis) and 1,660 mu g/g in the feces (dry-weight basis). In experiment 2, we raised the dietary concentration of the lead-contaminated sediment to 48%, but only about 20% sediment was actually ingested due to food washing by the birds. Protoporphyrin levels were elevated in the lead-exposed birds, and all of the mallards fed 48% lead-contaminated sediment had renal tubular intranuclear inclusion bodies. The concentrations of lead in the liver were 9.1 mu g/g for mallards fed 24% lead-contaminated sediment and 16 mu g/g for mallards fed 48% lead-contaminated sediment. In experiment 3, four of five mallards died when fed a ground corn diet containing 24% lead-contaminated sediment (with 4,000 mu g/g lead in this sample of sediment), but none died when the 24% lead-contaminated sediment was mixed into a nutritionally balanced commercial duck diet; estimated actual ingestion rates for sediment were 14% and 17% for the corn and commercial diets. Lead exposure caused elevations in protoporphyrin, and four of the five mallards fed 24% lead-contaminated sediment in a commercial diet and all five fed the contaminated sediment in a corn diet had renal intranuclear inclusion bodies. Lead was higher in the livers of mallards fed 24% lead-contaminated sediment in the corn diet (38 mu g/g) than in the commercial diet (13 mu g/g). C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Spokane, WA 99206 USA. RP Heinz, GH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 28 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 323 EP 333 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 175GG UT WOS:000079084600013 PM 10047601 ER PT J AU Bennetts, RE Link, WA Sauer, JR Sykes, PW AF Bennetts, RE Link, WA Sauer, JR Sykes, PW TI Factors influencing counts in an annual survey of Snail Kites in Florida SO AUK LA English DT Article ID BREEDING BIRD SURVEY; POPULATION-CHANGE; WATER LEVELS; CONSERVATION; DEMOGRAPHY; HABITAT AB Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida were monitored between 1969 and 1994 using a quasi-systematic annual survey. We analyzed data from the annual Snail Kite survey using a generalized linear model where counts were regarded as overdispersed Poisson random variables. This approach allowed us to investigate covariates that might have obscured temporal patterns of population change or induced spurious patterns in count data by influencing detection rates. We selected a model that distinguished effects related to these covariates from other temporal effects, allowing us to identify patterns of population change in count data. Snail Kite counts were influenced by observed differences, site effects, effort, and water levels. Because there was no temporal overlap of the primary observers who collected count data, patterns of change could be estimated within time intervals covered by an observed, but not for the intervals among observers. Modeled population change was quite different from the change in counts, suggesting that analyses based on unadjusted counts do not accurately model Snail Kite population change. Results from this analysis were consistent with previous reports of an association between water levels and counts, although further work is needed to determine whether water levels affect actual population size as well as detection rates of Snail Kites. Although the effects of variation in detection rates can sometimes be mitigated by including controls for factors related to detection rates, it is often difficult to distinguish factors wholly related to detection rates from factors related to population size. For factors related to both, count survey data cannot be adequately analyzed without explicit estimation of detection rates, using procedures such as capture-recapture. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Georgia, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, SE Res Grp, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Bennetts, RE (reprint author), Stn Biol Tour Valat, F-13200 Arles, France. NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 1999 VL 116 IS 2 BP 316 EP 323 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191CD UT WOS:000080002900004 ER PT J AU Bennetts, RE Dreitz, VJ Kitchens, WM Hines, JE Nichols, JD AF Bennetts, RE Dreitz, VJ Kitchens, WM Hines, JE Nichols, JD TI Annual survival of Snail Kites in Florida: Radio telemetry versus capture-resighting data SO AUK LA English DT Article ID RECAPTURE MODELS; DEMOGRAPHY; RATES; CONSERVATION; EVERGLADES; MANAGEMENT AB We estimated annual survival of Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida using the Kaplan-Meier estimator with data from 271 radio-tagged birds over a three-year period and capture-recapture (resighting) models with data from 1,319 banded birds over a six-year period. We tested the hypothesis that survival differed among three age classes using both data sources. We tested additional hypotheses about spatial and temporal variation using a combination of data from radio telemetry and single- and multistrata capture-recapture models. Results from these data sets were similar in their indications of the sources of variation in survival, but they differed in some parameter estimates. Both data sources indicated that survival was higher for adults than for juveniles, but they did not support delineation of a subadult age class. Our data also indicated that survival differed among years and regions for juveniles but not for adults. Estimates of juvenile survival using radio telemetry data were higher than estimates using capture-recapture models for two of three years (1992 and 1993). Ancillary evidence based on censored birds indicated that some mortality of radio-tagged juveniles went undetected during those years, resulting in biased estimates. Thus, we have greater confidence in our estimates of juvenile survival using capture-recapture models. Precision of estimates reflected the number of parameters estimated and was surprisingly similar between radio telemetry and single-stratum capture-recapture models, given the substantial differences in sample sizes. Not having to estimate resighting probability likely offsets, to some degree, the smaller sample sizes from our radio telemetry data. Precision of capture-recapture models was lower using multistrata models where region-specific parameters were estimated than using single-stratum models, where spatial variation in parameters was not taken into account. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Florida, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Bennetts, RE (reprint author), Stn Biol Tour Valat, F-13200 Arles, France. NR 51 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 1999 VL 116 IS 2 BP 435 EP 447 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191CD UT WOS:000080002900015 ER PT J AU Butler, RW Williams, TD Bishop, MA Warncock, N AF Butler, RW Williams, TD Bishop, MA Warncock, N TI Gone with the wind? Reply SO AUK LA English DT Editorial Material ID WESTERN SANDPIPERS; MIGRATION C1 Canadian Wildlife Serv, Pacific Wildlife Res Ctr, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Butler, RW (reprint author), Canadian Wildlife Serv, Pacific Wildlife Res Ctr, 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 1999 VL 116 IS 2 BP 563 EP 564 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191CD UT WOS:000080002900032 ER PT J AU Work, TM Ball, D Wolcott, M AF Work, TM Ball, D Wolcott, M TI Erysipelas in a free-ranging Hawaiian crow (Corvus hawaiiensis) SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian crow; Corvus hawaiiensis; Erysipelothrix; pathology ID BIRDS AB We describe a case of erysipelas in a free-ranging endangered Hawaiian crow. The partially scavenged carcass exhibited gross emaciation and petechial hemorrhages in both lungs. Microscopy revealed multiple necrotic foci associated with gram-positive rods in the liver and adrenal, diffuse acute proximal tubular necrosis of kidney diffuse necrosis and inflammation of proventricular mucosa associated with gram-positive rods, and multiple intravascular aggregates of gram-positive rods associated with thrombi. Culture of the kidney revealed the bacterium to be Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, The implications of this finding to free-ranging crows remain unclear. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hakalau Natl Wildlife Refuge, Kona Forest Unit, Kailua, HI 96740 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 43 IS 2 BP 338 EP 341 DI 10.2307/1592627 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 213DW UT WOS:000081257900023 PM 10396650 ER PT J AU Bart, J Earnst, SL AF Bart, J Earnst, SL TI Relative importance of male and territory quality in pairing success of male rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mate choice; female choice; rock ptarmigan; Lagopus mutus; mating systems; male territories ID MALE WILLOW PTARMIGAN; FEMALE CHOICE; PATH-ANALYSIS; MALE VIGILANCE; MATE; POLYGYNY; PISCES; SIZE; BLACKBIRD; SELECTION AB We studied pairing success in male rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) in northern Alaska to learn whether males obtaining more females possessed phenotypic traits that influenced female choice directly, whether these traits permitted males to obtain territories favored by females, or whether both processes occurred. The number of females per male varied from zero to three. Several male and territory traits were significantly correlated with number of females per male. We used multiple regression to obtain a single measure of male quality and a single measure of territory quality. These measures of male and territory quality correlated with each other and with male pairing success. We used path analysis to separate direct effects of male quality on pairing success from indirect effects due to high-quality males obtaining high-quality territories. Both direct and indirect pathways had significant effects on pairing success, and direct and indirect effects of male traits on pairing success were about equal. This study illustrates an analytical approach for estimating the relative importance of direct and indirect causal relationships in natural systems. C1 Boise State Univ, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, USGS, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Bart, J (reprint author), Boise State Univ, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, USGS, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RI Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 NR 44 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-5443 J9 BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL JI Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 45 IS 5 BP 355 EP 359 DI 10.1007/s002650050571 PG 5 WC Behavioral Sciences; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 190UY UT WOS:000079984700005 ER PT J AU Troutman, BM Vecchia, AV AF Troutman, BM Vecchia, AV TI Estimation of Renyi exponents in random cascades SO BERNOULLI LA English DT Article DE least-squares estimation; multifractal; multiplicative process; random cascade; Renyi exponent; scaling exponent ID MULTIFRACTAL MEASURES; SPATIAL CORRELATIONS; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; MESOSCALE RAINFALL; TURBULENCE AB We consider statistical estimation of the Renyi exponent tau(h), which characterizes the scaling behaviour of a:singular measure mu defined on a subset of R-d. The Renyi exponent is defined to be lim(delta-0) [{log M-delta(h)}/(-log delta)], assuming that this limit exists, where M-delta(h) = Sigma(i)mu(h)(Delta(i)) and, for delta > 0, {Delta(i)} are the cubes of a delta-coordinate mesh that intersect the support of mu. In particular, we demonstrate asymptotic normality of the least-squares estimator of tau(h) when the measure mu is generated by a particular class of multiplicative random cascades, a result which allows construction of interval estimates and application of hypothesis tests for this scaling exponent. Simulation results illustrating this asymptotic normality are presented. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Troutman, BM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT STATISTICAL INST PI VOORBURG PA 428 PRINSES BEATRIXLAAN, 2270 AZ VOORBURG, NETHERLANDS SN 1350-7265 J9 BERNOULLI JI Bernoulli PD APR PY 1999 VL 5 IS 2 BP 191 EP 207 DI 10.2307/3318431 PG 17 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 277PK UT WOS:000084941800001 ER PT J AU Frankel, A Carver, D Cranswick, E Meremonte, M Bice, T Overturf, D AF Frankel, A Carver, D Cranswick, E Meremonte, M Bice, T Overturf, D TI Site response for Seattle and source parameters of earthquakes in the Puget Sound region SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; AMPLIFICATION; AFTERSHOCKS; WASHINGTON; CALIFORNIA; INVERSION; SPECTRA; NETWORK; WAVES; FAULT AB We analyzed seismograms from 21 earthquakes (M-L 2.0-4.9) recorded by digital seismographs we deployed in urban Seattle to determine site response and earthquake stress drops. The seismometers were situated on a wide variety of geologic units, including artificial fill (e.g., Kingdome, Harbor Island), Pleistocene age soils (glacial till and outwash deposits of Seattle's hills), modified land (downtown Seattle, Space Needle), and Tertiary sedimentary rock. Two mainshock-aftershock sequences were recorded: the June 1997 Bremerton sequence (mainshock M-L 4.9) and the February 1997 South Seattle sequence (mainshock M-L 3.5), along with other events in the Puget Sound region. We developed a new inversion procedure to estimate site response, source corner frequencies, and seismic moments from the S-wave spectra. This inversion uses corner frequencies determined from spectral ratios of mainshock-aftershock pairs as constraints. The site responses found from the inversion are not relative to the rock site but are relative to an idealized site with a flat frequency response. The response of the rock site is also found from the inversion. The inversion results show high response for the sites on artificial fill, more moderate amplification for most sites on stiff Pleistocene soils or modified land, and low response for the rock site. Some sites display resonances, such as a strong 2-Hz resonance at our site near the Kingdome, which is caused by the surficial layers of fill and younger alluvium. The sites in West Seattle exhibit high amplification, even though they are on relatively stiff soils of glacial outwash. This may be partly caused by basin surface waves produced by conversion of incident S waves. This high response in West Seattle is consistent with damage reports from the 1949 (m(b), 7.1) and 1965 (m(b) 6.5) earthquakes. Stress-drop estimates for the events we recorded were generally low, between 0.4 and 25 bars, although some of the events may have had higher stress drops that could not be resolved because of the limited passband. We calculated a stress drop of 24 bars for the Bremerton mainshock and 10 bars for the South Seattle mainshock. C1 US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Frankel, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Box 25046,MS 966,DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 30 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1999 VL 89 IS 2 BP 468 EP 483 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 185ZR UT WOS:000079702000013 ER PT J AU Bakun, WH Wentworth, CM AF Bakun, WH Wentworth, CM TI Estimating earthquake location and magnitude from seismic intensity data (vol 87, pg 1502, 1997) SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bakun, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 2 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1999 VL 89 IS 2 BP 557 EP 557 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 185ZR UT WOS:000079702000022 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Kurtz, HJ AF Mech, LD Kurtz, HJ TI First record of coccidiosis in wolves, Canis lupus SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Wolf; Canis lupus; coccidiosis; disease; pathology; protozoa ID WOLF PUPS AB Three 4-month-old Wolf (Canis lupus) pups in the Superior National Forest of Minnesota died during August and September 1997, apparently from coccidiosis. This appears to be the first record of coccidiosis in Wolves. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 113 IS 2 BP 305 EP 306 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 207PP UT WOS:000080945500025 ER PT J AU Flint, PL Herzog, MP AF Flint, PL Herzog, MP TI Breeding of Steller's Eiders, Polysticta stelleri, on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Steller's Eider; Polysticta stelleri; threatened; breeding distribution; Alaska ID BLACK BRANT; SPECTACLED EIDERS; LEAD; GROWTH; SURVIVAL AB Historically, an unknown number of Steller's Elders nested along the outer coastal fringe of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, but no nests had been found since 1975. We located six nests from 1991-1998 and we conclude that Steller's Elders are still a regular breeder at low densities on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Flint, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 113 IS 2 BP 306 EP 308 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 207PP UT WOS:000080945500026 ER PT J AU Gallagher, SP Gard, MF AF Gallagher, SP Gard, MF TI Relationship between chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd densities and PHABSIM-predicted habitat in the Merced and Lower American rivers, California SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FLOW INCREMENTAL METHODOLOGY; INSTREAM AB An index of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning habitat predicted using the physical habitat simulation system (PHABSIM) component of the instream flow incremental methodology was compared with redd densities and locations for sites in the Merced River, California, during 1996 and with redd numbers in sites in the Merced and Lower American rivers, California, from 1989 through 1996. Predicted weighted useable area (WUA) was significantly correlated with chinook salmon spawning density and location at five of seven sites in the Merced River. At the microhabitat level, in the Merced River during 1996, there was a significant relationship between chinook salmon redd location and predicted WUA. Cells with more WUA in the Merced River tended to have more redds. At the mesohabitat level, there was a significant relationship between redd density and predicted WUA in both rivers. Transect areas in the Merced River with higher predicted WUA had more redds. Sites with higher numbers of redds had more predicted WUA. Significant correlations between predicted TWA and spawning locations increase confidence in the use of PHABSIM modeling results for fisheries management in the Merced and Lower American rivers as well as in other rivers. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. RP Gallagher, SP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1125 16th St,Room 209, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 1999 VL 56 IS 4 BP 570 EP 577 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-4-570 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 209BR UT WOS:000081027900005 ER PT J AU Densmore, RV Juday, GP Zasada, JC AF Densmore, RV Juday, GP Zasada, JC TI Regeneration alternatives for upland white spruce after burning and logging in interior Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB Site-preparation and regeneration methods for white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were tested near Fairbanks, Alaska, on two upland sites which had been burned in a wildfire and salvage logged. After 5 and 10 years, white spruce regeneration did not differ among the four scarification methods but tended to be lower without scarification. Survival of container-grown planted seedlings stabilized after 3 years at 93% with scarification and at 76% without scarification. Broadcast seeding was also successful, with one or more seedlings on 80% of the scarified 6-m(2) subplots and on 60% of the unscarified subplots after 12 years. Natural regeneration after 12 years exceeded expectations, with seedlings on 50% of the 6-m2 subplots 150 m from a seed source and on 28% of the subplots 230 m from a seed source. After 5 years, 37% of the scarified unsheltered seed spots and 52% of the scarified seed spots with cone shelters had one or more seedlings, but only 16% of the unscarified seed spots had seedlings, with and without funnel shelters. Growth rates for all seedlings were higher than on similar unburned sites. The results show positive effects of burning in interior Alaska, and suggest planting seedlings, broadcast seeding, and natural seedfall, alone or in combination, as viable options for similar sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Forest Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Densmore, RV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 413 EP 423 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 192ZP UT WOS:000080109900002 ER PT J AU Mace, RD Waller, JS Manley, TL Ake, K Wittinger, WT AF Mace, RD Waller, JS Manley, TL Ake, K Wittinger, WT TI Landscape evaluation of grizzly bear habitat in western Montana SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SWAN-MOUNTAINS; DEMOGRAPHY; ROADS; GIS AB We present a method for evaluating the cumulative effects of human activity on grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) habitat in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem of western Montana. Using logistic regression, we modeled the relative probabilities of female grizzly bear resource selection from telemetry data, TM satellite imagery (greenness), elevation, human activity points, roads, and trails. During spring, adult female grizzly bears were positively associated with low- and mid-elevation habitats. Logistic regression coefficients were negative for all road and human activity variables. Summer and fall coefficients were also negative for road, human activity, and trail variables. During summer and fall, females were positively associated with mid to high elevations. Coefficients were positive for greenness during all seasons. Extrapolations of seasonal potential and realized habitat models were made to other areas on the western side of the region where no telemetry data existed. During spring, much of the Bob Marshall Wilderness exhibited a relatively low probability of use by female grizzly bears, but the converse was observed during summer and fall. The mapping and extrapolation process highlighted areas where habitat restoration would have the greatest benefit. These areas were typically low-elevation spring habitats with high road densities and private lands where urbanization occurred. We recommend that habitat management agencies implement reductions in road densities in seasonal habitat and implement methods to maintain habitat function on private lands. C1 Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Grizzly Bear Recovery Off, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. RP Mace, RD (reprint author), Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, 490 N Meridian Rd, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. EM rmace@digisys.net NR 35 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 6 U2 32 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 13 IS 2 BP 367 EP 377 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.013002367.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 181YX UT WOS:000079472000020 ER PT J AU Gough, L Grace, JB AF Gough, L Grace, JB TI Effects of environmental change on plant species density: Comparing predictions with experiments SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomass; coastal marsh; disturbance; flooding; herbivory; nutrient enrichment; salinity; species density; structural equation modeling ID PRODUCTIVITY GRADIENTS; SALT-MARSH; RICHNESS; LOUISIANA; SALINITY; BIOMASS; HYPOTHESES; GRASSLAND; COMMUNITY; GROWTH AB Ideally, general ecological relationships may be used to predict responses of natural communities to environmental change, but few attempts have been made to determine the reliability of predictions based on descriptive data. Using a previously published structural equation model (SEM) of descriptive data from a coastal marsh landscape, we compared these predictions against observed changes in plant species density resulting from field experiments (manipulations of soil fertility, flooding, salinity, and mammalian herbivory) in two areas within the same marsh. In general, observed experimental responses were fairly consistent with predictions. The largest discrepancy occurred when sods were transplanted from high- to low-salinity sites and herbivores selectively consumed a particularly palatable plant species in the transplanted sods. Individual plot responses to some treatments were predicted more accurately than others. Individual fertilized plot responses were not consistent with predictions (P > 0.05), nor were fenced plots (herbivore exclosures; R-2 = 0.15) compared to unfenced plots (R-2 = 0.53). For the remaining treatments, predictions reasonably matched responses (R-2 = 0.63). We constructed an SEM for the experimental data; it explained 60% of the variance in species density and showed that fencing and fertilization led to decreases in species density that were not predicted from treatment effects on community biomass or observed disturbance levels. These treatments may have affected the ratio of live to dead biomass, and competitive exclusion likely decreased species density in fenced and fertilized plots. We conclude that experimental validation is required to determine the predictive value of comparative relationships derived from descriptive data. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Gough, L (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NR 40 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 20 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 1999 VL 80 IS 3 BP 882 EP 890 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0882:EOECOP]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 228UP UT WOS:000082154300013 ER PT J AU Pease, CM Mattson, DJ AF Pease, CM Mattson, DJ TI Demography of the Yellowstone grizzly bears SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE akaike information criterion; behavior; conditioning to humans; conservation; demography; generalized Leslie matrix; grizzly bear; maximum likelihood; radiotelemetry; source-sink; Ursus arctos; whitebark pine ID SURVIVAL RATES; POPULATION; ECOSYSTEM; HABITUATION; MORTALITY; MOVEMENT; DYNAMICS; ANIMALS; GROWTH AB We undertook a demographic analysis of the Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) to identify critical environmental factors controlling grizzly bear vital rates, and thereby to help evaluate the effectiveness of past management and to identify future conservation issues. We concluded that, within the limits of uncertainty implied by the available data and our methods of data analysis, the size of the Yellowstone grizzly bear population changed little from 1975 to 1995. We found that grizzly bear mortality rates are about double in years when the whitebark pine crop fails than in mast years, and that the population probably declines when the crop fails and increases in mast years. Our model suggests that natural variation in whitebark pine crop size over the last two decades explains more of the perceived fluctuations in Yellowstone grizzly population size than do other variables. Our analysis used demographic data from 202 radio-telemetered bears followed between 1975 and 1992 and accounted for whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) crop failures during 1993-1995. We used a maximum likelihood method to estimate demographic parameters and used the Akaike Information Criteria to judge the significance of various independent variables. We identified no independent variables correlated with grizzly bear fecundity. In order of importance, we found that grizzly bear mortality rates are correlated with season, whitebark pine crop size (mast vs. nonmast year), sex, management-trapping status (never management-trapped vs. mangement-trapped once or more), and age. The mortality rate of bears that were management-trapped at least once was almost double that of bears that were never management-trapped, implying a source/sink (i.e., never management-trapped/management-trapped) structure. The rate at which bears move between the source and sink, estimated as the management-trapping rate (h), is critical to estimating the finite rate of increase, <(lambda)over cap>. We quantified h by estimating the rate at which bears that have never been management-trapped are management-trapped for the first time. It differed across seasons, was higher in nonmast than mast years, and varied with age. We calculate that <(lambda)over cap> = 1.00 from 1975 to 1983 (four mast and five nonmast years) and 1.02 from 1984 to 1995 (seven mast and five nonmast years). Overall, we find that <(lambda)over cap> = 1.01 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- 1 SE) from 1975 to 1995. Our models suggest that future management should concentrate on the threats to white-bark pine, such as those posed by white pine blister rust, global warming, and fire suppression. As is currently widely recognized by Yellowstone land managers, our model also suggests that future management must compensate for the increased grizzly bear mortality that in likely to be caused by an increasing number of humans in Yellowstone. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Zool, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Pease, CM (reprint author), Vermont Law Sch, Royalton, VT 05068 USA. EM cpease@vermontlaw.edu NR 92 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 37 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 1999 VL 80 IS 3 BP 957 EP 975 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 228UP UT WOS:000082154300018 ER PT J AU Blus, LJ Henny, CJ Hoffman, DJ Sileo, L Audet, DJ AF Blus, LJ Henny, CJ Hoffman, DJ Sileo, L Audet, DJ TI Persistence of high lead concentrations and associated effects in tundra swans captured near a mining and smelting complex in northern Idaho SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tundra swan; lead-poisoning; Idaho; mortality; mining ID COEUR-DALENE RIVER; METALS; SITE; ACCUMULATION; WATERFOWL; SEDIMENTS; CADMIUM; MINK AB Lead poisoning of waterfowl, particularly tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus), has been documented in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin in northern Idaho for nearly a century. Over 90% of the lead-poisoned tundra swans in this area that were necropsied have no ingested lead shot. Spent lead shot from hunting activities over the years is therefore a minor source of lead in these swans. The migrating swans accumulated lethal burdens of lead from ingestion of sediments and aquatic vegetation during a short stopover in the spring. The lead originated from mining and smelting activities. Lead concentrations and physiological characteristics of blood were compared in swans captured in swim-in traps, with moribund swans caught by hand in the lead-contaminated area in 1987 and 1994-1995 and with birds captured by night-lighting in reference areas in 1994-1995. Blood lead concentrations in swans were highest in moribund birds (3.3 mu g g(-1) in 1987 and 1995), intermediate in those trapped in the contaminated area (0.82 mu g g(-1) in 1987 and 1.8 mu g g(-1) in 1995), and lowest (0.11 mu g g(-1)) in those trapped in the reference areas. delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was significantly inhibited in swans from the contaminated area. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were significantly depressed only in moribund swans. Of the 19 swans found moribund and euthanized, 18 were classified as having lead toxicosis on the basis of lead levels in blood (1.3 to 9.6 mu g g(-1)) and livers (6 to 40 mu g g(-1)) and necropsy findings. The 19th swan had aspergillosis. There was no evidence that effects of lead on tundra swans had diminished from 1987 to 1995. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. USGS, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Spokane, WA 99206 USA. RP Blus, LJ (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM blus@proaxis.com NR 29 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD APR PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 125 EP 132 DI 10.1023/A:1008918819661 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 228DA UT WOS:000082120600006 ER PT J AU Scott, ML Shafroth, PB Auble, GT AF Scott, ML Shafroth, PB Auble, GT TI Responses of riparian cottonwoods to alluvial water table declines SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Colorado; water stress; groundwater; gravel mining; Populus deltoides; riparian; water table declines ID POPULUS-DELTOIDES; RIVER; ESTABLISHMENT; VEGETATION; ALBERTA; ECOSYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT AB Human demands for surface and shallow alluvial groundwater have contributed to the loss, fragmentation, and simplification of riparian ecosystems. Populus species typically dominate riparian ecosystems throughout arid and semiarid regions of North American and efforts to minimize loss of riparian Populus requires an integrated understanding of the role of surface and groundwater dynamics in the establishment of new, and maintenance of existing, stands. In a controlled, whole-stand field experiment, we quantified responses of Populus morphology, growth, and mortality to water stress resulting from sustained water table decline following in-channel sand mining along an ephemeral sandbed stream in eastern Colorado, USA. We measured live crown volume, radial stem growth, annual branch increment, and mortality of 689 live Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera stems over four years in conjunction with localized water table declines. Measurements began one year prior to min ing and included trees in both affected and unaffected areas. Populus demonstrated a threshold response to water table declines in medium alluvial sands; sustained declines greater than or equal to 1 m produced leaf desiccation and branch dieback within three weeks and significant declines in live crown volume, stem growth, and 88% mortality over a three-year period. Declines in live crown volume proved to be a significant leading indicator of mortality in the following year. A logistic regression of tree survival probability against the prior year's live crown volume was significant (-2 log likelihood = 270, chi(2) with 1 df = 232, P < 0.0001) and trees with absolute declines in live crown volume of greater than or equal to 30 during one year had survival probabilities <0.5 in the following year. In contrast, more gradual water table declines of similar to 0.5 m had no measurable effect on mortality, stem growth, or live crown volume and produced significant declines only in annual branch growth increments. Developing quantitative information on the timing and extent of morphological responses and mortality of Populus to the rate, depth, and duration of water table declines can assist in the design of management prescriptions to minimize impacts of alluvial groundwater depletion on existing riparian Populus forests. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Scott, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 57 TC 144 Z9 151 U1 3 U2 33 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 23 IS 3 BP 347 EP 358 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 171HU UT WOS:000078858200006 ER PT J AU Brooks, M AF Brooks, M TI Effects of protective fencing on birds, lizards, and black-tailed hares in the western Mojave Desert SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE birds; fenced protection; Lepus californicus; lizards; Mojave Desert; off-highway vehicles; protected area management; sheep grazing ID SONORAN DESERT; RODENT COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; DIVERSITY; ARIZONA; RESPONSES; PLANT AB Effects of protective fencing on birds, lizards, black-tailed hares (Lepus californicus), perennial plant cover, and structural diversity of perennial plants were evaluated from spring 1994 through winter 1995 at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area (DTNA), in the Mojave Desert, California, Abundance and species richness of birds were higher inside than outside the DTNA, and effects were larger during breeding than wintering seasons and during a high than a low rainfall year. Ash-throated flycatchers (Myiarchus cinerascens), cactus wrens (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), LeConte's thrashers Toxostoma lecontel, logger head shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus), sage sparrows (Amphispiza belli), and verdins (Auriparus flaviceps) were more abundant inside than outside the DTNA, Nesting activity was also more frequent inside. Total abundance and species richness of lizards and individual abundances of western whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorous tigris) and desert spiny lizards (Sceloporus magister) were higher inside than outside. In contrast, abundance of black-tailed hares was lower inside. Structural diversity of the perennial plant community did not differ due to protection, but cover was 50% higher in protected areas. Black-tailed hares generally prefer areas of low perennial plant cover, which may explain why they were more abundant outside than inside the DTNA. Habitat structure may not affect bird and lizard communities as much as availability of food at this desert site, and the greater abundance and species richness of vertebrates inside than outside the DTNA may correlate with abundances of seeds and invertebrate prey. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Brooks, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 6221 Box Springs Blvd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 71 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 23 IS 3 BP 387 EP 400 DI 10.1007/s002679900194 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 171HU UT WOS:000078858200009 ER PT J AU Lehman, RN Steenhof, K Kochert, MN Carpenter, LB AF Lehman, RN Steenhof, K Kochert, MN Carpenter, LB TI Effects of military training activities on shrub-steppe raptors in southwestern Idaho, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE distribution; military impacts; nesting success; raptors; relative abundance; shrub-steppe ID BURROWING OWLS AB Between 1991 and 1994, we assessed relative abundance, nesting success, and distribution of ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis), northern harriers (Circus cyaneus), burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia), and short-eared owls (Asio flammeus) inside and outside a military training site in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area, southwestern Idaho. The Orchard Training Area is used primarily for armored vehicle training and artillery firing by the Idaho Army National Guard. Relative abundance of nesting pairs inside and outside the training site was not significantly different from 1991 to 1993 but was significantly higher on the training site in 1994 (P less than or equal to 0.03). Nesting success varied among years but was not significantly different inside and outside the training site (P > 0.26). In 1994, short-eared owl and burrowing owl nests were significantly closer to firing ranges used early in the spring before owls laid eggs than were random points (P < 0.001). In 1993, distances from occupied burrowing owl nests to firing ranges used early in the year were similar to those from random points to the same firing ranges (P = 0.16). Military activity contributed to some nesting failures from 1992 to 1994, but some pairs nested successfully near military activity. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Lehman, RN (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 23 IS 3 BP 409 EP 417 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 171HU UT WOS:000078858200011 ER PT J AU Gilliom, RJ Barbash, JE Kolpin, DW Larson, SJ AF Gilliom, RJ Barbash, JE Kolpin, DW Larson, SJ TI Testing water quality for pesticide pollution SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment Program, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Gilliom, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment Program, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 8 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 7 BP 164A EP 169A PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 183FG UT WOS:000079543100015 PM 21662415 ER PT J AU Clark, GM Goolsby, DA Battaglin, WA AF Clark, GM Goolsby, DA Battaglin, WA TI Seasonal and annual load of herbicides from the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; SURFACE WATERS; ALACHLOR; METABOLITE; TRIBUTARIES; ACETOCHLOR AB Water samples collected from rivers in the Mississippi River Basin were analyzed for selected herbicides to evaluate their discharge to the Gulf of Mexico and to identify their predominant source areas within the basin. Samples were collected from the Mississippi River at Baton Rouge, LA from 1991 to 1997 and from sites on the upper Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Ohio Rivers from 1996 to 1997. Atrazine, metolachlor, and alachlor ESA (an alachlor metabolite) were the most frequently detected herbicides in the Mississippi River at Baton Rouge, a nd, in general, were present in the largest concentrations. The peak annual herbicide load was in 1993 when about 640 metric tons of atrazine, 320 metric tons of cyanazine, 215 metric tons of metolachlor, 53 metric tons of simazine, and 50 metric tons of alachlor were discharged to the Gulf of Mexico. The annual load of atrazine and cyanazine was generally 1-3% of the amount annually applied in the Mississippi River drainage basin; the annual load of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor was generally less than 1%. During 1996-1997 the Ohio River contributed about 50% of the discharge and 50% or more of the herbicide load to the Gulf of Mexico. C1 US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clark, GM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 230 Collins Rd, Boise, ID 83702 USA. EM gmclark@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 7 BP 981 EP 986 DI 10.1021/es980962u PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 183FG UT WOS:000079543100018 ER PT J AU Hammerschmidt, CR Wiener, JG Frazier, BE Rada, RG AF Hammerschmidt, CR Wiener, JG Frazier, BE Rada, RG TI Methylmercury content of eggs in yellow perch related to maternal exposure in four Wisconsin lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FISH; ACCUMULATION; ACIDIFICATION; WALLEYES; TOXICITY; TISSUE; TROUT AB We examined the influence of maternal mercury and selected lacustrine variables on the mercury content of eggs from yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Total mercury, methylmercury, and inorganic mercury were determined in eggs and carcasses (less eggs) from three seepage lakes with a pH range of 6.1-7.0 and a fourth lake in which pH was experimentally increased from 5.5 to 6.8 by addition of alkaline groundwater. The concentration of total mercury in eggs was strongly correlated with that in the maternal carcass. Concentrations and burdens of mercury in eggs and carcasses were inversely correlated with lake water pH, acid-neutralizing capacity, calcium, and dissolved organic carbon. In eggs containing more than 30 ng/g dry weight (4.5 ng/g wet weight) of total mercury, methylmercury averaged 91% of total mercury and ranged from 85% to 96%. Mean burdens of total mercury in individual eggs varied greatly among lakes (range, 2.3-63 pg), and the egg mass averaged 1.9% of the whole-body burden. We conclude that exposure of the developing yellow perch embryo to methylmercury is strongly affected by maternal bioaccumulation, which can vary substantially among and within lakes; however, the toxicological significance of the observed exposure of embryos to methylmercury is unclear. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, Dept Biol & Microbiol, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RP Wiener, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RI Hammerschmidt, Chad/M-3139-2014 NR 32 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 7 BP 999 EP 1003 DI 10.1021/es980948h PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 183FG UT WOS:000079543100021 ER PT J AU Suryan, RM Harvey, JT AF Suryan, RM Harvey, JT TI Variability in reactions of Pacific harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, to disturbance SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GROUP-SIZE; BEHAVIOR; HAUL AB Disturbances to harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, during 1991 and 1992 pupping seasons were observed at Puffin Island, Clements Reef, and Skipjack Island in Washington state. Harassment (greater than or equal to one seal entering the water) of seals ashore was common (greater than or equal to 71% of survey days) and primarily caused by powerboat operators approaching to observe seals. Recovery (number of seals on a haul-out site returned to preharassment levels) following a harassment was less at Puffin Island (19%) than at Clements Reef(54%) and Skipjack Island (45%). Additionally, seals were more vigilant (P<0.003) at Puffin Island than at the other two locations. These results indicated that seals at Puffin Island were less tolerant of disturbance than seals at other sites. This could possibly be attributed to a greater (P<0.05) percentage of pups ashore (17%) than at Clements Reef (3%) and Skipjack Island (3%). Because of this, we expected that powerboats would disturb seals from greater distances at Puffin Island. To test this, we used a theodolite to determine distance between seals and an approaching vessel at Puffin Island and Clements Reef. There was, however, no significant (P>0.05) difference in distances at which disturbances occurred. The most notable difference in distance of disturbance was between initial and subsequent harassments during a haul-out period. Those seals remaining or returning to shore after a harassment were more tolerant of powerboats, allowing significantly (P<0.05) closer approaches than those initially harassed. Seals detected (head raised and oriented toward the potential disturbance) a powerboat at a mean distance of 264 m, and harassments occurred when boats approached, on average, to within 144 m. Results of this study exemplify the variability in reaction to disturbance and the necessity for considering these differences for minimizing disturbance. C1 Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Suryan, RM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM robert_suryan@mail.fws.gov NR 24 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 18 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 1999 VL 97 IS 2 BP 332 EP 339 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 183VV UT WOS:000079575600011 ER PT J AU Prentice, CS Merritts, DJ Beutner, EC Bodin, P Schill, A Muller, JR AF Prentice, CS Merritts, DJ Beutner, EC Bodin, P Schill, A Muller, JR TI Northern San Andreas fault near Shelter Cove, California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE; POINT-DELGADA; BASE AB The location of the San Andreas fault in the Shelter Cove area of northern California has been the subject of long-standing debate within the geological community, Although Surface ruptures were reported near Shelter Cove in 1906, several subsequent workers questioned whether these ruptures represented true fault slip or shaking-related, gravity-driven deformation, This study, involving geologic and geomorphic mapping, historical research, and excavation across the 1906 rupture zone, concludes that the surface ruptures reported in 1906 were the result of strike-slip faulting, and that a significant Quaternary fault is located onshore near Shelter Cove. Geomorphic arguments suggest that the Holocene slip rate of this fault is greater than about 14 mm/yr, indicating that it plays an important role within the modern plate-boundary system. The onshore trace of the fault zone is well expressed as far north as Telegraph Hill; north of Telegraph Hill, its location is less well-constrained, but me propose that a splay of the fault may continue onshore northward for at least 9 km to the vicinity of Saddle Mountain. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Franklin & Marshall Coll, Dept Geosci, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA. Memphis State Univ, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Prentice, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 1999 VL 111 IS 4 BP 512 EP 523 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0512:NSAFNS>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 185LJ UT WOS:000079670200004 ER PT J AU Gomberg, J Wolf, L AF Gomberg, J Wolf, L TI Possible cause for an improbable earthquake: The 1997 M-w 4.9 southern Alabama earthquake and hydrocarbon recovery SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STRESS; OIL AB Circumstantial and physical evidence indicates that the 1997 M-w 4.9 earthquake in southern Alabama may have been related to hydrocarbon recovery. Epicenters of this earthquake and its aftershocks were located within a few kilometers of active oil and gas extraction wells and two pressurized injection wells, Main shock and aftershock focal depths (2-6 km) are within a few kilometers of the injection and withdrawal depths. Strain accumulation at geologic rates sufficient to cause rupture at these shallow focal depths is not likely. A paucity of prior seismicity is difficult to reconcile with the occurrence of an earthquake of M-w 4.9 and a magnitude-frequency relationship usually assumed for natural earthquakes. The normal-fault main-shock mechanism is consistent with reactivation of preexisting faults in the regional tectonic stress field. If the earthquake were purely tectonic, however, the question arises as to why it occurred on only the small fraction of a large, regional fault system coinciding with active hydrocarbon recovery, No obvious temporal correlation is apparent between the earthquakes and recovery activities. Although thus far little can be said quantitatively about the physical processes that may have caused the 1997 sequence, a plausible explanation involves the poroelastic response of the crust to extraction of hydrocarbons. C1 Univ Memphis, US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Geol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Gomberg, J (reprint author), Univ Memphis, US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 367 EP 370 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0367:PCFAIE>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 185LK UT WOS:000079670300020 ER PT J AU Ratcliffe, N Hames, WE Stanley, RS AF Ratcliffe, N Hames, WE Stanley, RS TI Taconian orogeny in the New England Appalachians: Collision between Laurentia and the Shelburn Falls arc: Comment SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NEW-ENGLAND; PB ZIRCON AGES; HISTORY C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Geol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Geol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Ratcliffe, N (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 381 EP 381 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0381:TOITNE>2.3.CO;2 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA 185LK UT WOS:000079670300025 ER PT J AU Allen, RM Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Vogfjord, K Bergsson, BH Erlendsson, P Foulger, GR Jakobsdottir, S Julian, BR Pritchard, M Ragnarsson, S Stefansson, R AF Allen, RM Nolet, G Morgan, WJ Vogfjord, K Bergsson, BH Erlendsson, P Foulger, GR Jakobsdottir, S Julian, BR Pritchard, M Ragnarsson, S Stefansson, R TI The thin hot plume beneath Iceland SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE attenuation; diffraction; plume; S waves; spectral analysis; upper mantle ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; MANTLE PLUMES; THERMAL STRUCTURE; RIO-GRANDE; HEAT-FLOW; P-WAVE; ATTENUATION; CONVECTION; TOMOGRAPHY; GENERATION AB We present the results of a seismological investigation of the frequency-dependent amplitude variations across Iceland using data from the HOTSPOT array currently deployed there. The array is composed of 30 broad-band PASSCAL instruments. We use the parameter t*, defined in the usual manner from spectral ratios (Halderman & Davis 1991), to compare observed S-wave amplitude variations with those predicted due to both anelastic attenuation and diffraction effects. Four teleseismic events at a range of azimuths are used to measure t*. A 2-D vertical cylindrical plume model with a Gaussian-shaped velocity anomaly is used to model the variations. That part of t* caused by attenuation was estimated by tracing a ray through IASP91, then superimposing our plume model velocity anomaly and calculating the path integral of 1/vQ, That part of t* caused by diffraction was estimated using a 2-D finite difference code to generate synthetic seismograms. The same spectral ratio technique used for the data was then used to extract a predicted tk. The t* variations caused by anelastic attenuation are unable to account for the variations we observe, but those caused by diffraction do. We calculate the t* variations caused by diffraction for different plume models and obtain our best-fit plume, which exhibits good agreement between the observed and measured t*. The best-fit plume model has a maximum S-velocity anomaly of -12 per cent and falls to 1/e of its maximum at 100 km from the plume centre. This is narrower than previous estimates from seismic tomography, which are broadened and damped by the methods of tomography. This velocity model would suggest greater ray theoretical traveltime delays than observed. However, we find that for such a plume, wave-front healing effects at frequencies of 0.03-0.175 Hz (the frequency range used to pick S-wave arrivals) causes a 40 per cent reduction in traveltime delay, reducing the ray theoretical delay to that observed. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Allen, RM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 35 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD APR PY 1999 VL 137 IS 1 BP 51 EP 63 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00753.x PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 186VH UT WOS:000079750500005 ER PT J AU Lowenstern, JB Janik, CJ Fournier, RO Tesfai, T Duffield, WA Clynne, MA Smith, JG Woldegiorgis, L Weldemariam, K Kahsai, G AF Lowenstern, JB Janik, CJ Fournier, RO Tesfai, T Duffield, WA Clynne, MA Smith, JG Woldegiorgis, L Weldemariam, K Kahsai, G TI A geochemical reconnaissance of the Alid volcanic center and geothermal system, Danakil depression, Eritrea SO GEOTHERMICS LA English DT Article DE geochemistry; geothermometry; isotopes; fumaroles; Afar; Eritrea ID HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; AFRICA; AFAR; RAINFALL AB Geological and geochemical studies indicate that a high-temperature geothermal system underlies the Alid volcanic center in the northern Danakil depression of Eritrea. Alid is a very late-Pleistocene structural dome formed by shallow intrusion of rhyolitic magma, some of which vented as lavas and pyroclastic flows. Fumaroles and boiling pools distributed widely over an area of similar to 10 km(2) on the northern half of Alid suggest that an active hydrothermal system underlies much of that part of the mountain. Geothermometers indicate that the fumarolic gases are derived from a geothermal system with temperatures >225 degrees C, The isotopic composition of condensed fumarolic steam is consistent with these temperatures and implies that the source water is derived primarily from either lowland meteoric waters or fossil Red Sea water, or both. Some gases vented from the system (CO2, H2S and He) are largely magmatic in origin. Permeability beneath the volcanic center may be high, given the amount of intrusion-related deformation and the active normal faulting within the Danakil depression. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of CNR. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Eritrean Minist Energy & Mines, Dept Mines, Asmara, Eritrea. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Lowenstern, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 NR 47 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0375-6505 J9 GEOTHERMICS JI Geothermics PD APR PY 1999 VL 28 IS 2 BP 161 EP 187 DI 10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00002-4 PG 27 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 191FP UT WOS:000080012100001 ER PT J AU Popov, YA Pribnow, DFC Sass, JH Williams, CF Burkhardt, H AF Popov, YA Pribnow, DFC Sass, JH Williams, CF Burkhardt, H TI Characterization of rock thermal conductivity by high-resolution optical scanning SO GEOTHERMICS LA English DT Article DE thermal conductivity; measurements; optical scanning; geophysics AB We compared three laboratory methods for thermal conductivity measurements: divided-bar, line-source and optical scanning. These methods are widely used in geothermal and petrophysical studies, particularly as applied to research on cores from deep scientific boreholes. The relatively new optical scanning method has recently been perfected and applied to geophysical problems. A comparison among these methods for determining the thermal conductivity tensor for anisotropic rocks is based on a representative collection of 80 crystalline rock samples from the KTB continental deep borehole (Germany). Despite substantial thermal inhomogeneity of rock thermal conductivity (up to 40-50% variation) and high anisotropy (with ratios of principal values attaining 2 and more), the results of measurements agree very well among the different methods. The discrepancy for measurements along the foliation is negligible (<1%). The component of thermal conductivity normal to the foliation reveals somewhat larger differences (3-4%). Optical scanning allowed us to characterize the thermal inhomogeneity of rocks and to identify a three-dimensional anisotropy in thermal conductivity of some gneiss samples. The merits of optical scanning include minor random errors (1.6%); the ability to record the variation of thermal conductivity along the sample, the ability to sample deeply using a slow scanning rate, freedom from constraints for sample size and shape, and quality of mechanical treatment of the sample surface, a contactless mode of measurement, high speed of operation, and the ability to measure on a cylindrical sample surface. More traditional methods remain superior for characterizing bulk conductivity at elevated temperature. (C) 1999 CNR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 GGA, Joint Geosci Res Inst, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. State Geol Prospecting Acad, Moscow 117485, Russia. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Tech Univ, Inst Angew Geophys, D-13355 Berlin, Germany. RP Pribnow, DFC (reprint author), GGA, Joint Geosci Res Inst, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. NR 35 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0375-6505 J9 GEOTHERMICS JI Geothermics PD APR PY 1999 VL 28 IS 2 BP 253 EP 276 DI 10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00007-3 PG 24 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 191FP UT WOS:000080012100006 ER PT J AU Moffitt, B AF Moffitt, B TI Creationism in the classroom SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Sydney, NSW, Australia. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 1999 VL 44 IS 4 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 220AD UT WOS:000081640700003 ER PT J AU Weis, PL AF Weis, PL TI Creationism in the classroom SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Spokane, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 1999 VL 44 IS 4 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 220AD UT WOS:000081640700002 ER PT J AU Hirsch, RM AF Hirsch, RM TI The USGS streamgaging network SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Hirsch, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 409,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 1999 VL 44 IS 4 BP 20 EP 24 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 220AD UT WOS:000081640700018 ER PT J AU Kicklighter, DW Bondeau, A Schloss, AL Kaduk, J McGuire, AD AF Kicklighter, DW Bondeau, A Schloss, AL Kaduk, J McGuire, AD CA Participants Potsdam NPP Model Intercomparison TI Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): global pattern and differentiation by major biomes SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NPP; seasonal; global; model; boreal forest; tropical forest ID CARBON-DIOXIDE UPTAKE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; WATER-VAPOR; EDDY COVARIANCE; LAND BIOSPHERE; RAIN-FOREST; DATA SET; EXCHANGE; CLIMATE; FLUXES AB Annual and seasonal net primary productivity estimates (NPP) of 15 global models across latitudinal zones and biomes are compared. The models simulated NPP for contemporary climate using common, spatially explicit data sets for climate, soil texture, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Differences among NPP estimates varied over space and time. The largest differences occur during the summer months in boreal forests (50 degrees to 60 degrees N) and during the dry seasons of tropical evergreen forests. Differences in NPP estimates are related to model assumptions about vegetation structure, model parameterizations, and input data sets. C1 Ctr Ecosyst, Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Potsdam Inst Klimafolgen Forsch EV, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Kicklighter, DW (reprint author), Ctr Ecosyst, Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Bondeau, Alberte/E-9909-2012; OI Kaduk, Jorg/0000-0003-4051-3081 NR 44 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 39 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 5 SU 1 BP 16 EP 24 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00003.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 184GF UT WOS:000079601900003 ER PT J AU Howell, DG Brabb, EE Ramsey, DW AF Howell, DG Brabb, EE Ramsey, DW TI How useful is landslide hazard information? Lessons learned in the San Francisco Bay Region SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article AB Landslides. worldwide and in the United States. are arguably the most costly natural hazard. Substantial landslide information is available, but much of it remains underutilized, as a disconnect exists among geologists, decision makers, and the public. The lack of a national landslide insurance policy exacerbates this situation and promotes litigation as the principal recourse for recouping landslide-damage losses. The U.S. Geological Survey's landslide investigation in the San Francisco Bay region of California provides a context for making suggestions on how Ear-th science information could be used more effectively. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Howell, DG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 975, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD APR PY 1999 VL 41 IS 4 BP 368 EP 381 PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA 188WC UT WOS:000079871400004 ER PT J AU Shrimpton, JM McCormick, SD AF Shrimpton, JM McCormick, SD TI Responsiveness of gill Na+/K+-ATPase to cortisol is related to gill corticosteroid receptor concentration in juvenile rainbow trout SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cortisol; corticosteroid receptor; growth hormone; triiodothyronine; gill; Na+/K+-ATPase activity; rainbow trout; Oncorhynchus mykiss ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; GLUCOCORTICOID-RECEPTOR; COHO SALMON; K+-ATPASE; ATLANTIC SALMON; DOWN-REGULATION; SEASONAL-CHANGES; HORMONE BINDING; FRESH-WATER AB A positive relationship between receptor concentration and tissue responsiveness is an often-assumed and rarely tested principle in endocrinology. In salmonids, seasonal changes in levels of plasma cortisol and gill corticosteroid receptors (CRs) during the spring indicate a potential role for this hormone in the parr-smolt transformation. It is not known whether these seasonal changes result in alterations in gill responsiveness to cortisol. The relationship between CR concentration and tissue responsiveness was, therefore, examined in the gills of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gill CR concentration (B-max) and affinity (K-d) were assessed using a radioligand binding assay with the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide. Gill responsiveness to cortisol was quantified by measuring in vitro Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Gill CR concentration was manipulated by stress or hormonal treatments. Repeated handling stresses resulted in a significant reduction in CR numbers. The decrease in CR Bmax corresponded to a reduction in gill responsiveness to cortisol, Triiodothyronine, but not growth hormone, treatment was found to increase CR B-max significantly. The increase in CR numbers was correlated with a marked increase in gill responsiveness to cortisol. A significant positive linear relationship exists between the in vitro gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity response to cortisol and CR Bmax (r(2)=0.614, P<0.001). We have demonstrated that binding sites for cortisol in the gills of rainbow trout have high affinity, high specificity and saturable binding and that the number of binding sites is correlated with the tissue response to cortisol. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. RP Shrimpton, JM (reprint author), Univ No British Columbia, Coll Sci & Management, Biol Program, 3333 Univ Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. NR 47 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 7 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 202 IS 8 BP 987 EP 995 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 193DU UT WOS:000080121300010 ER PT J AU Bronte, CR Fleischer, GW Maistrenko, SG Pronin, NM AF Bronte, CR Fleischer, GW Maistrenko, SG Pronin, NM TI Stock structure of Lake Baikal omul as determined by whole-body morphology SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE omul; Coregonus autumnalis migratorius; Lake Baikal; morphotype; truss; stocks ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; DIFFERENTIATION; ALLOMETRY; TELEOSTEI; BEHAVIOR; STREAM; FORM AB In Lake Baikal, three morphotypes of omul Coregonus autumnalis migratorius are recognized; the littoral, pelagic, and deep-water forms. Morphotype assignment is difficult, and similar to that encountered in pelagic and deep-water coregonines in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Principal component analysis revealed separation of all three morphotypes based on caudal peduncle length and depth, length and depth of the body between the dorsal and anal fin, and distance between the pectoral and the pelvic fins. Strong negative loadings were associated with head measurements. Omul of the same morphotype captured at different locations were classified to location of capture using step-wise discriminant function analysis. Jackknife correct classifications ranged from 43 to 78% for littoral omul from five locations, and 45-86% for pelagic omul from four locations. Patterns of location misclassification of littoral omul suggested that the sub-population structure, hence stock affinity, may be influenced by movements and intermixing of individuals among areas that are joined bathymetrically. Pelagic omul were more distinguishable by site and may support a previous hypothesis of a spawning-based rather than a foraging-based sub-population structure. Omul morphotypes may reflect adaptations to both ecological and local environmental conditions, and may have a genetic basis. (C) 1999 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lake Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Eastern Siberian Inst Fisheries, Ulan Ude 670047, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Common & Expt Biol, Ulan Ude 670042, Russia. RP Bronte, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lake Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, 2800 Lake Shore Dr E, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. NR 32 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 787 EP 798 DI 10.1006/jfbi.1998.0916 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 180JN UT WOS:000079382600007 ER PT J AU Fisher, MA Flueh, ER Scholl, DW Parsons, T Wells, RE Trehu, A ten Brink, U Weaver, CS AF Fisher, MA Flueh, ER Scholl, DW Parsons, T Wells, RE Trehu, A ten Brink, U Weaver, CS TI Geologic processes of accretion in the Cascadia subduction zone west of Washington State SO JOURNAL OF GEODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium SE28 Lithospheric Structure and Seismicity at Convergent Margins, at the European Geophysical Societies XXII General Assembly CY APR 21-25, 1997 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA ID BENEATH WASHINGTON; OLYMPIC PENINSULA; FORE-ARC; EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION; COMPLEX; OREGON; CONSTRAINTS; EVOLUTION; GEOMETRY AB The continental margin west of Oregon and Washington undergoes a northward transition in morphology, from a relatively narrow, steep slope west of Oregon to a broad, midslope terrace off Washington. Multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection data collected over the accretionary complex show that the morphologic transition is accompanied by significant change in accretionary style: West of Oregon the direction of thrust vergence in the wedge toe flip-flops between landward and seaward, whereas off Washington, thrust faults in the toe verge consistently landward, except near the mouth of the Columbia River where detachment folding of accreted sediment is evident. Furthermore, rocks under the broad midslope terrace west of Washington appear to be intruded by diapirs. The combination of detachment folding, diapirs, and landward-vergent thrust faults all suggest that nearly as far landward as the shelf break, coupling along the interplate decollement is, or has been, low, as suggested by other lines of evidence. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA USA. RP Fisher, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008; OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001; Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0264-3707 J9 J GEODYN JI J. Geodyn. PD APR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 277 EP 288 DI 10.1016/S0264-3707(98)00001-5 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 182DV UT WOS:000079484000003 ER PT J AU Kukowski, N Pecher, I AF Kukowski, N Pecher, I TI Thermo-hydraulics of the Peruvian accretionary complex at 12 degrees S SO JOURNAL OF GEODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium SE28 Lithospheric Structure and Seismicity at Convergent Margins, at the European Geophysical Societies XXII General Assembly CY APR 21-25, 1997 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA ID HYDRATE STABILITY; SUBDUCTION ZONE; HEAT-FLOW; METHANE HYDRATE; FLUID EXPULSION; PRISMS; RIDGE; MODELS; MARGIN; GAS AB Coupled heat and fluid transport at the Peruvian convergent margin at 12 degrees S was studied with finite element modelling. Structural information was available from two seismic reflection lines. Heat production in the oceanic plate, the metamorphic basement, and sediments was estimated from literature. Porosity, permeability, and thermal conductivity for the models were partly available from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 112; otherwise we used empirical relations. Our models accounted for a possible permeability anisotropy. The decollement was best modelled as a highly permeable zone (10(-13) m(2)). Permeabilities of the Peruvian accretionary wedge adopted from the model calculations fall within the range of 2 to 7 x 10(-16) m(2) at the ocean bottom to a few 10(-18) m(2) at the base and need to be anisotropic. Fluid expulsion at the sea floor decreases gradually with distance from the deformation front and is structure controlled. Small scale variations of heat flux reflected by fluctuations of BSR depths across major faults could be modelled assuming high permeability in the faults which allow for efficient advective transport along those faults. The models were constrained by the thermal gradient obtained from the depth of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) at the lower slope and some conventional measurements. We found that significant frictional heating is required to explain the observed strong landward increase of heat flux. This is consistent with results from sandbox modelling which predict strong basal friction at this margin. A significantly higher heat source is needed to match the observed thermal gradient in the southern line. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 GEOMAR Res Ctr Marine Geosci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Kukowski, N (reprint author), GEOMAR Res Ctr Marine Geosci, Wischhofstr 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. EM nkukowski@geomar.de RI Pecher, Ingo/D-9379-2012 NR 58 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0264-3707 J9 J GEODYN JI J. Geodyn. PD APR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 373 EP 402 DI 10.1016/S0264-3707(98)00009-X PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 182DV UT WOS:000079484000009 ER PT J AU Bouchet, F Lefevre, C West, D Corbett, D AF Bouchet, F Lefevre, C West, D Corbett, D TI First paleoparasitological analysis of a midden in the Aleutian Islands (Alaska): Results and limits SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BULDIR-ISLAND; WESTERN ALEUTIANS; FRANCE; EXCAVATIONS AB Excavations on Buldir Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. have revealed the remains of several features dated between the 13th and 17th centuries A.D. Soil from an open-air workshop, represented by 2 excavated pits, and a structure built of whale bones were sampled for evidence of parasites and microfloristic remains. Two groups of helminth eggs (Diphyllobothrium and Ankylostomidae) were identified in samples from the open-air pits; microfloristical remains were found in all samples. This is the first paleoparasitological analysis conducted on an Aleutian midden. C1 Univ Reims, Lab Paleoparasitol, URA 1415 CNRS, F-51096 Reims, France. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Anat Comparee Lab, URA 1415 CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ Kansas, Dept Anthropol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Bouchet, F (reprint author), Univ Reims, Lab Paleoparasitol, URA 1415 CNRS, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, F-51096 Reims, France. NR 32 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 85 IS 2 BP 369 EP 372 DI 10.2307/3285649 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 184XB UT WOS:000079638100033 PM 10219322 ER PT J AU Safak, E AF Safak, E TI Wave-propagation formulation of seismic response of multistory buildings SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL NETWORKS AB This paper presents a discrete-time wave-propagation method to calculate the seismic response of multistory buildings, founded on layered soil media and subjected to vertically propagating shear waves. Buildings are modeled as an extension of the layered soil media by considering each story as another layer in the wave-propagation path. The seismic response is expressed in terms of wave travel times between the layers and wave reflection and transmission coefficients at layer interfaces. The method accounts for the filtering effects of the concentrated foundation and floor masses. Compared with commonly used vibration formulation, the wave-propagation formulation provides several advantages, including simplicity, improved accuracy, better representation of damping, the ability to incorporate the soil layers under the foundation, and providing better tools for identification and damage detection from seismic records. Examples are presented to show the versatility and the superiority of the method. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Safak, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 26 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 1999 VL 125 IS 4 BP 426 EP 437 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 178RR UT WOS:000079280500008 ER PT J AU Kratzer, CR AF Kratzer, CR TI Transport of diazinon in the San Joaquin River Basin, California SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE surface water; water quality; diazinon; San Joaquin River Basin, California; storm runoff; storm hydrology ID PESTICIDES AB Most of the application of the organophosphate insecticide diazinon in the San Joaquin River Basin occurs in winter to control wood-boring insects in dormant almond orchards. A federal-state collaborative study found that diazinon accounted for most of the observed toxicity of San Joaquin River water in February 1993. Previous studies focused mainly on west-side inputs to the San Joaquin River. In this 1994 study, the three major east-side tributaries to the San Joaquin River - the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus rivers - and a downstream site on the San Joaquin River were sampled throughout the hydrographs of a late January and an early February storm. In both storms, the Tuolumne River had the highest concentrations of diazinon and transported the largest load of the three tributaries. The Stanislaus River was a small source in both storms. On the basis of previous storm sampling and estimated travel times, ephemeral west-side creeks probably were the main diazinon source early in the storms, whereas the Tuolumne and Merced rivers and east-side drainages directly to the San Joaquin River were the main sources later. Although 74 percent of diazinon transport in the San Joaquin River during 1991-1993 occurred in January and February, transport during each of the two 1994 storms was only 0.05 percent of the amount applied during preceding dry periods. Nevertheless, some of the diazinon concentrations in the San Joaquin River during the January storm exceeded 0.35 mu g/L, a concentration shown to be acutely toxic to water fleas. On the basis of this study and previous studies, diazinon concentrations and streamflow are highly variable during January and February storms, and frequent sampling is required to evaluate transport in the San Joaquin River Basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Kratzer, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 379 EP 395 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03597.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 206VL UT WOS:000080900700015 ER PT J AU Bent, GC Goff, BF Rightmire, KG Sidle, RC AF Bent, GC Goff, BF Rightmire, KG Sidle, RC TI Runoff and erosion response of simulated waste burial covers in a semi-arid environment SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE erosion; runoff; hazardous waste management; waste burial covers; land rehabilitation; range management; wheatgrass; soil moisture; surficial macropores ID TRENCH CAP DESIGNS; WATER-BALANCE; EARTH COVERS; NEW-MEXICO; REGIONS; SLOPES; SITE AB Control of runoff (reducing infiltration) and erosion at shallow land burials is necessary in order to assure environmentally safe disposal of low-level radioactive-waste and other waste products. This study evaluated the runoff and erosion response of two perennial grass species on simulated waste burial covers at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Rainfall simulations were applied to three plots covered by crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Shultes], three plots covered by streambank wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus (Scribner and Smith) Could spp. lanceolatus], and one bare plot. Average total runoff for rainfall simulations in 1987, 1989, and 1990 was 42 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Average total soil loss for rainfall simulations in 1987 and 1990 was 105 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Total runoff and soil loss from natural rainfall and snowmelt events during 1987 were 25 and 105 percent greater, respectively, on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Thus, crested wheatgrass appears to be better suited in revegetation of waste burial covers at INEEL than streambank wheatgrass due to its much lower erosion rate and only slightly higher infiltration rate (lower runoff rate). C1 Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bent, GC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd, Northborough, MA 01532 USA. NR 46 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 441 EP 455 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03602.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 206VL UT WOS:000080900700020 ER PT J AU Miller, TP Chertkoff, DG Eichelberger, JC Coombs, ML AF Miller, TP Chertkoff, DG Eichelberger, JC Coombs, ML TI Mount Dutton volcano, Alaska: Aleutian arc analog to Unzen volcano, Japan SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dome building eruptions; magma-mixing; mafic enclaves; Unzen volcano; Mount Dutton volcano ID ST-HELENS; ERUPTION; MAGMA; CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; DACITE; RANGE; ROCKS AB Holocene eruptions from Mount Dutton, a small Late Quaternary volcano near the tip of the Alaska Peninsula, bear strong physical and petrologic similarities to the 1990-1995 Unzen Fugendake eruption in Japan. The volcano had a protracted phase of effusive calcalkaline andesitic (54-59 wt.% SiO2) cone-building in the late Pleistocene followed by an abrupt switch to more silicic (similar to 65 wt.% SiO2) lavas, emplaced as a central summit cluster of steep-sided domes beginning in the early Holocene. The flanks of the volcano are mantled by pyroclastic flows, debris flows, and talus formed as a result of gravitational dome collapse. Disequilibrium mineral assemblages, including coexisting quartz and olivine in eruptive episodes ranging from the initial cone-building basaltic andesite lavas to the latest Holocene dacite domes, suggest extensive ma,oma mixing. In addition, up to meter-sized, pillow-like cognate mafic enclaves of hornblende + plagioclase + glass are common in the latest of the summit dacite domes, Mineralogical evidence and bulk chemical data indicate the enclaves represent a high-alumina basalt parent with variable and subordinate reservoir contaminant, and the host lava is reservoir magma with variable and subordinate basaltic contaminant. Mount Dutton's history and petrology can be interpreted as reflecting the monotonous repetitive intrusion of mantle-derived mafic magma into a silicic crystal-rich crustal reservoir. During the Holocene, these injections resulted in the extrusion of partially crystallized, viscous, 'sticky' central domes which typically failed by collapse resulting in small volume Merapi-type flowage deposits. We speculate that slow introduction of mafic magma into the silicic chamber leads both to enclave formation and to the effusive eruption style. Mount Dutton volcano experienced severe shallow earthquake swarms in 1984, 1988, and to a lesser extent in 1991; although none of these swarms resulted in an eruption, their epicenter distribution and volcanic-tectonic character indicate they recorded the movement of magma at shallow depth beneath the volcano. The lessons of Unzen and Montserrat suggest that, despite limited tephra production, these small volcanic centers with central dome complexes present a serious hazard to life and property. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Miller, TP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RI Eichelberger, John/H-6199-2016 NR 39 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1-4 BP 275 EP 301 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00004-9 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 195GX UT WOS:000080243200021 ER PT J AU Dunbar, MR Cunningham, MW Linda, SB AF Dunbar, MR Cunningham, MW Linda, SB TI Vitamin A concentrations in serum and liver from Florida panthers SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE cougar; endangered species; Felis concolor coryi; Florida panther; nutrition; retinol; vitamin A ID ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; RETINOL; PROTEIN AB Many of the anomalies and clinical signs afflicting the Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi) are suggestive of vitamin A deficiency. Our objectives in this study were to determine if a vitamin A deficiency exists in the free-ranging panther population and to determine if there are differences in vitamin A levels among various subgroups of free-ranging panthers. Retinol concentrations were used as an index to Vitamin A concentrations and were determined in serum and liver from free-ranging (serum, n = 45; liver, n = 22) and captive (serum, n = 9; liver,n = 2) juvenile and adult Florida panthers from southern peninsular Florida (USA), and in liver from free-ranging cougars (F. concolor subspp.) from Washington (USA) and Texas (USA) between November 1984 and March 1994. Combined juvenile (6- to 24-mo-old) and adult (>24-mo-old) free-ranging Florida panthers had mean +/-SD serum retinol concentrations of 772.5 +/- 229 pmol/ml. Adult free-ranging Florida panthers had mean liver retinol concentrations of 4794.5 +/- 3747 nmol/g. Free-ranging nursing Florida panther kittens (age <1 mo) had mean serum retinol concentrations of 397.9 +/- 69 pmol/ml. Among subgroups of free-ranging Florida panthers, females had higher corrected mean serum retinol concentrations than males and adult free-ranging Florida panthers had higher mean liver retinol concentrations than juveniles. Retinol concentrations in free-ranging Florida panthers did not differ significantly from those in captive panthers (liver and serum) or other free-ranging cougars (liver). Based on limited published values and our controls, a vitamin A deficiency could not be demonstrated in the Florida panther population nor were any subgroups or individuals considered deficient. C1 Florida Game & Fresh Water Fish Commiss, Wildlife Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Dunbar, MR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sheldon Hart Mt Refuge Complex,POB 111, Lakeview, OR 97630 USA. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 171 EP 177 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 191EJ UT WOS:000080009000002 PM 10231743 ER PT J AU Christopher, MM Berry, KH Wallis, IR Nagy, KA Henen, BT Peterson, CC AF Christopher, MM Berry, KH Wallis, IR Nagy, KA Henen, BT Peterson, CC TI Reference intervals and physiologic alterations in hematologic and biochemical values of free-ranging desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE clinical chemistry; desert tortoise; Gopherus agassizii; hematology; hibernation; physiology; reference range; reference values ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT DISEASE; GOPHERUS-AGASSIZII; XEROBATES-AGASSIZII; TESTUDO-HERMANNI; LENGTH RELATIONSHIPS; SOUTHERN NEVADA; 2 POPULATIONS; BODY-MASS; BLOOD; REPTILES AB Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations have experienced precipitous declines resulting from the cumulative impact of habitat loss, and human and disease-related mortality. Evaluation of hematologic and biochemical responses of desert tortoises to physiologic and environmental factors can facilitate the assessment of stress and disease in tortoises and contribute to management decisions and population recovery. The goal of this study was to obtain and analyze clinical laboratory data from free-ranging desert tortoises at three sites in the Mojave Desert (California, USA) between October 1990 and October 1995, to establish reference intervals, and to develop guidelines for the interpretation of laboratory data under a variety of environmental and physiologic conditions. Body weight, carapace length, and venous blood samples for a complete blood count and clinical chemistry profile were obtained from 98 clinically healthy adult desert tortoises of both sexes at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural area (western Mojave), Goffs (eastern Mojave) and Ivanpah Valley (northeastern Mojave). Samples were obtained four times per year, in winter (February/March), spring (May/June), summer (July/August), and fall (October). Years of near-, above- and below-average rainfall were represented in the 5 yr period. Minimum, maximum and median values, and central 95 percentiles were used as reference intervals and measures of central tendency for tortoises at each site and/or season. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance for significant (P < 0.01) variation on the basis of sex, site, season, and interactions between these variables. Significant sex differences were observed for packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, aspartate transaminase activity, and cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations. Marked seasonal variation was observed in most parameters in conjunction with reproductive cycle, hibernation, or seasonal rainfall. Year-to-year differences and long-term alterations primarily reflected winter rainfall amounts. Site differences were minimal, and largely reflected geographic differences in precipitation patterns, such that results from these studies can be applied to other tortoise populations in environments with known rainfall and forage availability patterns. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Biomed & Environm Sci Lab, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Christopher, MM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM mmchristopher@ucdavis.edu NR 67 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 212 EP 238 PG 27 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 191EJ UT WOS:000080009000007 PM 10231748 ER PT J AU Williams, BK Koneff, MD Smith, DA AF Williams, BK Koneff, MD Smith, DA TI Evaluation of waterfowl conservation under the North American Waterfowl Management Plan SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE adaptive resource management; conservation planning; ducks; evaluation; geese; North American Waterfowl Management Plan; recruitment; reproduction; waterfowl ID DUCK NEST SUCCESS; PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; RESERVE PROGRAM; BROOD MOVEMENTS; LAND-USE; PREDATOR; UNCERTAINTY; PRODUCTIVITY; HARVESTS; MALLARDS AB In 1986, the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (Plan) was signed by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior and the Canadian Minister of the Environment, with a goal of restoring waterfowl populations to levels of the 1970s iia habitat conservation. Central to the Plan is a set of ambitious continental population goals and habitat objectives to be met through broad-based public-private partnerships. Inadequate attention has been paid to evaluation of the Plan, despite the fact that Plan delivery can be enhanced via improved understanding of the effects of habitat conservation on waterfowl population dynamics. Several factors confound the effort to evaluate the Plan at regional and continental levels, including difficulties in accounting for national land-use policies. To date, evaluation has proceeded along 2 avenues of investigation: (1) the study of conservation actions at local-regional levels, and (2) statistical assessment of Plan assumptions. Among other things, results thus Ear indicate duck production from the U.S Northern Great Plains has increased in recent years, and intensive treatments such as planted cover have had positive effects on local reproductive success. Many duck species currently exceed Plan population goals; however, population levels of some species, most notably northern pintail (Anas acuta), remain below expectations based on historic relationships with precipitation. Management implications include the need for ongoing and more carefully prioritized conservation efforts, broader partnerships, and improved understanding of the linkages between habitats and biological processes. Delivery of the Plan must involve collaboration among the Continental Evaluation Team, joint venture partners, the Adaptive Management and Assessment Team of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and other conservation groups. Although the challenges and projected costs of Plan conservation efforts are considerable, the longterm potential benefits to waterfowl conservation are great. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, N Amer Waterfowl & Wetlands Off, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, N Amer Waterfowl & Wetlands Off, Arlington, VA USA. RP Williams, BK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM byron_ken_williams@usgs.gov NR 118 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 29 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 417 EP 440 DI 10.2307/3802628 PG 24 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 208KA UT WOS:000080988900001 ER PT J AU Kirsch, EM Sidle, JG AF Kirsch, EM Sidle, JG TI Status of the interior population of least tern SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE endangered species; fledging success; least tern; population status; population trend; productivity; Sterna antillarum ID METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS; BOOTSTRAP; HISTORY; RIVER; TEXAS AB Because the interior population of least tem (Sterna antillarum) was listed as endangered in 1985, information on population status, trends, and productivity is needed to guide management of this population. We compared recent estimates (1986-95) of tern numbers to objectives identified in the Recovery Plan, used linear regression to estimate trends for local areas (e.g., river segment, reservoir), anti route regression to estimate trends for larger segments of the breeding range. We also compared observed estimates of fledging success to the minimum valve (0.51 fledglings/pair) thought necessary for population maintenance to determine whether observed productivity could support recent population trends. Although the interior population exceeded the recovery goal of 7,000 birds in 1995, this was due to large increases in tern numbers along a 901-km stretch of the Lower Mississippi River, and numbers for most breeding areas have not reached recovery levels. Trend (lambda) was significant for 7 (5 positive, 2 negative) of 31 local areas for which trend could be calculated. At larger scales, lambda was not discernibly different from 1 for the Platte and Missouri river drainages, but lambda was >1 for the Lower Mississippi River drainage. Overall trend for the interior population was 1.090 (95% CI = 1.056-1.111), and 1.024 (95% CI = 0.998-1.045) when data from the Lower Mississippi River were excluded. Fledging; success ranged from 0.00 to 2.33 fledglings/pair, and was <0.51 in 9 areas. Based on available fledging success estimates, there is no evidence that productivity within the interior range caused recent increases in tern numbers. Improved rangewide monitoring of numbers and productivity, and information on movements and postfledging survival, are needed to assess recovery criteria and management options for this population of least terns. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Grand Isl, NE 68801 USA. RP Kirsch, EM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 49 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 470 EP 483 DI 10.2307/3802632 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 208KA UT WOS:000080988900005 ER PT J AU Humes, ML Hayes, JP Collopy, MW AF Humes, ML Hayes, JP Collopy, MW TI Bat activity in thinned, unthinned, and old-growth forests in western Oregon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bat detectors; bats; Chiroptera; echolocation; forest management; habitat use; old-growth forests; Oregon; Pacific Northwest; stand structure; thinning ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; ROOSTS AB Many aspects of the influences of forest management activities on bats (Chiroptera) in the Pacific Northwest are poorly known. We compared thinned and unthinned forest stands of the same age and old-growth forest stands to determine potential differences in structure and amount of use by bats. We hypothesized that activity levels of bats would differ in stands differing in structure as a result of management history and that activity of bats would be similar in stands of similar structure. We used automated ultrasonic detectors (Anabat II) to record calls of bats in 50-100-year-old thinned and unthinned stands, and in old-growth (greater than or equal to 200 vr old) stands in the Oregon Coast Range during the summers of 1994 and 1995. Our median index of bat activity was higher in old-growth than in unthinned stands and higher in thinned than in unthinned stands. We were not able to detect a significant difference between the index of median bat activity for old-growth and thinned stands. More than 90% of identifiable passes were identified as calls from Myotis species. The 3 stand types we examined differed in certain structural characteristics such as density and size of trees, and amount of overstory and understory cover. We concluded that the structural changes caused by thinning may benefit bats by creating habitat structure in young stands that bats are able to use more effectively. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Humes, ML (reprint author), Oregon Dept Forestry, 2600 State St, Salem, OR 97310 USA. EM mhumes@odf.state.or.us RI Hayes, John/C-7967-2016 OI Hayes, John/0000-0002-6462-6876 NR 36 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 553 EP 561 DI 10.2307/3802642 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 208KA UT WOS:000080988900015 ER PT J AU Lercel, BA Kaminski, RM Cox, RR AF Lercel, BA Kaminski, RM Cox, RR TI Mate loss in winter affects reproduction of mallards SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; harvest; hunting; mallard; mallard model; Manitoba; mate loss; pairing; recruitment; reproduction ID FEMALE WOOD DUCKS; LESSER SNOW GEESE; SUCCESS; REMOVAL; COURTSHIP AB Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) frequently pair during winter, and duck hunting seasons have been extended until the end of January in several southern states in the Mississippi Flyway. Therefore, we simulated dissolution of pair bonds from natural or hunting mortality by removing mates of wild-strain, captive, yearling female mallards in late January 1996 and early February 1997 to lest if mate loss in winter would affect subsequent pair formation and reproductive performance. Most (97%) widowed females paired again. Nesting and incubation frequencies, nest-initiation date, days between first and second nests, and egg mass did not differ (P greater than or equal to 0.126) between widowed and control (i.e., no mate loss experienced) females in 1996 and 1997. In 1997, widowed females laid 1.91 fewer eggs in first nests (P = 0.014) and 3.75 fewer viable eggs in second nests (P = 0.056). Computer simulations with a mallard productivity model (incorporating default parameters [i.e., average environmental conditions]) indicated that the observed decreased clutch size of first nests, fewer viable eggs in second nests, and these factors combined had potential to decrease recruitment rates of yearling female mallards 9%, 12%, and 20%. Our results indicate that winter mate loss could reduce reproductive performance by yearling female mallards in some years. We suggest caution regarding extending duck hunting seasons in winter without concurrent evaluations of harvest and demographics of mallard and other duck populations. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Delta Waterfowl & Wetlands Res Stn, Portage La Prairie, MB R1N 3A1, Canada. US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Lercel, BA (reprint author), Ducks Unlimited, 29 Liberty St,Suite 1, Batavia, NY 14020 USA. NR 52 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 621 EP 629 DI 10.2307/3802651 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 208KA UT WOS:000080988900024 ER PT J AU Granfors, DA Flake, LD AF Granfors, DA Flake, LD TI Wood duck brood movements and habitat use on prairie rivers in South Dakota SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Aix sponsa; brood habitat; brood movements; ducklings; habitat selection; prairie rivers; South Dakota; waterfowl; wood ducks ID WETLAND SELECTION; MALLARD BROODS; HOME-RANGE; SURVIVAL AB Wood duck (Aix sponsa) populations have been increasing in the Central Flyway, but little is known about wood duck brood rearing in prairie ecosystems. We compared movements and habitat use of radiomarked female wood ducks with broods in South Dakota on 2 rivers with contrasting prairie landscapes. The perennial Big Sioux River had a broad floodplain and riparian forest, whereas the intermittent Maple River had emergent vegetation along the river channel. Movements between nest sites and brood-rearing areas were longer on the Maple River than on the Big Sioux River (P = 0.02) and were among the longest reported for wood duck broods. Movements on the Big Sioux River were longer in 1992 (P = 0.01), when the floodplain was dry, than in 1993 or 1994. Before flooding occurred on the Big Sioux River, broods used semipermanent wetlands and tributaries outside the floodplain; thereafter, females selected forested wetlands along the river. Broods on the Maple River used emergent vegetation along the river channel throughout the study. Because median length of travel to brood-rearing areas was 2-3 km, we recommend maintenance of brood-rearing habitat every 3-5 km along prairie rivers. Wildlife managers should encourage landowners to retain riparian vegetation along perennial rivers and emergent vegetation along intermittent streams to provide brood-rearing habitat during wet and dry cycles. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Granfors, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 639 EP 649 DI 10.2307/3802653 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 208KA UT WOS:000080988900026 ER PT J AU Blums, P Davis, JB Stephens, SE Mednis, A Richardson, DM AF Blums, P Davis, JB Stephens, SE Mednis, A Richardson, DM TI Evaluation of a plasticine-filled leg band for day-old ducklings SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Aix sponsa; band retention; ducklings; ducks; plasticine-filled leg bands; survival; waterfowl; web tags; wood duck ID EUROPEAN DUCKS; SURVIVAL RATES; ADULT AB We evaluated plasticine-filled leg bands via recapture and band recovery information from 7,172 day-old wood ducks (Aix sponsa) double-marked (plasticine band and a web tag) in Kentucky, Mississippi, and Missouri in 1993-98. These bands performed relatively well, with highest retention rates achieved in Missouri 1997-98 (98.6%) and Mississippi 1996-97 (97.3%). As part of an international project, we also conducted a study to test the null hypothesis of no difference in survival rates between 2 cohorts of ducklings marked with iii plasticine-filled bands, and (2) web tags. Data from 2,745 double-marked, newly hatched ducklings of 6 species and 117 subsequent recaptures or recoveries in the United States and Latvia were used in 4 different tests: none provided any evidence (P greater than or equal to 0.11) that ducklings marked with plasticine-filled leg bands exhibited greater mortality than those with web tags. We encourage extending use of this technique to other species of ducks, mergansers, and coots, because these leg bands have high retention rates, are easily detected by hunters, and permit additional inferences about posthatch movements, natal dispersal, neonate survival, and true recruitment. The banding technique may be applicable in studies of most precocial bird species if a universal filling material is developed. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Gaylord Mem Lab, Puxico, MO 63960 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Latvia, Inst Biol, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Noxubee Natl Wildlife Refuge, Brooksville, MS 39739 USA. RP Blums, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Gaylord Mem Lab, Puxico, MO 63960 USA. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 656 EP 663 DI 10.2307/3802655 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 208KA UT WOS:000080988900028 ER PT J AU Hubbard, MW Garner, DL Klaas, EE AF Hubbard, MW Garner, DL Klaas, EE TI Factors influencing wild turkey hen survival in southcentral Iowa SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE dispersal; habitat; hens; home range; Iowa; Meleagris gallopavo silvestris; mortality; nesting; predation; radiotelemetry; survival; wild turkey ID HABITAT SELECTION; MALLARD BROODS; LANDSCAPE AB A decline in the population of eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in southcentral Iowa necessitated more current estimates of population parameters. Survival of 126 eastern wild turkey hens in southcentral Iowa was investigated during 1993-96. Estimates of annual survival averaged 0.676 +/- 0.048% ((x) over bar +/- SE) for adults and 0.713 +/- 0.125 for subadults. Mammalian predators, primarily coyotes (Canis latrans) and red fox (Vulpes fulva) accounted for 64% of all documented mortality. Age-specific annual survival distributions differed within years (P < 0.03), but no difference was detected in survival between age classes across years (P = 0.49). Based on chronological dates, survival of adult hens differed among seasons across years (P = 0.03). However, seasonal survival was not different when estimates were based on hen behavior (P = 0.48). Risk of mortality for hens increased by 2.0% for every 100-m increase in dispersal distance, decreased by 2.0% for every 10-ha increase in home range size, and decreased by 3.5% for each 1.0% increase in proportion of home range in woody cover. Although the exact cause of the population decline remains unknown, we suggest it was more likely related to a decrease in production than changes in hen survival. Declining turkey populations would likely benefit more from management designed to increase reproduction rather than hen survival. C1 Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Chariton Res Stn, Chariton, IA 50049 USA. RP Hubbard, MW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 11 Sci Hall 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mhubbard@iastate.edu NR 37 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 731 EP 738 DI 10.2307/3802663 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 208KA UT WOS:000080988900036 ER PT J AU Seaman, DE Millspaugh, JJ Kernohan, BJ Brundige, GC Raedeke, KJ Gitzen, RA AF Seaman, DE Millspaugh, JJ Kernohan, BJ Brundige, GC Raedeke, KJ Gitzen, RA TI Effects of sample size on kernel home range estimates SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE home range; kernel estimator; Monte Carlo simulations; nonparametric density estimator; sample size; utilization distribution ID MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION; BANDWIDTH SELECTION; DENSITY ESTIMATORS; MOVEMENTS; ANIMALS; MODELS AB Kernel methods for estimating home range are being used increasingly in wildlife research, but the effect of sample size on their accuracy is not known. We used computer simulations of 10-200 points/ home range and compared accuracy of home range estimates produced by fixed and adaptive kernels with the reference (REF) and least-squares cross-validation (LSCV) methods for determining the amount of smoothing. Simulated home ranges varied from simple to complex shapes created by mixing bivariate normal distributions. We used the size of the 95% home range area and the relative mean squared error of the surface fit to assess the accuracy of the kernel home range estimates. For both measures, the bias and variance approached an asymptote at about 50 observations/home range. The fixed kernel with smoothing selected by LSCV provided the least-biased estimates of the 95% home range area: All kernel methods produced similar surface fit for most simulations, but the fixed kernel with LSCV had the lowest frequency and magnitude of very poor estimates. We reviewed 101 papers published in The Journal of Wildlife Management (JWM) between 1980 and 1997 that estimated animal home ranges. A minority of these papers used nonparametric utilization distribution (UD) estimators, and most did not adequately report sample sizes. We recommend that home range studies using kernel estimates use LSCV to determine the amount of smoothing, obtain a minimum of 30 observations per animal (but preferably greater than or equal to 50), and report sample sizes in published results. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. Univ Washington, Wildlife Sci Grp, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Boise Cascade Corp, Int Falls, MN 56649 USA. Custer State Pk, Custer, SD 57730 USA. RP Seaman, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn, 600 E Pk Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. NR 30 TC 713 Z9 740 U1 13 U2 140 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 739 EP 747 DI 10.2307/3802664 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 208KA UT WOS:000080988900037 ER PT J AU Hoffman, CW Grosz, AE Nickerson, JG AF Hoffman, CW Grosz, AE Nickerson, JG TI Stratigraphic framework and heavy minerals of the continental shelf of Onslow and Long Bays, North Carolina SO MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Studies Related to Continental Margins - A Summary of Year-Nine and Year-Ten Activities CY NOV 16-19, 1997 CL CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS SP US Dept Interior, Minerals Management Serv, Assoc Amer St Geologists Continental Margins Comm AB One hundred fourteen vibracores from the Atlantic continental shelf offshore of southeastern North Carolina were opened, described, and processed over several contract years (years 6-9) of the Minerals Management Service-Association of American State Geologists Continental Margins program. Reports for years 9 and 10 of the program compiled the results of the work and assembled the data for release as an interactive CD-ROM report respectively. The continental shelf of Onslow and Long Bays consists predominantly of outcropping Cretaceous through late Tertiary geologic units. Nearshore these units are covered and incised by late Tertiary and Quaternary units. From oldest to youngest, formally recognized geologic units mapped as part of this study are the Late Cretaceous Peedee Formation-a muddy, fine- to medium-grained quartz sand with trace amounts of glauconite and phosphate; the Paleocene Beaufort Formation-a muddy, fine- to medium-grained glauconitic quartz sand with locally occurring turritelid-mold biosparrudite; the middle Eocene Castle Hayne Formation-a sandy bryozoan biomicrudite and biosparrudite; the Oligocene River Bend Formation-a sandy molluscan-mold biosparrudite; and the Miocene Pungo River Formation-a medium-grained poorly sorted slightly shelly phosphatic sand. Informal units include a very widespread, unnamed fine to very fine grained, well-sorted, dolomitic muddy quartz sand that is biostratigraphically equivalent to the Oligocene River Bend Formation; several large valley-fill lithosomes composed of biomicrudite, biomicrite, and biosparrudite of Plio/Pleistocene age; muddy, shelly sands and silty clays of Pliocene, Pleistocene, or mired Plio/Pleistocene age; and loose, slightly shelly, medium- to coarse-grained sands assigned a Holocene age. C1 N Carolina Geol Survey, Coastal Plain Off, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hoffman, CW (reprint author), N Carolina Geol Survey, Coastal Plain Off, 4100-A Reedy Creek Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1064-119X J9 MAR GEORESOUR GEOTEC JI Mar. Geores. Geotechnol. PD APR-SEP PY 1999 VL 17 IS 2-3 BP 173 EP 184 DI 10.1080/106411999273846 PG 12 WC Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Geological; Oceanography; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Oceanography; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 205MU UT WOS:000080825800016 ER PT J AU Hatfield, BB Rathbun, GB AF Hatfield, BB Rathbun, GB TI Interactions between northern elephant seals and vehicles near Point Piedras Blancas, California SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. RP Hatfield, BB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, POB 70, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 2 BP 598 EP 600 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00829.x PG 3 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 188AH UT WOS:000079821000027 ER PT J AU Pavlovic, NB Benjamin, P AF Pavlovic, NB Benjamin, P TI Restoring the Indiana Dunes ecosystem: Managing for a sustainable landscape SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Pavlovic, NB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 7 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 96 EP 97 PG 2 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 188HA UT WOS:000079839700002 ER PT J AU Knutson, RL Kwilosz, JR Grundel, R AF Knutson, RL Kwilosz, JR Grundel, R TI Movement patterns and population characteristics of the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Karner blue butterfly; Lycaeides melissa samuelis; butterfly dispersal; metapopulations; insect conservation ID PLEBEJUS-ARGUS; CANOPY COVER; LEPIDOPTERA AB We conducted a three-year mark-release-recapture study of the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov) at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore to describe the butterfly's movement patterns and to assess seasonal changes in the Karner blue's population structure. Estimated mean Karner blue adult life span was less than 3.5 days. Populations exhibited protandry and about a 2:1 male:female sex ratio at population peak within a brood. Ranges, or maximum distances moved by individual butterflies, were typically less than 100 m. Maximum ranges were less than 1 km. These distances are similar to those reported for other lycaenid butterflies and from other studies of the Karner blue in the midwestern United States. At two sites, fewer than 2% of adults had ranges greater than 300 m, while at a third site 4.3% of adults had ranges greater than 300 m. Given typical subpopulation sizes these movement percentages suggest that few adults per generation will move between subpopulations separated by more than 300 m. Movement of individuals between subpopulation sites is important for maintaining genetic diversity within a metapopulation and for recolonizing areas following local extinctions. Therefore, prudent conservation planning should aim for a landscape with habitat patches suitable for Karner blue butterfly occupancy separated by less than 300 m. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Grundel, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 6 U2 18 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 109 EP 120 PG 12 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 188HA UT WOS:000079839700004 ER PT J AU Smolka, GE Stewart, PM Swinford, TO AF Smolka, GE Stewart, PM Swinford, TO TI Distribution of odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and nearby lands SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE damselflies; dragonflies; insect surveys; national park; Odonata ID LAKE-MICHIGAN; PREDATION; INSECTS; WATER AB From 1993 to 1997, 60 species of Anisoptera (dragonflies) and Zygoptera (damselflies) were found in Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana, including Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, in contrast to 34 species that were recorded historically from this region. We added 17 new species to Lake County's odonate records and 39 new species to the 5 previously recorded in Porter County. Several regionally rare species were collected: Aeshna clepsydra, Enallagma cyathigerum, and Leucorrhina frigida. Nine species listed in the historical records were missing from our collections: Hetaerina americana, Calopteryx aequabilis, Nehalennia irene, Arigomphus furcifer; Argia fumipennis violacea, Gomphus spicatus, Epitheca princeps, Libellula exusta, and Sympetrum semicinctum. These nine species have either declined in the area or they may be found in other habitats after further study. Because few odonate surveys were conducted in northwest Indiana in the past, a poor baseline exists for comparisons of temporal trends in odonate diversity. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Stewart, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 63 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 132 EP 141 PG 10 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 188HA UT WOS:000079839700006 ER PT J AU Simon, TP Stewart, PM AF Simon, TP Stewart, PM TI Structure and function of fish communities in the southern Lake Michigan basin with emphasis on restoration of native fish communities SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE biological integrity; exotic species; fish communities; national park; refugia ID STREAM; ASSEMBLAGES; PREDATION; HEADWATER; ABUNDANCE; HISTORY; ONTARIO AB The southern Lake Michigan basin in northwest Indiana possesses a variety of aquatic habitats including riverine, palustrine, and lacustrine systems. The watershed draining this area is a remnant of glacial Lake Chicago and supports fish communities that are typically low in species richness. Composition of the presettlement Lake Michigan fish community near the Indiana Dunes has been difficult to reconstruct. Existing data indicate that the number of native species in the Lake Michigan watershed, including nearshore Lake Michigan, has declined by 22% since the onset of European settlement. Few remnants of natural fish communities exist, and those occur principally in the ponds of Miller Woods, the Grand Calumet Lagoons, and the Little Calumet River. These communities have maintained a relatively diverse assemblage of fishes despite large-scale anthropogenic disturbances in the area, including channelization, massive river redirection, fragmentation, habitat alteration, exotic species invasions, and the introduction of toxic chemicals. Data that we collected from 1985 to 1996 suggested that the Grand Calumet River has the highest proportion of exotic fish species of any inland wetland in northwest Indiana. Along the Lake Michigan shoreline, another group of exotics (e.g., round goby, alewife, and sea lamprey) have affected the structure of native fish communities, thereby altering lake ecosystem function. Stocking programs contribute to the impairment of native communities. Nonindigenous species have restructured the function of Lake Michigan tributaries, causing disruptions in trophic dynamics, guild structure, and species diversity. Several fish communities have been reduced or eliminated by the alteration and destruction of spawning and nursery areas. Degradation of habitats has caused an increase in numbers and populations of species able to tolerate and flourish when confronted with hydrologic alteration. Fish communities found on public lands in northwest Indiana generally are of lower biological integrity, in terms of structure and function, than those on private lands and are not acting as refugia for native fish populations. Stocking of nonindigenous species should be evaluated to enable the restoration of native fish communities on public lands. Habitat quality will need to be improved and land-use modifications decreased or reversed in order to restore or slow the decline in native fish communities. C1 US EPA, Water Div, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Simon, TP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 620 S Walker St, Bloomington, IN 47403 USA. RI Simon, Thomas/B-4075-2012; OI Simon, Thomas/0000-0003-4393-4703 NR 68 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 16 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 142 EP 154 PG 13 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 188HA UT WOS:000079839700007 ER PT J AU Stewart, PM Butcher, JT Gerovac, PJ AF Stewart, PM Butcher, JT Gerovac, PJ TI Diatom (Bacillariophyta) community response to water quality and land use SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE diatoms; multivariate statistics; national park; water quality; watershed disturbance ID ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; LAKE ACIDIFICATION; STREAM HABITATS; INDICATORS; ASSEMBLAGES; POLLUTION; WETLANDS; GRADIENT AB Aquatic algal communities are sensitive to environmental stresses and are used as indicators of water quality. Diatoms were collected from three streams that drain the Great Marsh at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Diatom communities, water chemistry, and land use were measured at each site to test the hypothesis that differences in land use indirectly affect diatom communities, through changes in water quality. Relationships among these variables were examined by correlation, cluster, and detrended correspondence analysis. Several water chemistry variables were correlated to several land-use categories. Diatom species diversity was most variable in disturbed areas with poorer water quality and was correlated with land use and total alkalinity, total hardness, and specific conductance. Sites within each stream were grouped in terms of their diatom assemblage by both cluster and detrended correspondence analysis with but two exceptions in Dunes Creek. Diatom communities in the three streams responded to land use through its effects on water quality. The results of this study demonstrate the use of diatom assemblages as indicators of water quality, which can be linked to land use in a watershed. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Stewart, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 72 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 155 EP 165 PG 11 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 188HA UT WOS:000079839700008 ER PT J AU Whitman, RL Nevers, MB Gerovac, PJ AF Whitman, RL Nevers, MB Gerovac, PJ TI Interaction of ambient conditions and fecal coliform bacteria in southern Lake Michigan beach waters: Monitoring program implications SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE beach monitoring; Escherichia coli (E-coli); fecal coliform; Lake Michigan; water quality ID INDICATOR BACTERIA; STREAM SEDIMENTS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SURVIVAL; CONTAMINATION AB Excessive fecal coliform bacteria in public swimming waters can potentially threaten visitor health. Fecal coliform bacteria (1984-1989) and Escherichia coli (1990-1995) density were monitored weekly at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore beaches for 12 summers, and park officials closed swimming areas when fecal coliform density exceeded the state water quality criteria (400 CFU fecal coliforms/100 ml; 235 CFU E. coli/100 mi water). Due to a 24-hour incubation in the fecal coliform and E. coli assays, beaches were closed the day after collection of high fecal coliform. Our analysis suggests that it is not possible to predict one day's fecal coliform count based on the previous day's results in waters taken from southern Lake Michigan beaches. Dispersal and deposition of bacteria were not uniform among sites or across time apparently due to interactions among environmental variables including rainfall, wind direction, water temperature, and bacteria source. Rainfall combined with northwest winds increased bacteria concentrations. Escherichia coli followed a seasonal trend with similar fluctuations in density among beaches. We suggest that the current beach monitoring protocol is inadequate for predicting fecal coliform density at the time of beach closure, and, subsequently, its use for ensuring visitor safety remains questionable. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Whitman, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. OI Nevers, Meredith/0000-0001-6963-6734 NR 20 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 166 EP 171 PG 6 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 188HA UT WOS:000079839700009 ER PT J AU Labus, P Whitman, RL Nevers, MB AF Labus, P Whitman, RL Nevers, MB TI Picking up the pieces: Conserving remnant natural areas in the post-industrial landscape of the Calumet Region SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Calumet Region; dune and swale; Lake Michigan; restoration; Toleston beach ID LAKE-MICHIGAN AB The Calumet Region was shaped by geologic forces, succession, and interacting biomes converging on a unique natural landscape. Over the past 4500 years, a strand plain has formed to the north of a geologic area called Toleston Beach. Sequential and differential primary succession of dune and swale communities in this region allowed species from different biomes to interact freely. In the mid-nineteenth century, commerce and settlement drastically changed the area, and natural areas were fragmented, manipulated, and degraded by cultural intrusions and industrialization. Despite the near obliteration of dune and swale habitat, small fragments of natural land escaped destruction, These native Fragments maintained some semblance of the landscape that once covered the region. Currently, these native fragments are threatened by the lingering intrusion of historic contamination and the continuing presence of industry and commerce. Restoration and conservation of these remnants will need to be a process of integrating biological diversity goals into the landscape of the industrialized region through planning and design. We outline here the natural history of the region. the philosophical rationale for conservation, and possible approaches for integrating and maintaining these valuable remnant resources and processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Whitman, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 180 EP 187 PG 8 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 188HA UT WOS:000079839700012 ER PT J AU Taylor, PW Roberts, SD AF Taylor, PW Roberts, SD TI Clove oil: An alternative anaesthetic for aquaculture SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article AB The anesthetic properties of clove oil were tested on chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon O. kisutch, rainbow trout O. mykiss, and white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. The median lethal concentrations for a 10-min exposure were 62 mg/L for chinook salmon, 96 mg/L for coho salmon, 250 mg/L for rainbow trout, and 526 mg/L for white sturgeon. A dosage of 25 mg/L was effective in anaesthetizing all species for 120 min without mortality. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Liberty Lake, WA 99019 USA. RP Taylor, PW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. NR 8 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 1999 VL 61 IS 2 BP 150 EP 155 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0150:COAAAF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 235EF UT WOS:000082526500009 ER PT J AU Higginbotham, DL Jennings, CA AF Higginbotham, DL Jennings, CA TI Growth and survival of juvenile robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum fed three different commercial feeds SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article AB The name Moxostoma robustum has been transferred to a recently rediscovered large catostomid, the robust redhorse. The only known population of this species currently exists in the Oconee River in east central Georgia, and efforts are underway to restore it to its historic range. Our study objective was to identify which of three commercial diets, Fry Feed Kyowa C-700 (diet B), Shrimp Production 45/10 (diet SP), or Salmon Starter (diet SS), would provide the best survival and growth of juvenile robust redhorse. Two experiments were conducted, and a completely randomized design was used within each experiment. The two experiments differed in tank color (green; black), length of study (60 d; 30 d), and initial size of fish (27.1 and 44.8 mm total length). Growth was best with diet B; diets B and SP produced the highest survival; and diet SP cost less than the others. We were unable to determine whether the significant differences in growth and survival among fish fed the three diets was a result of differences in particle size, nutrient composition, or palatability. We recommend that consideration be given to the relative benefits of diets B and SP, such as cost versus growth differences, before selecting the diet for an intensive culture program. C1 Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Higginbotham, DL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 1999 VL 61 IS 2 BP 167 EP 171 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0167:GASOJR>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 235EF UT WOS:000082526500012 ER PT J AU Moulton, SR Harris, SC Slusark, JP AF Moulton, SR Harris, SC Slusark, JP TI The microcaddisfly genus Ithyrtichia eaton (Trichoptera : Hydroptilidae) in North America SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Trichoptera; Hydroptilidae; Ithytrichia; taxonomy; nearctic distribution ID RECORDS AB The distribution and taxonomy of the microcaddisfly genus Ithytrichia Eaten in North America is reviewed. Males and females of I. clavata Morton, I. mazon Ross, and I. mexicana Harris and Contreras-Ramos are illustrated, and a key is provided for their separation. Females of I. mazon and I. mexicana are described for the first time; the female of I. clavata is redescribed. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Biol Unit, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Moulton, SR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Biol Unit, Box 25046,MS 407, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD APR PY 1999 VL 101 IS 2 BP 233 EP 241 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 195BH UT WOS:000080228900002 ER PT J AU Woodruff, DL Stumpf, RP Scope, JA Paerl, HW AF Woodruff, DL Stumpf, RP Scope, JA Paerl, HW TI Remote estimation of water clarity in optically complex estuarine waters SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID MODERATELY TURBID ESTUARY; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY; ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT; NORTH-CAROLINA; OCEANIC WATERS; PHYTOPLANKTON; ABSORPTION; REFLECTANCE; QUALITY AB AVHRR satellite imagery was evaluated as a potential data source for monitoring light attenuation (K-PAR), as a measure of turbidity, in Pamlico Sound estuary, North Carolina. In situ water quality data and reflectance imagery collected on 10 different dates were used to calibrate a general optical equation relating satellite-derived reflectance (R-d), nominally R-(630 nm) to K-PAR. Additional spectral data (e.g., absorption, subsurface reflectance), related reflectance and K-PAR to changes in phytoplankton pigments, organic matter, and suspended sediments. Optically, Pamlico Sound, North Carolina is dominated by scattering from suspended sediments, whereas the tributary rivers are dominated by absorption from both dissolved and particulate organic matter. A general relationship developed between R-d and K-PAR (r(2)=0.72) in Pamlico Sound was found useful in a variety of environmental conditions; however a relationship between R-d and suspended sediment concentration was less robust, and affected by changing sediment characteristics. In the rivers, high and variable absorption in the visible wavelengths precluded development of a relationship between R-d and K-PAR. The relationship developed between R-d and K-PAR in Pamlico Sound is similar to those determined for Delaware Bay and Mobile Bay in previous studies, suggesting possible broader regional application of algorithms for coastal bays and estuaries having similar sediment characteristics, with direct application to SeaWiFS data. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort, NC USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Woodruff, DL (reprint author), Battelle Marine Sci Lab, 1529 W Sequim Bay Rd, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. EM dana.woodruff@pnl.gov NR 49 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD APR PY 1999 VL 68 IS 1 BP 41 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00108-4 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 178KG UT WOS:000079264400004 ER PT J AU Fruehn, J von Huene, R Fisher, MA AF Fruehn, J von Huene, R Fisher, MA TI Accretion in the wake of terrane collision: The Neogene accretionary wedge off Kenai Peninsula, Alaska SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GULF; SUBDUCTION; TRENCH; RIDGE; BENEATH; FLUX AB Subduction accretion and repeated terrane collision shaped the Alaskan convergent margin. The Yakutat Terrane is currently colliding with the continental margin below the central Gulf of Alaska. During the Neogene the terrane's western part was subducted after which a sediment wedge accreted along the northeast Aleutian Trench. This wedge incorporates sediment eroded from the continental margin and marine sediments carried into the subduction zone on the Pacific plate. Prestack depth migration was performed on six seismic reflection lines to resolve the structure within this accretionary wedge and its backstop. The lateral extent of the structures is constrained by high-resolution swath bathymetry and seismic lines collected along strike. Accretionary structure consists of variably sized thrust slices that were deformed against a backstop during frontal accretion and underplating. Toward the northeast the lower slope steepens, the wedge narrows, and the accreted volume decreases notwithstanding a doubling of sediment thickness in the trench. In the northeasternmost transect, near the area where the terrane's trailing edge subducts, no frontal accretion is observed and the slope is eroded. The structures imaged along the seismic lines discussed here most likely result from progressive evolution from erosion to accretion, as the trailing edge of the Yakutat Terrane is subducting. C1 Univ Kiel, GEOMAR, Res Ctr Marine Geosci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fruehn, J (reprint author), GX Technol, London, England. EM rhuene@geomar.de; mfisher@octopus.usgs.gov NR 31 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 EI 1944-9194 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD APR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 263 EP 277 DI 10.1029/1998TC900021 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 183VE UT WOS:000079574000007 ER PT J AU Kicklighter, DW Bruno, M Donges, S Esser, G Heimann, M Helfrich, J Ift, F Joos, F Kaduk, J Kohlmaier, GH McGuire, AD Melillo, JM Meyer, R Moore, B Nadler, A Prentice, IC Sauf, W Schloss, AL Sitch, S Wittenberg, U Wurth, G AF Kicklighter, DW Bruno, M Donges, S Esser, G Heimann, M Helfrich, J Ift, F Joos, F Kaduk, J Kohlmaier, GH McGuire, AD Melillo, JM Meyer, R Moore, B Nadler, A Prentice, IC Sauf, W Schloss, AL Sitch, S Wittenberg, U Wurth, G TI A first-order analysis of the potential role of CO(2) fertilization to affect the global carbon budget: a comparison of four terrestrial biosphere models SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International CO(2) Conference CY SEP 08-12, 1997 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; LAND-USE CHANGE; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; EDDY COVARIANCE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; WATER-VAPOR; TROPICAL DEFORESTATION; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; RAIN-FOREST AB We compared the simulated responses of net primary production, heterotrophic respiration, net ecosystem production and carbon storage in natural terrestrial ecosystems to historical (1765 to 1990) and projected (1990 to 2300) changes of atmospheric CO(2) concentration of four terrestrial biosphere models: the Bern model, the Frankfurt Biosphere Model (FBM), the High-Resolution Biosphere Model (HRBM) and the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). The results of the model intercomparison suggest that CO(2) fertilization of natural terrestrial vegetation has the potential to account for a large fraction of the so-called "missing carbon sink" of 2.0 Pg C in 1990. Estimates of this potential are reduced when the models incorporate the concept that CO(2) fertilization can be limited by nutrient availability. Although the model estimates differ on the potential size (126 to 461 Pg C) of the future terrestrial sink caused by CO(2) fertilization, the results of the four models suggest that natural terrestrial ecosystems will have a limited capacity to act as a sink of atmospheric CO(2) in the future as a result of physiological constraints and nutrient constraints on NPP. All the spatially explicit models estimate a carbon sink in both tropical and northern temperate regions, but the strength of these sinks varies over time. Differences in the simulated response of terrestrial ecosystems to CO(2) fertilization among the models in this intercomparison study reflect the fact that the models have highlighted different aspects of the effect of CO(2) fertilization on carbon dynamics of natural terrestrial ecosystems including feedback mechanisms. As interactions with nitrogen fertilization, climate change and forest regrowth may play an important role in simulating the response of terrestrial ecosystems to CO(2) fertilization, these factors should be included in future analyses. Improvements in spatially explicit data sets, whole-ecosystem experiments and the availability of net carbon exchange measurements across the globe will also help to improve future evaluations of the role of CO(2) fertilization on terrestrial carbon storage. C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Frankfurt, Inst Phys & Theoret Chem, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany. Univ Giessen, Inst Pflanzenokol, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Lund Univ, Dept Ecol, Global Syst Grp, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. RP Kicklighter, DW (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Sitch, Stephen/F-8034-2015; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016; OI Sitch, Stephen/0000-0003-1821-8561; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113; Kaduk, Jorg/0000-0003-4051-3081; Joos, Fortunat/0000-0002-9483-6030 NR 92 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 51 IS 2 BP 343 EP 366 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00017.x PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 211CY UT WOS:000081143400017 ER PT J AU Tian, H Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW McGuire, AD Helfrich, J AF Tian, H Melillo, JM Kicklighter, DW McGuire, AD Helfrich, J TI The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO2 in the United States SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International CO(2) Conference CY SEP 08-12, 1997 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; LAND-USE; EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSES; MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; MODEL; DIOXIDE AB We use the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM, Version 4.1) and the land cover data set of the international geosphere-biosphere program to investigate how increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate variability during 1900-1994 affect the carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous USA, and how carbon storage has been affected by land-use change. The estimates of TEM indicate that over the past 95 years a combination of increasing atmospheric CO2 with historical temperature and precipitation variability causes a 4.2% (4.3 Pg C) decrease in total carbon storage of potential vegetation in the conterminous US, with vegetation carbon decreasing by 7.2% (3.2 Pg C) and soil organic carbon decreasing by 1.9% (1.1 Pg C). Several dry periods including the 1930s and 1950s are responsible for the loss of carbon storage. Our factorial experiments indicate that precipitation variability alone decreases total carbon storage by 9.5%. Temperature variability alone does not significantly affect carbon storage. The effect of CO2 fertilization alone increases total carbon storage by 4.4%. The effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate variability are not additive. Interactions among CO2, temperature and precipitation increase total carbon storage by 1.1%. Our study also shows substantial year-to-year variations in net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems due to climate variability. Since the 1960s, we estimate these terrestrial ecosystems have acted primarily as a sink of atmospheric CO2 as a result of wetter weather and higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations. For the 1980s, we estimate the natural terrestrial ecosystems, excluding cropland and urban areas, of the conterminous US have accumulated 78.2 Tg C yr(-1) because of the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate variability. For the conterminous US, we estimate that the conversion of natural ecosystems to cropland and urban areas has caused a 18.2% (17.7 Pg C) reduction in total carbon storage from that estimated for potential vegetation. The carbon sink capacity of natural terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous US is about 69% of that estimated for potential vegetation. C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Tian, H (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM htian@mbl.edu RI Tian, Hanqin/A-6484-2012 OI Tian, Hanqin/0000-0002-1806-4091 NR 111 TC 129 Z9 159 U1 7 U2 26 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 51 IS 2 BP 414 EP 452 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00021.x PG 39 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 211CY UT WOS:000081143400021 ER PT J AU Anderman, ER Hill, MC AF Anderman, ER Hill, MC TI A new multistage groundwater transport inverse method: Presentation, evaluation, and implications SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PARAMETER-IDENTIFICATION; FLOW AB More computationally efficient methods of using concentration data are needed to estimate groundwater flow and transport parameters. This work introduces and evaluates a three-stage nonlinear-regression-based iterative procedure in which trial advective-front locations link decoupled flow and transport models. Method accuracy and efficiency are evaluated by comparing results to those obtained when flow- and transport-model parameters are estimated simultaneously. The new method is evaluated as conclusively as possible by using a simple test case that includes distinct flow and transport parameters, but does not include any approximations that are problem dependent. The test case is analytical; the only flow parameter is a constant velocity, and the transport parameters are longitudinal and transverse dispersivity. Any difficulties detected using the new method in this ideal situation are likely to be exacerbated in practical problems. Monte-Carlo analysis of observation error ensures that no specific error realization obscures the results. Results indicate that, while this, and probably other, multistage methods do not always produce optimal parameter estimates, the computational advantage may make them useful in some circumstances, perhaps as a precursor to using a simultaneous method. C1 ERA Ground Water Modeling LLC, Denver, CO 80209 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Anderman, ER (reprint author), ERA Ground Water Modeling LLC, 865 S Josephine St, Denver, CO 80209 USA. EM evan@InverseModeling.com; mchill@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR PY 1999 VL 35 IS 4 BP 1053 EP 1063 DI 10.1029/1998WR900114 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 181FH UT WOS:000079430100011 ER PT J AU Gharrett, AJ Smoker, WW Reisenbichler, RR Taylor, SG AF Gharrett, AJ Smoker, WW Reisenbichler, RR Taylor, SG TI Outbreeding depression in hybrids between odd- and even-broodyear pink salmon SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Genetics in Aquaculture CY JUN 22-28, 1997 CL UNIV STIRLING, STIRLING, SCOTLAND HO UNIV STIRLING DE outbreeding depression; conservation biology; salmonid; pink salmon; fluctuating asymmetry; meristics; cryopreservation ID ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; TIGRIOPUS-CALIFORNICUS; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; POPULATIONS; COPEPOD; SIZE AB Fewer F-2 hybrids between even- and odd-broodline pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), which are lines that are genetically isolated by their strict two-year life cycle, survived than did F-2 controls, indicating outbreeding depression. Cryopreserved sperm of 40 broodyear 1990 males and of 40 broodyear 1991 males fertilized equal subsamples Of eggs from 40 broodyear 1992 females. Return rates of F-1 hybrids (1.73%) and controls (1.63%) in 1994 did not differ significantly (P = 0.30), F-2 hybrid and control crosses were made from 40 males and 40 females selected at random from each return group. Offspring were differentially marked and released. In 1996, returns differed significantly (P = 0.011) between hybrids (n = 34, 0.34%) and controls (n = 44, 0.42%). The low rate of return of the control fish was similar to the measured return of a much larger group of tagged Auke Creek pink salmon, and probably not an artifact of the experiment. Although no increase in fluctuating asymmetry of paired meristic counts was observed in either F-1 or F-2 hybrids, size and some meristic counts of hybrids exceed measurements of controls, suggesting heterosis for those traits. The observations of decreased survival in F-2 hybrids confirm previous work [Gharrett, A.J., Smoker, W.W., 1991. Two generations of hybrids between even- and odd-year pink salmon (O. gorbuscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 48(9) 1744-1749]. Although genetic divergence between pink salmon broodlines is large and outbreeding depression might be expected in such unlikely hybrids, the results document;the occurrence of outbreeding depression in salmon and signal caution in making management and aquacultural decisions that may create the possibility of outbreeding depression in self-sustaining or cultured populations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98036 USA. Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Gharrett, AJ (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ffajg@uaf.edu NR 40 TC 98 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAR 30 PY 1999 VL 173 IS 1-4 BP 117 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00480-3 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 181GG UT WOS:000079432600013 ER PT J AU Kvenvolden, KA AF Kvenvolden, KA TI Potential effects of gas hydrate on human welfare SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National-Academy-of-Sciences Colloquium on Geology, Mineralogy, and Human Welfare CY NOV 08-09, 1998 CL ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR, IRVINE, CA SP Natl Acad Sci HO ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR ID OCEANIC METHANE HYDRATE; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; ENERGY RESOURCE; SEA-FLOOR; FUTURE; DISSOCIATION; RESERVOIR; PALEOCENE; CARBON AB For almost 30 years. serious interest has been directed toward natural gas hydrate, a crystalline solid composed of water and methane, as a potential (i) energy resource, (ii) factor in global climate change, and (iii) submarine geohazard, Although each of these issues can affect human welfare, only (iii) is considered to be of immediate importance. Assessments of gas hydrate as an energy resource have often been overly optimistic, based in part on its very high methane content and on its worldwide occurrence in continental margins. Although these attributes are attractive, geologic settings, reservoir properties, and phase-equilibria considerations diminish the energy resource potential of natural gas hydrate. The possible role of gas hydrate in global climate change has been often overstated. Although methane is a "greenhouse" gas in the atmosphere, much methane from dissociated gas hydrate may never reach the atmosphere, but rather may be converted to carbon dioxide and sequestered by the hydrosphere/biosphere before reaching the atmosphere. Thus, methane from gas hydrate may have little opportunity to affect global climate change. However, submarine geohazards (such as sediment instabilities and slope failures on local and regional scales, leading to debris flows, slumps, slides, and possible tsunamis) caused by gas-hydrate dissociation are of immediate and increasing importance as humankind moves to exploit seabed resources in ever-deepening waters of coastal oceans. The vulnerability of gas hydrate to temperature and sea level changes enhances the instability of deep-water oceanic sediments, and thus human activities and installations in this setting can be affected. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kvenvolden, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM kk@octopus.wr.usgs.gov NR 68 TC 275 Z9 293 U1 10 U2 103 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 30 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 7 BP 3420 EP 3426 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3420 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 182PT UT WOS:000079507900017 PM 10097052 ER PT J AU Finkelman, RB Belkin, HE Zheng, BS AF Finkelman, RB Belkin, HE Zheng, BS TI Health impacts of domestic coal use in China SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National-Academy-of-Sciences Colloquium on Geology, Mineralogy, and Human Welfare CY NOV 08-09, 1998 CL ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR, IRVINE, CA SP Natl Acad Sci HO ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR ID AIR-POLLUTION; LUNG-CANCER; XUAN-WEI AB Domestic coal combustion has had profound adverse effects on the health of millions of people worldwide. In China alone several hundred million people commonly burn raw coal in unvented stoves that permeate their homes with high levels of toxic metals and organic compounds. At least 3,000 people in Guizhou Province in southwest China are suffering from severe arsenic poisoning. The primary source of the arsenic appears to be consumption of chili peppers dried over fires fueled with high-arsenic coal. Coal samples in the region were found to contain up to 35,000 ppm arsenic. Chili peppers dried over high-arsenic coal fires adsorb 500 ppm arsenic on average. More than 10 million people in Guizhou Province and surrounding areas suffer from dental and skeletal fluorosis, The excess fluorine is caused by eating corn dried over burning briquettes made from high-fluorine coals and high-fluorine clay binders. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during coal combustion are believed to cause or contribute to the high incidence of esophageal and lung cancers in parts of China. Domestic coal combustion also has caused selenium poisoning and possibly mercury poisoning. Better knowledge of coal quality parameters may help to reduce some of these health problems. For example, information on concentrations and distributions of potentially toxic elements in coal may help delineate areas of a coal deposit to be avoided. Information on the modes of occurrence of these elements and the textural relations of the minerals and macerals in coal may help predict the behavior of the potentially toxic components during coal combustion. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, Peoples R China. RP Finkelman, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM rbf@usgs.gov OI Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529 NR 26 TC 156 Z9 167 U1 4 U2 40 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 30 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 7 BP 3427 EP 3431 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 182PT UT WOS:000079507900018 PM 10097053 ER PT J AU Nordstrom, DK Alpers, CN AF Nordstrom, DK Alpers, CN TI Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the Iron Mountain Superfund site, California SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National-Academy-of-Sciences Colloquium on Geology, Mineralogy, and Human Welfare CY NOV 08-09, 1998 CL ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR, IRVINE, CA SP Natl Acad Sci HO ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR ID WEST-SHASTA DISTRICT; SULFURIC-ACID; THERMODYNAMICS; ELECTROLYTES; WATER; MINE AB The Richmond Mine of the Iron Mountain copper deposit contains some of the most acid mine waters ever reported. Values of pH have been measured as low as -3.6, combined metal concentrations as high as 200 g/liter, and sulfate concentrations as high as 760 g/liter, Copious quantities of soluble metal sulfate salts such as melanterite, chalcanthite, coquimbite, rhomboclase, voltaite, copiapite, and halotrichite have been identified, and some of these are forming from negative-pH mine waters. Geochemical calculations show that, under a mine-plugging remediation scenario, these salts would dissolve and the resultant 600,000-m(3) mine pool would have a pH of 1 or less and contain several grams of dissolved metals per liter, much like the current portal effluent water. In the absence of plugging or other at-source control, current weathering rates indicate that the portal effluent will continue for approximately 3,000 years, Other remedial actions have greatly reduced metal loads into downstream drainages and the Sacramento River, primarily by capturing the major acidic discharges and routing them to a lime neutralization plant, Incorporation of geochemical modeling and mineralogical expertise into the decisionmaking process for remediation can save time, save money, and reduce the likelihood of deleterious consequences. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Nordstrom, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM dkn@usgs.gov OI Alpers, Charles/0000-0001-6945-7365 NR 30 TC 245 Z9 254 U1 5 U2 55 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 30 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 7 BP 3455 EP 3462 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 182PT UT WOS:000079507900022 PM 10097057 ER PT J AU Small, EE Sloan, LC Hostetler, S Giorgi, F AF Small, EE Sloan, LC Hostetler, S Giorgi, F TI Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES; UNITED-STATES; SENSITIVITY; FEEDBACKS; WEATHER; REGCM2 AB Before coupled atmosphere-lake models can be used to study the response of large lake systems to climatic forcings, we must first evaluate how well they simulate the water balance and associated lake atmosphere interactions under present-day conditions. We evaluate the hydrology simulated by a lake model coupled to NCAR's regional climate model (RegCM2) in a study of the Aral Sea. The meteorological variables that are input to the lake model are simulated well by RegCM2. Simulated surface air temperatures closely match observed values, except during spring and fall when the simulated temperatures are too cold. The magnitude of precipitation is too high in the region surrounding the Aral Sea during summer and fall. On a yearly basis, RegCM2 produces a reasonable amount of runoff throughout the drainage basin. The lake model coupled to RegCM2 accurately simulates Aral Sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The lake model also simulates observed mid-winter ice fraction well, although the onset of ice growth occurs too late in the year and the ice melts too rapidly in the spring. The simulated annual evaporation from the Aral Sea is consistent with observed estimates; however, the simulated evaporation is greater than observed during summer and less than observed during winter. In a "stand-alone" lake model simulation, the simulated Aral Sea hydrology does not match observations as closely as in the coupled model experiment. These results suggest that a stand-alone lake model would not accurately simulate the hydrologic response of the Aral Sea to various forcings. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Small, EE (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM esmall@es.ucsc.edu; lcsloan@es.ucsc.edu RI small, eric/B-4939-2011; Giorgi, Filippo/C-3169-2013; Small, eric/K-6007-2015 NR 38 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 5 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D6 BP 6583 EP 6602 DI 10.1029/98JD02348 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180AY UT WOS:000079363700037 ER PT J AU Frankel, AD AF Frankel, AD TI Earthquake ground motion - How does the ground shake? SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID FAULT; RUPTURE; MODEL C1 US Geol Survey, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Frankel, AD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 26 PY 1999 VL 283 IS 5410 BP 2032 EP 2033 DI 10.1126/science.283.5410.2032 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 180DH UT WOS:000079369800033 ER PT J AU Carlson, RW Anderson, MS Johnson, RE Smythe, WD Hendrix, AR Barth, CA Soderblom, LA Hansen, GB McCord, TB Dalton, JB Clark, RN Shirley, JH Ocampo, AC Matson, DL AF Carlson, RW Anderson, MS Johnson, RE Smythe, WD Hendrix, AR Barth, CA Soderblom, LA Hansen, GB McCord, TB Dalton, JB Clark, RN Shirley, JH Ocampo, AC Matson, DL TI Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPECTROMETER EXPERIMENT; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; GALILEAN SATELLITES; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; ULTRAVIOLET; ATMOSPHERE; JUPITER; ICES AB Spatially resolved infrared and ultraviolet wavelength spectra of Europa's Leading, anti-jovian quadrant observed from the Galileo spacecraft show absorption features resulting from hydrogen peroxide. Comparisons with laboratory measurements indicate surface hydrogen peroxide concentrations of about 0.13 percent, by number, relative to water ice. The inferred abundance is consistent with radiolytic production of hydrogen peroxide by intense energetic particle bombardment and demonstrates that Europa's surface chemistry is dominated by radiolysis. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Hawaii, Planetary Geosci Div, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Carlson, RW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 183-601,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rcarlson@lively.jpl.nasa.gov NR 38 TC 177 Z9 180 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 26 PY 1999 VL 283 IS 5410 BP 2062 EP 2064 DI 10.1126/science.283.5410.2062 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 180DH UT WOS:000079369800039 PM 10092224 ER PT J AU Wolock, DM McCabe, GJ AF Wolock, DM McCabe, GJ TI Explaining spatial variability in mean annual runoff in the conterminous United States SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE runoff; streamflow; hydrologic modeling; hydroclimatology ID WATER-BALANCE; MODEL; CATCHMENTS; CLIMATE AB The hydrologic concepts needed in a water-balance model to estimate the spatial variation in mean annual runoff for the 344 climate divisions in the conterminous United States (U.S.) were determined. The concepts that were evaluated were the climatic supply of water (precipitation), climatic demand for water (potential evapotranspiration), seasonality in supply and demand, and soil-moisture-storage capacity. Most (91%) of the spatial variability in mean annual runoff for the climate divisions in the conterminous U.S, was explained by the spatial variability of mean annual precipitation minus mean annual potential evapotranspiration. When soil-moisture-storage capacity and seasonality in supply and demand were added to the water balance, the explained variance in mean annual runoff increased slightly, and the error in estimated mean annual runoff decreased significantly. Adding soil-moisture-storage capacity and seasonality in supply and demand provided the most improvement in areas where seasonal supply and demand are out of phase. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wolock, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. NR 23 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD MAR 22 PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 149 EP 159 DI 10.3354/cr011149 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 192FJ UT WOS:000080067600005 ER PT J AU Bargar, JR Reitmeyer, RL Davis, JA AF Bargar, JR Reitmeyer, RL Davis, JA TI EXAFS and FT-IR characterization of U(VI)-carbonato ternary complexes on Fe-oxides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 143-NUCL BP U44 EP U44 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JP UT WOS:000079148200139 ER PT J AU Barker, CE Lewan, MD AF Barker, CE Lewan, MD TI The effect of supercritical water on vitrinite reflectance as observed in contact metamorphism and pyrolysis experiments SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 090-FUEL BP U822 EP U822 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102569 ER PT J AU Bergamaschi, BA Fram, NS Fujii, R Kuivila, KM Aiken, GR Kendall, C AF Bergamaschi, BA Fram, NS Fujii, R Kuivila, KM Aiken, GR Kendall, C TI Relationship of composition to trihalomethanes formed from isolates of dissolved organic carbon in delta waters. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RI Bergamaschi, Brian/D-8325-2012 OI Bergamaschi, Brian/0000-0002-9610-5581 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 038-ENVR BP U726 EP U726 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102249 ER PT J AU Croue, JP Violleau, D Labouyrie-Rouillier, L Leenheer, JL Aiken, G AF Croue, JP Violleau, D Labouyrie-Rouillier, L Leenheer, JL Aiken, G TI DBP formation potentials of hydrophobic and hydrophilic NOM fractions: A comparison between a low and a high-humic water SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 025-ENVR BP U722 EP U722 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102236 ER PT J AU Finkelman, RB Gluskoter, H AF Finkelman, RB Gluskoter, H TI Coal quality and coal utilization in the twenty-first century SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 018-FUEL BP U801 EP U802 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102494 ER PT J AU Foreman, WT Majewski, MS Goolsby, DA Coupe, RH Wiebe, FW AF Foreman, WT Majewski, MS Goolsby, DA Coupe, RH Wiebe, FW TI Atmospheric presence and deposition of modern-use pesticides in the Midwestern United States. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 084-ENVR BP U739 EP U740 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102295 ER PT J AU Gluskoter, H AF Gluskoter, H TI Increase in fossil fuel utilization in the twenty-first century: Environmental impact and lower carbon alternatives. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 016-FUEL BP U801 EP U801 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102495 ER PT J AU Koopmans, MP Damste, JSS Lewan, MD AF Koopmans, MP Damste, JSS Lewan, MD TI Release of biomarkers from sulfur-rich kerogen's with hydrous pyrolysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Texel, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 072-FUEL BP U817 EP U817 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102552 ER PT J AU Leenheer, JA Croue, JP Benjamin, M Korshin, GV Hwang, CJ Bruchet, A Aiken, GR AF Leenheer, JA Croue, JP Benjamin, M Korshin, GV Hwang, CJ Bruchet, A Aiken, GR TI Comprehensive isolation of natural organic matter from water for spectral characterizations and reactivity testing. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 034-ENVR BP U725 EP U725 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102245 ER PT J AU Lenhart, JJ Murphy, RJ Honeyman, B AF Lenhart, JJ Murphy, RJ Honeyman, B TI The effect of citric acid on the sorption of thorium and uranium on hematite. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 192-ENVR BP U771 EP U771 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102399 ER PT J AU Lewan, MD AF Lewan, MD TI Thermodynamics of reactions involving H2O and hydrocarbon radicals between 27 and 374 degrees C. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 092-FUEL BP U822 EP U822 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102567 ER PT J AU Lopes, TJ Furlong, ET AF Lopes, TJ Furlong, ET TI Semivolatile organic compounds in streambed sediment, United States, 1992-95. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 177-ENVR BP U767 EP U767 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102389 ER PT J AU Ravichandran, M Aiken, GR Ryan, JN Reddy, MM AF Ravichandran, M Aiken, GR Ryan, JN Reddy, MM TI Inhibition of precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (HgS) by humic substances isolated from the Florida Everglades SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 105-ENVR BP U746 EP U746 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102319 ER PT J AU Reitmeyer, R Bargar, JR Davis, JA AF Reitmeyer, R Bargar, JR Davis, JA TI A spectroscopic approach to surface complexation modeling of uranyl-carbonates on iron-oxide surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 079-ENVR BP U738 EP U738 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102290 ER PT J AU Rice, CP Chemyak, SM AF Rice, CP Chemyak, SM TI Pesticides and pops in remote environments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 095-AGRO BP U86 EP U86 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148100196 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE Katz, BG Leenheer, LA Martin, BS Noyes, TI AF Rostad, CE Katz, BG Leenheer, LA Martin, BS Noyes, TI TI Chlorination disinfection byproduct formation potential of isolated fractions of natural organic matter in surface- and ground-waters of Northern Florida. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 035-ENVR BP U725 EP U725 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102246 ER PT J AU Schimmelmann, A Lewan, MD Wintsch, RP AF Schimmelmann, A Lewan, MD Wintsch, RP TI Hydrogen stable isotope ratios of kerogen, bitumen, oil, and water in hydrous pyrolysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 082-FUEL BP U819 EP U820 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102557 ER PT J AU Strzelecki, R Wulkowicz, S Wolkowicz, W Mose, D Mushrush, G Szabo, Z Ivahnenko, T AF Strzelecki, R Wulkowicz, S Wolkowicz, W Mose, D Mushrush, G Szabo, Z Ivahnenko, T TI A study of indoor radon in Poland. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Chem, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 140-ENVR BP U756 EP U756 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102354 ER PT J AU Valoppi, L Petreas, M Donohoe, R Sullivan, L Callahan, C AF Valoppi, L Petreas, M Donohoe, R Sullivan, L Callahan, C TI Use of PCB congener analysis in ecological risk assessments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. US EPA, Cal, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NOAA, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 183-ENVR BP U768 EP U768 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102390 ER PT J AU Waychunas, GA Davis, JA Reitmeyer, R AF Waychunas, GA Davis, JA Reitmeyer, R TI Initial Fe (III) hydroxide precipitation processes on quartz surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 039-GEOC BP U836 EP U836 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102608 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Capel, PD Rindal, DA AF Wong, CS Capel, PD Rindal, DA TI Multivariate comparison of chlorinated hydrocarbons in riverine fish with land use land cover characteristics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US EPA, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US Geol Survey, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 1999 VL 217 MA 163-ENVR BP U762 EP U763 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 176JN UT WOS:000079148102372 ER PT J AU Honeyfield, DC Tillitt, DE Brown, SB Fitzsimons, JD AF Honeyfield, DC Tillitt, DE Brown, SB Fitzsimons, JD TI Review of a natural thiamine deficiency causing reproductive failure in feral salmonid species of the Great Lakes SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Canadian Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 SU S BP A892 EP A892 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 228JG UT WOS:000082132901413 ER PT J AU Myers, MJ Farrell, DE Howard, KD Kawalek, JC AF Myers, MJ Farrell, DE Howard, KD Kawalek, JC TI Alteration of constitutive cytochrome P450 activies in endotoxemic growing and finishing swine. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 SU S BP A814 EP A814 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 228JG UT WOS:000082132900960 ER PT J AU Post, LO Cope, CV Farrell, DE Baker, JD Myers, MJ AF Post, LO Cope, CV Farrell, DE Baker, JD Myers, MJ TI The effect of systemic endotoxin challenge and dexamethasone, alone or in combination, on eurofloxaein pharmacokinetics in swine SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Div Anim Res, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 15 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 SU S BP A814 EP A814 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 228JG UT WOS:000082132900958 ER PT J AU Thatcher, W Foulger, GR Julian, BR Svarc, J Quilty, E Bawden, GW AF Thatcher, W Foulger, GR Julian, BR Svarc, J Quilty, E Bawden, GW TI Present-day deformation across the basin and range province, western United States SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STRAIN ACCUMULATION; MOJAVE-DESERT; CALIFORNIA; WASATCH; MOTION; STRESS; FAULT; ZONE AB The distribution of deformation within the Basin and Range province was determined from 1992, 1996, and 1998 surveys of a dense, 800-kilometer-aperture, Global Positioning System network. Internal deformation generally follows the pattern of Holocene fault distribution and is concentrated near the western extremity of the province, with Lesser amounts focused near the eastern boundary. Little net deformation occurs across the central 500 kilometers of the network in western Utah and eastern Nevada. Concentration of deformation adjacent to the rigid Sierra Nevada block indicates that external plate-driving forces play an important role in driving deformation, modulating the extensional stress field generated by internal buoyancy forces that are due to Lateral density gradients and topography near the province boundaries. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Durham, Sci Labs, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Thatcher, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 25 TC 176 Z9 176 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 12 PY 1999 VL 283 IS 5408 BP 1714 EP 1718 DI 10.1126/science.283.5408.1714 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 175PF UT WOS:000079102800045 ER PT J AU Reasenberg, PA AF Reasenberg, PA TI Foreshock occurrence before large earthquakes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FOCAL MECHANISMS; CALIFORNIA; PREDICTION; MOMENT; SEISMICITY; AFTERSHOCKS; FREQUENCY; CLUSTERS; MODERATE; DISPLAY AB Rates of foreshock occurrence involving shallow M greater than or equal to 6 and M greater than or equal to 7 mainshocks and M greater than or equal to 5 foreshocks were measured in two worldwide catalogs over similar to 20-year intervals. The overall rates observed are similar to ones measured in previous worldwide and regional studies when they are normalized for the ranges of magnitude difference they each span. The observed worldwide rates were compared to a generic model of earthquake clustering based on patterns of small and moderate aftershocks in California. The aftershock model was extended to the case of moderate foreshocks preceding large mainshocks. Overall, the observed worldwide foreshock rates exceed the extended California generic model by a factor of similar to 2. Significant differences in foreshock rate were found among subsets of earthquakes defined by their focal mechanism and tectonic region, with the rate before thrust events higher and the rate before strike-slip events lower than the worldwide average. Among the thrust events, a large majority, composed of events located in shallow subduction zones, had a high foreshock rate, while a minority, located in continental thrust belts, had a low rate. These differences may explain why previous surveys have found worldwide foreshock rates among thrust events in California (especially southern California), while the worldwide observations suggests the opposite: California, lacking an active subduction zone in most of its territory, and including a region of mountain-building thrusts in the south, reflects the low rate apparently typical for continental thrusts, while the worldwide observations, dominated by shallow subduction zone events, are foreshock-rich. If this is so, then the California generic model may significantly underestimate the conditional probability for a very large (M greater than or equal to 8) earthquake following a potential (M greater than or equal to 7) foreshock in Cascadia. The magnitude differences among the identified foreshock-mainshock pairs in the Harvard catalog are consistent with a uniform distribution over the range of observation. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM reasen@hayward.wr.usgs.gov NR 32 TC 53 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B3 BP 4755 EP 4768 DI 10.1029/1998JB900089 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 176HN UT WOS:000079145800001 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH AF Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH TI Geodetic estimates of fault slip rates in the San Francisco Bay area SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE CYCLE; ANDREAS FAULT; CALIFORNIA; MOTION; ZONE AB Bourne et al. [1998] have suggested that the interseismic velocity profile at the surface across a transform plate boundary is a replica of the secular velocity profile at depth in the plastosphere. On the other hand, in the viscoelastic coupling model the shape of the interseismic surface velocity profile is a consequence of plastosphere relaxation following the previous rupture of the faults that make up the plate boundary and is not directly related to the secular flow in the plastosphere. The two models appear to be incompatible. If the plate boundary is composed of several subparallel faults and the interseismic surface velocity profile across the boundary known, each model predicts the secular slip rates on the faults which make up the boundary. As suggested by Bourne et al., the models can then be tested by comparing the predicted secular slip rates to those estimated from long-term offsets inferred from geology. Here we apply that test to the secular slip rates predicted for the principal faults (San Andreas, San Gregorio, Hayward, Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, Green Valley and Greenville faults) in the San Andreas fault system in the San Francisco Bay area. The estimates from the two models generally agree with one another and to a lesser extent with the geologic estimate. Because the viscoelastic coupling model has been equally successful in estimating secular slip rates on the various fault strands at a diffuse plate boundary, the success of the model of Bourne et nl. [1998] ire doing the same thing should not be taken as proof that the interseismic velocity profile across the plate boundary at the surface is a replica of the velocity profile at depth in the plastosphere. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jsavage@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 19 TC 44 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B3 BP 4995 EP 5002 DI 10.1029/1998JB900108 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 176HN UT WOS:000079145800016 ER PT J AU Kossobokov, VG Romashkova, LL Keilis-Borok, VI Healy, JH AF Kossobokov, VG Romashkova, LL Keilis-Borok, VI Healy, JH TI Testing earthquake prediction algorithms: statistically significant advance prediction of the largest earthquakes in the Circum-Pacific, 1992-1997 SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Non-Linear Dynamics and Earthquake Prediction CY OCT 06-22, 1997 CL TRIESTE, ITALY SP Int Ctr Theoret Phys DE earthquake; dynamics; prediction; algorithm; statistical significance AB Algorithms M8 and MSc (i.e., the Mendocino Scenario) were used in a real-time intermediate-term research prediction of the strongest earthquakes in the Circum-Pacific seismic belt. Predictions are made by M8 first. Then, the areas of alarm are reduced by MSc at the cost that some earthquakes are missed in the second approximation of prediction. In 1992-1997, five earthquakes of magnitude 8 and above occurred in the test area: all of them were predicted by M8 and MSc identified correctly the locations of four of them. The space-time volume of the alarms is 36% and 18%, correspondingly, when estimated with a normalized product measure of empirical distribution of epicenters and uniform time. The statistical significance of the achieved results is beyond 99% both for M8 and MSc. For magnitude 7.5 +, 10 out of 19 earthquakes were predicted by Ms in 40% and five were predicted by M8-MSc in 13% of the total volume considered. This implies a significance level of 81% for M8 and 92% for M8-MSc. The lower significance levels might result from a global change in seismic regime in 1993-1996, when the rate of the largest events has doubled and all of them become exclusively normal or reversed faults. The predictions are fully reproducible; the algorithms M8 and MSc in complete formal definitions were published before we started our experiment [Keilis-Borok, V.I., Kossobokov, V.G., 1990. Premonitory activation of seismic flow: Algorithm M8, Phys. Earth and Planet. Inter. 61, 73-83; Kossobokov, V.G., Keilis-Borok, V.I., Smith, S.W., 1990. Localization of intermediate-term earthquake prediction, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 19763-19772; Healy, J.H., Kossobokov, V.G., Dewey, J.W., 1992. A test to evaluate the earthquake prediction algorithm, M8. U.S. Geol. Surv. OFR 92-401]. M8 is available from the IASPEI Software Library [Healy, J.H., Keilis-Borok, V.I., Lee, W.H.K. (Eds:), 1997. Algorithms for Earthquake Statistics and Prediction, Vol. 6. IASPEI Software Library]. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Int Inst Earthquake Predict Theory & Math Geophys, Moscow 113556, Russia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kossobokov, VG (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Int Inst Earthquake Predict Theory & Math Geophys, Warshavskoye Sh 79,Kor 2, Moscow 113556, Russia. NR 12 TC 75 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD MAR 8 PY 1999 VL 111 IS 3-4 BP 187 EP 196 DI 10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00159-9 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 171WJ UT WOS:000078886900002 ER PT J AU Huntoon, JE Hansley, PL Naeser, ND AF Huntoon, JE Hansley, PL Naeser, ND TI The search for a source rock for the giant Tar Sand triangle accumulation, southeastern Utah SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID WHITE RIM SANDSTONE; THERMAL HISTORY; RANGE PROVINCE; BASIN; APATITE; CALIBRATION; PETROLEUM; MIGRATION; MODEL AB A large proportion (about 36%) of the world's oil resource is contained in accumulations of heavy oil or tar. In these large deposits of degraded oil, the oil in place represents only a fraction of what was present at the time of accumulation. In many of these deposits, the source of the oil is unknown, and the oil is thought to have migrated over long distances to the reservoirs. The Tar Sand triangle in southeastern Utah contains the largest tar sand accumulation in the United States, with 6.3 billion bbl of heavy oil estimated to be in place. The deposit is thought to have originally contained 13-16 billion bbl prior to the biodegradation, water washing, and erosion that have taken place since the middle-late Tertiary. The source of the oil is unknown. The tar is primarily contained within the Lower Permian White Rim Sandstone, but extends into permeable parts of overlying and underlying beds. Oil is interpreted to have migrated into the White Rim sometime during the Tertiary when the formation was at a depth of approximately 3500 m. This conclusion is based on integration of fluid inclusion analysis, time-temperature reconstruction, and apatite fission-track modeling for the White Rim Sandstone. Homogenization temperatures cluster around 85-90 degrees C for primary fluid inclusions in authigenic, nonferroan dolomite in the White Rim. The fluid inclusions are associated with fluorescent oil-bearing inclusions, indicating that dolomite precipitation was coeval with oil migration. Burial reconstruction suggests that the White Rim Sandstone reached its maximum burial depth from 60 to 24 Ma, and that maximum burial was followed by unroofing from 24 to 0 Ma. Time-temperature modeling indicates that the formation experienced temperatures of 85-90 degrees C from about 35 to 40 Ma during maximum burial. Maximum formation temperatures of about 105-110 degrees C were reached at about 24 Ma, just prior to unroofing. Thermal modeling is used to examine the history of potential source rocks for the White Rim oil. The most attractive potential sources for White Rim oil include beds within one or more of the following formations: the Proterozoic Chuar Group, which is present in the subsurface southwest of the Tar Sand triangle; the Mississippian Delle Phosphatic Member of the Deseret Limestone and equivalent formations, the Permian Kaibab Limestone, the Sinbad Limestone Member of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation, and the Jurassic Arapien Shale, Twin Creek Limestone, and Carmel Formation, which are present west of the Tar Sand triangle; the Pennsylvanian Paradox Formation in the Paradox basin east of the Tar Sand triangle; and the Permian Park City Formation northwest of the Tar Sand triangle. Each formation has a high total organic carbon content and is distributed over a wide enough geographic area to have provided a huge volume of oil. Source beds in all of the formations reached thermal maturity at times prior to or during the time that migration into the White Rim is interpreted to have occurred. Based on all available data, the most Likely source for the Tar Sand triangle appears to be the Mississippian Delle Phosphatic Member of the Deseret Limestone. Secondary migration out of the Delle is interpreted to have occurred during the Cretaceous, during Sevier thrusting. Subsequent tertiary migration into the Tar Sand triangle reservoir is interpreted to have occurred later, during middle Tertiary Laramide deformation. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Petrog Consultants Int Inc, Golden, CO 80403 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Huntoon, JE (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 82 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 83 IS 3 BP 467 EP 495 PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 176GQ UT WOS:000079143600005 ER PT J AU Barker, CE AF Barker, CE TI Middle Devonian-Mississippian stratigraphy on and near the Nevada test site: Implications for hydrocarbon potential: Discussion SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Editorial Material ID PYROLYSIS; PETROLEUM C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Barker, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,Mail Stop 939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 83 IS 3 BP 519 EP 522 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 176GQ UT WOS:000079143600007 ER PT J AU Ferrer, I Barcelo, D Thurman, EM AF Ferrer, I Barcelo, D Thurman, EM TI Double-disk solid-phase extraction: Simultaneous cleanup and trace enrichment of herbicides and metabolites from environmental samples SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-WATERS; DERIVATIZATION; GROUNDWATER; ELUTION AB Phenylurea and triazine herbicides, including some metabolites, were isolated from water and soil extracts by solid-phase extraction using a layered system of two extraction disks, a method called double-disk solid-phase extraction. The first disk consisted of strong anion exchange (SAX) of 10-mu m styrene divinylbenzene (SDB) particles embedded in Teflon, and the second disk was a C-18 disk of 10-mu m particles also embedded in Tenon. A volume of 500 mt of water or aqueous soil extract is passed through the layered system with the SAX disk first. The purpose of the SAX disk is to remove the humic and fulvic acids from the water or aqueous soil extract by ion exchange through their carboxyl groups. Even during methanol elution of herbicides, the humic substances remain bound to the SAX disk with >85% retention. Elution with methanol results in more than 90% recovery of the herbicides from the layered extraction disks. Removal of the humic and fulvic acids results in greater sensitivity for diode array detection quantitation (0.05 mu g/L for herbicides) by substantially reducing the absorbance of the humic peak on the LC chromatogram. The herbicides adsorb to the SAX disk either through hydrogen bonding to the anion-exchange sites or by hydrophobic interaction with the SDB surface of the anion-exchange disk. The method was tested for the analysis of natural water samples from the Mississippi Embayment, a cotton-growing area of the southeastern United States. C1 Cid, CSIC, Dept Environm Chem, Barcelona 08034, Spain. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Barcelo, D (reprint author), Cid, CSIC, Dept Environm Chem, C Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008 OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851 NR 15 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 1999 VL 71 IS 5 BP 1009 EP 1015 DI 10.1021/ac980975q PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 171AR UT WOS:000078840300025 PM 10079762 ER PT J AU Jarvela, LE Thorsteinson, LK AF Jarvela, LE Thorsteinson, LK TI The epipelagic fish community of Beaufort Sea coastal waters, Alaska SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE Arctic; Alaska; Beaufort Sea; epipelagic coastal fishes; fish-habitat relationships; arctic cod; capelin; arctic cisco ID CISCO COREGONUS-AUTUMNALIS; CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; COD BOREOGADUS-SAIDA; GROWTH AB A three-year study of epipelagic fishes inhabiting Beaufort Sea coastal waters in Alaska documented spatial and temporal patterns in fish distribution and abundance and examined their relationships to thermohaline features during summer. Significant interannual, seasonal; and geographical differences in surface water temperatures and salinities were observed. In 1990, sea ice was absent and marine conditions prevailed, whereas in 1988 and 1991, heavy pack ice was present and the dissolution of the brackish water mass along the coast proceeded more slowly. Arctic cod, capelin, and liparids were the most abundant marine fishes in the catches, while arctic cisco was the only abundant diadromous freshwater species. Age-0 arctic cod were exceptionally abundant and large in 1990, while age-0 capelin dominated in the other years, The alternating numerical dominances of arctic cod and age-0 capelin may represent differing species' responses to wind-driven oceanographic processes affecting growth and survival. The only captures of age-0 arctic cisco occurred during 1990. Catch patterns indicate they use a broad coastal migratory corridor and tolerate high salinities. As in the oceanographic data, geographical and temporal patterns were apparent in the fish catch data, but in most cases these patterns were not statistically testable because of excessive zero catches. The negative binomial distribution appeared to be a suitable statistical descriptor of the aggregated catch patterns for the more common species. C1 US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. RP Jarvela, LE (reprint author), 29595 Rash Rd NE, Kingston, WA 98346 USA. EM Lyman_Thorsteinson@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD MAR PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 80 EP 94 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 178VF UT WOS:000079289300009 ER PT J AU Finkelman, RB AF Finkelman, RB TI Trace elements in coal - Environmental and health significance SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coal combustion; health impacts; trace elements; trace metals; coal quality ID CHINA AB Trace elements can have profound adverse effects on the health of people burning coal in homes or living near coal deposits, coal mines, and coal-burning power plants. Trace elements such as arsenic emitted from coat-burning power plants in Europe and Asia have been shown to cause severe health problems. Perhaps the most widespread health problems are caused by domestic coal combustion in developing countries where millions of people suffer from fluorosis and thousands from arsenism. Better knowledge of coal quality characteristics may help to reduce some of these health problems. For example, information on concentrations and distributions of potentially toxic elements in coal may help delineate areas of a coal deposit to be avoided. Information on the modes of occurrence of these elements and the textural relations of the minerals in coal may help to predict the behavior of the potentially toxic trace metals during coal cleaning, combustion, weathering, and leaching. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Finkelman, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 20 TC 32 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 16 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 67 IS 3 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1007/BF02784420 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 179BT UT WOS:000079304200001 PM 10201327 ER PT J AU Ratcliffe, NM Harris, AG Walsh, GJ AF Ratcliffe, NM Harris, AG Walsh, GJ TI Tectonic and regional metamorphic implications of the discovery of Middle Ordovician conodonts in cover rocks east of the Green Mountain massif, Vermont SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NEW-ENGLAND; QUEBEC AB Middle Ordovician (late Arenigian - early Caradocian) conodonts were recovered from a dolostone lens in carbonaceous schist 30 m below the base of the Pinney Hollow Formation in the Eastern Cover sequence near West Bridgewater, Vermont. These are the first reported fossils from the metamorphic cover sequence rocks east of the Green Mountain, Berkshire, and Housatonic massifs of western New England. The conodonts are recrystallized, coated with graphitic matter, thermally altered to a color alteration index (CAI) of at least 5, and tectonically deformed. The faunule is nearly monospecific, consisting of abundant Periodon aculeatus Hadding? and rare Protopanderodus. The preponderance of Periodon and the absence of warm, shallow-water species characteristic of the North American Midcontinent Conodont Province suggest a slope or basin depositional setting. The conodont-bearing carbonaceous schist is traceable 3 km southeast to the Plymouth area, where it had been designated the uppermost member of the Plymouth Formation, previously regarded as Early Cambrian in age. The age and structural position of the carbonaceous schist above dolostones of the Plymouth Formation but below the Pinney Hollow Formation (upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian?) suggest that this unit may be correlative or time transgressive with the Ira Formation, which underlies the Taconic allochthons in the Vermont Valley. Such a correlation supports the concept of placing the western limit of the root zone of the Taconic allochthons beneath the Pinney Hollow Formation. An approximate absolute age assignment for the conodont-bearing rock is between 470 and 454 Ma. This suggests that dynamothermal metamorphism during the Taconian orogeny on the east flank of the Green Mountains was younger than early Caradocian, which is in accord with the middle Caradocian age of the Ira Formation west of the Green Mountain massif. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Ratcliffe, NM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 371 EP 382 DI 10.1139/e99-009 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 239GU UT WOS:000082761100006 ER PT J AU Nichols, SJ Amberg, J AF Nichols, SJ Amberg, J TI Co-existence of zebra mussels and freshwater unionids: population dynamics of Leptodea fragilis in a coastal wetland infested with zebra mussels SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN LAKE ERIE; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; GROWTH-RATE; BIVALVES; HERITABILITY; INFESTATION; LARVAE; CLAMS AB In 1996, thousands of live Leptodea fragilis were collected from a marsh located in the western basin of Lake Erie that was infested with zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Despite the presence of zebra mussels at this site for a number of years, this L. fragilis population showed no signs of competition-induced changes in population dynamics. Biofouling was Limited: fewer than 1% of the L. fragilis showed evidence of recent or past zebra mussel colonization. Successful recruitment occurred yearly, with multiple year classes collected that ranged in age from 1 to 12 years. However, age and shell length were not well correlated. Seventy-one percent of the individuals collected were 51-80 mm long, but ranged in age from 2 to 4.5 years. Three different patterns of growth or shell deposition were found. Some individuals grew rapidly, reaching 105 mm in 3.5 years, while others grew only 4.5 mm over the same time period. A few grew poorly during some years but very rapidly in others. Individuals with a shell length of 41 mm or more were sexually mature and females were more common than males. The strong recruitment and steady growth of this population showed no change between the years before and after the zebra mussel invasion, indicating that this marsh is functioning as a natural refugium from potential problems caused by zebra mussels. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48832 USA. RP Nichols, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 77 IS 3 BP 423 EP 432 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-3-423 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 237WC UT WOS:000082678700010 ER PT J AU White, PJ Garrott, RA AF White, PJ Garrott, RA TI Population dynamics of kit foxes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN KERN COUNTY; CALIFORNIA AB We evaluated data from field studies of kit foxes to identify factors that strongly influence or regulate their population dynamics. Two density-dependent relating mechanisms were detected. First, the rate of juvenile recruitment was inversely related to the density of adult foxes because a higher proportion of juveniles were killed by coyotes at higher fox densities. The mortality rates of adult foxes were independent of population density. Second, populations of kit foxes are bounded by their territorial spacing behavior, which limits recruitment at high densities. These regulatory factors may operate in concert to curtail population growth at high densities, whereas decreased juvenile mortality by coyotes can operate independently to increase population growth at low densities. Despite the presence of these strong regulating factors, density-independent variations in reproductive rates often result in population crashes or irruptions that are the fundamental causes of instability in populations of kit foxes. Desert systems are characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in precipitation, which contribute to high-frequency, high-amplitude fluctuations in the abundance of mammalian prey (leporids, rodents) for kit foxes. These fluctuations subsequently contribute to density-independent variations in fox reproductive rates, which are strongly influenced by food supply. Projection models of a kit fox population showed that unpredictable, short-term fluctuations in precipitation and, in turn, prey abundance could generate longer term, aperiodic fluctuations in the density of foxes. Consequently, high amplitude fluctuations in the abundance of kit foxes may be intrinsic to the desert systems that they inhabit and need not reflect special or persistent causes such as predation or disease. C1 Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Fdn, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP White, PJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad Fish & Wildlife Off, 2730 Loker Ave W, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 77 IS 3 BP 486 EP 493 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-3-486 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 237WC UT WOS:000082678700017 ER PT J AU Jones, TS AF Jones, TS TI Manganese - Steelmaking still the keystone SO E&MJ-ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Jones, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACLEAN HUNTER PUBLISHING CORP PI CHICAGO PA 29 NORTH WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO, IL 60606 USA SN 0095-8948 J9 ENG MIN J JI E&MJ-Eng. Min. J. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 200 IS 3 BP 34 EP + PG 3 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA 178QK UT WOS:000079277300014 ER PT J AU Bouse, RM Ruiz, J Titley, SR Tosdal, RM Wooden, JL AF Bouse, RM Ruiz, J Titley, SR Tosdal, RM Wooden, JL TI Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona: Implications for the sources of plutons and metals in porphyry copper deposits SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; PROTEROZOIC CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; NORTHERN-GREAT-BASIN; ORE-DEPOSITS; VOLCANIC FIELD; MANTLE HETEROGENEITY; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; GRANITE PETROGENESIS; COLORADO PLATEAU; NEW-MEXICO AB Porphyry copper deposits in Arizona are genetically associated with Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes that consist of older intermediate volcanic rocks and younger intermediate to felsic intrusions. The igneous complexes and their associated porphyry copper deposits were emplaced into an Early Proterozoic basement characterized by different rocks, geologic histories, and isotopic compositions. Lead isotope compositions of the Proterozoic basement rocks define from northwest to southeast, the Mojave, central Arizona, and southeastern Arizona provinces. Porphyry copper deposits are present in each Pb isotope province. Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutons. together with those of sulfide minerals in porphyry copper deposits and of Proterozoic country rocks, place important constraints on genesis of the magmatic suites and the porphyry copper deposits themselves. The range of age-corrected Ph isotope compositions of plutons in 12 Late Cretaceous and early, Tertiary igneous complexes is Pb-206/Pb-204 = 17.34 to 22.66, Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.43 to 15.96, and Pb-208/Pb-204 = 37.19 to 40.33. These Ph isotope compositions and calculated model Th/U are similar to those of the Proterozoic rocks in which the plutons were emplaced, thereby indicating that Pb in the younger rocks and ore deposits was inherited from the basement rocks and their sources. No Pb isotope differences distinguish Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes that contain large economic porphyry copper deposits from less rich or smaller deposits that have not been considered economic for mining. Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutons and sulfide minerals from 30 metallic mineral districts, furthermore, require that the southeastern Arizona Pb province be divided into two subprovinces. The northern subprovince has generally lower Pb-206/Pb-204 and higher model Th/U, and the southern subprovince has higher Pb-206/Pb-204 and lower model Th/U. These Ph isotope differences are inferred to result from differences in their respective post-1.7 Ga magmatic histories. Throughout Arizona, Ph isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutons and associated sulfide minerals are distinct from those of Jurassic plutons and also middle Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals. These differences most likely reflect changes in tectonic setting and magmatic sources. Within Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes that host economic porphyry copper deposits, there is commonly a decrease in Pb isotope composition from older to younger plutons. This decrease in Pb isotope values with time suggests an increasing involvement of crust with lower U/Pb than average crust in the sources of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary magmas. Lead isotope compositions of the youngest porphyries in the igneous complexes are similar to those in most sulfide minerals within the associated porphyry copper deposit. This Pb isotope similarity argues for a genetic link between them. However; not all Pb in the sulfide minerals in porphyry copper deposits is magmatically derived. Some sulfide minerals, particularly those that are late stage, or distal to the main orebody, or in Proterozoic or Paleozoic rocks, have elevated Pb isotope compositions displaced toward the gross average Pb isotope composition of the local country rocks. The more radiogenic isotopic compositions argue for a contribution of Pb from those rocks at the site of ore deposition. Combining the Pb isotope data with available geochemical, isotopic, and petrologic data suggests derivation of the young porphyry copper-related plutons, most of their Pb, and other metals from a hybridized lower continental crustal source. Because of the likely involvement of subduction related mantle-derived basaltic magma in die hybridized lower crustal source, an indiscernible mantle contribution is probable in the porphyry mag mas. Clearly in addition, Pb was contributed from the local country rocks. This is most evident in sulfide minerals in veins that are late stage, hosted in Proterozoic gneiss, and/or peripheral to the porphyry copper deposit. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Bouse, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 86 TC 36 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 14 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 94 IS 2 BP 211 EP 244 PG 34 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 187HW UT WOS:000079782100003 ER PT J AU Dethloff, GM Schlenk, D Hamm, JT Bailey, HC AF Dethloff, GM Schlenk, D Hamm, JT Bailey, HC TI Alterations in physiological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with exposure to copper and copper/zinc mixtures SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; HEPATIC METALLOTHIONEIN PRODUCTION; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; CLARK-FORK RIVER; HEAVY-METALS; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; CADMIUM EXPOSURE; BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS; RESPIRATORY BURST; PERCA-FLUVIATILIS AB Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) mere exposed to sublethal concentrations of copper (Cu, 14 mu g/liter) and zinc (Zn, 57 and 81 mu g/liter) for a 21-day period. The four treatments included a control, a Cu control, a Cu and low-Zn treatment and a Cu and high-Zn treatment. Selected parameters [e.g., hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), plasma glucose, lactate and cortisol, differential leukocyte count, respiratory burst, tissue metal concentrations, hepatic metallothionein (MT), brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] mere evaluated at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure, Whole blood and plasma parameters mere not altered by exposure to metals. The percentage of lymphocytes was consistently decreased in the three metal treatments, while percentages of neutrophils and monocytes mere increased. Respiratory burst activity was elevated in all metal treatments. Gill Zn concentration mas highly variable, with no significant alterations occurring. Gill Cu concentration mas elevated above control levels in all metal treatments, Gill Cu concentration in the two Cu/Zn treatments nas also elevated above levels in the Cu control, Hepatic metal concentrations and MT levels were not altered from control values. Measurements of brain AChE indicated an elevation in this parameter across metal treatments. In general, alterations in physiological parameters appeared to be due to Cu, with Zn having no interactive effect, (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Dethloff, GM (reprint author), USGS, CERC, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM gail_dethloff@usgs.gov NR 66 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 42 IS 3 BP 253 EP 264 DI 10.1006/eesa.1998.1757 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 179CC UT WOS:000079305100007 PM 10090814 ER PT J AU Moulton, SR Robison, HW Crump, BG AF Moulton, SR Robison, HW Crump, BG TI The female of Lepidostoma lescheni (Trichoptera : Lepidostomatidae), with new distributional records for the species SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article ID ARKANSAS AB The female of Lepidostoma lescheni is described and illustrated for the first time and a female allotype specimen designated. Several new collection records are presented to help clarify its distribution and endemism in the Interior Highlands of North America. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Unit, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Moulton, SR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Unit, POB 25046,MS 407, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 110 IS 2 BP 85 EP 88 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 193PP UT WOS:000080145500002 ER PT J AU Capel, PD Spexet, AH Larson, SJ AF Capel, PD Spexet, AH Larson, SJ TI Occurrence and behavior of the herbicide prometon in the hydrologic system SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SURFACE-WATER; PESTICIDES; BASIN; ATRAZINE AB Prometon, a triazine herbicide, is used for total vegetation control on industrial sites, on noncrop areas on farms, in and under asphalt, and to a small extent by homeowners. Prometon has often been detected in surface water and groundwater in studies reported in the literature, but its presence is seldom discussed, partly because of its infrequent inclusion on lists of herbicides used in either agricultural or urban areas. In recent large-scale studies by the U.S. Geological Survey, prometon has been the most commonly detected herbicide in surface water and groundwater in urban areas and the third and fourth most commonly detected herbicide in groundwater and surface water, respectively, in agricultural areas. It also has been detected in rain. The frequent detection of prometon in the environment is discussed in relation to its use practices and predicted environmental behavior. Prometon is compared to atrazine, a structurally similar agricultural triazine herbicide that is one of the most studied and most commonly detected herbicides found in the hydrologic environment. The environmental data presented here demonstrate the wide-scale occurrence of prometon in all components of the hydrologic system, particularly in the surface water and groundwater of urban areas. C1 Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Civil Engn Dept 122, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Capel, PD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, US Geol Survey, Civil Engn Dept 122, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 50 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 5 BP 674 EP 680 DI 10.1021/es9807340 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 172MU UT WOS:000078929000018 ER PT J AU To, TB Nordstrom, DK Cunningham, KM Ball, JW McCleskey, RB AF To, TB Nordstrom, DK Cunningham, KM Ball, JW McCleskey, RB TI New method for the direct determination of dissolved Fe(III) concentration in acid mine waters SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION; CATALYTIC DETERMINATION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; IRON; IRON(III); OXIDATION; FERROZINE AB A new method for direct determination of dissolved Fe(III) in acid mine water has been developed. In most present methods, Fe(III) is determined by computing the difference between total dissolved Fe and dissolved Fe(II). For acid mine waters, frequently Fe(II)>> Fe(III); thus, accuracy and precision are considerably improved by determining Fe(III) concentration directly. The new method utilizes two selective ligands to stabilize Fe(III) and Fe(II), thereby preventing changes in Fe reduction-oxidation distribution. Complexed Fe(II) is cleanly removed using a silica-based, reversed-phase adsorbent, yielding excellent isolation of the Fe(III) complex. Iron(III) concentration is measured colorimetrically or by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The method requires inexpensive commercial reagents and simple procedures that can be used in the field. Calcium(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Al(III), Zn(II), and Cd(II) cause insignificant colorimetric interferences for most acid mine waters. Waters containing >20 mg of Cu/L could cause a colorimetric interference and should be measured by GFAAS. Cobalt(II) and Cr(III) interfere if their molar ratios to Fe(III) exceed 24 and 5, respectively. Iron(II)interferes when its concentration exceeds the capacity of the complexing ligand (14 mg/L). Because of the GFAAS elemental specificity, only Fe(II) is a potential interferent in the GFAAS technique. The method detection limit is 2 mu g/L (40 nM) using GFAAS and 20 mu g/L (0.4 mu M) by colorimetry. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Nordstrom, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI McCleskey, Richard/0000-0002-2521-8052 NR 21 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 5 BP 807 EP 813 DI 10.1021/es980684z PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 172MU UT WOS:000078929000038 ER PT J AU Smeets, JMW Voormolen, A Tillitt, DE Everaarts, JM Seinen, W AF Smeets, JMW Voormolen, A Tillitt, DE Everaarts, JM Seinen, W TI Cytochrome P4501A induction, benzo[a]pyrene metabolism, and nucleotide adduct formation in fish hepatoma cells: Effect of preexposure to 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PLHC-1; cytochrome P4501A; benzo[a]pyrene; metabolism; DNA/RNA adducts ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SEDIMENTS; BINDING; LIVER; POECILIOPSIS; ACCUMULATION; ACTIVATION; CHEMICALS AB In PLHC-1 hepatoma cells, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) caused a maximum induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity, measured as ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD), after 4 to 8 h of exposure, depending on the B[a]P concentration. The decline of EROD activity at longer exposure times was probably caused by the rapid metabolism of B[a]P in this system (57% metabolism within 4 h incubation). In subsequent experiments, PLHC-1 cells were preinduced with PCB 126 for 24 h and then received a dose of 10, 100, or 1,000 nM H-3-B[a]P. A 1-nM concentration of PCB 126 caused an 80-fold induction of CYP1A activity, resulting in an increase in B[a]P metabolism of less than 10%, except at the highest concentration of B[a]P (1,000 nM), where a 50% increase was observed. In another experiment, an 80-fold induction of CYP1A activity caused a 20% increase in the metabolism of B[a]P (100 nM), and RNA adduct formation was increased approximately twofold. These results indicate that, at exposure concentrations up to 100 nM B[a]P, CYP1A activity is not rate limiting for B[a]P metabolism. Furthermore, CYP1A seems to also be specifically involved in B[a]P activation in PLHC-1 cells. However, CYP1A induction causes only a relatively small increase in activation, probably because of the action of other enzymes involved in B[a]P activation and deactivation. C1 Univ Utrecht, Toxicol Res Inst, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Midwest Sci Ctr, Dept Interior, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. RP Smeets, JMW (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Toxicol Res Inst, POB 80176, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 474 EP 480 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0474:CPIBAP>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 167WX UT WOS:000078658100016 ER PT J AU McNulty, EW Dwyer, FJ Ellersieck, MR Greer, EI Ingersoll, CG Rabeni, CF AF McNulty, EW Dwyer, FJ Ellersieck, MR Greer, EI Ingersoll, CG Rabeni, CF TI Evaluation of ability of reference toxicity tests to identify stress in laboratory populations of the amphipod Hyalella azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE reference toxicity tests; reference toxicant; amphipoda; Hyalella azteca; stress ID REFERENCE TOXICANTS; BIOASSAYS AB Standard methods for conducting toxicity tests imply that the condition of test organisms can be established using reference toxicity tests. However, only a limited number of studies have evaluated whether reference toxicity tests can actually be used to determine if organisms are in good condition, at the start of a test. We evaluated the ability of reference toxicants to identify stress associated with starvation in laboratory populations of the amphipod Hyalella azteca using acute toxicity tests and four reference toxicants: KCl, CdCl2, sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP), and carbaryl. Stress associated with severe starvation was observed with exposure of amphipods to carbaryl or NaPCP but not with exposure to KCl or CdCl2 (i.e., lower LC50 with severe starvation). Although the LC50s for NaPCP and carbaryl were statistically different between starved and fed amphipods, this difference may not be biologically significant given the variability expected in acute lethality tests. Stress associated with sieving, heat shock, or cold shock of amphipods before the start of a test was not evident with exposure to carbaryl or KCl as reference toxicants. The chemicals evaluated in this study provided minimal information about the condition of the organisms used to start a toxicity test. Laboratories should periodically perform reference toxicity tests to assess the sensitivity of life stages or strains of test organisms. However, use of other test acceptability criteria required in standard methods, such as minimum survival, growth, or reproduction of organisms in the control treatment at the end of a test, provides more useful information about the condition of organisms used to start a test compared to data generated from reference toxicity tests. C1 Univ Missouri, Agr Expt Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Ingersoll, CG (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Agr Expt Stn, 105 Math Sci Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 544 EP 548 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0544:EOAORT>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 167WX UT WOS:000078658100024 ER PT J AU Tomascak, PB Tera, F Helz, RT Walker, RJ AF Tomascak, PB Tera, F Helz, RT Walker, RJ TI The absence of lithium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: New measurements by multicollector sector ICP-MS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SAMPLES; HAWAII; ROCKS AB We report measurements of the isotopic composition of lithium in basalts using a multicollector magnetic sector plasma-source mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS). This is the first application of this analytical technique to Li isotope determination. External precision of multiple replicate and duplicate measurements for a variety of sample types averages +/-1.1 parts per thousand (2 sigma population). The method allows for the rapid (similar to 8 min/sample) analysis of small samples (similar to 40 ng Li) relative to commonly used thermal ionization methods. The technique has been applied to a suite of samples from Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii. The samples range from olivine-rich cumulitic lava to SiO2- and K2O-enriched differentiated liquids, and have delta(7)Li (per mil deviation of sample Li-7/Li-6 relative to the L-SVEC standard) of +3.0 to +4.8. The data indicate a lack of per mil-level Li isotope fractionation as a result of crystal-liquid fractionation at temperatures greater than 1050 degrees C, This conclusion has been tacitly assumed but never demonstrated, and is important to the interpretation of Li isotope results from such geochemically complex environments as island arcs. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Tomascak, PB (reprint author), Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RI Walker, Richard/K-6869-2016 OI Walker, Richard/0000-0003-0348-2407 NR 21 TC 142 Z9 154 U1 2 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 6 BP 907 EP 910 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00318-4 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 210GP UT WOS:000081097000010 ER PT J AU Wilson, AM Garven, G Boles, JR AF Wilson, AM Garven, G Boles, JR TI Paleohydrogeology of the San Joaquin basin, California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DRIVEN GROUNDWATER-FLOW; NORTH COLES LEVEE; ILLITE TRANSFORMATION; SEDIMENTARY BASINS; TERTIARY SANDSTONES; SIERRA-NEVADA; COAST-RANGES; GREAT-VALLEY; SMECTITE; ORIGIN AB Mass transport can have a significant effect on chemical diagenetic processes in sedimentary basins, This paper presents results from the first part of a study that was designed to explore the role of an evolving hydrodynamic system in driving mass transport and chemical diagenesis, using the San Joaquin basin of California as a field area. We use coupled hydrogeologic models to establish the paleohydrogeology, thermal history, and behavior of nonreactive solutes in the basin, These models rely on extensive geological information and account for variable-density fluid flow, heat transport, solute transport, tectonic uplift, sediment compaction, and clay dehydration, In our numerical simulations, tectonic uplift and ocean regression led to large-scale changes in fluid flow and composition by strengthening topography-driven fluid flow and allowing deep influx of fresh ground water in tilt? San Joaquin basin. Sediment compaction due to rapid deposition created moderate overpressures, leading to upward flow from depth, The unusual distribution of salinity in the basin reflects influx of fresh ground water to depths of as much as 2 km and dilution of saline fluids by dehydration reactions at depths greater than similar to 2.5 km, Simulations projecting the future salinity of the basin show marine salinities persisting for more than 10 m.y. after ocean regression, Results also show a change from topography- to compaction-driven flow in the Stevens Sandstone at ca, 5 Ma that coincides with an observed change in the diagenetic sequence. Results of this investigation provide a framework for future hydrologic research exploring the link between fluid flow and diagenesis. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Morton K Blaustein Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Wilson, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. OI Wilson, Alicia/0000-0002-1113-6267 NR 91 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 11 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 111 IS 3 BP 432 EP 449 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0432:POTSJB>2.3.CO;2 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 175YU UT WOS:000079124300007 ER PT J AU Thompson, DM Wohl, EE Jarrett, RD AF Thompson, DM Wohl, EE Jarrett, RD TI Velocity reversals and sediment sorting in pools and riffles controlled by channel constrictions SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pool maintenance; recirculating eddy; pool exit-slope ID RECIRCULATING FLOW; SEQUENCES; HYPOTHESIS; RIVER; MODEL; BED; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; STREAM; CREEK AB Keller [Keller, E.A,, 1971. Areal sorting of bed-load material: the hypothesis of velocity reversal. Geological Society of America Bulletin 82, 753-756] hypothesized that at high flow, near-bed velocities in pools exceed velocities in riffles and create pool scour. Pools, however, typically have larger cross-sectional areas of flow at bankfull discharge. This condition raises an inconsistency with Keller's velocity reversal hypothesis and the one-dimensional continuity of mass equation. To address this problem, a model of pool maintenance and sediment sorting is proposed that relies on constriction of flow by recirculating eddies and flow divergence over the exit-slopes of pools. According to the model, a narrow zone of high velocity occurs in the center of pools, creating scour. Along the downstream end of pools, an uphill climb of particles up the pool exit-slope promotes sediment deposition. The model is tested with field and flume measurements of velocity, water-surface elevation, and size of bed sediments in recirculating-eddy influenced pools. Local reversals of the water-surface gradient were measured in the field and a velocity reversal was created in the flume. The reversals that were measured indicate higher gradients of the water surface over the upstream portions of pools and higher velocities in pools at high flow. The distribution of bed sediments collected in the field also support the proposed model of pool maintenance. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Thompson, DM (reprint author), Connecticut Coll, Dept Phys Astron & Geophys, Campus Box 5585,270 Mohegan Ave, New London, CT 06320 USA. RI Thompson, Douglas /O-2434-2014 OI Thompson, Douglas /0000-0003-1137-4326 NR 28 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD MAR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00082-8 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 169VE UT WOS:000078769100004 ER PT J AU Calder, ES Cole, PD Dade, WB Druitt, TH Hoblitt, RP Huppert, HE Ritchie, L Sparks, RSJ Young, SR AF Calder, ES Cole, PD Dade, WB Druitt, TH Hoblitt, RP Huppert, HE Ritchie, L Sparks, RSJ Young, SR TI Mobility of pyroclastic flows and surges at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CATASTROPHIC DEBRIS AVALANCHE; VALLES MARINERIS; DECEMBER 1997; LAVA DOME; MARS; LANDSLIDES AB The Soufriere Hills Volcano on Montserrat has produced avalanche-like pyroclastic flows formed by collapse of the unstable lava dome or explosive activity. Pyroclastic flows associated with dome collapse generate overlying dilute surges which detach from and travel beyond their parent flows. The largest surges partially transform by rapid sedimentation into dense secondary pyroclastic flows that pose significant hazards to distal areas. Different kinds of pyroclastic density currents display contrasting mobilities indicated by ratios of total height of fall H, run-out distance L, area inundated A and volume transported V, Dome-collapse Flow mobilities (characterised by either L/H or A/V (2/3)) resemble those of terrestrial and extraterrestrial cold-rockfalls(Dade and Huppert, 1998). In contrast, fountain-fed pumice flows and fine-grained, secondary pyroclastic flows travel slower but, for comparable initial volumes and heights, can inundate greater areas. C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1TH, Avon, England. Univ Luton, Dept Geol, Luton LU1 3JU, Beds, England. Univ Cambridge, Inst Theoret Geophys, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. Univ Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Clermont Ferrand, France. Univ Clermont Ferrand, Dept Sci Terre, Clermont Ferrand, France. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. British Geol Survey, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Calder, ES (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1TH, Avon, England. EM Eliza.Calder@Bristol.ac.uk RI Cole, Paul/A-8454-2011; OI Cole, Paul/0000-0002-2964-311X NR 18 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 5 BP 537 EP 540 DI 10.1029/1999GL900051 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 181NJ UT WOS:000079447100002 ER PT J AU Wickland, KP Striegl, RG Schmidt, SK Mast, MA AF Wickland, KP Striegl, RG Schmidt, SK Mast, MA TI Methane flux in subalpine wetland and unsaturated soils in the southern Rocky Mountains SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; NORTHERN WETLANDS; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; NITROUS-OXIDE; RICE PADDIES; PEAT SOILS; CONSUMPTION; EMISSION AB Methane exchange between the atmosphere and subalpine wetland and unsaturated soils was evaluated over a 15-month period during 1995-1996. Four vegetation community types along a moisture gradient (wetland, moist-grassy, moist-messy, and dry) were included in a 100 m sampling transect situated at 3200 m elevation in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Methane fluxes and soil temperature were measured during snow-free and snow-covered periods, and soil moisture content was measured during snow-free periods. The range of mean measured fluxes through all seasons (a positive value represents CH4 efflux to the atmosphere) were: 0.3 to 29.2, mmol CH4 m(-2) d(-1) wetland area; 0.1 to 1.8 mmol CH4 m(-2) d(-1) moist-grassy area; -0.04 to 0.7 mmol CH4 m(-2) d(-1), moist-messy area; and -0.6 to 0 mmol CH4 m(-2) d(-1), dry area. Methane efflux was significantly correlated with soil temperature (5 cm) at the continuously saturated wetland area during snow-free periods. Consumption of atmospheric methane was significantly correlated with moisture content in the upper 5 cm of soil at the dry area. A model based on the wetland flux-temperature relationship estimated an annual methane emission of 2.53 mol CH4 m(-2) from the wetland. Estimates of annual methane flux based on field measurements at the other sites were 0.12 mol CH4 m(-2), moist-grassy area; 0.03 mol CH4 m(-2), moist-messy area; and -0.04 mol CH4 m(-2), dry area. Methane fluxes during snow-covered periods were responsible for 25, 73, 23, and 43% of the annual fluxes at the wetland, moist-grassy, moist-mossy, and dry sites, respectively. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wickland, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Schmidt, Steven/G-2771-2010; OI Schmidt, Steven/0000-0002-9175-2085; Wickland, Kimberly/0000-0002-6400-0590 NR 69 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 101 EP 113 DI 10.1029/1998GB900003 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173WP UT WOS:000079003000010 ER PT J AU Diodato, DM AF Diodato, DM TI "Registration or Certification?" by W.W. Wood, January-February 1999 issue, v. 37, no. 1 : 1 SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Diodato, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 37 IS 2 BP 165 EP 165 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 175FV UT WOS:000079083500005 ER PT J AU Schnoebelen, DJ Krothe, NC AF Schnoebelen, DJ Krothe, NC TI Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GROUND-WATER; RECHARGE AB The principal bedrock aquifer system across much of Indiana consists of carbonate rocks of Silurian and Devonian age. The Silurian-Devonian aquifer system is used extensively for irrigation in northwestern Indiana and is approximately 170 m thick. Reef and nonreef carbonate aquifers in northwestern Indiana were assessed using hydrogeology (lithology, geophysical logs, aquifer tests) and geochemistry (major ions and stable isotopes). The study showed differences in water quantity and quality between the reef and nonreef aquifers. The reef aquifer had few shales, abundant fossiliferous material (up to 100 m thick), and high porosities (10 to 15%). The nonreef aquifer had abundant shales, less fossiliferons material (a few meters thick), and low porosities. Total transmissivities at the reef sites were 697 m(2)/d, (meters squared per day) and 4831 m(2)/d, compared to 46 m(2)/d at the nonreef site. Flowpaths in the nonreef aquifer were associated with fractures and poorly connected moldic porosity with larger fractures and better connected vuggy porosity in the reef aquifer. Water chemistry data for the nonreef aquifer showed mean concentrations of sodium (235 mg/L [milligrams per liter]), sulfate (160 mg/L), sulfide (13 mg/L), fluoride (2.7 mg/L), and dissolved solids (635 mg/L) approximately two to five times larger when compared to mean concentrations in the reef aquifer. Ground water at the nonreef site was classified as a sodium-bicarbonate type while that at the reef sites was calcium-magnesium bicarbonate. The oxygen/deuterium isotope data indicates recharge from modern precipitation and not Pleistocene-age recharge. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Geol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Schnoebelen, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. EM djschnoe@usgs.gov; kroethen@indiana.edu NR 52 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 37 IS 2 BP 194 EP 203 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00974.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 175FV UT WOS:000079083500014 ER PT J AU Jachens, RC Zoback, ML AF Jachens, RC Zoback, ML TI The San Andreas fault in the San Francisco Bay region, California: Structure and kinematics of a young plate boundary SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article AB Recently acquired high-resolution aeromagnetic data delineate offset and/or truncated magnetic rock bodies of the Franciscan Complex that define the location and structure of, and total offset across, the San Andreas fault in the San Francisco Bay region. Two distinctive magnetic anomalies caused by ultramafic rocks and metabasalts east of, and truncated at, the San Andreas fault have clear counterparts west of the fault that indicate a total right-lateral offset of only 22 km on the Peninsula segment, the active strand that ruptured in 1906. The location of the Peninsula segment is well defined magnetically on the northern peninsula where it goes offshore, and can be traced along strike an additional similar to 6 km to the northwest. Just offshore from Lake Merced, the inferred fault trace steps right (northeast) 3 km onto a nearly parallel strand that can be traced magnetically northwest more than 20 km as the linear northeast edge of a magnetic block bounded by the San Andreas fault, the Pilarcitos fault, and the San Gregorio-Hosgri fault zone. This right-stepping strand, the Golden-Gate segment, joins the eastern mapped trace of the San Andreas fault at Bolinas Lagoon and projects back onshore to the southeast near Lake Merced. Inversion of detailed gravity data on the San Francisco Peninsula reveals a 3 km wide basin situated between the two strands of the San Andreas fault floored by Franciscan basement and filled with Plio-Quaternary sedimentary deposits of the Merced and Colma formations. The basin, similar to 1 km deep at the coast, narrows and becomes thinner to the southeast along the fault over a distance of similar to 12 km. The length, width, and location of the basin between the two strands are consistent with a pull-apart basin formed behind the right step in the right-lateral strike-slip San Andreas fault system and currently moving southeast with the North American plate. Slight nonparallelism of the two strands bounding the basin (implying a small component of convergence with continued strike-slip movement) may explain the progressive narrowing of the basin to the southeast and the puzzling recent uplift of the Merced Formation in a predominantly extensional (pull-apart basin) setting. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake may have nucleated within the step-over region, and the step-over places a strand of the San Andreas fault 3 km closer to downtown San Francisco than previously thought. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Jachens, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 51 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 191 EP 205 PG 15 WC Geology SC Geology GA 174XC UT WOS:000079060900001 ER PT J AU Brocher, TM ten Brink, US Abramovitz, T AF Brocher, TM ten Brink, US Abramovitz, T TI Synthesis of crustal seismic structure and implications for the concept of a slab gap beneath coastal California SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; WEST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; GREAT VALLEY; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; FRANCISCO BAY; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; REFRACTION PROFILE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; PLATE BOUNDARY; SIERRA-NEVADA AB Compilation of seismic transects across the central and northern California Coast Ranges provides evidence for the widespread tectonic emplacement beneath the margin of a slab of partially subducted oceanic lithosphere. The oceanic crust of this lithosphere can be traced landward from the former convergent margin (fossil trench), beneath the Coast Ranges, to at least as far east as the Coast Range/Great Valley boundary. Comparison of measured shear and compressional wave velocities in the middle crust beneath the Hayward fault with laboratory measurements suggests that the middle crust is a diabase (oceanic dust). Both of these observations are consistent with recent models of the high heat flow and age progression of Neogene volcanism along the Coast Ranges based on tectonic emplacement (stalling) of young, hot oceanic lithosphere beneath the margin, but appear to contradict the major predictions of the slab-gap or asthenospheric-window model. Finally, the Neogene volcanism and major strike-slip faults in the Coast Ranges occur within the thickest regions (>14 km thick) of the forearc, suggesting that the locations of Cenozoic volcanism and faulting along the margin are structurally controlled by the forearc thickness rather than being determined by the location of a broad slab gap. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Brocher, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008; OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001; Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X NR 46 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 263 EP 274 PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA 174XC UT WOS:000079060900004 ER PT J AU Hower, JC Ruppert, LF Eble, CF AF Hower, JC Ruppert, LF Eble, CF TI Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Organic-Petrology CY SEP 27-30, 1997 CL LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY SP Soc Organ Petrol DE Kentucky; Fire Clay coal bed; tonstein; rare earth elements ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; VOLCANIC-ASH; BULGARIAN COALS; POND CREEK; FIELD; GEOCHEMISTRY; TONSTEIN; DEPOSIT; FALL AB The Fire Clay coal bed in the Central Appalachian basin region contains a laterally-persistent tonstein that is found in the coal throughout most of its areal extent. The tonstein contains an array of minerals, including sanidine, beta-quartz, anatase and euhedral zircon, that constitutes strong evidence for a volcanic origin of the parting. For this study, five samples of the tonstein and four sets of coal samples underlying the tonstein were collected from five sites in eastern Kentucky. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of the tonstein and underlying coal collected from four sites in eastern Kentucky show that although Zr concentrations are high in the tonstein (570-1820 ppm on a coal-ash basis (cab)), they are highest in the coal directly underlying the tonstein (2870-4540 ppm (cab)). A similar enrichment pattern is observed in the concentration of Y plus the sum of the rare earth elements (Y + Sigma REE): total Y + Sigma REE concentrations in the five tonstein samples range from 511 to 565 ppm (cab). However, Y + Sigma REE contents are highest in the coals directly underlying the tonsteins: values range from 1965 to 4198 ppm (cab). Scanning electron microscopy of samples from coal which directly underlies two of the tonstein samples show that REE-rich phosphate, tentatively identified as monazite, commonly infills cracks in clays and cells in clarain and vitrain. Zircon is rare and commonly subhedral. On the basis of coal chemistry and grain morphology, we suggest that volcanic components in the tonstein were leached by ground water. The leachate, rich in Y and REE precipitated as authigenic mineral phases in the underlying coal. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kentucky, Ctr Appl Energy Res, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Kentucky Geol Survey, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Hower, JC (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Ctr Appl Energy Res, 3572 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. OI Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 21 TC 96 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 39 IS 1-3 BP 141 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3 PG 13 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 170EU UT WOS:000078794000007 ER PT J AU Pomes, ML Green, WR Thurman, EM Orem, WH Lerch, HE AF Pomes, ML Green, WR Thurman, EM Orem, WH Lerch, HE TI DBP formation potential of aquatic humic substances SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; NATURAL-WATERS; FULVIC-ACIDS; PRECURSORS; CANCER AB Aquatic humic substances (AHSs) in water generate potentially harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination. AHSs from two Arkansas reservoirs were characterized to define source, identify meta- dihydroxybenzene (m-DHB) structures as probable DBP precursors, and evaluate predicted HAA and THM formation potentials. Elemental nitrogen content < 1 percent, phenol content > 0.5 mu eq/mg, delta(13)C values of -27(parts per thousand), and low yields of syringyl phenols found by cupric oxide (CuO) oxidation suggest a pine tree source for the AHSs found in the Maumelle and Winona reservoirs in Little Rock, Ark. CuO oxidation yielded fewer m-DHB structures in Maumelle AHSs than in Winona AHSs. A higher 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids (3,5-DHBA) content correlated with increased HAA and THM formation potential. The 3,5-DHBA concentration in Winona AHSs was similar to the range found in the AHSs extracted from deciduous leaf litter, twigs, and grass leachates. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Little Rock, AR 72211 USA. Kansas Dept Hlth & Environm, Topeka, KS 66620 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Geol, Reston, VA 22192 USA. RP Green, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 401 Hardin Rd, Little Rock, AR 72211 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 45 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 91 IS 3 BP 103 EP 115 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 179GB UT WOS:000079317000015 ER PT J AU Royle, JA Berliner, LM AF Royle, JA Berliner, LM TI A hierarchical approach to multivariate spatial modeling and prediction SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE cokriging; EM algorithm; generalized least squares estimation; geostatistics; kriging with external drift; missing data; tropospheric ozone ID INTERPOLATION; COVARIANCE; REGRESSION; EXPOSURE AB We propose a hierarchical model for multivariate spatial modeling and prediction under which one specifies a joint distribution for a multivariate spatial process indirectly through specification of simpler conditional models. This approach is similar to standard methods known as cokriging and "kriging with external drift," but avoids some of the inherent difficulties in these two approaches including specification of valid joint covariance models and restriction to exhaustively sampled covariates. Moreover, both existing approaches can be formulated in this hierarchical framework. The hierarchical approach is ideally suited for, but not restricted for use in, situations in which known "cause/effect" relationships exist. Because the hierarchical approach models dependence between variables in conditional means, as opposed to cross-covariances, very complicated relationships are more easily parameterized. We suggest an iterative estimation procedure that combines generalized least squares with imputation of missing values using the best linear unbiased predictor. An example is given that involves prediction of a daily ozone summary from maximum daily temperature in the Midwest. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management Off, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Stat, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Royle, JA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management Off, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 35 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 4 IS 1 BP 29 EP 56 DI 10.2307/1400420 PG 28 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 216BR UT WOS:000081421100003 ER PT J AU Fontenot, QC Isely, JJ Tomasso, JR AF Fontenot, QC Isely, JJ Tomasso, JR TI Characterization and inhibition of nitrite uptake in shortnose sturgeon fingerlings SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CATFISH ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; CHANNEL CATFISH; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; FRESH-WATER; TOXICITY; CHLORIDE; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; TROUT; BASS AB Efforts are underway to culture the endangered shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum for possible reintroduction. As part of a larger project to develop culture techniques for this species, the uptake of nitrite was evaluated in fingerlings (16.5 +/- 4.85 g; mean +/- SD). Plasma nitrite concentrations increased significantly with exposure time (0-5 d) and dose (0-4 mg nitrite-N/L). Shortnose sturgeon fingerlings were able to concentrate nitrite in their plasma to more than 63 times the environmental concentration. Chloride, as either sodium chloride or calcium chloride, partially inhibited nitrite uptake. However, calcium chloride was a better inhibitor. After previous exposure (2 d at 2.13 +/- 0.080 mg nitrite-N/L) plasma nitrite-N decreased from 165.5 to 36.7 mg/L during a 3-d simultaneous exposure to 2.13 +/- 0.080 mg nitrite-N/L and treatment with 40 mg chloride/L as calcium chloride. The addition of calcium chloride to the water appeared to be an effective means of preventing nitrite uptake and treating nitrite toxicity in hatchery-reared shortnose sturgeon fingerlings. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Tomasso, JR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 1999 VL 11 IS 1 BP 76 EP 80 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0076:CAIONU>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 212JV UT WOS:000081214300010 ER PT J AU Edsall, CC AF Edsall, CC TI A blood chemistry profile for lake trout SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; NORMAL RANGES; FISH AB A blood chemistry profile for lake trout Salvelinus namaycush was developed by establishing baseline ranges for several clinical chemistry tests (glucose, total protein, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, calcium, and magnesium). Measurements were made accurately and rapidly with a Kodak Ektachem DT60 Analyzer and the Ektachem DTSC Module. Blood serum was collected from both laboratory-reared lake trout (1978 and 1986 year-classes) and feral spawning trout from Lake Michigan and then analyzed in the laboratory. No clinically significant differences were found between samples analyzed fresh and those frozen for 1 or 6 weeks. The ranges in chemistry Variables for feral lake trout were generally wider than those for laboratory-reared lake trout, and significant differences existed between male and female feral lake trout for several tests. Blood chemistry profiles also varied seasonally on fish sampled repeatedly. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Edsall, CC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 1999 VL 11 IS 1 BP 81 EP 86 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0081:ABCPFL>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 212JV UT WOS:000081214300011 ER PT J AU Stottlemyer, R Toczydlowski, D AF Stottlemyer, R Toczydlowski, D TI Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint AGU Chapman/SSSA Outreach Conference on Applications of GIS, Remote Sensing, Geostatistics, and Solute Transport Modeling to the Assessment of Nonpoint Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone CY OCT 19-24, 1997 CL RIVERSIDE, CA SP AGU Chapman, SSSA ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; NORTHERN MICHIGAN; SOILS; ECOSYSTEMS; VEGETATION; CLIMATE; STANDS; DENITRIFICATION; NITRIFICATION; AVAILABILITY AB The 115-ha boreal Wallace Lake watershed, located on Isle Royale in the Lake Superior Basin, receives moderate anthropogenic atmospheric N inputs (3 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)). Ecosystem response to atmospheric N inputs is, in part, determined by internal production and consumption of this Limiting nutrient. The objectives of this 2-yr study on plots dominated by birch, spruce, or alder were to quantify forest floor and surface soil net and gross N mineralization rates, and examine potential effects of changes in temperature and moisture on these processes Gross N mineralization rates were 23 times net mineralization rates, and increased with forest floor/soil temperature and moisture. Substrate quality was a likely factor in higher gross mineralization rates beneath birch and spruce. Ammonium immobilization increased with forest floor/soil temperature and moisture. Higher net N mineralization rates beneath alder resulted from lower microbial immobilization rather than greater gross N mineralization. The greatest differences between gross N mineralization and immobilization occurred in early summer. Ammonium immobilization averaged 62% of gross N mineralization. Net and gross nitrification rates differed by vegetation type, were highest in spring and fall, and increased with moisture. Gross nitrification was 19 times net nitrification rates. Nitrate immobilization increased,vith soil moisture, and equalled or exceeded gross nitrification. Net and gross N mineralization or nitrification rates were not correlated. Seasonal variation in forest Boor and surface soil N cycling coupled with high ecosystem retention of precipitation N inputs suggest streamwater N concentrations and output reflect trends in soil processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 45 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 28 IS 2 BP 709 EP 720 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 175VN UT WOS:000079116500039 ER PT J AU Mather, DD Esler, D AF Mather, DD Esler, D TI Evaluation of bursal depth as an indicator of age class of Harlequin Ducks SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN PINTAILS; FEMALE AB We contrasted the estimated age class of recaptured Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) (n = 255) based on bursal depth with expected age class based on bursal depth at first capture and time since first capture. Although neither estimated nor expected ages can be assumed to be correct, rates of discrepancies between the two for within year recaptures indicate sampling error, while between-year recaptures test assumptions about rates of bursal involution. Within-year between year, and overall discrepancy rates were 10%, 24%, and 18%, respectively. Most (86%) between-year discrepancies occurred for birds expected to be after-third-year (ATT) but estimated to be third-year (TY). Of these ATY-TY discrepancies, 22 of 29 (88%) birds had bursal depths of 2 or 3 mm. Further, five of six between year recaptures chat were known to be ATY but estimated to be TY had 2 mm bursas. Reclassifying birds with 2 or 3 mm bursas as ATY resulted in reduction in between-year (24% to 10%) and overall (18% to 11%) discrepancy rates. We conclude that age determination of Harlequin Ducks based on bursal depth, particularly using our modified criteria, is a relatively consistent and reliable technique. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Mather, DD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 19 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 70 IS 2 BP 200 EP 205 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 225VC UT WOS:000081985700007 ER PT J AU Mulcahy, DM Esler, D Stoskopf, MK AF Mulcahy, DM Esler, D Stoskopf, MK TI Loss from Harlequin Ducks of abdominally implanted radio transmitters equipped with percutaneous antennas SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DUMMY TRANSMITTERS; WILD MALLARDS; CHANNEL CATFISH; SURVIVAL; CANVASBACKS; REPRODUCTION; EXPULSION; LOUISIANA; RATES AB We documented extrusion and loss of abdominally implanted radio transmitters with percutaneous antennas from adult female Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus). Birds were captured during wing molt (late August to mid-September) in 1995-1997. Of 44 Harlequin Ducks implanted with radios and recaptured, 7 (16%) had lost their transmitters and 5 (11%) had radios in the process of extruding. Most (11 of 12) extrusions and losses occurred in birds implanted with radios in 1996 and recaptured in 1997. We suggest that transmitter extrusions and losses were due largely to changes in transmitter design made between 1995 and 1996. Transmitters implanted in 1996 were cylindrical rather than spherical, had a flat end with an abrupt edge, and the lower portion of the antenna was reinforced. Radio losses occurred after the 7-mo monitoring period and caused no apparent harm to the birds. Investigators using implanted radios with percutaneous antennas for long-term projects should be aware of the potential for radio extrusion and should minimize the problem by using transmitters that have no sharp edges and that are wide, rather than narrow. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Mulcahy, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 70 IS 2 BP 244 EP 250 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 225VC UT WOS:000081985700013 ER PT J AU Wildhaber, ML Allert, AL Schmitt, CJ AF Wildhaber, ML Allert, AL Schmitt, CJ TI Potential effects of interspecific competition on Neosho madtom (Noturus placidus) populations SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ILLINOIS STREAM; FISH COMMUNITY; ABUNDANCE AB Previous research on the distribution of Neosho madtoms, which are Federally-listed as threatened, indicated a positive relationship between density of Neosho madtoms and cumulative density of other riffle-dwelling benthic fishes. This suggested that interspecific competition was not limiting Neosho madtom populations. We provide further evidence that interspecific competition is not limiting Neosho madtom populations. Densities of fishes with habitat preferences similar to those of the Neosho madtom were positively correlated with Neosho madtom densities, whereas densities of fishes with different habitat preferences were negatively correlated. Slenderhead darter, suckermouth minnow, and juvenile channel catfish densities were positively correlated with Neosho madtom densities. Like the Neosho madtom, these species are found most often over gravel substrate with moderate flows; the suckermouth minnow is tolerant of high turbidities. Bluntnose minnow, western slim minnow, and bullhead minnow densities were negatively correlated with Neosho madtom densities. In contrast to the Neosho madtom, these species are found most often in pools or sluggish backwaters. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Wildhaber, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 19 EP 30 DI 10.1080/02705060.1999.9663651 PG 12 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 174AZ UT WOS:000079013100002 ER PT J AU O'Connell, MT Neves, RJ AF O'Connell, MT Neves, RJ TI Evidence of immunological responses by a host fish (Ambloplites rupestris) and two non-host fishes (Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus) to glochidia of a freshwater mussel (Villosa iris) SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; CHANNEL CATFISH; UNIONIDAE; TEMPERATURE; VIRGINIA AB Immunological responses of fishes to glochidia were evaluated using glochidia of the rainbow mussel (Villosa iris) to infest a host species, rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), and two nonhost species, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). Ouchterlony double-diffusion tests showed that host and nonhost species expressed a humoral defense factor specific to glochidial antigens after induced infestation with glochidia. Precipitin bands were observed in tests on infested fishes but not in tests on uninfested fishes. Microagglutination tests showed that host and nonhost species that were uninfested, infested, or reinfested with glochidia all expressed some agglutination response to glochidial antigens. Experimental fishes had specific humoral defense factors that reacted immunologically to glochidia tissue. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP O'Connell, MT (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, So Stn Box 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 71 EP 78 DI 10.1080/02705060.1999.9663656 PG 8 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 174AZ UT WOS:000079013100007 ER PT J AU Reid, ME AF Reid, ME TI Slope instability caused by small variations in hydraulic conductivity - Closure SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Reid, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 125 IS 3 BP 236 EP 236 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:3(236) PG 1 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 170LA UT WOS:000078806100015 ER PT J AU McLuckie, AM Lamb, T Schwalbe, CR McCord, RD AF McLuckie, AM Lamb, T Schwalbe, CR McCord, RD TI Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOWER COLORADO RIVER; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; XEROBATES-AGASSIZI; DESERT; EVOLUTION; PATTERNS; TURTLES; PLATEAU; UPLIFT; ORIGIN AB Under recent regulatory designation of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) occurring east and south of the Colorado River constitute the Sonoran population, whereas those to the west and north form the Mojave population. These management units, distinguished by significant genetic, morphometric, and ecological differences, represent deep phylogenetic subdivisions within G. agassizii and are of high conservation value. We provide genetic and morphological profiles for an unusual tortoise population inhabiting the Black Mountains of Arizona, some 40 km east of the Colorado River. Both mitochondrial (mt) DNA and morphometric analyses revealed predominately Mojavean features: ten of eleven Black Mountain tortoises possessed Mojave mtDNA markers, and 24 of 37 animals exhibited Mojave morphometric phenotypes. Our results indicate west-to-east movement of tortoises across the Colorado River, though how or when a Mojave lineage became established in the Black Mountains is difficult to ascertain. Active dispersal, river meander, and human transport (early or modern peoples) serve as plausible explanations. Future management of the Black Mountain tortoises should emphasize the population's Mojavean affinities. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. E Carolina Univ, Dept Biol, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP McLuckie, AM (reprint author), Utah Div Wildlife Resources, St George, UT 84790 USA. NR 45 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 36 EP 44 DI 10.2307/1565541 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 175PJ UT WOS:000079103200007 ER PT J AU Wibbels, T Hillis-Starr, ZM Phillips, B AF Wibbels, T Hillis-Starr, ZM Phillips, B TI Female-biased sex ratios of hatchling hawksbill sea turtles from a Caribbean nesting beach SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURES; REPTILES; FLORIDA C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Natl Pk Serv, St Croix, VI 00820 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, St Croix, VI 00820 USA. RP Wibbels, T (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biol, 1300 Univ Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 142 EP 144 DI 10.2307/1565556 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 175PJ UT WOS:000079103200022 ER PT J AU Zhioua, E Bouattour, A Hu, CM Gharbi, M Aeschliman, A Ginsberg, HS Gern, L AF Zhioua, E Bouattour, A Hu, CM Gharbi, M Aeschliman, A Ginsberg, HS Gern, L TI Infection of Ixodes ricinus (Acari : Ixodidae) by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in North Africa SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ixodes ricinus; Borrelia burgdorferi; Borrelia lusitaniae; Tunisia ID LYME-DISEASE; GENOMIC GROUPS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; SP. NOV.; TICKS; SWITZERLAND; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; SLOVENIA; STRICTO AB Free-living adult Ixodes ricinus. were collected in Amdoun, situated in the Kroumiry mountains in northwestern Tunisia (North Africa). Using direct fluorescence antibody assay, the infection rate of field-collected I. ricinus bq Borrelia burgdorferi sensu late was 30.5% (n = 72). No difference in infection rate was observed between male and female ticks. Spirochetes that had been isolated from I. ricinus from Ain Drahim (Kroumiry Mountains) in 1988 were identified as Borrelia lusitaniae (formerly genospecies PotiB2). This is the first identification of a genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from the continent of Africa. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Ctr Vector Borne Dis, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Inst Pasteur Tunis, Dept Med Entomol, Tunis 1002, Tunisia. Univ Neuchatel, Inst Zool, CH-2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland. Univ Rhode Isl, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, USGS, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Zhioua, E (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Ctr Vector Borne Dis, Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RI Gharbi, Mohamed/F-1624-2015 OI Gharbi, Mohamed/0000-0002-7074-2021 NR 37 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 36 IS 2 BP 216 EP 218 PG 3 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 170VT UT WOS:000078828300017 PM 10083761 ER PT J AU Cully, JF AF Cully, JF TI Lone star tick abundance, fire, and bison grazing in tallgrass prairie SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Amblyomma americanum; Ixodidae; habitat; integrated pest management ID AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM ACARI; IXODIDAE; HABITATS; DEER AB Lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum L.) were collected by drag samples of 1 km transects on 12 watersheds at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area near Manhattan, Kans,, during summer 1995-1996, Watersheds were treated to 2 experimental treatments: 3 burn intervals (l-year, 4-year, and 20-year) and 2 grazing treatments (grazed by bison (Bos bison L.) or ungrazed), The objectives were to determine whether fire interval, time since most recent burn, and the presence of large ungulate grazers would cause changes in lone star tick abundance in tallgrass prairie in central Kansas. Watersheds burned at 1-year intervals had fewer larvae and adults than watersheds burned at 4-year or 20-year intervals, Watersheds burned during the year of sampling had fewer ticks than watersheds burned one or more years in the past, For watersheds burned 1 of more years in the past there was no effect from time since burn, The presence of bison did not affect tick abundance. Spring burning is an effective method to reduce tick populations in tallgrass prairie during the year of the burn. C1 Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Cully, JF (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 52 IS 2 BP 139 EP 144 DI 10.2307/4003507 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 182WR UT WOS:000079521600007 ER PT J AU Mineau, P Fletcher, MR Glaser, LC Thomas, NJ Brassard, C Wilson, LK Elliott, JE Lyon, LA Henny, CJ Bollinger, T Porter, SL AF Mineau, P Fletcher, MR Glaser, LC Thomas, NJ Brassard, C Wilson, LK Elliott, JE Lyon, LA Henny, CJ Bollinger, T Porter, SL TI Poisoning of raptors with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides with emphasis on Canada, US and UK SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE pesticides; anticholinesterases; poisoning; raptors; agriculture ID ORGANO-PHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE; RED-TAILED HAWKS; AMERICAN KESTRELS; BALD EAGLES; CONSERVATION STATUS; FENTHION TOXICITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CASE-HISTORIES; WILD BIRDS; CARBOFURAN AB We reviewed cases of raptor mortality resulting from cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. We compiled records from the U.S., U.K. and Canada for the period 1985-95 (520 incidents) and surveyed the relevant literature to identify the main routes of exposure and those products that led to the greatest number of poisoning cases. A high proportion of cases in the U.K. resulted from abusive uses of pesticides (willful poisoning). The proportion was smaller in North America where problems with labeled uses of pesticides were as frequent as abuse cases. Poisoning resulting from labeled use was possible with a large number of granular pesticides and some seed treatments through secondary poisoning or through the ingestion of contaminated invertebrates, notably earthworms. With the more toxic products, residue levels in freshly-sprayed insects were high enough to cause mortality. The use of organophosphorus products as avicides and for the topical treatment of livestock appeared to be common routes of intoxication. The use of insecticides in dormant oils also gave rise to exposure that can be lethal or which can debilitate birds and increase their vulnerability. A few pesticides of high toxicity were responsible for the bulk of poisoning cases. Based on limited information, raptors appeared to be more sensitive than other bird species to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Some of the more significant risk factors that resulted in raptor poisonings were: insectivory and vermivory, opportunistic taking of debilitated prey; scavenging, especially if the gastrointestinal tracts are consumed; presence in agricultural areas; perceived status as pest species; and flocking or other gregarious behavior at some part of their life cycle. Lethal or sublethal poisoning should always be considered in the diagnosis of dead or debilitated raptors even when another diagnosis (e.g., electrocution, car or building strike) is apparent. Many cases of poisoning are not currently diagnosed as such and, even when diagnosed, the information is often not made available to regulatory authorities. The importance of pesticide intoxications relative to other sources of mortality is highly variable in time and place; on a regional level, the increased mortality of raptors resulting from cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides can be significant, especially in the case of rare species. C1 Canadian Wildlife Serv, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. MAFF, Cent Sci Lab, Surrey GU3 3LQ, England. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US EPA, Off Sci Policy 8104R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, RRl Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refuges, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Canadian Cooperat Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. Blue Ridge Community Coll, Weyers Cave, VA 24486 USA. RP Mineau, P (reprint author), Canadian Wildlife Serv, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. NR 143 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 4 U2 37 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 1 EP 37 PG 37 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 190RQ UT WOS:000079978800001 ER PT J AU Kochert, MN Olendorff, RR AF Kochert, MN Olendorff, RR TI Creating raptor benefits from powerline problems SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COMMON RAVENS C1 US Bur Land Management, Raptor Res & Tech Ctr, Boise, ID 83705 USA. RP Kochert, MN (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 39 EP 42 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 190RQ UT WOS:000079978800003 ER PT J AU Box, JB Mossa, J AF Box, JB Mossa, J TI Sediment, land use, and freshwater mussels: prospects and problems SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE sedimentation; unionid mussels; land use; siltation; streams; fluvial geomorphology ID WATER MUSSELS; UNIONID MUSSELS; MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; CORBICULA-FLUMINEA; MICROHABITAT USE; MYTILUS-EDULIS; COVER CHANGES; STREAM; BIVALVIA AB The decline in freshwater mussel populations in many river basins throughout North America has been attributed, in part, to land-use modifications that cause changes in sediment regimes. However, the specific associations that mussels have with stream sediments are poorly understood, making it difficult to assess the impacts of changes in sedimentation rates on unionid mussels. Both bed and suspended materials, and concomitant changes in channel form associated with changes in sediment supply may affect mussels in numerous ways at various stages in their life cycle. Considerable debate and uncertainty remains regarding the strength of associations between sediments and mussels, including whether increased sedimentation is a cause of recent mussel declines. It is important to be aware of appropriate procedures for sampling and analyzing fluvial sediments, and the nature of sediment sources, to adequately assess relationships between unionid mussels and fluvial sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Geog, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Box, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 118 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 4 U2 31 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1 BP 99 EP 117 DI 10.2307/1468011 PG 19 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 203AM UT WOS:000080684900008 ER PT J AU Dorazio, RM AF Dorazio, RM TI Design-based and model-based inference in surveys of freshwater mollusks SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE survey; sampling design; statistics; inference; model; mollusk; benthic ID SEQUENTIAL DECISION PLANS; BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES; MICROHABITAT USE; AREA; POPULATIONS; ALASMIDONTA; BIVALVIA AB Well-known concepts in statistical inference and sampling theory are used to develop recommendations for planning and analyzing the results of quantitative surveys of freshwater mollusks. Two methods of inference commonly used in survey sampling (design-based and model-based) are described and illustrated using examples relevant in surveys of freshwater mollusks. The particular objectives of a survey and the type of information observed in each unit of sampling can be used to help select the sampling design and the method of inference. For example, the mean density of a sparsely distributed population of mollusks can be estimated with higher precision by using model-based inference or by using design-based inference with adaptive cluster sampling than by using design-based inference with conventional sampling. More experience with quantitative surveys of natural assemblages of freshwater mollusks is needed to determine the actual benefits of different sampling designs and inferential procedures. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Dorazio, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 7920 NW 71 St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 11 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1 BP 118 EP 131 DI 10.2307/1468012 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 203AM UT WOS:000080684900009 ER PT J AU Work, TM AF Work, TM TI Weights, hematology, and serum chemistry of free-ranging brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) in Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Sula leucogaster; brown booby; hematology; serum chemistry ID BLOOD AB Hematologic and serum chemistry values are reported for 105 brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) from Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific. Hematocrit, estimated total plasma solids, total and differential white cell counts, serum glucose, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine phosphokinase were analyzed. Hematologic and serum chemistry values varied with age and sex. Values were compared with those of red-footed boobies and other tropical and temperate marine pelecaniforms. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1 BP 81 EP 84 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 194QU UT WOS:000080205700012 PM 10367648 ER PT J AU Knebel, HJ Signell, RP Rendigs, RR Poppe, LJ List, JH AF Knebel, HJ Signell, RP Rendigs, RR Poppe, LJ List, JH TI Seafloor environments in the Long Island Sound estuarine system SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Long Island Sound; estuaries; sedimentary processes; side-scanning methods ID MODERN SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS; SEA-FLOOR ENVIRONMENTS; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; TIDAL CURRENTS; BOSTON HARBOR; SAND WAVES; NORTH-SEA; BAY; TRANSPORT; MASSACHUSETTS AB Four categories of modem seafloor sedimentary environments have been identified and mapped across the large, glaciated, topographically complex Long Island Sound estuary by means of an extensive regional set of sidescan sonographs, bottom samples, and video-camera observations and supplemental marine-geologic and modeled physical-oceanographic data. (1) Environments of erosion or nondeposition contain sediments which range from boulder fields to gravelly coarse-to-medium sands and appear on the sonographs either as patterns with isolated reflections (caused by outcrops of glacial drift and bedrock) or as patterns of strong backscatter (caused by coarse lag deposits). Areas of erosion or nondeposition were found across the rugged seafloor at the eastern entrance of the Sound and atop bathymetric highs and within constricted depressions in other parts of the basin. (2) Environments of bedload transport contain mostly coarse-to-fine sand with only small amounts of mud and are depicted by sonograph patterns of sand ribbons and sand waves. Areas of bedload transport were found primarily in the eastern Sound where bottom currents have sculptured the surface of a Holocene marine delta and are moving these sediments reward the WSW into the estuary. (3) Environments of sediment sorting and reworking comprise variable amounts of fine sand and mud and are characterized either by patterns of moderate backscatter or by patterns with patches of moderate-to-weak backscatter that reflect a combination of erosion and deposition. Areas of sediment sorting and reworking were found around the periphery of the zone of bedload transport in the eastern Sound and along the southern nearshore margin. They also are located atop low knolls, on the flanks of shoal complexes, and within segments of the axial depression in the western Sound. (4) Environments of deposition are blanketed by muds and muddy fine sands that produce patterns of uniformly weak backscatter. Depositional areas occupy broad areas of the basin floor in the western part of the Sound. The regional distribution of seafloor environments reflects fundamental differences in marine-geologic conditions between the eastern and western parts of the Sound. In the funnel-shaped eastern part, a gradient of strong tidal currents coupled with the net nontidal (estuarine) bottom drift produce a westward progression of environments ranging from erosion or nondeposition at the narrow entrance to the Sound, through an extensive area of bedload transport, to a peripheral zone of sediment sorting. In the generally broader western part of the Sound, a weak tidal-current regime combined with the production of particle aggregates by biologic or chemical processes, cause large areas of deposition that are locally interrupted by a patchy distribution of various other environments where the bottom currents are enhanced by and interact with the seafloor topography. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Knebel, HJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 88 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR 1 PY 1999 VL 155 IS 3-4 BP 277 EP + DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00129-7 PG 36 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 169UD UT WOS:000078766200003 ER PT J AU Boundy-Sanders, SQ Sandberg, CA Murchey, BL Harris, AG AF Boundy-Sanders, SQ Sandberg, CA Murchey, BL Harris, AG TI A late Frasnian (Late Devonian) radiolarian, sponge spicule, and conodont fauna from the Slaven Chert, northern Shoshone Range, Roberts Mountains allochthon, Nevada SO MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEW-ENGLAND OROGEN; AUSTRALIA AB Co-occuring conodonts, radiolarians, and sponge spicules from the type locality of the Slaven Chert, northern Shoshone Range, Nevada, indicate that the radiolarian and sponge spicule assemblage described herein correlates with the Late rhenana conodont Zone (late Frasnian). The moderately well preserved radiolarians are the first Frasnian-age fauna described from the Western Hemisphere. They include spumellarians, Ceratoikiscum, and Paleoscenidium, and a radiolarian which we have assigned to a new genus, Durahelenifore Boundy-Sanders and Murchey, with its type species, Durahelenifore robustum Boundy-Sanders and Murchey. Sponge spicules include umbellate microscleres of the Subclass Amphidiscophora, Order Hemidiscosa, previously documented only in Pennsylvanian and younger rocks. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Boundy-Sanders, SQ (reprint author), 17859 149th Ave NE, Woodinville, WA 98072 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU MICROPALEONTOLOGY PRESS PI NEW YORK PA AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY 79TH ST AT CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0026-2803 J9 MICROPALEONTOLOGY JI Micropaleontology PD SPR PY 1999 VL 45 IS 1 BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.2307/1486203 PG 7 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 196PB UT WOS:000080315800003 ER PT J AU Dambacher, JM Li, HW Wolff, JO Rossignol, PA AF Dambacher, JM Li, HW Wolff, JO Rossignol, PA TI Parsimonious interpretation of the impact of vegetation, food, and predation on snowshoe hare SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID POPULATION BIOLOGY; BOREAL FOREST; DENSITIES; SYSTEMS C1 Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, USGS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Dambacher, JM (reprint author), Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, 28655 Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM dambachj@ucs.orst.edu RI Dambacher, Jeffrey/A-2200-2008 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD MAR PY 1999 VL 84 IS 3 BP 530 EP 532 DI 10.2307/3546432 PG 3 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 172HC UT WOS:000078916600016 ER PT J AU Pendall, E Betancourt, JL Leavitt, SW AF Pendall, E Betancourt, JL Leavitt, SW TI Paleoclimatic significance of delta D and delta(13)C values in pinon pine needles from packrat middens spanning the last 40,000 years SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE paleoecology; stable isotopes; C-13/C-12; D/H; Pleistocene; Holocene; New Mexico ID GROWING-SEASON PRECIPITATION; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; TREE-RINGS; HYDROGEN ISOTOPE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; STABLE-CARBON; PLANT-WATER; C-13/C-12 RATIOS; WOOD CELLULOSE; NOBLE-GASES AB We compared two approaches to interpreting delta D of cellulose nitrate in pinon pine needles (Pinus edulis) preserved in packrat middens from central New Mexico, USA. One approach was based on linear regression between modem delta D values and climate parameters, and the other on a deterministic isotope model, modified from Craig and Gordon's terminal lake evaporation model that assumes steady-state conditions and constant isotope effects. One such effect, the net biochemical fractionation factor, was determined for a new species, pinon pine. Regressions showed that delta D values in cellulose nitrate from annual cohorts of needles (1989-1996) were strongly correlated with growing season (May-August) precipitation amount, and delta(13)C values in the same samples were correlated with June relative humidity. The deterministic model reconstructed delta D values of meteoric water used by plants after constraining relative humidity effects with delta(13)C values; growing season temperatures were estimated via modem correlations with delta D values of meteoric water. Variations of this modeling approach have been applied to tree-ring cellulose before, but not to macrofossil cellulose, and comparisons to empirical relationships have not been provided. Results from fossil pinon needles spanning the last similar to 40,000 years showed no significant trend in delta D values of cellulose nitrate, suggesting either no change in the amount of summer precipitation (based on the transfer function) or delta D values of meteoric water or temperature (based on the deterministic model). However, there were significant differences in delta(13)C values, and therefore relative humidity, between Pleistocene and Holocene. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Pendall, E (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM pendall@spot.colorado.edu OI Pendall, Elise/0000-0002-1651-8969 NR 89 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD MAR 1 PY 1999 VL 147 IS 1-2 BP 53 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00152-7 PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 166HL UT WOS:000078570100003 ER PT J AU Lafferty, KD AF Lafferty, KD TI The evolution of trophic transmission SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY LA English DT Review ID PARASITE-INDUCED CHANGES; HOST BEHAVIOR; ALTERED BEHAVIOR; PREDATION; PREY; SUSCEPTIBILITY; MANIPULATION; FISH AB Parasite increased trophic transmission (PITT) is one of the more fascinating tales of parasite evolution. The implications of this go beyond cocktail party anecdotes and science fiction plots ns the phenomenon is pervasive and likely to be ecologically and evolutionarily important. Although the subject has already received substantial review, Kevin Lafferty here focuses on evolutionary aspects that have not been fully explored, specifically: (1) How strong should PITT be ? (2) How might sexual selection and limb autotomy facilitate PITT? (3) How might infrapopulation regulation in final hosts be important in determining avoidance of infected prey ? And (4) what happens when move thats one species of parasite is in the same intermediate host?. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Lafferty, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 NR 37 TC 184 Z9 188 U1 3 U2 54 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0169-4758 J9 PARASITOL TODAY JI Parasitol. Today PD MAR PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 111 EP 115 DI 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01397-6 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 180VZ UT WOS:000079407000008 PM 10322324 ER PT J AU Dohm, JM Tanaka, KL AF Dohm, JM Tanaka, KL TI Geology of the Thaumasia region, Mars: plateau development, valley origins, and magmatic evolution SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GROUND ICE INTERACTIONS; SMALL MARTIAN VALLEYS; THARSIS REGION; VOLCANIC GEOLOGY; ELYSIUM PLANITIA; TECTONIC HISTORY; IMPACT BASINS; UPLIFT; PLANUM; PATERA AB We have constructed the complex geologic history of the Thaumasia region of Mars on the basis of detailed geologic mapping and relative-age dating of rock units and structure. The Thaumasia plateau dominates the region and consists of high lava plains partly surrounded by rugged highlands, mostly of Noachian and Hesperian age. Long-lived faulting centered near Syria Planum and at lesser sites produced radiating narrow grabens during the Noachian through Early Amazonian and concentric wrinkle ridges during the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian. Fault activity peaked during the Noachian and waned substantially during Late Hesperian and Amazonian time. Volcanism on the Thaumasia plateau was particularly active in comparison with other martian cratered highlands, resulting in fourteen volcanoes and numerous outcrops of smooth, ridged, and lobate plains materials. A particularly extensive set of overlapping lava-flow units was emplaced sequentially from Thaumasia Planum to Syria Planum, spanning from the Late Noachian to the Late Hesperian; lobate flows succeeded smooth flow at the beginning of the Late Hesperian. Deep crustal intrusion and a thickened, buoyant crust may have caused the uplift of the plateau during the Noachian and Early Hesperian, resulting in outward-verging fold-and-thrust plateau margins. This structural style appears similar to that of the young ranges of the Rocky Mountains in the western U.S. Within the plateau, several sites of volcanotectonic activity and valley erosion may be underlain by large and perhaps long-lived magmatic intrusions. One such site occurs at the headland of Warrego Valles. Here, at least two episodes of valley dissection from the Noachian to Early Hesperian occurred during the formation of two nearby rift systems. The site also is a locus of intersection for regional narrow grabens during the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian. However, at the site, such faults diverge or terminate, which suggests that a resistant body of rock occurs there. The overall volcanotectonic history at Thaumasia fits into a model for Tharsis as a whole in which long-lived Syria Planum-centered activity is ringed by a few significant, shorter-lived centers of activity like the Thaumasia plateau. Valley formation, like tectonism in the region, peaked during the Noachian and declined substantially during the Hesperian and Amazonian. Temporal and spatial associations of single erosional valleys and valley networks with volcanoes, rift systems, and large impact craters suggest that the majority of valleys formed by hydrothermal, deformational, and seismic-induced processes. The origin of scattered, mainly Noachian valleys is more conjectural; possible explanations include local precipitation, seismic disturbance of aquifers, or unrecognized intrusions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014 NR 69 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 47 IS 3-4 BP 411 EP 431 DI 10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00141-X PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 190TE UT WOS:000079980300012 ER PT J AU Kokaly, RF Clark, RN AF Kokaly, RF Clark, RN TI Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE; NITROGEN CONCENTRATION; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; IMAGING SPECTROMETRY; FOLIAR CHEMISTRY; CANOPY CHEMISTRY; OREGON TRANSECT; FOREST; SPECTRA; ECOSYSTEMS AB We develop a new method for estimating the biochemistry of plant material using spectroscopy. Normalized band depths calculated from the continuum-removed reflectance spectra of dried and ground leaves were used to estimate their concentrations of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to select wavelengths in the broad absorption features cen tered at 1.73 mu m, 2.10 mu m, and 2.30 mu m that were highly correlated with the chemistry of samples from eastern U.S. forests. Band depths of absorption features at these wavelengths were found to also be highly correlated with the chemistry of four other sites. A subset of data from the eastern U.S, forest sites was used to derive linear equations that rc;ere applied to the remaining data to successfully estimate their nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations. Correlations were highest for nitrogen (R-2 from 0.75 to 0.94). The consistent results indicate the possibility of establishing a single equation capable of estimating the chemical concentrations in a wide variety of species front the reflectance spectra of dried leaves. The extension of this method to remote sensing was investigated. The effects of leaf water content, sensor signal-to-noise and bandpass, atmospheric effects, and background soil exposure were examined. Leaf water was found to be the greatest challenge to extending this empirical method to the analysis of fresh whole leaves and complete vegetation canopies. The influence of leaf water on reflectance spectra must be removed to within 10%. Other effects were reduced by continuum removal and normalization of band depths. If the effects of leaf water can be compensated for, it might be possible to extend this method to remote sensing data acquired by imaging spectrometers to give estimates of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations over large areas for use in ecosystem studies. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Kokaly, RF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 973,Box 25046 Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM raymond@speclab.cr.usgs.gov RI Kokaly, Raymond/A-6817-2017 OI Kokaly, Raymond/0000-0003-0276-7101 NR 39 TC 407 Z9 479 U1 7 U2 87 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 67 IS 3 BP 267 EP 287 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00084-4 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 164PL UT WOS:000078472700002 ER PT J AU Schaber, GG AF Schaber, GG TI SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR; SHUTTLE IMAGING RADAR; EASTERN SAHARA; WET SOIL; IMAGES; CALIBRATION; VALLEY; POLARIMETRY; CALIFORNIA; SAFSAF AB Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired over part of the Yuma Desert in southwestern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C-band (5.7-cm wavelength), L-band (24.5 cm), and P-band (68 cm) AIRSAR signals to backscatter from increasingly greater depths reaching several meters in blow sand and sandy alluvium. AIRSAR images obtained within the Barry M. Goldwater Bombing and Gunnery Range near Yuma, Arizona, show a total reversal of C- and P-band backscatter contrast (image tone) for three distinct geologic units. This phenomenon results from an increasingly greater depth of radar imaging with increasing radar wavelength. In the case of sandy- and small pebble-alluvium surfaces mantled by up to several meters of blow sand, backscatter increases directly with SAR wavelength as a result of volume scattering front a calcic soil horizon at shallow depth and by volume scattering from the root mounds of healthy desert vegetation that locally stabilize blow sand. AIRSAR images obtained within the military range are also shown to be useful for detecting metallic military ordnance debris that is located either at the surface or covered by tens of centimeters to several meters of blow sand. The degree of detectability of this ordnance increases with SAR wavelength and is clearly maximized on P-band images that are processed in the cross-polarized mode (HV). This effect is attributed to maximum signal penetration at P-band and the enhanced PHV image contrast between the radar-bright ordnance debris and the radar-dark sandy desert. This article focuses on the interpretation of high resolution AIRSAR images but also compares these airborne SAR images with those acquired front spacecraft sensors such as ERS-SAR and Space Radar Laboratory (SIR-C/X-SAR). (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1999. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Schaber, GG (reprint author), 3312 N Patterson Blvd, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. NR 48 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 67 IS 3 BP 320 EP 347 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5 PG 28 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 164PL UT WOS:000078472700006 ER PT J AU Stottlemyer, R Toczydlowski, D AF Stottlemyer, R Toczydlowski, D TI Seasonal relationships between precipitation, forest floor, and streamwater nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL CO2 EVOLUTION; NORTHERN MICHIGAN; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; NATIONAL-PARK; CHEMISTRY; MINERALIZATION; SNOWMELT; CARBON; STANDS AB The Upper Great Lakes receive large amounts of precipitation-NH4+ and moderate NO3- inputs, Increased atmospheric inorganic N input has led to concern about ecosystem capacity to utilize excess N, This paper summarizes a 5-yr study of seasonal N content and nux in precipitation, snowpack, forest floor, and streamwater in order to assess the source of inorganic N outputs in streamflow from a small boreal watershed. Average precipitation N input was 3 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) The peak snowpack N content averaged 0.55 kg ha(-1). The forest floor inorganic N pool was approximate to 2 kg ha(-1), eight times larger than monthly precipitation N input. The inorganic N pool size peaked in spring and early summer, Ninety percent of the forest Boor inorganic N pool was made up of NH4+-N. Forest floor inorganic N pools generally increased with temperature. Net N mineralization was 15 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), and monthly rates peaked in early summer. During winter, the mean monthly net N mineralization rate was twice the peak snowpack N content. Streamwater NO3- concentration peaked in winter, and inorganic N output peaked in late fall. Beneath the dominant boreal forest species, net N mineralization rates were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with streamwater NO3- concentrations. Forest floor NO3- pools beneath alder [Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng] were positively correlated (P < 0.01) to streamwater NO3- output, At the watershed mouth, streamwater NO3- concentrations were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with precipitation NO3- input and precipitation amount. The relatively small snowpack N content and seasonal precipitation N input compared to forest floor inorganic N pools and net N mineralization rates, the strong ecosystem retention of precipitation N inputs, and the seasonal streamwater NO3- concentration and output pattern all indicated that little streamwater NO3- came directly from precipitation or snowmelt. C1 US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Stottlemyer, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 240 W Prospect St, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 42 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 389 EP 398 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 194NM UT WOS:000080200500018 ER PT J AU Gresswell, RE AF Gresswell, RE TI Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; OREGON COAST RANGE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA; MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; WILDERNESS LAKES; LOTIC ECOSYSTEMS; 1988 WILDFIRES; EASTERN OREGON AB Synthesis of the literature suggests that physical, chemical, and biological elements of a watershed interact with long-term climate to influence fire regime, and that these factors, in concordance with the postfire vegetation mosaic, combine with local-scale weather to govern the trajectory and magnitude of change following a fire event. Perturbation associated with hydrological processes is probably the primary factor influencing postfire persistence of fishes, benthic macroinvertebrates, and diatoms in fluvial systems. It is apparent that salmonids have evolved strategies to survive perturbations occurring at the frequency of wildland fires (10(0)-10(2) years), but local populations of a species may be more ephemeral. Habitat alteration probably has the greatest impact on individual organisms and local populations that are the least mobile, and reinvasion will be most rapid by aquatic organisms with high mobility. It is becoming increasingly apparent that during the past century fire suppression has altered fire regimes in some vegetation types, and consequently, the probability of large stand-replacing fires has increased in those areas. Current evidence suggests, however, that even in the case of extensive high-severity fires, local extirpation of fishes is patchy, and recolonization is rapid. Lasting detrimental effects on fish populations have been limited to areas where native populations have declined and become increasingly isolated because of anthropogenic activities. A strategy of protecting robust aquatic communities and restoring aquatic habitat structure and life history complexity in degraded areas may be the most effective means for insuring the persistence of native biota where the probability of large-scale fires has increased. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gresswell, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM gresswer@ccmail.orst.edu NR 164 TC 134 Z9 138 U1 4 U2 73 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 128 IS 2 BP 193 EP 221 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0193:FAAEIF>2.0.CO;2 PG 29 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 212JE UT WOS:000081212900001 ER PT J AU Whalen, KG Parrish, DL McCormick, SD AF Whalen, KG Parrish, DL McCormick, SD TI Migration timing of Atlantic salmon smolts relative to environmental and physiological factors SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH SMOLTS; SALAR L; SALINITY TOLERANCE; DOWNSTREAM MIGRATION; ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS; WATER TEMPERATURE; SEAWARD MIGRATION; ATPASE ACTIVITY; WILD SMOLTS; K+-ATPASE AB We determined the migration timing of fry-stocked smelts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, relative to environmental and physiological factors, by using net weirs and counting fences in three tributaries of the West River, Vermont. Smelt migration began in late April and early May when water temperature was 5 degrees C, peak movements occurred in early and mid-May at temperatures exceeding 8 degrees C, and migration was complete by early June. Within this seasonal window, significant differences in migration timing and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity occurred among tributaries. In both years of the study, smelts tended to migrate earlier and exhibit greater gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the warmest tributary than in the coolest tributary. Smelt migration timing differed most among tributaries in mid-May when (1) water temperatures were more than 8 degrees C, (2) smelts peaked in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and (3) discharge peaked, stimulating smelt migration. Smelts captured after the migratory period had lower gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than migrating smolts. Relating smelt physiology to migration was crucial for explaining complex interactions among water temperature, discharge, and smelt behavior during both the onset and cessation of migratory activity. Because the period between onset of migration and loss of smelt physiological characteristics may be brief, delays in downstream passage that may occur at dams must be minimized to maximize the successful recruitment of smelts to the marine environment. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Holdsworth Nat Resource Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Whalen, KG (reprint author), Fed Energy Regulatory Commiss, Off Hydropower Licensing, 888 1st St NE, Washington, DC 20426 USA. NR 54 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 128 IS 2 BP 289 EP 301 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0289:MTOASS>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 212JE UT WOS:000081212900007 ER PT J AU Chick, JH Van den Avyle, MJ AF Chick, JH Van den Avyle, MJ TI Effects of zooplankton spatial variation on growth of larval striped bass: An experimental approach SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MATCH MISMATCH HYPOTHESIS; MORONE-SAXATILIS; MARINE FISHES; FOOD-REQUIREMENTS; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; SOUTH-CAROLINA; CHESAPEAKE BAY; RECRUITMENT; EGGS; SURVIVAL AB We quantified growth and mortality rates of larval striped bass Morone saxatilis in laboratory experiments simulating variability of prey abundance and composition along the riverine to lentic gradient in Lake Marion, South Carolina. Larvae were reared from 4 to 14 d posthatch in three treatments: (1) low-prey, which simulated average prey abundance and composition in riverine and transitional habitats; (2) medium-prey, which simulated average abundance and composition in lentic habitats; and (3) high-prey, which simulated peak (patch) abundance and composition in lentic habitats. Larvae did not grow (weight-specific growth, G = -0.80 to -0.062/d; -0.02 to -0.01 mm/d) in the low-prey treatment but grew in the medium- and high-prey treatments (G = -0.035 to 0.105/d; 0.02-0.17 mm/d). Additionally, mortality also varied significantly among prey treatments. Larvae in the medium- and high-prey treatments experienced minimal mortality (Z = 0.041-0.085/d), whereas mortality was greater in the low-prey treatment (Z = 0.072-0.238/d). These results suggest that large-scale (km) spatial variability of zooplankton and other prey in Lake Marion may affect growth and survival of larval striped bass. Cohorts of striped bass transported to lentic habitats in the upper portion of Lake Marion should experience better growth and survival than cohorts in riverine or transitional habitats. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Chick, JH (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NR 46 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 128 IS 2 BP 339 EP 351 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0339:EOZSVO>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 212JE UT WOS:000081212900011 ER PT J AU Hoff, MH Bronte, CR AF Hoff, MH Bronte, CR TI Structure and stability of the midsummer fish communities in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, 1973-1996 SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB We analyzed the structure and stability of the summer fish communities of Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, during 1973-1996 from data collected with bottom trawls at 39 stations. Fifty-three taxa were collected during the study, but we found that relative abundances for 20 taxa described most of the internal variability of the data for all taxa. Abundance data for the 20 species showed that two communities existed in the bay; one inhabited shallow water (less than or equal to 3.0 m) whereas the other inhabited deeper water (>3.0 m). No temporal patterns of change were found in the structure of the shallow-water community, whose variation was best described by abundances of 12 taxa. The deepwater community, whose variation was best described by eight taxa, underwent three periods of stability; 1973-1978, 1979-1988, and 1989-1996. We conclude that the shallow-water community was stable throughout the 24 years studied. Dynamics of the deepwater community were greatly affected by changes in stocking rates of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush and splake (hybrid of brook trout S. fontinalis X lake trout) and by rehabilitation of populations of lake herring Coregonus artedi and lake whitefish C. clupeaformis information on the existence, structure, stability, and habitats of fish communities in the bay will be useful for assessing changes in those communities that result from further changes in the bay or lake ecosystems. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. RP Hoff, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, 2800 Lake Shore Dr E,Suite A, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 128 IS 2 BP 362 EP 373 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0362:SASOTM>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 212JE UT WOS:000081212900013 ER PT J AU Bosch, DD Hubbard, RK Leonard, RA Hicks, DW AF Bosch, DD Hubbard, RK Leonard, RA Hicks, DW TI Tracer studies of subsurface flow patterns in a sandy loam profile SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE water quality; chemical transport; groundwater; subsurface flow; vadose zone; bromide ID GROUNDWATER QUALITY CHANGES; SURFACE BROMIDE APPLICATION; COASTAL-PLAIN; WATER; MOVEMENT; SOILS AB A study designed to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of agrichemical transport to ground,vater was conducted on a 0.81-ha agricultural corn field near Plains, Georgia. The objectives were to: (1) characterize vadose zone flow paths of water and agrichemicals under normal climatic and management conditions and evaluate their spatial and temporal variability; and (2) relate spatial and temporal transport patterns to geophysical properties of the soil and climatic conditions. Agrichemical transport was assessed over a five-year period from 1989 to 1994 through analysis of collected soil and groundwater samples. A bromide (Br-) tracer was applied at 78 kg ha(-1) in 1989 and at 105 kg ha(-1) in 1991. Chloride (Cl-) and nitrogen were applied with fertilizer each year except 1994. Soil characterization tests indicated a dramatic decrease in the saturated hydraulic conductivity associated with a large increase in clay content in a zone from 1 to 4 m below the soil surface. As a result of this soil feature, Br- concentrations in the vadose zone below 4 m were normally less than 2 mg kg(-1) throughout the study. Aquifer chemical concentrations indicated nitrate nitrogen (NO3- N) and Cl- applied to the soil surface in the spring were transported to the groundwater at 9 m by that same fall. Bromide concentrations in ground water peaked at 0.65 mg L-1 while NO3- N concentrations peaked at 6.9 mg L-1 and Cl- at 4.0 mg L-1. Agrichemical transport and variability were controlled by climatic patterns and soil hydraulic characteristics. Transport to groundwater increased when precipitation and irrigation volumes in the first 30 days after spring fertilization and planting exceeded twice the normal precipitation. If large spring thunderstorms occur soon after chemical application, the likelihood of groundwater contamination by agrichemicals is substantially increased These data provide the means to relate transport of agrichemicals in and through the vadose zone to geophysical characteristics and irrigation and precipitation inputs. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bosch, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 42 IS 2 BP 337 EP 349 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 216DY UT WOS:000081427000005 ER PT J AU Lahvis, MA Baehr, AL Baker, RJ AF Lahvis, MA Baehr, AL Baker, RJ TI Quantification of aerobic biodegradation and volatilization rates of gasoline hydrocarbons near the water table under natural attenuation conditions SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UNSATURATED ZONE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; RATE CONSTANTS; GAS-TRANSPORT; AQUIFER AB Aerobic biodegradation and volatilization near the water table constitute a coupled pathway that contributes significantly to the natural attenuation of hydrocarbons at gasoline spill sites. Rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation and volatilization were quantified by analyzing vapor transport in the unsaturated zone at a gasoline spill site in Beaufort, South Carolina. Aerobic biodegradation rates decreased with distance above the water table, ranging from 0.20 to 1.5 g m(-3) d(-1) for toluene, from 0.24 to 0.38 g m(-3) d(-1) for xylene, from 0.09 to 0.24 g m(-3) d(-1) for cyclohexene, from 0.05 to 0.22 g m(-3) d(-1) for ethylbenzene, and from 0.02 to 0.08 g m(-3) d(-1) for benzene. Rates were highest in the capillary zone, where 68% of the total hydrocarbon mass that volatilized from the water table was estimated to have been biodegraded. Hydrocarbons were nearly completely degraded within 1 m above the water table. This large loss underscores the importance of aerobic biodegradation in limiting the transport of hydrocarbon vapors in the unsaturated zone and implies that vapor-plume migration to basements and other points of contact may only be significant if a source of free product is present. Furthermore, because transport of the hydrocarbon in the unsaturated zone can be limited relative to that of oxygen and carbon dioxide, soil-gas surveys conducted at hydrocarbon-spill sites would benefit by the inclusion of oxygen- and carbon-dioxide-gas concentration measurements. Aerobic degradation kinetics in the unsaturated zone were approximately first-order. First-order rate constants near the water table were highest for cyclohexene (0.21-0.65 d(-1)) and nearly equivalent for ethylbenzene (0.11-0.31 d(-1)), xylenes (0.10-0.31 d(-1)), toluene (0.09-0.30 d(-1)), and benzene (0.07-0.31 d(-1)). Hydrocarbon mass loss rates at the water table resulting from the coupled aerobic biodegradation and volatilization process were determined by extrapolating gas transport rates through the capillary zone. Mass loss rates from groundwater were highest for toluene (0.20-0.84 g m(-2) d(-1)), followed by xylenes (0.12-0.69 g m(-2) d(-1)), cyclohexene (0.05-0.15 g m(-2) d(-1)), ethylbenzene (0.02-0.12 g m(-2) d(-1)), and benzene (0.01-0.04 g m(-2) d(-1)). These rates exceed predicted rates of solubilization to groundwater, demonstrating the effectiveness of aerobic biodegradation and volatilization as a combined natural attenuation pathway. C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Lahvis, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, 810 Bear Tavern Rd, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. NR 20 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 753 EP 765 DI 10.1029/1998WR900087 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 169WG UT WOS:000078771700013 ER PT J AU Keeland, BD Conner, WH AF Keeland, BD Conner, WH TI Natural regeneration and growth of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich in Lake Chicot, Louisiana after 44 years of flooding SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE baldcypress; cohort regeneration; flooding; Louisiana; seedling growth; Taxodium distichum ID BALDCYPRESS AB Lake Chicot, in south central Louisiana, USA, was created in 1943 by the impoundment of Chicot Bayou. Extensive establishment of woody seedlings occurred in the lake during a 1.5 year period, including the growing seasons of both 1986 and 1987, when the reservoir was drained for repair work on the dam. Study plots were established in September 1986 to document woody vegetation establishment and to provide a baseline by which to monitor survival and growth after flooding resumed. Taxodium distichum seedlings were the dominant species after one growing season, with a maximum density of 50 seedlings/m(2), an average of about 2/m(2), and an average height of 75 cm. The lake was reflooded at the end of 1987, bringing water depths at the study plots up to about 1.4 m. Temporary drawdowns were again conducted during the fall of 1992 and 1996. In December 1992, the site was revisited, new plots established, and saplings counted and measured. There was an average of 2.1 T. distichum stems/m(2), and the average height was 315 cm. After the 1996 growing season, there was still an average of about 1.9 stems/m(2), and the average height had increased to 476 cm. Preservation of T. distichum forests in relatively shallow but continuously flooded areas such as Lake Chicot may be a simple matter of draining the lake after a good seed crop and maintaining the drawdown long enough for the seedlings to grow taller than the typical growing season water level. In the case of Lake Chicot, this period was two growing seasons. This action will mimic natural, drought-related drawdowns of the lake and will allow the seedlings to establish themselves and grow tall enough to survive normal lake water levels. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Keeland, BD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1 BP 149 EP 155 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 180WX UT WOS:000079409700016 ER PT J AU Carter, J Foote, AL Johnson-Randall, LA AF Carter, J Foote, AL Johnson-Randall, LA TI Modeling the effects of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on wetland loss SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE nutria; Myocastor coypus; Scirpus americanus; Spartina patens; eat-out; brackish marsh; marsh loss; model; population dynamics; coastal Louisiana AB We created a model to study the process in which nutria (Myocastor coypus) feeding activities lead to erosion and loss of marsh area. This model ties together data on nutria population dynamics and feeding behavior from the literature with data from field studies on the phenology of Scirpus americanus and Spartina patens conducted in the Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA in 1992. The complete model consists of three linked models: a model of nutria population dynamics (nutria model), a model of the annual marsh biomass cycle of Scirpus americanus and Spartina patens (biomass model), and a plant-biomass density-dependent marsh area model (area model). When all three models are linked together, they form the "nutriabiomass-area model." Analysis of the models indicated the following. (1) The high population densities and low survivorship rates as reported in the literature are incompatible. (2) The nutria model is sensitive to adult and juvenile survivorship and, to a lesser extent, young born per female. It is not particularly sensitive to gestation periods, impregnation rates, or time to maturity. (3) The marsh area model is not sensitive to the marsh loss equation nor to the density at which loss of marsh area begins but is sensitive to the amount of biomass destroyed per nutria. (4) Nutria numbers do not significantly decrease in the nutria-biomass-area model until the total marsh area approaches zero because marsh loss occurs only during winter when marsh biomass is at its annual low. C1 USGS, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Carter, J (reprint author), USGS, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 26 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1 BP 209 EP 219 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 180WX UT WOS:000079409700023 ER PT J AU Pace, RM Hohman, WL Custer, TW AF Pace, RM Hohman, WL Custer, TW TI Lead effects on body composition and organ size of wintering canvasbacks Aythya valisineria in Louisiana SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anatidae; Aythya valisineria; condition; ducks; lead toxicosis ID SURVIVAL; DUCKS; SHOT; MASS; DYNAMICS; MALLARDS; BLOOD AB We tested whether lead exposure, as evidenced by liver lead concentration, affected body composition and organ sizes of canvasback ducks Aythya valisineria in Louisiana during winter 1987-88. After adjusting for body size, sex, age, and site and month of collection, we found decreases in ingesta-free body mass; breast, leg, and body protein; body fat; intestine length; and liver and gizzard masses associated with increased liver lead concentrations. There were no apparent associations between liver lead concentrations and testes and body ash masses, or caecal length. We used the concentration of 26.7 ppm of liver lead on a dry matter (dm) basis as indicative of lead toxicosis. We predicted that a canvasback with 26.7 ppm dm liver lead would weigh 209 g less and have 105 g less fat than an unexposed individual. Whereas many lead exposed canvasbacks may survive through winter, their subsequent survival, ability to reproduce and perform other annual cycle events may be compromised. We recommend management to make lead unavailable to waterfowl at major concentration areas and periodic monitoring of lead contamination in waterfowl populations. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resource Div, US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resource Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Pace, RM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resource Div, US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 47 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 200FW UT WOS:000080529800001 ER PT J AU Pike, JR Shaw, JH Leslie, DM Shaw, MG AF Pike, JR Shaw, JH Leslie, DM Shaw, MG TI A geographic analysis of the status of mountain lions in Oklahoma SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE geographic information systems; mountain lion; Oklahoma; Puma concolor; sightings ID AVAILABILITY DATA; FOOD-HABITS; CALIFORNIA; PANTHERS; FLORIDA AB The geographic distribution of sightings and sign of mountain lions (Puma concolor) in Oklahoma was investigated. Mail survey questionnaires were sent to natural resource professionals throughout Oklahoma to gather temporal and spatial information on sightings of mountain lions from 1985 to 1995. We used a geographic information system (GIS) to compare locations of sightings and sign in the state with ecoregions, deer harvest, human population densities, locations of licensed owners and breeders of mountain lions, and generalized topography Sightings and sign of mountain lions occurred significantly more often in the Central Rolling Red Plains than elsewhere in the state. Sightings of mountain lions increased with total deer harvest statewide (R-2 = 0.828, P < 0.001). Numbers of sightings of mountain lions were correlated negatively with density of the human population (R-2 = 0.885, P = 0.017). Surveys are a valuable method to assess the status of rare wildlife species when other methods are not available and when those receiving the survey are qualified. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma Dept Wildlife Conservat, Oklahoma City, OK 73152 USA. RP Pike, JR (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 4 EP 11 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 221QB UT WOS:000081736800003 ER PT J AU Janis, MW Clark, JD Johnson, CS AF Janis, MW Clark, JD Johnson, CS TI Predicting mountain lion activity using radiocollars equipped with mercury tip-sensors SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE activity; cougar; Puma concolor; Florida panther; mountain lion; puma; radiotelemetry; telemetry sensors; tip-sensors; tip-switches ID SENSITIVE RADIO COLLARS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; FIELD AB Radiotelemetry collars with tip-sensors have long been used to monitor wildlife activity. However, comparatively few researchers have tested the reliability of the technique on the species being studied. To evaluate the efficacy of using tip-sensors to assess mountain lion (Puma concolor) activity we radiocollared 2 hand-reared mountain lions and simultaneously recorded their behavior and the associated telemetry signal characteristics. We noted both the number of pulse-rate changes and the percentage of time the transmitter emitted a fast pulse rate (i.e., head up) within sampling intervals ranging from 1-5 minutes. Based on 27 hours of observations, we were able to correctly distinguish between active and inactive behaviors >93% of the time using a logistic regression model. We present several models to predict activity of mountain lions; the selection of which to use would depend on study objectives and logistics. Our results indicate that field protocols that use only pulse-rate changes to indicate activity can lead to significant classification errors. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, So Appalachian Field Lab, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Janis, MW (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Fisheries & Wildlife, 274 Ellington Plant Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 19 EP 24 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 221QB UT WOS:000081736800005 ER PT J AU Drewien, RC Herbert, JT Aldrich, TW Bouffard, SH AF Drewien, RC Herbert, JT Aldrich, TW Bouffard, SH TI Detecting trumpeter swans harvested in tundra swan hunts SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE culmen measurement; Cygnus buccinator; Cygnus columbianus; Idaho; Montana; species differentiation; swan hunting; trumpeter swan; tundra swan; Utah AB Identifying the less numerous trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) harvested in tundra swan (C. columbianus) hunts is a management concern. As trumpeter swan ranges expand, their populations become more sympatric with tundra swans during fall and winter, but the 2 species are difficult to separate in the field. Eight states currently allow limited permit hunting for tundra swans. The hunting of trumpeter swans is currently limited by experimental quota to 3 states in the Pacific Flyway. We compared bill measurements (tip to posterior edge of nares opening) for trumpeter swans captured in Idaho (n = 672) with measurements of tundra swans harvested in Utah (n = 1,414) and with measurements reported on postcards (n = 890) returned by hunters who harvested swans in Montana. Mean bill measurements for adult and cygnet trumpeter swans were 68.8 mm and 67.6 mm, respectively, and for tundra swans, 54.0 mm and 52.4 mm, respectively; differences were significant (P < 0.001) between species and in each age class. Over 99% of trumpeter swan adults and cygnets measured greater than or equal to 62 mm and greater than or equal to 61 mm, respectively, whereas 99% of tundra swan adults and cygnets were less than or equal to 60 mm and less than or equal to 59 mm, respectively. Over 96% of adult tundra swans also were identifiable by yellow lore spots, which were rare (0.3%) in adult trumpeter swans. Utah data showed that 10 (0.7%) of 1,424 swans checked during the 1994-96 seasons were trumpeter swans. A Montana postcard survey was mailed to swan hunters during 1992-96 requesting bill measurements, presence or absence of a yellow lore spot, and plumage color to assess age. Of 890 swans reported, 19 (2.1%) were judged to be trumpeter swans. The postcard survey identifies species with minimal error, is a useful and inexpensive technique to monitor minimum trumpeter swan harvest in tundra swan hunts, provides age composition of the harvest, and could be used in tundra swan hunting states. The utility of the technique is dependent on accurate measurements and a high compliance rate by hunters. C1 Univ Idaho, Hornocker Wildlife Inst, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Helena, MT 59620 USA. Utah Div Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pocatello, ID 83201 USA. RP Drewien, RC (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Hornocker Wildlife Inst, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 95 EP 102 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 221QB UT WOS:000081736800016 ER PT J AU Johnson, RR Higgins, KF Naugle, DE Jenks, JA AF Johnson, RR Higgins, KF Naugle, DE Jenks, JA TI A comparison of sampling techniques to estimate number of wetlands SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bias; prairie pothole region; sampling techniques; Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Surveys; wetlands AB The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service use annual estimates of the number of ponded wetlands to estimate duck production and establish duck hunting regulations. Sampling techniques that minimize bias may provide more reliable estimates of annual duck production. Using a wetland geographic information system (GIS), we estimated number of wetlands using standard counting protocol with belt transects and samples of square plots. Estimates were compared to the known number of wetlands in the CIS to determine bias. Bias in transect-derived estimates ranged from +67-87% of the known number of wetlands, compared to bias of +3-6% in estimates from samples of 10.24-km(2) plots. We recommend using samples of 10.24-km(2) plots stratified by wetland density to decrease bias. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. S Dakota State Univ, US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Johnson, RR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, N Amer Waterfowl & Wetlands Off, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RI Jenks, Jonathan/B-7321-2009 NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 103 EP 108 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 221QB UT WOS:000081736800017 ER PT J AU Olsen, RE Afton, AD AF Olsen, RE Afton, AD TI Goose hunter opinions concerning proposed management actions to reduce the mid-continent population of lesser snow geese SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Arkansas; Chen caerulescens caerulescens; Chen rossii; electronic calls; hunter survey; Iowa; lesser snow geese; Louisiana; population control; Ross's geese ID BODY C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Olsen, RE (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 221QB UT WOS:000081736800018 ER PT J AU White, D Kendall, KC Picton, HD AF White, D Kendall, KC Picton, HD TI Potential energetic effects of mountain climbers on foraging grizzly bears SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE army cutworm moths; energetic effects; Euxoa auxiliaris; Glacier National Park; grizzly bears; human disturbance; Ursus arctos horribilis ID AGGREGATION SITES; NORTHWEST MONTANA; FEEDING-ACTIVITY AB Most studies of the effects of human disturbance on grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) have not quantified the energetic effects of such interactions. In this study, we characterized activity budgets of adult grizzly bears as they foraged on aggregations of adult army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) in the alpine of Glacier National Park, Montana, during 1992, 1994, and 1995. We compared the activity budgets of climber-disturbed bears to those of undisturbed bears to estimate the energetic impact of climber disturbance. When bears detected climbers, they subsequently spent 53% less time foraging on moths, 52% more time moving within the foraging area, and 23% more time behaving aggressively, compared to when they were not disturbed. We estimated that grizzly bears could consume approximately 40,000 moths/day or 1,700 moths/hour. At 0.44 kcal/moth, disruption of moth feeding cost bears approximately 12 kcal/minute in addition to the energy expended in evasive maneuvers and defensive behaviors. To reduce both climber interruption of bear foraging and the potential for aggressive bear-human encounters, we recommend routing climbers around moth sites used by bears or limiting access to these sites during bear-use periods. C1 Drury Coll, Dept Biol, Springfield, MO 65802 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, W Glacier, MT 59937 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Fish & Wildlife Management & Res, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP White, D (reprint author), Drury Coll, Dept Biol, Springfield, MO 65802 USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 146 EP 151 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 221QB UT WOS:000081736800022 ER PT J AU Winchell, CS AF Winchell, CS TI An efficient technique to capture complete broods of burrowing owls SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE burrow; burrowing owl; capture; cavity; fledglings; trap C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Carlsbad Fish & Wildlife Off, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. RP Winchell, CS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Carlsbad Fish & Wildlife Off, 2730 Loker Ave W, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 193 EP 196 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 221QB UT WOS:000081736800029 ER PT J AU Frost, HC York, EC Krohn, WB Elowe, KD Decker, TA Powell, SM Fuller, TK AF Frost, HC York, EC Krohn, WB Elowe, KD Decker, TA Powell, SM Fuller, TK TI An evaluation of parturition indices in fishers SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE fisher; indices; Martes pennanti; nipple size; parturition; placental scar ID AGE; MAINE AB Fishers (Martes pennanti) are important forest carnivores and furbearers that are susceptible to overharvest. Traditional indices used to monitor fisher populations typically overestimate litter size and proportion of females that give birth. We evaluated the usefulness of 2 indices of reproduction to determine proportion of female fishers that gave birth in a particular year. We used female fishers of known age and reproductive histories to compare appearance of placental scars with incidence of pregnancy and litter size. Microscopic observation of freshly removed reproductive tracts correctly identified pregnant fishers and correctly estimated litter size in 3 of 4 instances, but gross observation of placental scars failed to correctly identify pregnant fishers and litter size. Microscopic observations of reproductive tracts in carcasses that were not fresh also failed to identify pregnant animals and litter size. We evaluated mean sizes of anterior nipples to see if different reproductive classes could be distinguished. Mean anterior nipple size of captive and wild fishers correctly identified current-year breeders from nonbreeders. Former breeders were misclassified in 4 of 13 instances. Presence of placental scars accurately predicted parturition in a small sample size of fishers, but absence of placental scars did not signify that a female did not give birth. In addition to enabling the estimation of parturition rates in live animals more accurately than traditional indices, mean anterior nipple size also provided an estimate of the percentage of adult females that successfully raised young. Though using mean anterior nipple size to index reproductive success looks promising, additional data are needed to evaluate effects of using dried, stretched pelts on nipple size for management purposes. C1 US Natl Pk Serv, Gettysburg Natl Mil Pk, Gettysburg, PA 17325 USA. US Natl Pk Serv, Santa Monica Natl Recreat Area, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA. Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Maine Dept Inland Fisheries & Wildlife, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. Vermont Dept Fish & Wildlife, St Johnsbury, VT 05819 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Frost, HC (reprint author), US Natl Pk Serv, Gettysburg Natl Mil Pk, 97 Taneytown Rd, Gettysburg, PA 17325 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 221 EP 230 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 221QB UT WOS:000081736800034 ER PT J AU Peterson, RO Mech, LD Weeks, HP Kirkpatrick, CM AF Peterson, RO Mech, LD Weeks, HP Kirkpatrick, CM TI Durward L. Allen 1910-1997 - The predators' champion SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Peterson, RO (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 239 EP 240 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 221QB UT WOS:000081736800037 ER PT J AU Leddy, KL Higgins, KF Naugle, DE AF Leddy, KL Higgins, KF Naugle, DE TI Effects of wind turbines on upland nesting birds in Conservation Reserve Program grasslands SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITIES; WILDLIFE AB Grassland passerines were surveyed during summer 1995 on the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area in southwestern Minnesota to determine the relative influence of wind turbines on overall densities of upland nesting birds in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands. Birds were surveyed along 40 m fixed width transects that were placed along wind turbine strings within three CRP fields and in three CRP fields without turbines. Conservation Reserve Program grasslands without turbines and areas located 180 m from turbines supported higher densities (261.0-312.5 males/100 ha) of grassland birds than areas within 80 m of turbines (58.1-128.0 males/100 ha). Human disturbance, turbine noise, and physical movements of turbines during operation may have distrurbed nesting birds. We recommend that wind turbines be placed within cropland habitats that support lower densities of grassland passerines than those found in CRP grasslands. C1 S Dakota State Univ, USGS BRD, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Higgins, KF (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, USGS BRD, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 2140B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 33 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 47 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 111 IS 1 BP 100 EP 104 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 172QW UT WOS:000078936600014 ER PT J AU Smith, WP Twedt, DJ AF Smith, WP Twedt, DJ TI Temporal differences in point counts of bottomland forest landbirds SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WINTER; TIME AB We compared number of avian species and individuals in morning and evening point counts during the breeding season and during winter in a bottomland hardwood forest in west-central Mississippi. USA. In both seasons, more species and individuals were recorded during morning counts than during evening counts. We also compared morning and evening detections for 18 species during the breeding season and 9 species during winter. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), and Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) were detected significantly more often in morning counts than in evening counts during the breeding season. Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) was recorded more often in morning counts than evening counts during the breeding season and during winter. No species was detected more often in evening counts. Thus, evening point counts of birds during either the breeding season or winter will likely underestimate species richness, overall avian abundance, and the abundance of some individual species in bottomland hardwood forests. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Smith, WP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 13 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 5 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 111 IS 1 BP 139 EP 143 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 172QW UT WOS:000078936600027 ER PT J AU Snoke, AW Kalakay, TJ Quick, JE Sinigoi, S AF Snoke, AW Kalakay, TJ Quick, JE Sinigoi, S TI Development of a deep-crustal shear zone in response to syntectonic intrusion of mafic magma into the lower crust, Ivrea-Verbano zone, Italy SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE lower crust; high temperature; shear zones; anatexis; migmatites; leucosomes; magmas; migration ID SERIE-DEI-LAGHI; SOUTHERN ALPS; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; IGNEOUS COMPLEX; STRONA-CENERI; CROSS-SECTION; REFLECTION DATA; WESTERN ALPS; EVOLUTION; METAMORPHISM AB A 1 to 1.5 km-thick, high-temperature sheer zone is localized in wall rocks subparallel to the eastern intrusive contact of the Permian Mafic Complex of the Ivrea-Verbano zone (IVZ), Italy. The shear zone is characterized by concentrated ductile deformation manifested by a penetrative foliation subparallel to the intrusive contact and a northeast-plunging sillimanite lineation. Evidence of noncoaxial strain and transposition is widespread in the shear zone including such features as rootless isoclinal folds, dismemberment of competent layers, and scattered kinematic indicators. The metasedimentary rocks in the shear zone are migmatitic, and the accumulation of leucosome is variable within the shear zone. Near the intrusive contact with the Mafic Complex leucosome forms similar to 20 vol% of the wall rock, whereas leucosome concentrations may locally reach similar to 60 vol% of the wall rock near the outer limits of the shear zone. This variation in vol% leucosome suggests melt/magma migration from the inferred site of anatexis along the intrusive contact to lower-strain regions within and near the margins of the shear zone. The leucosome accumulations chiefly occur as layer-parallel concentrations, but are also folded and boudined, and locally are associated with tension gashes and fracture arrays. Networks of granitic dikes and small plutons in the eastern IVZ suggest that some magmas migrated out of the high-temperature shear zone. Some magma apparently migrated laterally along the strike of the shear zone and concentrated in areas of lower strain where the intrusive contact takes a major westward bend. The high-temperature shear zone is interpreted as a "stretching fault" (or stretching shear zone) after Means [W.D. Means, Stretching faults, Geology 17 (1989) 893-896], whereupon the metasedimentary wail rocks and associated leucosome deformed synchronously with the multistage emplacement and deformation flow of the Mafic Complex. The recognition of a high-temperature shear zone associated with the emplacement of mafic igneous rocks into the deep crust is an example of the progressive stratification of the lower crust during magmatic under- or intraplating that has consequences for seismic imaging and its interpretation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Trieste, Ist Mineral & Petrog, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. RP Snoke, AW (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM snoke@uwyo.edu OI SINIGOI, Silvano/0000-0001-6812-4083 NR 49 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X EI 1385-013X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD FEB 28 PY 1999 VL 166 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 45 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00280-5 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 166EZ UT WOS:000078564400003 ER PT J AU Mosley-Thompson, E Paskievitch, JF Gow, AJ Thompson, LG AF Mosley-Thompson, E Paskievitch, JF Gow, AJ Thompson, LG TI Late 20th Century increase in South Pole snow accumulation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET; DYER PLATEAU; RECORD; CLIMATE AB A compilation of the 37-year history of net accumulation at the South Pole [Mosley-Thompson et al., 1995] suggests an increase in net annual accumulation since 1965, This record is sporadic and its quality is compromised by spatially restricted observations and nonsystematic measurement procedures. Results from a new, spatially extensive network of 236 accumulation poles document that the current 5-year (1992-1997) average annual net accumulation at the South Pole is 84.5+/-8.9 mm water equivalent (w.e.). This accumulation rate reflects a 30% increase since the 1960s when the best, although not optimal, records indicate that it was 65 mm w.e. Identification of two prominent beta radioactivity horizons (1954/1955 and 1964/1965) in six firn cores confirms an increase in accumulation since 1965. Viewed from a longer perspective of accumulation provided by ice cores and a snow mine study, the net accumulation of the 30-year period, 1965-1994, is the highest 30-year average of this millennium, Limited data suggest this recent accumulation increase extends beyond the South Pole region and may be characteristic of the high East Antarctic Plateau. Enhanced accumulation over the polar ice sheets has been identified as a potential early indicator of warmer sea surface temperatures and may offset a portion of the current rise in global sea level. C1 Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaskan Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Cold Reg Res Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Mosley-Thompson, E (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, 1090 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM thompson.4@osu.edu NR 49 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D4 BP 3877 EP 3886 DI 10.1029/1998JD200092 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169TF UT WOS:000078764100002 ER PT J AU Hostetler, SW Clark, PU Bartlein, PJ Mix, AC Pisias, NJ AF Hostetler, SW Clark, PU Bartlein, PJ Mix, AC Pisias, NJ TI Atmospheric transmission of North Atlantic Heinrich events SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; YOUNGER-DRYAS; ICEBERG DISCHARGES; LAST GLACIATION; GREENLAND ICE; CIRCULATION; OSCILLATIONS; SIMULATION; VEGETATION; PACIFIC AB We model the response of the climate system during Heinrich event 2 (H2) by employing an atmospheric general circulation model, using boundary conditions based on the concept of a "canonical" Heinrich event. The canonical event is initialized with a full-height Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) and CLIMAP sea surface temperatures (SSTs), followed by lowering of the LIS, then warming of North Atlantic SSTs. Our modeled temperature and wind fields exhibit spatially variable responses over the Northern Hemisphere at each stage of the H2 event. In some regions the climatic responses are additive, whereas in other regions they cancel or are of opposite sign, suggesting that Heinrich event climatic variations may have left complex signatures in geologic records. We find variations in the tropical water balance and the mass balance of ice sheets, and implications for variations in terrestrial methane production from the contraction of northern permafrost regions and the expansion of tropical wetlands. C1 US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hostetler, SW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM steve@ucar.edu; clarkp@ucs.orst.edu; bartlein@oregon.uoregon.edu; mix@oce.orst.edu; pisias@oce.orst.edu RI Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011 OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685 NR 47 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D4 BP 3947 EP 3952 DI 10.1029/1998JD200067 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169TF UT WOS:000078764100008 ER PT J AU Schneider, DJ Rose, WI Coke, LR Bluth, GJS Sprod, IE Krueger, AJ AF Schneider, DJ Rose, WI Coke, LR Bluth, GJS Sprod, IE Krueger, AJ TI Early evolution of a stratospheric volcanic eruption cloud as observed with TOMS and AVHRR SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EL-CHICHON VOLCANO; MOUNT-ST-HELENS; OZONE MAPPING SPECTROMETER; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; 1982 ERUPTIONS; DUST CLOUD; ASH CLOUDS; DEPOSITS; TEPHRA; ORIGIN AB This paper is a detailed study of remote sensing data from the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) and the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite detectors, of the 1982 eruption of El Chichon, Mexico. The volcanic cloud/atmosphere interactions in the first four days of this eruption were investigated by combining ultraviolet retrievals to estimate the mass of sulfur dioxide in the volcanic cloud [Krueger et al., 1995] with thermal infrared retrievals of the size, optical depth, and mass of fine-grained (1- 10 mu m radius) volcanic ash [Wen and Rose, 1994]. Our study provides the first direct evidence of gravitational separation of ash from a stratospheric, gas-rich, plinian eruption column and documents the marked differences in residence times of volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide in volcanic clouds. The eruption column reached as high as 32 km [Carey and Sigurdsson, 1986] and was injected into an atmosphere with a strong wind shear, which allowed for an observation of the separation of sulfur dioxide and volcanic ash. The upper, more sulfur dioxide-rich part of the cloud was transported to the west in the stratosphere, while the fine-grained ash traveled to the south in the troposphere. The mass of sulfur dioxide released was estimated at 7.1 x 10(9) kg with the mass decreasing by approximately 4% 1 day after the peak. The mass of fine-grained volcanic ash detected was estimated at 6.5 x 10(9) kg, amounting to about 0.7% of the estimated mass of the ash which fell out in the mapped ash blanket close to the volcano. Over the following days, 98% of this remaining fine ash was removed from the volcanic cloud, and the effective radius of ash in the volcanic cloud decreased from about 8 mu m to about 4 mu m. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Schneider, DJ (reprint author), Raytheon STX, US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM djschneider@usgs.gov; raman@mtu.edu; lrcoke@mtu.edu; gbluth@mtu.edu; ian@ngdc.noaa.gov; krueger@chapman.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Rose, William/A-7923-2009 NR 47 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D4 BP 4037 EP 4050 DI 10.1029/1998JD200073 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169TF UT WOS:000078764100014 ER PT J AU Scowcroft, PG Jeffrey, J AF Scowcroft, PG Jeffrey, J TI Potential significance of frost, topographic relief, and Acacia koa stands to restoration of mesic Hawaiian forests on abandoned rangeland SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Biennial North American Forest Ecology Workshop (NAFEW97) CY JUN 24-26, 1997 CL NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV, RALEIGH, NC HO NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV DE reforestation; Acacia koa; Montane tropical forest; nurse crop; frost damage ID TREE PLANTATIONS; TROPICAL SOILS; COSTA-RICA; PASTURE; GROWTH; PLANTS AB Beginning in the 1850 s, logging, land clearing, and burning were used to convert high elevation Hawaiian forests to cattle pasture. Recently, declining profits from ranching, the need to expand habitat for endangered species, and diminishing supplies of native saw-timber have prompted interest in restoring native forests. The Forest Service, in cooperation with the Fish and Wildlife Service, is studying climatic, edaphic, and biotic limitations in the reforestation of grassland and savanna in the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, island of Hawaii. Frost damage has been implicated in poor survival of Acacia koa, a dominant native nitrogen fixing tree, and other endemic plants. Data showed that for some years freezing temperatures were common above 1800 m elevation, and that A. koa seedling survival was poorest on micro-topographic sites where freezing temperatures were lowest and most prolonged. Artificial frost protection devices enhanced A. koa seedling survival, presumably by reducing radiative cooling. A similar reduction in radiative cooling was observed under a stand of 4 m tall A. koa. Such stands also changed soil chemical properties, making them intermediate between those of grassland and forest. Light levels near the ground under A. koa were similar to those found in forests, but not as low as those found under pasture grasses. Biomass and nutrient pools of the litter-herbaceous layer were affected by micro-topographic position in the landscape and by the presence of stands of A. koa. Using A. koa as a nurse crop may create understory conditions favorable for the establishment of other plant components of a mixed-species forest. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDI, Hakalau forest Natl Wildlife Refuge, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Scowcroft, PG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. EM pscowcro/psw_ipif@fs.fed.us; john_jeffrey@mail.fws.gov NR 35 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 22 PY 1999 VL 114 IS 2-3 BP 447 EP 458 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00374-0 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 167DD UT WOS:000078616600027 ER PT J AU Voight, B Sparks, RSJ Miller, AD Stewart, RC Hoblitt, RP Clarke, A Ewart, J Aspinall, WP Baptie, B Calder, ES Cole, P Druitt, TH Hartford, C Herd, RA Jackson, P Lejeune, AM Lockhart, AB Loughlin, SC Luckett, R Lynch, L Norton, GE Robertson, R Watson, IM Watts, R Young, SR AF Voight, B Sparks, RSJ Miller, AD Stewart, RC Hoblitt, RP Clarke, A Ewart, J Aspinall, WP Baptie, B Calder, ES Cole, P Druitt, TH Hartford, C Herd, RA Jackson, P Lejeune, AM Lockhart, AB Loughlin, SC Luckett, R Lynch, L Norton, GE Robertson, R Watson, IM Watts, R Young, SR TI Magma flow instability and cyclic activity at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ERUPTIONS AB Dome growth at the Soufriere Hills volcano (1996 to 1998) was frequently accompanied by repetitive cycles of earthquakes, ground deformation, degassing, and explosive eruptions. The cycles reflected unsteady conduit flow of volatile-charged magma resulting from gas exsolution, rheological stiffening, and pressurization. The cycles, over hours to days, initiated when degassed stiff magma retarded flow in the upper conduit. Conduit pressure built with gas exsolution, causing shallow seismicity and edifice inflation. Magma and gas were then expelled and the edifice deflated. The repeat time-scale is controlled by magma ascent rates, degassing, and microlite crystallization kinetics. Cyclic behavior allows short-term forecasting of timing, and of eruption style related to explosivity potential. C1 Montserrat Volcano Observ, Montserrat, W Ind Assoc St. US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards program, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. RP Voight, B (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM voight@ems.psu.edu RI Cole, Paul/A-8454-2011; Watson, Matt/E-5236-2011; Robertson, Richard/A-6949-2017; OI Watson, Matt/0000-0001-9198-2203; Robertson, Richard/0000-0001-5245-2787; Cole, Paul/0000-0002-2964-311X NR 27 TC 194 Z9 195 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 19 PY 1999 VL 283 IS 5405 BP 1138 EP 1142 DI 10.1126/science.283.5405.1138 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 169GD UT WOS:000078738400043 ER PT J AU McEwen, AS Malin, MC Carr, MH Hartmann, WK AF McEwen, AS Malin, MC Carr, MH Hartmann, WK TI Voluminous volcanism on early Mars revealed in Valles Marineris SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MARTIAN CRUST; REGIONS; CLIMATE; WALLS AB The relative rates and importance of impact cratering, volcanism, erosion, and the deposition of sediments to the early geological history of Mars are poorly known. That history is recorded in the upper crust of the pillet, which is best exposed along the 4,000-km-long canyon system called Valles Mstrincris. Previous studies of the stratfgraphy of this region have assumed that it consists of megabreccia and fractured bedrock resulting from impacts, overlain by or interbedded with relatively thin layers oflava, and tvith the layering restricted to the uppenaost level of the crust(1-6). IIere we report new high-resolution images that reveal ubiquitous horizontal layering to depths of at least 8 km in the canyons. Megabreccia should be only coarsely layered and fractured bedrock should be unlayered, so these observations indicate that volcanic or sedimentary processes were much more important in early martian history than previously believed. Morphological and compositional data suggest that the layers were formed mainly by volcanic flood lavas, Mars was therefore probably very volcanically active during at least the first billion years and after the period when the heaviest impact bombardment had ended. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. RP McEwen, AS (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 23 TC 148 Z9 148 U1 2 U2 8 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 18 PY 1999 VL 397 IS 6720 BP 584 EP 586 DI 10.1038/17539 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 169GE UT WOS:000078738500039 ER PT J AU Hartmann, WK Malin, M McEwen, A Carr, M Soderblom, L Thomas, P Danielson, E James, P Veverka, J AF Hartmann, WK Malin, M McEwen, A Carr, M Soderblom, L Thomas, P Danielson, E James, P Veverka, J TI Evidence for recent volcanism on Mars from crater counts SO NATURE LA English DT Article AB Impact craters help characterize the age of a planetary surface, because they accumulate with time. They also provide useful constraints on the importance of surface erosion, as such processes will preferentially remove the smaller craters. Earlier studies of martian crater populations revealed that erosion and dust deposition are important processes on Mars(1-6). They disagreed, however, on the age of the youngest volcanism(7,8). These earlier studies were limited by image resolution to craters larger than a few hundred metres in diameter. Here we report an analysis, using new images obtained by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, of crater populations that extend the size distribution down to about 16 m. Our results indicate a wide range of surface ages, with one region-lava flows within the Arsia Mons caldera-that we estimate to be no older than 40-100 million years. We suggest that volcanism is a continuing process on Mars. C1 Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. RP Hartmann, WK (reprint author), Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. NR 20 TC 122 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 11 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 18 PY 1999 VL 397 IS 6720 BP 586 EP 589 DI 10.1038/17545 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 169GE UT WOS:000078738500040 ER PT J AU Malin, MC Carr, MH AF Malin, MC Carr, MH TI Groundwater formation of martian valleys SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MARS; MORPHOLOGY; CHANNELS; ORIGIN AB The martian surface shows large outflow channels, widely accepted as having been formed by gigantic floods that could have occurred under climatic conditions like those seen today(1-5). Also present are branching valley networks that commonly have tributaries(1-8). These valleys are much smaller than the outflow channels and their origins and ages have been controversial. For example, they might have formed through slow erosion by water running across the surface, either early or late in Mars' history(9-13), possibly protected from harsh conditions by ice cover(14-16). Alternatively, they might have formed through groundwater or ground-ice processes that undermine the surface and cause collapse, again either early or late in Mars' history(3,4). Long-duration surface runoff would imply climatic conditions quite different from the present environment. Here we present high-resolution images of martian valleys that support the view that ground water played an important role in their formation, although we are unable as yet to establish when this occurred. C1 Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Malin, MC (reprint author), Malin Space Sci Syst, POB 910148, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. EM malin@mss.com NR 25 TC 106 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 10 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 18 PY 1999 VL 397 IS 6720 BP 589 EP 591 DI 10.1038/17551 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 169GE UT WOS:000078738500041 PM 10050852 ER PT J AU Thomas, PC Malin, MC Carr, MH Danielson, GE Davies, ME Hartmann, WK Ingersoll, AP James, PB McEwen, AS Soderblom, LA Veverka, J AF Thomas, PC Malin, MC Carr, MH Danielson, GE Davies, ME Hartmann, WK Ingersoll, AP James, PB McEwen, AS Soderblom, LA Veverka, J TI Bright dunes on Mars SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID DUST DEPOSITS; AEOLIAN DUNES; FEATURES; SOIL AB Seasonal changes observed on the surface of Mars can in part: be attributed to the transport of geological materials by wind(1). Images obtained by orbiting spacecraft in the 1970s showed large wind-formed features such as dunes, and revealed regional time-varying albedos that could be attributed to the effects of dust erosion and deposition. But the resolution of these images was insufficient to identify different types and sources of aeolian materials, nor could they reveal aeolian deposits other than large dunes or extensive surface coverings that were redistributed by dust storms. Here we present images of Mars with up to 50 times better resolution. These images show that martian dunes include at least two distinct components, the brighter of which rye interpret to be composed of relatively soft minerals, possibly sulphates. We also find large areas of the martian surface that have several metres or more of aeolian mantle lacking obvious bedforms. C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Rand Corp, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Thomas, PC (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 30 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 10 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 18 PY 1999 VL 397 IS 6720 BP 592 EP 594 DI 10.1038/17557 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 169GE UT WOS:000078738500042 ER PT J AU Wechsler, E D'Aleo, C Hill, VA Hopper, J Myers-Wiley, D O'Keefe, E Jacobs, J Guido, F Huang, A Dodt, SN Rowan, B Sherman, M Greenberg, A Schneider, D Noone, B Fanella, L Williamson, BR Dinda, E Mayer, M Backer, M Agasan, A Kornstein, L Stavinsky, F Neal, B Edwards, D Haroon, M Hurley, D Colbert, L Miller, J Mojica, B Carloni, E Devine, B Cambridge, M Root, T Schoonmaker, D Shayegani, M Hastback, W Wallace, B Kondracki, S Smith, P Matiuck, S Pilot, K Acharya, M Wolf, G Manley, W Genese, C Brooks, J Dembek, Z Hadler, J AF Wechsler, E D'Aleo, C Hill, VA Hopper, J Myers-Wiley, D O'Keefe, E Jacobs, J Guido, F Huang, A Dodt, SN Rowan, B Sherman, M Greenberg, A Schneider, D Noone, B Fanella, L Williamson, BR Dinda, E Mayer, M Backer, M Agasan, A Kornstein, L Stavinsky, F Neal, B Edwards, D Haroon, M Hurley, D Colbert, L Miller, J Mojica, B Carloni, E Devine, B Cambridge, M Root, T Schoonmaker, D Shayegani, M Hastback, W Wallace, B Kondracki, S Smith, P Matiuck, S Pilot, K Acharya, M Wolf, G Manley, W Genese, C Brooks, J Dembek, Z Hadler, J TI Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection associated with eating raw oysters and clams harvested from Long Island Sound - Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 48, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Westchester Cty Hlth Dept, New Rochelle, NY USA. Nassau Cty Dept Hlth, Div Dis Control, Mineola, NY USA. Suffolk Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Hauppauge, NY USA. New York City Bur Labs, Enter Pathogens Lab, New York, NY USA. New York City Bur Labs, Environm Microbiol Lab, New York, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. Bur Community Sanitat & Food Protect, New York, NY USA. Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, New York, NY USA. Bur Communicable Dis Control, New York, NY USA. Bur Labs, New York, NY USA. New Jersey State Dept Hlth, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, US FDA, Hartford, CT USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, State Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wechsler, E (reprint author), Westchester Cty Hlth Dept, New Rochelle, NY USA. NR 1 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 17 PY 1999 VL 281 IS 7 BP 603 EP 604 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 165YA UT WOS:000078548400010 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH TI Methane as a product of chloroethene biodegradation under methanogenic conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVELY DECHLORINATES TETRACHLOROETHENE; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; VINYL-CHLORIDE; ETHENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; ABSENCE AB Radiometric detection headspace analyses of microcosms containing bed sediments from two geographically distinct sires indicated that 10-39% of the radiolabeled carbon transformed during anaerobic biodegradation of [1,2-C-14]trichloroethene (TCE) or [1,2-C-14]vinyl chloride (VC) under methanogenic conditions was ultimately incorporated into (CH4)-C-14. The results demonstrate that, in addition to ethene, ethane, and CO2, CH4 can be a significant product of chloroethene biodegradation in some methanogenic sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 14 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 4 BP 653 EP 656 DI 10.1021/es981027+ PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 166VN UT WOS:000078598600021 ER PT J AU Krotkov, NA Torres, O Seftor, C Krueger, AJ Kostinski, A Rose, WI Bluth, GJS Schneider, D Schaefer, SJ AF Krotkov, NA Torres, O Seftor, C Krueger, AJ Kostinski, A Rose, WI Bluth, GJS Schneider, D Schaefer, SJ TI Comparison of TOMS and AVHRR volcanic ash retrievals from the August 1992 eruption of Mt. Spurr SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OZONE MAPPING SPECTROMETER; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; CLOUDS AB On August 19, 1992, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard NOAA-12 and NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) onboard the Nimbus-7 satellite simultaneously detected and mapped the ash cloud from the eruption of Mt. Spurr, Alaska. The spatial extent and geometry of the cloud derived from the two datasets are in good agreement and both AVHRR split window IR (11-12 mu m brightness temperature difference) and the TOMS UV Aerosol Index (0.34-0.38 mu m ultraviolet backscattering and absorption) methods give the same range of total cloud ash mass. Redundant methods for determination of ash masses in drifting volcanic clouds offer many advantages for potential application to the mitigation of aircraft hazards. C1 Raytheon ITSS Co, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. USGS, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, JCET, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Krotkov, NA (reprint author), Raytheon ITSS Co, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RI Rose, William/A-7923-2009; Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013 OI Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750; NR 17 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 4 BP 455 EP 458 DI 10.1029/1998GL900278 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 167EW UT WOS:000078620400006 ER PT J AU Nelson, CH Maldonado, A AF Nelson, CH Maldonado, A TI The Cadiz margin study off Spain: an introduction SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Cadiz; Strait of Gibraltar; Atlantic Inflow; Mediterranean Outflow; Gibraltar tectonics; geologic hazards; shelf and slope facies; contourite facies; Quaternary paleoenvironments AB The Cadiz continental margin of the northeastern Gulf of Cadiz off Spain was selected for a multidisciplinary project because of the interplay of complex tectonic history between the Iberian and African plates, sediment supply from multiple sources, and unique Mediterranean Gateway inflow and outflow currents. The nature of this complex margin, particularly during the last 5 million years, was investigated with emphasis on tectonic history, stratigraphic sequences, marine circulation, contourite depositional facies, geotechnical properties, geologic hazards, and human influences such as dispersal of river contaminants. This study provides an integrated view of the tectonic, sediment supply and oceanographic factors that control depositional processes and growth patterns of the Cadiz and similar modem and ancient continental margins. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Granada, Fac Ciencias, CSIC, Inst Andaluz Ciencias Tierra, Granada 18002, Spain. RP Nelson, CH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 155 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00138-8 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 164PJ UT WOS:000078472500002 ER PT J AU Nelson, CH Baraza, J Maldonado, A Rodero, J Escutia, C Barber, JH AF Nelson, CH Baraza, J Maldonado, A Rodero, J Escutia, C Barber, JH TI Influence of the Atlantic inflow and Mediterranean outflow currents on Late Quaternary sedimentary facies of the Gulf of Cadiz continental margin SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Cadiz; Strait of Gibraltar; Mediterranean outflow currents; Atlantic inflow currents; shelf and slope facies; sedimentation rates; sediment ages; contourite facies ID SPAIN; CONTAMINATION; CONTOURITES; GIBRALTAR; DYNAMICS; LAYERS; SONAR; SHELF AB The late Quaternary pattern of sedimentary facies on the Spanish Gulf of Cadiz continental shelf results from an interaction between a number of controlling factors that are dominated by the Atlantic inflow currents flowing southeastward across the Cadiz shelf toward the Strait of Gibraltar. An inner shelf shoreface sand facies formed by shoaling waves is modified by the inflow currents to form a belt of sand dunes at 10-20 m that extends deeper and obliquely down paleo-valleys as a result of southward down-valley how. A mid-shelf Holocene mud facies progrades offshore from river mouth sources, but Atlantic inflow currents cause extensive progradation along shelf toward the southeast. Increased inflow current speeds near the Strait of Gibraltar and the strong Mediterranean outflow currents there result in lack of mud deposition and development of a reworked transgressive sand dune facies across the entire southernmost shelf. At the outer shelf edge and underlying the mid-shelf mud and inner shelf sand facies is a late Pleistocene to Holocene transgressive sand sheet formed by the eustatic shoreline advance. The late Quaternary pattern of contourite deposits on the Spanish Gulf of Cadiz continental slope results from an interaction between linear diapiric ridges that are oblique to slope contours and the Mediterranean outflow current flowing northwestward parallel to the slope contours and down valleys between the ridges. Coincident with the northwestward decrease in outflow current speeds from the Strait there is the following northwestward gradation of contourite sediment facies: (1) upper slope sand to silt bed facies, (2) sand dune facies on the upstream mid-slope terrace, (3) large mud wave facies on the lower slope, (4) sediment drift facies banked against the diapiric ridges, and (5) valley facies between the ridges. The southeastern sediment drift facies closest to Gibraltar contains medium-fine sand beds interbedded with mud. The adjacent valley floor facies is composed of gravelly shelly coarse to medium sand lags and large sand dunes on the valley margins. By comparison, the northwestern drift contains coarse silt interbeds and the adjacent valley floors exhibit small to medium sand dunes of fine sand. Because of the complex pattern of contour-parallel and valley-perpendicular flow paths of the Mediterranean outflow current, the larger-scale bedforms and coarser-grained sediment of valley facies trend perpendicular to the smaller-scale bedforms and finer-grained contourite deposits of adjacent sediment drift facies. Radiocarbon ages verify that the inner shelf shoreface sand facies (sedimentation rate 7.1 cm/kyr), mid-shelf mud facies (maximum rate 234 cm/kyr) and surface sandy contourite layer of 0.2-1.2 m thickness on the Cadiz slope (1-12 cm/kyr) have deposited during Holocene time when high sea level results in maximum water depth over the Gibraltar sill and full development of the Atlantic inflow and Mediterranean outflow currents. The transgressive sand sheet of the shelf, and the mud layer underlying the surface contourite sand sheet of the slope, correlate, respectively, with the late Pleistocene sea level lowstand and apparent weak Mediterranean outflow current. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CSIC, Inst Ciencias Mar, E-08039 Barcelona, Spain. Univ Granada, CSIC, Inst Andaluz Ciencias Tierra, E-18071 Granada, Spain. RP Nelson, CH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM hnelson@octopus.wr.usgs.gov RI Escutia, Carlota/B-8614-2015 OI Escutia, Carlota/0000-0002-4932-8619 NR 58 TC 107 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 155 IS 1-2 BP 99 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00143-1 PG 31 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 164PJ UT WOS:000078472500007 ER PT J AU Lee, H Baraza, J AF Lee, H Baraza, J TI Geotechnical characteristics and slope stability in the Gulf of Cadiz SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Cadiz; sediment; slope stability; geotechnical properties; physical properties; shear strength ID CONTOURITES; SPAIN AB Sedimentological and geotechnical analyses of thirty-seven core samples from the Gulf of Cadiz continental margin were used to define the regional variability of sediment properties and to assess slope stability. Considering the sediment property data set as a whole, there is an association between grain size, plasticity and water content. Any one of these properties can be mapped regionally to provide an indication of the dominant surface sediment lithology. Based on static sediment strength, a simplified slope stability analysis showed that only steep slopes (>16 degrees for even the most vulnerable sediment) can fail under static loading conditions. Accordingly, transient loads, such as earthquakes or storms, are needed to cause failure on more moderate slopes. A regional seismic slope stability analysis of the Cadiz margin was performed based on detailed geotechnical testing of four gravity core samples. The results showed that the stability of these slopes under seismic loading conditions depends upon sediment density, the cyclic loading shear strength, the slope steepness, and the regional seismicity. Sediment density and cyclic loading shear strength are dependent upon water content, which can act as a proxy for plasticity and texture effects. Specifically, sediment in the water content range of 50-56% is most vulnerable to failure under cyclic loading within the Cadiz margin. As a result, for a uniform seismicity over the region, susceptibility to failure during seismic loading conditions increases with increasing slope steepness and is higher if the sediment water content is in the 50-56% range than if it is not. The only sampled zone of failure on the continental slope contains sediment with water content in this critical range. Storm-wave-induced instability was evaluated for the continental shelf. The evaluation showed that a storm having hundreds of waves with a height in the range of 16 m might be capable of causing failure on the shelf. However, no sediment failures were observed on the shelf that might have been caused by this mechanism. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CSIC, Inst Ciencias Mar, E-08039 Barcelona, Spain. RP Lee, H (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 155 IS 1-2 BP 173 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00146-7 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 164PJ UT WOS:000078472500010 ER PT J AU Baraza, J Ercilla, G Nelson, CH AF Baraza, J Ercilla, G Nelson, CH TI Potential geologic hazards on the eastern Gulf of Cadiz slope (SW Spain) SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE geologic hazards; Gulf of Cadiz; submarine landslides; gassy sediments; Mediterranean Undercurrent; tectonics; tsunamis ID GIBRALTAR PLATE BOUNDARY; SOURCE MECHANISMS; SCOTIAN SHELF; AZORES; EARTHQUAKES; POCKMARKS; FEATURES AB Geologic hazards resulting from sedimentary, oceanographic and tectonic processes affect more than one third of the offshore Gulf of Cadiz, and are identified by interpreting high-resolution seismic profiles and sonographs. Hazards of sedimentary origin include the occurrence of slope instability processes in the form of single or multiple slumps occupying up to 147 km(2) mainly concentrated in the steeper, upper slope area. Besides the presence of steep slopes, the triggering of submarine landslides is probably due to seismic activity and favoured by the presence of biogenic gas within the sediment. Gassy sediments and associated seafloor pockmarks cover more than 240 km(2) in the upper slope. Hazards from oceanographic processes result from the complex system of bottom currents created by the interaction of the strong Mediterranean Undercurrent and the rough seafloor physiography. The local intensification of bottom currents is responsible for erosive processes along more than 1900 km(2) in the upper slope and in the canyons eroded in the central area of the slope, undermining slopes and causing instability. The strong bottom currents also create a mobile seafloor containing bedforms in an area of the Gulf that extends more than 2500 km(2), mostly in the continental slope terraces. Hazards of tectonic origin are important because the Gulf of Cadiz straddles two major tectonic regions, the Azores-Gibraltar fracture zone and the Betic range, which results in diapir uplift over an area of more than 1000 km(2), and in active seismicity with earthquakes of moderate magnitude. Also, tsunamis produced by strong earthquakes occur in the Gulf of Cadiz, and are related to the tectonic activity along the Azores-Gibraltar fracture zone. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CSIC, Inst Ciencias Mar, E-08039 Barcelona, Spain. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Baraza, J (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Ciencias Mar, Paseo Huan de Borbon S-N, E-08039 Barcelona, Spain. RI Ercilla, Gemma/G-8180-2015 NR 55 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 155 IS 1-2 BP 191 EP 215 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00147-9 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 164PJ UT WOS:000078472500011 ER PT J AU Maldonado, A Nelson, CH AF Maldonado, A Nelson, CH TI Interaction of tectonic and depositional processes that control the evolution of the Iberian Gulf of Cadiz margin SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Iberian margin; margin growth patterns; central North Atlantic margin; late Cenozoic depositional processes ID CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; BETIC CORDILLERAS; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; LATE MIOCENE; EBRO MARGIN; ALBORAN SEA; SPAIN; SYSTEM; CONTAMINATION; KINEMATICS AB This study provides an integrated view of the growth patterns and factors that controlled the evolution of the Gulf of Cadiz continental margin based on studies of the tectonic, sedimentologic and oceanographic history of the area. Seven sedimentary regimes are identified, but there are more extensive descriptions of the late Cenozoic regimes because of the larger data base. The regimes of the Mesozoic passive margin include carbonate platforms, which become mixed calcareous-terrigenous deposits during the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary. The Oligocene and Early Miocene terrigenous regimes developed, in contrast, over the active and transcurrent margins near the African-Iberian plate boundary. The top of the Gulf of Cadiz olistostrome, emplaced in the Late Miocene, is used as a key horizon to define the 'post-orogenic' depositional regimes. The Late Miocene progradational margin regime is characterized by a large terrigenous sediment supply to the margin and coincides with the closing of the Miocene Atlantic-Mediterranean gateways. The terrigenous drift depositional regime of the Early Pliocene resulted from the occurrence of high eustatic sea level and the characteristics of the Mediterranean outflow currents that developed after the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar. The Late Pliocene and Quaternary regimes are dominated by sequences of deposits related to cycles of high and low sea levels. Deposition of shelf-margin deltas and slope wedges correlate with regressive and low sea level regimes caused by eustasy and subsidence. During the highstand regimes of the Holocene, inner shelf prograding deltas and deep-water sediment drifts were developed under the influence of the Atlantic inflow and Mediterranean outflow currents, respectively. A modem human cultural regime began 2000 years ago with the Roman occupation of Iberia; human cultural effects on sedimentary regimes may have equalled natural factors such as climate change. Interplay of tectonic and oceanographic controls dominated the evolution of the Cadiz margin during the Cenozoic. Depositional sequences formed where the tectonic setting provided the accommodation space and the shape of the deposits has been greatly influenced by the strong unidirectional Atlantic inflow currents on the shelf and Mediterranean outflow currents on the slope. The entire cycle of the inflow and outflow deposition along the margin has been controlled first by the tectonic evolution of the Betic and Rif gateways, which become closed during the Late Miocene, and after the Messinian by the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar. Strong current development during eustatic sea level highstands of the Pliocene and Quaternary has controlled deposition because of maximum sill depths at Gibraltar for water circulation. Lowstand sea levels slowed circulation and resulted in mud drapes over the slope and regressive stratigraphic sequences over the shelf. More recently, the human industrial revolution has caused heavy metal contamination of sediment and water over the Cadiz margin. Human activity also has affected sedimentation rates because of deforestation that caused increased depositional rates near undammed rivers and decreased rates where rivers have been dammed. Future research efforts will need to focus on: (1) the effect of increased Mediterranean outflow caused by river damming plus global warming and the increased outflow as a potential trigger for new ice ages; (2) assessments of geologic hazards for planning man-made shoreline structures, developing offshore petroleum resources and maintaining undersea communications cables; and (3) confirmation of the general geologic history of the Cadiz margin. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Granada, CSIC, Inst Andaluz Ciencias Tierra, Fac Ciencias, Granada 18002, Spain. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Maldonado, A (reprint author), Univ Granada, CSIC, Inst Andaluz Ciencias Tierra, Fac Ciencias, Granada 18002, Spain. EM amaldona@goliat.ugr.es NR 59 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB 15 PY 1999 VL 155 IS 1-2 BP 217 EP 242 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00148-0 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 164PJ UT WOS:000078472500012 ER PT J AU Morin, RH Flamand, R AF Morin, RH Flamand, R TI Analysis of stress-induced oval fractures in a borehole at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 504, eastern equatorial Pacific SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ORIENTATION AB Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 504B is located in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and extends to a total depth of 2111 m beneath the seafloor (mbsf). Several acoustic televiewer logs have been obtained in this well during successive stages of drilling, and the resulting digital images have revealed numerous oval-shaped fractures seemingly etched into the borehole wall. A theoretical examination of these stress-induced features identifies a unique and ephemeral set of stress distributions and magnitudes that are necessary fur their production. Consequently, the ovals provide a basis for quantifying the magnitudes and orientations of the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses, S-H, and S-h, at this site. Vertical, truncated breakouts and horizontal tensile fractures define the spatial boundaries of the ovals. Explicit criteria for their occurrence are combined with estimates for various physical properties of the rock to yield a range of possible values for the horizontal principal stresses. The conspicuous oval geometry is completed by a curved fracture that joins the vertical and horizontal components. Its degree of curvature is delineated by the modified Griffith failure criterion and is directly related to the principal stress difference (S-H - S-h). Matching a series of type curves corresponding to specific values for (S-H - S-h) with the actual undistorted well bore images allows the magnitude of the stress difference to be further constrained. With a value for (S-H - S-h) of 45 +/- 5 MPa the individual magnitudes of S-H and S-h are determined more precisely. Final estimates for the horizontal principal stresses in DSDP Hole 504B at a depth of 1200 mbsf are 141 MPa less than or equal to S-H less than or equal to 149 MPa and 91 MPa less than or equal to S-h less than or equal to 109 MPa. Stress magnitudes derived from this approach rely heavily upon the values of a variety of physical properties, and complementary laboratory measurements performed on relevant rock samples provide critical information. Uncertainties in estimating these properties translate into less precise predictions of principal stresses. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Quebec, Ctr Etud Ressources Minerales, Chicoutimi, PQ G7H 2B1, Canada. RP Morin, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 403, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM rhmorin@usgs.gov; rflamand@hotmail.com NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B2 BP 2767 EP 2775 DI 10.1029/1998JB900086 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 165YL UT WOS:000078549400009 ER PT J AU McGarr, A AF McGarr, A TI On relating apparent stress to the stress causing earthquake fault slip SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SOURCE PARAMETERS; SCALING RELATIONS; MOMENT TENSOR; DRILLING-SITE; INSITU STRESS; FRICTION; GRANITE; ENERGY; EVENTS AB Apparent stress tau(a) is defined as tau(a) = n<(tau)over bar>, where <(tau)over bar> is the average shear stress loading the fault plane to cause slip and eta is the seismic efficiency, defined as E-a/W, where E-a is the energy radiated seismically and W is the total energy released by the earthquake. The results of a recent study in which apparent stresses of mining-induced earthquakes were compared to those measured for laboratory stick-slip friction events led to the hypothesis that tau(a)/<(tau)over bar> less than or equal to 0.06. This hypothesis is tested here against a substantially augmented data set of earthquakes for which <(tau)over bar> can be estimated, mostly from in situ stress measurements, for comparison with tau(a). The expanded data set, which includes earthquakes artificially triggered at a depth of 9 km in the German Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (KTB) borehole and natural tectonic earthquakes, covers a broad range of hypocentral depths, rock types, pore pressures, and tectonic settings. Nonetheless, over similar to 14 orders of magnitude in seismic moment, apparent stresses exhibit distinct upper bounds defined by a maximum seismic efficiency of similar to 0.06, consistent with the hypothesis proposed before. This behavior of tau(a) and eta can be expressed in terms of two parameters measured for stick-slip friction events in the laboratory: the ratio of the static to the dynamic coefficient of friction and the fault slip overshoot. Typical values for these two parameters yield seismic efficiencies of similar to 0.06. In contrast to efficiencies for laboratory events for which eta is always near 0.06, those for earthquakes tend to be less than this bounding value because E-a for earthquakes is usually underestimated due to factors such as band-limited recording. Thus upper bounds on tau(a)/<(tau)over bar> appear to be controlled by just a few fundamental aspects of frictional stick-slip behavior that are common to shallow earthquakes everywhere. Estimates of <(tau)over bar> from measurements of tau(a) for suites of earthquakes, using tau(a)/tau less than or equal to 0.06, are found to be comparable in magnitude to estimates of shear stress on the basis of extrapolating in situ stress data to seismogenic depths. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM amcgarr@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 133 Z9 143 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B2 BP 3003 EP 3011 DI 10.1029/1998JB900083 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 165YL UT WOS:000078549400024 ER PT J AU Fitzsimons, JD Brown, SB Honeyfield, DC Hnath, JG AF Fitzsimons, JD Brown, SB Honeyfield, DC Hnath, JG TI A review of early mortality syndrome (EMS) in great lakes salmonids: Relationship with thiamine deficiency SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; TROUT; MICHIGAN; FISH; ONTARIO; ALEWIVES; DYNAMICS; EGGS AB Early mortality syndrome or EMS that affects salmonids in the Great Lakes exhibits many of the same clinical signs as Cayuga syndrome, that affects Atlantic salmon (Salmo. salar) in the New York Finger Lakes and the M74 syndrome that affects Atlantic salmon from the Baltic Sea. These similarities may reflect their shared characteristics of associated low thiamine concentrations in eggs and therapeutic responsiveness to exogenous thiamine treatment. When egg thiamine levels fall below a species-specific threshold clinical signs include loss of equilibrium, depression of respiration and reduced heart rate. Although feeding studies with thiamine deficient diets have yet to confirm a thiamine cause-effect relationship, EMS-like symptoms can be induced with thiamine antagonists. Patterns of temporal variability of EMS among Great Lakes' salmonids over the last 3 decades have been similar. In coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), EMS was negatively correlated with alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) abundance in Lake Michigan. We hypothesize that this may reflect quantitative or qualitative changes in the alewives eaten because despite their fluctuating abundance they have remained the preferred diet item. The limited data available for other salmonids suggest similar trends. C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bayfield Inst, Burlington, ON, Canada. Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Wellsboro, PA USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Mattawan, MI USA. RP Fitzsimons, JD (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bayfield Inst, Burlington, ON, Canada. EM fitzsimonsj@dfo-mpo.gc.ca; scott.brown@cciw.ca.us; honeyfie@epix.net; hnathj@dnr.state.mi.us NR 66 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 6 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 179DH UT WOS:000079310000002 ER PT J AU Walsh, GJ Aleinikoff, JN AF Walsh, GJ Aleinikoff, JN TI U-Pb zircon age of metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow Formation: implications for the development of the Vermont Appalachians SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID METAVOLCANIC ROCKS; IAPETUS OCEAN; WESTERN; EVOLUTION; VOLCANISM; ENGLAND AB The Pinney Hollow Formation of central Vermont is part of a rift-elastic to drift-stage sequence of cover rocks deposited on the Laurentian margin during the development of the Iapetan passive margin in Late Proterozoic to Cambrian time. Conventional U-Pb zircon data indicate an age of 571 +/- 5 Ma for a metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow Formation. Geochemical data indicate that the protolith for the metafelsite, now a quartz-albite gneiss or granofels, was rhyolite from a source that was transitional between a within-plate granite and ocean-ridge granite setting and probably came through partially distended continental crust. The transitional setting is consistent with previous data from metabasalts in the Pinney Hollow Formation and supports the idea that the source magma came through continental crust on the rifted margin of the Laurentian craton. The 571 +/- 5 Ma age Provides the first geochronologic age from the rift-elastic cover sequence New England and establishes a Late Proterozoic age for the Pinney Hollow Formation. The Late Proterozoic age of the Pinney Hollow; confirms the presence of a significant mapped thrust fault between the autochthonous and para-autochthonous rocks of the cover sequence. These findings support the interpretation that the Taconic root zone is located in the hinterland of the Vermont Appalachians on the eastern side of the Green Mountain massif. C1 US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Walsh, GJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 628, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. NR 39 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 299 IS 2 BP 157 EP 170 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 198GM UT WOS:000080415200003 ER PT J AU Behrendt, J AF Behrendt, J TI Antarctic science then and now SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Behrendt, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP IV EP IV DI 10.2307/1552616 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 201VD UT WOS:000080616400002 ER PT J AU Merrill, T Mattson, DJ Wright, RG Quigley, HB AF Merrill, T Mattson, DJ Wright, RG Quigley, HB TI Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE carnivores; conservation design; dispersal; human impacts; roads; scale ID POPULATION; REPRODUCTION AB Informed management of large carnivores depends on the timely and useful presentation of relevant information. We describe an approach to evaluating carnivore habitat that uses pre-existing qualitative and quantitative information on humans and carnivores to generate coarse-scale maps of habitat suitability, habitat productivity, potential reserves, and areas of potential conflict. We use information pertinent to the contemplated reintroduction of grizzly bears Ursus arctos horribilis into central Idaho to demonstrate our approach. The approach uses measures of human numbers, their estimated distribution, road and trail access, and abundance and quality of bear foods to create standardized indices that are analogues of death and birth rates, respectively; the first subtracted from the second indicates habitat suitability (HS). We calibrate HS to sightings of grizzly bears in two ecosystems in northern Idaho and develop an empirical model from these same sightings based on piece-wise treatment of the variables contained in HS, Depending on whether the empirical model or HS is used, we estimate that there is 14 800 km(2) of suitable habitat in two blocks or 37 100 km(2) in one block in central Idaho, respectively. Both approaches show suitable habitat in the current Evaluation Area and in an area of southeastern Idaho centered on the Palisades Reservoir. Areas of highly productive habitat are concentrated in northern and western Idaho and in the Palisades area. Future conflicts between humans and bears are most likely to occur on the western and northern margins of suitable habitat in central Idaho, rather than to the east, where opposition to reintroduction of grizzly bears is currently strongest. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, USGS, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. LTB Consulting, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Univ Idaho, Hornocker Wildlife Inst, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM matt7281@novell.uidaho.edu NR 55 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 6 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 87 IS 2 BP 231 EP 248 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00057-3 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 148EN UT WOS:000077491900009 ER PT J AU Malloy, JC Meade, ML Olsen, EW AF Malloy, JC Meade, ML Olsen, EW TI Small-scale spatial variation of selenium concentrations in chironomid larvae SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA C1 Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Benton Lake Natl Wildlife Refuge, Great Falls, MT 59404 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Helena, MT 59601 USA. RP Malloy, JC (reprint author), Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 62 IS 2 BP 122 EP 129 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 162UR UT WOS:000078365600004 PM 9933308 ER PT J AU Harmsen, S Perkins, D Frankel, A AF Harmsen, S Perkins, D Frankel, A TI Deaggregation of probabilistic ground motions in the central and eastern United States SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; DESIGN AB Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is a. technique for estimating the annual rate of exceedance of a specified ground motion at a site due to known and suspected earthquake sources. The relative contributions of the various sources to the total seismic hazard are determined as a function of their occurrence rates and their ground-motion potential. The separation of the exceedance contributions into bins whose base dimensions are magnitude and distance is called deaggregation. We have deaggregated the hazard analyses for the new USGS national probabilistic ground-motion hazard maps (Frankel et al., 1996). For points on a 0.2 degrees grid in the central and eastern United States (CEUS), we show color maps of the geographical variation of mean and modal magnitudes ((M) over bar, (M) over cap) and distances ((D) over bar, (D) over cap) for ground motions having a 2% chance of exceedance in 50 years. These maps are displayed for peak horizontal acceleration and for spectral response accelerations of 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec. We tabulate (M) over bar, (D) over bar, (M) over cap, and (D) over cap for 49 CEUS cities for 0.2- and 1.0-sec response. Thus, these maps and tables ase PSHA-derived estimates of the potential earthquakes that dominate seismic hazard at short and intermediate periods in the CEUS. The contribution to hazard of the New Madrid and Charleston sources dominates over much of the CEUS; for 0.2-sec response, over 40% of the area; for 1.0-sec response, over 80% of the area. For 0.2-sec response, (D) over bar ranges from 20 to 200 km, for 1.0 sec, 30 to 600 km. For sites influenced by New Madrid or Charleston, D is less than the distance to these sources, and M is less than the characteristic magnitude of these sources, because averaging takes into account the effect of smaller magnitude and closer sources. On the other hand, (D) over cap Is directly the distance to New Madrid or Charleston and (M) over cap for 0.2- and 1.0-sec response corresponds to the dominating source over much of the CEUS. For some cities in the North Atlantic states, short-period seismic hazard is apt to be controlled by local seismicity, whereas intermediate period (1.0 sec) hazard is commonly controlled by regional seismicity, such as that of the Charlevoix seismic zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Harmsen, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 966,POB 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 17 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 170MB UT WOS:000078808500001 ER PT J AU Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Williams, RA Pratt, TL Harrison, RW Hoffman, D AF Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK Williams, RA Pratt, TL Harrison, RW Hoffman, D TI Deformation and Quaternary faulting in southeast Missouri across the Commerce geophysical lineament SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MADRID SEISMIC ZONE; MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; VALLEY; EARTHQUAKES; CALIFORNIA; TECTONISM; ILLINOIS AB High-resolution seismic-reflection data acquired at three sites along the surface projection of the Commerce geophysical lineament in southeast Missouri reveal a complex history of post-Cretaceous faulting that has continued into the Quaternary Near Qulin, Missouri, approximately 20 m of apparent vertical fault displacement has occurred in the Quaternary. Reflection data collected at Idalia Hill, about 45 km to the northeast, reveal a series of reverse and possibly right-lateral strike-slip faults with Quaternary displacement. In the Benton Hills, 45 km northeast of Idalia Hill, seismic data image a complicated series of anticlinal and synclinal fault-bounded blocks immediately north of the Commerce fault. We infer that most of the deformation imaged in the upper 400 m of these three data sets occurred since post-Cretaceous time, and a significant portion of it occurred during Quaternary time. Collectively, these seismic data along with geomorphic and surface-geologic evidence suggest (1) the existence of at least one potential seismogenic structure in southeastern Missouri outside the main zones of New Madrid seismicity, and (2) these structures have been active during the Quaternary, The geographic location of the imaged deformation suggests it is related to structures along with the Commerce geophysical lineament. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Missouri Dept Nat Resources, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. RP Stephenson, WJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 54 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1 BP 140 EP 155 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 170MB UT WOS:000078808500011 ER PT J AU Boore, DM Smith, CE AF Boore, DM Smith, CE TI Analysis of earthquake recordings obtained from the Seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS) instruments deployed off the coast of southern California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HORIZONTAL RESPONSE SPECTRA; SEDIMENTS; WAVE; VELOCITY; DEPTH AB For more than 20 years, a program has been underway to obtain records of earthquake shaking on the seafloor at sires offshore of southern California, near oil platforms. The primary goal of the program. is to obtain data that can help determine if ground motions at offshore sites are significantly different than those at onshore sites; if so, caution may be necessary in using onshore motions as the basis for the seismic design of ail platforms, We analyze data from eight earthquakes recorded at six offshore sites; these are the most important data recorded on these stations to date. Seven of the earthquakes were recorded at only one offshore station; the eighth event was recorded at two sites. The earthquakes range in magnitude from 4.7 to 6.1, Because of the scarcity of multiple recordings from any one event, most of the analysis is based on the ratio of spectra from vertical and horizontal components of motion, The results clearly show that the offshore motions have very low vertical motions compared to those from an average onshore site, particularly at short periods. Theoretical calculations find, that the water layer has little effect on the horizontal components of motion but that it produces a strong spectral null on the vertical component at the resonant frequency of P waves in the water layer. The vertical-to-horizontal ratios for a few selected onshore sites underlain by relatively low shear-wave velocities are similar to the ratios from offshore sites for frequencies less than about one-half the water layer P-wave resonant frequency, suggesting that the shear-wave velocities beneath a site are more important than the water layer in determining the. character of the ground motions at lower frequencies. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Minerals Management Serv, Herndon, VA 20170 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1 BP 260 EP 274 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 170MB UT WOS:000078808500020 ER PT J AU Boore, DM AF Boore, DM TI Basin waves on a seafloor recording of the 1990 Upland, California, earthquake: Implications for ground motions from a larger earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-FERNANDO; SPECTRA AB The velocity and displacement time series from a recording on the seafloor at 74 km from the 1990 Upland earthquake (M = 5.6) are dominated by late-arriving waves with periods of 6 to 7 sec. These waves are probably surface waves traveling across the Los Angeles basin. Response spectra for the recording are in agreement with predictions from empirical regression equations and theoretical models for periods less than about 1 sec but are significantly larger than those predictions for longer periods. The longer-period spectral amplitudes are controlled by the late-arriving waves, which are not included in the theoretical models and are underrepresented in the data used in the empirical analyses. When the motions are scaled to larger magnitude, the results are in general agreement with simulations of wave propagation in the Los Angeles basin by Graves (1998). C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1 BP 317 EP 324 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 170MB UT WOS:000078808500025 ER PT J AU Newhall, C Aramaki, S Barberi, F Blong, R Calvache, M Cheminee, JL Punongbayan, R Siebe, C Simkin, T Sparks, S Tjetjep, W AF Newhall, C Aramaki, S Barberi, F Blong, R Calvache, M Cheminee, JL Punongbayan, R Siebe, C Simkin, T Sparks, S Tjetjep, W CA IAVCEI Subcommittee Crisis Protocols TI Professional conduct of scientists during volcanic crises SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volcanic crises; protocols; ethics; communication; teamwork AB Stress during volcanic crises is high, and any friction between scientists can distract seriously from both humanitarian and scientific effort. Friction can arise, for example, if team members do not share all of their data, if differences in scientific interpretation erupt into public controversy, or if one scientist begins work on a prime research topic while a colleague with longer-standing investment is still busy with public safety work. Some problems arise within existing scientific teams; others are brought on by visiting scientists. Friction can also arise between volcanologists and public officials. Two general measures may avert or reduce friction: (a) National volcanologic surveys and other scientific groups that advise civil authorities in times of volcanic crisis should prepare, in advance of crises, a written plan that details crisis team policies, procedures, leadership and other roles of team members, and other matters pertinent to crisis conduct. A copy of this plan should be given to all current and prospective team members. (b) Each participant in a crisis team should examine his or her own actions and contribution to the crisis effort. A personal checklist is provided to aid this examination. Questions fall generally in two categories: Are my presence and actions for the public good? Are my words and actions collegial, i.e., courteous, respectful, and fair? Numerous specific solutions to common crisis problems are also offered. Among these suggestions are: (a) choose scientific team leaders primarily for their leadership skills; (b) speak publicly with a single scientific voice, especially when forecasts, warnings, or scientific disagreements are involved; (c) if you are a would-be visitor, inquire from the primary scientific team whether your help would be welcomed, and, in general, proceed only if the reply is genuinely positive: (d) in publications, personnel evaluations, and funding, reward rather than discourage teamwork. Models are available from the fields of particle physics and human genetics, among others. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Newhall, C (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Geol Sci, US Geol Survey, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. OI Siebe, Claus/0000-0002-3959-9028 NR 24 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 60 IS 5 BP 323 EP 334 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 169EM UT WOS:000078734600001 ER PT J AU Hammer, JE Cashman, KV Hoblitt, RP Newman, S AF Hammer, JE Cashman, KV Hoblitt, RP Newman, S TI Degassing and microlite crystallization during pre-climactic events of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volatiles; degassing; microlite textures; crystal size distribution; pulsatory subplinian eruptions ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; CRYSTAL-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; MAGMA ASCENT; RHYOLITIC GLASSES; SILICATE-GLASSES; MELTS; KINETICS; VOLCANO; WATER; NUCLEATION AB Dacite tephras produced by the 1991 pre-climactic eruptive sequence at Mt. Pinatubo display extreme heterogeneity in vesicularity, ranging in clast density from 700 to 2580 kg m(-3). Observations of the 13 surge-producing blasts that preceded the climactic plinian event include radar-defined estimates of column heights and seismically defined eruptive and intra-eruptive durations. A comparison of the characteristics of erupted material, including microlite textures, chemical compositions. and H(2)O contents, with eruptive parame ters suggests that devolatilization-induced crystallization of the magma occurred to a varying extent prior to at least nine of the explosive events. Although volatile lass progressed to the same approximate level in all of the clasts analyzed (weight percent H(2)O = 1.26-1.73), microlite crystallization was extremely variable (0-22%). We infer that syn-eruptive volatile exsolution from magma in the conduit and intra-eruptive separation of the gas phase was facilitated by the development of permeability within magma residing in the conduit. Correlation of maximum microlite crystallinity with repose interval duration (28-262 min) suggests that crystallization occurred primarily intra-eruptively, in response to the reduction in dissolved H(2)O content that occurred during the preceding event. Detailed textural characterization, including determination of three-dimensional shapes and crystal size distributions (CSD), was conducted on a subset of clasts in order to determine rates of crystal nucleation and growth using repose interval as the time available for crystallization. Shape and size analysis suggests that crystallization proceeded in response to lessening degrees of feldspar supersaturation as repose interval durations increased. We thus propose that during repose intervals, a plug of highly viscous magma formed due to the collapse of vesicular magma that had exsolved volatiles during the previous explosive event. If plug thickness grew proportionally to the square root of time, and if magma pressurization increased during the eruptive sequence, the frequency of eruptive pulses may have been modulated by degassing of magma within the conduit. Dense clasts in surge deposits probably represent plug material entrained by each subsequent explosive event. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hammer, JE (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. NR 61 TC 174 Z9 174 U1 3 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 60 IS 5 BP 355 EP 380 DI 10.1007/s004450050238 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 169EM UT WOS:000078734600003 ER PT J AU Huffman, RD Fajvan, MA Wood, PB AF Huffman, RD Fajvan, MA Wood, PB TI Effects of residual overstory on aspen development in Minnesota SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB The effects of different amounts of residual canopy on stand development of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were examined in a chronosequence of 32 stands spanning 6-10 years since harvest. Residual canopy covers ranged from 0 to 65%, and residual basal areas ranged from 0 to 14.4 m(2)/ha. Aspen regeneration densities ranged from 7130 to 43 672 stems/ha. Regeneration stem density was affected primarily by residual canopy cover (R-2 = 0.27, P = 0.0001) and secondarily by stand age (R-2 = 0.09, P = 0.004). Aspen density decreased significantly with increasing residual canopy cover for 7-year-old and 8-year-old regeneration. Residual canopy cover did not significantly affect aspen density in 9-year-old regeneration (R-2 = 0.02, P = 0.579) but was negatively related to total height of 9-year-old codominant aspens (R-2 = 0.49, P = 0.002). Canopy cover was a more accurate representation of the amount of shade the regeneration received than the density or basal area of residual trees. However, the low value of the coefficient of determination from a multiple-regression model indicates that considerable variation in stem densities and height was unexplained by residual canopy cover, even though it was the best predictor of the variables measured. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, San Diego Natl Wildlife Refuge, Jamui, CA 91935 USA. W Virginia Univ, US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Fajvan, MA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, San Diego Natl Wildlife Refuge, 13910 Lyons Valley Rd,Suite R, Jamui, CA 91935 USA. NR 20 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 284 EP 289 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-2-284 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 185AM UT WOS:000079646000016 ER PT J AU DiLauro, MN Kaboord, WS Walsh, RA AF DiLauro, MN Kaboord, WS Walsh, RA TI Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. II. The shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum, Lesueur, 1818) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SPERMATOZOON; FISH; CRYOPRESERVATION; MOVEMENTS; RIVER AB The fine structure of the sperm cell of the shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) was examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected metrics. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a defined head region, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. The mean length of the sperm cell body (acrosome + nucleus + midpiece) is approximately 9.71 mu m, and the length of the flagellum is about 37 mu m, resulting in a total cell length of about 46 mu m. The sperm cell of the shortnose sturgeon is much longer and slightly wider than that of the Atlantic sturgeon. The nuclei of shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeon sperm cells are elongate trapezoids with the anterior (acrosome) end narrowest, the opposite of that of the Atlantic sturgeon. Although slightly smaller in total length and width than the sperm cells of the stellate and white sturgeons, that of the shortnose sturgeon is most similar to them in overall ultrastructure, as all three cells have three endonuclear canals. A structural connection of unknown function between the nuclear fossa and the proximal centriole, which is similar to the fibrous body in other species, is present in the shortnose sturgeon sperm cell. Our results suggest a more recent evolutionary link between the shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeons than between any of these and the Atlantic sturgeon. This is the first description of sperm cell ultrastructure in the shortnose sturgeon, an endangered species. C1 US Geol Survey, Res & Dev Lab, Biol Resources Div, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. Penn State Univ, Electron Microscopy Facil, Biotechnol Inst Life Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP DiLauro, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Res & Dev Lab, Biol Resources Div, Rural Delivery 4,Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 77 IS 2 BP 321 EP 330 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-2-321 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 230UX UT WOS:000082269700014 ER PT J AU Foord, EE Hughes, JM Cureton, F Maxwell, CH Falster, AU Sommer, AJ Hlava, PF AF Foord, EE Hughes, JM Cureton, F Maxwell, CH Falster, AU Sommer, AJ Hlava, PF TI Esperanzaite, NaCa2Al2(As5+O4)(2)F-4(OH)center dot 2H(2)O, a new mineral species from the La Esperanza mine, Mexico: Descriptive mineralogy and atomic arrangement SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE esperanzaite; new mineral species; crystal structure; La Esperanza mine; Durango; Mexico AB Esperanzaite, ideally NaCa2Al2(As5+O4)(2)F-4(OH). 2H(2)O, Z = 2, is a new mineral species from the La Esperanza mine, Durango State, Mexico. The mineral occurs as blue-green botryoidal crystalline masses on rhyolite, with separate spheres up to 1.5 mm in diameter. The Mohs hardness is 4 1/2, and the specific gravity, 3.24 (obs.) and 3.36(3) (calc.). Optical properties were measured in 589 nm light. Esperanzaite is biaxial (-), X = Y = Z = colorless, alpha 1.580(1), beta 1.588(1), and gamma 1.593(1); 2V(obs) is 74(1)degrees and 2V(calc) is 76.3 degrees. The dispersion is medium, r < v, and the optic axes are oriented according to a boolean AND Z = +50.5 degrees, b = Y, c boolean AND X = +35 degrees. The strongest five X-ray-diffraction maxima in the powder pattern [d in Angstrom(I)(hkl)] are: 2.966(100)(13 (1) over bar, 31 (1) over bar, 031), 3.527(90)(220), 2.700(90)(221,002,040), 5.364(80)(001,020) and 4.796(80)(011). Esperanzaite is monoclinic, a 9.687(5), b 10.7379(6), c 5.5523(7) Angstrom, beta 105.32(1)degrees, space group P2(1)/m. The atomic arrangement of esperanzaite was solved by direct methods and Fourier analysis (R = 0.032). The Fundamental Building Block (FBB) is formed of [001] stacks of heteropolyhedral tetramers; the tetramers are formed of two arsenate tetrahedra and two Al octahedra, corner-linked in four-member rings. The FBBs are linked by irregular Na phi(5) and Ca phi(8) polyhedra. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1822, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Foord, EE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 905,box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN, ONTARIO K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 37 BP 67 EP 72 PN 1 PG 6 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 201QA UT WOS:000080605400007 ER PT J AU Renauld, AE Melancon, MJ Sordillo, LM AF Renauld, AE Melancon, MJ Sordillo, LM TI Identification of in vitro cytochrome P450 modulators to detect induction by prototype inducers in the mallard duckling (Anas platyrhynchos) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alpha-naphthoflavone; cytochrome P450; mallard duck; 2-methylbenzimidazole; proadifen; microsomes; monooxygenase; dealkylase ID ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION; METABOLISM; INHIBITORS; EXPOSURE; PHENOBARBITONE; NAPHTHOFLAVONE; MICROSOMES; OXIDATION; BIOMARKER; SEQUENCE AB Seven modulators of mammalian monooxygenase activity were screened for their ability to selectively stimulate or inhibit in vitro monooxygenase activities of hepatic microsomes from mallard ducklings treated with phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl or vehicle. Microsomes were assayed fluorometrically for four monooxygenases: benzyloxy-, ethoxy-, methoxy-, and pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, in combination with each of the seven modulators. Four combinations: alpha-naphthoflavone and 2-methylbenzimidazole with benzyloxyresorufin, and Proadifen with methoxy- and ethoxyresorufin, respectively, were evaluated further. beta-Naphthoflavone-treated groups were clearly distinguished from the corn oil vehicle control group by all of the assays and by the effects of the modulators in three of the four assay/modulator combinations. Enzyme activities of the phenobarbital and saline groups were statistically similar (P greater than or equal to 0.05) when assayed without modulator added, but each assay/modulator combination distinguished between these groups. The PCB-treated group was distinguished from the corn oil vehicle control group only for BROD activity, with or without the presence of modulator. Graphing of per cent. modulation of BROD activity Versus initial BROD activity provided the dearest distinction between all of the study groups. Identification of these selective in vitro modulators may improve detection and measurement of low level cytochrome P450 induction in avian species. Also, both the monooxygenase activities induced and the impacts of the modulators indicated differences between mammalian and avian cytochromes P450. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Vet Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Melancon, MJ (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 122 IS 2 BP 273 EP 281 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(98)10119-6 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 168WF UT WOS:000078715600015 PM 10190055 ER PT J AU Work, TM Massey, JG Johnson, L Dougill, S Banko, PC AF Work, TM Massey, JG Johnson, L Dougill, S Banko, PC TI Survival and physiologic response of common amakihi and Japanese white-eyes during simulated translocation SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Common Amakihi; Hemignathus virens; Japanese White-eye; physiology; translocation; Zosterops japonicus AB We evaluated the effects of three translocation trials on Common Amakihi (Hemignathus virens) and Japanese White-eyes (Zosterops japonicus). Trial 1 involved capturing birds, transporting them on rough roads for 4 hr followed by holding in an aviary for 48 hr without overnight thermal support prior to release. Trial 2 involved capture, then holding in an aviary for 48 hr with overnight thermal support followed by transport for 4 hr prior to release. Trial 3 and 1 were identical except that overnight thermal support was provided during trial 3. We monitored survival, food consumption, weight change, and fecal production during captivity as well as changes in hematocrit, estimated total solids, heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, plasma uric acid, and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) at capture and release. Survival was significantly lower for Amakihi during trial 1 (no thermal support). Birds that died lost significantly more weight than those that survived. Regardless of trial, birds responded to translocation by a combination of weight loss, anemia, hypoproteinemia, and elevated heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, uric acid, and CPK levels. The first 24 hr of captivity posed the greatest risk to birds regardless of whether transport or holding occurred first. Food consumption, fecal production, and weight all decreased at night, and overnight thermal support during holding was critical if ambient temperatures dipped to freezing. We recommend that if small passerines are to be held for > 12 hr, they be monitored individually for weight loss, food consumption, and fecal production. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Hawaii Div Forestry & Wildlife, Makawao, HI 96768 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Hawaii Volcanoes Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1999 VL 101 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 DI 10.2307/1370442 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 169CP UT WOS:000078730200003 ER PT J AU Steenhof, K Kochert, MN Carpenter, LB Lehman, RN AF Steenhof, K Kochert, MN Carpenter, LB Lehman, RN TI Long-term prairie falcon population changes in relation to prey abundance, weather, land uses, and habitat conditions SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Falco mexicanus; habitat; land uses; populations; Prairie Falcon; reproduction ID TOWNSEND GROUND-SQUIRRELS; BREEDING SUCCESS; SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO; FLUCTUATIONS; DENSITY; DEMOGRAPHY; WINTER AB We studied a nesting population of Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus) in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA) from 1974-1997 to identify factors that influence abundance and reproduction. Our sampling period included two major droughts and associated crashes in Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus townsendii) populations. The number of Prairie Falcon pairs found on long-term survey segments declined significantly from 1976-1997. Early declines were most severe at the eastern end of the NCA, where fires and agriculture have changed native shrubsteppe habitat. More recent declines occurred in the portion of canyon near the Orchard Training Area (OTA), where the Idaho Army National Guard conducts artillery firing and tank maneuvers. Overall Prairie Falcon reproductive rates were tied closely to annual indexes of ground squirrel abundance. but precipitation before and during the breeding season was related inversely to some measures of reproduction. Most reproductive parameters showed no significant Vends over lime, but during the 1990s, nesting success and productivity were lower in the stretch of canyon near the OTA than in adjacent areas. Extensive shrub loss, by itself, did not explain the pattern of declines in abundance and reproduction that we observed. Recent military training activities likely have interacted with fire and livestock grazing to create less than favorable foraging opportunities for Prairie Falcons in a large part of the NCA. To maintain Prairie Falcon populations in the NCA, managers should suppress wildfires, restore native plant communities. and regulate potentially incompatible land uses. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Steenhof, K (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM ksteenho@eagle.idbsu.edu NR 39 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 15 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1999 VL 101 IS 1 BP 28 EP 41 DI 10.2307/1370443 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 169CP UT WOS:000078730200004 ER PT J AU Keller, CME Scallan, JT AF Keller, CME Scallan, JT TI Potential roadside biases due to habitat changes along breeding bird survey routes SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE BBS; Breeding Bird Survey; habitat change; roadside bias; roadside habitats; roadside surveys ID COUNTS AB Breeding Bird Surveys (BBS) are conducted along roadside routes to enable a large geographic area to be surveyed. Yet the potential biases of sampling populations only from roadsides have received little attention, We sampled aerial photography of BBS routes taken in the mid-1960s and late-1980s to evaluate whether habitat changes that occurred along roadsides were also occurring in the surrounding area, and whether the frequency of habitats encountered along roadsides were similar to that off-route. We examined 28 routes in Maryland and 25 routes in Ohio, and defined roadside area as within 200 m of the road, and off-route as 200-1,600 m from the road. Most habitat changes that occurred along BBS roadsides also were occurring in the off-route areas. However, increases in urban cover were significantly greater along the road in Maryland where urbanization of farmland was the predominant habitat change. The small increase in urban cover in Ohio was not significantly greater along the road. Construction of single family homes was greater along BBS roadsides in both states. In Ohio, the greatest change in habitat was the conversion of farmland back to forest, which was not significantly greater along the road. Changes associated with urbanization were more biased towards roadsides than the reforestation of farmland. Within one time period, roadside areas had less forest and more agricultural and urban cover types than occurred off-route. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Keller, CME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11410 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM cherry_keller@fws.gov NR 24 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1999 VL 101 IS 1 BP 50 EP 57 DI 10.2307/1370445 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 169CP UT WOS:000078730200006 ER PT J AU McIntyre, CL Adams, LG AF McIntyre, CL Adams, LG TI Reproductive characteristics of migratory Golden Eagles in Denali National Park, Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Aquila chrysaetos; cyclic prey; Denali National Park; Golden Eagles; reproductive characteristics ID AQUILA-CHRYSAETOS; SUCCESS; CYCLE; PREY AB We describe reproductive characteristics of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) breeding in Denali National Park, Alaska during an entire snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) cycle, 1988-1997. Data on nesting eagles were collected at 58 to 72 nesting areas annually using two aerial surveys. Surveys were conducted during the incubation period to determine occupancy and nesting activities and late in the nestling period to count nestlings and determine nesting success. Annual occupancy rates of nesting areas did not vary significantly, whereas laying rates, success rates, and mean brood size varied significantly over the study period. Fledgling production for the study population varied sevenfold during the ten-year period. Laying rates, mean brood size, and overall population productivity were significantly correlated with abundance of cyclic snowshoe hare and Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) populations. Reproductive rates of Golden Eagles in Denali were similar to those of Golden Eagles from other high latitude study areas in North America, but lower than for Golden Eagles from temperate zone study areas in North America. C1 Natl Pk Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP McIntyre, CL (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, 201 1st Ave, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NR 36 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 11 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1999 VL 101 IS 1 BP 115 EP 123 DI 10.2307/1370452 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 169CP UT WOS:000078730200013 ER PT J AU Zador, SG Piatt, JF AF Zador, SG Piatt, JF TI Time-budgets of Common Murres at a declining and increasing colony in Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE colony attendance; Common Murre; parental attendance; time-budgets; Uria aalge ID GUILLEMOTS URIA-AALGE; ABUNDANCE AB We observed Common Murres (Uria aalge) at two breeding sites in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, to determine whether food availability was reflected in their time-budgets at each colony. Catches of forage fish in nets and relative biomass were greater around a murre colony that has been increasing for the past 25 years than around a colony that has been decreasing over the same time period. Murres spent much more time "loafing" on their breeding ledges at the increasing colony, particularly during the incubation period and during evening hours. However, there was little or no difference between colonies in chick feeding rates, chick growth rates, or productivity. It appears that murres at the declining colony devote more time to foraging and have less discretionary time ashore. Because this had little apparent affect on their ability to feed and rear chicks, the population decline must be due to other factors. In any case, attendance time-budgets provide a more sensitive index of food availability than other breeding parameters at murre colonies. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Piatt, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM john_piatt@usgs.gov NR 17 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 7 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1999 VL 101 IS 1 BP 149 EP 152 DI 10.2307/1370455 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 169CP UT WOS:000078730200016 ER PT J AU Woodworth, BL AF Woodworth, BL TI Modeling population dynamics of a songbird exposed to parasitism and predation and evaluating management options SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT BIRDS; BROOD PARASITISM; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; NEST PREDATION; SHINY COWBIRD; SURVIVAL; ISLAND AB Nest predation and parasitism are the primary causes of reproductive failure in northern temperate passerine songbirds. I demonstrate the use of a two-step modeling approach to determine the implications of parasitism and nest predation for the population dynamics of songbird populations and to quantitatively evaluate alternative options for their management I used a model to predict seasonal fecundity from parameters of nest success, productivity, and breeding season length (Pease & Grzybowski 1995) and a stage-based matrix model to examine population dynamics. I used this approach to model the population dynamics of the Puerto Rican Vireo (Vireo latimeri), a single-island endemic species that Is exposed to high rates of parasitism by a nonnative brood parasite and to nest predation by introduced mammalian predators. The analysis showed that the introduction of the Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), rather than the mammalian nest predators, caused this population to become a "sink" and is probably the cause of recent population declines. Moreover, the analysis explicitly shows that knowledge of the relationships among parasitism, predation, and population growth rate can aid in designing an effective conservation strategy This modeling approach can be used to determine the reproductive health of a population over a range of parasitism and predation values, to test alternative hypotheses for the cause of an observed population decline and to make a priori predictions about the outcomes of specific management actions. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Woodworth, BL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Kilauea Field Stn, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM bethany_woodworth@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97267.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 161CN UT WOS:000078271000010 ER PT J AU Hicks, JF Obradovich, JD Tauxe, L AF Hicks, JF Obradovich, JD Tauxe, L TI Magnetostratigraphy, isotopic age calibration and intercontinental correlation of the Red Bird section of the Pierre Shale, Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA SO CRETACEOUS RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE Cretaceous; Western Interior; Wyoming; Powder River Basin; magnetostratigraphy; isotopic age; chronostratigraphy; Pierre Shale; ammonite biostratigraphy; geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) ID PALEOCENE MAGNETIC STRATIGRAPHY; MAASTRICHTIAN STAGE BOUNDARY; MANSON IMPACT STRUCTURE; WESTERN INTERIOR; NORTH-AMERICA; AR-40/AR-39 AGE; UNITED-STATES; TIME-SCALE; GEOMAGNETIC REVERSAL; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA AB The Red Bird section of the Pierre Shale in eastern Wyoming contains a relatively complete sequence of fine-grained marine clastics that were deposited between 81 and 69 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous epicontinental seaway of the US Western Interior. These units not only contain a well-studied, high-resolution ammonite biostratigraphic sequence, by which the far-hung exposures of the seaway sediments are correlated across this region, but they are also isotopically well-dated due to the presence of numerous sanidine-bearing volcanic ash layers. The magnetostratigraphy of the Red Bird section consists of three geomagnetic reversals which can be independently calibrated by seven Ar-40/Ar-39 isotopic ages in an interval that spans 12 million years of the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages. The magnetostratigraphic section can be confidently correlated to that part of the geomagnetic polarity rime scale (GPTS) that ranges from the base of subchron C33n to the base of C31n. Linear interpolation and extrapolation from the isotopic ages gives the following age estimates for these reversal boundaries: C32n/C31r, 70.44 +/- 0.7 Ma; C31r/C31n, 69.01 +/- 0.5 Ma. The C33n/C32r reversal boundary cannot be identified with complete confidence but it is certainly younger than the 74.62 +/- 1.2 Ma age interpolated for the reversal found at the top of C33n. These age estimates make a significant contribution to the calibration of the GPTS for the Cretaceous Period, which has previously relied heavily on interpolation between three or fewer calibration points that are widely spaced in age. In addition, the recognition of the chrons C33 through C31 in this section enables us to correlate the high resolution ammonite zonation of the US Western Interior directly to the time-equivalent European pelagic microfossil zonation based on the magnetostratigraphic reference section at Gubbio in north-central Italy. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Geol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hicks, JF (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Geol Res, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 112 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0195-6671 J9 CRETACEOUS RES JI Cretac. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 27 DI 10.1006/cres.1998.0133 PG 27 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 186TH UT WOS:000079744700001 ER PT J AU Porter, WF Underwood, HB AF Porter, WF Underwood, HB TI Of elephants and blind men: Deer management in the US national parks SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE National Park Service; natural regulation; Odocoileus virginianus; policy; population growth; white-tailed deer; wildlife management ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; ECOSYSTEMS; STATES AB Overabundant populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are becoming common in the eastern United States. Faced with burgeoning deer populations in eastern parks, the National Park Service (NPS) formulated policy based on its long experience with ungulate management in western parks. That the NPS failed to find a management solution acceptable to its many constituencies was inevitable. Like blind men touching different parts of an elephant and disagreeing about its form, those engaged in the debate about deer management in parks are viewing different parts of the ecological system. None has seen the entire system, and consequently, there is neither common agreement on the nature of the problem nor on the solutions. We explore the quandary of deer management in eastern parks by addressing three questions: (1) Can the National Park Service reconcile its management goals with those of its neighbors? (2) Can thresholds be identified for determining when to intervene in natural processes? (3) Is there a scientific foundation for proceeding with effective management of deer? We argue that reconciling the NPS management with that of state conservation agencies is not possible because management policy guides these agencies in opposite directions: the NPS is charged with limiting human impact on ecological processes, and state agencies are charged with exerting human control over population abundance. Questions about thresholds and a scientific basis for management arise from concern that irrupting deer populations are a manifestation of disrupted natural processes. Several population growth paradigms are at the heart of this ecological question. The science provides no consensus about which of these paradigms are appropriate to deer in eastern ecosystems. Thus, it is premature to expect science to identify if or when natural processes have been disrupted. While the NPS cannot effectively achieve its goals without better science, neither can it wait for science to fully understand the dynamics of plant-herbivore interactions. The best hope for resolving both the biological and political dilemmas surrounding deer management is through an adaptive management approach. C1 SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit,US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr,Biol Resources Div, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Porter, WF (reprint author), SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 55 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 4 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 3 EP 9 DI 10.2307/2641162 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169FM UT WOS:000078736900002 ER PT J AU Wright, RG AF Wright, RG TI Wildlife management in the national parks: Questions in search of answers SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE elk; Isle Royale, Michigan (USA); national parks; ungulates; wildlife management policies; Yellowstone National Park (USA) ID ECOSYSTEMS; FORESTS AB The history of wildlife management in the national parks can be traced in the ungulate management policies of the National Park Service (NPS). These policies have, at various times, embraced total protection at the expense of other species, authorized culling to maintain explicit population levels, and since 1970 advocated natural regulation combined with limited human interference with park ecosystems. Current policy has had important ramifications for ungulate populations in parks as discussed in the preceding papers in this Invited Feature. This paper synthesizes those papers, interpreting the answers to three questions in relation to NPS wildlife management: (1) how does this management differ from other public resource managers; (2) can thresholds for management intervention be established for the species of concern; and (3) is scientific knowledge adequate to make and implement management decisions? The paper finds that NPS management does differ significantly from other federal land management and state wildlife management agencies, which is a factor complicating coordination and understanding of management approaches. It concludes that management thresholds can be and have been established in the past; however, given the ecological complexity of parks, scientific support for such thresholds will probably always be inadequate. This situation argues for an experimental management approach with continued monitoring of conditions both in and outside the parks. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Wright, RG (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 50 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 13 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 30 EP 36 DI 10.2307/2641165 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169FM UT WOS:000078736900005 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Schell, LD Vanden Heuvel, B AF Stohlgren, TJ Schell, LD Vanden Heuvel, B TI How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in rocky mountain grasslands SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE competitive exclusion; exotic species richness; grazing exclosures; intermediate disturbance; mountain grasslands; multiscale vegetation sampling; native plant diversity; Rocky Mountains; soil characteristics; species composition overlap; species-specific responses ID WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; FLOODING PAMPA; NATIONAL-PARK; VEGETATION; COMMUNITY; STEPPE; HERBIVORES; RESPONSES; EXCLOSURE; PRAIRIE AB We used multiscale plots to sample vascular plant diversity and soil characteristics in and adjacent to 26 long-term grazing exclosure sites in Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota, USA. The exclosures were 7-60 yr old (31.2 +/- 2.5 yr, mean +/- 1 SE). Plots were also randomly placed in the broader landscape in open rangeland in the same vegetation type at each site to assess spatial variation in grazed landscapes. Consistent sampling in the nine National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and other management units yielded data from 78 1000-m(2) plots and 780 1-m(2) subplots. We hypothesized that native species richness would be lower in the exclosures than in grazed sites, due to competitive exclusion in the absence of grazing. We also hypothesized that grazed sites would have higher native and exotic species richness compared to ungrazed areas, due to disturbance (i.e., the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis) and the conventional wisdom that grazing may accelerate weed invasion. Both hypotheses were soundly rejected. Although native species richness in l-mz subplots was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in grazed sites, we found nearly identical native or exotic species richness in 1000-m(2) plots in exclosures (31.5 +/- 2.5 native and 3.1 +/- 0.5 exotic species), adjacent grazed plots (32.6 +/- 2.8 native and 3.2 +/- 0.6 exotic species), and randomly selected grazed plots (31.6 +/- 2.9 native and 3.2 +/- 0.6 exotic species). We found no significant differences in species diversity (Hill's diversity indices, N1 and N2), evenness (Hill's ratio of evenness, E5), cover of various life-forms (grasses, forbs, and shrubs), soil texture, or soil percentage of N and C between grazed and ungrazed sites at the 1000-m(2) plot scale. The species lists of the long-ungrazed and adjacent grazed plots overlapped just 57.9 +/- 2.8%. This difference in species composition is commonly attributed solely to the difference in grazing regimes. However, the species lists between pairs of grazed plots (adjacent and distant 1000-m(2) plots) in the same vegetation type overlapped just 48.6 +/- 3.6%, and the ungrazed plots and distant grazed plots overlapped 49.4 +/- 3.6%. Differences in vegetation and soils between grazed and ungrazed sites were minimal in most cases, but soil characteristics and elevation were strongly correlated with native and exotic plant diversity in the study region. For the 78 1000-m(2) plots, 59.4% of the variance in total species richness was explained by percentage of silt (coefficient = 0.647, t = 5.107, P < 0.001), elevation (coefficient = 0.012, t = 5.084, P < 0.001), and total foliar cover (coefficient = 0.110, t = 2.104, P < 0.039). Only 12.8% of the variance in exotic species cover (log(10)cover) was explained by percentage of clay (coefficient = -0.011, t = -2.878, P < 0.005), native species richness (coefficient = -0.011, t = -2.156, P < 0.034), and log(10)N (coefficient = 2.827, t = 1.860, P < 0.067). Native species cover and exotic species richness and frequency were also significantly positively correlated with percentage of soil N at the 1000-m(2) plot scale. Our research led to five broad generalizations about current levels of grazing in these Rocky Mountain grasslands: (1) grazing probably has little effect on native species richness at landscape scales; (2) grazing probably has little effect on the accelerated spread of most exotic plant species at landscape scales; (3) grazing affects local plant species and life-form composition and cover, but spatial variation is considerable; (4) soil characteristics, climate, and disturbances may have a greater effect on plant species diversity than do current levels of grazing; and (5) few plant species show consistent, directional responses to grazing or cessation of grazing. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM toms@NREL.ColoState.edu NR 94 TC 193 Z9 208 U1 15 U2 96 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 45 EP 64 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169FM UT WOS:000078736900007 ER PT J AU Dettmers, R Bart, J AF Dettmers, R Bart, J TI A GIS modeling method applied to predicting forest songbird habitat SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE abiotic variables; Cerulean Warbler; cumulative distribution function; forest songbirds; GIS microhabitat preferences; moisture gradients; presence data; Scarlet Tanager; spatially explicit habitat models; topography; Wood Thrush ID VEGETATION; DIVERSITY; MOISTURE; WETLANDS; BIRDS; PARK AB We have developed an approach for using "presence" data to construct habitat models. Presence data are those that indicate locations where the target organism is observed to occur, but that cannot be used to define locations where the organism does not occur. Surveys of highly mobile vertebrates often yield these kinds of data. Models developed through our approach yield predictions of the amount and the spatial distribution of good-quality habitat for the target species. This approach was developed primarily for use in a GIS context; thus, the models are spatially explicit and have the potential to be applied over large areas. Our method consists of two primary steps. In the first step, we identify an optimal range of values for each habitat variable to be used as a predictor in the model. To find these ranges, we employ the concept of maximizing the difference between cumulative distribution functions of (1) the values of a habitat variable at the observed presence locations of the target organism, and (2) the values of that habitat variable for all locations across a study area. In the second step, multivariate models of good habitat are constructed by combining these ranges of values, using the Boolean operators "and" and "or." We use an approach similar to forward stepwise regression to select the best overall model. We demonstrate the use of this method by developing species-specific habitat models for nine forest-breeding songbirds (e.g., Cerulean Warbler, Scarlet Tanager, Wood Thrush) studied in southern Ohio. These models are based on species' microhabitat preferences for moisture and vegetation characteristics that can be predicted primarily through the use of abiotic variables. We use slope, land surface morphology, land surface curvature, water flow accumulation downhill, and an integrated moisture index, in conjunction with a land-cover classification that identifies forest/nonforest, to develop these models. The performance of these models was evaluated with an independent data set. Our tests showed that the models performed better than random at identifying where the birds occurred and provided useful information for predicting the amount and spatial distribution of good habitat for the birds we studied. In addition, we generally found positive correlations between the amount of habitat, as predicted by the models, and the number of territories within a given area. This added component provides the possibility, ultimately, of being able to estimate population sizes. Our models represent useful tools for resource managers who are interested in assessing the impacts of alternative management plans that could alter or remove habitat for these birds. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ohio Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Zool, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Dettmers, R (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 52 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 4 U2 28 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 152 EP 163 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0152:AGMMAT]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169FM UT WOS:000078736900015 ER PT J AU Chambers, CL McComb, WC Tappeiner, JC AF Chambers, CL McComb, WC Tappeiner, JC TI Breeding bird responses to three silvicultural treatments in the Oregon Coast Range SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bird communities; forest management; green tree retention; natural disturbance regimes; neotropical migratory birds; new forestry; Oregon Coast Range; Pseudotsuga menziesii; silviculture; uneven-aged management ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; GAPS AB Silvicultural alternatives to clear-cutting have been suggested to promote development, retention, or creation of late-successional features such as large trees, multilayered canopies, snags, and logs. We assessed bird response to three silvicultural alternatives to clear-cutting that retained structural features found in old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests and that imitated natural disturbance regimes more closely than did traditional clear-cutting: (1) small-patch group selection treatment representing a low-intensity disturbance; (2) two-story treatment, representing a moderate to high-intensity disturbance; and (3) modified clear-cut treatment, representing a high-intensity disturbance. We counted diurnal breeding birds 1 yr prior to and 2 yr after harvest to estimate effects of the silvicultural treatments on bird communities compared with uncut controls. The small-patch group selection treatment was most similar in species composition to control stands. The two-story treatment was more similar to the modified clear-cut treatment. Ten bird species remained abundant following the small-patch group selection treatment. They declined in abundance in modified clearcuts and two-story stands. These species included four neotropical migratory species and five species with restricted geographic ranges and habitat associations. Nine species increased in response to moderate and/or high-intensity disturbances. This group included a larger proportion of species that were habitat generalists, Silvicultural treatments imitating low-intensity disturbances were most effective in retaining bird communities associated with mature forest; high-intensity disturbances such as the two-story and modified clear-cut treatments greatly altered bird community composition. Bird responses to the silvicultural treatments that we studied indicate that a variety of stand types is needed to meet needs of all species. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chambers, CL (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Coll Ecosyst Sci & Management, Sch Forestry, POB 15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 35 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 4 U2 16 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 171 EP 185 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169FM UT WOS:000078736900017 ER PT J AU Torgersen, CE Price, DM Li, HW McIntosh, BA AF Torgersen, CE Price, DM Li, HW McIntosh, BA TI Multiscale thermal refugia and stream habitat associations of chinook salmon in northeastern Oregon SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE behavioral thermoregulation; habitat association; logistic regression; Oregon; patchiness; salmon; adult chinook; salmonid ecology; spawning habitat; stream temperature; thermal remote sensing; thermal mapping; thermal refugia ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; TROUT STREAMS; LOTIC SYSTEMS; COHO SALMON; RIVER; LANDSCAPE; PERSPECTIVE; CALIFORNIA; STEELHEAD; HETEROGENEITY AB We quantified distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel-unit, reach-, and section-level spatial scales in a wilderness stream and a disturbed stream in the John Day River basin in northeastern Oregon. We investigated the effectiveness of thermal remote sensing for analyzing spatial patterns of stream temperature and assessed habitat selection by spring chinook salmon, evaluating whether thermal refugia might be responsible for the persistence of these stocks in rivers where water temperatures frequently exceed their upper tolerance levels (25 degrees C) during spawning migration. By presenting stream temperature and the ecology of chinook salmon in a historical context, we could evaluate how changes in riverine habitat and thermal spatial structure, which can be caused by landuse practices, may influence distributional patterns of chinook salmon. Thermal remote sensing provided spatially continuous maps of stream temperature for reaches used by chinook salmon in the upper subbasins of the Middle Fork and North Fork John Day River. Electivity analysis and logistic regression were used to test for associations between the longitudinal distribution of salmon and cool-water areas and stream habitat characteristics. Chinook salmon were distributed nonuniformly in reaches throughout each stream. Salmon distribution and cool water temperature patterns were most strongly related at reach-level spatial scales in the warm stream, the Middle Fork (maximum likelihood ratio: P < 0.01), and most weakly related in the cold stream, the North Fork (P > 0.30). Pools were preferred by adult chinook salmon in both subbasins (Bonferroni confidence interval: P less than or equal to 0.05); however, riffles were used proportionately more frequently in the North Fork than in the Middle Fork. Our observations of thermal refugia and their use by chinook salmon at multiple spatial scales reveal that, although heterogeneity in the longitudinal stream temperature profile may be viewed as an ecological warning sign, thermal patchiness in streams also should be recognized for its biological potential to provide habitat for species existing at the margin of their environmental tolerances. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Torgersen, CE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 96 TC 204 Z9 206 U1 6 U2 76 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 301 EP 319 DI 10.2307/2641187 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169FM UT WOS:000078736900027 ER PT J AU Chick, JH Van den Avyle, MJ AF Chick, JH Van den Avyle, MJ TI Zooplankton variability and larval striped bass foraging: Evaluating potential match/mismatch regulation SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE larval foraging; match/mismatch hypothesis; Morone saxatilis; riverine to lentic gradient; spatial heterogeneity; temporal heterogeneity; zooplankton ID MATCH MISMATCH HYPOTHESIS; FISH COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; MORONE-SAXATILIS; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; SOUTH-CAROLINA; RECRUITMENT DYNAMICS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FOOD-REQUIREMENTS; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; PAMUNKEY RIVER AB We quantified temporal and spatial variability of zooplankton in three potential nursery sites (river, transition zone, lake) for larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Lake Marion, South Carolina, during April and May 1993-1995. In two of three years, microzooplankton (rotifers and copepod nauplii) density was significantly greater in the lake site than in the river or transition zone. Macrozooplankton (>200 mu m) composition varied among the three sites in all years with adult copepods and cladocerans dominant at the lake, and juvenile Corbicula fluminea dominant at the river and transition zone. Laboratory feeding experiments, simulating both among-site (site treatments) and within-site (density treatments) variability, were conducted in 1995 to quantify the effects of the observed zooplankton variability on foraging success of larval striped bass. A greater proportion of larvae fed in the lake than in the river or transition-zone treatments across all density treatments: mean (x), 10x and 100x. Larvae also ingested significantly more dry mass of prey in the lake treatment in both the mean and 10x density treatments. Field zooplankton and laboratory feeding data suggest that both spatial and temporal variability of zooplankton influence larval striped bass foraging. prey density levels that supported successful foraging in our feeding experiments occurred in the lake during late April and May in 1994 and 1995 but were never observed in the river or transition zone. Because the rivers flowing into Lake Marion are regulated, it may be possible to devise flow management schemes that facilitate larval transport to the lake and thereby increase the proportion of larvae matched to suitable prey resources. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Chick, JH (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Univ Pk, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM chickjh@fiu.edu NR 93 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 320 EP 334 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169FM UT WOS:000078736900028 ER PT J AU Angermeier, PL Winston, MR AF Angermeier, PL Winston, MR TI Characterizing fish community diversity across Virginia landscapes: Prerequisite for conservation SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biological conservation; community types; ecological composition; fish communities; geographic correlates; regional diversity; scale effects; species composition ID FRESH-WATER FISHES; AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; BIOTIC INTERACTIONS; ECOSYSTEM APPROACH; WISCONSIN STREAMS; HABITAT GRADIENTS; ECOLOGY; ASSEMBLAGES; PATTERNS AB The number of community types occurring within landscapes is an important, but often unprotected, component of biological diversity. Generally applicable protocols for characterizing community diversity need to be developed to facilitate conservation. We used several multivariate techniques to analyze geographic variation in the composition of fish communities in Virginia streams. We examined relationships between community composition and six landscape variables: drainage basin, physiography, stream order, elevation, channel slope, and map coordinates. We compared patterns at two scales (statewide and subdrainage-specific to assess sensitivity of community classification to spatial scale. We also compared patterns based on characterizing communities by species composition vs. ecological composition. All landscape variables explained significant proportions of the variance in community composition. Statewide, they explained 32% of the variance in species composition and 48% of the variance in ecological composition. Typical communities in each drainage or physiography were statistically distinctive. Communities in different combinations of drainage, physiography, and stream size were even more distinctive, but composition was strongly spatially autocorrelated. Ecological similarity and species similarity of community pairs were strongly related, but replacement by ecologically similar species was common among drainage-physiography combinations. Landscape variables explained significant proportions of variance in community composition within selected subdrainages, but proportions were less than at the statewide scale, and the explanatory power of individual variables varied considerably among subdrainages. Community variation within subdrainages appeared to be much more closely related to environmental variation than to replacement among ecologically similar species. Our results suggest that taxonomic and ecological characterizations of community composition are complementary; both are useful in a conservation context. Landscape features such as drainage, physiography, and water body size generally may provide a basis for assessing aquatic community diversity, especially in regions where the biota is poorly known. Systematic conservation of community types would be a major advance relative to most current conservation programs, which typically focus narrowly on populations of imperiled species. More effective conservation of aquatic biodiversity will require new approaches that recognize the value of both species and assemblages, and that emphasize protection of key landscape-scale processes. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Angermeier, PL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 77 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 5 U2 25 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 335 EP 349 DI 10.2307/2641189 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 169FM UT WOS:000078736900029 ER PT J AU Ford, MA Cahoon, DR Lynch, JC AF Ford, MA Cahoon, DR Lynch, JC TI Restoring marsh elevation in a rapidly subsiding salt marsh by thin-layer deposition of dredged material SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE marsh restoration; spray dredging; vertical accretion; shallow subsidence; elevation; Mississippi River delta ID LOUISIANA; SEDIMENTATION; EROSION; PLAIN; BAY AB Thin-layer deposition of dredged material on coastal marsh by means of high-pressure spray dredging (Jet-Spray(R)(2)) technology has been proposed as a mechanism to minimize wetland impacts associated with traditional bucket dredging technologies and to restore soil elevations in deteriorated marshes of the Mississippi River delta. The impact of spray dredging on vegetated marsh and adjacent shallow-water habitat (formerly vegetated marsh that deteriorated to open water) was evaluated in a 0.5-ha Spartina alterniflora-dominated salt marsh in coastal Louisiana. The thickness of dredged sediment deposits was determined from artificial soil marker horizons and soil elevation change was determined from sedimentation-erosion tables (SET) established prior to spraying in both sprayed and reference marshes. The vertical accretion and elevation change measurements were made simultaneously to allow for calculation of shallow (similar to 5 m depth) subsidence (accretion minus elevation change). Measurements made immediately following spraying in July 1996 revealed that stems of S. alterniflora were knocked down by the force of the spray and covered with 23 mm of dredged material. Stems of S. alterniflora a soon recovered, and by July 1997 the percent cover of S. alterniflora had increased three-fold over pre-project conditions. Thus, the layer of dredged material was thin enough to allow for survival of the S. alterniflora plants, with no subsequent colonization by plant species typical of higher marsh zones. By February 1998, 62 mm of vertical accretion accumulated at this site, and little indication of disturbance was noted. Although not statistically significant, soil elevation change was greater than accretion on average at both the spray and reference marshes, suggesting that subsurface expansion caused by increased root biomass production and/or pore water storage influence elevation in this marsh region. In the adjacent shallow water pond, 129 mm of sediment was deposited in July 1996 as a result of spraying, and despite initial shallow subsidence and continual erosion through February 1998, water bottom elevation was raised sufficiently to allow S. alterniflora a to invade via rhizome growth from the adjacent marsh. Hence, thin-layer deposition of dredged material at this site was effective at restoring and maintaining marsh elevation after 1.5 years. However, if the open water sediment deposits are not soon completely stabilized via further vegetative colonization, erosion may eventually lower elevations to the level where emergent vegetation cannot persist. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science BV. All rights reserved. C1 Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Ford, MA (reprint author), Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM mark_ford@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 8 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 189 EP 205 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00061-5 PG 17 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 183AL UT WOS:000079530800002 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Binkley, D Chong, GW Kalkhan, MA Schell, LD Bull, KA Otsuki, Y Newman, G Bashkin, M Son, Y AF Stohlgren, TJ Binkley, D Chong, GW Kalkhan, MA Schell, LD Bull, KA Otsuki, Y Newman, G Bashkin, M Son, Y TI Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE biodiversity; Central Grasslands (USA) plant diversity patterns; exotic plant invasions; exotic species richness; native plant diversity; Rocky Mountains (USA) plant diversity patterns; spatial autocorrelation; species composition overlap; species-specific responses; vegetation sampling; multiscale ID BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; HUMPED RELATIONSHIP; ANNUAL GRASSLAND; BROMUS-TECTORUM; COMMUNITIES; RICHNESS; ENVIRONMENTS; BIODIVERSITY; INVASIBILITY AB Some theories and experimental studies suggest that areas of low plant species richness may be invaded more easily than areas of high plant species richness. We gathered nested-scale vegetation data on plant species richness, foliar cover, and frequency from 200 1-m(2) subplots (20 1000-m(2) modified-Whittaker plots) in the Colorado Rockies (USA), and 160 1-m(2) subplots (16 1000-m(2) plots) in the Central Grasslands in Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Minnesota (USA) to test the generality of this paradigm. At the 1-m(2) scale, the paradigm was supported in four prairie types in the Central Grasslands, where exotic species richness declined with increasing plant species richness and cover. At the I-m: scale, five forest and meadow vegetation types in the Colorado Rockies contradicted the paradigm; exotic species richness increased with native-plant species richness and foliar cover. At the 1000-m(2) plot scale (among vegetation types), 83% of the variance in exotic species richness in the Central Grasslands was explained by the total percentage of nitrogen in the soil and the cover of native plant species. In the Colorado Rockies, 69% of the variance in exotic species richness in 1000-m(2) plots was explained by the number of native plant species and the total percentage of soil carbon. At landscape and biome scales, exotic species primarily invaded areas of high species richness in the four Central Grasslands sites and in the five Colorado Rockies vegetation types. For the nine vegetation types in both biomes, exotic species cover was positively correlated with mean foliar cover, mean soil percentage N, and the total number of exotic species. These patterns of invasibility depend on spatial scale, biome and vegetation type, spatial autocorrelation effects, availability of resources, and species-specific responses to grazing and other disturbances. We conclude that: (1) sites high in herbaceous foliar cover and soil fertility, and hot spots of plant diversity land biodiversity), are invasible in many landscapes; and (2) this pattern may be more closely related to the degree resources are available in native plant communities, independent of species richness. Exotic plant invasions in rare habitats and distinctive plant communities pose a significant challenge to land managers and conservation biologists. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Korea Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Seoul 136701, South Korea. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM toms@nrel.colostate.edu RI Newman, Greg/E-1540-2015; Gebauer, Radek/G-6749-2015 NR 104 TC 663 Z9 698 U1 32 U2 215 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 69 IS 1 BP 25 EP 46 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 164VU UT WOS:000078484900002 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Chambers, JL Allen, JA Luse, BP DeBosier, AS AF Krauss, KW Chambers, JL Allen, JA Luse, BP DeBosier, AS TI Root and shoot responses of Taxodium distichum seedlings subjected to saline flooding SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE baldcypress; intraspecific variation; salinity; salt tolerance; selection; wetlands ID WETLAND FORESTS; BALD CYPRESS; BALDCYPRESS; TOLERANCE; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; COAST AB Variation among progeny of five half-sib family collections of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) from three freshwater and two brackish-water seed sources subjected to saline flooding was evaluated. Mini-rhizotrons (slant tubes) were used to monitor root elongation for a period of 99 days. Salinity level produced significant effects across all baldcypress half-sib families, with root elongation averaging 1594.0, 956.8, and 382.1 mm, respectively, for the 0, 4, and 6 g l(-1) treatments. Combined mean root elongation for families from brackish-water seed sources was greater (1236.7 mm) than for families from freshwater seed sources (794.6 mm). Considerable variation occurred at the highest salinity treatment, however, with one freshwater family maintaining more than 28% more root growth than the average of the two brackish-water collections. Hence, results indicate that short-term evaluation of root elongation at these salinity concentrations may not be a reliable method for salt tolerance screening of baldcypress. Species-level effects for height and diameter, which were measured at day 62, were significant for both parameters. Height increment in the control (7.4 cm), for example, was approximately five times greater than height increment in the 6 g l(-1) salinity treatment (1.5 cm). Family-level variation was significant only for diameter, which had an incremental range of 0.2 to 1.5 mm across all salinity levels. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. EM kkrauss/psw_ipif@fs.fed.us RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 28 TC 11 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 41 IS 1 BP 15 EP 23 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00051-3 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 178CD UT WOS:000079247700003 ER PT J AU Bennett, JP Wetmore, CM AF Bennett, JP Wetmore, CM TI Changes in element contents of selected lichens over 11 years in northern Minnesota, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE lichen; heavy metals; air pollution; wilderness area ID NATIONAL-PARK AB Four species of lichen (Cladina rangiferina, Evernia mesomorpha, Hypogymnia physodes, and Parmelia sulcata) were sampled at six locations in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness three times over a span of 11 years and analyzed for concentrations of 16 chemical elements to test the hypotheses that corticolous species would accumulate higher amounts of chemical elements than terricolous species, and that 11 years were sufficient to detect spatial patterns and temporal trends in element contents. Multivariate analyses of over 2770 data points revealed two principal components that accounted for 68% of the total variance in the data. These two components, the first highly loaded with Al, B, Cr, Fe, Ni and S, and the second loaded with Ca, Cd, Mg and Mn, were inversely related to each other over time and space. The first component was interpreted as consisting of an anthropogenic and a dust component, while the second, primarily a nutritional component. Cu, K, Na, P, Pb and Zn were not highly loaded on either component. Component 1 decreased significantly over the 11 years and from west to east, while component 2 increased. The corticolous species were more enriched in heavy metals than the terricolous species. All four elements in component 2 in H. physodes were above enrichment thresholds for this species. Species differences on the two components were greater than the effects of time and space, suggesting that biomonitoring with lichens is strongly species dependent. Some localities in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness appear enriched in some anthropogenic elements for no obvious reasons. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bennett, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Inst Environm Studies, 504 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 10 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 41 IS 1 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00055-0 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 178CD UT WOS:000079247700010 ER PT J AU Ringold, PL Mulder, B Alegria, J Czaplewski, RL Tolle, T Burnett, K AF Ringold, PL Mulder, B Alegria, J Czaplewski, RL Tolle, T Burnett, K TI Establishing a regional monitoring strategy: The Pacific Northwest Forest Plan SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Northwest Forest Plan; monitoring; ecosystem management; adaptive management; adaptive monitoring ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION; INVENTORY; FRAMEWORK; DESIGN AB This paper identifies lessons learned and issues raised during the development of an ecosystem monitoring strategy intended to support the Northwest Forest Plan. Adaptive ecosystem management, which requires monitoring as essential feedback to management, recognizes that action is necessary or appropriate, although knowledge may be imperfect. We suggest that this principle be explicitly acknowledged in the design of monitoring programs, and we coin the term adaptive monitoring design. Adaptive monitoring design is an iterative process that refines the specifications for monitoring over time as a result of experience in implementing a monitoring program, assessing results, and interacting with users. An adaptive design therefore facilitates ecosystem management. We also discuss lessons of temporal and spatial scales raised by the consideration of a design for ecosystem management. Three additional issues-integration of information from different sources, institutional infrastructure, and the roles of individuals working in an interagency setting-are also identified, but not developed in detail. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Biol Serv, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Bur Land Management, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest & Range Expt Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ringold, PL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 77 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 23 IS 2 BP 179 EP 192 DI 10.1007/s002679900178 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 152GC UT WOS:000077767300005 ER PT J AU Dorava, JM Milner, AM AF Dorava, JM Milner, AM TI Effects of recent volcanic eruptions on aquatic habitat in the Drift River, Alaska, USA: Implications at other Cook Inlet region volcanoes SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aquatic habitat; volcanoes; lahars; lahar-runout flows; macroinvertebrates; community structure; community composition; taxonomic similarity AB Numerous drainages supporting productive salmon habitat are surrounded by active volcanoes on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska. Eruptions have caused massive quantities of flowing water and sediment to enter the river channels emanating from glaciers and snowfields on these volcanoes. Extensive damage to riparlan and aquatic habitat has commonly resulted, and benthic macroinvertebrate and salmonid communities can be affected. Because of the economic importance of Alaska's fisheries, detrimental effects on salmonid habitat can have significant economic implications. The Drift River drains glaciers on the northern and eastern flanks of Redoubt Volcano. During and following eruptions in 1989-1990, severe physical disturbances to the habitat features of the river adversely affected the fishery. Frequent eruptions at other Cook Inlet region volcanoes exemplify the potential effects of volcanic activity on Alaska's important commercial, sport, and subsistence fisheries. Few studies have documented the recovery of aquatic habitat following volcanic eruptions. The eruptions of Redoubt Volcano in 1989-1990 offered an opportunity to examine the recovery of the macroinvertebrate community. Macroinvertebrate community composition and structure in the Drift River were similar in both undisturbed and recently disturbed sites. Additionally, macroinvertebrate samples from sites in nearby undisturbed streams were highly similar to those from some Drift River sites. This similarity and the agreement between the Drift River macroinvertebrate community composition and that predicted by a qualitative model of typical macroinvertebrate communities in glacier-fed rivers indicate that the Drift River macroinvertebrate community is recovering five years after the disturbances associated with the most recent eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Dorava, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 23 IS 2 BP 217 EP 230 DI 10.1007/s002679900181 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 152GC UT WOS:000077767300008 ER PT J AU Vroblesky, DA Nietch, CT Morris, JT AF Vroblesky, DA Nietch, CT Morris, JT TI Chlorinated ethenes from groundwater in tree trunks SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANTS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; NITROBENZENE; REMEDIATION AB The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether tree-core analysis could be used to delineate shallow groundwater contamination by chlorinated ethenes. Analysis of tree cores from bald cypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich], tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.), sweet gum (Liquidambar stryaciflua L.), oak (Quercus spp.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) growing over shallow groundwater contaminated with cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) showed that those compounds also were present in the trees. The cotes were collected and analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. Bald cypress, tupelo, and loblolly pine contained the highest concentrations of TCE, with lesser amounts in nearby oak and sweet gum. The concentrations of cDCE and TCE in various trees appeared to reflect the configuration of the chlorinated-solvent groundwater contamination plume. Bald cypress cores collected along 18.6-m vertical transects of the same trunks showed that TCE concentrations decline by 30-70% with trunk height. The ability of the tested trees to take up cDCE and TCE make tree coring a potentially cost-effective and simple approach to optimizing well placement at this site. C1 US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Vroblesky, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 24 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 3 BP 510 EP 515 DI 10.1021/es980848b PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 164VW UT WOS:000078485100040 ER PT J AU Kennedy, JH Ammann, LP Waller, WT Warren, JE Hosmer, AJ Cairns, SH Johnson, PC Graney, RL AF Kennedy, JH Ammann, LP Waller, WT Warren, JE Hosmer, AJ Cairns, SH Johnson, PC Graney, RL TI Using statistical power to optimize sensitivity of analysis of variance designs for microcosms and mesocosms SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mesocosm; microcosm; design; statistical; power AB Controlled laboratory and field studies are often used in the risk assessment process to evaluate the fate and effects of chemicals on the structure and function of populations and communities. These studies have evolved, over the past 20+ years, from field studies to outdoor simulated ecosystems (microcosms and mesocosms). A review of pertinent literature indicates that analysis of variance is most often used to evaluate those data. Assumptions of homogeneity of variance are often violated, however, and standard normal-theory methods should not be used. Counts of macroinvertebrates collected from a mesocosm and microcosm study were analyzed using log-linear regression models (general and robust) written in the S-Plus statistical language. The statistical power of the analysis is also provided. Dose-response experiments may result in elimination of sensitive taxa for all replicates of a given condition. The program proposes a new method to deal with these zero counts. This program and directions for its use are available from an anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) site. C1 Univ N Texas, Dept Biol Sci, Div Environm Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Univ Texas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA. Novartis Crop Protect Inc, Greensboro, NC 27409 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Bayer Crop Protect, Stilwell, KS 66085 USA. RP Kennedy, JH (reprint author), Univ N Texas, Dept Biol Sci, Div Environm Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 113 EP 117 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0113:USPTOS>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 160WJ UT WOS:000078254500004 ER PT J AU Kemble, NE Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Dawson, TD Norberg-King, TJ AF Kemble, NE Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Dawson, TD Norberg-King, TJ TI Tolerance of freshwater test organisms to formulated sediments for use as control materials in whole-sediment toxicity tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE amphipod; midge; oligochaete; alpha-cellulose; sediment testing ID CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; HYALELLA-AZTECA; WATER; INVERTEBRATES; BIOACCUMULATION; EXPOSURES; DIPTERA; RIVER AB A method is described for preparing formulated sediments for use in toxicity testing. Ingredients used to prepare formulated sediments included commercially available silt, clay, sand, humic acid, dolomite, and rw-cellulose (as a source of organic carbon), alpha-Cellulose was selected as the source of organic carbon because it is commercially available, consistent From batch to batch, and low in contaminant concentrations. The tolerance of freshwater test organisms to formulated sediments for use as control materials in whole-sediment toxicity testing was evaluated. Sediment exposures were conducted for 10 d with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the midges Chironomus riparius and C. tentans, and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus and for 28 d with H. azteca. Responses of organisms in formulated sediments was compared with a field-collected control sediment that has routinely been used to determine test acceptability. Tolerance of organisms to formulated sediments was evaluated by determining responses to varying levels of alpha-cellulose, to varying levels of grain size, to evaluation of different food types, or to evaluation of different sources of overlying water. In the 10-d exposures, survival of organisms exposed to the formulated sediments routinely met or exceeded the responses of test organisms exposed to the control sediment and routinely met test acceptability criteria required in standard methods. Growth of amphipods and oligochaetes in 10-d exposures with formulated sediment was often less than growth of organisms in the held-collected control sediment. Additional research is needed, using the method employed to prepare formulated sediment, to determine if conditioning formulated sediments before starting 10-d tests would improve the growth of amphipods. In the 28-d exposures, survival of H. azteca was low when reconstituted water was used as the source of overlying water. However, when well water was used as the source of overlying water in 28-d exposures, consistent responses of amphipods were observed in both formulated and control sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Integrated Lab Syst, Duluth, MN 55801 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Kemble, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 32 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 222 EP 230 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0222:TOFTOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 160WJ UT WOS:000078254500018 ER PT J AU Creekmore, TE Whittaker, DG Roy, RR Franson, JC Baker, DL AF Creekmore, TE Whittaker, DG Roy, RR Franson, JC Baker, DL TI Health status and relative exposure of mule deer and white-tailed deer to soil contaminants at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mule deer; white-tailed deer; environmental contaminants; dieldrin; mercury AB We evaluated the health of Is radio-collared deer [13 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and 5 white-tailed deer (O. virginianus)] from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, near Denver, Colorado, USA, a Superfund site contaminated with a Variety of materials, including organochlorine pesticides, metals, and nerve gas production by-products. Radio-collared deer were tracked for 1 to 3 years (1989-1992) to identify relative exposure to contaminants based on telemetry locations plotted on grid maps depicting known soil contaminant concentrations. At the end of the study, all animals were in fair or good body condition at the time of necropsy. Mean ages of mule deer and white-tailed deer were 7.4 (range 4-12) and 10.years (range 5-17), respectively. At necropsy, tissues were collected from the deer for serology, histopathology, and analysis for eight chlorinated hydrocarbons and two metals. Detectable residues of mercury were found in the kidneys of 10 deer (range 0.055-0.096 mu g/g), dieldrin was found in fat (n = 9) (range 0.02-0.72 mu g/g), liver (n = 4) (range 0.017-0.12 mu g/g), and brain (n = 1,0.018 mu g/g), and DDE was found in the muscle of one animal (0.02 mu g/g). Relative exposure estimates derived from telemetry and soil contamination data were correlated with tissue levels of dieldrin (p < 0.001) and mercury (p = 0.05). Two mule deer had severe testicular atrophy, and one of these animals also had antler deformities. The prevalence of antibodies against epizootic hemorrhagic disease serotype 2 was 85%. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Portland, OR 97201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rocky Mt Arsenal Natl Wildlife Refuge, Commerce City, CO 80022 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Moses Lake Field Off, Moses Lake, WA 98837 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Creekmore, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 272 EP 278 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0272:HSAREO>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 160WJ UT WOS:000078254500025 ER PT J AU Hansen, JA Woodward, DF Little, EE DeLonay, AJ Bergman, HL AF Hansen, JA Woodward, DF Little, EE DeLonay, AJ Bergman, HL TI Behavioral avoidance: Possible mechanism for explaining abundance and distribution of trout species in a metal-impacted river SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE behavioral avoidance; metal mixtures; rainbow trout; copper; zinc ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; BROWN TROUT; MONTANA AB Behavioral avoidance of metal mixtures by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was determined in the laboratory under water quality conditions that simulated the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, USA. A metal mixture with a fixed ratio of observed ambient metal concentrations (12 mu g/L Cu:1.1 mu g/L Cd:3.2 mu g/L Pb:50 mu g/L Zn) was used to determine avoidance in a countercurrent avoidance chamber. Rainbow trout avoided all metal concentrations tested from 10 to 1,000% of the simulated ambient metal mixture. The behavioral response of rainbow trout to the metal mixture was more sensitive than the response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) previously reported from the same laboratory under the same experimental conditions. Additionally, rainbow trout that were acclimated to the simulated ambient metal mixture for 45 d preferred clean water and avoided higher metal concentrations. Therefore, our laboratory experiments on the behavioral avoidance responses of rainbow trout, as well as previously reported experiments on brown trout, show that both species will avoid typical metal concentrations observed on the Clark Fork River. And the greater sensitivity of rainbow trout to the metal mixture may explain, in part, why rainbow trout populations appear to be more severely affected, compared to brown trout populations, in the upper Clark Fork River. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Fish Physiol & Toxicol Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Jackson Field Stn, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Hansen, JA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Fish Physiol & Toxicol Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 32 TC 45 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 18 IS 2 BP 313 EP 317 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0313:BAPMFE>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 160WJ UT WOS:000078254500031 ER PT J AU Leonard, JBK McCormick, SD AF Leonard, JBK McCormick, SD TI The effect of migration distance and timing on metabolic enzyme activity in an anadromous clupeid, the American shad (Alosa sapidissima) SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alanine aminotransferase; beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase; citrate synthase; energetics; lactate dehydrogenase; metabolism; migration; phosphofructokinase ID PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; TELEOST FISH; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; FOOD-DEPRIVATION; ATLANTIC SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON; BODY SIZE; MUSCLE; EXERCISE AB The American shad (Alosa sapidissima) is a common anadromous fish species with ecological and economic importance on the east coast of North America. This iteroparous species undergoes an energetically costly upriver spawning migration in spring. To evaluate metabolic changes associated with this migration, we assessed the maximum activity of five metabolic enzymes (citrate synthase (CS), phosphofructokinase (PFK). lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), beta-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD), alanine aminotransferase (GPT)) in liver, red muscle and white muscle during upstream migration in two successive years in the Connecticut River. For aerobic capacity (CS), glycolytic capacity (LDH) and utilization of stored lipid and protein energy (HOAD and GPT), there is a general pattern of increasing activity with a subsequent decline at the most upriver sites. Red muscle CS activity increased by as much as 40% during the migration while white muscle CS activity was 120% higher in the river than in the ocean. In contrast, muscle anaerobic capacity, indicated by PFK, was low as fish entered the river and then increased 5-fold at the most upriver sites. White muscle HOAD increased similar to 30% while red muscle HOAD and muscle GPT increased as much as 60%. There were interannual and sex-associated differences in enzyme activity during upstream migration and through time at a single location. In some cases interannual differences can be larger than those seen during upriver migration as in the case of red muscle CS where sampling years differed by 125%. These interannual differences may be a result of differing river conditions that affect migratory effort. We have demonstrated that American shad use tissue and sex-specific regulation of enzyme activity during migration and we suggest that American shad metabolically acclimate to upstream migration. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Leonard, JBK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 50 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2 BP 163 EP 179 DI 10.1023/A:1007751701668 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA 186GX UT WOS:000079721500007 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE AF Keeley, JE TI Photosynthetic pathway diversity in a seasonal pool community SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C-3; C-4; CAM; community assembly; diversity; photosynthetic pathways ID CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM; INORGANIC CARBON ASSIMILATION; FRESH-WATER PLANTS; AQUATIC CAM PLANT; ISOETES-HOWELLII; ELEOCHARIS-VIVIPARA; NORTH-AMERICA; C-4; EVOLUTIONARY; LOCALIZATION AB 1. Photosynthetic pathway diversity was evaluated for the dominant species in a seasonally aquatic community in the south-western USA using C-14 pulse-chase techniques. 2. Under submerged conditions, only about half of the species were clearly C-3 three of the 15 dominants were CAM, one species was C-4 and three were potentially assimilating carbon with both C-3 and C-4 fixation. 3. During the brief terrestrial stage in the Life history of these: amphibious plants, both the CAM and the C-3 + C-4 species switched to C-3 whereas the C-4 species did not switch. 4, Numerous variations were apparent; for example, the C-4 species, while exhibiting a biochemical pathway indistinguishable from terrestrial C-4 plants, lacked Kranz anatomy in the aquatic foliage. Also, despite well-developed CAM in several species, others exhibited low-level diel changes in acidity, apparently not indicative of CAM. 5. Species with C-4 or CAM CO2 concentrating mechanisms lacked the capacity for bicarbonate uptake, an alternative CO2 concentrating mechanism found in certain C-3 species in this community. 6. Rubisco/PEPC in aquatic foliage was higher in C-3 species than in C-4 CAM or putative C-3 + C-4 species. In the terrestrial phase, as expected, the switch from CAM or C-3 + C-4 to strictly C-3 assimilation was associated with a substantial increase in Rubisco/PEPC. Quite unexpected, however, was the substantial increase in this ratio in terrestrial C-3 foliage. It is hypothesized that submerged C-3 plants utilize PEPC for recycling of respiratory CO2 and/or C-2 phototrophism under field conditions of Limited CO2 and O-2 saturation, and this is lost in the terrestrial foliage. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 70 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 106 EP 118 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00294.x PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 181BT UT WOS:000079421300014 ER PT J AU Schulz, MS White, AF AF Schulz, MS White, AF TI Chemical weathering in a tropical watershed, Luquillo mountains, Puerto Rico III: Quartz dissolution rates SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ETCH PITS; SURFACE; SOILS; GRAINS; KINETICS; FOREST; 25-DEGREES-C; MORPHOLOGY; AUSTRALIA; EXAMPLE AB The paucity of weathering rates for quartz in the natural environment stems both from the slow rate at which quartz dissolves and the difficulty in differentiating solute Si contributed by quartz from that derived from other silicate minerals. This study, a first effort in quantifying natural rates of quartz dissolution, takes advantage of extremely rapid tropical weathering, simple regolith mineralogy, and detailed information on hydrologic and chemical transport. Quartz abundances and grain sizes ate relatively constant with depth in a thick saprolite. Limited quartz dissolution is indicated by solution rounding of primary angularity and by the formation of etch pits. A low correlation of surface area (0.14 and 0.42 m(2) g(-1)) with grain size indicates that internal microfractures and pitting are the principal contributors to total surface area. Pore water silica concentration increases linearly with depth. On a molar basis, between one and three quarters of pore water silica is derived from quartz with the remainder contributed from biotite weathering. Average solute Si remains thermodynamically undersaturated with respect to recently revised estimates of quartz solubility (<180 mu M) but exceeds estimated critical saturation concentrations controlling the initiation of etch pit formation (>17-81 mu M) Etch pitting is more abundant on grains in the upper saprolite and is associated with pore waters lower in dissolved silica. Rate constants describing quartz dissolution increase with decreasing depth (from 10-(14.5)-10(-15.1) mol m(-2) s(-1)), which correlate with both greater thermodynamic undersaturation and increasing etch pit densities. Unlike for many aluminosilicates, the calculated natural weathering rates of quartz fall slightly below the rate constants previously reported for experimental studies (10-(12.4)-10(-14.2) mol m(-2) s(-1)). This agreement reflects the structural simplicity of quartz, dilute solutes, and Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Schulz, MS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mschulz@usgs.gov OI Schulz, Marjorie/0000-0001-5597-6447 NR 68 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD FEB PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 337 EP 350 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00056-3 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 207ZD UT WOS:000080964900003 ER PT J AU Kolak, JJ Long, DT Matty, JM Larson, GJ Sibley, DF Councell, TB AF Kolak, JJ Long, DT Matty, JM Larson, GJ Sibley, DF Councell, TB TI Ground-water, large-lake interactions in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron: A geochemical and isotopic approach SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MICHIGAN BASIN; SALINE GROUNDWATERS; FLUID-FLOW; CHEMISTRY; ORIGIN; EVOLUTION; ONTARIO AB Delineating the nature and extent of ground-water inputs is necessary to understand the hydrochemistry of large lakes. Characterizing the interaction between ground water and large lakes (e.g., the Great Lakes) is facilitated by the use of geochemical and isotopic data In this study, pore waters were extracted from sediment cores collected from Saginaw Bay and the surrounding Saginaw lowland area; the geochemistry and stable isotope signature of these pore waters were used to identify sources for the water and solutes. Cores from Saginaw Bay and the Saginaw lowland area yielded strong vertical gradients in chloride concentrations, suggesting that a high-chloride source is present at depth. The spatial distribution of cores with elevated chloride concentrations corresponds to the regional distribution of chloride in ground mater. Most of the Saginaw lowland area cores contain water with significantly lower delta(18)O values than modern meteoric water, suggesting that the water had been recharged during a much cooler climate. The delta(18)O values measured in pore waters (from Saginaw Bay cores) containing high chloride concentrations are similar to modern meteoric water; however, values lighter than modern meteoric water are encountered at depth. Chloride:bromide ratios, used to distinguish between different chloride sources, identify formation brine as the likely source for chloride. Transport models indicate that a combination of advection and diffusion is responsible for the observed Saginaw low land area pore-water profiles. Bore-water profiles in Saginaw Bay sediments are produced primarily by diffusion and require significantly less time to evolve. An upward flux of solutes derived from formation brine could occur elsewhere,within the Great Lakes region and significantly affect the geochemical cycling of chloride and other contaminants (e.g., trace metals). C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Cent Michigan Univ, Dept Geol, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Kolak, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Kolak, Jonathan/0000-0003-2981-9522 NR 55 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 9 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2 BP 177 EP 188 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0177:GWLLII>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 167DP UT WOS:000078617600002 ER PT J AU Panfil, MS Gardner, TW Hirth, KG AF Panfil, MS Gardner, TW Hirth, KG TI Late Holocene stratigraphy of the Tetimpa archaeological sites, northeast flank of Popocatepetl volcano, central Mexico SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITS AB Late Holocene (<2500 yr B.P.) tephras bury a sequence of pre-Hispanic archaeological sites in the Tetimpa area, on the northeast flank of Popocatepetl volcano. From measured stratigraphic sections,C-14 dates, and isopach maps, this paper reconstructs the eruptive chronology and the regional extent of deposits associated with the Tetimpa archaeological sites. A regionally extensive paleosol defines the base of the late Holocene sequence in the Tetimpa area. Deposits from two periods of explosive volcanism unconformably overlie this paleosol, Eruptive sequence I was deposited at ca, 2100 Sr B.P. and blanketed Late Tetimpa archaeological sites with 1-1.5 m of yellow andesitic (similar to 62% SiO2) pumice and locally with 20-40 m of olivine-bearing andesitic lavas. Isopach and isopleth maps of the pumice deposit suggest a Plinian-style eruption event that covered >240 km(2) on the east side of the volcano with >25 cm of tephra, Lavas from eruptive sequence I dammed drainage in the lowland area near the town of San Nicolas and caused local upstream deposition of as much as 30 m of lacustrine silts, clays, and sands. These lacustrine deposits record an eruptive hiatus for the Tetimpa area of about 750 C-14 yr: between ca, 2100 and ca, 1350 ST B.P., no major tephras were deposited in the Tetimpa area. In upland areas, this time period is represented by an unconformity and by Entisols formed in the top of pumice deposits and lavas from eruptive sequence I. Artifacts, agricultural furrows, and dwellings record human reoccupation of this surface. At the end of this hiatus, several lahars were deposited above the lacustrine sequence and locally above the Entisol in upland positions adjacent to streams, Between ca, 1350 and ca, 1200 yr B.P., tephras from eruptive sequence IZ buried these paleosols, occupation sites, lacustrine sediments, and lahars, Andesitic (similar to 62% SiO2) pumice lapilli deposits in the Tetimpa area record three pumice-fall eruptions directed northeast and east of the crater, The first and smallest of these (maximum Tetimpa area thickness = 12 cm; >52 km(2) covered by >25 cm) took place at ca, 1350 gr B.P. and was accompanied by pyroclastic surge events preserved in the Tetimpa area by charcoal, sand waves, and cross-stratified sand-sized tephra, At ca, 1200 yr B.P., the products of two Plinian-style events and additional pyroclastic surges reached the Tetimpa area. The largest of these tephra-fall events covered the Tetimpa area with 0.5-1 m of tephra and blanketed an area of >230 km(2) with a thickness of >25 cm, The Tetimpa record confirms two of the four periods of explosive volcanism recognized by studies conducted around Popo-catepetl in the past 30 ST. Eruptive sequence I corresponds to the explosive period between 2100 and 2500 yr B.P., and eruptive sequence II corresponds to the period between 900 and 1400 yr B.P. The archaeology and lacustrine stratigraphy of the Tetimpa area help constrain the timing of the Plinian phase of eruptive sequence I to ca, 2100 yr B.P. and suggest that the pumice-fall eruptions of eruptive sequence II took plate in at least two intervals between ca. 1350 and ca, 1200 yr B.P. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Anthropol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Panfil, MS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 50 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2 BP 204 EP 218 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0204:LHSOTT>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 167DP UT WOS:000078617600004 ER PT J AU Tseng, HY Burruss, RC Onstott, TC Omar, G AF Tseng, HY Burruss, RC Onstott, TC Omar, G TI Paleofluid-flow circulation within a Triassic rift basin: Evidence from oil inclusions and thermal histories SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NEWARK BASIN; HYLAS ZONE; CRUDE-OIL; MIGRATION; PETROLEUM; PIEDMONT; VIRGINIA; APATITE; FIELDS; USA AB The migration of subsurface fluid flow within continental rift basins has been increasingly recognized to significantly affect the thermal history of sediments and petroleum formation. To gain insight into these paleofluid flow effects, the thermal history of the Taylorsville basin in Virginia was reconstructed from fluid-inclusion studies, apatite fission-track data, and vitrinite reflectance data. Models of thermal history indicate that the basin was buried to the thermal maximum at 200 Ma; a cooling event followed during which the eastern side of the basin cooled earlier and faster than the western side, suggesting that there was a differential uplift and topographically driven fluid flow. This hypothesis is supported by analyses of secondary oil and aqueous inclusions trapped in calcite and quartz veins during the uplift stage. Gas chromatograms of inclusion oils exhibit variable but extensive depletion of light molecular-weight hydrocarbons. The relative abundance of n-alkanes, petrographic observations, and the geological data indicate that the alteration process on these inclusion oils was probably neither phase separation nor biodegradation, but water washing. Water:oil ratios necessary to produce the observed alteration are much greater than 10000:1. These exceedingly high ratios are consistent with the migration of inclusion oils along with fluid flow during the early stages of basin evolution. The results provide significant evidence about the role of a subsurface now system in modifying the temperature structure of the basin and the composition of petroleum generated within the basin. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Geol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Tseng, HY (reprint author), Exxon Prod Res Co, POB 2189,Mail Drop S231B, Houston, TX 77252 USA. EM hytseng@epr.exxon.com NR 59 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2 BP 275 EP 290 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0275:PFCWAT>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 167DP UT WOS:000078617600009 ER PT J AU Moody, JA Pizzuto, JE Meade, RH AF Moody, JA Pizzuto, JE Meade, RH TI Ontogeny of a flood plain SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID OVERBANK FLOWS; RIVER; SEDIMENTATION; FLOODPLAINS AB The ontogeny of hive flood-plain segments is described for a period of 18 yr following a major flood in 1978 on the Powder River in southeastern Montana. The flood plains developed on relatively elevated sand and gravel deposits left within the channel by the 1978 flood. In cross section, the flood plains resemble benches with well-developed natural levees. Flood-plain growth occurred as sediment was draped onto preexisting surfaces in layers of sand and mud a few centimeters to decimeters thick, resulting in some lateral, but mostly vertical accretion, Annual and biannual measurements indicated that, as the flood-plain segments grew upward, the annual rate of vertical accretion decreased as the partial duration recurrence interval for the threshold or bankfull discharge increased from 0.16 to 1.3 yr. It is clear that a constant recurrence interval for overbank flow cannot be meaningfully assigned to this type of floodplain ontogeny, These flood plains did not grow on migrating point bars, and vertical accretion at least initially occurred,within the channel, rather than across the valley flat during extensive overbank flows. Sediments of these flood plains define narrow elongated stratigraphic units that border the active channel and onlap older flood-plain deposits. These characteristics are considerably different from those of many facies models for meandering river deposits. Facies similar to those described in this paper are likely to be preserved, thereby providing important evidence in the geologic record for episodes of periodic channel expansion by ancient rivers. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Geol, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Moody, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jamoody@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 6 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2 BP 291 EP 303 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0291:OOAFP>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 167DP UT WOS:000078617600010 ER PT J AU Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Drever, JI AF Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Drever, JI TI Importance of mechanical disaggregation in chemical weathering in a cold alpine environment, San Juan Mountains, Colorado SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DISSOLUTION KINETICS; WELDED TUFF; SURFACE; PERSPECTIVE; DEPOSITION; ENERGY; BASIN; RATES AB Weathering of welded tuff near the summit of Snowshoe Mountain (3660 m) in southwestern Colorado was studied by analyzing infiltrating waters in the soil and associated solid phases. Infiltrating waters exhibit anomalously high potassium to silica ratios resulting from dissolution of a potassium-rich glass that occurs as a trace phase in the rock In laboratory experiments using rock from the field site, initial dissolution generated potassium-rich solutions similar to those observed in the field, The anomalous potassium release decreased over time (about 1 month), after which the dominant cation was calcium, with a much lower potassium to silica ratio. The anomalous potassium concentrations observed in the infiltrating soil solutions result from weathering of freshly exposed rock surfaces, Continual mechanical disaggregation of the rock due to segregation freezing exposes fresh glass to weathering and thus maintains the source of potassium for the infiltrating water. The ongoing process of creation of fresh surfaces by physical processes is an important influence on the composition of infiltrating waters in the vadose zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hoch, AR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM tonyhoch@usgs.gov NR 49 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2 BP 304 EP 314 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0304:IOMDIC>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 167DP UT WOS:000078617600011 ER PT J AU Lanphere, MA Champion, DE Clynne, MA Muffler, LJP AF Lanphere, MA Champion, DE Clynne, MA Muffler, LJP TI Revised age of the Rockland tephra, northern California: Implications for climate and stratigraphic reconstructions in the western United States SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISSION-TRACK AGE; VOLCANIC ASH; LAKE; RECORD AB The Rockland tephra is an important stratigraphic marker for climate and stratigraphic reconstructions over a broad area of the western United States. New Ar-40/Ar-39 ages are as much as 200 k.y. older than previous cogenetic zircon fission-track ages, which range from 400 to 560 ka. Incremental-heating Ar-40/Ar-39 analyses on two splits of plagioclase from a proximal ash flow of the Rockland tephra in the Lassen Peak area, California, yield an average age-spectrum-plateau age of 614 +/- 8 ka and an isochron age of 611 +/- 11 ka. Our new age for the Rockland tephra is compatible with an Ar-40/Ar-39 analysis of plagioclase from the basaltic andesite of Hootman Ranch that directly overlies the Rockland tephra, A plateau age of 565 +/- 29 ka, an isochron age of 572 +/- 39 ka, and transitional directions of remanent magnetization suggest an age for the basaltic andesite of Hootman Ranch as ca, 570 ka, Correlation of the Rockland tephra with its suspected distal ash in sedimentary sections at widely scattered localities has made the ash an extremely valuable stratigraphic tool. Our new age for the Rockland tephra requires significant revision of many recent climate-based analyses in the western United States. In particular, the best ages for the Rockland tephra (614 ka) and the Lava Creek B ash (660 ka) and their association with oxygen isotopic stages 16 and 15 will allow enhanced understanding of mid-Pleistocene pluvial and interpluvial events in the western United States. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lanphere, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD FEB PY 1999 VL 27 IS 2 BP 135 EP 138 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0135:RAOTRT>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 167DR UT WOS:000078617800010 ER PT J AU Nelson, CH Karabanov, EB Colman, SM Escutia, C AF Nelson, CH Karabanov, EB Colman, SM Escutia, C TI Tectonic and sediment supply control of deep rift lake turbidite systems: Lake Baikal, Russia SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EAST-AFRICA; FACIES AB Tectonically influenced half-graben morphology controls the amount and type of sediment supply and consequent type of late Quaternary turbidite systems developed in the active rift basins of Lake Baikal, Russia. Steep border fault slopes (footwall) on the northwest sides of half-graben basins provide a limited supply of coarser grained clastic material to multiple small fan deltas. These multiple sediment sources in turn laterally feed small (<10 km diameter) unchannelized sublacustrine sand-rich aprons that are deposited at the slope base on the lake poor Gradual slopes of the southeastern ramp margins (hanging wall) of the lake basins, conversely, feed finer grained sediment from larger drainages into two different types of channelized turbidite sublacustrine fan systems: (1) small (5-20 km) laterally fed sand-rich fans sourced by local rivers, often originating from glaciated valleys; and (2) large (>65 km) axially fed elongate mud-rich fans sourced by regional exterior drainage of the Selenga River that supplies large quantities of silt. Basin plain turbidites in the center of the linear basins and axial channels that are controlled by rift-parallel faults are fed from, and interfinger with, aprons and fans. The predictability of the turbidite systems in Lake Baikal provides the best example yet studied of how tectonics and sediment supply interact to control the development of a wide variety of coeval turbidite systems on a single basin floor. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ocean Drilling Program, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Nelson, CH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Escutia, Carlota/B-8614-2015 OI Escutia, Carlota/0000-0002-4932-8619 NR 15 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD FEB PY 1999 VL 27 IS 2 BP 163 EP 166 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 167DR UT WOS:000078617800017 ER PT J AU Sueker, JK Turk, JT Michel, RL AF Sueker, JK Turk, JT Michel, RL TI Use of cosmogenic S-35 for comparing ages of water from three alpine-subalpine basins in the Colorado Front Range SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Association-of-American-Geographers 92nd Annual Meeting CY APR 09-13, 1996 CL CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA SP Assoc Amer Geographers DE S-35; residence time; hydrology; surficial debris; headwater basin ID NATIONAL-PARK; FLOW PATH; NEW-YORK; SNOWMELT; CHEMISTRY; TRITIUM; RUNOFF; MOUNTAINS AB High-elevation basins in Colorado are a major source of water for the central and western United States; however, acidic deposition may affect the quality of this water. Water that is retained in a basin for a longer period of time may be less impacted by acidic deposition. Sulfur-35 (S-35), a short-lived isotope of sulfur (t(1/2) = 87 days), is useful for studying short-time scale hydrologic processes in basins where biological influences and water/rock interactions are minimal. When sulfate response in a basin is conservative, the age of water may be assumed to be that of the dissolved sulfate in it. Three alpine-subalpine basins on granitic terrain in Colorado were investigated to determine the influence of basin morphology on the residence time of water in the basins. Fern and Spruce Creek basins are glaciated and accumulate deep snowpacks during the winter. These basins have hydrologic and chemical characteristics typical of systems with rapid hydrologic response times. The age of sulfate leaving these basins, determined from the activity of S-35, averages around 200 days. In contrast, Boulder Brook basin has broad, gentle slopes and an extensive cover of surficial debris. Its area above treeline, about one-half of the basin, is blown free of snow during the winter. Variations in flow and solute concentrations in Boulder Brook are quite small compared to Fern and Spruce Creeks. After peak snowmelt, sulfate in Boulder Brook is about 200 days older than sulfate in Fern and Spruce Creeks. This indicates a substantial source of older sulfate (lacking S-35) that is probably provided from water stored in pore spaces of surficial debris in Boulder Brook basin. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Exponent Environm Grp, Boulder, CO USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Sueker, JK (reprint author), Exponent Environm Grp, Boulder, CO USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD FEB PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00090-7 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 169VD UT WOS:000078769000006 ER PT J AU Cerling, TE Webb, RH Poreda, RJ Rigby, AD Melis, TS AF Cerling, TE Webb, RH Poreda, RJ Rigby, AD Melis, TS TI Cosmogenic He-3 ages and frequency of late Holocene debris flows from Prospect Canyon, Grand Canyon, USA SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Association-of-American-Geographers 92nd Annual Meeting CY APR 09-13, 1996 CL CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA SP Assoc Amer Geographers DE cosmogenic isotopes; Grand Canyon; He-3; geomorphology; Arizona; radiocarbon ID ALLUVIAL CHRONOLOGY; TERRESTRIAL ROCKS; MOJAVE DESERT; FLOOD; RIVER; COLORADO; INSITU; LAVAS AB Lava Falls Rapid, which was created and is maintained by debris flows from Prospect Canyon, is the most formidable reach of whitewater on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon and is one of the most famous rapids in the world. Debris flows enter the Colorado River at tributary junctures, creating rapids. The frequency of debris flows is an important consideration when management of regulated rivers involves maintenance of channel morphology. We used cosmogenic He-3, C-14, and historical photographs to date 12 late Holocene and historic debris flows from Prospect Canyon. The highest and oldest deposits from debris flows on the debris fan yielded a He-3 date of about 3 ka, which indicates predominately late Holocene aggradation of one of the largest debris fans in Grand Canyon. The deposit, which has a 25-m escarpment caused by river reworking, crossed the Colorado River and raised its base level by 30 m for an indeterminate although likely short period. We mapped depositional surfaces of 11 debris flows that occurred after 3 ka. Two deposits inset against the highest deposit yielded He-3 ages of about 2.2 ka, and at least two others followed shortly afterwards. At least one of these debris flows also dammed the Colorado River. The most recent prehistoric debris flow occurred no more than 0.5 ka. The largest historic debris flow, which constricted the river by 80%, occurred in 1939. Five other debris flows occurred after 1939; these debris flows constricted the Colorado River by 35-80%. Assuming the depositional volumes of late Holocene debris flows can be modeled using a lognormal distribution, we calculated recurrence intervals of 15 to more than 2000 years for debris flows from Prospect Canyon. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Rochester, Dept Geol Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA. RP Cerling, TE (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM tcerling@mines.utah.edu NR 55 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD FEB PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00092-0 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 169VD UT WOS:000078769000008 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Swindle, TD Lucey, PG AF Johnson, JR Swindle, TD Lucey, PG TI Estimated solar wind-implanted helium-3 distribution on the Moon SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID IRON AB Among the solar wind-implanted volatiles present in the lunar regolith, He-3 is possibly the most valuable resource because of its potential as a fusion fuel. The abundance of He-3 in the lunar regolith at a given location depends on surface maturity, the amount of solar wind fluence, and titanium content, because ilmenite (FeTiO3) retains helium much better than other major lunar minerals. Surface maturity and TiO2 maps from Clementine multispectral data sets are combined here with a solar wind fluence model to produce a He-3 abundance map of the Moon. Comparison of the predicted He-3 values to landing site observations shows good correlation. The highest He-3 abundances occur in the farside maria (due to greater solar wind fluence received) and in higher TiO2 nearside mare regions. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jjohnson@flagmail.wr.usgs.gov NR 29 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 3 BP 385 EP 388 DI 10.1029/1998GL900305 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 163YK UT WOS:000078434300027 ER PT J AU Winter, TC AF Winter, TC TI Relation of streams, lakes, and wetlands to groundwater flow systems SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE geologic fabric; groundwater recharge water budget; groundwater/surface-water relations; general hydrogeology; groundwater management ID PRAIRIE-POTHOLE WETLANDS; NORTH-DAKOTA; WATER-TABLE; SATURATED FLOW; USA; SEEPAGE; RECHARGE; HYDROLOGY; LAKEBEDS; GEOMETRY AB Surface-water bodies are integral parts of groundwater flow systems. Groundwater interacts with surface water in nearly all landscapes, ranging from small streams, lakes, and wetlands in headwater areas to major river valleys and seacoasts. Although it generally is assumed that topographically high areas are groundwater recharge areas and topographically low areas are groundwater discharge areas, this is true primarily for regional flow systems. The superposition of local flow systems associated with surface-water bodies on this regional framework results in complex interactions between groundwater and surface water in all landscapes, regardless of regional topographic position. Hydrologic processes associated with the surface-water bodies themselves, such as seasonally high surface-water levels and evaporation and transpiration of groundwater from around the perimeter of surface-water bodies, are a major cause of the complex and seasonally dynamic groundwater flow fields associated with surface water. These processes have been documented at research sites in glacial, dune, coastal, mantled karst, and riverine terrains. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Winter, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 413,Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 43 TC 291 Z9 300 U1 18 U2 162 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 7 IS 1 BP 28 EP 45 DI 10.1007/s100400050178 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 187BV UT WOS:000079767000003 ER PT J AU Premo, WR Tatsumoto, M Misawa, K Nakamura, N Kita, NI AF Premo, WR Tatsumoto, M Misawa, K Nakamura, N Kita, NI TI Pb-isotopic systematics of lunar highland rocks (> 3.9 Ga): Constraints on early lunar evolution SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID U-TH-PB; SM-ND; FERROAN ANORTHOSITE-60025; RB-SR; MOON; AGE; PETROGENESIS; ORIGIN; CRUST; MAGMA AB The present lead (Pb)-isotopic database of over 200 analyses from nearly 90 samples of non-mare basalt, lunar highland rocks (>3.9 Ga) delineate at least three isotopically distinct signatures that in some combination can be interpreted to characterize the systematics of the entire database. Two are fairly new sets of lunar data and are typical of Pb data from other solar-system objects, describing nearly linear arrays slightly above the "geochron" values, with Pb-207/Pb-206 values <0.9. In aggregate, those data allow a relatively new interpretation of the Pb-isotopic evolution of the Moon, helping to identify and characterize a planetary evolutionary stage not preserved by Earth rocks. From the Pb-isotopic compositions, a source U-238/Pb-204 (mu) value can be calculated; differences in mu values from one Pb signature to another can have important implications on the age and evolution of Moon-forming events. In particular, the U/Pb ratio is one method of measuring the fractionation between refractory and volatile elements, an important indicator when considering large-scale planetary differentiation stages. The oldest Pb signature is represented solely by ferroan anorthosite 60025, presumably a piece of the early plagioclase-rich lunar crust produced from a magma ocean, and is characterized by source mu values between 35 and 100 at similar to 4.43 Ga. Another prominent and uniquely lunar Pb signature, identified more than 20 years ago: is representative of many ferroan anorthosites and most high-Mg suite rocks (particularly 15415, 62237, 76535, and 78235), and is characterized by extremely high Pb-207/Pb-206 values (similar to 1.45) that require extremely high source mu values (>500). Although the age and origin of this exotic Pb is not well constrained, it is interpreted to be related to the entrapment of incompatible-element-rich (U, Th) melts within the lunar upper mantle and crust between 4.36 and 4.46 Ga (urKREEP residuum?). The latest discovered Pb signature is found only in lunar meteorites and is characterized by relatively low source mu values between 10 and 50 at 3.9 Ga. The fact that most lunar crustal rocks (>3.9 Ga) exhibit high Pb-207/Pb-206 values requires that they were derived from, mixed with, or contaminated by Pb produced from early-formed, high-mu sources. The ubiquity of these U-Pb characteristics in the sample collection is probably an artifact of Apollo and Luna sampling sites, all located on the near side of the Moon, which was deeply excavated during the basin-forming event(s). However, the newest Pb-isotopic data support the idea that the Moon originally had a mu value of similar to 8 to 35, slightly elevated from Earth values, and that progressive U-Pb fractionations occurred within the Moon during later stages of differentiation between 4.36 and 4.46 Ga. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Kobe Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Nada Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. Geol Survey Japan, Isotope Geosci Sect, Ibaraki, Osaka 3058567, Japan. RP Premo, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 963,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 84 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 41 IS 2 BP 95 EP 128 PG 34 WC Geology SC Geology GA 166FJ UT WOS:000078565300001 ER PT J AU Hargis, CD Bissonette, JA Turner, DL AF Hargis, CD Bissonette, JA Turner, DL TI The influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American martens SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE edge density; habitat fragmentation; Martes americana; proximity index; timber harvests ID LOGGED BOREAL FORESTS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; SQUIRREL; ECOLOGY; ONTARIO; OREGON; UNCUT AB 1. We investigated the effects of forest fragmentation on American martens (Martes americana Rhoads) by evaluating differences in marten capture rates (excluding recaptures) in 18 study sites with different levels of fragmentation resulting from timber harvest clearcuts and natural openings. We focused on low levels of fragmentation, where forest connectivity was maintained and non-forest cover ranged from 2% to 42%. 2. Martens appeared to respond negatively to low levels of habitat fragmentation, based on the significant decrease in capture rates within the series of increasingly fragmented landscapes. Martens were nearly absent from landscapes having >25% non-forest cover, even though forest connectivity was still present. 3. Marten capture rates were negatively correlated with increasing proximity of open areas and increasing extent of high-contrast edges. Forested landscapes appeared unsuitable for martens when the average nearest-neighbour distance between open (non-forested) patches was <100 m. In these landscapes, the proximity of open areas created strips of forest edge and eliminated nearly all forest interior. 4. Small mammal densities were significantly higher in clearcuts than in forests, but marten captures were not correlated with prey abundance or biomass associated with clearcuts. 5. Conservation efforts for the marten must consider not only the structural aspects of mature forests, but the landscape pattern in which the forest occurs. We recommend that the combination of timber harvests and natural openings comprise <25% of landscapes greater than or equal to 9 km(2) in size. 6. The spatial pattern of open areas is important as well, because small, dispersed openings result in less forest interior habitat than one large opening at the same percentage of fragmentation. Progressive cutting from a single patch would retain the largest amount of interior forest habitat. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS,BRD, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Hargis, CD (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, SW Forest Sci Complex,2500 S Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 75 TC 99 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 37 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 157 EP 172 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00377.x PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194CD UT WOS:000080173800015 ER PT J AU Durand, SR Shelley, PH Antweiler, RC Taylor, HE AF Durand, SR Shelley, PH Antweiler, RC Taylor, HE TI Trees, chemistry, and prehistory in the American Southwest SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Southwest USA; Chaco Canyon; ICP-AES; elemental analysis; tree sourcing; dendrochemistry ID RINGS C1 E New Mexico Univ, Anthr Program, Portales, NM 88130 USA. US Geological Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Durand, SR (reprint author), E New Mexico Univ, Anthr Program, Portales, NM 88130 USA. NR 36 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 26 IS 2 BP 185 EP 203 DI 10.1006/jasc.1998.0315 PG 19 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA 171AK UT WOS:000078839700006 ER PT J AU Bennett, JP AF Bennett, JP TI Quasi-two-dimensional simulation of scour and deposition in alluvial channels - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID BED C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Bennett, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 413,POB 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 1999 VL 125 IS 2 BP 206 EP 207 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:2(206) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 159VA UT WOS:000078194600011 ER PT J AU Vargas, A Anderson, SH AF Vargas, A Anderson, SH TI Effects of experience and cage enrichment on predatory skills of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Mustela nigripes; black-footed ferret; predatory behavior; captive breeding; endangered species; enrichment ID BEHAVIOR AB We studied ontogeny of predatory skills of growing black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) raised under different captive conditions. To test effects of maturation, experience, and cage enrichment on predatory behavior, we exposed 70 juvenile black-footed ferrets to different numbers of live hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) throughout development. Both maturation and experience increased the likelihood of a black-footed ferret making a successful kill. Black-footed ferrets exposed to greater environmental complexity (enriched cage, including encouragement of food-searching behaviors) also were more likely to kill than ferrets raised in a deprived environment. Behavioral studies of captive-raised black-footed ferrets can help refine current breeding techniques and ultimately enhance efforts to recover this endangered carnivore. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Black Footed Ferret Conservat Ctr, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Univ Wyoming, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Vargas, A (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Black Footed Ferret Conservat Ctr, 410 Grand Ave,Suite 315, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. NR 44 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 31 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 80 IS 1 BP 263 EP 269 DI 10.2307/1383226 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 169GH UT WOS:000078738800025 ER PT J AU Reynolds, RL Rosenbaum, JG van Metre, P Tuttle, M Callender, E Goldin, A AF Reynolds, RL Rosenbaum, JG van Metre, P Tuttle, M Callender, E Goldin, A TI Greigite (Fe3S4) as an indicator of drought - The 1912-1994 sediment magnetic record from White Rock Lake, Dallas, Texas, USA SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sediment magnetism; greigite; drought; bacterial sulfate reduction; magnetite; eolian transport ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; BLOWING DUST; HOLOCENE SEDIMENTS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; UNITED-STATES; LAND-USE; GEOCHEMISTRY; BASIN; WATER; ENVIRONMENT AB Combined magnetic and geochemical studies were conducted on sediments from White Rock Lake, a reservoir in suburban Dallas (USA), to investigate how land use has affected sediment and water quality since the reservoir was filled in 1912. The chronology of a 167-cm-long core is constrained by the recognition of the pre-reservoir surface and by Cs-137 results. In the reservoir sediments, magnetic susceptibility (MS) and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) are largely carried by detrital titanomagnetite that originally formed in igneous rocks. Titanomagnetite and associated hematite are the dominant iron oxides in a sample from the surficial deposit in the watershed but are absent in the underlying Austin Chalk. Therefore, these minerals were transported by wind into the watershed. After about 1960, systematic decreases in Ti, Fe, and Al suggest diminished input of detrital Fe-Ti oxides from the surficial deposits. MS and IRM remain constant over this interval, however, implying compensation by an increase in strongly magnetic material derived from human activity. Anthropogenic magnetite in rust and ferrite spherules (from fly ash?) are more common in sediment deposited after about 1970 than before and may account for the constant magnetization despite the implied decrease in detrital Fe-Ti oxides. An unexpected finding is the presence of authigenic greigite (Fe3S4), the abundance of which is at least partly controlled by climate. Greigite is common in sediments that predate about 1975, with zones of concentration indicated by relatively high IRM/MS. High greigite contents in sediment deposited during the early to mid-1950s and during the mid-1930s correspond to several-year periods of below-average precipitation and drought from historical records. Relatively long water-residence times in the reservoir during these periods may have led to elevated levels of sulfate available for bacterial sulfate reduction. The sulfate was probably derived via the oxidation of pyrite that is common in the underlying Austin Chalk. These results provide a basis for the paleoenvironmental interpretation of greigite occurrence in older lake sediments. The results also indicate that greigite formed rapidly and imply that it can be preserved in the amounts produced over a short time span (in this lake, only a few years). This finding thus suggests that, in some lacustrine settings, greigite is capable of recording paleomagnetic secular variation. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Oregon Inst Technol, Klamath Falls, OR 97601 USA. RP Reynolds, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 980,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 55 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 21 IS 2 BP 193 EP 206 DI 10.1023/A:1008027815203 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 196AX UT WOS:000080287800004 ER PT J AU Nishikawa, T Paybins, KS Izbicki, JA Reichard, EG AF Nishikawa, T Paybins, KS Izbicki, JA Reichard, EG TI Numerical model of a tracer test on the Santa Clara River, Ventura County, California SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE modeling/statistics; tracer test; surface water hydrology; simulation; pollution modeling; hydraulics ID RHODAMINE-WT DYE; DISPERSION AB To better understand the flow processes, solute-transport processes, and ground-water/surface-water interactions on the Santa Clara River in Ventura County, California, a 24-hour fluorescent-dye tracer study was performed under steady-state flow conditions on a 45-km reach of the river. The study reach includes perennial (uppermost and lowermost) subreaches and ephemeral subreaches of the lower Piru Creek and the middle Santa Clara River. The tracer-test data were used to calibrate a one-dimensional flow model (DAFLOW) and a solute-transport model (BLTM). The dye-arrival times at each sample location were simulated by calibrating the velocity parameters in DAFLOW. The simulations of dye transport indicated that (1) ground-water recharge explains the loss of mass in the ephemeral middle subreaches, and (2) groundwater recharge does not explain the loss of mass in the perennial uppermost and lowermost subreaches. The observed tracer curves in the perennial subreaches were indicative of sorptive dye losses, transient storage, and (or) photodecay - these phenomena were simulated using a linear decay term. However, analysis of the linear decay terms indicated that photodecay was not a dominant source of dye loss. C1 US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Nishikawa, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5735 Kearny Villa Rd,Suite O, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. EM tnish@usgs.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb05458.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 179TM UT WOS:000079345200011 ER PT J AU Chambers, DB AF Chambers, DB TI Semipermeable membrane devices used to estimate bioconcentration of polychlorinated biphenyls SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE bioconcentration; semipermeable membrane devices; water quality; wetlands; polychlorinated biphenyls ID ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; RIVER; WATER; SPMDS AB Aquatic organisms passively accumulate hydrophobic organic compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, even when ambient water concentrations of the contaminant are below analytical detection limits. However, contaminant concentrations in tissue samples are subject to an inherently high level of variability due to differences in species, life stage, and gender bioconcentration potentials. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were used to sample Aroclor 1254, a mixture of readily bioconcentrated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in a contaminated wetland near Flat Top, WV. The devices consisted of triolein, a lipid found in fish, enclosed in a polyethylene membrane. SPMDs were deployed in the water column and in direct contact with wetland sediments along a previously identified concentration gradient of PCBs. The devices were retrieved after a 25-day exposure period. Analytes were recovered by dialyzing the devices in nanograde hexane. Hexane dialysates were condensed and analyzed by gas chromatography. All deployed devices sequestered quantifiable amounts of Aroclor 1254. Water-column SPMDs accumulated PCBs far in excess of ambient water concentrations. The devices contacting sediments accumulated PCBs at all sites, though accumulated concentrations did not exceed concentrations in sediment. Patterns of PCB concentration in the devices corresponded to the identified gradient at the site. Results from the water-column SPMDs were used to estimate the concentration of the dissolved, bioavailable fraction of PCBs present in the water column. These concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 mu g/L of bioavailable Aroclor 1254. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Charleston, WV 25301 USA. RP Chambers, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 11 Dunbar St, Charleston, WV 25301 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 143 EP 153 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb05459.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 179TM UT WOS:000079345200012 ER PT J AU Hall, DW AF Hall, DW TI "Relationships between land uses and rainwater quality in a south central Pennsylvania watershed," - Reply to discussion by William P. Minervini SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Hall, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 191 EP 192 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb05467.x PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 179TM UT WOS:000079345200020 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Keeley, MB Bond, WJ AF Keeley, JE Keeley, MB Bond, WJ TI Stem demography and post-fire recruitment of a resprouting serotinous conifer SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE age structure; Cupressaceae; fynbos; resprouting; seedling recruitment; serotiny; Widdringtonia AB The contribution of resprouts and seedling recruitment to post-fire regeneration of the South African fynbos conifer Widdringtonia nodiflora was compared eight months after wildfires in 1990. Stems on all trees were killed by fire but resprouting success was > 90 % at all but one site. A demographic study of burned skeletons revealed that prior to these fires, nearly all plants were multi-stemmed (4 - 9 stems/plant) and multi-aged, indicating continuous sprout production between fires. All stems were killed by these 1990 fires and at most sites > 90 % of the stems were burned to ground level. All diameter stems were susceptible to such incineration as, at most sites, there was no difference in average diameter of stems burned to ground level and those left standing. Individual genets usually had all ramets incinerated to ground level or all ramets charred, but intact, suggesting certain micro-sites burned hotter, whereas other sites were somewhat protected. Although not true of the 1990 fires, there was evidence that occasionally Widdringtonia stems may survive fire. At one site, four of the 16 plants sampled had a burned stem twice as old as the oldest burned stem on the other 12 plants at the site, suggesting some stems had survived the previous fire (ca. 1970) and this conclusion was supported by fire-scars on these four stems that dated to ca. 1970. Based on the highly significant correlation between stem diameter and cone density left standing after the 1990 fires, we calculated that for most sites > 80 % of the initial cone crop was incinerated by fire. This is important because we observed a strong relationship between size of the canopy cone crop surviving fire and post-fire seedling recruitment. Under these conditions we hypothesize that sprouting confers a selective advantage to genets when fires cause heavy losses of seed. The infrequent occurrence of sprouting in the Cupressaceae suggests the hypothesis that resprouting is an apomorphic or derived trait in Widdringtonia. Data from this study suggests resprouting provides a selective advantage under severe fynbos fires, which are not only 'stand-replacing fires,' but also are intense enough to incinerate cone-bearing stems. C1 USGS Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. MBK Hort Consultants, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), USGS Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 15 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI UPPSALA PA BOX 25137, S 752 25 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 69 EP 76 DI 10.2307/3237162 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 183ZA UT WOS:000079583800009 ER PT J AU van Geen, A Luoma, SN AF van Geen, A Luoma, SN TI The impact of human activities on sediments of San Francisco Bay, California: an overview SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material DE San Francisco Bay; sediment; estuarine contamination AB This note introduces a set of eight papers devoted to a detailed study of two sediment cores from San Francisco Bay with an overview of the region and a chronology of human activities. Data used in this study to constrain the range of sediment ages at different depths include Th-234,Pb-210, Cs-137, Pu-239,Pu-240 and Be-10 concentrations in the sediment and the C-14 age of shell fragments. In order of first detectable appearance in the record, the indicators of contamination that were analyzed include PAHs > Hg > Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn > DDT, PCB > foraminiferal Cd/Ca. This study also documents a large memory effect for estuarine contamination caused by sediment mixing and resuspension. Once an estuary such as San Francisco Bay has been contaminated, decades must pass before contaminant levels in surface sediment will return to background levels, even if external contaminant inputs have been entirely eliminated. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP van Geen, A (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NR 20 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00080-2 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300001 ER PT J AU Fuller, CC van Geen, A Baskaran, M Anima, R AF Fuller, CC van Geen, A Baskaran, M Anima, R TI Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by Pb-210, Th-234, Cs-137, and Pu-239,Pu-240 SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment chronology; San Francisco Bay; radioisotope profiles ID SABINE-NECHES ESTUARY; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; HISTORICAL TRENDS; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; ACCUMULATION; DISEQUILIBRIUM; DISTRIBUTIONS; ENVIRONMENTS; DIAGENESIS AB Sediment chronologies based on radioisotope depth profiles were developed at two sites in the San Francisco Bay estuary to provide a framework for interpreting historical trends in organic compound and metal contaminant inputs. At Richardson Bay near the estuary mouth, sediments are highly mixed by biological and/or physical processes. Excess Th-234 penetration ranged from 2 to more than 10 cm at eight coring sites, yielding surface sediment mixing coefficients ranging from 12 to 170 cm(2)/year. At the site chosen for contaminant analyses, excess Pb-210 activity was essentially constant over the upper 25 cm of the core with an exponential decrease below to the supported activity between 70 and 90 cm. Both Cs-137 and Pu-239,Pu-240 penetrated to 57-cm depth and have broad subsurface maxima between 33 and 41 cm. The best fit of the excess Pb-210 profile to a steady state sediment accumulation and mixing model yielded an accumulation rate of 0.825 g/cm(2)/year (0.89 cm/year at sediment surface), surface mixing coefficient of 71 cm(2)/year, and 33-cm mixed zone with a half-Gaussian depth dependence parameter of 9 cm. Simulations of Cs-137 and Pu-239,Pu-240 profiles using these parameters successfully predicted the maximum depth of penetration and the depth of maximum Cs-137 and Pu-239,Pu-240 activity. Profiles of successive 1-year hypothetical contaminant pulses were generated using this parameter set to determine the age distribution of sediments at any depth horizon. Because of mixing, sediment particles with a wide range of deposition dates occur at each depth. A sediment chronology was derived from this age distribution to assign the minimum age of deposition and a date of maximum deposition to a depth horizon. The minimum age of sediments in a given horizon is used to estimate the date of first appearance of a contaminant from its maximum depth of penetration. The date of maximum deposition is used to estimate the peak year of input for a contaminant from the depth interval with the highest concentration of that contaminant. Because of the extensive mixing, sediment-bound constituents are rapidly diluted with older material after deposition. In addition, contaminants persist in the mixed zone for many years after deposition. More than 75 years are required to bury 90% of a deposited contaminant below the mixed zone. Reconstructing contaminant inputs is limited to changes occurring on a 20-year time scale. In contrast, mixing is much lower relative to accumulation at a site in San Pablo Bay. Instead, periods of rapid deposition and/or erosion occurred as indicated by frequent sand-sits laminae in the X-radiograph. Cs-137, Pu-239,Pu-240, and excess Pb-210 activity all penetrated to about 120 cm. The distinct maxima in the fallout radionuclides at 105-110 cm yielded overall Linear sedimentation rates of 3.9 to 4.1 cm/year, which an comparable to a rate of 4.5 +/- 1.5 cm/year derived from the excess Pb-210 profile. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Geosci & Maritime Studies, Galveston, TX 77553 USA. RP Fuller, CC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Baskaran, Mark/0000-0002-2218-4328; Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 46 TC 113 Z9 125 U1 3 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 7 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00081-4 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300002 ER PT J AU van Geen, A Valette-Silver, NJ Luoma, SN Fuller, CC Baskaran, M Tera, F Klein, J AF van Geen, A Valette-Silver, NJ Luoma, SN Fuller, CC Baskaran, M Tera, F Klein, J TI Constraints on the sedimentation history of San Francisco Bay from C-14 and Be-10 SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE estuary; erosional disturbance; sedimentation rate ID CALIFORNIA; PROFILES; ESTUARY; SYSTEM; AGES AB Industrialization and urbanization around San Francisco Bay as well as mining and agriculture in the watersheds of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers have profoundly modified sedimentation patterns throughout the estuary. We provide some constraints on the onset of these erosional disturbances with Be-10 data for three sediment cores: two from Richardson Bay, a small embayment near the mouth of San Francisco Bay, and one from San Pablo Bay, mid-way between the river delta and the mouth. Comparison of pre-disturbance sediment accumulation determined from three C-14-dated mollusk shells in one Richardson Bay core with more recent conditions determined from the distribution of Pb-210, and Th-234 [Fuller, C.C., van Geen, A., Baskaran, M., Anima, R.J., 1999. Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by Pb-210, Th-234, Cs-137, and Pu-239,Pu-240] shows that the accumulation rate increased by an order of magnitude at this particular site. All three cores from San Francisco Bay show subsurface maxima in Be-10 concentrations ranging in magnitude from 170 to 520 x 10(6) atoms/g. The transient nature of the increased Be-10 input suggests that deforestation and agricultural development caused basin-wide erosion of surface soils enriched in Be-10, probably before the turn of the century. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NOAA, NOS, ORCA2, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Geosci & Maritime Studies, Galveston, TX 77553 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP van Geen, A (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. OI Baskaran, Mark/0000-0002-2218-4328; Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00082-6 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300003 ER PT J AU Hornberger, MI Luoma, SN van Geen, A Fuller, C Anima, R AF Hornberger, MI Luoma, SN van Geen, A Fuller, C Anima, R TI Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cores; metals; San Francisco Bay ID COASTAL SEDIMENTS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS; IDENTIFYING SOURCES; MERCURY POLLUTION; NARRAGANSETT-BAY; HEAVY-METALS; TRACE-METALS; CONTAMINATION AB Concentrations of Ag, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were determined in six sediment cores from San Francisco Bay (SFB) and one sediment core in Tomales Bay (TB), a reference estuary. SFB cores were collected from between the head of the estuary and its mouth (Grizzly Bay, GB; San Pablo Bay, SP; Central Bay, CB; Richardson Bay, RE, respectively) and ranged in length from 150 to 250 cm. Concentrations of Cr, V and Ni are greater than mean crustal content in SEE and TB sediments, and greater than found in many other coastal sediments. However, erosion of ultramafic rock formations in the watershed appears to be the predominant source. Baseline concentrations of other metals were determined from horizons deposited before sediments were influenced by human activities and by comparing concentrations to those in TB. Baseline concentrations of Cu co-varied with Al in the SFB sediments and ranged from 23.7 +/- 1.2 mu g/g to 41.4 +/- 2.4 mu g/g. Baseline concentrations of other metals were less variable: Ag, 0.09 +/- 0.02 mu g/g; Pb, 5.2 +/- 0.7 mu g/g; Hg, 0.06 +/- 0.01 mu g/g; Zn, 78 +/- 7 mu g/g. The earliest anthropogenic influence on metal concentrations appeared as Hg contamination (0.3-0.4 mu g/g) in sediments deposited at SP between 1850 and 1880, apparently associated with debris from hydraulic gold mining. Maximum concentrations of Hg within the cores were 20 times baseline. Greater inventories of Hg at SP and GB than at RE verified the importance of mining in the watershed as a source. Enrichment of Ag, Pb, Cu and Zn first appeared after 1910 in the RE core, later than is observed in Europe or eastern North America. Maximum concentrations of Ag and Pb were 5-10 times baseline and Cu and Zn concentrations were less than three times baseline. Large inventories of Pb to the sediments in the GB and SP cores appeared to be the result of the proximity to a large Pb smelter. Inventories of Pb at RE are similar to those typical of atmospheric inputs, although influence from the Pb smelter is also suspected. Concentrations of Hg and Pb have decreased since the 1970s (to 0.30 mu g/g and 25 mu g/g, respectively) and were similar among all cores in 1990. Early Ag contamination was perhaps a byproduct of the Pb smelting process, but a modern source of Ag is also indicated, especially at RE and CB. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Hornberger, MI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 465, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 62 TC 159 Z9 166 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)80083-2 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300004 ER PT J AU van Geen, A Luoma, SN AF van Geen, A Luoma, SN TI A record of estuarine water contamination from the Cd content of foraminiferal tests in San Francisco Bay, California SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE foraminifera; Cd Ca ratio; Elphidiella hannai ID NORTHEAST PACIFIC WATERS; TRACE-METALS; EARLY DIAGENESIS; CADMIUM; SEDIMENTS; COPPER; OCEAN; DISTRIBUTIONS; GEOCHEMISTRY; ATLANTIC AB A five-year dissolved Cd time series from San Francisco Bay and adjacent coastal water shows that the composition of surface water towards the mouth of the estuary is determined largely by the effect of coastal upwelling. Cd concentrations inside and outside the estuary (0.2-1.0 nmol/kg) increase as Cd-rich deep water is advected to the surface near the coast during spring and summer. On average, the mean Cd concentrations inside San Francisco Bay (0.54 nmol/kg) during 1991-1995 was significantly higher than outside (0.35 nmol/kg), however. Surface samples collected throughout San Francisco Bay confirm an internal Cd source unrelated to river discharge. The Cd content of the test of a benthic foraminifer (Elphidiella hannai) in a dated sediment core from San Francisco Bay was measured to determine if the water column Cd enrichments in San Francisco Bay could be related to the rapid development of the watershed. The method is based on the observation that the Cd/Ca ratio of carefully cleaned tests of foraminifera is determined by the dissolved Cd content of overlying water at the time of test formation. Pre-industrial foraminiferal Cd/Ca ratios in the sediment core average 274 +/- 15 nmol/mol (n = 19) nmol/mol. Foraminiferal Cd/Ca ratios increased to 386 +/- 33 nmol/mol (n = 19) over the past several decades indicating a 40% increase in the mean Cd content of surface water in Central San Francisco Bay. We suggest that, in addition to Cd discharges into the estuary, indirect consequences of agricultural development in the Central Valley of California could have contributed to this increase. This new method to reconstruct estuarine contamination is not affected by some of the processes that complicate the interpretation of changes in bulk sediment metal concentrations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP van Geen, A (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NR 51 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 57 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00084-X PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300005 ER PT J AU Ritson, PI Bouse, RM Flegal, AR Luoma, SN AF Ritson, PI Bouse, RM Flegal, AR Luoma, SN TI Stable lead isotopic analyses of historic and contemporary lead contamination of San Francisco Bay estuary SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lead; San Francisco Bay estuary; contamination ID ANTHROPOGENIC LEAD; EXPOSURE; CALIFORNIA; CHILDREN; CADMIUM AB Variations in stable lead isotopic composition (Pb-204, Pb-206, Pb-207, Pb-208) in three sediment cores from the San Francisco Bay estuary document temporal changes in sources of lead during the past two centuries. Sediment, with lead from natural geologic sources, and relatively homogeneous lead isotopic compositions are overlain by sediments whose isotopic compositions indicate change in the sources of lead associated with anthropogenic modification of the estuary. The first perturbations of lead isotopic composition in the cores occur in the late 1800s concordant with the beginning of industrialization around the estuary. Large isotopic shifts, toward lower Pb-206/Pb-207, occur after the turn of the century in both Richardson and San Pablo Bays. A similar relationship among lead isotopic compositions and lead concentrations in both Bays suggest contamination from the same source (a lead smelter). The uppermost sediments (post 1980) of all cores also have a relatively homogenous lead isotopic composition distinct from pre-anthropogenic and recent aerosol signatures. Lead isotopic compositions of leachates from fourteen surface sediments and five marsh samples from the estuary were also analyzed, These analyses suggest that the lead isotopic signature identified in the upper horizons of the cores is spatially homogeneous among recently deposited sediments throughout the estuary. Current aerosol lead isotopic compositions [Smith, D.R., Niemeyer, S., Flegal, A.R., 1992. Lead sources to California sea otters: industrial inputs circumvent natural lead biodepletion mechanisms. Environmental Research 57, 163-175] are distinct from the isotopic compositions of the surface sediments, suggesting that the major source of lead is cycling of historically contaminated sediments back through the water column. Both the upper core sediments and surface sediments apparently derive their lead predominantly from sources internal to the estuary. These results support the idea that geochemical cycling of lead between sediments and water accounts for persistently elevated lead concentrations in the water column despite 10-fold reduction of external source inputs to San Francisco Bay [Flegal, A.R., Rivera-Duarte, I., Ritson, P.I., Scelfo, G., Smith, G.J., Gordon, M., Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S.A., 1996, Metal contamination in San Francisco Waters: historic perturbations, contemporary concentrations, and future considerations in San Francisco Bay. In: Hollobaugh, J.T. (Ed.), The Ecosystem. AAAS, pp. 173-188]. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Portland Community Coll, Portland, OR 97219 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Earth Sci Board, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Ritson, PI (reprint author), Portland Community Coll, POB 19000, Portland, OR 97219 USA. NR 37 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00085-1 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300006 ER PT J AU Venkatesan, MI de Leon, RP van Geen, A Luoma, SN AF Venkatesan, MI de Leon, RP van Geen, A Luoma, SN TI Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment cores from San Francisco Bay SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls; sediment cores; San Francisco Bay ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; CALIFORNIA; CONTAMINATION; ESTUARINE; RIVER AB Sediment cores of known chronology from Richardson and San Pablo Bays in San Francisco Bay, CA, were analyzed for a suite of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls to reconstruct a historic record of inputs. Total DDTs (DDT = 2,4'- and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and the metabolites, 2,4'- and 4,4'-DDE, -DDD) range in concentration from 4-21 ng/g and constitute a major fraction (> 84%) of the total pesticides in the top 70 cm of Richardson Bay sediment. A subsurface maximum corresponds to a peak deposition date of 1969-1974. The first measurable DDT levels are found in sediment deposited in the late 1930's. The higher DDT inventory in the San Pablo relative to the Richardson Bay core probably reflects the greater proximity of San Pablo Bay to agricultural activities in the watershed of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) occur at comparable levels in the two Bays(< 1-34 ng/g). PCBs are first detected in sediment deposited during the 1930's in Richardson Bay, about a decade earlier than the onset of detectable levels of DDTs. PCB inventories in San Pablo Bay are about a factor of four higher in the last four decades than in Richardson Bay, suggesting a distribution of inputs not as strongly weighed towards the upper reaches of the estuary as DDTs, The shallower subsurface maximum in PCBs compared to DDT in the San Pablo Bay core is consistent with the imposition of drastic source control measures for these constituents in 1970 and 1977 respectively. The observed decline in DDT and PCB levels towards the surface of both cores is consistent with a dramatic drop in the input of these pollutants once the effect of sediment resuspension and mixing is taken into account. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Venkatesan, MI (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 48 TC 48 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)90086-X PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300007 ER PT J AU Pereira, WE Hostettler, FD Luoma, SN van Geen, A Fuller, CC Anima, RJ AF Pereira, WE Hostettler, FD Luoma, SN van Geen, A Fuller, CC Anima, RJ TI Sedimentary record of anthropogenic and biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Bay, California SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment cores; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; anthropogenic ID DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; GEOCHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; LAKE-MICHIGAN; UNITED-STATES; SEA SEDIMENTS; COASTAL AB Dated sediment cores collected from Richardson and San Pablo Bays in San Francisco Bay were used to reconstruct a history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. The sedimentary record of PAHs in Richardson Bay shows that anthropogenic inputs have increased since the turn of the century, presumably as a result of increasing urbanization and industrialization around the Bay Area. Concentrations range from about 0.04-6.3 mu g g(-1). The dominant origin of the PAHs contributing to this modern contamination is from combustion processes. Depth profiles in San Pablo Bay indicate higher concentrations of PAHs since the 1950s than during the late 1800s, also presumably resulting from an increase in urbanization and industrialization. Total PAHs in San Pablo Bay range from about 0.04-1.3 mu g g(-1). The ratios were sensitive indicators of methylphenanthrenes/phenanthrene and (methylfluoranthenes + methylpyrenes)/fluoranthene of anthropogenic influences in the estuary. Variations in the ratio of 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene/2,6-dimethylphenanthrene indicate a gradual replacement of wood by fossil-fuel as the main combustion source of PAHs in San Francisco Bay sediments. The profile of perylene may be an indicator of eroding peat from marshlands. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Luoma, SN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 61 TC 115 Z9 122 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 99 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00087-5 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300008 ER PT J AU Hostettler, FD Pereira, WE Kvenvolden, KA van Geen, A Luoma, SN Fuller, CC Anima, R AF Hostettler, FD Pereira, WE Kvenvolden, KA van Geen, A Luoma, SN Fuller, CC Anima, R TI A record of hydrocarbon input to San Francisco Bay as traced by biomarker profiles in surface sediment and sediment cores SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; hydrocarbons; San Francisco Bay; biomarkers ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MATURATION; TRANSPORT; STERANES; ESTUARY; MARKERS AB San Francisco Bay is one of the world's largest urbanized estuarine systems. Its water and sediment receive organic input from a wide variety of sources; much of this organic material is anthropogenically derived. To document the spatial and historical record of the organic contaminant input, surficial sediment from 17 sites throughout San Francisco Bay and sediment cores from two locations-Richardson Bay and San Pablo Bay-were analyzed for biomarker constituents. Biomarkers, that is, 'molecular fossils', primarily hopanes, steranes, and n-alkanes, provide information on anthropogenic contamination, especially that related to petrogenic sources, as well as on recent input of biogenic material. The biomarker parameters from the surficial sediment and the upper horizons of the cores show a dominance of anthropogenic input, whereas the biomarker profiles at the lower horizons of the cores indicate primarily biogenic input. In the Richardson Bay core the gradual upcore transition from lower maturity background organics to a dominance of anthropogenic contamination occurred about 70-100 years ago and corresponds to the industrial development of the San Francisco Bay area. In San Pablo Bay, the transition was very abrupt, reflecting the complex depositional history of the area. This sharp transition, perhaps indicating a depositional hiatus or erosional period, dated at pre-1952, is clearly visible. Below, the hiatus the biomarker parameters are immature; above, they are mature and show an anthropogenic overlay. Higher concentrations of terrigenous n-alkanes in the upper horizons in this core are indicative of an increase in terrigenous organic matter input in San Pablo Bay, possibly a result of water diversion projects and changes in the fresh water flow into the Bay from the Delta. Alternatively, it could reflect a dilution of organic material in the lower core sections with hydraulic mining debris. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Hostettler, FD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 32 TC 62 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00088-7 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300009 ER PT J AU Miles, AK Roster, N AF Miles, AK Roster, N TI Enhancement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine invertebrates by surface runoff at a decommissioned military fuel depot SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; San Francisco Bay; groundwater; mussels; shore crabs ID MYTILUS-EDULIS; MUSSELS; BIOMARKERS; PETROLEUM; SEDIMENTS; TOXICITY; OYSTERS; SYSTEMS; TRENDS; FATE AB Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined in blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) and shore crabs (Hemigrapsus sp.) at a recently closed military fuel depot in central San Francisco Bay, California. In April 1996, during a period of above average precipitation, specimens were collected at the depot, near the depot, and at sites 10 and 20 km south of the depot. Four weeks after the rains ended, blue mussels were again collected at the depot, and at two additional sites in the central Bay region. In April, total PAHs in mussels from the depot were significantly higher only than that in mussels collected 20 km from the depot; however, seven specific, substituted PAHs were higher at the depot than at all other sites. In June, only two of the 38 PAHs common in mussels in April were detected at the depot; these concentrations were comparable to ambient concentrations in mussels at the Bay. It seemed that bioavailability of PAHs at the depot was enhanced by rainfall, probably due to the mobilization of PAHs via groundwater into the Bay. Concentrations in mussels from chronically contaminated sites were about five times higher than mussels collected from the depot. Low PAH concentrations were detected in shore crabs near the depot, and the highest levels were not associated with the depot. Observed PAH concentrations are discussed in relation to upper trophic organisms. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Davis, WFCB, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Naval Facil Engn Command, Environm Planning Branch, San Bruno, CA 94066 USA. RP Miles, AK (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, WFCB, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 49 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(98)00104-4 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 143PF UT WOS:000077264000003 ER PT J AU Cacchione, DA Wiberg, PL Lynch, J Irish, J Traykovski, P AF Cacchione, DA Wiberg, PL Lynch, J Irish, J Traykovski, P TI Estimates of suspended-sediment flux and bedform activity on the inner portion of the Eel continental shelf SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE suspended-sediment flux; bottom stress; bottom-boundary layer; bedforms; Eel River ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; STRESS; TRANSPORT; PREDICTIONS; DYNAMICS; CURRENTS; EVENTS; WAVE; BED AB Energetic waves, strong bottom currents, and relatively high rates of sediment discharge from the Eel River combined to produce large amounts of suspended-sediment transport on the inner continental shelf near the Eel River during the winter of 1995-1996. Bottom-boundary-layer (BBL) measurements at a depth of similar to 50 m using the GEOPROBE tripod showed that the strongest near-bottom flows (combined wave and current speeds of over 1 m/s) and highest sediment concentrations (exceeding 2 g/l at similar to 1.2 m above the bed) occurred during two storms, one in December 1995 and the other in February 1996. Discharge from the Eel River during these storms was estimated at between 2 and 4 x 10(3) m(3)/s. Suspended-sediment flux (SSF) was measured 1.2 m above the bed and calculated throughout the BBL, by applying the tripod data to a shelf sediment-transport model. These results showed initially northward along-shelf SSF during the storms, followed by abrupt and persistent southward reversals. Along-shelf flux was more pronounced during and after the December storm than in February. Across-shelf SSF over the entire measurement period was decidedly seaward. This seaward transport could be responsible for surficial deposits of recent sediment on the outer shelf and upper continental slope in this region. Sediment ripples and larger bedforms were observed in the very fine to fine sand at 50-m depth using a sector-scanning sonar mounted on the tripod. Ripple wavelengths estimated from the sonar images were about 9 cm, which compared favorably with photographs of the bottom taken with a camera mounted on the tripod. The ripple patterns were stable during periods of low combined wave-current bottom stresses, but changed significantly during high-stress events, such as the February storm. Two different sonic altimeters recorded changes in bed elevation of 10 to 20 cm during the periods of measurement. These changes an thought to have been caused principally by the migration of low-amplitude, long-wavelength sand waves into the measurement area. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Cacchione, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 22 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 154 IS 1-4 BP 83 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00105-4 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 162EP UT WOS:000078332800008 ER PT J AU Drake, DE AF Drake, DE TI Temporal and spatial variability of the sediment grain-size distribution on the Eel shelf: the flood layer of 1995 SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eel River; flood deposit; grain size; bioturbation ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; CALIFORNIA; RESUSPENSION; TRANSPORT; EVENTS AB Sediment grain-size characteristics observed on the Eel shelf have been analyzed using a wet-sieving technique that minimizes breakage of aggregates. At several sites on the 70-m isobath north of the river, where a 1995 flood layer attained a maximum thickness of about 9 cm, replicate box cores were collected on seven cruises during February 1995 to January 1997. These samples provide a unique opportunity to follow the evolution of a flood layer over a two-year period as it was modified and gradually buried. One month after the flood, a layer of tan-colored, high-porosity sediment with up to 96% of its particles in the size range of 0-20 mu m had accumulated on the central part of the shelf, 7-30 km north of the liver and principally between the 50-m and 90-m isobaths. Substantial coarsening of this layer occurred between February 1995 and May 1995, particularly along the southern and the landward edge of the deposit in water depths of <70 m. The early stage of coarsening was probably caused by physical reworking of the surface 0.5-cm of the deposit and by addition of new sediment from shallower regions of the shelf. Temporal changes in inventories of several grain-size fractions show that physical processes continued to add coarse sediment to the flood layer after May 1995, but the large increases in thickness of the surface mixed layer could only be attributed to bioturbation by a recovering, or seasonally fluctuating, benthic community. The 1995 flood layer has evolved from exhibiting limited Variability and normal grading (i.e., upward fining) to a layer that (1) shows significant spatial variability on scales from centimeters to 10's of meters, (2) is substantially coarser owing to additions of sediment from the inner shelf, (3) is inversely graded (i.e., coarsens upward), and (4) is intensely bioturbated to depths of 4-5 cm. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. AU rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Drake, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 24 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 154 IS 1-4 BP 169 EP 182 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00111-X PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 162EP UT WOS:000078332800014 ER PT J AU Field, ME Gardner, JV Prior, DB AF Field, ME Gardner, JV Prior, DB TI Geometry and significance of stacked gullies on the northern California slope SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gullies; slope sequences; slope sedimentation; sea level; dispersive sedimentation; pockmarks ID CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; TECTONICS AB Recent geophysical surveys off northern California reveal patterns of gullies on the sea floor and preserved within continental-slope deposits that represent both erosional and aggradational processes. These surveys, conducted as part of the STRATAFORM project, combined multibeam bathymetry and backscatter with high-resolution seismic profiles. These data provide a new basis for evaluating gully morphology, distribution, and their significance to slope sedimentation and evolution. The continental margin off northern California exhibits an upper slope that has undergone both progradation and aggradation. The slope surface, which dips at <2 degrees to 4.0 degrees, contains a set of straight, evenly spaced, and parallel to sub-parallel gullies that begin at the 380-m isobath and extend onto the Eel and Klamath plateaus and into Trinity Canyon. The surface gullies are typically 100-m wide or more and only 1-2 m deep. The gullied slops is underlain by a sedimentary sequence that contains abundant buried gullies to subsurface depths of over 150 m. Although some of the buried gullies are distinctly erosional, most are part of the aggradational pattern responsible for the overall growth of the slope. The latest phase of gully erosion is marked by a gullied surface lying <20 m below the present-day sea floor. These erosional gullies locally truncate individual reflectors, have small depositional levees, and exhibit greater relief than do overlying gullies exposed on the sea floor The older subsurface gullies document a period of widespread, but minor, erosion and downslope transport, presumably from a large, proximal sediment source. The cycles of downcutting and gully excavation are a minor part of the stratigraphic section, and are likely related to the combined influence of lower sea levels and higher sediment yields. During aggradation of the slope depositional sequences, sediment was draped over the gully features, producing sediment layers that mimic the underlying gully form. Consequently, gully morphology and geometries were preserved and migrated upwards with time. The processes that produce aggraded gully drape also resulted in laterally continuous strata and were most likely related to a period when the sediment source was dispersed from a more distal (10s of km) source, such as during present conditions. The draped sequences also contain a few new gullies, which indicates that gullies can be initiated at all or most stages of slope growth. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Field, ME (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 41 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 154 IS 1-4 BP 271 EP 286 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00118-2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 162EP UT WOS:000078332800021 ER PT J AU Lee, H Locat, J Dartnell, P Israel, K Wong, F AF Lee, H Locat, J Dartnell, P Israel, K Wong, F TI Regional variability of slope stability: application to the Eel margin, California SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eel margin; sediment; slope stability; geotechnical properties; GIS; shear strength AB Relative values of downslope driving forces and sediment resisting forces determine the locations of submarine slope failures. Both of these vary regionally, and their impact can be addressed when the data are organized in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The study area on the continental margin near the Eel River provides an excellent opportunity to apply GIS spatial analysis techniques for evaluation of slope stability. In this area, swath bathymetric mapping shows seafloor morphology and distribution of slope steepness in fine detail, and sediment analysis of over 70 box cores delineates the variability of sediment density near the seafloor surface. Based on the results of ten geotechnical studies of submarine study areas, we developed an algorithm that relates surface sediment density to the shear strength appropriate to the type of cyclic loading produced by an earthquake. Strength and stress normalization procedures provide results that are conceptually independent of subbottom depth. Results at depth an rigorously applicable if sediment lithology does not vary significantly and consolidation state can be estimated. Otherwise, the method applies only to shallow-seated slope failure. Regional density, slope, and level of anticipated seismic shaking information were combined in a GIS framework to yield a map that illustrates the relative stability of slopes in the face of seismically induced failure. When a measure of predicted relative slope stability is draped on an oblique view of swath bathymetry, a variation in this slope stability is observed on an otherwise smooth slope along the mid-slope region north of a plunging anticline. The section of slope containing diffuse, pockmarked gullies has a lower measure of stability than a separate section containing gullies that have sharper boundaries and somewhat steeper sides. Such an association suggests that our slope-stability analysis relates to the stability of the gully sides. The remainder of the study area shows few obvious indications of slope instability except for a feature that has become known as the 'Humboldt Slide,' but it is too deep-seated to be amenable to the slope-stability-prediction techniques presented herein. In general, few slope failures have been mapped in the Eel margin study area despite the high level of seismicity, the relatively high rates of sediment accumulation, and the extent of gas charging observed by others. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Laval, Dept Geol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RP Lee, H (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 20 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 154 IS 1-4 BP 305 EP 321 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00120-0 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 162EP UT WOS:000078332800023 ER PT J AU Gardner, JV Prior, DB Field, ME AF Gardner, JV Prior, DB Field, ME TI Humboldt Slide - a large shear-dominated retrogressive slope failure SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE submarine slide; submarine failure; continental slope; continental margin; slope sedimentation; northern California; Quaternary sediments ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENT WAVES; BASIN; MARGIN AB Humboldt Slide is a large, complex slide zone located on the northern California continental margin. Its three-dimensional architecture has been imaged by a combination of multibeam bathymetry, Huntec Deep-Tow seismic profiling, and sidescan sonar. The slide is interpreted to be Late Pleistocene to early Holocene in age and was caused by a combination of factors. The area of the slide is a local depocenter with high accumulation rates of organic-rich sediment; there has been local steepening of slopes by tectonic uplifts; and the entire area is one of high seismicity. Overall, the failure occurred by retrogressive, shear-dominated, minimum movement apparently as a sequence of events. Failure initially occurred by subsidence extension at the middle of the feature, followed by upslope retrogressive failure and downslope compression, and finally by translational sliding at the top of the slide. Degassing, as evidenced by abundant pockmarks, may have inhibited downslope translation. The slide may still be active, as suggested by offsets in Holocene hemipelagic sediment draped over some of the shear surfaces. Crown cracks occur above the present head of the failure and may represent the next generation of failure. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Gardner, JV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 57 TC 85 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 154 IS 1-4 BP 323 EP 338 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00121-2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 162EP UT WOS:000078332800024 ER PT J AU Yun, JW Orange, DL Field, ME AF Yun, JW Orange, DL Field, ME TI Subsurface gas offshore of northern California and its link to submarine geomorphology SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gas; pockmarks; fluid expulsion; submarine geomorphology; Eel River Basin ID MARINE-SEDIMENTS; TRIPLE JUNCTION; SUBDUCTION; MENDOCINO AB The northern California continental margin contains evidence of abundant subsurface gas and numerous seafloor features that suggest a causative link between gas expulsion and geomorphology. Analyses of seismic reflection, sidescan sonar, and high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data show that the occurrence of subbottom gas and the migration processes beneath the shelf differ from those beneath the slope. Subsurface gas, inferred from enhanced reflectors and other geophysical indicators, is spatially variable and related more to total depth and stratigraphy than to underlying structure, with the exception of one band of gas that follows the regional structural trend. Shallow depressions on the seafloor (pockmarks) are used to infer expulsion sites. The largest zone of acoustically impenetrable subsurface gas occurs between water depths of 100 m and 300 m, where expulsion features are rare. The upper slope (water depths 400-600 m) has a high concentration of pockmarks (diameter 10-20 m), in contrast to a near-absence of pockmarks at water depths shallower than 400 m. Of nearly 4000 pockmarks observed on sidescan sonar records, more than 95% are located in water depths deeper than 400 m. Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) on some seismic reflection profiles indicate the possible presence of gas hydrate. We find that gas and pore-fluid migration in the offshore Eel River Basin is: (1) correlated to surface morphology; (2) a contributor to seabed roughness; (3) a significant mode of sediment redistribution on the upper slope; and (4) potentially a factor in large slope failures. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Yun, JW (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 26 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 154 IS 1-4 BP 357 EP 368 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00123-6 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 162EP UT WOS:000078332800026 ER PT J AU Hanson, SL Simmons, WB Falster, AU Foord, EE Lichte, FE AF Hanson, SL Simmons, WB Falster, AU Foord, EE Lichte, FE TI Proposed nomenclature for samarskite-group minerals: new data on ishikawaite and calciosamarskite SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE samarskite group; ishikawaite; calciosamarskite; metamict state AB The current definition of samarskite-group minerals suggests that ishikawaite is a uranium rich variety of samarskite whereas calciosamarskite is a calcium rich variety of samarskite. Because these minerals are chemically complex, usually completely metamict, and pervasively altered, their crystal chemistry and structure are poorly understood. Warner and Ewing (1993) proposed that samarskite is an A(3+)B(5+)O(4) mineral with an atomic arrangement related to alpha-PbO2. X-ray diffraction analyses of the recrystallized type specimen of ishikawaite and the Ca-rich samarskite reveal that they have the same structure as samarskite-(Y) recrystallized at high temperatures. Electron microprobe analyses show that the only significant difference between samarskite-(Y), ishikawaite, and calciosamarskite lies in the occupancy of the A-site. The A-site of samarskite-(Y) is dominated by Y+REE whereas the A-site of ishikawaite is dominantly U+Th and calciosamarskite is dominantly Ca. Additionally, a comparison of these data to those of Warner and Ewing (1993) show that in several cases Fe2+ or Fe3+ are dominant in the A-site. We propose that the name samarskite-(REE+Y) should be used when one of these elements is dominant and that the mineral be named with the most abundant of these elements as a suffix. The name ishikawaite should be used only when U+Th are dominant and the name calciosamarskite should only be used when Ca is the dominant cation at the A-site. Finally, because of the inability to quantify the valence state of iron in these minerals, the exact nature of the valence state of iron in these minerals could not be determined in this study. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Hanson, SL (reprint author), Adrian Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Adrian, MI 49221 USA. RI Simmons, William/H-5036-2015 OI Simmons, William/0000-0002-8228-8604 NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1 BP 27 EP 36 DI 10.1180/002646199548286 PG 10 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 167LC UT WOS:000078633300004 ER PT J AU Knick, ST AF Knick, ST TI Requiem for a sagebrush ecosystem? SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Knick, ST (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM sknick@eagle.idbsu.edu NR 14 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 73 IS 1 BP 53 EP 57 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 205ZB UT WOS:000080850100010 ER PT J AU Redman, RS Freeman, S Clifton, DR Morrel, J Brown, G Rodriguez, RJ AF Redman, RS Freeman, S Clifton, DR Morrel, J Brown, G Rodriguez, RJ TI Biochemical analysis of plant protection afforded by a nonpathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE; ENHANCED PEROXIDASE; PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; CHITINASE ACTIVITIES; DISEASE RESISTANCE; CUCUMBER PLANTS; ELICITORS; INDUCTION; GENE; LINDEMUTHIANUM AB A nonpathogenic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) was previously shown to protect watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings from anthracnose disease elicited by wild-type C. magna. Disease protection was observed in stems of path-1-colonized cucurbits but not in cotyledons, indicating that path-1 conferred tissue-specific and/or localized protection. Plant biochemical indicators of a localized and systemic (peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, lignin, and salicylic acid) "plant-defense" response were investigated in anthracnose-resistant and -susceptible cultivars of cucurbit seedlings exposed to four treatments: (1) water (control), (2) path-1 conidia, (3) wild-type conidia, and (4) challenge conditions (inoculation into path-1 conidia for 48 h and then exposure to wild-type conidia). Collectively, these analyses indicated that disease protection in path-1-colonized plants was correlated with the ability of these plants to mount a defense response more rapidly and to equal or greater levels than plants exposed to wild-type C. magna alone. Watermelon plants colonized with path-1 were also protected against disease caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare and Fusarium oxysporum. A model based on the kinetics of plant-defense activation is presented to explain the mechanism of path-1-conferred disease protection. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bot, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Rodriguez, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Rusty_Rodriguez@usgs.gov NR 51 TC 61 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 119 IS 2 BP 795 EP 804 DI 10.1104/pp.119.2.795 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 166PP UT WOS:000078586300047 ER PT J AU Manning, CE Ingebritsen, SE AF Manning, CE Ingebritsen, SE TI Permeability of the continental crust: Implications of geothermal data and metamorphic systems SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID STRATABOUND ORE-DEPOSITS; REGIONAL GROUNDWATER-FLOW; FLUID-ROCK INTERACTION; WAITS RIVER FORMATION; PORE PRESSURE EXCESS; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CONTACT-METAMORPHISM; THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; MASS-TRANSFER AB In the upper crust, where hydraulic gradients are typically <1 MPa km(-1), advective heat transport is often effective for permeabilities k greater than or equal to 10(-16) m(2) and advective mass (solute) transport for k greater than or equal to 10(-20) m(2). Regional-scale analyses of coupled groundwater flow and heat transport in the upper crust typically infer permeabilities in the range of 10(-17) to 10(-14) m(2), so that heat advection is sometimes significant and solute advection should nearly always be significant. Analyses of metamorphic systems suggest that a geochemically significant level of permeability can exist to the base of the crust. In active metamorphic systems in the mid to lower crust, where vertical hydraulic gradients are likely >10 MPa km(-1), the mean permeabilities required to accommodate the estimated metamorphic fluid fluxes decrease from similar to 10(-16) m(2) to similar to 10(-18) m(2) between 5- and 12-km depth. Below similar to 12 km, which broadly corresponds to the brittle-plastic transition, mean k is effectively independent of depth at similar to 10(-18.5+/-1) m(2). Consideration of the permeability values inferred from thermal modeling and metamorphic fluxes suggests a quasi-exponential decay of permeability with depth of log k approximate to -3.2 log z - 14, where k is in meters squared and z is in kilometers. At mid to lower crustal depths this curve lies just below the threshold value for significant advection of heat. Such conditions may represent an optimum for metamorphism, allowing the maximum transport of fluid and solute mass that is possible without advective cooling. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Manning, CE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RI Manning, Craig/A-1118-2009 OI Manning, Craig/0000-0002-1463-3701 NR 178 TC 294 Z9 298 U1 5 U2 54 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 127 EP 150 DI 10.1029/1998RG900002 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 165RA UT WOS:000078534000004 ER PT J AU Piper, DJW Hiscott, RN Normark, WR AF Piper, DJW Hiscott, RN Normark, WR TI Outcrop-scale acoustic facies analysis and latest Quaternary development of Hueneme and Dume submarine fans, offshore California SO SEDIMENTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acoustic facies; flow processes; Quaternary; submarine fan; turbidites ID SANTA-MONICA BASIN; SEA-LEVEL CHANGE; CONTINENTAL BORDERLAND; TURBIDITY CURRENTS; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; EVOLUTION; SYSTEMS; SEDIMENTATION; CENTURIES; DEPOSITS AB The uppermost Quaternary deposits of the Hueneme and Dume submarine fans in the Santa Monica Basin have been investigated using a closed-spaced grid of boomer seismic-reflection profiles, which give vertical resolution of a few tens of centimetres with acoustic penetration to 50 m. Acoustic facies integrated with geometry define six architectural elements, some with discrete subelements that are of a scale that can be recognized in outcrops of ancient turbidite systems. In the Santa Monica Basin, the relationship of these elements to fan morphology, stratigraphy and sediment source is precisely known. The width of upper Hueneme fan valley has been reduced from 5 km since the last glacial maximum to 1 km at present by construction of laterally confined sandy levees within the main valley. The middle fan comprises three main subelements: thick sand deposits at the termination of the fan valley, low-gradient sandy lobes typically 5 km long and < 10 m thick, and scoured lobes formed of alternating sand and mud beds with many erosional depressions. The site of thickest lobe sediment accumulation shifts through time, with each sand bed deposited in a previous bathymetric low (i.e. compensation cycles). The lower fan and basin plain consists of sheet-like alternations of sand and mud with shallow channels and lenses. Variations in the rate of late Quaternary sea level rise initiated changes in sediment facies distribution. At lowstand, and during the approximately 11 ka stillstand in sea level, the Hueneme Fan was fed largely by hyperpycnal flow from the Santa Clara River delta, depositing high sediment waves on the right hand levee and thick sandy lobes on the middle fan. At highstand of sea level, most turbidity currents were generated by failure of silty prodelta muds. In contrast, the smaller Dume Fan was apparently always fed from littoral drift of sand through a single-canyon point source. C1 Geol Survey Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Earth Sci, St Johns, NF A1B 3X5, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Piper, DJW (reprint author), Geol Survey Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, POB 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. EM piper@agc.bio.ns.ca NR 67 TC 116 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0037-0746 J9 SEDIMENTOLOGY JI Sedimentology PD FEB PY 1999 VL 46 IS 1 BP 47 EP 78 PG 32 WC Geology SC Geology GA 180WZ UT WOS:000079410000004 ER PT J AU Yang, DQ Goodison, BE Metcalfe, JR Louie, P Leavesley, G Emerson, D Hanson, CL Golubev, VS Elomaa, E Gunther, T Pangburn, T Kang, E Milkovic, J AF Yang, DQ Goodison, BE Metcalfe, JR Louie, P Leavesley, G Emerson, D Hanson, CL Golubev, VS Elomaa, E Gunther, T Pangburn, T Kang, E Milkovic, J TI Quantification of precipitation measurement discontinuity induced by wind shields on national gauges SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POINT PRECIPITATION; UNITED-STATES; ACCURACY; VARIABILITY; CANADA AB Various combinations of wind shields and national precipitation gauges commonly used in countries of the northern hemisphere have been studied in this paper, using the combined intercomparison data collected at 14 sites during the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Project. The results show that wind shields improve gauge catch of precipitation, particularly for snow. Shielded gauges, on average, measure 20-70% more snow than unshielded gauges. Without a doubt, the use of wind shields on precipitation gauges has introduced a significant discontinuity into precipitation records,particularly in cold and windy regions. This discontinuity is not constant and it varies with wind speed, temperature, and precipitation type. Adjustment for this discontinuity is necessary to obtain homogenous precipitation data for climate change and hydrological studies. The relation of the relative catch ratio (RCR, ratio of measurements of shielded gauge to unshielded gauge) versus wind speed and temperature has been developed for Alter and Tretyakov wind shields. Strong linear relations between measurements of shielded gauge and unshielded gauge have also been found for different precipitation types. The linear relation does not fully take into account the varying effect of wind and temperature on gauge catch. Overadjustment by the linear relation may occur at those sites with lower wind speeds, and underadjustment may occur at those stations with higher wind speeds. The RCR technique is anticipated to be more applicable in a wide range of climate conditions. The RCR technique and the linear relation have been tested at selected WMO intercomparison stations, and reasonable agreement between the adjusted amounts and the shielded gauge measurements was obtained at most of the sites. Test application of the developed methodologies to a regional or national network is therefore recommended to further evaluate their applicability in different climate conditions. Significant increase of precipitation is expected due to the adjustment particularly in high latitudes and other cold regions. This will have a meaningful impact on climate variation and change analyses. C1 Inst Global Change Res, Minato Ku, Tokyo, Japan. Atmospher Environm Serv, Climate Res Branch, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. State Hydrol Inst, St Petersburg 199053, Russia. Finnish Meteorol Inst, SF-00101 Helsinki, Finland. German Weather Serv, D-1115 Berlin, Germany. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Lanzhou Inst Glaciol & Geocryol, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. Hydrometeorol Inst, Zagreb 41001, Croatia. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Yang, DQ (reprint author), Inst Global Change Res, Minato Ku, SEAVANS Bldg N,7th Floor,1-2-1 Shibaura, Tokyo, Japan. NR 50 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 491 EP 508 DI 10.1029/1998WR900042 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 160FY UT WOS:000078220800013 ER PT J AU Clow, DW Mast, MA AF Clow, DW Mast, MA TI Long-term trends in streamwater and precipitation chemistry at five headwater basins in the northeastern United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SURFACE WATERS; DEPOSITION; PATTERNS; QUALITY; SPRUCE AB Stream water data from five headwater basins in the northeastern United States covering water years 1968-1996 and precipitation data from eight nearby precipitation monitoring sites covering water years 1984-1996 were analyzed for temporal trends in chemistry using the nonparametric seasonal Kendall test. Concentrations of SO4 declined at three of five streams during 1968-1996 (p < 0.1), and all of the streams exhibited downward trends in SO4 over the second half of the period (1984-1996). Concentrations of SO4 in precipitation declined at seven of eight sites from 1984 to 1996, and the magnitudes of the declines (-0.7 to -2.0 mu eq L-1 yr(-1)) generally were similar to those of stream water SO4. These results indicate that changes in precipitation SO4 were of sufficient magnitude to account for changes in stream water SO4. Concentrations of Ca + Mg declined at three of five streams and five of eight precipitation sites from 1984 to 1996. Precipitation acidity decreased at five of eight sites during the same period, but alkalinity increased in only one stream. In most cages the decreases in stream water SO4 were similar in magnitude to declines in stream water Ca + Mg, which is consistent with the theory of leaching by mobile acid anions in soils. In precipitation the magnitudes of SO4 declines were similar to those of hydrogen, and declines in Ca + Mg were much smaller. This indicates that recent decreases in SO4 deposition are now being reflected in reduced precipitation acidity. The lack of widespread increases in stream water alkalinity, despite the prevalence of downward trends in stream water SO4 suggests that at most sites, increases in stream water pH and acid-neutralizing capacity may be delayed until higher soil base-saturation levels are achieved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Lakewood, CO 80227 USA. RP Clow, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, MS 415,Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80227 USA. EM dwclow@usgs.gov OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 NR 43 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 541 EP 554 DI 10.1029/1998WR900050 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 160FY UT WOS:000078220800018 ER PT J AU Dinehart, RL AF Dinehart, RL TI Correlative velocity fluctuations over a gravel river bed SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TURBULENCE; SUSPENSION AB Velocity fluctuations in a steep, coarse-bedded river were measured in flow depths ranging from 0.8 to 2.2 m, with mean velocities at middepth from 1.1 to 3.1 m s(-1). Analyses of synchronous velocity records for two and three points in the vertical showed a broad range of high coherence for wave periods from 10 to 100 s, centering around 10-30 s. Streamwise correlations over distances of 9 and 14 m showed convection velocities near mean velocity for the same wave periods. The range of coherent wave periods was a small multiple of predicted "boil" periods. Correlative fluctuations in synchronous velocity records in the vertical direction suggested the blending of short pulses into longer wave periods. The highest spectral densities were measured beyond the range of coherent wave periods and were probably induced by migration of low-relief bed forms. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. RP Dinehart, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 569 EP 582 DI 10.1029/1998WR900038 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 160FY UT WOS:000078220800020 ER PT J AU Wood, WW AF Wood, WW TI Comment on "Field study of spatial variability in unsaturated flow beneath and adjacent to playas" SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material ID RECHARGE C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Wood, WW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 601 EP 601 DI 10.1029/1998WR900072 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 160FY UT WOS:000078220800024 ER PT J AU House, ML Bartholomew, JL Winton, JR Fryer, JL AF House, ML Bartholomew, JL Winton, JR Fryer, JL TI Relative virulence of three isolates of Piscirickettsia salmonis for coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Piscirickettsia; virulence; salmon; disease ID RICKETTSIALES-LIKE ORGANISM; ATLANTIC SALMON; FARMED ATLANTIC; CHINOOK SALMON; DISEASE; SALAR; INFECTION; STRAINS; FISH AB Piscirickettsia salmonis was first recognized as the cause of mortality among pen-reared coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Chile. Since the initial isolation of this intracellular Gram-negative bacterium in 1989, similar organisms have been described from several areas of the world, but the associated outbreaks were not reported to be as serious as those that occurred in Chile. To determine if this was due to differences in virulence among isolates of P. salmonis, we conducted an experiment comparing isolates from Chile, British Columbia, Canada, and Norway (LF-89, ATL-4-91 and NOR-92, respectively). For each of the isolates, 3 replicates of 30 coho salmon were injected intraperitoneally with each of 3 concentrations of the bacterium. Negative control fish were injected with MEM-10. Mortalities were collected daily for 41 d post-injection. Piscirickettsiosis was observed in fish injected with each of the 3 isolates, and for each isolate, cumulative mortality was directly related to the concentration of bacterial cells administered. The LF-89 isolate was the most virulent, with losses reaching 97 % in the 3 replicates injected with 10(5.0) TCID50, 91 % in the replicates injected with 10(4.0) TCID50, and 57 % in the fish injected with 10(3.0) TCID50. The ATL-4-91 isolate caused losses of 92 % in the 3 replicates injected with 10(5.0) TCID50, 76 % in the fish injected with 10(4.0) TCID50, and 32 % in those injected with 10(3.0) TCID50. The NOR-92 isolate was the least virulent, causing 41 % mortality in the replicates injected with 10(4.6) TCID50. At 41 d post-injection, 6 % of the fish injected with 10(3.6) TCID50 NOR-92 had died. Mortality was only 2 % in the fish injected with 10(2.6) TCID50 NOR-92, which was the same as the negative control group. Because the group injected with the highest concentration (10(4.6) TCID50) of NOR-92 was still experiencing mortality at 41 d, it was held for an additional 46 d. At 87 d post-injection, the cumulative mortality in this group had reached 70 %. These differences in virulence among the isolates were statistically significant (p < 0.0001), and are important for the management of affected stocks of fish. C1 Oregon State Univ, Ctr Salmon Dis Res, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Fryer, JL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Ctr Salmon Dis Res, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 28 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JAN 29 PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.3354/dao035107 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 185UX UT WOS:000079690200004 PM 10092973 ER PT J AU Leung, YF Marion, JL AF Leung, YF Marion, JL TI The influence of sampling interval on the accuracy of trail impact assessment SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE trail impact assessment; survey design; sampling interval; accuracy ID NATIONAL-PARK; VEGETATION; FORESTS; MODELS AB Trail impact assessment and monitoring (IA&M) programs have been growing in importance and application in recreation resource management at protected areas. This paper addresses a fundamental issue in designing trail IA&M surveys: the choice of sampling interval. Specifically, the influence of sampling interval on the accuracy of estimates for selected trail impact problems was examined using a resampling simulation method. A complete census of four impact-types on 70 backcountry trails in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was utilized as the base dataset fur the analyses. The census data were resampled at increasing intervals to create a series of simulated point datasets, At each sampling interval level, the accuracy of simulated datasets was evaluated by comparing the estimates of frequency of occurrence and lineal extent for each impact-type with actual census values. Simulation results indicate that increasing sampling intervals are associated with an overall increase in accuracy loss for all four impact-types, The direction of accuracy loss for lineal extent estimates is mixed, while frequency of occurrence estimates are consistently and substantially lower than the actual values. Responses of accuracy loss to increasing sampling intervals vary across impact-types on extent estimates, but are consistent on the frequency estimates. These findings suggest that systematic point sampling can be an appropriate method for estimating lineal extent but not the frequency of trail impacts, Sample intervals of less than 100 m appear to yield an excellent level of estimate accuracy for the four impact-types evaluated, The census-based trail survey and the resampling simulation method developed in this study can be a valuable first step in establishing long-term trail IA&M programs, in which an optimal sampling interval range with acceptable accuracy is determined before investing efforts in data collection, (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Cooperat Pk Studies Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Leung, YF (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, 304 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD JAN 25 PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 167 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00110-8 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA 176NV UT WOS:000079158800001 ER PT J AU Lorah, MM Olsen, LD AF Lorah, MM Olsen, LD TI Degradation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in a freshwater tidal wetland: Field and laboratory evidence SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TRANSFORMATIONS; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; CULTURES; ETHYLENE; ETHANE AB Degradation reactions controlling the fate of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (PCA) in a freshwater tidal wetland that is a discharge area for a contaminated aquifer were investigated by a combined field and laboratory study. Samples from nested piezometers and porous-membrane sampling devices (peepers) showed that PCA concentrations decreased and that less chlorinated daughter products formed as the groundwater became increasingly reducing along upward flow paths through the wetland sediments. The cis and trans isomers of 1,2-dichloroethylene (12DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) were the predominant daughter products detected from degradation of PCA in the field and in microcosms constructed under methanogenic conditions. Significantly lower ratios of cis-12DCE to trans-12DCE were produced by PCA degradation than by degradation of trichloroethylene, a common co-contaminant with PCA. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (112TCA) and 1,2-dichloroethane (12DCA) occurred simultaneously with 12DCE, indicating simultaneous hydrogenolysis and dichloroelimination of PCA. From an initial PCA concentration of about 1.5 mu mol/L, concentrations of PCA and its daughter products decreased to below detection within a 1.0-m vertical distance in the wetland sediments and within 34 days in the microcosms. The results indicate that natural attenuation of PCA through complete anaerobic biodegradation can occur in wetlands before sensitive surface water receptors are reached. C1 US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. RP Lorah, MM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8987 Yellow Brick Rd, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. NR 22 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 227 EP 234 DI 10.1021/es980503t PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 160CW UT WOS:000078213600004 ER PT J AU Lins, HF Slack, JR AF Lins, HF Slack, JR TI Streamflow trends in the United States SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; PACIFIC AB Secular trends in streamflow are evaluated for 395 climate-sensitive streamgaging stations in the conterminous United States using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Trends are calculated for selected quantiles of discharge, from the 0(th) to the 100(th) percentile, to evaluate differences between low-, medium-, and high-flow regimes during the twentieth century. Two general patterns emerge; trends are most prevalent in the annual minimum (Q(0)) to median (Q(50)) flow categories and least prevalent in the annual maximum (Q(100)) category; and, at all but the highest quantiles, streamflow has increased across broad sections of the United States. Decreases appear only in parts of the Pacific Northwest and the Southeast. Systematic patterns are less apparent in the Q(100) flow. Hydrologically, these results indicate that the conterminous U.S. is getting wetter, but less extreme. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 415, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Lins, HF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 415, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 18 TC 391 Z9 401 U1 6 U2 35 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 2 BP 227 EP 230 DI 10.1029/1998GL900291 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 160JE UT WOS:000078226200023 ER PT J AU Tucker, WB Gow, AJ Meese, DA Bosworth, HW Reimnitz, E AF Tucker, WB Gow, AJ Meese, DA Bosworth, HW Reimnitz, E TI Physical characteristics of summer sea ice across the Arctic Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT EXPORT; BEAUFORT SEA; FRAM STRAIT; FREEZE-UP; TRANSPORT; ALASKA; ENTRAINMENT; THICKNESS; MODEL; MELT AB Sea ice characteristics were investigated during July and August on the 1994 transect across the Arctic Ocean. Properties examined from ice cores included salinity, temperature, and ice structure. Salinities measured near zero at the surface, increasing to 3-4 parts per thousand at the ice-water interface. Ice crystal texture was dominated by columnar ice, comprising 90% of the ice sampled. Surface albedos of various ice types, measured with radiometers, showed integrated shortwave albedos of 0.1 to 0.3 for melt ponds, 0.5 for bare, discolored ice, and 0.6 to 0.8 for a deteriorated surface or snow-covered ice. Aerial photography was utilized to document the distribution of open melt ponds, which decreased from 12% coverage of the ice surface in late July at 76 degrees N to almost none in mid-August at 88 degrees N. Most melt ponds were shallow, and depth bore no relationship to size. Sediment was pervasive from the Southern Chukchi Sea to the north pole, occurring in bands or patches. It was absent in the Eurasian Arctic, where it dad been observed on earlier expeditions. Calculations of reverse trajectories of the sediment-bearing floes; suggest that the southernmost sediment was entrained during ice formation in the Beaufort Sea while more northerly samples probably originated in the East Siberian Sea, same as far west as the New Siberian Islands. C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Tucker, WB (reprint author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NR 64 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 104 IS C1 BP 1489 EP 1504 DI 10.1029/98JC02607 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 158LE UT WOS:000078116300018 ER PT J AU Trey, H Cooper, AK Pellis, G della Vedova, B Cochrane, G Brancolini, G Makris, J AF Trey, H Cooper, AK Pellis, G della Vedova, B Cochrane, G Brancolini, G Makris, J TI Transect across the West Antarctic rift system in the Ross Sea, Antarctica SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE wide-angle reflection/refraction; extension; continental rift; transtension; Ross Sea AB In 1994, the ACRUP (Antarctic Crustal Profile) project recorded a 670-km-long geophysical transect across the southern Ross Sea to study the velocity and density structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of the West Antarctic rift system. Ray-trace modeling of P- and S-waves recorded on 47 ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) records, with strong seismic arrivals from airgun shots to distances of up to 120 km, show that crustal velocities and geometries vary significantly along the transect. The three major sedimentary basins (early-rift grabens), the Victoria Land Basin, the Central Trough and the Eastern Basin are underlain by highly extended crust and shallow mantle (minimum depth of about 16 km), Beneath the adjacent basement highs, Coulman High and Central High, Moho deepens, and lies at a depth of 21 and 24 km, respectively. Crustal layers have P-wave velocities that range from 5.8 to 7.0 km/s and S-wave velocities from 3.6 to 4.2 km/s. A distinct reflection (PiP) is observed on numerous OBS from an intra-crustal boundary between the upper and lower crust at a depth of about 10 to 12 km. Local zones of high velocities and inferred high densities are observed and modeled in the crust under the axes of the three major sedimentary basins. These zones, which are also marked by positive gravity anomalies, may be places where mafic dikes and sills pervade the crust. We postulate that there has been differential crustal extension across the West Antarctic rift system, with greatest extension beneath the early-rift grabens. The large amount of crustal stretching below the major rift basins may reflect the existence of deep crustal suture zones which initiated in an early stage of the rifting, defined areas of crustal weakness and thereby enhanced stress focussing followed by intense crustal thinning in these areas. The ACRUP data are consistent with the prior concept that most extension and basin down-faulting occulted in the Ross Sea during late Mesozoic time, with relatively small extension, concentrated in the western half of the Ross Sea, during Cenozoic time. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hamburg, Inst Geophys, D-20146 Hamburg 13, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Osservatorio Geofis Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy. RP Trey, H (reprint author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Geophys, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg 13, Germany. EM ht@gpm.dkrz.de NR 22 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 301 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00155-3 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 169CH UT WOS:000078729600004 ER PT J AU Sagiya, T Thatcher, W AF Sagiya, T Thatcher, W TI Coseismic slip resolution along a plate boundary megathrust: The Nankai Trough, southwest Japan SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TSUNAMI DATA; FAULT SLIP; EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION; INVERSION; MODEL AB Geodetic survey measurements are used to estimate the coseismic slip distribution in the 1944 Tonankai (M-w = 8.1) and 1946 Nankaido (M-w = 8.3) earthquakes and to assess quantitatively the degree to which this slip is resolved on the plate boundary megathrust. Data used include 798 angle changes from triangulation surveys, 328 leveling section differences, and 5 coseismic tidal gage offsets. Many of the nominally coseismic triangulation data span similar to 50 years, nearly half the earthquake cycle: and correction for interseismic deformation using post- 1950 observations is applied. Microseismicity is used to define the configuration of the plate boundary interface and approximate it with a continuous, multisegment fault model. Because the onshore geodetic data have very limited resolving power for offshore fault segments, offshore coseismic slip was constrained by Satake's [1993] estimation based on tsunami data. The majority of the coseismic slip occurs between 15 and 25 km depth. Although resolution declines toward the trench asis, it is sufficiently good to define two distinct high-slip regions, one off southeastern Shikolu Island (11 m maximum) and the other offshore of Kii Peninsula (3 m maximum). The slip magnitude off southeastern Shikoku, coupled with the plate convergence rate, would imply an recurrence interval of about 270 years. much longer than the average repeat time of similar to 120 years for historical great earthquakes on the Nankai Trough. However, the maximum coseismic slip is sensitive to the assumed fault geometry, and slippage on trough-parallel splay faults could significantly decrease the maximum slip to about 6 m. C1 Geog Survey Inst, Ibaraki, Osaka 3050811, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Sagiya, T (reprint author), Geog Survey Inst, 1 Kitasato, Ibaraki, Osaka 3050811, Japan. EM sagiya@gsi-mc.go.jp; thatcher@thepub.wr.usgs.gov NR 45 TC 139 Z9 141 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1999 VL 104 IS B1 BP 1111 EP 1129 DI 10.1029/98JB02644 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 159FV UT WOS:000078162100031 ER PT J AU Estes, JA AF Estes, JA TI Otter-eating orcas - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Estes, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 8 PY 1999 VL 283 IS 5399 BP 177 EP 177 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 155ZJ UT WOS:000077976700019 ER PT J AU Kocan, RM Hershberger, P Mehl, T Elder, N Bradley, M Wildermuth, D Stick, K AF Kocan, RM Hershberger, P Mehl, T Elder, N Bradley, M Wildermuth, D Stick, K TI Pathogenicity of Ichthyophonus hoferi for laboratory-reared Pacific herring Clupea pallasi and its early appearance in wild Puget Sound herring SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Ichthyophonus; Pacific herring; Clupea pallasi; laboratory-reared herring; in vitro ID HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VIRUS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; FISH; HARENGUS; ALASKA; STRESS; USA AB Laboratory-reared pathogen-free Pacific herring were exposed to pure cultures of Ichthyophonus hoferi, and reproduced the disease seen in naturally infected fish-thus fulfilling Koch's Postulates, Pathogen-free herring used in this study were reared from artificially spawned eggs incubated in filtered, UV-sterilized seawater, eliminating the variables associated with multiple infections, which are common in wild herring. Wild free-ranging herring were captured monthly from June through October by dip net from 'herring balls' located in the northern Puget Sound. I, hoferi infections were identified in these fish soon after metamorphoses, about 4 mo post-hatch The prevalence increased from 5 to 6% in 0-yr fish to 24% in l-yr-old fish to 50 to 70% in fish over 2 yr old, with no associated increase in mortality. The route of natural transmission to wild herring was not determined, but carnivorous fish became infected and died when they were experimentally fed tissues infected with the organism. In vitro culture of tissues was the most sensitive method for identifying both clinical and subclinical infections. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USGS, BRD, Marrowstone Isl Marine Stn, Washington, DC 98358 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Mt Vernon, WA 98273 USA. RP Kocan, RM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 19 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JAN 7 PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.3354/dao035023 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 188LF UT WOS:000079847900003 PM 10073312 ER PT J AU Geist, EL AF Geist, EL TI Local Tsunamis and earthquake source parameters SO ADVANCES IN GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 39 SE ADVANCES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID HOKKAIDO-NANSEI-OKI; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 1992 NICARAGUA EARTHQUAKE; SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES; 1946 NANKAIDO EARTHQUAKE; PERIOD SURFACE-WAVES; ELASTIC HALF-SPACE; GREAT EARTHQUAKES; SLOW EARTHQUAKE; RUPTURE PROCESS C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Geist, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 257 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2687 J9 ADV GEOPHYS PY 1999 VL 39 BP 117 EP 209 PG 93 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BM67W UT WOS:000079448200002 ER PT J AU Boinski, S Swing, SP Gross, TS Davis, JK AF Boinski, S Swing, SP Gross, TS Davis, JK TI Environmental enrichment of brown capuchins (Cebus apella): Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures of effectiveness SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental enrichment; Cebus apella; psychological well-being; stress; cortisol; capuchin ID YEARLING RHESUS-MONKEYS; WHITE-FACED CAPUCHINS; OBJECT MANIPULATION; LONGTAILED MACAQUES; MACACA-MULATTA; HEART-RATE; TOOL USE; PRIMATES; RESPONSES; CAPUCINUS AB No consensus exists about the quantity and variety of environmental enrichment needed to achieve an acceptable level of psychological wellbeing among singly housed primates. Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures were used to evaluate the effectiveness of four levels of toy and foraging enrichment provided to eight wild-caught, singly housed adult male brown capuchins (Cebus apella). The 16-week-long study comprised six conditions and began with a 4-week-long preexperimental and ended with a 4-week-long postexperimental period during which the subjects were maintained at baseline enrichment levels. During the intervening 8 weeks, the subjects were randomly assigned to a sequence of four 2-week-long experimental conditions: control (baseline conditions), toy (the addition of two plastic toys to each cage), box (access to a foraging box with food treats hidden within crushed alfalfa), and box & toy (the addition of two plastic toys and access to a foraging box). Behavioral responses to changes in enrichment were rapid and extensive. Within-subject repeated-measure ANOVAs with planned post hoc contrasts identified highly significant reductions in abnormal and undesirable behaviors land increases in normal behaviors) as the level of enrichment increased from control to toy to box to box & toy. No significant behavioral differences were found between the control and pre- and postexperimental conditions. Plasma and fecal cortisol measures revealed a different response to changing enrichment levels. Repeated-measure ANOVA models found significant changes in both these measures across the six conditions. The planned post hoc analyses, however, while finding dramatic increases in cortisol titers in both the pre- and postexperimental conditions relative to the control condition, did not distinguish cortisol responses among the four enrichment levels. Linear regressions among weekly group means in behavioral and cortisol measures (n = 16) found that plasma cortisol was significantly predicted by the proportions of both normal and abnormal behaviors; as the proportion of normal behaviors increased, the plasma cortisol measures decreased. Plasma cortisol weekly group means were also significantly and positively predicted by fecal cortisol weekly group means, but no behavioral measure significantly predicted fecal cortisol weekly group means. In sum, these findings argue strongly that access to a variety of toy and foraging enrichment positively affects behavioral and physiological responses to stress and enhances psychological well-being in singly housed brown capuchins. Am. J. Primatol. 48:49-68, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Div Comparat Med, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Florida, Dept Comparat & Expt Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Chicago, Comm Comparat Med & Pathol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Boinski, S (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, 1121 Turlington, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 85 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 28 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0275-2565 J9 AM J PRIMATOL JI Am. J. Primatol. PY 1999 VL 48 IS 1 BP 49 EP 68 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<49::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 20 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 191CF UT WOS:000080003100004 PM 10326770 ER PT J AU Naimo, TJ Monroe, EM AF Naimo, TJ Monroe, EM TI Variation in glycogen concentrations within mantle and foot tissue in Amblema plicata plicata: Implications for tissue biopsy sampling SO AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE glycogen; tissue variation; Amblema plicata; biopsy; relocation ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; METABOLISM; SURVIVAL; BIVALVES AB With the development of techniques to non-lethally biopsy tissue from unionids, a new method is available to measure changes in biochemical, contaminant, and genetic constituents in this imperiled faunal group. However, before its widespread application, information on the variability of biochemical components within and among tissues needs to be evaluated. We measured glycogen concentrations in foot and mantle tissue in Amblema plicata plicata (Say, 1817) to determine if glycogen was evenly distributed within and between tissues and to determine which tissue might be more responsive to the stress associated with relocating mussels. Glycogen was measured in two groups of mussels: those sampled from their native environment (undisturbed mussels) and quickly frozen for analysis and those relocated into an artificial pond (relocated mussels) for 24 months before analysis. In both undisturbed and relocated mussels, glycogen concentrations were evenly distributed within foot, but not within mantle tissue. In mantle tissue, concentrations of glycogen varied about 2-fold among sections. In addition, glycogen varied significantly between tissues in undisturbed mussels, but not in relocated mussels. Twenty-four months after relocation, glycogen concentrations had declined by 80% in mantle tissue and by 56% in foot tissue relative to the undisturbed mussels. These data indicate that representative biopsy samples can be obtained from foot tissue, but not mantle tissue. We hypothesize that mantle tissue could be more responsive to the stress of relocation due to its high metabolic activity associated with shell formation. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Naimo, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER MALACOLOGICAL UNION PI WILMINGTON PA DELAWARE MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY, BOX 3937, WILMINGTON, DE 19807-0937 USA SN 0740-2783 J9 AM MALACOL BULL JI Am. Malacol. Bull. PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 51 EP 56 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 254CG UT WOS:000083593900004 ER PT J AU Henley, WF Neves, RJ AF Henley, WF Neves, RJ TI Recovery status of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia : Unionidae) in the North Fork Holston River, Virginia SO AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE freshwater mussels; Unionidae; North Fork Holston River; mercury; survey ID METHYLMERCURY; POPULATIONS AB To determine the degree of recovery of mussels from mercury (Hg) contamination in the North Fork Holston River (NFHR) downstream of the Superfund site at Saltville, Virginia (NFHRM 80.3), 19 sites were sampled using catch-per-unit-effort (no./h) sampling method and 3 sites were surveyed with quadrats (0.25 m(2)). Nine species of live freshwater mussels were observed in the river, and juveniles were noted at 5 sites (30 juveniles of 4 species). The first mussel assemblage, as defined by numerous animals of multiple species, was located at NFHRM 59.9, approximately 20.4 river miles downstream of Saltville. The greatest number of species was observed at NFHRM 11.0 (5 species), while the greatest mussel density (2.6 mussels/m(2)), the greatest number of juveniles (11), and the greatest species richness of juveniles (3 species) were observed at NFHRM 13.5. Random catch-per-unit-effort at surveyed sites, as well as the number of juvenile species observed, were correlated to total Hg, but not methylmercury content, as measured in Corbicula fluminea (Muller, 1774) from proximate sites. Based on the appearance of multiple species and age classes, as well, as the presence of juvenile mussels, recovery of freshwater mussels begins to occur roughly 20 river miles downstream of the Hg contaminated Superfund site at Saltville. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Henley, WF (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER MALACOLOGICAL UNION PI WILMINGTON PA DELAWARE MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY, BOX 3937, WILMINGTON, DE 19807-0937 USA SN 0740-2783 J9 AM MALACOL BULL JI Am. Malacol. Bull. PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 65 EP 73 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 254CG UT WOS:000083593900006 ER PT J AU Martin, TE Ghalambor, CK AF Martin, TE Ghalambor, CK TI Males feeding females during incubation. I. Required by microclimate or constrained by nest predation SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE incubation feeding; indirect effects; nest attentiveness; incubation behavior; nest predation; microclimate ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; FLYCATCHER FICEDULA-HYPOLEUCA; INDEPENDENT CONTRASTS; CONTINUOUS CHARACTERS; EGG TEMPERATURE; PARENTAL CARE; BIRDS; SUCCESS; PERSPECTIVE; SIMULATION AB Nest attentiveness (percentage of time spent on the nest) during incubation represents a parent-offspring conflict; incubating birds must balance a trade-off between caring for embryos by staying on the nest versus caring for themselves by getting off the nest to forage. For species in which females are the sole incubator, males can potentially affect this trade-off and increase nest attentiveness by feeding incubating females on the nest (incubation feeding). Increased nest attentiveness may be required when local microclimate conditions are harsh and thereby require greater incubation feeding (microclimate hypothesis). Alternatively, incubation feeding may be constrained by risk of attracting nest predators (nest predation hypothesis), which in turn may constrain female nest attentiveness because of energy limitation. We show that incubation feeding rates are much greater among cavity-nesting than among coexisting open-nesting birds. Under the microclimate hypothesis, the greater incubation feeding rates of cavity-nesting birds generate the prediction that microclimate should be harsher than for open-nesting birds. Our results reject this hypothesis because we found the opposite pattern; cavity-nesting birds experienced more moderate (less variable) microclimates that were less often below temperatures (i.e., 16 degrees C) that can negatively impact eggs compared with open-nesting species. In contrast, incubation feeding rates were highly negatively correlated with nest predation both within and between the two nest types, supporting the nest predation hypothesis. Incubation feeding in turn was positively correlated with nest attentiveness. Thus, nest predation may indirectly affect female incubation behavior by directly affecting incubation feeding by the male. C1 Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Avian Studies Program, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Martin, TE (reprint author), Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Avian Studies Program, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 51 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 3 U2 29 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 153 IS 1 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.1086/303153 PG 9 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 171DG UT WOS:000078846800011 ER PT J AU Wibbels, T Mackey, WR Hillis-Starr, ZM Phillips, B AF Wibbels, T Mackey, WR Hillis-Starr, ZM Phillips, B TI Hurricances and hatchling hawksbill sea turtle sex ratios. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Alabama, Natl Pk Serv, US Virgin Isl, US Geol Survey, Birmingham, AL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 155 BP 27A EP 27A PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400156 ER PT J AU Castro-Santos, T Haro, A AF Castro-Santos, T Haro, A TI High-velocity swimming performance of adult migratory teleosts. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USGS BRD Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 318 BP 54A EP 54A PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400319 ER PT J AU Barboza, PS Jorde, DG AF Barboza, PS Jorde, DG TI Digestive and metabolic responses to foraging risk in a dabbling duck. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 416 BP 70A EP 71A PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400417 ER PT J AU Zydlewski, J McCormick, SD Kunkel, JG AF Zydlewski, J McCormick, SD Kunkel, JG TI Early seawater entry of juvenile American shad may be advantageous. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USGS, BRD, CAFRC, Turners Falls, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 546 BP 92A EP 92A PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400548 ER PT J AU Zydlewski, GB McCormick, SD AF Zydlewski, GB McCormick, SD TI The role of thyroid hormones in the transmission of environmental cues used for downstream migration of Atlantic salmon smolts. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Biol Resource Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 730 BP 123A EP 123A PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400732 ER PT S AU Denner, JC Lawson, DE Larson, GJ Evenson, EB Alley, RB Strasser, JC Kopczynski, S AF Denner, JC Lawson, DE Larson, GJ Evenson, EB Alley, RB Strasser, JC Kopczynski, S BE Kleman, J TI Seasonal variability in hydrologic-system response to intense rain events, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, USA SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Glaciers and the Glaciated Landscape CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL KIRUNA, SWEDEN SP Int Glaciol Soc AB Two rain events at Matanuska Glacier illustrate how subglacial drainage system development and snowpack conditions affect hydrologic response at the terminus. On 21 and 22 September 1995, over 56 mm of rain fell in the basin during a period usually characterized by much drier conditions. This event caused an 8-fold increase in discharge and a 47-fold increase in suspended-sediment concentration. Peak suspended-sediment concentration exceeded 20 kg m(-3), suggesting rapid evacuation of stored sediment. While water discharge returned to its pre-storm level nine days after the rain ceased, suspended-sediment concentrations took about 20 days to return to pre-storm levels. These observations suggest that the storm influx late in the melt season probably forced subglacial water into a more distributed system. In addition, subglacially transported sediments were supplemented to an unknown degree by the influx of storm-eroded sediments off hillslopes and from tributary drainage basins. A storm on 6 and 7 June 1997 dropped 28 mm of rain on the basin demonstrating the effects of meltwater retention in the snowpack and englacial and subglacial storage early in the melt season. Streamflow before the storm event was increasing gradually owing to warming temperatures; however, discharge during the storm and the following week increased only slightly Suspended-sediment concentrations increased only a small amount, suggesting the drainage system was not yet well developed, and much of the runoff occurred across the relatively clean surface of the glacier or through englacial channels. C1 US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Anchorage, AK 99505 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 18015 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 18015 USA. Augustana Coll, Dept Geol, Rock Island, IL 61201 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Denner, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB2 1ER SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-23-7 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 1999 VL 28 BP 267 EP 271 DI 10.3189/172756499781821715 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geography; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geography; Geology GA BP17L UT WOS:000084312000040 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, CS AF Shoemaker, CS TI Ups and downs in planetary science SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Gene Shoemaker; moon; impact; comets; Australia AB The field of planetary science as it developed during the lifetimes of Gene and Carolyn Shoemaker has sustained a period of exciting growth. Surveying the skies for planet-crossing asteroids and comets and studying the results of their impact upon the planets, especially the Earth, was for Gene and Carolyn an intense and satisfying quest for knowledge. It all started when Gene envisioned man going to the Moon, especially himself. After that, one thing led to another: the study of nuclear craters and a comparison with Meteor Crater, Arizona; the Apollo project and a succession of unmanned space missions to the inner and outer planets; an awareness of cratering throughout our solar system; the search for near-Earth asteroids and comets; a study of ancient craters in Australia; and the impact of Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter. The new paradigm of impact cratering as a cause for mass extinction and the opening of space for the development of new life forms have been causes to champion. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Shoemaker, CS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0084-6597 J9 ANNU REV EARTH PL SC JI Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. PY 1999 VL 27 BP 1 EP + DI 10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.1 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA 204UT UT WOS:000080783500002 ER PT J AU Peiffer, S Walton-Day, K Macalady, DL AF Peiffer, S Walton-Day, K Macalady, DL TI The interaction of natural organic matter with iron in a wetland (Tennessee Park, Colorado) receiving acid mine drainage SO AQUATIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE natural organic matter; ferrous iron; ferric iron; wetland; colloidal iron; acid mine drainage; pore water ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; TRACE-METALS; ADSORPTION; SEDIMENTS; DYNAMICS; GOETHITE; WATER AB Pore water from a wetland receiving acid mine drainage was studied for its iron and natural organic matter (NOM) geochemistry on three different sampling dates during summer 1994. Samples were obtained using a new sampling technique that is based on screened pipes of varying length (several centimeters), into which dialysis vessels can be placed and that can be screwed together to allow for vertical pore-water sampling. The iron concentration increased with time (through the summer) and had distinct peaks in the subsurface. Iron was mainly in the ferrous form; however, close to the surface, significant amounts of ferric iron (up to 40% of 2 mmol L-1 total iron concentration) were observed. In all samples studied, iron was strongly associated with NOM. Results from laboratory experiments indicate that the NOM stabilizes the ferric iron as small iron oxide colloids (able to pass a 0.45-mu m dialysis membrane). We hypothesize that, in the pore water of the wetland, the high NOM concentrations (>100 mg C L-1) allow formation of such colloids at the redoxcline close to the surface and at the contact zone to the adjacent oxic aquifer. Therefore, particle transport along flow paths and resultant export of ferric iron from the wetland into ground water might be possible. C1 Univ Bayreuth, Dept Hydrol, Limnol Stn, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem & Geochem, Golden, CO 80315 USA. RP Peiffer, S (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, Dept Hydrol, Limnol Stn, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. RI peiffer, stefan/C-3759-2012 OI peiffer, stefan/0000-0002-8326-0240 NR 33 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-6165 J9 AQUAT GEOCHEM JI Aquat. Geochem. PY 1999 VL 5 IS 2 BP 207 EP 223 DI 10.1023/A:1009617925959 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 231VQ UT WOS:000082332500004 ER PT J AU Nishri, A Brenner, IB Hall, GEM Taylor, HE AF Nishri, A Brenner, IB Hall, GEM Taylor, HE TI Temporal variations in dissolved selenium in Lake Kinneret (Israel) SO AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE selenium; lakes [IB1] ID SELENATE REDUCTION; SEDIMENTS; PHYTOPLANKTON; RESPIRATION; ADSORPTION; SPECIATION; BACTERIA AB Selenium is an essential micronutrient for the growth of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense that dominates the spring algal bloom in Lake Kinneret (LK). The relationship between the levels of dissolved selenium species and the occurance of algal blooms in this lake was studied. During algal blooms of P. gatunense in spring and of the blue-green Aphanizomenon ovalisporum in fall (in 1994) the concentration of epilimnetic dissolved organic Se (Se-org) increased whereas that of selenite (SeIV) decreased, to levels below the limit of detection: 5 ng/l. The disappearance of SeIV during these blooms is attributed to algal uptake and it is suggested that the growth of both algae may have depended on Se-org regeneration. A budget performed for selenate (SeVI) suggests that this species is also consumed by algae but to a lesser extent than SeIV (in 1994 similar to 40% of the epilimnetic load). During the stratification period the hypolimnion of Lake Kinneret becomes anoxic, with high levels of dissolved sulfide. The affects of this environment on the distribution of Se oxy-anions, selenite (SeIV) and selenate (SeVI), were also studied. At the onset of thermal stratification (March) about 35% of the lake inventory of both Se oxidized species are entrapped in the hypolimnion. During stages of oxygen depletion and H2S accumulation, SeIV is completely and SeVI partially removed from this layer. The removal is attributed to reduction followed by formation of particulate reduced products, such as elemental selenium Se(o). The ratio between SeVI to total dissolved selenium (Se-T) in water sources to the lake is similar to 0.84, about twice the corresponding ratio in the lake (similar to 0.44, during holomixis). In the lake about 75% of annual SeVI inflow from external sources undergoes reduction to selenide (Se-II)and Se(o) through epilimnetic algal assimilation and hypolimnetic anoxic reduction, respectively. It is suggested that the latter oxidation of the dissolved organic selenide released from biogenic particles and of Se(o) only to the tetravalent species is the cause for the lower ratio of SeVI/Se-T in the lake. C1 Israel Oceanog & Limnol Res, Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnol Lab, IL-14102 Tiberias, Israel. Geol Survey Israel, IL-95001 Jerusalem, Israel. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. USGS, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO USA. RP Brenner, IB (reprint author), Israel Oceanog & Limnol Res, Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnol Lab, POB 345, IL-14102 Tiberias, Israel. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1015-1621 J9 AQUAT SCI JI Aquat. Sci. PY 1999 VL 61 IS 3 BP 215 EP 233 DI 10.1007/s000270050063 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 227PH UT WOS:000082088400003 ER PT B AU Welch, AH Helsel, DR Focazio, MJ Watkins, SA AF Welch, AH Helsel, DR Focazio, MJ Watkins, SA BE Chappell, WR Abernathy, CO Calderon, RL TI Arsenic in ground water supplies of the United States SO ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects CY JUL 12-15, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Environm Geochem & Hlth, Univ Colorado, US EPA, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlantic Richfield Co, Electr Power Res Inst, Int Council Met Environm, Elf Atochem, Environm Arsen Council DE arsenic; water supply; ground water ID VALLEY; NEVADA AB High arsenic concentrations in ground water have been documented in many areas of the United States. Within the last decade, parts of Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin have been found to have widespread arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 mu g/L. These high concentrations most commonly result from: (1) upflow of geothermal water, (2) dissolution of, or desorption from, iron-oxide, and (3) dissolution of sulfide minerals. Because the MCL for arsenic is currently being evaluated, estimating the exceedance frequency for different arsenic concentrations in regulated water supplies is particularly timely. Estimates of the frequency of exceedance, which are based on analyses of about 17,000 ground water samples, suggest that about 40% of both large and small regulated water supplies have arsenic concentration greater than 1 mu g/L. The frequency of exceedance decreases for greater arsenic concentrations-about five percent of systems are estimated to have arsenic concentration greater than 20 mu g/L. Comparison of these estimates with previously published work, based on 275 samples collected from regulated water supplies, shows very good agreement for the United States as a whole, although the two approaches yield somewhat different results for some parts of the nation. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RP Welch, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RI 张, 楠/B-1010-2010 NR 49 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-043648-X PY 1999 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1016/B978-008043648-7/50004-2 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BP93Q UT WOS:000086671000002 ER PT J AU McCarty, JP Secord, AL AF McCarty, JP Secord, AL TI Nest-building behavior in PCB-contaminated tree swallows SO AUK LA English DT Article ID TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; GREAT-LAKES; BIRDS; ABNORMALITIES; ACCUMULATION; FEATHERS; CHOICE; GULLS AB Considerable attention has been directed toward documenting the effects of environmental chemicals on the endocrine systems of vertebrates, especially on development and reproduction. Given the well-documented role of hormones in controlling behavior, one would expect to see abnormal behavior in contaminated wildlife. We describe abnormal nest-building behavior in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding along the Hudson River of New York in areas highly contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (a group of chemicals known to disrupt endocrine systems). Previous studies of Tree Swallows have shown that nest quality is an important component of reproductive success. Swallows breeding in contaminated areas built smaller nests of lower quality compared with those in uncontaminated areas. Our observations are consistent with the possibility that chemical contaminants interfered with behavior. C1 Cornell Univ, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New York Field Off, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP McCarty, JP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Zool, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM jm395@umail.umd.edu RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 51 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 1999 VL 116 IS 1 BP 55 EP 63 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 160RJ UT WOS:000078244500006 ER PT J AU Gloutney, ML Alisauskas, RT Hobson, KA Afton, AD AF Gloutney, ML Alisauskas, RT Hobson, KA Afton, AD TI Use of supplemental food by breeding Ross's Geese and Lesser Snow Geese: Evidence for variable anorexia SO AUK LA English DT Article ID WHITE-FRONTED GEESE; NUTRIENT RESERVES; CANADA GEESE; INCUBATION; PHYSIOLOGY; ECOLOGY; STRESS; DIETS; DUCKS; BIRDS AB Recent research suggests that foods eaten during laying and incubation play a greater role in supplying energy and nutrients to arctic-nesting geese than previously believed. We conducted food-supplementation experiments with Ross's Geese (Chen rossii) and Lesser Snow Geese (C. caerulescens) geese to evaluate: (1) if supplemental food was consumed by laying and incubating geese, (2) how food consumption influenced mass dynamics of somatic tissues of breeding geese, (3) if patterns of mass loss were consistent with fasting adaptations, and (4) whether energetic constraints would cause smaller Ross's Geese to consume more food relative to their body size than would larger Snow Geese. Quantity of supplemental food eaten by both species during laying and incubation was highly variable among individuals. Consumption of supplemental food during laying resulted in differences in overall body composition between control and treatment females. Treatment female Ross's Geese completed laying at a higher mass and with more abdominal fat than controls, whereas treatment female Snow Geese completed laying with heavier breast muscles and hearts. Overall body composition did not differ between control and treatment geese (both sexes and species) at the end of incubation but treatment geese had heavier hearts than control geese. This suggests that treatment females did not rely to the same extent on metabolic adaptations associated with anorexia to meet energetic costs of incubation as did controls. Stable-nitrogen isotope analysis revealed patterns of protein maintenance during incubation consistent with metabolic adaptations to prolonged fasting. Our prediction that energetic constraints would cause smaller Ross's Geese to consume more food relative to their size than would Snow Geese was not supported. Mass-specific food consumption by Ross's Geese was 30% lower than that of Snow Geese during laying and 48% higher during incubation. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N SE2, Canada. Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Gloutney, ML (reprint author), Ducks Unltd Canada, POB 430,64 Highway 6, Amherst, NS B4H 3Z5, Canada. EM m_gloutney@ducks.ca NR 53 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 1999 VL 116 IS 1 BP 97 EP 108 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 160RJ UT WOS:000078244500010 ER PT J AU Hansen, WR Brown, SE Nashold, SW Knudson, DL AF Hansen, WR Brown, SE Nashold, SW Knudson, DL TI Identification of duck plague virus by polymerase chain reaction SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE duck plague; duck virus enteritis; polymerase chain reaction; diagnostic test; field isolates; avian herpesvirus ID REGIONS; SEARCH; DNA AB A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detecting duck plague virus. A 765-bp EcoR1 fragment cloned from the genome of the duck plague vaccine (DP-VAC) virus was sequenced for PCR primer development. The fragment sequence was found by GenBank alignment searches to be similar to the 3' ends of an undefined open reading frame and the gene for DNA polymerase protein in other herpesviruses, Three of four primer sets were found to be specific for the DP-VAC virus and 100% (7/7) of field isolates but did not amplify DNA from inclusion body disease of cranes virus. The specificity of one primer set was tested with genome templates from other avian herpesviruses, including those from a golden eagle, bald eagle, great horned owl, snowy owl, peregrine falcon, prairie falcon, pigeon, psittacine, and chicken (infectious laryngotracheitis), but amplicons were nor produced. Hence, this PCR test is highly specific for duck plague virus DNA. Two primer sets were able to detect 1 fg of DNA from the duck plague vaccine strain, equivalent to five genome copies. In addition, the ratio of tissue culture infectious doses to genome copies of duck plague vaccine virus from infected duck embryo cells was determined to be 1:100, making the PCR assay 20 times more sensitive than tissue culture for detecting duck plague virus. The speed, sensitivity and specificity of this PCR provide a greatly improved diagnostic and research tool for studying the epizootiology of duck plague. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Agr Sci, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Hansen, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 27 TC 24 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1 BP 106 EP 115 DI 10.2307/1592768 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 225VZ UT WOS:000081987800014 PM 10216766 ER PT J AU Kendall, WL Hines, JE AF Kendall, WL Hines, JE TI Program RDSURVIV: an estimation tool for capture-recapture data collected under Pollock's robust design SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID TEMPORARY EMIGRATION; SURVIVAL AB Several papers have demonstrated the advantages of collecting capture-recapture data using subsamples (i.e. Pollack's robust design). Compared with a standard design (i.e. one sample per period), this approach (1) permits the estimation of more demographic parameters and (2) in many cases produces more efficient estimators. Program SURVIV is a powerful tool for computing parameter estimates under the robust design. However multinomial models developed for the robust design require cells for each possible capture history that occurs across the subsamples within a period. This makes the process of entering cell probabilities in SURVIV very tedious and subject to errors. Program RDSURVIV combines SURVIV with a front end that converts capture histories taken under the robust design to the proper input format for estimating parameters under a general model, nlm builds that model. This model permits Markovian temporary emigration, trap response in capture probabilities and time variation in all parameters. Program RDSURVIV also automatically computes estimates under a series of submodels, but also permits the user to specify other submodels. C1 USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Kendall, WL (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM William_Kendall@usgs.gov NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3657 EI 1944-6705 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 32 EP 38 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400005 ER PT J AU Cooch, EG Link, WA AF Cooch, EG Link, WA TI Estimating transition probabilities in unmarked populations - entropy revisited SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; AGGREGATE DATA; REPRODUCTION; HYPOTHESES; MODELS; AGE AB The probability of surviving and moving between 'states' is of great interest to biologists. Robust estimation of these transitions using multiple observations of individually identifiable marked individuals has received considerable attention in recent years. However, in some situations, individuals are not identifiable (or have a very low recapture rate), although all individuals in a sample can be assigned to a particular state (e.g. breeding or non-breeding) without error. In such cases, only aggregate data (number of individuals in a given state at each occasion) are available. If the underlying matrix of transition probabilities does not vary through time and aggregate data are available for several time periods, then it is possible to estimate these parameters using least-squares methods. Even when such data ave available, this assumption of stationarity will usually be deemed overly restrictive and, frequently, data will only be available for two time periods. In these cases, the problem reduces to estimating the most likely matrix (or matrices) leading to the observed frequency distribution of individuals in each state. An entropy maximization approach has been previously suggested. In this paper we show that the entropy approach rests on a particular limiting assumption, and does not provide estimates of latent population parameters (the transition probabilities), but rather predictions of realized rates. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Natl Biol Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. RP Cooch, EG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH TRUST ORNITHOLOGY PI THETFORD NORFOLK PA NUNNERY, NUNNERY PLACE, THETFORD NORFOLK, ENGLAND IP24 2PU SN 0006-3657 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 55 EP 61 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400008 ER PT J AU Conroy, MJ Senar, JC Hines, JE Domenech, J AF Conroy, MJ Senar, JC Hines, JE Domenech, J TI Development and application of a mark-recapture model incorporating predicted sex and transitory behaviour SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL; DISPERSAL; RECOVERY; RATES; BIRDS AB We developed an extension of Courmack-Jolly-Seber models to handle a complex mark-recapture problem in which (a) the sex of birds cannot be determined prior to first moult, but can be predicted on the basis of body measurements, and (b) a significant portion of captured birds appear to be transients (i.e. are captured once but leave the area or otherwise become 'untrappable'). We applied this methodology to a data set of 4184 serins (Serinus serinus) trapped in northeastern Spain during 1985-96, in order to investigate age-, sex-, and time-specific variation in survival rates. Using this approach, we were able to successfully incorporate the majority of ringings of serins. Had we eliminated birds not previously captured (as has been advocated to avoid the problem of transience) we would have reduced our sample sizes by >2000 releases. In addition, we were able to include 1610 releases of birds of unknown (but predicted) sex; these data contributed to the precision of our estimates and the power of statistical tests. We discuss problems with data structure, encoding of the algorithms to compute parameter estimates, model selection, identifiability of parameters, and goodness-of-fit, and make recommendations for the design and analysis of future studies facing similar problems. C1 Univ Georgia, Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Museu Zool, Barcelona 08080, Spain. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Conroy, MJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU BRITISH TRUST ORNITHOLOGY PI THETFORD NORFOLK PA NUNNERY, NUNNERY PLACE, THETFORD NORFOLK, ENGLAND IP24 2PU SN 0006-3657 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 62 EP 73 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400009 ER PT J AU Cooch, EG Lank, DB Rockwell, RF Cooke, F AF Cooch, EG Lank, DB Rockwell, RF Cooke, F TI Body size and age of recruitment in Snow Geese Anser c. caerulescens SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID BREEDING PROBABILITIES; VERTEBRATE POPULATIONS; BLACK BRANT; GROWTH-RATE; FECUNDITY; RECAPTURE; SURVIVAL; MODELS; RESIGHTINGS; HYPOTHESES AB 'At what age to start breeding?' is a question fundamental to analysis of life histories. While there has been considerable interest in the theoretical aspects of age of first breeding, comparatively little work has been done on the problems of estimating recruitment rates in wild populations. Most studies to date have relied on ad hoc methods that rely on one or more assumptions which may be generally untenable. Recently, it has been suggested that mark-recapture analysis can provide a robust, statistically formal approach for the analysis of recruitment, by using 'reverse capture-histories' to estimate the probability of entering the population over a given interval. We applied this approach to data from the arctic-breeding Lesser Snow, Goose Anser c. caerulescens, using data from a long-term study in subarctic Canada. We tested the hypothesis that recruitment rate in this species tons influenced by structural size. Since arctic-nesting geese rely heavily on endogenous nutrient reserves for reproduction, structurally smaller birds may be less able to recruit at a young age than larger birds. However, despite significant long-term changes in body size, and significant annual variation in recruitment rate, we found no evidence of correspondence between the two. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY USA. RP Cooch, EG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU BRITISH TRUST ORNITHOLOGY PI THETFORD NORFOLK PA NUNNERY, NUNNERY PLACE, THETFORD NORFOLK, ENGLAND IP24 2PU SN 0006-3657 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 112 EP 119 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400014 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, DK Desante, DF McKelvey, KS Hines, JE AF Rosenberg, DK Desante, DF McKelvey, KS Hines, JE TI Monitoring survival rates of Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus at multiple spatial scales SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID UNEQUAL CATCHABILITY; POPULATION; STRATEGY; MODELS; BIRDS AB We estimated survival rates of Swainson's Thrush, a common neotropical, migratory landbird, at multiple spatial scales, using data collected in the western LISA from the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship Programme. We evaluated statistical power to detect spatially heterogeneous survival rates and exponentially declining survival rates among spatial scales with simulated populations parameterized from results of the Swainson's Thrush analyses. Models describing survival rates as constant across large spatial scales did not fit the data. The model toe chose as most appropriate to describe survival rates of Swainson's Thrush allowed survival rates to vary among Physiographic Provinces, included a separate parameter for the probability that a newly captured bird is a resident individual in the study population, and constrained capture probability to be constant across all stations. Estimated annual survival rates under this model varied from 0.42 to 0.75 among Provinces. The coefficient of variation of survival estimates ranged fi om 5.8 to 20% among Physiographic Provinces. Statistical power to detect exponentially declining trends was fairly low for small spatial scales, although large annual declines (3% of previous year's rate) were likely to be detected when monitoring was conducted for long periods of time (e.g. 20 years). Although our simulations and field results are based an only four years of data from a limited number and distribution of stations, it is likely that they illustrate genuine difficulties inherent to broadscale efforts to monitor survival rates of territorial landbirds. In particular our results suggest that more attention needs to be paid to sampling schemes of monitoring programmes, particularly regarding the trade-off between precision and potential bias of parameter estimates at varying spatial scales. C1 Inst Bird Populat, Point Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Environm Sci Ctr, Laurel, MD 20811 USA. RP Rosenberg, DK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU BRITISH TRUST ORNITHOLOGY PI THETFORD NORFOLK PA NUNNERY, NUNNERY PLACE, THETFORD NORFOLK, ENGLAND IP24 2PU SN 0006-3657 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 198 EP 208 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400022 ER PT J AU Hines, JE Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Sauer, JR Pollock, KH AF Hines, JE Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Sauer, JR Pollock, KH TI COMDYN: software to study the dynamics of animal communities using a capture-recapture approach SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID BIRD SPECIES RICHNESS; POPULATION-SIZE; PROBABILITIES VARY; ROBUST ESTIMATION; MODELS; HETEROGENEITY AB COMDYN is a set of programs developed for estimation of parameters associated with community dynamics using count data from two locations or time periods. It is Internet-based, allowing remote users either to input their own data, or to use data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey for analysis. COMDYN allows probability of detection to vary among species and among locations and time periods. The basic estimator for species richness underlying all estimators is the jackknife estimator proposed by Burnham and Overton. Estimators ave presented for quantities associated with temporal change in species richness, including rate of change in species richness over time, local extinction probability, local species turnover and number of local colonizing species. Estimators are also presented for quantities associated with spatial variation in species richness, including relative richness at two locations and proportion of species present in one location that are also present at a second location. Application of the estimators to species richness estimation has been previously described and justified. The potential applications of these programs are discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Inst Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Boulinier, T (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, Ecol Lab, CNRS, UMR 7625, F-75252 Paris, France. EM tboulini@snv.jussieu.fr NR 25 TC 84 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3657 EI 1944-6705 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 209 EP 217 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400023 ER PT J AU Samuel, MD Takekawa, JY Baranyuk, VV Orthmeyer, DL AF Samuel, MD Takekawa, JY Baranyuk, VV Orthmeyer, DL TI Effects of avian cholera on survival of Lesser Snow Geese Anser caerulescens: an experimental approach SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID CANADA GEESE; FLYWAY; RATES AB Avian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, is one of the most important diseases affecting waterfowl in North America but little is known about the epizootiology of this disease or its impacts on annual survival rates. We ringed Lesser Snow Geese Anser caerulescens nesting at Wrangel Island, Russia and Banks Island, Canada with metal rings and individually coded plastic neck-collars or radio-transmitters to determine survival, movement and cause of death. We vaccinated half of the neck-collared and radiotagged geese to provide protection from avian cholera for up to one year following ringing and thus experimentally determine the impacts of this disease on survival. We found that vaccination did not reduce short-term survival of the experimental birds, compared with control geese. Neck-collared geese vaccinated in 1993 at Wrangel Island had higher survival during winter 1993-94 than control birds. In contrast, we found similar survival during winter 1994-95 between vaccinated and control geese neck-collared in 1994 at Wrangel and Banks Islands. Survival of radiotagged geese on wintering areas during 1994-95 was consistent with the vaccination versus control results for neck-collared geese during the same winter. However, we found that radiotagged geese that were vaccinated had better survival than control geese during winter 1995-96. We believe that harvest and avian cholera are the two principal causes of mortality for Lesser Snow Geese wintering in the Pacific Flyway and that avian cholera may be one of the factors affecting these populations. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stn, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Wrangel Isl Nat Reserve, Magadan Reg, Ushakovskoye, Russia. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Samuel, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRITISH TRUST ORNITHOLOGY PI THETFORD NORFOLK PA NUNNERY, NUNNERY PLACE, THETFORD NORFOLK, ENGLAND IP24 2PU SN 0006-3657 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 239 EP 247 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400026 ER PT J AU Senar, JC Conroy, MJ Carrascal, LM Domenech, J Mozetich, I AF Senar, JC Conroy, MJ Carrascal, LM Domenech, J Mozetich, I TI Identifying sources of heterogeneity in capture probabilities: an example using the Great Tit Parus major SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL; BIRD AB Heterogeneous capture probabilities are a common problem in many capture-recapture studies. Several methods of detecting the presence of such heterogeneity are currently available, and stratification of data has been suggested as the standard method to avoid its effects. However, few studies have tried to identify sources of heterogeneity, or whether there are interactions among sources. The aim of this paper is to suggest an analytical procedure to identify sources of capture heterogeneity. We use data on the sex and age of Great Tits captured in baited funnel traps, at two localities differing in average temperature. We additionally use 'recapture' data obtained by videotaping at a feeder (with no associated trap), where the tits ringed with different colours were recorded. This allowed us to test whether individuals in different classes (age, sex and condition) are not trapped because of trap shyness or because of a reduced use of the bait. We used logistic regression analysis of the capture probabilities to test for the effects of age, sec, condition, location and 'recapture' method. The results showed a higher recapture probability in the colder locality. Yearling birds (either males or females) had the highest recapture probabilities, followed by adult males, while adult females had the lowest recapture probabilities. There was no effect of the method of 'recapture' (trap or videotape), which suggests that adult females are less often captured in traps not because of trap-shyness but because of less dependence on supplementary food. The potential use of this methodological approach in other studies is discussed. C1 Museum Zool, Barcelona 08080, Spain. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Museum Nat Sci, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Madrid 28006, Spain. RP Senar, JC (reprint author), Museum Zool, Ap Correus 593, Barcelona 08080, Spain. EM jcsenar@intercom.es RI Carrascal, Luis M./B-8381-2008; Evolutionary Ecology, Ecologia Evolutiva/M-3553-2014 OI Carrascal, Luis M./0000-0003-1288-5531; NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3657 EI 1944-6705 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 248 EP 252 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400027 ER PT J AU Tautin, J Metras, L Smith, G AF Tautin, J Metras, L Smith, G TI Large-scale studies of marked birds in North America SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL RATES; MANAGEMENT; MALLARDS; CONSERVATION; PRODUCTIVITY; PERSPECTIVE; MODELS AB The first large-scale, co-operative, studies of marked birds in North America were attempted in the 1950s. Operation Recovery, which linked numerous ringing stations along the east coast in a study of autumn migration of passerines, and the Preseason Duck Ringing Programme in prairie states and provinces, conclusively demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale projects. The subsequent development of powerful analytical models and computing capabilities expanded the quantitative potential for further large-scale projects. Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship, and Adaptive Harvest Management are current examples of truly large-scale programmes. Their exemplary success and the availability of versatile analytical fools are driving changes in the North American bird ringing programme. Both the US and Canadian ringing offices are modifying operations to collect more and better data to facilitate large-scale studies and promote a more project-oriented ringing programme. New large-scale programmes such as the Cornell Nest Box Network are on the horizon. C1 US Geol Survey, Bird Banding Lab, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Canadian Bird Banding Off, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Off Migratory Bird Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Tautin, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Bird Banding Lab, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech forest Rd,Ste 4037, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU BRITISH TRUST ORNITHOLOGY PI THETFORD NORFOLK PA NUNNERY, NUNNERY PLACE, THETFORD NORFOLK, ENGLAND IP24 2PU SN 0006-3657 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 271 EP 278 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400030 ER PT J AU Nichols, JD Kaiser, A AF Nichols, JD Kaiser, A TI Quantitative studies of bird movement: a methodological review SO BIRD STUDY LA English DT Article ID CAPTURE-MARK-RECAPTURE; POLLOCKS ROBUST DESIGN; NEST-SITE FIDELITY; BLACK BRANT; TEMPORARY EMIGRATION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; LOCAL-POPULATIONS; SURVIVAL RATES; ROSEATE TERNS; MODELS AB The past several years have seen the development of a number of statistical models and methods for drawing inferences about bird movement using data from marked individuals. It can be difficult to keep up with this rapid development of new methods, so our purpose here is to categorize and review methods for drawing inferences about avian movement. We also outline recommendations about future work, dealing both with methodological developments and with studies directed at hypotheses about bird movement of interest from conservation, management, or ecological perspectives. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Mainz, Inst Zool, Dept Ecol 5, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. RP Nichols, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 82 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU BRITISH TRUST ORNITHOLOGY PI THETFORD NORFOLK PA NUNNERY, NUNNERY PLACE, THETFORD NORFOLK, ENGLAND IP24 2PU SN 0006-3657 J9 BIRD STUDY JI Bird Stud. PY 1999 VL 46 SU S BP 289 EP 298 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268AA UT WOS:000084390400032 ER EF